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LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 


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LOANED BY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 








Che 


Canadian Entomologist 


VOLUME XLV. 
1913. 





EDITED BY 


DR. E. M. WALKER, 


Biological Department, 


UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO 


Editor Emeritus: REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 


ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH, ONT. 





London, Ontario: 
The London Printing and Lithographing Company Limited, 


1913, 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME XLV. 





ABBOTT, J. F., Washington, University 
ALEXANDER, CHAS. P., Cornell University 
BARBER, H. G., Bureau of Entomology 
BARNES, DR. WM. 


BIRD, HENRY 
BLATCHLEY, W. S 
BUENO WJ. os.) DESLA 1 
CAESAR, LAWSON, Ont. Agri. College 
CAUDELL, A. N., Bureau of Entomology........ 


A., Cornell University . 


CLEMENS, W. 
COAD, B. R 
COCKERELL, PROF. T. D. A., University of Colorado 
COCKLE, J7 Wi 
COSENS, DR. A., Parkdale Collegiate Institute 
CRAWFORD, J. C., Bureau of Entomology... 
DOD, F. H. WOLLEY. 


WOODRUFF, eee sere 
YOTHERS, M. A., Washington State College 
ZETEK, JAMES 


BEUTENMULLER, WM., Am. Museum of Natural History 


St. Louts, Mo. 


.. ITHACA, N.Y. 


WASHINGTON, D.C. 
DEcaTorR, ILL. 
TuURTOLA, FINLAND. 
GUELPH, ONT. 
NEw York, N.Y: 


.Ryeg, N.Y. 


INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 


. WHITE PLAINs, N.Y. 
. GUELPH, ONT. 


WASHINGTON, D.C. 
MOTREAL, QUE. 
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. 


.ITHAcA, N.Y. 


WASHINGTON, D.C. 
BOULDER, COL. 
Kasto, B.C. 


. TORONTO, ONT. 


WASHINGTON, D.C. 


..MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 


TODD WAGGP! Oee Cae ee Tae 5 Mee haat ate Law i a eee a IP NELSON, Q., AUSTRALIA. 
FELT, E. P., State Bacunudnict’ Day cee eae ALBANY, N.Y. 
eS. CRE rr dO) Ssee Wise Sens aye a Stee, each eens ae ee eS OTTAWA, ONT. 
GAHAN, A. B., Maryland Agricultural College..................,.. COLLEGE PARK, Mp. 
GIBSON, ARTHUR, Central Experimental Farm................:. OrTawa, ONT. 
GIRAULT, A. = FDL sa esie 5 [ges Bice ooh oe ara Oe et ga NEtson, Q., AUSTRALIA. 
HEWITT, DR. C. GORDON, Central Experimental Farm.......... OTTAWA, ONT. 
HOOD: J. D:; o S. BiologicalaSnuinvey.n. Mes 0 ete ee ee ee WASHINGTON, D.C. 
JOHNSON, C. W., Boston Society of efaeat Histoae Ee le ae Boston, MAss. 
RSA DV 3s HE PATE (GoW oa ese ot tie ss es oe ee Eee 
McCULLOCH, J. W., Kansas Agricultural Colenen eR ss MANHATTAN, Kas. 
NCDUNNOUGH sO > Ata ees chee Be on) sagt ene ce ee DECATUR, ILL. 

- MacGILLVRAY, PROF. A. D., Geiversis a MEOIS #taeriets eee ceae URBANA, ILL. 
McGLASHAN, MISS XIMENA..... eee ee eee TRUCKEE, CAL. 
MALLOCH, J. R., Bureau of Entomology........ .. WASHINGTON, D.C. 
MOORE, «GaN at Or ae es ea PRR Ee Be Cee MonrrEAlL, QUE. 
MORRIS, F. J. A., Trinity College Sanpolt eo Port Hobe, ONT. 
RS oS SEL SPA. Station try re ve jase Beene a ieee eee en eee: HONOLULU, HAwWaAt. 
INACAH ARA | WARO Cy ore itietee sie os ieisinte «to onsale Ste kee ear eet ea cere HONGOKu, TOKIO, JAPAN 
RICHARDSON: (CG natin e egrha esilers Daren Ee eee meres Forest Hitus, Mass. 
SKINNER} DR BENRY <c8- nn ccs obenn okies .. PHILADELPHIA, Pa. 
SLADEN, F. W. L., Central Wepanmentet oe Pee enone Sheer Orrawa, ONT. 
STRICKLAND, E. H., Central Experimental Farm............... .OTTAWA, ONT. 

SVVibAl sr IFO WLS SW Sor ions eee ee eh cae EE, ae es A, ew eee Boston, Mass. 
OME: .\: DCentralxpenmmental hati. anne mone ne. aoe .OTTAWA, ONT. 
TPORVPNEL ENO (Ch eis 25a 5 Geb ae aot aera. 2ot 9 Weiemdud nga tease gage Lima, PERu. 

VAN DUZEE, ie Po. sie cna s ER ere olin iE eters Sho.) cr Siots SAN DIEGo, CAL. 

WALD AONB iy DLS Sa 2A Steen, imeem ee Deore se aR ery ome 8ST VERNON, B.C. 
WALKER, PROE. E.M., University of Toronto. .:.)>...5.2822.-0- TORONTO. 

WALLIS. J-15. Machray Public School® sinc.) sis. Gos See ce ee WINNIPEG, MAN. 

WE OSTER, = My Bureaw of Entomolopys an. sastie nee ieee oe a WASHINGTON, D.C. 
VMIBMSS 5 DELs, Biccissttew fiche oi dtare os Oke wie mlt le in aeeed-, Pent EMMI. «cues NEw BRuNSWICK, N.J. 
WHEELER, BOROR, W.: M., Bussey: Institution. essa tae «rss: Forest HIts, Mass. 
RUVGDININ A is SERS Sere scncte 2 ortcth, » -crabepewnneracs sae eae Ge ep a ee nemo 28 WESTMOUNT, QUE. 


New York, N.Y. 
PULLMAN, WASH. 
ANCON, CANAL ZONE. 


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(G1 ‘d) ONILSSW IWANNY W6r ‘OINVLNO 40 ALSIOOS TVOISOIOWOLNS 





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VoL. XLV. LONDON, JANUARY, 1913 No. 1 








NOTES ON AMERICAN HEMIPTERA. 
BY DR. E. BERGROTH, TURTOLA, FINLAND. 


| 
(Continued from Vol. XXXVIII, 1906, p. 202). 


ARADIDZE 


1. Aradus aequalis Say.—Mr. Heidemann has sent mea speci- 
men of A. duryi Osb., communicated to him by Mr. Dury. I 
quite agree with Heidemann in considering this species a synonym 
of aequalis. 


2. Aradus montanus, n. sp.—Ovate (2), finely granulated, 
uniformly dark brownish black including legs and antenne. Head 
somewhat longer than broad and as long as the pronotum in the 
middle, with two parallel longitudinal impressions, the tubercle 
near the anterior angle of the eyes low and obtuse, antenniferous 
spines a little divergent, not quite reaching the middle of the first 
antennal joint and with a small tooth on their outer margin, rost- 
rum reaching the anterior coxe, antennae moderately robust, a 
little more than half as long again as the head, second joint 24% 
times longer than first and a little longer than half the breadth of 
the head (including eyes), a little thicker at apex than at base, 
third and fourth joints taken together scarcely longer than second, 
third joint a little thicker than second, fourth conspicuously narrow- 
er and shorter than third. Pronotum kidney-shaped but with a 
short lobelet anteriorly on each side near the neck of the head, 
a little narrower than the hemelytra between their dilated sub- 
basal part and a little more than twice broader than long in the 
middle, its greatest width in the middle where the lateral margins 
are rather broadly rounded and from where they are strongly 
convergent toward the apex, much less so toward the base, the whole 
lateral margins distinctly crenate, the four median discal ridges 
subequally distant at their base, the inner pair reaching the anterior 
margin, thicker and more approximated before the middle, the 
outer pair not reaching the apical margin. Scutellum a little 
longer than the pronotum in the middle, with a blunt median 
longitudinal keel in the basal half, the lateral margins convergent 
from the base to beyond the middle, then slightly rounded to the 
apex. Hemelytra (9) slightly passing the base of the dorsal 
genital segment, exocorium moderately dilated and reflected in 


2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








its basal part, mesocorium with a single oblique transverse ridge 
behind the middle, endocorium without distinct transverse ridges, 
membrane scarcely reticulate. Abdomen (2) one-third broader 
than the pronotum, with the apical angles of the segments very 
slightly obtusely prominent, those of the fifth segment more dis- 
tinctly so and those of the sixth segment strongly prominent owing 
to the lateral margin being deeply arcuately indented between 
the apex of this segment and the base of the genital lobes; sixth 
ventral segment in the middle scarcely longer than the fifth and 
than the two genital segments combined, its apical angles reaching 
the transverse level of the apex of the second genital segment which 
is half the length of the first, apical margin of dorsal genital seg- 
ment notched in the middle, genital lobes convergent, approxi- 
mated interiorly, their inner margin strongly rounded, the outer 
margin slightly rounded with a short tooth-like process in the basal 
half. Length, 2 8 mm. 

Colorado (Leadville, 10,000—11,000 ft.: H.F. Wickham).— 
Coll. Schouteden. A plain-looking species, but not closely allied 
to any described North American form. 

3. Aradus curticollis, n. sp—Broadly ovate (0%), finely and 
thickly granulated, jet-black, membrane brown, third antennal 
joint of dirty whitish color, anterior and intermediate tibiz paler 
in the middle. Head a little longer than broad, vertex with two 
longitudinal impressions which are slightly divergent forwards, 
eyes very prominent, substylated and directed a little upwards, 
intra-ocular tubercle scarcely’ perceptible, antenniferous spines 
slightly divergent, reaching beyond the middle of the first antennal 
joint, without a tooth on their outer margin, rostrum reaching 
fore coxe, antenne almost fusiform, incrassated in the middle 
and equally tapering toward base and apex, as long as head and 
pronotum together, first joint rather narrower, second joint as 
long as the breadth of the head (with the eyes) and considerably 
longer than the last two joints combined, cylindrically incrassate 
from apex to beyond middle, then moderately narrowed toward 
base, third joint cylindrical, narrower than apex of second and not 
much more than one-third its length, suddenly narrowed at base, 
fourth joint narrower and conspicuously shorter than third. Pro- 
notum with entire, not crenulated lateral margins, distinctly 
shorter than head and three times broader than long, a little narrow- 
er than the hemelytra between their dilated subbasal part, its 
greatest width before the middle from which point the lateral 
margins are very strongly convergent to the apical angles and 
moderately roundedly convergent toward the base, the two median 
ridges parallel, reaching apical margin, the following pair at the 
base more distant from the median ridges than these from each 
other, a little convergent anteriorly, not reaching anterior margin, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3 
ending in a flattened tubercie, tne outermost (humeral) ridges very 
short, nodiform. Scutellum three-fourths longer than pronotum 
in the middle, with a transverse tubercle before the middle, lateral 
margins broadly and slightly rounded. Hemelytra (co) reaching 
the apical lobes of the abdomen, roundedly dilated and reflected 
near base, exocorium and endocorium with some transverse ridges, 
mesocorium with a single oblique transverse ridge behind the middle. 
Abdomen three times broader than the membrane, apical angles of 
fifth segment very slightly obtusely prominent, male genital lobes 
obliquely slightly rounded at apex, meeting interiorly. Length, 
o 5.8 mm. 

North Carolina (Southern Pines: A. H. Manse).—Coll. de 
la Torre Bueno. A very distinct species, somewhat allied to the 
quite differently coloured A. behrensi Bergr., but more broadly 
ovate with longer and less incrassate antenne and much shorter 
pronotum having the two median keels much more approximate at 
base. I have not seen the female, but the abdomen is probably not 
or not much broader in this sex. A. cincticornis Bergr. and 
curticollis Bergr. belong to the ree few Aradus species having the 
abdomen broadly ovate also in the male. 

4, Aradus cincticornis Bergr—This species stands in some 
collections under the unpublished name A. nasutus Uhl. 

5. Aradus tuberculifer Wirby.—Black, sometimes tinged with 
greyish brown, apical margin of connexival segments yellowish, 
corium with a dark luteous costal patch before the middle, this 
patch being sometimes diffused over a large part of the corium, 
legs fuscous black. Head distinctly longer than broad with a 
U-shaped impression above, intraocular tubercle distinct, an- 
tenniferous spines a little divergent with a small tooth, sometimes 
indistinct or wanting, on the outer margin, rostrum reaching or 
slightly passing the anterior margin of the mesosternum, second 
joint of antenne a little shorter than the head, almost linear from 
the base to the middle, then strongly and rather suddenly clavately 
incrassate, third joint a little shorter than half the length of the 
second joint, incrassate, even thicker than the apex of the second 
joint, parallel-sided except at the constricted base, fourth joint 
distinctly shorter and a little thinner than the third. Pronotum 
two and one-half times broader than long in the middle, lateral 
margins very finely crenulate or almost smooth, antero-lateral 
margins slightly sinuate, the four median discal keels parallel, 
the inner ones approximated in their anterior half, the outer ones 
abbreviated before the middle; the greatest width of the pronotum 
is immediately behind the middle, from which point the lateral 
margins are very distinctly convergent towards the base. Scutel- 
lum subtriangular, a little longer than the pronotum in the middle, 
with a blunt median tubercle. Hemelytra (9) passing the base of 








4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the dorsal genital segment, costal margin of corium moderately 
ampliated toward the base, veins of membrane narrowly bordered 
with white. Female dorsal genital segment triangularly narrowing 
toward the apex, leaving the apical lobes free and separated ‘rom 
them by a fine suture. Discal lobes of the sixth female ventral 
segment distinctly longer than those of the fifth segment, either 
lobe considerably longer than broad, rounded at apex, taken 
together broader than long, first ventral genital segment about 
half the length of the sixth ventral segment, the apical lobes con- 
vergent, rounded at the external margin and at the apex, almost 
twice longer than broad. Length, 9 7.38 mm. 

A. tuberculifer Kirby in Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. IV., 
278, pl: VL; fig. 5: G1&837): 

A. caliginosus Walk., Cat. Hem. Het. Brit. Mus. VII., 36 
(1873). 

This is a Boreal species which has hitherto been recorded 
only from Canada and even there it seems to be rare. From the 
United States I have seen but one specimen, taken in Colorado 
(probably in the high mountains) by Morrison, and the species has 
apparently remained unknown to Uhler and Heidemann. It its 
closely allied to but specifically distinct from the Palearctic A. 
crenaticollis F. Sahlb. 

6. Aradus funestus,n. sp —Black, apical margin or at least 
apical angle of connexival segments yellowish, corium with a more 
or less distinct yellow costal spot before the middle. Antenne 
thin, second and third joints slightly and gradually incrassated 
from the base to the apex, third joint about one-third the length 
of the second, fourth joint equal to third in length and thickness. 
Pronotum twice broader than jong in the middle, the lateral 
margins parallel from the middle to the base. Scutellum pentagonal, 
as long as the pronotum in the middle, the lateral margins parallel 
from the base to the middle. Hemelytra reaching the apex of the 
dorsal genital segment, costal margin of corium scarcely (0) 
or slightly (2) ampliated toward’ the base. Female dorsal genital 
segment dilated toward the very broad apex, laterally covering 
the basal part of the apical lobes, reaching almost to their outer 
margin, its apical margin broadly rounded. Apical lobes of the 
genital segment seen from the ventral side at least twice longer 
than broad. Other characters as in A. tuberculifer. Length, & 
oimm: 9 a= 125 anim. 

This species is common in Canada as well as in the Northern 
U.S. from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, and I have also seen 
a specimen from Colorado. In the various writings of Prof. Uhler 
it is recorded under the name tuberculifer Kirby ; and under this name 
it stands in most if not all American collections. Kirby’s des- 
cription fits both these species equally well. Fortunately he had 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5 








figured his species, clearly showing the structure of the antenne. 
There can thus be no doubt as to which of the two species he had 
before him. 

7. Aradus lugubris Fall—In his Catalogue of the Heteroptera 
of the British Museum, Walker described as new an Aradus fene- 
stratus, founding the species on many specimens from St. Martin’s 
Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay, and from Nova Scotia, and on 
two specimens from the Rocky Mountains. In his Revision of 
Walker’s Aradidee Distant marked fenestratus as a good species, 
and in arranging the Aradids of that Museum Distant has ap- 
parently left the types of this species in the same state as Walker, 
as I stated when I examined them a year ago. The first specimen 
bears a round label with the word ‘“‘type’’ upon it and belongs to 
lugubris to which also several other specimens appertain, but 
intermixed with them are a few specimens of Aradus abbas Bergr., 
easily recognized by the very slender antennez narrowly biannulated 
with white. Walker’s description exclusively refers to lugubris, 
of which fenestratus should be cited as a synonym. 

Gen. Calisius Stal. 

To the characters of this genius should be added: Metanotum 
et segmentum primun (verum) dorsale abdominis ad latera corporis 
visibilia. Orificia distincta, punctiformia, mox ante coxas posticas 
sita. 

In all species of this genus the scutellum is constricted in the 
middle, but the margins appear to be straight owing to the linear 
corium being so closely attached to the scutellum that it seemingly 
forms a part of it. The connexivum in this genus is split from the 
lateral margin, being, as Champion correctly observed, ‘divided 
into two parts, a dorsal and ventral,’’ but these are not always 
similarly armed, as will be seen from the descriptions given below. 
To get a correct view of the manner in which the connexivum is 
armed it is necessary to examine the upper lateral margin at a 
right angle to the margin (thus more or less horizontally, as the 
margin is more or less reflected) and the lower lateral margin 
obliquely from above, lest the tubercles of the ventral lateral 
margin will make the impression of being situated on the dorsal 
lateral margin. 

8. Calisius elegantulus, n. sp.—Subelongately ovate ( 2 ), light 
brown'sh testaceous, last antennal joint fuscous, scutellum with 
two transverse oblique black spots immediately behind the basal 
callosity at the median ridge and a cretaceous streak on each side 
between the black subbasal spot and the lateral sinuosity, the first 
connexival segment whitish testaceous, the three following seg- 
ments infuscated, the three last segments with a whitish bloom 
and a small rectangular denudated fuscous spot before the middle. 
Head considerably longer than broad and longer than the 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





pronotum, granulated, with short longitudinal fuscous impression on 
either side within the eyes, antennze much shorter than the head, 
the first three joints subequal in length, third reaching apex of head, 
narrower than second, fourth joint incrassated, longer and thicker 
than second. Pronotum on the anterior lobe with two strongly con- 
vergent waved keels, each bearing a black tubercle, on the posterior 
lobe with four short ridges, each bearing a brown tubercle. Scutel- 
lum rather strongly and densely punctured with a series of three or 
four black granules immediately within the lateral sinuosity, apex 
unarmed, the basal elevation broadly crescent-shaped, three times 
broader than long, granulated and with two small broadly separated 
black tubercles at the very base, partly overlapping the pronotal 
basal margin; a short faint oblique ridge between each side of the 
basal elevation and the scutellar margin; the median scutellar 
keel slightly granulated, narrowing toward apex. Abdomen with 
the first connexival segment but slightly narrower exteriorly than 
interiorly, the posterior margin of this segment scarcely oblique, 
the upper lateral margin of the three following segments with two 
short apically subtruncate lobes, anterior lobe blackish, posterior 
brown, upper lateral margin of all subsequent segments with two 
tubercles, anterior tubercle black, posterior pale, the lower lateral 
margin of all segments (first excepted) with three tubercles, the 
middle one of which is black, the others being pale. Legs pale 
testaceous, a submedian ring to femora and tibia, apex of tibiae, 
and tarsi fuscous. Length, 2 38.7 mm. 

Guadeloupe Island, West Indies; communicated by Mons. 
A. Montandon. 

Alned to C. pallidipes Stal, but with differently constructed 
antenne and differently coloured scutellum and legs. 

9. Calisius contubernalis n. sp.—Oblong ( 2 ), fuscous-ochrace- 
ous, sometimes darker, last antennal joint fuscous, first connexival 
segment whitish ochraceous. Head a little longer than broad, 
granulated, the apical process with a lateral impression, antennz 
as long as the head, first joint slightly passing apex of antenniferous 
spines, second joint as long as first and almost reaching apex of 
head, third joint as thick as and a little longer than second, fourth 
joint thicker and somewhat longer than third, rostrum almost 
reaching base of head. Pronotum slightly shorter than the head, 
the posterior lobe finely and. rather thickly punctured, with four 
keels, the two median ones parallel, the outer pair strongly con- 
vergent and continued over the anterior lobe where they are granu- 
lated, reaching the apical margin. Scutellum rather more strongly 
punctured than the posterior pronotal lobe, with a series of five 
black granules immediately within the lateral sinuosity and a 
transverse series of 8 or 9 such granules close to the apical margin, 
the median carina granulated, attenuated toward apex, at the base 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. @ 





forming a triangular elevation bearing three small tubercles (placed 
in a triangle) on each side and emitting a short oblique granulated 
ridge to the lateral margins. Sternum scarcely granulated. Ab- 
domen with the first connexival segment forming a transverse 
triangle the apex of which reaches the lateral margin and the poster- 
ior margin of which is oblique; the upper lateral margin of all the 
following segments with two very short lobelets, anterior lobule 
brown, posterior pale, the lower lateral margin of all segments 
(first excepted) with three small tubercles, the median one blackish, 
the others pale; last dorsal segment in the male subquadrately ele- 
vated and granulated in the middle, dorsal male genital segment 
very short, transversely sublinear, venter scarcely granulated, 
fifth male segment arcuately sinuated in the middle almost to the 
base, sixth segment also deeply arcuately sinuate in the middle, 
yet scarcely shorter there than at the sides, first genital segment 
as long as sixth ventral segment, broadly sinuate at apex, the apical 
angles with a short upturned cylindrical process not reaching the 
apical angles of the last ventral segment, second genital segment 
shortly protruding beyond the dorsal genital segment, with two 
small teeth or granules at apex, on the underside divided into three 
lobes by two longitudinal impressions, the median lobe narrower 
than the somewhat tumid lateral lobes. Legs ochraceous, in dark 
specimens somewhat infuscated. Length, @ 3.7-3.8 mm. 


St. George Island, Florida; Guadeloupe Island, W. T. 


At once distinguished from C. elegantulus, apart from colour, 
by the structure of the antenna, the sculpture of the scutellum, 
the form of the first connexival segment, etc. The structure of the 
antenne and scutellum also separates it from C. pallidipes. 


The male type from Florida, taken by Mr. Pergande, is in 
the Washington Museum; the female cotypes from Gualeloupe 
have been communicated by Dr. H. Schouteden. 


10. Calisius anaemus, n. sp.—Closely allied to the preceding 
species, but entirely very pale ochraceous without darker markings 
and with all granules and tubercles as pale as the ground-colour. 
The very short first joint of antennz reaching apex of antenniferous 
spines (remaining joints wanting). The two convergent keels of 
the anterior pronotal lobe connected at apex by a short transverse 
ridge. Scutellum close to apical margin without the transverse 
series of small tubercles, but the apical margin itself distinctly 
crenulated. Underside of body very finely and thickly granulated. 
First male genital segment a little shorter than sixth ventral seg- 
ment, the apical margin a little sinuate in the middle. Second male 
genital segment with the median lobe very narrowly triangular. 
Length, & 3.8 mm. 


Biscayne, Florida. 


8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

This species was determined as C. pallidipes Stal by Uhler 
and was recorded under this name by Heidemann in Proc. Ent. 
Soc. Wash. VI., p. 229. The specimen is a o’, nota 9, as Heide- 
mann says. Stal’s species (from Rio Janeiro) is a darker, brown- 
speckled insect with differently sculptured pronotum and scutel- 
lum. 


11. Calisius major, n. sp.—Oblong-ovate (0), dark testaceous, 
scutellum (except basal elevation and median keel) whitish cinereous 
with a large median area and the apex sprinkled with fuscous and 
with an oblique black fascia on each side immediately behind the 
basal elevation, last dorsal segment and upper side of the protruding 
male apical genital segment blackish. Head slightly longer than 
broad, antenne scarcely longer than the head, rather stout, first 
two joints short, second a little thicker and more oval than the 
first, third joint much the longest, thicker and more than three 
times longer than the second, attenuated at the base, fourth joint 
as thick as the third and more than twice longer than the second 
Pronotum a little shorter than head, anterior lobe remotely 
granulated, posterior lobe with four keels, the two median keels 
convergent from base to apex, the outer keels almost parallel, 
slightly convergent apically, the lateral margins of the lobe also 
somewhat elevated. Scutellum superficially and concolorously 
punctate, the transversely triangular basal elevation at its base on 
each side with two short keels, the outer one of which is obliquely 
continued to the scutellar lateral margin, the median scutellar 
ridge scarcely granulated, attenuated toward apex, the lateral 
margins immediately within the sinuosity with a series of three 
black granules, the apical margin neither granulated nor crenu- 
lated. Abdomen with the lateral margins of all the seven connexi- 
val segments provided with two tubercles, the anterior black, the 
posterior pale and sometimes notched, last male dorsal segment 
transversely convex, its apical margin sinuate, the apical male 
genital segment protruding considerably beyond the extremely 
short dorsal genital segment. Legs pale testaceous. Length, 
o 4mm. 

Venezuela (La Guayra); in my collection. 

Readily distinguished from all other species by the structure 
of the antenne and other characters. The specimen being strongly 
carded I am unable to describe the ventral genital segments. 

12. Proxius gypsatus Bergr.—Of this species, described from 
Venezuela and also found in Panama and Guatemala, I have seen 
two specimens from Florida; one is without precise locality, the 
other from St. Augustine and bears the label Syrtidea diffracta 
Uhl., apparently an unpublished name. Two species of Proxius 
are now known from Florida. 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9 








ANEW SPECIES OF CALISIUS: 
BY DR. E. BERGROTH, TURTOLA, FINLAND. 


Calisius annulicomis, n. sp. 

Ovatus (9), fuscus, pronoto fusco-nigro, scutello subtestaceo, 
medio vittis duabus albis antrorsum leviter convergentibus, antice 
arcuato-conjunctis, postice extrorsum curvatis et latera attingenti- 
bus signato, inter has vittas et elevationem basalem nigram fusco- 
conspurcato, carina media nigra, medio late albo-interrupta, 
abdomine magna parte obscure rufescente, subtus latera versus 
parce albo-granulato, antennis fuscis, articulo tertio (ima _ basi 
excepta) flavo, articulo quarto nigro, pedibus sordide flavidis, 
femoribus (ima basi et summo apice exceptis) fuscis. Caput 
pronoto distincte brevius, antennis capiti subaeque longis, articulo 
secundo primo crassiore et paullo longiore, tertio secundo fere 
dimidio longiore, quarto tertio sat multo longiore et crassiore. 
Pronotum lateribus rectis, irregulariter nigro-spinulosis, medio vix 
sinuatis insigne, lobo postico carinis sex instructo, duabus mediis 
antrorsum leviter convergentibus, usque in lobum anticum ex- 
tensis, carinis subsequentibus in parte basali levius, deinde fortiter 
convergentibus et usque ad apicem carinarum mediarum extensis, 
cum his angulum acutum formantibus, carinis extimis prope 
marginem lateralem sitis. Carina media scutelli granulata. Margo 
lateralis superior segmentorum connexivi granulis tribus_per- 
minutis, margo lateralis inferior granis tribus majoribus albis 
instructi. Long. 2 4 mm. 

Tasmania (Launcestown, J. J. Walker). Mus. Brit. 

This remarkable species is by many characters very distinct 
from C. interveniens Bergr., the only Australian species hitherto 
known. 


fit NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES (OF THE. GENERA 
ARTHROPEAS AND ARTHROCERAS. 


BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON, BOSTON, MASS. 


The species Arthropeas leptis Osten Sacken seems to be the 
cause of some confusion in these two genera. This is probably due 
to the comparative scarcity of material, to an oversight in Aldrich’s 
Catalogue, and to the fact that Osten Sacken in describing the 
species and referring to a number of minor characters wherein it 
differs from the typical Arthropeas failed to mention the most im- 
portant feature—the absence of spurs on the anterior tibize. This 
character, however, he mentions in 1882 (Berl. Ent. Zeits., XXVI, 
365), as follows: “In the notes to my Catal. N. Am. Dipt., 1878 
(p. 223), an insect is described which I referred provisionally to the 
genus Arthropeas. It has the body of a Leptid (Symphoromyia), 
with the antenne of a Coenomyia. It will probably form a new 

January, 1913 


10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 




















genus because, besides the differences in the venation noticed by 
me in the description, it has no spurs on the front tibia, while such 
spurs are distinct in Arthropeas siberica.”’ 

In 1886 Dr. Williston erected the genus Arthroceras (Ent. 
Americana, II, 107), based chiefly on the character above men- 
tioned with A. pollinosum (a new species), and A. leptis O.S.as 
the types. That A. /eptis belonged to the genus Arthroceras was 
recognized by Coquillett in determining the species for Mrs. 
Slosson’s list of Mt. Washington insects (Ent. News. VI, 6, 1895). 

The two species may be separated by the following table: 


Thorax unicolor, yellowish pollinose; halteres yellow. Colorado, 


WViaSitiR@ TOM... eet sae ay adicosian pore teehee eae pollinosum Will. 
Thorax blackish, with two yellowish pollinose stripes; halteres 
Drom. VWVinites vids... Nie dlew, tr.) sausage meee? lepiis O. S. 


Both species seem to be confined to the Canadian zone. The 
former I have received from Clear Creek, Col., May 20, 1891 
(Oslar); Happy Hollow and Little Beaver, Col., July 14 and 19 
(Gillett). The latter has only been taken in New Hampshire, White 
Mts., ‘‘woods and alpine” (E. P. Austin); ‘‘Alpine region of Mt. 
Washington, at or above 5,500 ft.’’ (Mrs. Slosson); ‘‘near summit,” 
Mt. Washington, July 25, 1875 (Dr. Geo. Dimmock); Mt. Wash- 
ington, July 7, 1909 (F. A. Sherriff); Base Station, Mt. Washing- 
ton, July 30, 1912 (F. W. Dodge). 

The species of the genus Arthropeas are likewise comparatively 
rare, and also seem to be confined to the Canadian zone. The 
species may be tabulated as follows: 


Anal cell closed; wings distinctly banded; length, 


829 Tarim eb, Belated ete Ries? Ore eee ee te americana Loew. 
Anal cell narrowly open; wings not banded; length, 
Up SIT psp hae hectares (AM ow ete ueteee aie ee he magna, Nn. sp. 


Arthropeas americana Loew. 

The following brief description is given chiefly as a compara- 
tive one to Say’s X ylophagus fasciatus: 

Thorax black, covered with a yellowish pollen, leaving three 
wide black vitte; scutellum and metanotum black; abdomen 
yellow, basal half of the first to fourth segments black, the remain- 
ing segments yellow; halteres entirely yellow; legs yellow, outer 
half of the tarsi brown; apical third of the wing smoky black, base 
of the submarginal and first posterior, tip of the first basal, the 
entire discal and fourth posterior and outer portion of the fifth 
posterior cells whitish and forming a wide band across the centre 
of the wing; the greater portion of the first and second basal cells, 
base of the fifth posterior and tip of the anal cell and the anal 
angle smoky black; base of the wing and greater portion of the 
anal cell whitish. Length, 8.5 mm. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11 

The following records constitute our present knowledge of its 
distribution: N. Wisconsin (Loew); Mass. (O. Sacken); Cheshire 
Harbor, near Mt. Graylock, Mass., June 30 (I. W. Beecroft); Lake 
Ganoga, North Mt., Pa., 2,300 ft., Aug. 29, 1897 (C. W. Johnson). 


X ylophagus fasciatus Say. 

‘Wing dusky, fasciated; abdomen fasciated. Inhabits Indiana. 

“Body dusky; thorax, posterior portion honey-yellow; poisers 
blackish at tip; wings dusky, a more distinct band on the middle 
and at the tip; feet honey-yellow; -hind tibie blackish; tergum 
yellow, basal half of the four basal segments black; remaining seg- 
ments nearly all black. Length over two-fifths of an inch. 

“By an accident the head and anterior part of the thorax of this 
fine specimen were destroyed, but the above description will 
sufficiently indicate the species. The wing nervures resemble those 
of the maculatus Fabr.”’ 

In the above description by Say, based on an imperfect speci- 
men, I have italicized the parts showing discrepancies to Loew’s 
species. The differences are too great to consider them the same; 
the description of the bands on the wings, ‘‘on the middle and at 
the tip,’ also does not agree with Say’s usual accuracy. The 
locality, ‘‘Indiana,’’ which is entirely in the upper Austral, would 
also indicate a different species. Say’s reference to maculatus, 
which is a Xylomyia (=Solva Walk.), would indicate a closed 
fourth posterior cell. 





Arthropeas magna, n. sp. 

Arthropeas, n. sp.? Townsend.—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXII, 
61, 1895. 

o&.—Face blackish, covered with a dull yellowish pollen and 
pile, beard whitish, face with a deep A-shaped groove bordering 
the oral cavity, from which extends a deep groove between the 
antenne to the frontal triangle, ocelligerous tubercle black, palpi, 
proboscis and antenne yellow. Thorax black, thinly covered with 
hair (blackish on the dorsum and yellowish on the sides), through 
which show four dull yellow pollinose stripes, the lateral stripes 
broad, the middle one narrow, but expanding at the ends and 
connected at the humeri and post-alar callosities with the lateral 
stripes, the black areas between the stripes shining behind the 
suture; pleuree black, brownish pollinose; scutellum black. Ab- 
domen black, middle and sides shining, first segment with a wide 
yellow, pollinose, posterior band, almost interrupted in. the middle 
and expanding until it attains the full width of the segment at the 
lateral margins; second, third and fourth segments posteriorly 
margined with a yellow pollinose band, contracted in the middle 
and at the ends; on the second and third segments the bands are 
brown in the middle and at the ends, the remaining segments 





12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


yellowish pollinose; venter entirely yellow. Legs yellow, coxe 
blackish, halteres yellow. Wings brownish, slightly darker in the 
middle and along the fifth longitudinal vein; veins and costal cells 
yellow, basal half of the marginal cell white, the greater portion of 
the first and second basal cells noticeably lighter than the rest of 
the wing. Length, 12 mm. 

Q2.—Face, front and occiput covered with a dense brown 
pollen, the front about one-fourth the total width of the head, with 
five grooves above the base of the antennae, the four outer ones 
slightly diverging below, above fusing and deflecting towards the 
ocelli, the middle one obsoletely divided into three smaller ones 
below the ocelli. The thoracic stripes are more prominent and a 
brighter yellow than in the male; scutellum velvety-brown, with 
three transverse ridges. The abdomen is shining and brownish 
black, with the posterior pollinose bands on the first, second and 
third segments, broadly interrupted. Length, 14 mm. 

Three specimens, Beulah, Manitoba, received from Mr. C. T. 
Brues. Holotype and allotype in the author’s collection. Para- 
type in the Museum Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; 
“Hill City, So. Dakota’’ (Townsend). 

This interesting species has the thick heavy form of Cenomyia, 
but the generic characters are those of Arthropeas, except that the 
anal cell is narrowly open. It seems to more clearly show the 
relationship of the two genera than the other species. 





TWO.-NEW; CANADIAN BEES: 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. 


Sphecodes hudsoni, n. sp. 


Q. Length about 7 mm.; head and thorax black, legs dark 
rufo-fuscous, abdomen entirely clear yellowish-ferruginous; head 
broader than long, face very broad, thinly covered (including the 
clypeus) with fine pale hair; mandibles bidentate, the apical halt 
dark chestnut-red, the inner tooth short and rounded, about 208 
from apex of mandible; process of labrum very broad, shallow- 
ly depressed or subemarginate in middle; only the first three 
points of the flagellum remain in the types, but they are dull ferru- 
ginous beneath; clypeus strongly punctured; front extremely, 
densely and minutely punctured in middle, not quite so densely 
at sides, the punctures are so small as to be hard to see with a hand 
lens; mesothorax brilliantly shining, with scattered punctures, the 
median sulcus well marked; pleura, beneath the wings, with a 
large shining raised area, the pleura below this with fine 
close ruge; area of metathorax large, fully 320. long, with about 
20 coarse ruge, the lateral ones parallel, radiating, the middle ones 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13 








irregular, some branching, Y-like in form; regular dark rufous; 
wings dusky hyaline, distinctly reddish, stigma and nervures red- 
brown; second submarginal cell broad, receiving first recurrent 
nervure just beyond the beginning of its last third; legs thinly 
clothed with pale hair; abdomen almost entirely impunctate, 
quite broad; apical plate about 170» broad. 

Hab.—Hudson Bay. British Museum (44. 17). In Robert- 
son’s tables of Sphecodes this runs nearest to S. minor, which is a 
larger and evidently different species. In the table of Maine species 
it runs to the group of S. dichrous, to which it is not closely allied. 
In my table of allies of dichrous it runs to the very much larger 
arroyanus. Superficially it is much like S. washingtont CkIl., 
but aside from other differences, the metathoracic area is much 
larger than in washingtoni. It is a much larger species than S. 
cressoni, and has a broader.head. Among the species of the north- 
west, it falls nearest to S. patruelis Ckll. (formerly recorded in 
error as minor), but patruelis has the front more coarsely punctured, 
and area of metathorax with stronger, irregular (not radiating) 
ruge. It is quite different from S. sulcatulus by the densely punc- 
tured front, etc. The specimen has been in the British Museum 
for 67 years. 

I take this opportunity to record two other interesting speci- 
mens of Sphecodes belongiing to the British Museum. 

(1.) Sphecodes falcifer Patton. Colorado (Cockerell). A com- 
mon species of the Eastern United States, but new to Colorado. 
comes from my old collection of 1887-1890. The material which 
went to the British Museum was mostly in papers, and nearly all > 
came from Wet Mountain Valley... A statement of the exact 
locality was furnished for each lot, either in a letter or on the box, 
but unfortunately the data were only preserved when they accom- 
panied the specimen itself, and all the rest were simply labelled 
“Colorado (Cockerell)’’. It is nearly certain that all the specimens 
labelled in this way were from Wet Mountain Valley. 

(2.) Sphecodes persimilis Lovell & Cockerell. Trenton Falls, 
New York; from F. Smith's collection. The specimen (9) has 
the junction of the first and second dorsal abdominal segments: 
rather evidently depressed, to this extent slightly approaching 
S. pecosensis. F. Smith, who owned the specimen, died in 1879, 
but the species was not described until 1907. 





Anthidium wallisi, n. sp. 

2. Length about 10 mm.; black with chrome yellow mark- 
ings, those on face, consisting only of an oval spot on each side 
touching upper part of clypeus, paler yellow; a large yellow spot 
above each eye; mandibles, tegula and thorax wholly without 
yellow; antenne black; pubescence dull white, on vertex shining 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 














and yellowish; ventral scope shining cream-colour; wings strongly 
brownish; femora and tibie black; front tibize with a vellow suba- 
pical more or less cuneiform mark; middle tibiz with a yellow mark 
extending from before middle to apex; hind tibiz with a yellow 
band, interrupted not far from base; tarsi ferruginous, more or 
less blackened at base, their hair mainly ferruginous; hind basitarsi 
with a broad yellow band; no pulvilli; first abdominal segment 
with a diamond-shaped yellow mark at each extreme side; second 
segment with a larger mark on each side, deeply notched inwardly, 
and a pair of transverse, discal stripes; third segment with an 
interrupted band, broad at sides, broadly and deeply notched in 
front sublaterally; fourth like third; fifth with the notch less 
developed, and the interruption narrower; sixth with two large 
yellow patches. 

Hab.—Peachland, British Columbia, August 9, 1909 (J. B. 
Wallis, a 64.) 

This has nearly the face-markings of A. portere personulatum 
Ckll., but personulatum is considerably larger, the spots at side of 
face are lower down, the abdominal markings are much paler, and 
the abdomen is not so densely punctured. J asked myself whether 
A. wallisi could possibly be a colour-variety of A. tenuiflore Ckll., 
but it differs as follows, aside from the colour-markings: eyes paler 
and lighter green; teeth at lower corners of clypeus larger, nearly 
equal (the outer one much smaller in fenuiflore); lateral tooth-like 
angles of sixth abdominal segment very prominent; broad depressed 
apical margins of abdominal segments excessively, minutely and 
densely punctured, not shining (shining and less densely punctured 
in fenutflore). 


PHENACOCCUS BETHEL] AGAIN. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. 


When recently describing P. betheliin THE CANADIAN ENTOMO- 
.LOGIST, I remarked that it was possibly a subspecies of P. cockerelli 
King. I was surprised, a few days ago, to receive from Mr. E. 
Bethel a quantity of P. betheli on branches of Amelanchier, collected 
by Mr. L. J. Hersey at Steamboat Springs, Colorado. This looked 
suspicious, as Steamboat Springs is the type locality of P. cockerellt. 
However, the new material is twice the size of cockerelli, and yet 
the legs are not merely relatively, but actually smaller, and the 
fourth antennal joint is very short as in the Grand Canon insect. 
The insects, on being boiled in caustic potash, stain it a deep wine 
red. The larva is light orange. 
Although I transmitted the original cockerelli material to Mr. 
King, I did not study it. I have, however, studied abundant 
material, agreeing with King’s description, found by Mr. L. C. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15 








Bragg on wild plums at Boulder, Colorado. Without feeling alto- 
gether confident that betheli is a distinct species, it seems that it 
must be so regarded unless proof can be brought to the contrary. 


A word may be added concerning the value of antennal measure- 
ments in the determination of Coccide. Those who have used the 
antennal formule have found them very unreliable, and 
I have long ago given them up. It does not follow, as some uncriti- 
cally assume that antennal measurements are therefore useless. 
The best way is to measure the joints of several antennz, and from 
the measurements plot a ‘“‘curve.’’ I do this by using semitrans- 
parent typewriter paper, through which I can see my lined standard 
sheet. The curves so made will, of course, vary, hardly any two 
antenne being exactly alike; but except for abnormalities (patho- 
logical specimens), nearly every species gives quite different curves, 
while two species, very different in other respects, will give nearly 
the same curve. Some of the widely distributed species give curves 
almost too variable to be of much service, but in these cases it is 
possible that the material contains more than one thing. It is also 
probable that widely distributed forms, living on various plants, 
are strongly heterozygous, while native species, with uniform en- 
vironment and more or less restricted distribution, are prevailingly 
homozygous. It would be worth while for someone to carefully 
investigate a number of species with this point in mind. 


The names of the members of the Society in the group on 
Plate I. are as follows: 

First row, reading from right to left—J. D. Evans, Prof. W. 
Lochhead, Rev. T. W. Fyles, H. H. Lyman, Dr. E. M. Walker, Dr. 
C. Gordon Hewitt, G. Beaulieu, A. F. Winn, Rev. L. Marcotte. 

Second row, reading from left to right—L. Ceser, Dr. E. H. 
Blackader, Rev. J. B. Mignault, Rev. Brother Germain, H. F. 
Hudson, Arthur Gibson, J. M. Swaine, G. E. Sanders, Dr. R. 
Matheson. 

Top row, reading from right to left—A. G. Turney, J. D: 
Tothif}@Proia > 1. Howitt; A.W: Baker, J; A. Guignard, J.-1: 
Beaulne. 


CORRECTIONS. 


Page 214, line 7, for heyonie read bryonie. 
Page 214, line 15, for pormiaries read primaries. 


Page 215, line 24, for Keolexia read Neolexia, and for scylina 
read xylina. 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





AN EARLY REFERENCE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF THE 
ARMY WORM IN PENNSYLVANIA, NEW 
YORK AND CANADA. 


BY F. M. WEBSTER, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


The year 1743 seems to have been the first of which we have 
what is generally accepted as undoubtable evidence of the occur- 
rence of this pest in the United States in destructive numbers. 
This information has always been based solely upon a statement 
made by Chas. L. Flint in a report on the Climatology of New 
England,* and is as follows: In 1743 there were ‘‘millions of 
devouring worms in armies, threatening to cut off every green 
thing. Hay very scarce, £7 and £8 a load.”’ 


There, however, is another bit of evidence of this outbreak of 
the Army worm in the year 1743 that appears to have been entire- 
ly overlooked. This is contained ina small but somewhat rare 
volume, by John Bartram, printed in London, England, in 1751.7 


Mr. Bartram, as he states, ‘“‘set out from his house on Skuyl- 
kil River the 38rd day of July, 1748.’’ Under date of July 16th, 
near the Indian town of Tohicon, situated between the east branch 
of the Susquehanna and the main river, he says: ‘‘Here I observed 
for the first time in this journey that the worms which had done 
much mischief in the several parts of our Province by destroying 
the grass and even corn for two summers, had done the same thing 
here, and had eaten off the blades of their maize and long white 
grass, so that the stems of both stood naked four-foot high; I saw 
some of the naked dark-coloured grubs half an inch long, the most 
of them were gone, yet I could perceive they were the same that 
had visited us two months before; they clear all the grass in their 
way in any meadow they get into, and seem to be periodical as 
the locusts and caterpillar, the latter of which I am afraid will do 
us a great deal of mischief next summer.”’ 


Under date of 28th of the same month, having reached Oswego, 
New York, Mr. Bartram makes this entry in his record: ‘This 
was a rainy, thundering warm day, and two deputies arrived from 
the Oneidas. News came that the worms had destroyed abundance 
of corn and grass in Canada.”’ 





*Second Annual Report of the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of 
Agriculture, 1854 (printed in 1855), p. 36. 

+ Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, Rivers, Productions, 
Animals, and other matters worthy of notice. Made by Mr. John Bartram in 
his travels from Pennsylvania to Onondago, Oswego and the Lake Ontario, in 
Canada, to which is annexed a curious account of the Cataracts at Niagara. 
By Mr. Peter Kalm, a Swedish gentleman who travelled there. London: 
Printed for J. Whiston and B. White, in Fleet Street, 1751. 


January, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Aliza 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.—ANNUAL 
; MEETING. | 


The Forty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society 
of Ontario was held on Tuesday and Wednesday, Nov., 19th. and 
20th. During the day meetings, which were held at the Carnegie 
Library, the chair was occupied by the president, Dr. E. M. 
Walker, while the evening meeting, held at the Normal School, 
was opened by the Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture, 


Among those present were the Rev. T. W. Fyles, Dr. C. G. 
Hewitt, Messrs. J. H. Grisdale, W. H. Harrington, A. Gibson, 
J. M. Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen, J. A. Guignard, J. I. Beaulne and 
Rev. Bro. Germain, Ottawa; Messrs. H. H. Lyman and A. F. Winn, 
Montreal; Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.; Mr. J. 
D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. J.. E. Howitt, Messrs. L. Cesar and A. 
W. Baker, Guelph; Dr. R. Matheson, Truro, N. S.; Mr. A. G. 
Turney, Fredericton, N. B.; Rev. Father Marcotte, Sherbrooke, 
Que.; Rev. J. B. Mignault, St. Therese, Que., and Messrs. J. B. 
Tothill, G. Beaulieu, G. E. Sanders, W. A. Ross, H. F. Hudson, 
C. E. Petch, Field Officers of the Division of Entomology. 


On Tuesday morning the members met at the Experimental 
Farm, where a pleasant hour was spent looking over the specimens 
exhibited by those present and in examining the fine collections 
belonging to the Division. A meeting of the Council took place 
at eleven o’clock at which the report of the proceedings of the 
Society during the past year was drawn up and various questions 
of interest to the Society were discussed. A committee was 
appointed to consider certain changes in the constitution of the 
Society, which were proposed at a recent meeting at Guelph. In 
view of the fact that next year will mark the event of the Society’s 
fiftieth annual meeting, it was decided that a Jubilee meeting be 
held in honour of the occasion, to which delegates from other 
Societies be invited and that this meeting be held at Guelph, 
about the beginning of September, the exact date to be decided 
upon later. A special committee was appointed to take charge of 
the arrangements in connection with the meeting. 


In the afternoon the Society met at the Carnegie Library, the 
proceedings commencing with the reading of the reports of the 
various officers of the society, including those of three of the 
directors on the insects of the year in their respective districts, 
viz., Messrs A. Gibson, Ottawa; A. Cosens, Toronto; and W. A. 
Ross, Jordan Harbour. These were followed by the reports of the 
Montreal, Toronto and British Columbia branches. 


The Annual Address was then delivered by the president, 
Dr. Walker, the subject being ‘‘Faunal Zones of Canada.’ 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








Dr. Hewitt then gave an interesting ‘‘Review of Canadian Ent- 
omology for 1912” in which he outlined the work of the division 
for the year, illustrating the valuable results that have already 
followed the establishment of field stations in various parts of the 
country. Prof. Lochhead next addressed the meeting on ‘‘The 
Teaching of Entomology in the Agricultural Colleges’’, a subject 
which evoked much interesting discussion. A _ particularly 
enjoyable feature of the meeting was the next paper, “The Rise in 
Public Estimation of the Science of Entomology’’, by the Rev. 
Dr. Fyles, whose charming style and dramatic delivery were once 
again the delight of all the members present. 

At the evening meeting, which was held in the Auditorium of 
the Normal School, the chair was occupied by the Hon. Martin 
Burrell, Minister af Argiculture, who in a highly entertaining 
address, introduced the lecturer, Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, of the 
Division of Entomology. Mr. Sladen, who is a leading authority 
on apiculture, gave a very interesting and instructive lecture on 
“‘Bumble-bees and their Ways,’ which was illustrated by a 
number of beautiful lantern slides. 

A special feature of the Wednesday meeting was an enter- 
taining address by Mr. J. H. Grisdale, Director of the Dominion 
Experimental Farms, in which a keen appreciation was shown of 
the work that is now being done in Canada in economic entom- 
ology. 

During the meeting the following papers were read; ‘‘The 
Chinch Bug in Ontario,’”’ by Mr. H. F. Hudson; ‘“‘The Importation 
and Establishment of Predaceous Enemies of the Brown-tail Moth 
in New Brunswick,” by Mr. J. D. Tothill; ‘“‘The Discovery of the 
San José Scale in Nova Scotia,’’ by Mr. G. E. Sanders; ‘‘Obser- 
vations on the Effect of Climatic Conditions on the Brown-tail 
Moth in Canada,” by Messrs Tothill and Sanders; ‘‘Observations 
on the Apple Maggot in Ontario in 1912,” by Mr. W. A. Ross; 
“Notes on Injurious Orchard Insects in Quebec i in 1912," by Mr. 
C. E. Petch; ‘‘Insects of the Season in Ontario,” by Mr. L. Cesar; 
‘“‘Injurious Insects in Quebec for the year 1912,” by Prof. W. 
Lochhead; ‘‘Forest Insects in Canada in 1912,” by Mr. J. M. 
Swaine; ‘‘The Elater Beetles,” by Mr. G. Beaulieu; ‘‘Aquatic 
Insects,” by Dr. R. Matheson; ‘The Entomological Record for 
1912,”’ and ‘‘Flea Beetles and their Control,’’ by Mr. A. Gibson; 
“Insect Pests of Southern Manitoba during 1912,”’ by Mr. Norman 
Criddle; ‘Some New and Unrecorded Ontario Fruit Pests’’ and 
‘“‘Arsenite of Zinc as a Substitute for Arsenate of Lead,” by Mr. 
L. Cesar. 

The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows: 

President:—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., D.C. L., F. R. S. 
C., Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. Callege, Guelph, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 





Vice-president:—Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Ento- 
mologist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. 

Secretary-Treasurer:—Mr. A. W. Baker, B.S. A., Demon- 
strator in Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph. 

Curator:—Mr G. J. Spencer, Assistant in Entomology, O. A. 
College. 

Librarian:—Rey. C. J. S. Bethune. 

Directors:—Division No. 1, Mr. Arthur Gibson, Div. of Ent- 
omology, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; Division No. 2, 
Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Mr. A. Cosens, Park- 
dale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C. W. 
Nash, East Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Port 
Hope; Division No. 6, Mr. R. S. Hamilton, Collegiate Institute, 
Galt; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Jordan Harbour. 

Delegate to Royal Society:—Mr. A. F. Winn, Montreal. 

Auditors:—Messrs J. E. Howitt and L. Caesar, O. A. College. 


DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF ORTHOPTERA 
FROM PERU. 


BY A. N. CAUDELL. 
Bureau of Entomology, U .S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 
Among Orthoptera recently received from C. H. T. Town- 
send, Piura, Peru, for determination were the following two species 
which seem to be’ undescribed. 


Plectoptera huascaray, n. sp. 

Description.—o (the 2 unknown): Most closely allied to the 
P. micans of Bolivar from the West Indies but is decidedly larger. 
Is also allied to P. picta S. and Z. but has darker elytra and wings 
and the pronotal disk is not margined in front. 

General colour black variegated with brown. Head black with 
a small ashy variegation and transverse stripe about the insertion 
of the antenne; antenne black, the first few segments lighter. 
Pronotal disk broadly elliptical, black in colour with the lateral 
margins broadly and the posterior margin very narrowly and 
interruptedly bordered with yellow. Elytra brown and black, the 
humeral area and a large subquadrate spot at about the apical 
third of the posterior margin black, the rest yellowish brown 
flecked with black, the black flecks assuming a definite elongate 
shape and regular arrangement along the posterior half of the 
costal margin. Wings large, smoky brown, the apical area nearly 
black, the costal margin almost entirely so; the apical area is very 
large, being nearly as long as the rest of the wing, and the base is 
straight, not at all angulate. Abdomen black; supra-anal plate 
twice as broad as long, mesially produced apically and narrowly 

January, 1913 


20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





rounded; subgenital plate asymmetrical, diagonally incised apically 
and furnished with short style-like organs; cerci short and stout, 
widest beyond the middle. The legs are black with a pre-apical 
yellowish band on the tibiz and the base of the basal segment of 
the tarsi also lighter. 


Measurements. Total length from front of pronotum to the 
tip of the elytra, 7 mm.; of elytra 5.5 mm.; of wing, 10 mm. 


Type a single ‘o&, Huascaray, Peru, September 21, 1911, 
altitude 6500 feet. C. H. T. Townsend collector. Catalogue 
No 15321 U.S. Nat. Museum. 


Cocconotus charape, n. sp. 

Description.—o (the 2? unknown): Allied to C. pulcher Brunn. 
and runs to that species in the tables in Brunner’s Monograph of 
the Pseudophiline. It differs, however, very distinctly from 
that species. 


In size and general coloration agreeing fairly well with puicher. 
Head black and yellowish, the occiput blackish shading into yel- 
lowish on the cheeks and continuing yellowish down to the mouth- 
parts; mandibles, labrum and base of the clypeus and the sides of 
the face piceous, front of the face dark reddish brown with an 
apically pitted tubercle in the centre; on each side and just above 
the ends of the clypeal suture the face bears a large erect piceous © 
pointed tubercle about as long as the clypeus; antenne piceous 
basally, shading gradually to reddish brown. Pronotum without 
carina, the shoulders only slightly squared; disk slightly rugose, 
truncate behind, gently rounded before, the main transverse sulcus 
profound and situated distinctly behind the middle; prosternal 
spines long, sharp and piceous, the rest of the lower surface of the 
thorax light yellowish; the disk and the lateral lobes of the prono- 
tum margined with piceous and the central portion of the disk, 
especially anterior of the principal sulcus, light yellowish brown, 
which colour continues down diagonally forwards entirely across 
the lateral lobes. Legs stout and yellowish, the coxe, the gen- 
iculations and the dorsal surface of the anterior tibize more or less 
infuscated; fore tibize furnished with conchate foramina and armed 
above on the inner margin’ with four tubercular swellings and 
armed beneath with a double row of spines; fore femora less than 
one and one half times as long as the pronotum, smooth above 
but armed beneath on the front margin with three short black 
spines; middle legs similar to the front ones but the tibie have 

_three distinct spinules above; hind femora very stout and _ short, 
the greatest width about three and one half times the’ length, 
smooth above, beneath armed on the outer side with seven or 
eight stout spines and on the inner margin with a smaller number 
of smaller spines, all the spines piceous to the base; hind tibia 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 21 
slightly curved, armed above and beneath on both margins with 
piceous spines, those beneath smaller and placed more remote 
from each other. Elytra fully developed, surpassing the tip of the 
abdomen, the anterior half greenish, the posterior half brownish; 
tympanum small, that of the left elytron the smaller and margined 
with piceous; wings about as broad as long and very gently in- 
fumate, when folded just reaching the tip of the elytra. Abdomen 
moderately plump, dark brownish, apically growing lighter; 
supra-anal plate small, vertical apically, obtusangularly rounded, 
entire; subgenital plate moderately elongate, truncate apically and 
furnished with a pair of elongate club-shaped apical styles, black 
in colour; cerci short, stout and apically cut squarely off, the tip 
slightly excavate and armed dorsally with a subapical tubercle. 


Measurements. Entire length of body from the front of the 
head to the tips of the subgenital stylets, 33 mm.; pronotum, 7 
mm.; elytra, 26 mm.; wings, 23 mm.:; fore femora, 10 mm.; hind 
femora, 20 mm.; width of hind femora at the widest part, 6 mm.; 
of elytra at widest point, 7 mm.; three millimeters from the tip, 
3 mm.; of wings at widest point, 21 mm. 


Type a single o&. Rio Charape, Peru, September 17, 1911. C. 
ead. .wbownsend, collector.’ Catalogue No. 15320°U. S.. Nat- 
Museum. 








ON SOME APPARENTLY NEW. COLEOPTERA FROM 
INDIANA AND FLORIDA. 


BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA. 


On of the most common Of the Chrysomelid beetles taken in 
Florida in February and March was Lema brunnicollis Lac., which 
was abundant on the flowers and foliage of the thistle Carduus 
horridulus Push. The first blossom of this thistle opened near 
Sarasota on February 6th, and the first Lema was taken on the 8th. 
They were found mating on February 16th. and again at Sanford 
on March 28th. 

A careful comparison of these Florida specimens with those 
from Indiana discribed under the name brunnicollis Lac. in my 
‘Coleoptera of Indiana’’, p. 1111, shows that the two are very dis- 
tinct, the Florida example being much larger, with less convex 
elytra and having the frontal tubercles less prominent, the thorax 
less constricted at base, with two rows of coarse punctures along 
the median line and with numerous similar punctures scattered 
over the apical half. In colour the Florida specimens are darker, 
the elytra being blackish blue and the thorax in most specimens 
having the apical half clouded with greenish fuscous. These 
differences were pointed out to the late Frederick Blanchard, 

January, 1913 


22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





of Tyngsboro, Maassachusetts, and to Frederic Knab, of Wash- 
ington, D. C., both of whom agreed with me that the southern 
species was undoubtedly the one described as brunnicollis by 
Lacordaire, although Mr. Blanchard wrote that examples of the 
form discribed from Indiana had been in his collection for many 
years under that name. The northern form is apparently unnam- 
ed and is herewith described more in detail as follows: 


Lema palustris sp. nov. 


Elongate-oblong. Head, thorax, scutellum and under surface, 
except abdomen, dull red; antennz, legs and abdomen black; elytra 
bright greenish blue. Head very finely and sparsely punctate, 
the front with a strong bilobed tubercle. Antenne with joints 1 
to 4 subequal, the others longer and gradually stouter. Thorax 
as long as wide, finely and very sparsely punctate, with a single 
row of 5 or 6 coarser punctures along the median line; sides con- 
stricted behind the middle. Elytra impressed on the inner side 
of humeral angles, each with 10 rows of rather coarse, scarcely 
impressed punctures; intervals wholly smooth; abdomen distinctly 
but rather sparsely punctate. Length 4-4.5 mm. 


In Indiana the species here discribed has been taken by sweep- 
ing herbage only in the tamarack swamps of the northern third of 
the State, hence the specific name given. It is probably a mem- 
ber of the Alleghanian fauna. The principal differences between 
it and the southern form, believed to be the true brunnicollis, have 
been given above. The length of the latter is 5-5.5 mm., and the 
body is proportionally much stouter. From the description of 
L. coloradensis Linell, palustris differsin having the antenne and 
legs wholly black and in the abdomen being distinctly punctate. 


Chlamys nodulosa, sp. nov. 


Subquadrate, robust. Uniform dark brownish bronze. An- 
tenn paler at base, serrate from the fifth joint, the third and fourth 
joints subequal. Eyes large, reniform, deeply emarginate on the 
inner side, separated by an interval less than their longer diameter. 
Front with a number of fine scattered punctures. Thorax without 
trace of strige, the central gibbosity large, its crest with a pair 
of tubercles, its anterior face with four interrupted carinz, each 
pair confluent at apex; a prominent tubercle each side one-third 
from apex and near the outer of these. carine, and another, semi- 
obsolete, midway between this and the side of thorax, the intervals 
between the carinez and tubercles deeply; coarsely but not densely 
punctate. Elytra each with about 9 prominent tubercles, the 
intervals between these with coarse punctures. Pygidium coarse- 
ly and sparsely punctate and with ‘three short carinz extending 
from a median gibbosity nearly to the posterior border. Under 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23 














surface, especially the meso- and meta-episterna, very coarsely, 
densely and shallowly punctate. Length 4-4.5 mm. 


Described from 10 specimens beaten from scrub-oak near 
Arch Creek, Sanford and Ormond, Florida. March 12th.—April 
3rd. A pair of the cotypes are in the collection of Fredric Knab, 
and another in that of the late Mr. Blanchard. 

This is a smaller species than C. plicata. very different in the 
sculpture of thorax and elytra and in the narrower separation of 
the eyes. It is more subquadrate and robust than Hxema gibber 
Oliv. and has also a wholly different sculpture from that species, 
the tubercle being more pointed and prominent and the punctures 
more rounded, distinct and deeper. The character usually given 
as separating the genera Chlamys and Exemais very slight and 
more or less variable, and it is my opinion that the latter genus 
should be abandoned, Chlamys having the priority. 


Cryptocephalus sanfordi, sp. nov. 

Short, robust, subcylindrical. Head, thorax, scutellum, legs 
and under surface reddish yellow; elytra straw-yellow, the basal 
fourth of second interval, the entire fourth interval except a small 
oval spot at apical fourth, and three oblong spots on sixth interval 
shining black; joints 6-11 of antennze fuscous. .Front of head 
with a few minute scattered punctures. Thorax wholly without 
punctures. Elytra with six entire punctured dorsal striz, the 
sutural stria represented by only 3 to 4 punctures, the first dorsal 
forking at the middle and therefore double on basal half, the 
fourth and fifth striz sinuous and approaching in the black spaces; 
alternate intervals wider and wholly pale. Abdomen minutely and 
sparsely punctate, each puncture bearing a fine prostrate hair; 
fifth ventral deeply concave at middle. Length 3.5-4mm. 

Described from 2 specimens beaten from willow near Sanford, 
Florida, March 25th.—27th., 1901. 


Brachys cuprascens, sp. nov. 


Ovate, shorter and stouter than B. ovata Web. Dark bronze, 
thickly clothed above with short coppery-red and whitish hairs, 
those on elytra arranged in three irregular very sinuous cross- 
bands composed mainly of the reddish hairs, but bordered ant- 
eriorly with the whitish ones. Head and thorax as in B. ovata, 
the median groove of the former narrower and less prominent. 
Rows of elytral punctures much coarser and more distinct, and 
regular than in ovata, those of the interval next to the marginal 
carina so arranged as to give the appearance of ribs or plicze be- 
neath the vestiture. Shallow punctures of the under surface 
much less evident than in ovata. Last ventral of female more 
deeply emarginate, or impressed, and with the fimbriate hairs 


24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





much more dense than in ovata; last ventral of male small, its 
hind border in both sexes finely pectinate. Length 4.5-5.2 mm. 

Nine specimes beaten from the flowers of the farkle-berry, 
Vaccinium arboreum Marsh, near Sanford and Ormond, March 
29th.—April 6th. Easily told at a glance from ovata by the much 
more dense and coppery vestiture. Mr. Blanchard wrote me that 
he had had it separated but not named in his collection for more 
than 40 years. 








Hallomenus fuscosuturalis, sp. nov. 


Elongate-oblong. Dull brownish yellow, sparsely clothed 
with fine prostrate yellowish hairs; elytra with a common sutural 
fuscopiceous stripe which is widest in the region of the scutellum, 
the margins also often darker than the disk. Head finely and 
evenly punctate; eyes small, deeply emarginate on the inner side; 
antennz with second joint one-half the length of third, joints 3-11 
subequal and one-half longer than wide instead of subquadrate as 
in the other species of the genus except serricornis. Thorax at 
base one-half wider than long, sides gradually rounded to apex 
which is one-third narrower than base; disk finely and densely 
punctate, the basal impressions feeble. Elytra as wide at base as 
thorax, sides parallel for three-fifths their length, thence gradually 
converging to the rounded apex; their surface, as well as that of 
abdomen, very finely and much less closely punctate than thorax. 
Length 3 mm. 


Six specimens beaten from scrub-oak and willow near Sanford. 
March 28—29, 1911. 





NEWFOUNDLAND LEPIDOPTERA.—TIn a little box of insects col- 
lected at St. Anthony’s during the summer of 1910, were specimens 
of Argynnis freija Thunb.; A. myrina Cran.; Colias pelidne Bdv.; 
Coenonympha inornata Edw.; <Apantesis virguncula Kirby; 
A plectoides livalis Smith; Anarta cocklet Dyar; Mamestra sutrina 
Grote; Autographa alias Oltol.; Epirrita dilutata D. &. S.; 
Epelis truncataria Walk.; Pyrausta insequalis Guen.; Crambus 
unistriatellus Pack. A. F. WINN, Westmount. 


Lycaena comyntas Godt.—While collecting Geometride after 
sundown at Valcour, N. Y., July 25th., [ found a male L. comyn- 
tas asleep on a blade of grass. Like many other ‘“‘Blues,”’ it rests 
for the night head downwards, the tails of the hind-wings and the 
black spot strongly resembling a pair of antenne and an eyeat the 
wrong end. A second specimen was found in the same attitude 
after a few minutes’ search. A. F. WINN, Westmount. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 





GEOMETRID NOTES—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW EOIS. 
BY L. M. SWETT. BOSTON, MASS. 
Fotis brauneata, n. sp. 

Expanse 13 mm; palpi quite long, blackish; head light ash 
gray at base of antennae, darker beyond. Thorax and abdomen 
light ash gray. Fore wings long lanceolate, light gray shaded 
with brown. Five black dots on costa, from the first basally runs 
a black hair-line irregularly across the wing showing strongly on 
the veins as dots. Above the black discal dot there is a spot on 
the costa; from the discal dot to inner margin there runs a black 
line. There is a narrow pointed brown band which runs just out- 
side of discal dot and extends toward tip of forewing as it runs 
beyond discal spot. Beyond this narrow band which resembles 
slightly the band of Leptomeris occidentaria Pack., only much 
narrower, there is a wide light ash space. Outer margin witha 
broad brown band crossing to inner margin, through the middle 
of which runs a zig-zag white line. Venular dots at base of long 
brown fringe. Hind wings grayish brown with an irregular, broad 
fuscous band crossing as two zig-zag lines on ‘each side of the 
discal spot. This band appears to be projected outwardly on 
the veins. There is a marginal irregular black line. The fringe 
is long and brownish gray in colour. Beneath fore wings reddish 
brown, especially near apex of wing. There is a trace of the 
fuscous band crossing wing at discal spot, which is apparently 
in the middle of it. The costa has dots of black and yellow at 
intervals from base to tip. Hind wings lighter coloured than fore 
wings. Fuscous band at discal spot showing through faintly and 
bent toward opposite spot; rest of wing beyond light ash. 

This delicate littlhe Geometer may be known by the peculiar 
band across the fore and hind wings and by the ash colour shaded 
with brown. I take pleasure in naming this species after Miss 
Braun. 

Type.—1 2, May 20, 1906, Cincinnati, Ohio; from Miss A. F. 
Braun; in my collection. 





GEOMETRID NOTES.—A NEW DIASTICTIS HUB. 
BY L. W. SWETT, BOSTON, MASS. 


Diastictis anataria, n. sp. 

Expanse, 24 to 80 mm; palpi, 1 mm, grayish; head light gray 
at base of antenne; thorax and abdomen light ashen gray. Fore 
wings light ash with a bluish tinge; there are four distinct costal 
patches of rusty brown, the outer being the largest. From each 
of the costal patches pale rust-coloured bands run sinuately to 
inner margin and at the outer margin is a broad reddish brown 

January, 1913 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








patch extending almost to inner margin. The first costal patch 
is linear and points towards first venular dots of outer margin ; 
a pale rust-red line runs from this patch almost to inner margin. 
The second costal patch is not as strongly angulated on costa as 
the first. Aline runs from jit to vein 3 in a straight line just 
inside the black linear discal dot, and then curves backward 
towards body to inner margin. The third costal patch is smaller 
than the others but has a pale line running from it to inner 
margin, bending outwards in a curve opposite discal line to 
the middle of vein 2, then going straight to inner margin. The 
fourth costal patch is very large, 14 mm wide and 2 mm long; 
it seems to have a notch near the bottom on the outer side and 
from the base of this runs a pale rust-red line to inner margin 
straighter than the other lines. The apex of the fore wing is 
light bluish ash, and near the base of the fourth costal spot is 
the broad reddish-brown band, widening as it approaches inner 
margin, being more distinct in some specimens than others, as are 
also the costal lines, which hardly show in one specimen. The 
fore wings are finely powdered with red-brown strige and have 
black venular dots on outer margin. The hind wings have traces 
of two pale brown lines beyond discal spot, but this may be an 
arrangement of strige as it shows in only one specimen. The 
general colour is lighter ashen with a yellowish tinge and the 
venular dots are the same as on fore wings. Beneath the wings 
are densely strigate, the lines of fore wings showing through very 
faintly from the second and third costal patches on each side of 
discal spot. Beneath third and fourth patches of fore wings the 
costa is bright orange, and the apex has brown cloudings. The 
hind wings are densely strigated also and there are two pale red 
brown lines crossing wing beyond discal spot. The veins are 
ochreous and the dots are between, at base of fringe. 


Type,—1 co, August 8, 1909. Half Way House, Mt. Wash- 
ington, N. H; taken at light by myself. 


Cotypes—2 o's, July 27, August 11, 1909, N. E. Harbor, 
Maine; taken by Dr. Charles S. Minot, in Boston Society of 
Natural History collection. This species resembles M. praeatomata 
very slightly. 


We owe our readers an explanation of the extremely late 
appearance of our December number. Part of the proofs went 
astray in the mails and the discovery was not made until after a 
considerable loss of time. Thisis the more regrettable as it has 
resulted in the delay of the January number also. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27 





BOOK NOTICES. 


The Large Larch Sawily; with an account of its parasites, 
other natural enemies and means of control. By C. Gordon Hewitt. 
D. Se. (Bulletin No. 10.—Second Series, Entomological Bulletin 
No. 5. Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture, Ottawa.) 


It was a fortunate circumstance that when Dr. Hewitt came 
to Canada three years ago, he was already intimately acquainted 
with our most injurious Canadian forest insect, the Larch Sawfly 
(Nematus erichsonii Hartig), this species being apparently a native 
of Europe and more or less destructive there also. Dr. Hewitt 
had already spent three years in the investigation of the life history 
and economics of this insect in England and having thereby deter- 
mined the means by which its ravages can be checked in its native 
country he was particularly well fitted to grapple with the more 
difficult problem of its control in the vast larch or tamarack dis- 
tricts of North America. 


Since coming to Canada Dr. Hewitt’s studies of the Larch 
Sawfly have been continued and the results of these and the earlier 
investigations are embodied in the present report, in which a detailed 
account is given of the life-history, parasites and other natural 
enemies of this insect in both Europe and North America and the 
means by which it can be controlled. 


The artificial means of control which have proved useful in 
the English larch plantations are, of course, impracticable in the 
vast forests of Canada and we must therefore rely altogether 
upon the parasites and other enemies. These are, however, not 
potent enough in North America to check the extensive out- 
breaks of the sawfly, which have several times occurred in this 
country, until most of the trees of the affected region have 
been killed by repeated defoliation. Dr. Hewitt has accord- 
ingly been engaged in the importation of sawfly cocoons from 
England, where this species is largely controlled by an ichneu- 
mon fly, Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley, and has succeeded in 
rearing from the cocoons a considerable number of these useful 
parasites and liberating them in various parts of Canada where 
the Larch Sawfly is prevalent. There is thus much reason to 
hope that the Mesoleius will become established here and in 
time increase in numbers to such an extent as to materially aid 
the other natural enemies of the saw-fly, and perhaps entirely 
prevent the occurrence of such serious outbreaks as that which 
we have been experiencing in Canada of late years. 


28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








Among the noteworthy facts which have been brought to 
light in this study are the following: There are four or five ecdyses 
during the larval feeding period and another ecdysis within the 
cocoon, whereas according to Packard, whose statements have 
been followed in all subsequent accounts, there are only there 
moults. The period from the time of hatching to the spinning of 
the cocoon is about 16 to 21 days in Canada, which is about twice 
as long as given by Packard. 


The habits of the Field Vole (Microtis agrestis), in England 
of extracting the larvae from the cocoons and feeding on them is 
parallelled in North America, as observed by Dr. A. N. Fisher 
of the United States Biological Survey, by the Deer-mouse (Pero- 
myscus maniculatus artemisiae). Both of these rodents are normally 
phytophagous. Insectivorous birds are also an important aid in 
the control of the Larch Sawfly and their protection and encourage- 
ment is strongly recommended. 


The bulletin is illustrated by an excellent coloured plate showing 
the adult and larva of N. erichsonii, the effect of its oviposition 
in the terminal shoot of the larch, and two of its most important 
parasites, the ichneumon fly, M. tenthredinis, and the fungus, /sos- 
pora farinosa, which attacks the larva within the cocoon. There 
are also a number of excellent drawings and half-tones from photo- 
graphs. 


Copies of this bulletin may be obtained from the Division of 
Entomology, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. 


A Preliminary List of the Insects of the Province of Quebec. Part 
I, Lepidoptera, by A. F. Winn. 


This is a most important contribution to our knowledge of the 
distribution of Canadian insects. The list embraces nearly 1,300 
species and is modelled upon the last edition (1909) of Smith’s In- 
sects of New Jersey. It is published as an appendix to the 
Annual Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants. 


Brief diagnoses of each family are given and under each 
species is a full list of localities, dates of capture and names of 
collectors. There are also annotated lists of the collectors whose 
records have been included and of the localities referred to. A few 
of the commoner species are illustrated. 


Mailed January 22nd, 1913. 


The Canadian Bintomologist. 


Vor. XLV. LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1913 No. 2 


FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA, WITH 
DESCRIPTION’ OF A -NEW *SPECIES. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 
(Continued from Vol. XLIV., page 39.) 

299. Mamestra mutata, sp. nov.—Closely allied to. trifolit 
Rott., by comparison with which it is best described. Ground 
colour paler than in ¢rifolii, with less irroration; orbicular elongate, 
oblique, sometimes produced to a point anteriorly, outlined in 
blackish, with pale annulus and dark centre. In ¢rifolii it is round 
or nearly so, with the pale annulus less contrasting. Reniform - 
much narrower in upper half than lower, the upper extremity the 
shape of an inverted V with the apex curved slightly outwards. 
A pale annulus is traceable round the reniform, but is conspicuous 
only as the strokes, particularly the outer stroke, of this V. In 
trifolu the reniform is kidney-shaped, symmetrical, and the annulus 
less contrasting superiorly. The subterminal line is paler and 
more contrasting than in ¢rifoli1, and the W is rather deeper, and 
usually preceded by black dentate marks. Fringes more contrast- 
ingly cut with pale than in ¢rifoliiz. On the underside, on both 
primaries and secondaries, there is a smoky discal dot at the end 
of the cell in both species. In frifolii these dots are centred by a 
fine whitish line on the cross-vein. In mutata this line is absent. 
Size of ivifoli1, but apices rather more acute. 

Described from 6 o's and 10 9s. Calgary, Alta. (4 pair, by 
the author, June 22nd—Aug. 9th); Miniota, Cartwright, Winni- 
peg, Man. (107, 3 2 s, Dennis, Heath, and Hanham, Aug. 3rd— 
Sept. 20th); Stockton and Provo, Utah, (2 2s, Spalding, Aug 5th 
and 27th); and Prescott, Ariz. (1 pair, Kunze, Sept. 8th and 10th). 

Type, o, Calgary, in collection of the author. 

This is the albifusa of Smith (Ent. News, XXI, 360, Oct. 1910,) 
in part, but is not the albifusa of Walker. The character of the 
orbicular and reniform, and of the discal spots beneath will best 


serve to distinguish mutata from ¢trifolii and its var. albifusa, to 
February, 1913 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





which latter my description might otherwise almost apply. I 
have held the species under the manuscript name for some time, 
thinking that I might ultimately find it to be a mere variation, 
which I am now satisfied that it is not. It is the trifolii of my 
former list which I cited as common some seasons, but I do not 
seem to have met with the species here for a good many years, 
my latest specimen being dated 1898. I have no Calgary trifolii 
in my collection at all, and if any one has a species from here 
under that name it will probably prove to be mutata. I have, 
however, ¢rifolii from all the other localities mentioned for the 
new species except Miniota, and have 54 North American speci- 
mens now under examination, including one from Montreal, which 
I have compared with Walker’s type of albifusa from Nova Scotia, 
in the British Museum. I have forms similar to albifusa from 
Ontario and several points in Manitoba, the latter showing a 
gradation from typical ¢trifolii. Mr. J. B. Wallis of Winnipeg 
kindly lent me a splendid series to select from. One from*Trees- 
bank, which I returned him, appeared to be mutata, but none of 
the others. I have seen a specimen taken at Peachland, B. C. by 
Mr. Wallis. In Smith’s paper above referred to, in designating 
this form as albifusa, he mentioned that I had labelled a Maine 
specimen for him as typical albifusa, but adds that he considered 
that specimen the only doubtful one of the series. I remain under 
the impression that my labelled specimen was correct. From his 
description, the bulk of his series were obviously mutata. Albifusa 
is a pale, strongly marked form of ¢rifolit with contrasting shades 
and often sienna brown tints. 

I have ten British examples of ¢trifolii and have examined a 
long European series in the British Museum. They do not differ 
essentially from our North American forms, nor have I noticed 
any specimens, or any figured by Barrett or South, as referred to 
by Tutt, suggesting my new species. I am aware that there remain 
two names standing in our lists as synonyms of ¢rifolii that re- 
main to be identified,viz., glaucovaria Walker, and major Speyer. 
The type of the former, if still in existence, should be in the col- 
lection of the Entomological Society of Ontario. That of major 
I cannot locate. But the new species requires a name and I think 
it best to give it one, in view of the projected Canadian list, at the 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 31 


small risk of creating a synonym, supposing the other names to be 
now recognizable. 


229, a. M. morana Smith (Ent. News, XXI, 361, Oct. 1910). 
—oregonica Grt., in part. The form I had listed as ‘“‘var. oregonica 
Grt.”’ Smith subsequently described as morana, and the species 
is certainly not a variety of trifolit. 


I am under the impression that Grote described a mixture of 
two species as oregonica, and attached a type label to one of each. 
In the British Museum is a female type oregonica and those other 
specimens from Oregon which seem to me certainly distinct from 
trifoli1, though Hampson makes them “Ab. 2 greyer, fore wing 
more thickly irrorated with pale brown.”’ In the New York Museum 
are five Colorado specimens which I took to be the same species. 
This form, besides being more thickly irrorated and greyer, differs 
from f¢trifolit in having less of a W in st. line, and the terminal 
space not darker than subterminal, or scarcely so. I saw the form 
in Smith’s collection, and it is probably the one he refers to as 
oregonica in his paper above mentioned. Together we agre d that 
it fitted Grote’s description better than did morana. In the Brooklyn 
Museum I found a male type from Mt. Hood, Oregon, which struck 
me at once as the “‘var. oregonica’’ of my Calgary list. It is larger 
than the British Museum type, and browner, witha deeper W, and 
impressed me as distinct therefrom, especially as Mr. Doll showed 
me a long ser es like it from the Yellowstone. I have a Yellowstone 
female which I compared with it, though mine is distinctly ochreous 
throughout. By the descr:ption this is evidently morana. I have 
taken no more than one specimen at Calgary, but have one from 
Laggan (July 17th) and it occurs at Kaslo and elsewhere in B. C. 
I have no specimens quite like the British Museum type in my 
collection, and am not positive that Grote’s name really involves 
two species, but if it does, then by the strict law of priority, as the 
ma’e sex in such cases should hold the name, oregonica, male type 
at Brooklyn, would have preference over morana. That law having 
been voted down, it remains to be decided whether morana shall 
stand. 


300. M obesula Smith.—High River (Baird) and Red Deer 
River. 


32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


303. M. picta. Harris—High River, May 3lst, 1910 (Baird), 
Red Deer River, July 7th, 1905. Apparently rare in Alberta. 

313. M. ectrapela Smith—Two specimens at timber Ine on 
Mt. St Piron, Laggan, on July 17th and 18th, 1907, about 7,000 feet. 

315. M. lucina Smith.—In Prof. Sm’‘th’s collection I found 
a figure of the type of vau-media from Colorado. The description 
is made from a single specimen collected by David Bruce, and is 
stated in Smith’s Catalogue to bein the collection of Mr. Jacob 
Doll. A Calgary specimen in Smith’s collection was almost exactly 
like the figure. The t. a. and t. p. lines are direct, and meet about 
the middle of the inner margin, forming a V, giving the name to 
the form which has a striking appearance. I do not imagine it 
to be anything but an aberration of lucina-olivacea, but the re- 
semblance of the Calgary specimen to the type is rather peculiar. 
Without seeing the type I have no wish to condemn the name, 
which Hampson lists as a species “‘incog.’’ but I have no intention 
of recording vau-media as a species from Calgary. 

318. M. larissa Smith.—I agree with Sir George Hampson in 
making this a synonym of anguina Grt. 

319. M. vicina Grt.—Since publishing my notes I have studied 
a good deal of material under the names pensilis and vicina, in- 
cluding both types, with the result that I have found that Calgary 
specimens are really most typical of the former. The type of 
vicina is from the Eastern States, that of pensiis is from Van- 
couver Island. The latter has the subterminal line less distinct, 
more direct, and has less prominent preceding dashes. I have a 
good series of this from the type locality, and a Kaslo series is 
only rather more strongly marked. All material from Alberta 
to the Atlantic coast, and from Utah, I have arranged under vicina, 
but do not believe that there is really any specific distinctness, 
and specimens from Manitoba and Saskatchewan would fit either 
series equally well. Sir George Hampson treats them as two species 
but I have failed to apply the separation given in his tables. “* Vici- 
na; fore wing moderately b oad, reniform extending well below 
cell,” and, “ pensilis, forewing narrow, reniform extending slightly 
below cell.’’ These characters seem very variable. 

322. Scotogramma luteolaSmith= phoca Méschl.—The reference 
is Sir George Hampson’s, and with the evidence at my disposal I 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 33 








prefer to accept it. Phoca was described from Labrador and there 
is a specimen from there in the British Museum from the Standin- 
ger collection agreeing with Laggan specimens, though there are 
none there from Calgary as stated in the Catalogue. The phoca 
of Prof. Smith’s collection was Anarta impingens Walker, which 
he also had elsewhere under its correct name. Mdéschler’s figure 
certainly did suggest impingens rather strongly at first sight, but on 
closer inspection I agreed with Sir George Hampson that it really 
represented Smith's /uteola. 

323. S.uniformis Smith.—I have seen the type of this species 
in the Washington Museum and have a female in my collection 
taken by Mrs. Nicholl on Mt. Saskatchewan in the Rockies of 
Northern Alberta, on July 27th, 1907. Other specimens taken by 
Mrs. Nicholl are in the British Museum, some of them apparently 
mixed with phoca, which it resembles most nearly, but from which 
it is probably distinct. It is a large species, and generally more 
uniform in colour, as figured in Holland’s Moth Book, Pl. XXIV, 
fig. 26, under the erroneous name of inconcinna. Hampson’s 
figure of a Colorado specimen is not good, and is not certainly 
this species. Other records which I have of this species from 
Alberta are, Mt. Athabasca, 7,500 ft., July 27; Sheep Mountain, 
July 30th; and Broboktan Creek, Aug. 12th, 1907. Mr. Sanson 
has taken what I believe to be the species at Banff, July 2\1st, 
below 5,000 feet. Some specimens esemble the following. 

324. S. infuscata Smith.—This is the species I had listed as 
‘‘phoca Moeschl.?”’ which is probably prior to luteola Smith. Hamp- 
son makes promulsa prior to infuscata, though Smith objected 
to the synonym, stating that Hampson’s figure of a Colorado 
specimen was infuscata, and not promulsa (Journ. N. Y. Ent. 
Soc., XV, 151, Sept. 1907). I must leave promulsa out of con- 
sideration for the present, as I have no means of identifying it, but 
my No. 324 is less brown than Hampson’s figure, though not ochre- 
ous enough for true infuscata, of which I have seen the types from 
Park Co., Colo., 10,000 ft., and Gibeon Mt., Colo., 12,500 ft. 

325. S. perplexa Smith.—This I had listed as inconcinna on 
Smith's own authority, on the strength of which also I permitted 
Sir George Hampson to figure one of my specimens under the 
name. The specimen figured is in my collection, though the 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


figure is not very good of it. The species, however, does not re- 
semble imconcinna in the very least The type of that species, a 
female from Colorado, is in the Washington collection, and I 
associate it closely with Mamestra oregonica and M. morana. The 
description says; “It agrees with submarina in the peculiar modi- 
fication of the last ventral segment, which is carinate at middle 
and foveate at each side.’’ This seems as applicable to morana 
Smith as it is to submarina. Under perplexa I have in my collection 
specimens from Calgary and Laggan, Alta., Kaslo nd Nelson, 
B. C., and Provo, Utah. Those from the latter locality are the 
palest of the series, and are evidently the same species as. that 
figured by Barnes and McDunnough from Stockton und:-r this 
name. The series show; considerable variation in the distribution 
of the shades, and the paler specimens are nearer sedilis, which 
seems only a variety. Dr. Dyar records it as sedilis in the Kootenai 
list, and the sedilis of Sir George Hampson does not differ. Mr. 
Sanson has taken the species at Banff, July 15th to 27th. Swb- 
fuscula Grote is doubtfully distinct. 


(To be continued.) 


THE BEE. GENUS(HOPLITELEA: 


In CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 1910, I described a genus of bees 
from California as Hoplitella. I now find that the same name was 
applied by Davidson in 1909 to a genus of Bryozoa. I propose to 
change the name of the bee to Hoplitina; type Hoplitina pentamera 
(CkIl.) = Hoplitella pentamera Ckll. 1910. 

DA COCKEREEL. 


Hepialus auratus Grote.—I am glad to be able to report hav- 
ing captured a specimen of this beautiful moth at St. Therese 
Island, about 3 miles from St. Johns, Que., on July 10,1912. This 
is the second specimen recorded from Canada, the other having 
been taken by Dr. Fyles in Brome Co., Que., in July, 1865. 


G. CHAGNON, Montreal. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 35 





THE BEE-GENUS THRINCHOSTOMA IN ASIA 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. 

In 1891 Saussure described Thrinchostoma, a very remarkable 
genus of Halictine bees, from Madagascar. Since that time several 
species of the same genus have been found to occur in Africa, and 
we have come to look upon Thrinchostoma as one of the most 
characteristic members of the purely Ethiopian bee-fauna. Yes- 
terday I received a box of bees from Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, and in 
it were two specimens marked ‘‘genus?”’, collected by him in the 
Khasia Hills, India, in 1895. To my utter astonishment, I re- 
cognized a perfectly typical member of Thrinchostoma, even to 
the unique patches of hair on the wings of the male! Thus a 
genus of bees is added to the fauna of Asia, and we are warned 
once again of the probable errors arriving from imperfect data 
on insect distribution. The study- of fossils has indicated that 
the several groups of insects were formerly more widely distributed 
than at present, and so explains the occurrence of species stranded 
as it were, in remote regions, far from their nearest relatives. 


Thrinchostoma sladeni n. sp. 

o'.—Length about 12mm. (head extended), expanse nearly 
19; head and thorax black, with the usual short white hair; inner 
orbits concave; clypeus greatly extended as usual in the genus, 
its broad apical margin and the labrum cream-colour, but the 
sharp simple mandibles rufopiceous; molar space about as broad 
as long; clypeus shining, distinctly but not densely punctured; 
upper part of front shining and finely punctured, but its lower 
two-thirds dull and opaque; scape wholly dark; middle of meso- 
thorax and scutellum brilliantly shining, with scattered minute 
punctures, but margins, especially broad anterior corners of meso- 
thorax, duller and minutely rugulosopunctate; area of meta- 
thorax triangular, finely rugosopunctate; tegule light testaceous 
wings hyaline, slightly brownish, especially on apical margin; 
nervures and stigma dark rufous; b. n. falling a considerable 
distance short of t. m.; submarginal cells subequal, the second 
very broad; first r. n. joining second s. m. almost at end; second 
t. c. running through a patch of black hairs; legs red-brown, 
the basitarsi (except more or less at apex, and the hind ones on 


inner side) creamy white; anterior tibiz clear red in front; hind 
February, 1913 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








femora incrassate, arched above, flattened and concave beneath; 
hind tibia incrassate, whitish above near apex, and below produced 
into a large flattened white apical lobe, which carries on its surface 
the widely separated spurs; abdomen claviform, narrowed basally; 
th /first segment (except a dusky apical cloud), and the second 
except a transverse band (narrower in middle) clear ferruginous; 
rest of the abdomen black, with the hind margins of the segments 
broadly colourless hyaline; venter light red beneath as far as the 
fourth segment, which is broadly emarginate; fifth segment dull 
black emarginate. 

2 .—More robust, the produced clypeus very broad, clear 
ferruginous (as also part of supraclypeal area), flattened and impunc- 
tate in middle, strongly lobed at sides, the shining sparsely punctur- 
ed sides of face forming an acute angle on each side between the 
clypeus and its lobe; labrum and greater part of the broad bidentate 
mandibles clear red; sides of face and lower part of front with 
short golden tomentum; scape reddened apically; apical half or 
more of flagellum obscurely reddish beneath; hair of thorax 
(dense on prothorax above) pale fulvous; disc of mesothorax 
more strongly and closely punctured; area of mesothorax with 
small basal plicee; first r. n. entering basal corner of third s. m.; 
third s. m. broader above; legs with golden hair; anterior tibiz 
and tarsi, and middle tibiz in front, clear red; only the first 
abdominal segment red, with a pair of subapical brown spots; 
second segment with the broad apical margin orange; the shining 
short hairs of the apical margin are golden on the second seg- 
ment, but white on the others. 

Hab.—Khasia Hills; the male is the type. The female is 
dated June. The sexes differ sufficiently to suggest that they may 
represent two species, but they are probably identical. The male 
is quite similar to the African 7. orchidarum Ckll., differing princip- 
ally by the claviform abdomen with red base, and the much less 
broadened hind tibiz. The fifth ventral segment of 7. orchidarum 
carries a broad dense brush of hair, wanting in 7. sladenz. 

It is perhaps possible that the Indian Halictus wroughtoni~ 
Cameron is a Thrinchostoma, although Bingham’s figure of the male 
shows ordinary hind legs and gives no indication of hair-patches 
on the wings. It is in any event distinct from 7. sladent. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST on 





INQUIRY INTO THE RELATIONSHIPS AND TAXONOMY 
OFSTHE MUSCOMDSEEIES. 
BY C. H..T. TOWNSEND, LIMA, PERU. 


Dissections of the female reproductive system and studies of 
the eggs, first-stage maggots and reproductive habits of these 
flies, carried on for the past five years, have proved a golden key 
for unlocking many of the secrets connected with their relation- 
ships. Throughout the work, however, the problem of harmonizing 
these characters with those of the external adult anatomy has 
been a difficult one. At first sight the results seemed to indicate 
that the family groups heretofore recognized do not exist in the 
commonly accepted sense. The ordinary divisions seemed almost 
untenable, being often at variance with the results of the dissec- 
tions or with external adult characters of well known utility. 

It was soon evident that no satisfactory classification could be 
built up on the reproductive system characters alone. As examples 
of the disagreement between reproductive and external adult 
characters, the Phasiidae show in part flat-ovate macrotype eggs 
without uterus, in part elongate eggs deposited subcutaneously, 
also without uterus; and, if the Rutiliine and related flies are in- 
cluded in the family, in part elongate subcylindrical eggs hatching 
in an elongate uterus. The Exoristidae, after being restricted 
greatly from their former limits, are still more markedly differ- 
entiated in type of reproductive system and egg, showing not only 
the three Phasiid types but a half dozen or more additional ones 
as well. 

It is now quite apparent that the external adult characters 
can not be subordinated to the reproductive characters in quite 
a good many cases, though they can so be in other cases. It seems 
practically certain, for example, that parallel specializations of 
the reproductive system have arisen quite independently in these 
flies, and that marked and parallel differentiations of the facial 
plate have so arisen with far less frequency. Facial plate differen- 
tiation is largely dependent on a greater or less lapse of oral and 
antennal functions, and such lapse is not of frequent occurrence. 
Reproductive system and egg modifications manifestly play an 
extensive part in the economies of these flies, wherefrom we may 


conclude that the reproductive system is plastic in a greater degree 
February, 1913 


38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


than isthe facial plate. Subtribal to subfamily should be attributed 
to the characters of the reproductive system, eggs and first-stage 
maggots, with family values under certain circumstances. When 
the true or incubating uterus is present its main type is a character 
of high value. The structure of the egg-chorion and certain 
structural details of the first-stage maggot are characters of still 
higher value. When such characters as these are supported by 
others they may well be used in family definitions. Practically 
all the early-stage, egg and _ reproductive - system  charac- 
ters are especially important and serviceable to us as indicating 
positively thé natural limits of taxonomic groups, whereby we can 
with certainty draw a fixed line between those groups whose 
individual forms often can not be separated on the external adult 
characters. 

A classification of the Muscoidea into family divisions founded 
on the general character of the egg, whether elongate-subcylindrical 
or flattened-ovate, is quite out of the question considering the exter- 
nal characters of the flies themselves; one founded on elongate 
uteri, or the absence of uterus, or on maggots developing in the 
uterus, would result similarly in an artificial and unnatural group- 
ing. ‘This may be realized by studying the tabular summary at the 
end of this paper. But there are certain other characters ex- 
hibited here that will apply to family divisions. For example 
the old family Sarcophagidae may well be restored in a new sense 
on the characters of the cordate and V-shaped uterus, both types 
being a double-sac specialization of the uterovagina quite distinct 
in character from all the other forms of uterine specialization in 
the Muscoidea. This division is strengthened by the generalized 
character of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton in the first-stage 
maggot of most of the forms, and by the deeply-sunken anal- 
stigmatic cavity of all the maggot stages. Employing the uterine 
character it becomes now for the first time possible to define posi- 
tively and accurately the limits of this family. 

It now seems equally desirable to restore the old family Dewxi- 
idae, but in a new sense, on a combination of facial plate and ac- 
cessory supporting characters, definitely limited by the reproductive 
and especially by the first stage cephalopharyngeal characters. 
This is a natural group intermediate in facial-plate evolution 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 39 





between the Muscid-Masiceratid stocks on the one hand and the 
Megaprosopid-Cuterebrid stocks on the other. We return at this 
point to an approximation of the group concepts of Schiner, who 
had an excellent eye for main natural distinctions in the Diptera. 

_ The Megaprosopid type is clearly, though not closely, allied 
with the Dexiid, but its facial plate structure is closer to the Oestrid 
type than to the Dexiid, while the uterus and first-stage maggot 
as well as the cephalopharyngeal skeleton of latter differ markedly 
from those of the Dexiidae; hence it is advisable to maintain the 
group separately for the sake of uniformity. There has been a 
differentiation of the facial plate in the Sarcophagidae; the Para- 
macronychiine, Miltogrammine and Macronychiine types ex- 
hibiting a successive specialization in the direction of the Dexiid 
and Megaprosopid-Oestrid types. This is a case in which the 
facial plate characters are subordinated to the reproductive. It 
must be noted that the family group Dexiidae as restored does not 
include the many forms of the Pseudodexiine and Pyrrhosiine 
types, all of which have the Exoristid facial plate, though many 
of them possess pubescent and even densely plumose arista. 

There are two large and taxonomically very practicable 
groups heretofore left in the Hxoristidae that may most advantage- 
ously be accorded family rank at the present time. These are the 
microtype-egg forms with leaf-oviposition habit so far as known, 
which constitute the Masiceratidae; and the minute-platelet, col- 
oured-maggot forms with foliage-larviposition habit so far as known, 
which constitute the /Tystriciidae. There are three main categories 
of the former differing in the shape of the maggots and eggs; be- 
sides which there are numerous types differing in the structure of 
the chorion, which quite certainly indicates much diversity of 
origin. Yet they form a group easily defined on dissection of the 
females, and taxonomically quite as tenable as the Oestridae and 
several other long-accepted families. 

The group of which Phasiopteryx is the type merits family 
rank on the remarkable and, so far as yet known, unique change 
of the eggs in the uterus from microtype ovate to macrotype sub- 
cylindrical, indicating wide separation from other stocks; not to 
mention the very exceptional structure of the first-stage maggot, 
which is no doubt largely adaptive. 


40) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 
The Cuterebrine flies are likewise too aberrant a type to be 
longer included in the same family with any of the other groups. 
They seem to have sprung from some old Mesembrinine stock, 
but are to-day well removed from their nearest living relatives. 


It is now 23 years since Brauer and von Bergenstamm used 
the names Masiceratidae and Hystriciuidae, but in different senses 
from those here employed. The family names must be accredited 
to them, since they employed them for the family types. The 
Masiceraiidae as here revised includes but a fragment of the group 
to which they gave the name, only two of their genera so far as 
we yet know falling init, these being Masicera and Ceromasia. 
But it takes in many of their Phocoreratidae and Blepharipoda, 
ail of their Willistontidae and Goniidae, their section Myxexorista 
(1853) and some at least of their Bawmhauertidae and Germariudae, 
The Hystricudae as here revised includes all of their Hystriciudae 
except Tropidopsis which belongs in the Pyrrhosiine subfamily 
(Hexamera is not known to me), all of their Tachinidae, Tachinoidae, 
Micropalpidae (Homoeonychia unknown to me) including their 
section Erigone (1893), and a very few of their Pyrrhosiidae. It is 
profitable to note these comparisons as showing how nearly these 
authors in certain cases approached and how widely in others 
they deviated from proper definition of the groups on a study of 
the external adult characters alone. 

If the peculiar reproductive and early-stage characters of 
Phasiopteryx are found to exist in Oestrophasia, the family will take 
the name Oestrophasiidae B. B. (1889). The name Cuterebridae 
was used in the present sense by Brauer and von Bergenstamm 
in 1889, but the family was ranked as an ‘‘ Unter-Gruppe.”’ 

The Sarcophagidae of the present paper includes a large part 
of the Sarcophagidae B. B., a part at least of their Rhinophoridae, 
probably a part of their Phytoidae, probably all of their Miltogram- 
midae and Paramacronychiidae, and Macronychia alone of their 
Macronychiidae. In 1893 they referred Melanophrys to their 
Paramacronychiidae, but this genus belongs to the Hystricidae 
of the present paper. The Dexiidae as here revised includes practi- 
cally all of the Dexiidae B. B., and nearly all of their Paradexidae. 

From various comparisons we are able to judge with con- 
siderable certainty that the characters of the less adaptive struc- 


« 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 41 
tures of the egg and first-stage maggot are, on the whole, of prime 
taxonomic rank in the Muscoidae. They are therefore available 
for family definition in the case of large groups or pronounced 
types where other characters fail us.. We may also justly con- 
clude that the reproductive system and general egg and maggot 
structures furnish characters of inferior rank but of great service 
in the definition of such taxonomic categories as genera, group- 
units, subtribes, tribes and subfamilies, and even at times of 
families if they are supported by other important characters. 


A comparative study of plant and animal taxonomy suggests 
(1) that the eggs, embryos, early and adolescent stages of animals 
will always furnish us the main key to their affinities whether 
such is present or lacking in the adult; (2) that the characters of 
the reproductive system, while of less rank, will enable us to fix 
definitely the limits of the lower taxonomic categories when their 
definition is obscured in the adult; and finally (8) that the more a 
structure becomes specialized, the more the taxonomic value of its 
characters contracts. The first point justifies the erection of the 
eleven families outlined and recognized in this paper. The last 
point emphasizes again the extreme taxonomic difficulties that 
exist in the muscoid flies, which are undoubtedly not only among 
highly specialized but also among the most recently specialized 
of all arthropods and hence the most difficult to classify in a con- 
venient system. However much the values of certain characters 
may contract, in other words however obscured may become the 
group relationships in the structures exhibiting these characters, 
we are nevertheless often compelled, in the absence of others more 
distinctive, to use them if we wish to define certain of the higher 
taxonomic categories. Thus, in order to attain the greatest degree 
of clearness and practicability, we should in actual practice limit 
our main group-definitions to the fundamental group-categories 
or lowest groups of genera in these flies, which have been called 
group-units. Each group-unit consists of the typic genus together 
with those atypic genera which are found to be more closely related 
to it than to any other typic genus. For definition of typic and 
atypic genera, see Tax. Musc. Flies, p. II.; and for many pertinent 
considerations, pp. 7-13. As an example, Exorista may be taken 
as a typic genus, and Euphorocera as an atypic genus belonging 


42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





with it; these together form a basis for the Group-unit Exoristie. 


The eleven family types indicated in the diagram farther on 
show pronounced adult characteristics which cause them to stand 
forth prominently, as in bas-relief, from the mass of the Mus- 
coidea. These characteristics are reinforced by valuable char- 
acters drawn from the eggs, early stages and reproductive system. 
But the limits of the groups which these eleven family types re- 
present are often greatly obscured in the external anatomy of 
the adult, and it is the function of the egg,» early-stage and re- 
productive characters to clear up this obscurity in all cases. This 
is the first time in the history of muscoid taxonomy that we have 
had the means of definitely segregating these various families and 
accurately determining their limits, and they may well be main- 
tained now on the sum-totals of their respective characters. But 
in synoptic treatment, as will appear later, these family groups 
are unwieldy and do not aid us as such, though their divisions 
may be employed as leading directly to the group-limits. 

The characters of the facial plate apparently continue to hold 
better in the main for the indication of family types than do those 
of any other single external adult structure. They become sub- 
ordinated to the characters of the female reproductive system 
and early stages occasionally, as in the case of the Sarcophagidae 
and Dexiidae, but this is in accordance with the well-known law 
of contraction of values, and the consequent fluctuation of charact- 
acters, which cannot hold for all groups. They are reinforced 
by various other external adult characters in the several groups. 
Where they fail from lack of differentiation to mark off other- 
wise prominent groups, the characters of the first and second 
categories are always available. The following scheme of deriva- 
tions illustrates well, reading the group from left to right, the 
successive retrograde modifications of the facial plate that 
appear to have taken place in these ‘flies. 

(1) Phasid stem (Facial plate remains wide and elongate). 

(2) Muscid (3) Exoristid (4) Hystriciid (5) Masiceratid stem 
(Facial plate shortens but remains wide). 

(6) Phasiopterygid (7) Dexiid stem (Facial plate shortens fur- 
ther and becomes constricted below). 

(8) Sarcophagid stem (Facial plate in the typical stock very 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 43 





6)Pha 








sSiopterygidee 
7 8 







5 
4)Hystriciidae 


Protophasiidae\ -- The Primeval mescoid stock with @ long and wide facial plate 


similar to that of the Muscid stem, but some stocks show a short- 
tening of clypeus and inferior constriction of the facial plate, 
foreshadowing and even approximating those of the extreme 
types). 

(9) Megaprosopid (10) Oestrid (11) Cuterebrid stem (Facial 
plate reaches extreme of clypeal shortening and epistomal con- 
striction). 

The lines of descent have not been simple, but on the con- 
trary quite complex, and the plan merely indicates the general 
trend in facial plate modification. From the Phasiid to the Oestrid 
extremes the successively increasing differentiation may be traced 
in successive types of ever greater clypeal shortening and epis- 
tomal constriction. It seems almost certain that the facial plate 
has specialized according to the retrogressive evolution here in- 
dicated. There are several facts that appear to confirm this view 
quite conclusively. Australia possesses no endemic oestrid nor 
cuterebrid stock, but it has been the focus of a considerable number 
of forms which must be considered as survivors of primitive phasiid 
stock. These are Rutilia, Amphibolia, Microtropeza, Paramphi- 
bolia, Amenia, Senostoma and Chrysopasta. Certain relatives of 
these, also evidently to be classed as survivors of the same stock, 
occur in the Australasian or Austromalaysian regions and _ streng- 
then the case in hand. These are Paramenia of New Zealand, 
Pseudoformosia of New Guinea, Stilbomyia of Java, and others. It 
is to be noted that none of these, however, reaches either South 
America or South Africa. Both of these continents were apparently 
cut off from the Australian-Antarctic landmass at a time ante- 
dating the greater or main dispersals of that branch of the primi- 
tive phasiid stock which gave rise to these forms. These facts 


44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





indicate that the phasiid stocks are much older than the oestrid 
and cuterebrid stocks. 


Other facts point to the same conclusion. The specialization 
toward partial and complete atrophy of the mouthparts in the 
oestrid stocks, toward partial atrophy of the same in the cutere- 
brid and megaprosopid stocks and toward antennal reduction 
in these and kindred stocks indicates that the extreme shortening 
and constriction of the facial plate are connected with a more or 
less complete loss of mouth and antennal functions.. Certainly 
this is comparatively recent specialization, for the primitive stocks 
must have had highly functional mouthparts as well as high an- 
tennal development. 

Facial plate reduction has probably followed antennal and 
mouth reduction. In other words it is a consequence of loss of 
nutritive and olfactory functions in the fly, and thus marks an 
extreme stage of parasitism and host-adaptation, particularly 
one in which the sexes may easily find each other, in which the 
female may easily find the host, and in which the maggots may 
easily store a large food-supply. The two muscoid stocks which 
are apparently of most recent evolution, the Masiceratid and 
Hystriciid, in which the mouthparts and antenne are both still 
highly functional and the facial plate in consequence still retains 
its full development, have much less perfect host-relation, sex- 
relations and food-supply conditions. They must search as- 
siduously for their hosts; the large fecundity which is necessary 
to their peculiar host-relations demands extensive feeding in the 
adult female, especially as she has not an unlimited food-supply 
during her larval life; and the necessity for feeding and _ host- 
searching makes the female a wanderer, whose discovery by the 
male calls for well-developed olfactory organs. 

The comparison of Cobboldia with other types shows con- 
clusively that pharyngeal atrophy (atrophy of pharynx and rostrum 
of proboscis, and not necessarily of haustellum or palpi, with more 
or less complete closure of pharyngeal cavity) is directly cor- 
related with the evenly receding and gently-convex profile of the 
facial plate and peristomalia, and the consequent more or less 
complete recession of the epistoma; further that the great shorten- 
ing of the clypeus is primarily dependent on and thus directly 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 45 





correlated with antennal atrophy (atrophy practically only of the 
third joint, and consequent loss of olfactory function). 


As correlated in importance with facial plate specialization 
among external adult characters but of less value, it is interesting 
to note that excessive macrochaetal development has taken place 
in several stocks and probably by parallelism. The following 
groups, arranged by families, exhibit spinose-macrochaetal speci- 
alization :—Hystriciidae, the climax of all (Dejeanini, Saundersiint 
pt., Hystriciini, and Larvaevorini pt.); Masiceratidae (Blephari- 
pezini, Belvosiini pt.); Exoristidae (Pyrrhosiinae pt.—Tropidopsis 
and Paragymnomma); Dexiidae (G.-U. s. Echinodextie,Tropido- 
dexiie); Megaprosopide (G.-U. Megraprosopie); Phastidae (G.-U. 
Amphibole). 

The wisdom of separating the Megaprosopide from the Dexti- 
de and of maintaining them on a par with and more allied to the 
Oestridae may be questioned. It may be argued that the presence 
of macrochaetae allies them more with the Dextidae. We know, 
however, that their maggots are of peculiar structure, that of 
Microphthalma at least being quite thickly clothed with long 
bristly hairs and representing the extreme development of bristly 
vestiture in the first-stage maggots so far as known, while its 
cephalopharyngeal skeleton is of a distinct type from the dexiid. 
Their uteri are of markedly different type from the form typical 
of the Dextide, being known to be very long and irregularly coiled 
in both Microphthalma and Megaprosopus. Their segregation is 
thereby demanded since these characters strongly reinforce those of 
the facial plate. The absence of macrochaetae in the oestrids is due 
to their aerial life-habit, which is not shared by the Megaprosopids. 

It is possible, notwithstanding the facial and oral characters, 
that the Trixodini may be found on investigation of their repro- 
ductive system and first-stage maggots to belong with the Dexiide 
rather than with the Megaprosopidae. They almost certainly have 
auterus of the continuous-canal type and it is quite possibly 
of the fat and shortened dexiid type, but the final test of family 
position here will lie in the type of pharyngeal sclerite possessed 
by the first-stage maggot. These flies are very rare, at least in 
collections. The only known specimens are two collected by my- 
self on tree-trunks in the mountains of the Rio Gila headwaters in 


46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





New Mexico and the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. During a trip 
across the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua and Sinaloa in August and 
September, 190%, I made especial search for these forms but found 
none. A similar search earlier in the season would probably have 
been successful. These flies are of unusual interest as exhibiting 
facial and oral characters intermediate between those of the Mega- 
prosopidae and those of the Oestridae, while their weak macro- 
chaetae show a further trend toward the latter family. It is pro- 
bable that they parasitize wood-boring larve. 


If, as seems very certain, Rutilia and Amphibolia represent 
an old stock, then uterine development must be of very long 
standing. Both forms have coiled uterus in which the elongate 
eggs hatch. Certainly a type without incubating uterus would 
seem to be the original, and elongate subcylindrical eggs should 
be the more primitive form. If this is true, we must go well back 
into the past for the beginnings of the remarkable specialization 
in reproductive system, eggs and maggots of these flies. These 
specializations have quite certainly been largely adaptive, and 
thus we are better prepared to accept their independent origin 
in several stocks. Ovate, flattened eggs are an adaptation for 
attachment to surfaces, the larger or macrotype forms being 
designed for fastening externally to host and the small or microtype 
forms for fastening to leaf-surfaces to be swallowed by host. Here 
is extensive adaptation even in size —a specialization to a micro- 
scopic egg that can be swallowed by leaf-feeding insects without 
injury to the contained maggot. This last specialization seems 
to have arisen independently in several stocks, since these eggs 
exhibit a wholly unexpected variety of structure, the choria of 
some being reticulate after a honeycomb. pattern, those of others 
having a pattern of raised arcs or wrinkles, while some have a 
perfectly smooth and unreticulate chorion, and still others have 
the chorion finely or coarsely punctured or finely or coarsely set 
with raised points. . 

Pediceled eggs are for attachment to hosts in place of flattened 
eggs. If neither pedicel nor flatness can be secured, nor viscid 
secretion for gluing the eggs nor structures for depositing them 
subcutaneously, then in order. to meet the requirements of para- 
sitism the eggs must be held in the uterus until the maggots are 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 47 





fully developed and have become highly active. Hence the need 
for special uterine development. So far as yet known no elongate 
unpediceled eggs are ever deposited on hosts except by the Gastro- 
philine Cobboldiine and Cuterebrine flies, whose eggs are provided 
with a profuse viscid coating for attachment by their lateral or 
latero-anal surfaces to the hairs of the host. In this connection 
it also becomes evident that forms affecting a host to which the 
fly can not gain access must possess a uterus in which to develop 
active maggots that can search for and penetrate to such hosts. 


Some maggot-depositing flies, on the other hand, which have 
what would seem the most perfect access to the host are most 
careful to keep at a certain distance from the latter. Such are the 
Hystriciidae or leaf-larvipositing forms which are greatly specialized 
in their coloured maggots, long coiled strap-like uterus, consoli- 
dated cephalopharyngeal skeleton and excessive macrochaetal 
development. Their very divergent host-relations may be in 
part due to certain of their hosts living in webbed nests and being 
in the habit of spinning sundry silken threads both for enlarging 
and changing their habitations and for marking their feeding 
trails whereby they may retrace their way to the nest. Silken 
webs are especially dangerous to forms of excessive macrochaetal 
development; and it may be that there is seme connection between 
this and the origin of this remarkable host-habit, with the con- 
sequent coloration of the maggot. 

Even more consolidated than in the Hystriciide is the cephalo- 
pharyngeal skeleton of the first-stage maggot in the Masicera- 
tide or leaf-ovipositing forms, in which his structure has reached 
the extreme of reduction and consolidation. This argues for a 
high degree of specialization here, of longer standing than that of 
the leaf-larviposition forms. The corclusion is borne out by 
the elongate intestiniform uterus, microscopic size of the egg, 
and the remarkably divergent host relations whereby it becomes 
necessary fully to develop the maggot within the chorion without 
allowing it to escape therefrom until it shall have arrived in the 
alimentary canal of the host, notwithstanding that it may remain 
for a considerable time deposited and unswallowed. Such pro- 
visions mark an extreme specialization of very~ long standing. 
How these microscopic eggs could have originally arisen from a 





48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





larger type, as we must needs conclude they have done, in sufficient 
mode to become established, necessitating corresponding marked 
changes in the oviposition habits and thus in the instincts of the 
female, is a fascinating problem for solution. It seems certain, 
moreover, that such eggs have arisen independently in several 
different stocks, but probably largely through parallelism due to 
evolution trend. 


The flies with subcutaneous host-larviposition habits and 
those with subcutaneous host-oviposition habits are likewise 
much specialized. The remarkably specialized piercers, larvi- 
positors, Ovipositors, combinations of these, and accessory struc- 
tures such as the ventral carina and its spinules denote high speciali- 
zation. During copulation the piercing structures have evidently 
to be extended or thrown far backward, in the Compsilurieé at least, 
for effecting the union of the vaginal orifice with the male. 


While Phasiopteryx appears to be a waning survivor of an old 
stock with dexiid affinities, it exhibits a large amount of speciali- 
zation in its very long and slender uterus and especially in its very 
differentiated isopodiform maggot with chitinized segmental lateral 
and dorsal plates. But what holds the utmost attention and 
interest in this form is the wholly unique character of the ova 
accomplishing in the upper part of the uterus their final growth 
or increase in size to the fully formed macrotype egg, which should 
by analogy with other macrotype-egg forms have been completed 
in the ovarioles. This seems difficult of explanation and, of course, 
at once suggests some connection with the microtype-egg or leaf- 
ovipositing forms. But Phasiopteryx is to all appearances of external 
structure far removed from the microtype-egg stocks. Its uterus 
is very similar in general form to that of the Phasiatactie and Cne- 
phalomyiie, both of which have an elongate and more or less 
pointed microtype egg that is flattened ventrally. Its facial plate 
is not so divergent in type as to preclude a common origin with 
the masiceratid stocks. It seems probable that we must look, on 
Phasiopteryx as a remnant of an offshoot from some ancient.mi- 
crotype-egg stock. If this view is correct, we may expect important 
light -on phylogeny of the .microtype-egg stocks from. .a 
thorough study of this genus and its allies. It appears quite 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 49 
certain from the facts in the case that the ancestors of Phasiop- 
teryx possessed a microtype egg. 

It is a general rule throughout the Muscoidea that those 
groups with greatest fecundity comprise parasitic forms whose 
host-habits afford their maggots the least favourable opportunity 
for encountering the host. Conversely the opposite is the case. 
The fecundity runs highest in the Masiceratide and Hystriciide, 
leaf-ovipositing and _leaf-larvipositing parasitic forms, the 
latter exhibiting the extreme Thus we may conclude that 
in these groups there occurs the highest maggot mortality. Those 
forms which are parasitic in white grubs, wood-boring grubs, and 
hosts in general which the maggot must seek out for itself with 
limited chance of finding them also have a high fecundity. The 
Myiophasiie, which are weevil-grub parasites, have a much lower 
fecundity, and it is evident that their maggots usually reach the 
host. Forms which deposit eggs or maggots on the host also have 
a comparatively low fecundity, and those which inject the maggots 
or eggs subcutaneously have a still lower fecundity. The typical 
Sarcophagine flies, which are non-parsaitic in the strict sense, 
show on the whole the lowest fecundity of all, due to the nature 
of their larval food-substances on which the highly active maggots 
are deposited and which is ordinarily bountiful for their needs. 

The Sarcophagine flies have perhaps developed maggots 
in utero on account of the generally perishable nature of their lar- 
val food-substances, combined with a fairly long incubation period 
necessary to the development of the maggot. On the other hand 
the muscine and callinhorine flies have not done so, on account of 
a marked difference in the nature of their food-substances which 
are in general less perishable, combined with an incubation period 
sufficiently short to meet the conditions and requirements of ovi- 
position. It may be here pointed out that the most generalized 
type of cephalopharyngeal skeleton so far known in the Muscoidea 
is that exhibited in the first-stage maggots of the Sarcophagine 
flies and their allies. Evidently the sclerites have here remained 
almost unspecialized, being unreduced and freely articulated, as 
best fitted for their larval life-habit. 

Returning again to taxonomic considerations, it is necessary 
to point out more fully that however well the family types al- 


50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 

ready outlined may stand forth on.general characters, it is never- 
theless true that the recognition of the family groups which they 
typify does not facilitate synoptic treatment. Their employment 
does not elucidate the subject, but rather obscures it. They are 
often incapable of concise limitation and hence of compact synop- 
tic definition on either external, reproductive or early-stage charac- 
ters. Thus it is necessary to sidetrack them in actual synoptic 
practice and drop to lower categories. The group-unit is the 
category that here lends itself most conveniently to taxonomic 
manipulation. The reason for this lies in the fact that the charac- 
ters of the reproductive system, egg and early stages, which can 
not always be conveniently interpreted as of family value, and 
often of subfamily or even of subtribal value, are much more 
pronounced and readily apparent, therefore more comprehensive, 
than those characters of the external anatomy of the fly which 
largely mark convenient family to subtribal divisions. While the 
characters of the facial plate and various supporting characters 
of family to subtribal importance exhibited by other external 
adult structures are often by themselves almost impossible of 
correct interpretation, so much so that hardly any two persons 
can be expected to read them alike, those of the reproductive 
system, egg and early stages are unmistakable and impossible of 
confusion. 


Such external adult characters as the more or less ciliate 
facialia, degree of hairiness of eyes, apical cell ending at or near 
wing-tip, presence of true macrochaetae, hind tibia ciliate or 
pectinate, relative length of aristal and antennal joints, relative 
development of antennz, mouth-parts and palpi, and especially 
exact plan of facial plate specialization including degree of con- 
striction by vibrissal angles and their comparative degree of 
removal from the oral margin with the conformation of latter, 
in fact the majority of the external adult characters in these flies, 
are very difficult to describe accurately and few persons will be 
able correctly to interpret the descriptions in any event. More- 
over these characters indicate close relationships only in certain 
cases, while in others they are the result of evolutional trend in 
stocks considerably removed from each other. For this and 
other reasons their value runs out at times. In certain groups 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 5k 











some of these characters become highly untrustworthy, though 
they may hold good throughout other groups. It is often quite 
impossible to decide their values correctly without the aid of 
the reproductive and early-stage characters to guide us in the 
matter of close relationships. An intricately interrelated system 
of specialization in external adult anatomy has resulted in pro- 
ducing in distinct stock forms which closely approach each other 
in external characters. This was not realized until the investi- 
gation of the reproductive and early-stage characters had con- 
siderably progressed. 

Until this work was well under way no one could interpret the 
genera as they actually exist, and all generic work was largely 
guess-work. Even at the present time muscoid genera as they 
commonly appear in the literature are in numerous’ cases 
complexes of widely different stocks. Forms belonging to 
distinct families have for a century been classed as 
congeneric, and the external differences between them are some- 
times so inconspicuous that careless workers have even pronounced 
them conspecific. These facts serve to emphasize the invaluable 
aid to be derived from the reproductive and early-stage characters, 
and the necessity for taxonomic manipulation of the superfamily 
by means of smaller groups than families, subfamilies, tribes, 
and subtribes. 

The following tabular summary will be useful. It shows 
the known main differentiations of the female reproductive system, 
eggs and first-stage maggots in/the eleven muscoid families here 
recognized, exemplified by group-units. The group-unit consists, 
as already stated, of the typic genus plus the atypic genera which 
belong with it, and is a division of the subtribe. 

Its ending is 7@, which is added to the root of the name of 
its typic genus. 

' 1. Elongate macrotype eggs deposited 
subcutaneously without incuba- 
tion, no uterus—Phasiiz. 

I. PHASIIDA . - 2. Flattened subovate macrotype eggs 
deposited supracutaneously with- 

; out incubation, no uterus—Ecto- 

t phastie, Trichopodie, Xanthome- 


52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








lanodiz, Cistogasteria, Rhodo- 
niz. 
I. PHASIID Biers LS 
Iie Sie 3. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 
| eggs hatched in coiled uterus— 
Rutiliiae, Amphiboliiz. 


( 1. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 
eggs, no uterus—Muscie, Stomox- 
ydie, Calliphoriz. 

2. Elongate macrotype eggs incubated 

in uterus, deposited as free mag- 

gots or maggots in choria—Mesem- 

brinie, Hypodermodie, Eumus- 
cle. 

3. Elongate macrotype eggs hatched in 
uterus and maggot carried to or 
through its third stage therein— 

| Dasyphoriz, Glossiniz. 


Il. MUSCIDZ - 


( 1. Flattened ovate macrotype eggs de- 
posited supracutaneously without 
incubation, no uterus—Exoristia, 
Plagiopie, Winthemiiz, Neophoro- 
ceratie, Chactotachinie. 

2. Flattened subovate macrotype eggs 
incubated but not hatched in coiled 
uterus, deposited supracutaneously 
—Meigeniie, Vivianiie, Cyrpto- 

II]. EXORISTIDA + meigeniiz, Thrixionie. 

1 3. Elongate subcylindrical pediceled 
macrotype eggs incubated but not 
hatched in coiled uterus, deposited 
supracutaneously—Carceliie. 

4. Elongate macrotype eggs deposited 
subcutaneously without incuba- 
tion, no uterus—Phaniiz, Hemy- 
diz, Leucostomiz, Dionaeie. 

| 5. Elongate macrotype eggs hatching 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 53 


( 


II]. EXORISTIDE ] 


(Continued from page 52.) 





L 


IV. HYSTRICIID 





to white maggots, slender coiled 
uterus, the maggots deposited sub- 
cutaneously—Compsiluria, Cela- 
torila, Oxynopie, Weberiiz. 

6. Elongate macrotype eggs hatching 
to white maggots in slender coiled 
uterus like preceding, but the mag- 
gots deposited supracutaneously— 
Pseudomyothyriia, Hyalomyodie, 
Thryptoceratie. 

7. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype’ 
eggs hatching to coloured maggots 
in coiled very long and slender to 
fat gut-like uterus, the maggots 
deposited near host—Eugymno- 
chaetia, Bigonichaetie, Glauco- 
phanie, Eriothrygine, Macquar- 
tii, Ophirioniz, Steiniellia. 

8. Elongate macrotype eggs hatching 
to white maggots in short, fat gut- 
like coiled uterus, the maggots de- 
posited near host—Eumyobiie, 
Pyrrhosiiz, Ophirodexiie, Atro- 
phopodiz, Thelairiz. 

9. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 
eggs hatching to white maggots 
in coiled strap-like uterus, the mag- 
gots deposited supracutaneously— 
Zygosturmiia, Azygo  bothriia, 
Voriia, Siphosturmiia, Eryciiz. 


1. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 


eggs hatching to coloured maggots 
in long coiled strap-like uterus, the 
maggots deposited on foliage near 
hosts—Melanophryoniz, —_Ernes- 
tiie, Micropalpiz, Copecryptie, 
Servilliia, Larvevorie, Hystriciia, 
Saundersiiz, Dejeaniiz. 


54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


( 1. Microtype flattened—subovate . eggs 
in coiled subtubular slender to fat 
uterus, incubated to full develop- 
ment of the shortened subovate 
maggot but not hatched therein, 
deposited on foliage near hosts to 
be swallowed by latter in feeding 
(chorion varying from gray to yel- 
low and black in colour and ex- 
hibiting a great variety of minute 
structure) — Ceromasiopiz, Epi- 
dexiie, Phasmophagie, Baumhaue- 
rile, Ophirosturmiia, Eusisyropize 
Ommasiceratiz, Dimasiceratiz, 
Metopiopiz, Euceromasiia, Euex- 
oristie, Eumasiceratie, Masicer- 
V. MASICERAT!IDE ~~} atie, Brachymasiceratia, Sturmilz 
Otomasiceratia, Chzaetophorocera- 
tie, Gaediie, Germariie, Atactie, 
Triachorie, Belvosiia, Blepharipe- 
zie G.-U. s. 

2. Microtype flattened elongate pointed 
or oval eggs, incubated and depos- 
ited same as preceding but maggot 
elongate, uterus very long and 
slender (chorion black)—Cnepha- 
lomyiiz, Phasiatactie, Salmacie. 

3. Microtype slightly flattened, elong- 
ate-subcylindrical eggs, incubated 
and deposited same as preceding, 
uterus very long and slender (chor- 
ion smoky-yellowish) — Cylin- 

| dromasiceratiz. 








1. Microtype slightly flattened ovate- 

rounded eggs, growing in the upper 

VI. PHASIOPTERYGIDE - part of uterus to macrotype elon- 
, ~ gate subcylindrical eggs which 

hatch in lower part of uterus 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 55 





VI. PHASIOPTERYGID 
(Continued from page 54.) 


VII. DEXIIDz 


| 





J 





to maggots with chitinized dorsal 
and lateral segmental plates, the 
maggots deposited where they 
must seek the host for themselves, 
the uterus extremely long and 
slender—Phasiopterygiz. 


1. Elongate subcylindrical slender ma- 


crotype eggs sharply pointed at 
anal end, hatching to white mag- 
gots with anal sete borne at ends 
of anal stigmatic processes, the 
maggots deposited in choria on 
soil which they enter in search of 
white grubs, uterus fat and gut- 
like—Billeiz, Microchaetiniae, Mo- 
chlosomiez, Dexiie (I am _ not 
certain that the last two groups 
sossess the anal sete of maggot, 
nor that the second group is para- 
sitic in white grubs, but both are 
indicated by my studies). 


2. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 


slender eggs, hatching to white 
maggots with anal stigmatic pro- 
cesses but lacking the anal sete, 
the maggots deposited at entrances 
of galleries of woodboring grubs 
to which they penetrate, uterus 
fat and gut-like—Sardioceratie, 
Eutheresiia, Paratheresiiz . 


3. Elongate subcylindrical slender ma- 


crotype eggs, hatching to white 
maggots in the very fat gut-like 
uterus, the maggots lacking both 
anal processes and sete and evi- 
dently deposited near the hosts— 
Tropidodexiiz. (In this group 


: 


56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLCGIST 
ke the abdomen is rather densely set 
with subspinose macrochaete.) 

4. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 
eggs, hatching to coloured maggots 
in the fat gut-like uterus, maggots 
deposited near host—Myoceropie. 

5. Very elongate subfiliform small ma- 

VIL. DEXIIDA “J crotype eggs, hatching in the fat 
(Continued from page 55.) gut-like uterus to very slender 

‘subfiliform white maggots, which 

are deposited at weevil oviposition- 

punctures in various green fruits 

and buds, the maggots making 

their way to the weevil grubs in- 
L side—M yiophasiiz. 


( 1. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 
eggs, hatching to white~ or 
vellowish-white maggots in a 
cordate double-sac uterus, the mag- 
gots deposited on the food-sub- 
stance—Sarcophagie G. U. 

2. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 
eggs, hatching to white maggots 

VIII.. SARCOPHAGIDA-| in a V-shaped double-sac uterus, 

: the maggots deposited in the nests 
of various wasps and bees where 
they feed on stored insect food 
when such is present and on the 
early stages of the host—Metopiiz 

Eumacronychiie, Para macrony- 

chiia, Miltogrammia, Macrony- 

chiia . 





eggs, hatching in a very long ir- 
regular coiled uterus, the maggot 
clothed with long bristles—Mega- 
_ prosopiz. 


| 1. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 
| 
IX. MEGAPROSOPIDA 1 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST GY | 








( 1. Subcylindrical macrotype eggs rapid- 
ly tapered at anal end and with 
operculum at the obliquely-trun- 
cate cephalic end, incubated in 
uterus and attached by lateroanal 
surface to hairs of host by means 
of a viscid fluid—Gastrophiliz. 

2. Elongatesubcylindrical pediceled ma- 
crotype eggs without operculum 
incubated in uterus and attached 
by the broad claspers of the pedicel 
to hairs of host by means of a vis- 
cid fluid, the chorion cleaving 
longitudinally for the escape of the 
maggot—Hypodermie. 

3. Elongate subcylindrical macrotype 

| eggs, hatching in uterus, the whit- 

ish maggots deposited free or in 
choria in the nostrils of host— 

Oestriz. 


X. OESTRIDZ - 





{ 1. Elongate subcylindrical large macro- 
type eggs with heavy chorion and 
operculum at cephalic end, incu- 

XI. CUTEREBRID& ‘ bated in uterus and attached by 

lateral surface to hair or skin of 
host by means of a profuse viscid 
fluid—Cuterebriz, Dermatobiiz. 


SOME. HETEROPTEROUS HEMIPTERA FROM SOUTHERN 
PINGS enc. 
BY J. R. DE LA TORRE BUENO, WHITE PLAINS, N. Y. 


The Heteroptera listed below were all collected by Mr.A. H. 
Manee, of Southern Pines, N. C., whose labours have made possible 
the preparation of this paper. It is interesting not only on account 
of the records of distribution, data of great value in themselves, 
but also because it represents the fauna of a restricted area. It is 


hoped that it will be of value as a contribution to faunistics. 
February, 1913 


58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








Euthyrhynchus floridanus Linneé. 

Mineus strigipes H. 5. 

A pateticus serieventris Uhler. 

Stiretrus anchorago Fabr. var. fimbriata Say. 

Mormidea lugens Fabr. 

Solubea pugnax Fabr. 

Euschistus servus Say. 

Euschistus tristigmus Say var. pyrrhocerus H_.S. 

There is also one specimen intermediate between the var. 
and the typical form. 

Euschistus crassus Dallas. 

Neottiglossa undata Say. 

Neottiglossa sulcifrons Stal. 

Thyanta custator Fabr. 

Nezara pennsylvanica P. B. 

Nezara hilaris Say. 

Banasa euchlora Stal. 

Banasa dimidiata Say. 

Brochymena 4-pustulata Fabr. 

Brochymena annulata Fabr. 

Stethaulax marmoratus Say. 

Diolcus chrysorrhoeus Fabr. 

Chelysoma gutiata H.S. 

Tetyra bipunctata H.S. 

Cyrtomenus mirabilis Perty. 

Amnestus pusillus Uhler. 

Thyreocoris unicolor P. B. 

Thyreocortis lateralis Fabr. 

Thyreocoris pulicarius Germ. 

Aradus falleni Stal. 

Aradus curticollis Bergr. 

Acanthocerus galeator Fabr. 

Acanthocephala terminalis Dall. 

Acanthocephala femorata Fabr. 

Leptoglossus oppositus Say. 

Leptoglossus phyllopus Linné. 

Leptoglossus corculus Say. 

Spartocera diffusa Say. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Chariesterus antennator Fabr. 
Chelinidea vittigera Uhler. 
Anasa tristis Deg. 

Anasa armigera Say. 

Alydus eurinus Say. 

Alydus pilosulus H. S. 
Megalotomus 5-spinosus Say. 
Stachyocnemus apicalis Dallas. 
Harmostes reflexulus Say. 
Harmostes fraterculus Say. 
Corizus lateralis Say. 

Jalysus spinosus Say. 
Largus succinctus Linné. 
Arhaphe carolina H. S. 
Arhaphe cicindeloides Walk. 
Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas. 
Lygaeus facetus Say. 
Lygaeus bicrucis Say. 
Lygaeus Kalmit Stal. 
Lygaeus turcicus Fabr. 
Nysius californicus Stal. 
Geocoris punctipes Say. 
Phlegyas annulicrus Stal. 
Oedancala dorsilinea A. & S. 
Paromius longulus Dallas. 
Perigenes constrictus Say. 
Myodocha serripes Oliv. 
Heraeus plebejus Stal. 
Pamera bilobata Say. 
Pamera basalis Dallas. 
Antillocoris pallidus Uhler. 
Cnemodus mavortius Say. 
Ozophora picturata Uhler. 
Cryphula parallelograma Stal. 
Corythuca ciliata Say. 
Corythuca arcuata Say. 
Gargaphia angulata Heid. 
Telecnemia belfragei Stal. 


59 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





Reduviolus subcoleoptraius Kirby. 
Reduviolus annulatus Reut. 
Microvelia americana Uhler. 
Gerris marginatus Say. 

Barce uhleri Banks. 

Barce fraterna Say. 

Ploiaria carolina H. S. 
Ploiariopsis hirticorins Banks. 
Pygolampis pectoralis Say. 
Narvesus carolinensis Stal. 
Conorhinus sanguisugus Lec. 
Arilus cristatus Linne. 

Sinea diadema Fabr. 
Melanolestes picipes H.S. 
Rasahus biguttatus Say. 
Sirthenea carinata Fabr. 
Hammatocerus purcis Drury. 
A piomerus crassipes Fabr. 

A piomerus spissipes Say. 
Pselliopus cinctus Fabr. 

Zelus (Diplodus) luridus Stal. 
Zelus (Diplodus) cervicalis Stal. 
Zelus (Pindus) socius Uhler. 
Fitchia aptera Stal. 

Phymata fasciata Gray. 
Phymata vicina Handl. 
Macrocephalus prehensilis Fabr. 
Lyctocoris campestris Fabr. 
Triphleps insidiosus Say. 
Acanthia ligata Say. 
Gelastocoris oculatus Fabr. 


Mailed February 10th, 1913. 


Che Ganadliay Vrtomolagist 


VoL. XLV. LONDON, MARCH, 1913 No. 3 


FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA, WITH 
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 
(Continued from page 34.) 


326. Anarta cordigera Thunb.—Didsbury, June 11th, 1906; 
€.G. Garrett. 


327. A. melanopa Thunb.—Common ‘n the mountains, from 
just below imber line upwards. Middle July and Aug. 

328. A., sp.—This cannot be guadrilunata of which I have seen 
the type from Colorado in the British Museum, and have a similar 
specimen from the same state. The on'y other specimen of No. 328 
that I have seen is the 2 before mentioned in Prof. Smith's col- 
lection, labelled July 25th, 1889. 

329. A. zetterstedtur Stand—Sir George Hampson in Can. 
Ent., XL., 104, refers this form to Sympistis szetterstedtii Staud., 
recording a male and female taken by Mrs. Nicholl, on Mt. 
Athabasca, Alta., and Kicking Horse Pass, B. C. The species 
occurs in Northern Europe. The form is extremely near lapponica, 
and there are Labrador specimens under both names in the British 
Museum. 

330. A. zetterstedti1, var. labradoris Stand.—This form so stands 
in the British Museum, but under Sympistis. I suspect it of being 
distinct from No. 329, but have only one specimen of the latter. 


331. Nephelodes tertialis Smith,=emmedonia Cram.—In Ent. 
News, XXII., 397-401, I published some notes on this genus, 
and expressed the opinion that the Pacific coast pectinatus was 
possibly distinct, and at any rate recognizable as a variety. On 
the other hand ¢ertialis does not seem in any way separable from 
eastern minians, to which emmedonia is merely a prior name. 

333. Leucania minorata Smith,=luteopallens Smith,= pallens 
Linn.—Minorata was described in 1894 from California and Oregon, 
and compared with oxygala Grt.; ‘Smaller throughout, the ground 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








‘J 


colour reddish, the secondaries darker.’’ I have seen the type of 
oxygala Grt. (not oxygale) from Colorado, in the British Museum. 
It is a very smoky thing, with secondaries wholly dark, in fact 
darker than the types of minorata, or anything of this series that 
I have elsewhere seen. Sir George Hampson’s figure of it is poor 
and misleading. The note I took the first time I saw the specimen 
was, ““Sugges.s a melanic minorata. Suspiciously like European 
fulig nosa (ampura).’’ I noted on my next visit, however, that it 
was not the same a3 fuliginosa. Having seen nothing else quite 
like it, I must ior the present let it stand as possibly a good species, 
but feel quite satisfied that nearly all the references of Smith and 
Dyar to oxygala really refer to minorata. I have only two speci- 
mens from California, which agree with Smith’s figure and descrip- 
tion of the latter, except that they cannot be called reddish. They 
certainly might easily be confused with fuliginosa, but are not as dark 
as type oxygala, though more uniform smoky than the rest of my 
series. 

In his “‘ Revision of Leucania”’ Smith claims that the eastern 
North American form previously known as pallens is distinct from 
that European species, and describes it as luteopallens on somewhat 
indefinite characters, emphasizing, however, a difference in the 
genitalia. He there includes the Alberta and B. C. races under 


minorata, and says; ‘‘It stands between oxygala and the European 
pallens, b2ing really the American representative of the latter 
species.” Hampson refers luieopallens as a synonym of pallens, 


placing it in a group in the tables, “‘“Fore wing without fuscous 
shade below median nervure,’ and holds minorata as distinct, 
and having “‘fore wing wit fuscous shade below median nervure.”’ 
I could not see that this character held good in the British Museum 
series, and it seems to be a variable feature all over this continent. 
The most justifiab'e separation in the group would seem to be 
between tne European pa/lens and our new world form. In most 
European specimens the longitudinal strigation is similar, and 
shading evenly distributed all over the primaries. In none of my 
specimens 1 there an obviously darker shade below he median 
vein, though such a variation is mentioned by Tutt in ‘British 
Noctue and their Varieties,’ Vol. I., p. 42, under the name suffusa. 
In American specimens the region of the cell and of the submedian 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 63 





interspace is frequently somewhat paler than the rest of the wing, 
and a smoky streak is usual above vein 5. Alberta and California 
specimens are the darkest in my series, especially as to secondaries, 
but the variation overlaps, and my most European-like examples 
are from Vancouver Island. The secondaries vary similarly on 
both continents, and Mr. G. Chagnon, of Montreal, has exactly 
duplicated genitalia from both sides of the Atlantic. A pink 
variation is locally common in England, and it is probable that 
rubripallens Smith will prove to be the corresponding variety 
with us, but Iam not yet sufficiently familiar with this to be able 
to form a definite opinion. 

334, 335. L. albilinea Hiibn,= diffusa Walker.—I have taken 
specimens here which connect the two series I had previously 
separated, and agree with Hampson in uniting the names. Walker’s 
type is a female from Nova Scotia. Hampson also includes obscurior, 
tetera and neptis as synonyms, with which I agree, and would add 
limitata Smith. . 

336. L. dia Grt.=heterodova Smith. 

336a. L. dia Grt. var. megadia Smith.—I have examined the 
type of dia Grt. in the British Museum, which, according to the 
catalogue comes from California, and some Calgary specimens 
are exactly like it. The male and female type heterodoxa are 
from the Sierra Nevada. Megadia will stand for that variation 
with a black basal streak, merely an evanescent character. <A 
Calgary cotype of megadia isin the British Museum, and is correctly 
referred as a synonym of dia by Hampson. His reference of hetero- 
doxa to insuefa is based on a Minnesota specimen sent him by 
Smith. Whether this is the Minnesota example mentioned in 
Smith’s description, of course I cannot be sure. Sir George Hamp- 
son’s reference of the specimen to imsueta appears to me correct, 
though it is unusually pale, and certainly very like some western 
dia. My knowledge of imsueta is at present rather limited, but 
those I have from eastern localities suggest dark streaky dia 
with a rufous tinge, and not always a very pronounced one either. 
I quite expect that imsueta will ultimately prove to be the same. 

307. L. multilinea Walker—I consider this form correctly 
named. I have a series from Vancouver Island. Besides the 
Calgary cotype of anteroclara Smith, previously referred to, a female 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


cotype of that from Vancouver, in the Rutgers College collection, 
is also multilinea. 

(339. L. ant roclara Smith. 

(340. L. anteroclara, var. calgariana Smith.—I am convinced 
of the distinctness of anteroclara from phragmitidicola, though 
confusion with that species is certainly easy. Calgariana is pretty 
obviously a reddish variation of anteroclara, and bears the same 
relation to it as roseola does to farcta. But whether anteroclara is 
really distinct from farcta is another matter. Farcta was described 
from California, and I have a good series from Oakland. It is 
paler and more even, with median vein less contrastingly whitish, 
and has pure white secondaries. As a rule they may be separated 
also by the presence 0’ a dark shading below the median vein in 
anteroclara, but this does not always exist. I strongly suspect 
anteroclara of being a dark race of farcta, but so closely do species 
of Leucania sometimes resemble one another that I dare not 
risk the reference at present. I have very rarely seen true anter clara 
from west of the Rockies, but have compared and so named a single 
Kaslo specimen for Mr. Cockle. 

Roseola was described from a single specimen from B. C., as 
a variety of farcta, but was subsequently treated by its own and 
all other authors as a species. It is common on Vancouver Island 
and also at Kaslo, and occasional specimens, generally females, 
have dusky shading on secondaries. But without the pink colora- 
tion they are farcta exactly, and I see no reason for separating 
them. I have Kaslo specimens, and have compared others, so 
dark and streaky as to make separation from Calgary specimens 
of calgariana almost impossible, and have so named one for Mr. 
Cockle, but must for the present allow the names the benefit of 
the doubt. 

341. Himella contrahens Walker ,= quadristigma Smith,= ifidelis 
Dyar.—I have six specimens from the Red-Deer River, one from 
Lethbridge, Alta., and others from Regina, Sask., and Cartwright, 
Man. These show exactly similar variation to a Kaslo series, 
which are typical infidelis. A long series from Stockton and Provo, 
Utah, are similar, but run to a darker and more suffused form, one 
of which I have compared with Grote’s type of contrahens from 
Nova Scotia, in the British Museum, and believe it to be the same. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 65 








Grote mentions after his description that he had found a specimen 
in the collection of the Canadian Entomological Society labelled 
“Celena contrahens by Walker. This was presumably Walker’s 
type. I have seen a male and female type of Morrison’s thecata, 
from New Hampshire, in the Strecker collection, and they are the 
same species, as already referred by Smith and others. I do not feel 
quite sure that conar is the same species. It was described from 
“New Mexico, near the borders of Chihuahua’. My notes on the 
type say that it is ‘‘almost flesh-coloured, faintly pink, and not 
reddish or brown.”’ I have seen nothing else quite like it, and must 
for the present leave it alone. Hampson’s figure under the name 
conar is contrahens, or more exactly the paler imfidelis from Neb- 
raska. The types of quadristigma, from Bluff, Utah, and Santa Rita 
Mts., Ariz., are paler still, and have less of the black suffusion 
usually found in more northern specimens. I might add that Streck- 
er’s description of conar says the colour is “‘very light silky grey, 
or ashen.”’ Though this could scarcely be translated into “ pink- 
ish,’’ as the specimen looked to me, still it is not the way I should 
describe any contrahens in my collection 


343. Teniocampa malora Smith,= hibisci Guen.—In Vol. XLII., 
p. 190, June, 1910, I published a note on hibisci, pointing out that 
alia was prior to suffusca, and citing the B. C. form, previously 
known as pacifica, as a local race of hibisct under the new name 
latirena, of which I called quinquefasciata a variation. On page 
317, (October), Smith admitted the distinctness of pacifica, elimi- 
nated the name Jatirena as valueless, and made hibisci Guen.= 
confluens Morr.,and a variety of instabilis Fitch. He also reinstated 
his guinquefasciata as a species, and created six more to keep it 
company, figuring genitalia. Dr. Dyar replied to him on page 399. 
I have to admit that I erred in producing the name /atirena rather 
vaguely, though I thought I made it clear that it was applied to all 
B. C. forms of hibisci hitherto erroneously called pacifica. Smith 
was near the mark in saying that it could only be applied asa 
synonym of the entire pacifica Smith series, with the exception, 
of course, of pacifica Harvey. As Smith then described two varia- 
tions of the B.C. forms, both of which I consider variations of 
hibisci, to avoid future confusion I refer the first of those names, 
inflava, to latirena Dod. His other name, inherita, applied to B. C: 


66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





specimens signifies a more strigate and irrorate form of the same. 
What he calls instabilis Fitch is, of course, a citation of Fitch of 
European instabilis Schiff,= incerta Hiibn., which however is not 
very obviously distinct. Malora Smith, described from three males 
and two females from Calgary, is applied to a dull smoky-grey form 
of the same species. The variation seems to be very wide wherever 
the species occurs, though it may be said that, in general, Pacific 
coast specimens are richer in colour than those from the east, and 
Alberta specimens intermediate. I can, however, match. Calgary 
and Vancouver specimens almost exactly, and also some from Cal- 
gary, Chicago and Montreal. Quinquefascia‘a, as the name implies, 
stands for a form with five distinct transverse lines. Brucei Smith 
from Denver, and Garfield Co., Colorado, and proba Smith from 
Alameda Co., Calif., I cannot believe to be distinct from /7bisci, 
but xubilata Smith may prove distinct. I have a note that I found 
specimens from that region in Smith’s collection suggesting a new 
species, but failed to make a satisfactory separation. Hampson 
makes insciens Walker, and confluens Morr. synonyms of hibisci, 
but calls hibisci ‘‘ab.1.”’ with the spots joined. This aberration, 
according to Smith, is also Morrison’s confluens. Walker's type 
of imsciens is a female labelled ‘‘U. S. A., (Doubleday)”’ and has 
the subterminal line, and annuli to the spots, particularly the 
orbicular, unusually pale and wide. I have a note to the effect 
that when I was at the British Museum last March, a specimen 
labelled confluens Morr., the type of imsciens Walker, and three 
pale, even, Calgary specimens stood separated in the collection. 
I fail to see that any such separation is warranted. I also found 
latirena and pacifica in the same series under pacifica, though I 
feel satisfied that the latter is distinct. 

345. Cleoceris populi Strk.—The type of populi is from Love- 
land, Colo., and is a pale, slightly marked thing, and net unlike 
the form figured in Holland. I have seen Colorado and Wyoming 
specimens in other collections, but all were pales and less maculate 
than my Calgary series. 

347. Xylina amanda Smith.—There are male and female 
types in the Washington collection, the former from Pullman, 
Washington, and the latter from Calgary. The Pullman specimen is 
much paler in colour than the other, and my notes say that they may 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 67 





possibly be two species. I have specimens from Miniota and Aweme, 
Man., and Vineyard, Utah, which resemble the Calgary form, and 
two from Wellington, Vanc. I., are paler, more luteous and less 
maculate, probably like the Pullman form. The closest ally of 
this secies is petulca Grt., which occurs on Vancouver Island 
also. Amanda is a narrow-winged species, with a rather con- 
spicuous pale yellowish patch in the cell, obscuring the upper 
portion of the reniform and reaching to the t. p. line. In petulca, 
though the spots themselves are yellowish filled, there is no such 
patch. Another conspicuous character in amanda is that the 
lower edge of the reniform is, in all my series, filled with dark 
fulvous. It is probable that I may sometimes, in naming offhand 
without comparison, have given the name amanda to pale speci- 
mens of petulca. In fact I have suspected them of being variations 
of one species, but am convinced of their distinctness. I have 
often seen them mixed in collections. Amanda narrowly escaped 
redescription by its author about two years ago. 


348. X.fagina Morr.—I have not seen the type of this species, 
but the Alberta form is the same as the fagina of eastern collections. 
It is very rare here. 


349-350. X. georgii Grt—I have taken no more specimens of this 
species than those I originally listed as oregonensis Harvey,and ancilla 
Smith, but after studying material from all over the continent for 
some years I have long ago come to the conclusion that oregonensis 
and ancilla of my list are the same species. I have a specimen from 
Miniota, Man., compared with the type of georgia from Orillia, Ont., 
in the British Museum, and this scarcely differs from my cotype of 
ancilla. The species is one of the most variable of our Xylinas, the 
variation consisting in differences in shade of the ground colour, dis- 
tinctness of maculation, and size and shape of the discoidal spots. 
Some specimens have slightly brown, almost reddish scales in the 
reniform, though this is rather unusual. I offer a list of what I 
consider synonyms of this species, with the type localities of each: 


Oregonensis Harvey, Oregon. 


Holocinerea Smith, Winnipeg, Man.; Vancouver, and N.W. 
British Columbia; Pullman, Washington; Sierra Nevada, Cal. 


F etcheri Smith, Ottawa. 


68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Ancilla Smith, Calgary; Cartwright, Man; Wellington, B. C. 
(The male type is from Cartwright, and is practically a dead mate 
for the male type of fletchert). 


Vertina Smith, Corvallis, Oregon; B. C. 


Var. emarginata Smith, Colorado Springs and Glenwood 
Springs, Colo. A pale, slightly marked form. 


The only type of oregonensis that I have seen is an Oregon 
male in the Henry Edwards’ collection, and my notes say that it 
is a pale holocinerea. I am in doubt as to the identity of Fig. 26., 
Plate IV, of Smith’s Monograph, and it struck me that the material 
in his collection under oregonensis probably included two species. 
The oregonensis of Hampson’s Catalogue, Plate CIII., Fig. 7, is a 
Californian specimen, and is certainly not georgi. I have in my col- 
lection a male and two females of a species from Glenwood Springs, 
Colorado, from Dr. Barnes. One of them is labelled ‘‘oregonensis 
Harvey, identified by Smith,’’ and the other is labelled ‘‘torrida 
Smith” by Dr. Barnes. In my opinion these specimens are un- 
doubtedly rather poorly marked antennata, and agree well with 
my eastern series of that. Under the description of torrida, Smith 
says that ‘‘the more obscure examples remind one of the antennata 
type’’ and it is possible that the latter species was included in the type 
material. It will be necessary to re-examine the types to decide, as 
I have previously mixed the forms myself, but the species I have at 
present under forrida is a brightly marked thing from Vancouver 
Island, and is that figured by Smith in his monograph under the 


name, on plate V., fig. 31. 
(To be continued.) 


DurinG the latter half of January Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, 
Assistant Entomologist for Apiculture in the Division of Ent- 
omology, Ottawa, has been travelling in Nova Scotia and New 
Brunswick. A short course in Apiculture was given at the Agri- 
cultural College, Truro, and subsequently Mr. Sladen investigated 
apicultural conditions and possibilities and addressed meetings in 
the two provinces. 


CORRECTION.—P. 367, line 19, after September 12 add 1911, 
December Number, CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. F. M. WEBSTER, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 69: 





TACHINIDAt AND SOME CANADIAN HOSTS. 
BY J. D. TOTHILL, DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, OTTAWA, ONT. 


In working over the Tachinide in the collection of the 
Division of Entomology, at Ottawa, a number of breeding records 
were encountered. Thirty-nine of these are new, in so far as the 
writer is aware, and these form the basis of the present list. In 
addition to these thirty-nine, there are seven that have been pub- 
lished since the appearance of Coquillett’s ‘“‘Revision of the 
Tachinide of America, north of Mexico,” and Aldrich’s “Catalogue 
of North America Diptera.’’ These seven are included in the 
present list; they are indicated by anasterisk (*), and reference is 
made in each case to the published record. 


The majority of these records were obtained by Dr. James 
Fletcher and Mr. Arthur Gibson. To the latter colleague, whose 
kindly assistance has made possible the compilation of the present 
list, the writer is under numerous obligations. The letters J. F. 
or A. G. placed in brackets after the species indicate the person 
who was responsible for the rearing. A few records were obtained 
by others than the above; in these cases the names or initials of 
the persons responsible for the rearing are given. 

No doubtful records are included in the list. The arrange- 
ment follows that of Mr. D. W. Coquillett in the excellent list of 
tachinid flies and their hosts contained in his ‘Revision’ (loc. 
cit., p. 9). 

PARASITES. HOST INSECTS. ° 
Blepharipeza adusta Loew........ Halisidota carye Harris.—Bred 
from cocoons of host collected 
at Ottawa; 11 specimens, is- 
sued June 16—July 4. (A. G.) 
Halisidota maculata Harris.— 
Bred from cocoons of host 
collected at Ottawa; 1 speci- 
men. (A. G.) 
Malacosoma disstria WHubn.— 
Bred at Fredericton, N. B., 
from larvee and pupe collected 


locally and at Ottawa; numer- 
March, 1913 


70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


ous specimens, issued spring. 
Cha.) 
Blepharipeza leucophrys Wied... .Sphinx chersis Hbn.—Bred from 
specimen of. pupa collected at 
Ottawa; 1 specimen, issued 
May 30. (A. G.) 
Euphorocera claripennis Macq....Heliophila  unipuncta Haw.— 
Bred from larva collected at 
Ottawa; 1 specimen. (J. F.) 
Malacosoma sp.—Bred at Ot- 
tawa. from larva; place of 
collection not known. (J. F.) 
Bixoresta: -afinis: Valli. «35s ses ees Phragmatobia fuliginosa Linn.— 
Bred from cocoons collected 
at Ottawa; 2 specimens, is- — 
sued April 13 and 27. (A. G.) 
Exorista:.chelonie Rond.......... Apantesis ornata Pack., var. 
achaia G. & R.—Bred at Ot- 
tawa from larve collected at 
Kaslo, B. C.; 3 specimens, 
issued June 6. (A. G.) 
Malacosoma disstria Hbn.—Bred 
at Fredericton, N. B., from 
larve collected locally and at 
Ottawa; numerous specimens, 
issued spring. (J. D. T.) 
*Phragmatobia assimilans Walk., 
var. franconia Slosson.—Bred 
at Ottawa from larve col- 
lected “at- Hymers, Ont 
specimen, issued May 7; c.f. 
A. Gibson, Ent. Record, 1910, 
p. 18, and A. Gibson, Can. 
Ents Volo Xi pated. 
Exorisia eudrye Lown. naee > - Euthisanotia grata Fab.—Bred 
from larva collected at Ot- 
tawa; 1 specimen, issued 
Auge2f. (J. FF.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 71 





Axor furl OeSi eh... oe. Isia isabella S. & A.—Bred from 
larva collected at Ottawa; 1 
specimen, issued May 21. 
(Sk) 

Hyppa xylinoides Gn. — Bred 
from larva collected at Ot- 
tawa; 1 specimen, issued May 
23) (Celis Vous.) 

Bxorisia heluina Coogee). ies... ... Lycia cognataria Gn.—Bred at 
Ottawa from larve collected 
at Coldstream, B. C.; 4 speci- 
mens, issued May 29 and 
June’ 12> > (AYG.,) 

Exorista nigripalpis Town....... Tortrix fumiferana Clem.—Bred 
by G. E. Sanders at Ottawa 
from larve collected at Chi- 
coutimi, St. Sylvestre and 
Maniwaki, P. Q., and Dun- 
cans, B. C.; 68 specimens, 
issued June 18—July 10. 

Ecorisia pyste Walk. ORIEL... Tortrix fumiferana Clem.—Bred 
at Ottawa by G. E. Sanders 
from larve collected at Chi- 
coutimi, P. Q.; 2 specimens, 
issued July 3. 

Exorista vulgaris Fall........ ....Lortrix fumiferana Clem.—Bred 
at Ottawa by G. E. Sanders 
from larve collected at Chi- 
coutimi, St. Sylvestre, St. 
Gabriel de Brandon and 
Montcalm, P. Q.; 16 speci- 
mens, issued June 18—July 10. 

Frontina frenchiit Will........... Papilio daunus Bdy.—Bred at 
Ottawa from pupe collected 
at Kelowna, B. C.; 9 speci- 
mens, issued Aug. 23. (A. G.) 

Papilio eurymedon Bdy.—Bred 
at Ottawa from pupe collected 


72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


at Nanaimo, B. C.; 10 speci- 
mens, issued April 12, 16, 17 
and 19. (A. G.) 

Samia columbia Smith.—Bred at 
Ottawa from pupez collected 
at Cartwright, Man.; 7 speci- 
mens. (J. F.) 

Frontina tenthredinidarum Town. .Cladius pectinicornis Foure.— 
Bred from larva collected at 
Ottawa; 1 specimen, issued 
Aug. 29. (J. F.) 

Emphytus canadensis Kirby.— 
Bred from larva collected at 
Ottawa; 1 specimen, issued 
Septet.) (i oe 

*Nematus erichsonit Hartig.— 
Bred from cocoons collected 
at St.John, NN. Be. cl. Gee 
Hewitt, “The Larch Sawfly,” 
Bull. “No.5; Div.-of-Ent., 
Ottawa. 

Gonwia capitaita DeG... 2... .55.... Paragrotis ochrogaster Gn.—Bred 
at Ottawa from pupe collected 
at Cow Bay, C. B.; 1 spect- 
men. (ln E) 

Agrotid sp.—Bred from pupa 
collected at Ottawa; 1 speci- 
men, issued spring. (J. F.) 

Linnemyia anthracina Thompson. *Hyphoraia parthenos Harris.— 
Bred at Ottawa from larve 
collected at Hymers, Ont.; 2 
specimens, issued May 16; c-f. 
W. R. Thompson, CAN. ENT., 
Vol. XLIII., No. 8, p. 266. 

Masicera eufitchie Town......... Halisidota tessellaris S. &. A.— 
Bred from pup collected at 
Ottawa; 2 specimens, issued 
Aug. 8. (A. G.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 73 





Masicera myoidea Desv.......... *Papaipema appassionata Har- 
vey.—Bred at Ottawa from 
larva; 7 collected: aby 6G. Hi: 
Young, at Meach Lake, P.Q.; 
1 specimen, issued Aug. 13; 
c.f. James Fletcher, Ent. Rec. 
1906, p. 102. 

Papaipema purpurifascia G. & 
R.—Bred from larve collected 
at Ottawa; 9 specimens, is- 


sued Aug. 24-28. (A. G.) 


Masicera rutila Meig............ Tortrix fumiferana Clem.—Bred 
at Ottawa by G. E. Sanders 
from pupe collected at Dun- 
cans, B. C.; 2 specimens, is- 
sued July 10 and 19. 

Phoricheia sequax Will.......... Heliophila commoides Gn.—Bred 
from specimens of host col- 
lected at Ottawa; 7 specimens, 
issued June 10. (A. G.) 

Phorocera teucante Cog.:: vc.6.... *Euproctis chrysorrhea Linn.— 
Bred at Fredericton, N. B., 
from larva collected by P. N. 
Vroom at Chamecogke N.B-: 
1 specimen, issued spring. A 
valuable parasite of the same 
host in Massachusetts; c.f. 
Fiske & Howard, Bull. 91, 
Bureau of Ent., U.S. Dept. 
of Agr., Washington, D. C. 
@G. Ds 

Phorocera saundersit Will........ Ennomos magnarius Gn.—Bred 
at Ottawa from pupa collected 
at Mt. Hebron, N.B.; 1 speci- 
men, issued in office, Dec. 31. 


(lako 


Euvanessa antiopa Linn.—Bred 


74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Plagia americana V.dW........ 
Sturmia albifrons Walk.......... 
Sturmia inquinata V. dW....... 
Sturmia ae brs sa a ata 
St2t Wet PR VCIOMIS COE soo Sco s 


Sachina mella. Walk. «274022 oe 


Tachina simulans Meig.......... 


Winthemia fumiferane Tothill... . 


from pupa collected at Ot- 
tawa; 1 specimen. (J. F.) 

Plusia ereoides Grt.—Bred from 
larve collected at Ottawa; 2 
specimens, issued June 10. 
(A. G.) 

Heliophila unipuncia Haw.— 
Bred from larve collected at 
Ottawa; 4 specimens, issued 
July 8. (J. F.) 

Sphinx chersis Hbn.—Bred from 
larve collected at Ottawa; 20 
specimens, issued May 22. 
(A. G.) 

Lemonias taylori Edw.—Bred at 
Ottawa from larva collected 
on Vancouver Island; 1 speci- 
men. (J. F.) 

Phyciodes tharos Drury.—Bred 
from specimen of host col- 
lected at Ottawa; 1 speci- 
men, issued June 23. (J. F.) 

Datana ministra Drury.—Bred 
at Ottawa from larve col- 
lected at Armstrong, B. C.; 
2 specimens, issued in office, 
Oct. 29. (A. G.) 

Notolophus antiqua Linn.—Bred 
at Ottawa from larve col- 
lected at Rudolph, N. S.; 5 
specimens, issued Sept. 3. 
(A. G.) 

Har piphorus tarsatus Say.—Bred 
from specimen of host col- 
lected at Ottawa; 1 specimen, 
issued June 30. (J. F.) 

*Tortrix fumiferana Clem. — 
Bred at Ottawa by G. E. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ¥5 





Sanders, from Maniwaki,Que., 
= and Duncans, B. C.; 26 speci- 
mens; c.f. J. D. Tothill, Can. 
Ent) Vol. cUIv.,.No. 1, p. 2: 
Winthemia quidripustulata Fab...Cucullia convexipennis G. & R. 
—Bred from larva collected 
at Ottawa; 1 specimen. (J. F.) 
*Marumba modesta Harris.— 
Bred from larva; c.f. James 
Fletcher, Ent. Record, 1903, 
p: 99. 

Pholus achemon Drury.—Bred 
from pupa collected at Ot- 
tawa; 1 specimen. (A. G.) 
The specimens reared from the 
above three hosts issued May 

11, 16 and Sept. 21. 


GEOMETRID NOTES—NEW VARIETIES 
BY L. W. SVETT, BOSTON, MASS. 
Cleora pampinaria var. nubiferaria, n. var. 

Expanse 29 mm.; palpi very short. Fore wings smoky 
black with line running from inner margin up to vein a 1, then along 
the vein for about 3mm., where it stops. In the centre of the fore 
wings on the median vein there is a dark line, especially broad at 
the vein, where it curves upward at right angles to the costa. On 
the outer fourth there is another band parallel to this, which runs 
from the median vein to costa just beyond the faint black discal 
spot. These lines are practically the same as in normal pampinaria 
but the black colourings of the wings render them indistinct. 
There is a very distinct white zig-zag line running parallel to the 
outer margin from costa to inner margin with a long white pro- 
jection near My. The fringe is quite long and black with points at 
base. The hind wings are of the same smoky colour as the fore 
wings, with a faint extra-discal black line, which shows as black 
points on the veins. The discal spot appears as a ring and 
touches the extra-discal line. There is a trace of an irregular white 


line near outer margin. The outer edge of the wing is slightly 
March, 1913 


76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








scalloped and the fringe is rather long. Beneath the fore wings are 
smoky black with discal spot showing through; the afices of the 
wings are tipped with white. Hind wings of the same colour as fore 
wings with black discal spot instead of ring as above. 


Type 1%, Cincinnati, Ohio; through the kindness of Miss 
_Ae FE, Braun. 


This is no doubt a case of melanism and was so identified for 
me by Mr. Grossbeck. ‘Melanism seems to be rare in this country 
but is common in Europe where: it seems to represent a more 
recent type. 


Ania limbaria var. chagnont, n. var. 


Expanse 22 mm.; palpi very short. Fore wings bluish yellow 
with chocolate border, basal space and mesial space of the same 
colour up to the chocolate-coloured margin. The basal line about 
4 mm. out from body runs at right angles from costa to median 
vein, then almost straight to inner margin. There are traces of 
a large lunule near where the discal spot would be and expanding 
to the extra-discal line. Beyond the extra-discal line the entire 
margin is chocolate-coloured. Hind wings bluish yellow to the extra- 
discal line, beyond the margin chocolate as in fore wings. There 
is a large lunule in the discal space. Fore wings of the same colour 
as above, the chocolate margin showing through. The hind wings 
are the same as above, bluish yellow with a chocolate margin. 
This seeems to be a case of melanism but the markings are not 
identical with limbaria. Possibly this is a northern species. It is 
so different in appearance from limbaria that one would hardly 
recognize it, or where it belonged, were it not for the peculiar spur 
of the hind tibiae. 


Type 1 o, St. Therese Isle, St. Johns Co., Que., VIJ.-9-1912; 


through the kindness of Mr. G. Chagnon, after whom I take pleas- 
ure in naming this unique variety. 


Mr. FREDERICK KNap, of the U.S. Bureau of Entomology, 
has been recently appointed Honorary Custodian of the Diptera 
in the U.S. National Museum, to succeeed the late Mr. D. W. 
Coquillett. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 77 


THE SPRING GRAIN APHIS OR “GREEN BUG.” 


This aphis Toxoptera graminum Rond., must not be confused 
with the wide-spread grain aphis Macrosiphum granaria Buckton, 
formerly known as Siphonophora avene Fab., which is destructive 
from time to time in Canada. Toxoptera graminum has been found 
in western Canada, but it has not as yet inflicted depredations of 
so serious a character as have been recorded from time to time 
since 1890 in the United States. The very destructive nature of 
the “Green Bug,” as it is popularly termed, in the United States 
in 1907, in which year it was also recorded in Manitoba and Sask- 
atchewan, led the United States Congress to make a special 
appropriation for its investigation. These investigations have 
been continued up to the end of 1911 and the Bureau of Entomol- 
ogy of the United States Department of Agriculture have now 
published a record of the entire investigation by F. M. Webster 
and his assistant, W. T. Phillips (Bull. No. 110, Bur. Ent., U. S. 
Dept. Agric., Washington, 153 pp., 48 figs., 9 pls., 1912). 

It is not possible within the compass of a short article to refer 
in more than a brief manner to the varied and valuable results of 
this study. The study is of unusual interest in that it affords 
results of value not only to the economic worker but also to the 
embryologist and to the student of insect bionomics, all of which 
results are necessary to a complete interpretation of this remark- 
able insect’s habits and depredations. 

South of the 35th parallel it appears to be permanently 
viviparous and to breed without the appearance of the sexes. It 
is unable to survive hot and dry conditions in the Southern 
States. In Indiana the overwintered eggs hatch from the end of 
March to about April 10th giving rise to wingless stem-mothers 
which pass through five instars. These stem-mothers reproduce 
viviparously producing wingless viviparous females and winged 
viviparous females. 

The great fecundity of the aphids, due to their viviparous 
habits, is well known and the results of the authors’ study of the 
progeny of single lines are of great interest in this connection. In 
Indiana the eggs hatched on March 27th, and the first-born aphids 
produced twenty-one generations before the adult ovipositing 


females appeared in November; the last born females produced ten 
March, 1913 





a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





generations. In Texas there were twenty-five generations bes 
tween March 3lst. and November 3rd. The age at which the 
females begin to reproduce varies according to the season; early in 
the season it 1s from twenty to twenty-seven days, from May to 
September it is from about six to sixteen days and later in the 
season from twelve to fifty-three days, the average for the three ~ 
seasons of the year being early spring twenty-two days, summer 
nine days, and early fall nineteen days. In Texas the time is 
shorter, the shortest time being six days. The reproductive period 
is longer in the average in the spring and fall than in the summer; 
in the spring the average is eighteen days, in the summer twenty- 
six days and in the fall, forty-five days. The longest likewise is 
greater in the spring and fall than in the summer, the average is 
thirty-five days and the longest is seventy-eight days. The 
rapidity of production it very great: in Indiana the greatest 
number of young produced by one female in twenty-four hours 
was eight, in Texas ten. The greatest number of young produced 
by one individual was ninety-three. The average number of 
young for the entire viviparous breeding season, over a period of 
three years (1907-9), was 28.2; the average number of young pro- 
duced in a day is greatest in the Spring. 


The sexual forms, male and female, appear in Indiana at the 
end of September and adults may be found from October until the 
cold kills them off in December.* The oviparous females become 
adult in 11 to 41 days according to weather conditions, and if 
males are present they oviposit in from three to nine days. 
The males live from 8 to 10 days after reaching maturity, the 
females from 31 to 68 days if males are present; if males are not 
present they can live 88 days after reaching maturity. Aberrant 
individuals were found containing both living embryos and true 
eggs, 

Throughout the Northern United States and no doubt in 





* On page 77 the author states ‘‘one agamic female may reproduce all 
agamic individuals, a combination of agamic males and oviparous females or 
only true females and males.” What are ‘“‘agamic males’? An agamic female 
we know is a female which produces young in a parthenogenetic manner, that is, 
without fertilisation by the male. Huxley was the first, I beleive, to use the 
term ‘‘agamic”’ for this form of reproduction in the Aphids. As the male aphid, 
fortunately, cannot give birth to young either sexually or asexually is it not 
misusing the word to apply it to the male? 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 








Canada also, Blue grass (Poa pratensis) is the most common host 
of Toxoptera. 


The diffusion or natural spread of the Green Bug is de- 
pendent upon a number of factors both meteorological and_bio- 
logical. For example the influence of wind in dispersion depends 
upon whether the insect is in a winged or apterous condition and 
this is, of course, dependent upon those factors producing these 
conditions such as the curtailing of food supply, etc. The most 
favourable conditions for natural diffusion appear to be a decreas- 
ing food supply with a fairly high temperature and a not excessive 
parasitism. 

The effects of temperature varied according to the locality 
whether in a north or southern region. In the north, where the 
effects of the temperature concern us most, the insect winters in 
the egg state. Here warm winters are of less importance and 
cool weather during spring and early summer exert a far greater 
influence on the numerical abundance of the insect. 

As the early developmental stages in the winter eggs are 
effected by the temperature a complete study of the biology of 
Toxoptera necessitated the study of the embryology. The results 
of this study and the figures of the embryonic stages which are 
given are a welcome addition to our knowledge of insect embry- 
ology, the observations on that peculiar embryonic structure which 
the present authors have termed the “‘polar organ’ being of 
special interest. The general results of their study, however, does 
not materially affect the early observations of Witlaczil, Will and 
others and the more recent work of Tannreuther. 

The study of the natural enemies of the Green Bug naturally 
forms one of the most important sections of the work. The efforts 
made in certain quarters in the direction of distributing the chief 
parasite A phidius testaceipes Cresson (known also by a host of 
other synonyms under the genus Lysiphlebus) and the reported 
success of these efforts made it extremely desirable that the bio- 
logy and distribution of this parasite should be carefully studied 
and this fact is especially borne out by the results of the present 
thorough study of A phidius, its biology and its relation to meteoro- 
logical conditions in Kansas and other States. It was found that 
not only did this parasite occur over almost the entire United 


80 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


States but that it would breed interchangeably from Toxoptera 
into other species of Aphids and in addition was reared from a 
large number of common and widespread species of Apids. Tak- 
ing these facts into consideration it is very easy to see, as the 
authors rightly point out, “that it would be only in rare instances 
and under peculiar conditions that a locality would be found 
where Aplidius testacetpes would not be lurking, waiting for 
favourable weather conditions and abundant supplies of its host 
aphids to make its appearance in greater or less numbers.”’ The 
effectiveness of this parasite will be appreciated when it is realized 
that a single female Aphidius may parasitize no less than 301 
Toxopiera. No wonder their natural control is, at times, so sweep- 
ingly effective! Regarding the artificial distribution of the parasites, 
these investigations naturally point to the “‘futility of attempting 
materially to increase its numbers or efficiency by artificial intro- 
duction into grain fields’’ and further, I would add, they point to 
the necessity of making as careful studies as possible of the 
parasites before adopting any extensive system of artificial dis- 
‘tribution. The account of the remedial and preventive measures is 
prefaced by the statement that with “‘an outbreak of this pest 
fully established and the winged adults being carried by the wind 
and scattered over the fields there to settle down and reproduce, 
the difficulties in the way of control are quite insurmountable.” 
Bush-drag experiments, and spraying did not give satisfactory 
results or were impracticable. Cultural methods of prevention 
are the most important and the chief of these is the destruction 
of volunteer grain. In this connection I would venture to 
suggest, would it not be well to leave the volunteer growth as a 
trap crop, then seed later or sow spring oats? In the north the 
close grazing of waste lands is recommended; this would result in 
the destruction of a considerable proportion of the eggs laid on 
the Blue grass (Poa pratensis) which appears to be the normal 
host of the Green Bug in northern localities. 


Great credit is due to Mr. F. M. Webster and his very able 
assistants, particularly Mr. Phillips, for the thorough character of 
this investigation, the results of which will be of great assistance to 
others working in the same field and confronted with similar 
problems. C. Gorpon Hewitt. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Si 


GENERIC TABLES FOR THE CIMICID SUBFAMILIES 
PHYLLOCEPHALINA:, PHLG@INA AND DINIDORIN&. 


*BY THE LATE GEORGE W, KIRKALDY. 


TABLE OF GENERA OF PHYLLOCEPHALIN. 


1 (34) Pronotum rounded laterally, or if produced, then the pro- 
duced part does not extend apically as far as the eyes. 


2 (19) Lateral angles of pronotum obtuse or rounded, or if acute, 
then scarcely prominent. 
(For Delocephalus No. 19.) 


3 (18) Interoanterior angles of pronotum not produced. 
4 (17) Hind angles of pronotum near the scutellum, not angulate. 
5 (16) Lateral margins of pronotum not prominent anteriorly. 


6 ( 9) Head short, scarcely longer than its breadth between the 
eyes, if at all. 


7 ( 8) Costal margin of corium not levigate, unless anteriorly, 
or rather sparsely punctured...... 5. Metonymia Kirk. 


8 ( 7) Costal margin of corium entirely pale, levigate, some- 
times marked with spots or transverse impressions or 
black points, in remote transverse 
Seniesa a. Shh saat awe SEN 6. Dalsirat ASie=S- 

9 ( 6) Head distinctly longer than its breadth between the eyes. 

10 (15) Antenne extending apically as far as the apex of the head. 

11 (12) Lateral margins of head laterally not or scarcely converg- 
ing towards the apex, till close 
nO ag (E22 cn ee eo ee oe er 16. Phyllocephala Laporte 

12 (11) Lateral margins of head distinctly converging to the apex. 

13 (14) Lateral lobes of head plane or somewhat 
BENE Oe eee 10. Schyzops Spinola, 

14 (13) Lateral margins of head convex... .14. Dichelorhinus Stal. 

15 (10) Antenne not extending as far as apex of 
JEG ee eRe 15. Randolotus Distant. 

*These three tables are a beginning of the numerous uncompleted papers 
left by my late friend, which I purpose to publish from time to time, as I am 
able to edit them and tie up loose ends, if such there be. Fragments though 
these be, they will, nevertheless, prove highly useful in the absence of any late 

general work on these subfamilies.—J. R. T. B. 

} 22. Frisimzlica Distant seems to be near here, but the description is: 
defective. 

March 1913 


82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








16 ( 5) Lateral margins of pronotum prominent 


ANCCEAORIY At ee aan tree ss et 24. Delocephalus Distant. 
17 ( 4) Hind angles of pronotum acutangular near the 

Semi Mamma, ft gs ge; he oH 23. Megarrhamphus Bergr, 
18 ( 3) Interoanterior angles of pronotum produced, or at least 

Strongly dentate seta aie ear 3. Lobopeltista Schout. 
19 (2) Lateral angles of pronotum strongly acute or very 

prominent, 


20 (27) Lateral angles of pronotum not turned forward. 

21 (24) Lateral lobes of head contiguous in front of the median 
lobe. | 

22 (23) Anterolateral margins of pronotum 
straight. . bo wih bnbacs 6-0 tae ant elVheraaiusy istaindes 


23: (22) A ea margins of pronotum 

sinuate. ee ce eee .9. Schismatops Dallas. 
24 (21) Lateral ee not ae t alas at the base. 
25 (26) Interolateral margins of lateral lobes as long as from apex 


of median lobe to base; lateral angles of pronotum 
AGUIMIMNG TOse 241 Get ae ty es ee ee 18. Diplorhinus A. & S. 


26 (25) Interolateral margin very short in front of ‘median lobe; 
lateral angles of pronotum acute. 4. Storthogaster IKarsch. 


27 (20) Lateral angles of pronotum turned more or less forward. 


28 (29) Lateral angles of pronotum prominent, but apically 
BIW... ec oe vn ee Oe WONUENE nas iat ames 

29 (28) Lateral angles of pronotum acute. 

30 (33) Anterolateral margins of pronotum slightly sinuate. 

31 (32) Antenne longer, second joint reaching or scarcely exceed- 
ing apex of head; lateral angles of pronotum 
produced ages <3. came ees eeeeee & 12. Gonopsis A. & S. 

32 (31) Antenne shorter, second joint scarcely reaching apex of 
head; lateral see of pronotum rounded, scarcely 


prominent. ips Be .13. Kaffraria Kirk. 
33. (30) eeoliteral 1 margins Ra aronatin deenly 
etiareimate. 2... aes 19. Macrina A. & S. 


34 ( 1) Pronotum with (aerate Eaales ranreinietels? extending for- 
wards very distinctly beyond the eyes. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83: 








35 (44) First segment of antenne not reaching to apex of head. 


36 (41) Lateral margins of pronotum not extending as far as apex 
of median lobe of head. 


37 (38) Lateral lobes of head contiguous. ...11. Salvianus Distant. 
38 (37) Lateral lobes of head not contiguous, except at base. 


39 (40) Anterolateral angles of pronotum acutely 
DEOQMMBEM carr Aare sites taka tN 17. Roeburnea Schout. 


40 (39) Lateral angles of pronotum acuminately 
PGOMMITIRE MIE eee tps ce aoc sire Se 22. Melampodius Schout. 


41 (36) Lateral angles of pronotum extending as far as the apex of 
the median lobe of the head. 


42 (39) Lateral lobes of head acutely produced. 20. Tetroda A. & S. 

43 (42) Lateral lobes of head exteriorly rounded. . .21. Gellia Stal. 

44 (35) First segment of antenne extending beyond apex of 
Mieeiety A oat ad Aden ee Sha eto )s eek Cressona-Stal, 


TABLE OF GENERA OF PHLE@IN. 


1 ( 4) Antenne inserted close to the eyes (Neogeic). 

2 ( 3) Scutellum as long as the space from its hind angles to the 
base of the Jaminate portion of the abdominal apex, 
distinctly shorter than the corium; lateral lobes of the 
head contiguous or overlapping. ..1. Phiea Lep. & Serv. 

3 ( 2) Scutellum more than twice as long as the space between 
the hind angles and the basal part of the laminate apex 
of the abdomen, very slightly shorter than the corium; 
lateral lobes of the head contiguous only basally in the 


EKG Cl Ehfe, Ae ay oh a al ae eae 2. Phleophana Kirkaldy. 
4 ( 1) Antenne inserted above one-third from apex of the head 
(OBA AGTG hai acre ahh Coe ane ae ee 3. Serbana Distant. 


The fossil Paleophlea is not included. 


TABLE OF GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILY DINIDORIN&. 


(16) Lateral margins of abdomen not tuberculately dentate. 

(15) Pronotum anteriorly not wider than the head with 
eves; pronotum laterally sometimes marginate, never 
laminate. 

(12) Tarsi 3-segmentate. 

( 9) Antenne 4-segmentate. 


1 
2 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








5 ( 8) Lateral lobes of head either not longer than the median, or, 
if so, then contiguous, at least partly. 

6 ( 7) Labium scarcely extending to middle coxe; hind femora 
notmmmened air bases. 5 svete ai ee 1. Cyclopelta A. & S. 

7 ( 6) Labium extending to hind cox; hind femora (at least in 
2) strongly widened at base. .2. Patanocnema Karsch. 

8 ( 5) Lateral lobes of head much longer than the median, and 
not-at alPcombienauss 2. eee coe ee . «0. Dinidor Latt. 

9 ( 4) Antenne 5-segmentate. 

10 (11) Head subequilateral, or scarcely transverse, lateral mar- 
gins straight or slightly sinuate; eyes sessile; o’ pygophor 
not emarginate, apically rounded, rarely with an obso- 
lescent sinuation in the middle. .4. Aspongopus Laporte. 

11 (10) Head transverse, deeply sinuate in front of the stylate eyes; 
fore femora distinctly spinose towards the apex; 
pygophor distinctly sinuate apically .5. Colpoproctus Stal. 

12 ( 3) Tarsi 2-segmentate. 

13 (14) Lateral margins of head not contiguous, head laterally 
with a spine in front of the eyes. ...6. Thalma Walker. 

14 (13) Lateral lobes of head contiguous, head spineless in front of 
CHE EVES ns 2 io ke ede tee a eae 7. Urusa Walker. 

15 ( 2) Pronotum anteriorly much wider than the head with eyes; 
pronotum laterally distinctly laminate.8. Sagriva Spinola. 

16 ( 1) Lateral margins of abdomen tuberculately dentate. 

17 (18) Lateral margins of pronotum obliquely 


Stina cca ye ois wv gles s ER 9. Byrsodepsus Stal. 
18 (17) Lateral margins of pronotum angularly 
SiNUabeme sn «2 eiso aes 10. Megymenum Laporte. 


THE Province of Quebec is to be congratulated on its decision 
to appoint a Provincial Entomologist. The Rev. Abbe V. A. 
Huard, the Conservator of the Provincial Museum at Quebec, 
has been appointed to the office of Entomologist. As the editor 
of “‘Le Naturaliste Canadien’ and successor to Provancher, he is 
well known to entomologists in Canada, and we wish him all suc- 
cess in his new duties in a field which offers unparalleled opfor- 
tunities for entomolcgical work and assistance to those whose liveli- 
hood depends on successful husbandry in the farm, field and forest. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85 


SOME TROPIC REACTIONS OF MEGILLA MACULATA 
DE G, AND NOTES ON THE HYDROTROPISM OF 
CERTAIN MOSQUITOES. 

BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N, J. 








This ladybird, which is the only species in New Jersey hiber- 
nating in sufficient numbers to be considered a colony, lends it- 
self readily to experimentation, and the colonies containing as a 
rule about a thousand individuals may be found in different local- 
ities usually under a piece of bark or a mass of dried leaves, 

This colonial hibernation is the result of various reactions 
to tropic stimuli. First the question arises as to just why they 
congregate in large numbers and this may be explained by chemo- 
tropism, All Coccinellidee emit peculiar odors and as the colony 
increases, so does the odor, thereby making the chemotropic 
stimuli stronger and more effective. Mr. Edward K. Carnes in 
bulletin No, 5, Vol, I, of the California State Commission of Horti- 
culture, writes that he has located colonies of Hippodamia con- 
vergens in that state simply by the odor alone, Here, however, the 
individuals in a colony number two and a half millions or more. 

A lowering of the temperature as winter approaches with a 
corresponding decrease in the food supply undoubtedly renders 
them exceedingly susceptible to chemotropic stimuli. With 
Megilla maculata, there is no evidence at present that anemotrop- 
ism plays any part in the selection of the hibernating quarter, 
Once in their place of hibernation, they become positively thig- 
motropic and negatively phototropic. Two hundred individuals 
were removed from a colony and placed in a glass breeding cage, 
one end of which was constructed so that they could if they de- 
sired act positively photo- and thigmotropic and the other end so 
that they could act only negatively phototropic and _ positively 
thigmotropic. Every one selected the dark end. This happened 
on both sunshiny and cloudy days, During all operations the 
temperature of the entire cage was uniform as indicated by thermo- 
metric.tests. During the above experiment the temperature was 
gradually lowered in eight hours from 70° F. to 36° F, 

At a temperature of 54° F. they remained as before, Ata 
temperature of 64° F, about one third became positively photo- 


tropic and negatively geotropic, and their activity undoubtedly 
March, 1913 


86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





made them susceptible to chemotropic stimuli from a food view- 
point. 


At a temperature of 70° F, about one-half were active and 
at 75° F, all were active. When the temperature was suddenly 
lowered as from 75° to 36° F, all became dormant at once and 
exhibited no tropic reactions, By at once I mean within ten or 
twelve minutes, Without doubt thermotropism plays an import- 
ant if not the most important part in deciding just what reactions 
are to occur. A gradual lowering of the temperature such as. 
would naturally result in the beetles acting phototropically and 
thigmotropically while a sudden drop resulted in what might be 
called immediate partial hibernation. Of course with a soft 
bodied insect this would have resulted in death. When the 
temperature of the air was 42° F., that of their natural hiber- 
nation place was 54° F. which indicates an effort to secure opti- 
mum conditions. 


After emerging from winter quarters, the females of Culeax 
pipiens are at first positively chemotrophic. After having fed 
they become positively hydrotropic and deposit their eggs om 
the surface of water. While in hibernation during which time 
they may be fairly active, depending on the temperature of their 
hibernation quarters, they are strongly negatively hydrotropic.. 
Food and water placed within easy reach of hibernating speci- 
mens were always avoided, even when the temperature of their 
surroundings was 75° or 80° F. 


Aedes sollicitans and Aedes cantator are also positively 
hydrotropic but not to the extent of most other mosquitoes. 
With these species eggs are deposited in damp depressions and 
not on the surface of the water. Sterile females of both of these 
species are strongly negatively hydrotropic and fly long distances 
away from salt marshes where they breed. However this migra- 
tory habit, or at least the direction they take, is undoubtedly 
influenced by anemotropism inasmuch as they allow themselves 
to be carried by strong breezes and will fly inward against light 
breezes. Sterile females of Aedes teniorhynchus, which has a 
similar life history to sollicitans are to a certain extent negatively 
hydrotropic. 


-y 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87 





Aedes salinarius, another salt marsh form is as_ strongly 
positively hydrotropic as Culex pipiens, in fact its hydrotropic 
reactions are similar to those of pipiens, as is its life history. 

At different periods during a mosquito’s life, its hydrotropic 
reactions are overshadowed by responses to chemotropic and 
phototropic stimuli and in some cases, negative hydrotropism 
might be mistaken for positive chemotropism. In the cases of 
the sterile females of Aedes sollicitans, chemotropism plays very 
little if any part in explaining their migratory habit. If it did 
the migrations would not be so extensive or cover the long dis- 
tances they do. 

Negative hydrotropism seems to be more prevalent among 
the salt marsh than other forms, in fact other species are nega- 
tively hydrotropic only for short periods and the females respond- 
ing to such stimuli are not barren. For some reason the sterility 
of sollicitans seems to render it exceedingly susceptible to negative 
hydrotropic stimuli. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA 
BRANCH. 


The annual meeting of the British Columbia Entomological 
Society took place on January 9th, 1913, in Victoria. A morning, 
afternoon and evening programme was arranged. From 18 to 27 
members were present during the day. A varied programme was 
rendered which included several reports from districts in the 
Province, viz., the Victoria District, the Lower Mainland, the 
Okanagan and the Kootenay. 

An interesting lecture was given on the use of Carbon 
Bisulphide as a fumigant under coastal conditions by Mr. W. H. 
Lyne, Assistant Inspector of Fruit Pests. Mr. W. H. Brittain 
followed with a paper prepared on the important subject of 
Beneficial Insects, bringing the notice of the members forcibly to 
the fact that applied parasitic entomology was well to the fore- 
front of present day economic entomology. He gave a number of 
interesting records which had taken place during the past few 
years in this especial connection. 

Mr. G. O. Day, F. E. S., Duncans, presented-a paper on 
Xanthia pulchella Smith, and offered a few systematic notes on its 


8& THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

life history. Mr. R. C. Treherne gave the members present a 
brief outline of the life history of the Strawberry Root Weevil 
(Otiorhynchus ovatus), illustrating his points by means of dia- 
grammatic charts. | 

Mr. Thomas Cunningham gave a long and very interesting 
paper on the strides that had taken place in the United States 
and in the world in general in regard to the placing of quarantine 
measures against injurious insects liable to importation through 
the medium of trade. His memorandum was listened to with 
great interest as it contained a summary of all the acts and regu- 
lations that had been passed during the past few years, and the 
reasons for the consideration of these acts and regulations and 
followed his paper with an outline of the insects at present in 
B. C., and drew attention to the ones liable to importation. 

Mr. Tom Wilson, President, 1912-1913, offered his Presiden- 
tial Address to the members at the evening session. He drew the 
attention of the members to the establishment of an investi- 
gational station under the Dominion Division of Entomology, a 
fact that will in all probability be accomplished by the spring, 
He also desired to welcome Mr, Brittain, the recently appointed 
Entomologist and Plant Pathologist to the Province under the 
auspices of the Provincial Department of Agriculture. He added 
his own sorrow to the resolution of commiseration at the recent 
death of their late President and father of their Society, the Rey. 
G. W. Taylor of Departure Bay, Vancouver Island. He closed. 
with a feeling of congratulation at the successful resuscitation of 
the Society and hoped it would continue as successful as_ this 
meeting promised in the future, 

Mr. Arthur H. Bush followed with an account of the Flora 
and Fauna that was common to meet with in the mountains at 
high and arctic elevations. He closed with a wish that the 
Society not forget the systematic side of entomology in its 
endeavours to become a force in the Province. Dr. Seymour 
Hadwen closed the evening session with a lantern slide lecture on 
Blood-sucking Flies. He was able to establish the fact of the 
existence at Agassiz of the English Warble fly (Hypoderma bovis,) 
which previously had not been recorded as existing on the North 
American continent. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89 





Various resolutions were passed, chief among which was a 
tribute to the life and work of the late Dr. Fletcher. It was 
decided also to hold a semi-annual meeting of the Society at 
Vernon during June. 


The following officers were appointed for the year 1913;— 
Hon. President, E. Baynes Reed; President, G. O. Day, F. E.S.; 
Vice-president, R.S. Sherman ; Secretary, R. C. Treherne; Asst. 
Secretary, W.H. Brittain. Advisory Board.—G. O. Day, R.S. 
Sherman, R. C. Treherne, W, H. Brittain, W. H. Lyne, A, H. 
Bush, Tom Wilson. 


The proceedings of the Annual he are duly being 
printed at the cost of 25 cents each copy and can be had on 
application to the Secretary, Mr. R. C. Treherne, 1625 Nelson 
Street, Vancouver, B. C. R. C. TREHERNE, SEC.-TREAS, 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. 

The seventh annual meeting of the Entomogical Society of 
America was held in the Normal School, Cleveland, Ohio, Dec- 
ember 31, 1912, January 1, 1913. The meetings were all large 
and enthusiastically attended. 

The following list of papers was presented: 

C. Betten.—An interesting feature in the venation of Heli- 
copsyche, the Mollannide, and the Leptoceride, 

T. J. Headles—Some facts regarding the influence of tem- 
perature and moisture changes on the rate of insect metabolism. 

Lucy Wright Smith.—Mating and egg-laying habits of Perla 
immarginata Say, 

Alvah Peterson—Head and mouth-parts of Cephalothrips 
yucce. 

J. E. Wodsedalek.—Life history and habits of Tvrogoderma 
tarsale, a museum pest. 


Leonard Haseman.—Life cycle and development of the 
Tarnished Plant-bug, Lygus pratensis Linn. 

J. F. Abbot.—The strigil in Corixidz and its probable function. 

Victor E. Shelford—The ontogeny of .elytral pigmentation 
in Cicindela. 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





N. L. Partridge-——The tracheation of the pupal wings of 
some saturnians. 

L. B. Walton.—Studies on the mouth-parts of R hyparobia 
maderie (Blattide), with a consideration of the homologies ex- 
isting between the appendages of the Hexapoda. 

James Zetek.—Determining the flight of mosquitoes. 

William A. Riley —Some sources of laboratory material for 
work on the relation of insects to disease. 


Y. H. Tsou and S. B. Fracker.—The homology of the body 
setas of lepidopterous larve. 





Anna H. Morgan.—Eggs and egg-laying in may-flies. 
Herbert Osborn.—Remarks on the Cicadide with special 


reference to the Ohio Species. 2. Notes on insects of a lake 
beach. 


Edna Mosher.—The anatomy of some lepidopterous pupe. 

Frank E. Lutz.—On the biology of Drosophila ampelophila. 

E. P. Felt-—Observations on the biology of a blow-fly and a 
flesh-fly. 

C.K. Brain.—Some anatomical studies of Stomoxys calcitrans 
Linn. 

Edith M. Patch and William C. Woods.—A study in an- 
tennal ‘variation. 

Alex. D. MacGillivray.—Propharynx and hypopharynx. 

F. L.. Washburn.—A few experiments in photographing liv- 
ing insects. 

The following officers were elected for 1913. 2 

President—Charles J. S. Bethune, Ontario Agricultural 
College, Guelph, Ontario. ; 

First Vice-President—Philip P. Calvert, University of Penn- 
sylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Second Vice-President.—William M. Marshall, University of 
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. 

Secretary-Treasurer—Alex. D. MacGillivray, University of 
Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 

Additional members of Executive Committee.-Herbert Osborn, 
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; C. P. Gillette, Colorado 
Agriculture Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vernon 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 91 





L. Kellogg, Leland Stanford Jr. University, Stanford University, 
California; James G. Needham, Cornell University, Ithaca, New 
York; C. T. Brues, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts. Nathan Banks, U.S. National Museum, Washington, 
| Eee Baa 

Member of Committee on Nomenclature.—E. P. Felt, New 
York State Entomologist, Albany, New York. 

The Society will hold its next meeting with the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science at Atlanta, Georgia. 

ALEXANDER D, MAcGILLIvRAy, Secretary, 


BOOK NOTICE. 

THE SPIDER BooK.—A manual for the study of the Spiders and their 
allies, the Scorpions, Pseudo-scorpions, Whip-scorpions, Har- 
vestmen, and other members of the Class Arachnida, found in 
America, north of Mexico, with analytical keys for their classi- 
fication and popular accounts of their habits. By John Henry 
Comstock... Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. 


Spiders have received relatively little attention on this con- 
tinent from systematic zoologists, considering the large size of the 
order, the abundance of many of the species in every locality, 
their exceedingly interesting and varied habits and the important 
role that they play in the economy of nature. The same state- 
ment might, indeed, be made to include the whole of the Class 
Arachnida, but, whereas the other order of the class are less 
obviously attractive, it is difficult to understand why the spiders 
have never been favourites. 

The ‘Spider Book,” which is an excellent introduction to the 
study of the Arachnida, and the spiders in particular, is therefore 
to be welcomed as a most important addition to American arachno- 
logical literature, particularly as it is not only adapted to the 
needs of the beginner, but will doubtless also form a useful book 
of reference for teachers and entomologists generally. 

In the first chapter the general characteristics of the Arachnida 
and their relationships to other classes of Arthropods are discussed. 
The characteristics of the various orders are also given, with tables 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 











for the separation of the families and genera, and in some cases the 
species. On account of its great size, the order Acarina (mites 
and ticks) is necessarily dealt with more briefly than the other 
groups, only the superfamilies being defined. Less space, for ex- 
ample, is given to this group than to the Phalangida (Harvestmen), 
a much smaller order. 

In chapters II. and III. the external and internal anatomy 
respectively, of spiders, are discussed in considerable detail. A 
special section of the former is given to the description of the dif- 
ferent types of male pedipalps, whose highly-complex structure is 
of great taxonomic importance, and has been a subject of special 
investigation by the author. Following the description of the 
different kinds of spinning glands at the close of chapter III. is a 
table, giving the names of these glands, with their number, the 
position of their spinning-tubes, their distribution among the vari- 
ous families and their functions. 

Chapter IV. is an account of the life of spiders, and deals with 
this subject under a number of headings. Much attention is given 
to the description of the different kinds of silk and their functions, 
the types of webs, and to the structure and building of the orb 
type of web. The account of the development is rather brief, the 
embryological part being omitted altogether. This is, of course, 
to be expected in a popular work, but the “‘Spider Book”’ is more 
elaborate than popular works usually are, and we therefore think 
that a brief outline of the early stages of development would not 
have been out of place, considering the important bearing which 
the development of some of the organs, such as the book-lungs, 
trachee and spinnerets have upon the phylogeny of the group. 

The systematic part of the book, comprising chapters V.-VII., 
is enlivened by interesting notes on the habits peculiar to the 
various families and genera, and by the numerous illustrations. 
Brief descriptions of many of the commoner species are given, as 
well as keys to all the families and genera inhabiting North America. 

The copious illustrations, which are largely photographic re- 
productions of living or recently killed specimens and their webs 
and nests, are scattered throughout the text, and give the book a 
very attractive appearance by reason of their unusual excellence. 


Mailed March 13th, 1913. 





s 


Che anadiay Veutomalogist, 


VoL. XLV. | BEONDON. APRIL, 1913 No. 4 


FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 
(Continued from page 68.) 


356. Cucullia montane Grt.—I have no note of having seen 
the type of this species, which, according to Smith’s Catalogue, is 
in the Neumeoegen collection at Brooklyn, nor have I seen Grote’s 
description. The Calgary form, however, agrees with the descrip- 
tion of montane in Smith’s Monograph, and is also the montane 
of the British Museum collection, with the exception of. the actual 
specimen figured by Hampson, which happens to be a Denver, 
Colo., specimen of asteroides, of which the type is correctly figured 
on the next plate. It had not, until recently, occurred to me that 
there was any likelihood of confusing the two, but I must admit 
that I have examined, and now possess, specimens which I have 
had considerable trouble in determining. Generally speaking, 
whilst the arrangement of colour in the two is about the same, the 
shades in montane are more intense, that is, the pale shades are 
paler, and the dark shades darker. .But the colour varies some- 
what in different localities, and more reliable points of distinction 
are as follows. In montane, the basal area, as far as the t. a. line, 
is very pale fulvous. The t. a. line is double, with the included space. 
of the same pale gray colour as the central and outer middle por- 
tion of the wing below the spots. In asteroides the basal space is 
unicolorous with the central and outer middle area, and the t. a. 
line is single, though traces of an inner portion are sometimes 
discernible. [n asteroides the tegule have a black line near the 
base, which seems to be lacking in my montane, though Hampson 
gives it as present in both. Slightly worn or poorly-marked speci- 
mens are occasionally extremely difficult to place. I have not 
both species from one locality. Montane is recorded from 
Colorado, and I think I saw it from there in the British Museum, 
but a Colorado specimen in my collection, sent as montane, ap- 
pears to me to be asteroides. I am certainly strongly under the 
impression that the two are distinct. 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








308. C. florea Guen.,=obscurior Smith, =indicta Smith.—I 
have specimens compared by myself with all these types. That 
of florea is a female in the British Museum, from Trenton Falls, 
N.Y.  Obscurior was described from two females taken by Bruce 
in Colorado, and a type is at Washington. My specimen com- 
pared with this type is from Glenwood Springs, and a Calgary 
‘specimen compared with types florea and indicta is exactly like it. 
I have three specimens from Kaslo. The “‘forea’’ of my original 
list (No. 360) was wrongly identified, and the Calgary specimen 
figured by Sir George Hampson as florea is, in my opinion, a 
strongly-marked form of postera. The two are more nearly allied 
than I at first thought, as my male type of imdicta happens to be 
an unusually pale gray, even specimen. I have two Calgary speci- 
mens which puzzled me for a long time, and seemed almost to 
connect them. Generally speaking, postera is better marked, and 
has more obvious reddish brown shades on costal region of primaries. 
In florea such shades are absent, or nearly so, as in the type, and 
never conspicuous. What appears to me a more reliable character 
exists in the dark cloud or shade preceding the crescent-shaped 
mark formed by the t. p. line below vein 2. In postera this shade is 
itself somewhat crescent-shaped, and about concentric with the t. p. 
line crescent. In florea it is direct, oblique, and if produced would 
meet the inner margin below the orbicular, and the costa near the 
apex. The shade, however, is often very ill-defined, and not 
always symmetrical on both wings. But I have studied this 
feature very carefully, and conclude that it is characteristic of each 
species as a whole. The moth is a great rarity in this district, only 
-three specimens having been taken besides those previously men- 
tioned, on Aug. Ist, 1909, and June 5th and 11th, 1910. Isawa 
specimen bearing a New York label in the American Museum of 
Natural History which I took to be this species, and so labelled it. 
One in the Rutgers collection, labelled ““New Windsor, N. J., May 
27th, 1892, Emily L. Morton,’’ appeared to be this, but had 
ochreous-tinted secondaries, differing in this respect from any 
previously seen. 

359. C. asteroides Guen?—I was quite wrong in listing this 
species as postera. JI have a manuscript name for it, and have 
several times been on the point of describing it, but shall not do 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 95 








. 


so until I have seen this and typical asteroides from the same 
locality and can distinguish them. The type of asteroides is from 
New York, and is well figured by Hampson. In it the ill-defined 
discoidal spots are pale fulvous, and slightly paler than the rest of 
the fulvous shade, which extends longitudinally through the upper 
portion of the wing. The secondaries are clear pearly-white, with 
dusky veins and outer border, though the border sometimes covers 
nearly half the wing. I have specimens of the typical form from 
New York, Rhode Island, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Denver, 
Colorado. I gave the name to a Montreal specimen for Mr. Winn, 
on the strength of which it is entered in the Quebec list. The 
only other named species with which I am likely to have confused 
it is montane, as mentioned under that head. In the Calgary 
form the primaries differ but little, but are generally darker blue 
gray and more even, with the discoidals even less evident. But 
the chief difference is that the secondaries are smoky throughout, 
though darker outwardly. This form is the “postera’’ of the B. C. 
list, and I have specimens from Windermere and Nelson. Some 
from Manitoba are the darkest of the series, and differ most 
from true asteroides. The dark secondaries contrast strongly with 
the pearly whiteness of the typical form, and gives the insect a 
very different appearance, and the primaries of the.dark series 
seem slightly broader and more rounded on the costa. But I must 
admit that with the primaries alone I might fail to distinguish be- 
tween some of the specimens. I have not taken it at Calgary for 
several years. 


360. C. postera Guen.—This is the ‘‘florea’’ of my original list. 
The Calgary form is figured by Hampson as florea, but seems to 
me darker and more strongly marked only than the type of postera 
from New York. The chief distinctive character between this and 
florea | have pointed out under the latter heading. Judging from 
the number I have seen, this species is, with the possible exception 
of intermedia, the commonest of the genus in Canada, though I 
have not seen it from west of the Rockies. I have named a Mon- 
treal specimen for Mr. Winn, which seemed to me about typical. 
In Prof. Smith’s collection, the only specimen which stood under 
this name was a male from Liberty, N. Y. This was like the 


96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Calgary form, except that it was ochreous-tinted throughout, which 
made me doubt its identity. 


361. C. speyert Lint.—Another female. July 10, 1900, for- 
merly in my intermedia series, appears to be this species, but was 
labelled intermedia on Smith’s authority. The error was excus- 
able, as it is duller and less black-streaked than speyeri usually is, 
but has all the other characters of that closely allied species, in- 
cluding the pearly white though dusky-margined secondaries. I 
have the species from Illinois, Volga (S.D.), Colorado, and Aweme, 
Manitoba. 


362. C. intermedia Speyer.—I consider that this is the correct 
name for the form occurring here. Any attempt to separate it 
from intermedia from the east is hopeless, though eastern 
specimens, as a whole, are a trifle darker, due to their being more 
suffused with brown shades. I have Calgary and eastern spec- 
imens matching exactly. Hampson figures a Calgary example as 
cinderella. The latter was described from a single Colorado male 
collected by David Bruce. I saw it in the Washington collection, 
and it has the transverse maculation almost obsolete. A Colorado 
female in the same collection certainly suggested a faintly marked 
intermedia. The validity of cinderella as a species is open to much 
doubt. 


365. Tapinostola variana Morr.?—-I had listed this species as 
orientalis Grt., but that, according to the description, hasat. p. 
line of blackish dots, and the subcostal and median nervures are 
finely lined within the cell with black. This sounds like the 
species figured by Sir George Hampson, from Renirew County, 
Ontario, as inmquinata Guen., of which he has the type from New 
York, and of which he makes orientalis a synonym. My notes on 
inquinata type do not mention a black streak immediately above 
the median vein, nor does Hampson mention it in his description 
in the Catalogue. His synonymy, however, is probably correct. 
Sir George’s description is all I have of variana, besides a reference 
thereto by Grote, and the only difference mentioned is the absence 
of the t. p. line. Holland figures as variana a Winnipeg male 
from the Washington Museum. I compared this specimen and 
concluded that the Calgary species was distinct and also probably 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 97 
distinct from type inquinata. But the Winnipeg specimen in 
question has an obvious t. p. line, which the type variana lacked, 
so that its identity is open to doubt. It is at any rate probably a 
species not at present in my collection and may be a pale inquinata. 
My Calgary specimens are about the colour of inquinata type, but 
lack all traces of a t. p. line, though some show traces of blackish 
in the cell. Besides the two before mentioned I have two males 
taken at light on Sept. 8th, 1906. 


366. Hydrecia nictitans Bork.—I feel bound to follow Hamp- 
son in treating the North American species as identical with the 
European nictitans. Smith himself referred “Var. americana 
Speyer’ to his atlantica, so that the former name should have 
preference in any case. A female type of atlantica from Ithaca, 
N. Y., is in the Washington Museum. No clear differences are 
pointed out, in fact the impossibility of distinguishing it from the 
European form except by male genitalia is admitted. Its range 
is given as Nova Scotia, Hudson’s Bay, Southward to Virginia, 
West to Colorado’’. Jnteroceanica was described from three speci- 
mens from. Winnipeg only. I have none from there exactly, but 
have seen a pair of types. It was characterized as small and very 
dark in colour, with the ordinary markings almost blackish, and reni- 
form white. The latter character is of course variable in nictitans. I 
compared Smith’s types and did not consider them distinct, nor did 
they strike me as variations worthy of remark. Pacifica was stated 
to range from California to Vancouver and to be more compactly 
built than atlantica or nictitans, and a little more lightly shaded, 
“the secondaries yellowish or purplish red and somewhat silky, 
quite different from the eastern examples’. I have no Californian 
examples, but numbers from Vancouver Island, and their variation 
is much like that of eastern specimens. Concerning his three new 
names Smith writes in his Revision; ‘‘These three species I could 
hardly have dared to separate from nictitans had it not been for 
the differences in structure in the male genitalia; but these are so 
radical that specific identity is out of the question’. Four 
genitalic species are claimed for the British Isles, some of which 
are said to be locally constant in some superficial characters. 
Hampson unites them all as one species, but quotes six names as 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 
aberrations, including two European, one Asiatic, and three North 
American; viz: 
‘““americana.—Fore wing rather more orange-red. East- 
ern States and Canada. 
interoceanica.—Fore wing browner. Western Canada. 
pacifica.—Fore wing grayer, California.’ This latter is 
not in accord with Smith’s diagnosis. ~ 

367. H. pallescens Smith.—The male and female types in the 
Washington Museum are from Calgary. They differ from medialis 
from Colorado in lacking the reddish tints, and in having the entire 
ground colour washed with white. Some Calgary specimens are 
a good deal darker than the type, but scarcely reddish. The form. 
was not even recognised as a variety in. Dyar’s catalogue, though 
the difference in colour is somewhat striking. Hampson treats 
them as species. I think it likely that the differences are merely 
varietal, but have not seen enough Colarado material to enable 
me to form a fair judgment, and have none from there in my col- 
lection. Mr. Baird has taken pallescens at High River, and I 
have it from Cranbrook, B.C. 

368. Papaipema sp.? The type of impecuniosa is a male 
from Massachusetts, and is in the British Museum. Sir George 
Hampson figures a specimen like it. There are two Red Deer - 
River specimens from me in the same series. But, like the rest 
I have seen from that locality, they differ from impecuniosa in the 
form and course of the central shade, which is more like that in 
purpurifascia, rigida and verona, the latter being a much paler 
thing from Winnipeg. The form of the t.p. line is something 
between that in impecuniosa and purpurifascia. The colour and 
maculation otherwise is much like that of impecuniosa, but the 
orbicular and claviform may be either yellow or white. Unfortun- 
ately I have only three specimens now left in my collection, not 
having visited the locality for some years. 


(To be continued.) 


AN ENTOMOLOGIST WANTED FOR ARCADIA 
“The Agassiz Association’s ArcAdiA is for study and research 
and for giving information upon any phase of nature to any person 
who desires to know.” 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 99 





ArcAdiA is well equipped with every facility for studying 
nature, and especially so in entomology. Within the adjacent 
territory, especially in Nymphalia, which is a part of ArcAdiA, 
there are facilities for studying various kinds of aquatic and marsh 
insects. The laboratory is well equipped with apparatus for 
classifying, examining, photographing, etc. There are breeding 
cages for studying the insects in their transformations, and what- 
ever further equipment may be necessary will be made to suit 
the needs of a student. We want an adult entomologist, prefer- 
ably a married man, to come to ArcAdiA, lease a building site, 
erect a small cottage, and live near to nature in the spirit of the 
Institution. He shall have the freedom of the Institution without 
expense, but for his services no salary will be paid. We are looking 
for some one who has retired from the active duties of life, and 
expects to spend the rest of his days in close proximity to the ento- 
mological world. 


The experiment has been successfully made in the Depart- 
ment of Botany. Some three years ago a lady in Wisconsin desir- 
ing to devote the rest of her life to the study of plants, became 
a member of The Agassiz Association, at the cost of only three 
dollars for the first year and only a dollar and a half each year 
thereafter. She leased a building site and erected, at her own 
expense, a portable cottage, in which and in the surroundings she 
leads the ideal ArcAdiAn life in nearness to nature. She devotes 
all her spare time to the Botanical Department, collecting plants, 
studying them in their habitat, planting them in her little yard, 
and studying them under the microscope. A pleasurable part 
of her occupation is to show the results to the admiring visitors 
at ArcAdiA. The Agassiz Association remunerates her for her 
services in giving her all the facilities of the equipment, such as 
may be needed in her botanical pursuits. In return for her ser- 
vices she receives the best pay in the world—the joy of doing and 
the joy of helping. 

Her attractive little cottage is known as Botany Bungalow. 
We want some entomologist to make his home in the ‘“ Entomolo- 
gist’s Eyrie’’ or “‘The Ant Hill,” or some similarly named cottage 
in ArcAdiA. Full particulars as to what the AA is and what is 
its ArcAdiA, what it has done and what it is trying to do, and 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 


by 


including a copy of ‘‘The Guide to Nature,’ 
application. 

On the other hand, full particulars will be required of the 
personality, skill, experience, plans, etc., of the applicant who 
would come here and take charge of our Entomological Depart- 
ment. We would prefer someone who has retired from active 
business life and has means to devote the rest of his days to his 
favorite pursuits, but such entire devotion of time is not necessary. 
Arrangements could be made for some income for services, if 
desiréd. Employment of various kinds can be obtained in the 
vicinity, but, as previously stated, the ideal would be one who 
has retired and intends to devote all the rest of his time to the 
interests and beauties of entomological nature. 

For further particulars, apply to The Agassiz Association—Ed- 
ward F. Bigelow, President—ArcAdiA, Sound Beach, Connecticut. 


will be sent upon 


THE. COTTON MOTH, ALABAMA ARGILLACEA HBN. 
The photograph from which the accompanying illustration was 
made, wassent to me by Mr. J. F. Calvart, of London, Ont. These 
moths were noticed in very large numbers this autumn in Western 
Ontario. At London, they appeared suddenly either late in the 





Fie. 2 ; 
evening of Oct. 10, or early in the morning of Oct. 11. The char- 
acteristic habit of the moth of resting with its head downward 
is well shown in the illustration. An account of the occurrence 
_ of this moth in eastern Canada in 1912 will appear in an early issue 
of the Ottawa Naturalist —ARTHUR GIBSON, Div. of Ent., Ottawa. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 101 


ON SEVERAL NEW GENERA AND. SPECIES. OF 
AUSTRALIAN HYMENOPTERA CHALCIDOIDEA. 


BY A. A. GIRAULT, BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 





The following genera and species were included within three 
small collections of this super-family, loaned to me for study, but 
do not include all of the material from them. Two of these col- 
lections were from Queensland, the third partly from Victoria 
and partly from New South Wales. 


Family Chalcidide. 
Subfamily Chalcidine. 
Tribe Chalcidini. 
Genus Tumidicoxa Girault. 
1. Tumidicoxa rufiventris new species. 

Female: Length, 5 mm. 

Opaque black, the abdomen rufous or orange red, as are also 
the antennal flagellum, the posterior coxe, tibia (except at tip) 
and femora (except at apex, lateral), the cephalic tibize, except 
at base, and all the tarsi (somewhat diluted with yellowish); ce- 
phalic and intermediate coxe black or very dark, the proximal 
half or more of the cephalic and intermediate femora black, their 
distal half or less honey yellow. Scape dark fuscous, the pedicel 
somewhat lighter. Tegule, a rounded spot at apex of posterior 
femur laterad, a distinct oval spot near tip of posterior tibia and 
the knees more or less lemon yellow. Wings very slightly stained 
throughout, the venation smoky. Pubescence not conspicuous, 
with a reddish tinge. 

Scrobicular cavity nearly smooth, shining; head and thorax 
rugoso-punctate, the propodeum mesad (dorsal aspect) foveate, 
the abdomen glabrous, but the distal segments finely, polygonally 
sculptured. Lateral ocelli distinctly more than their own dia- 
meter from the eye margin. Plate at apex of scutellum distinctly 
bilobed. Propodeum in the dorso-lateral aspect, with at least 
one tooth-like projection, its lateral aspect moderately hairy, but 
not conspicuously so. Posterior femora with one moderately 
large tooth, followed by about ten others, which are smaller distad, 
all the ten much smaller than the first. Antenne 12-jointed, 


the single ring-joint large, the pedicel as long as _ the first funicle 
April, 1913 


102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


joint, which is somewhat wider than long, the remaining joints 
all wider than long, except the distal club joint, which is longest, 
conical; distal funicle joints transverse; flagellum clavate, somewhat 
compressed. 

(From two specimens, two-thirds of an inch objection, 1l-inch 
optic, Bausch and Lomb.) 

Male: Not known. . 

Described from two female specimens mounted on _ pins, 
labelled ‘‘Warburton, Victoria.” This species differs from the 
South American forms strikingly in coloration; also the funicle 
joints of the antenne are shorter, the pedicel longer in relation to 
them, the lateral ocelli farther away from the eyes, the plate of the 
scutellum more deeply lobed and the stigmal vein not sessile, yet 
short. Otherwise, it is similar in all details, with the possible ex- 
ception of the ventral plate on the thorax, which I was unable to see 
in these specimens because of the manner in which they were 
mounted. 

Habitat: Australia—Warburton, Victoria. 

Types: No. Hy 1178, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimens (2 pins) plus a slide bearing an antenna and a pos- 
terior leg. 


2. Tumidicoxa flavipes new species. 

Female: Length, about 5 mm. 

Like the South American species, but the plate at the apex 
of the scutellum is not emarginate at the meson, or barely so. 
Opaque black marked with lemon yellow as follows: The tegulz 
except at extreme base (cephalad), tibiz and tarsi, except the 
brownish base of posterior tibia and parts of the distal tarsal joint, 
distal half of cephalic femora, distal third of intermediate femora 
and the tip of the posterior femora. Legs otherwise black, reddish 
black on femora and tibiz on first two legs. Venation and an- 
tenne brownish black, the latter really black, brownish toward 
tip. Wings perfectly clear. Body rugoso-punctate, the second 
abdominal segment shining. Pubescence not conspicuous. An- 
tennz 12-jointed, cylindrical, with one ring-joint, the pedicel 
small, wider than long, not half the length of the proximal funicle 
joint, which is the longest joint of the flagellum. Distal club 
joint longer than the other, obliquely truncate at tip. Distal 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 


funicle joint slightly wider than long, .the middle joints subquad- 
rate. Scape short, simple. Posterior femora beneath the others, 
the last three distinctly smaller in succession, the last very small. 
The teeth are black, and they rather increase in size at the middle 
(Nos. 5, 6 and 7 from proximal end). Posterior femur minutely 
punctulate and clothed with soft, greyish pubescence. Agreeing 
with the generic description, except as may have been noted. The 
lateral ocelli are somewhat farther away from the eyes. 


(From a single specimen, the same magnification.) 


Male: Not known. 

Described from a single pinned female labelled ‘‘ Dandenong 
Range, Victoria.” 

Habitat: Australia—Victoria (Dandenong Mountains). 

Type: No. Hy 1179, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimen on a card; an antenna on a slide. 

3. Tumidicoxa victoria new species. 

Male: Length, 6.1 mm.. Rather large. 

Like the preceding species, but larger, more robust, the plate 
at the apex of the scutellum plainly bidentate, the scape longer, 
the black parts of the legs darker, and specifically the cephalic 
tibia are brown in the middle, the intermediate ones along the 
proximal half, except at base and the posterior ones, black in the 
middle, their tips pale yellowish. The posterior fermora beneath 
bear nearly the same arrangement of teeth, but there are only 
eleven, followed by a minute tubercle; numbers 3 and 4 are larger 
than 2 and those distad of them. The posterior coxe have a 
flabellate enlargement at the apex above. The antennez 12-jointed, 
the distal funicle joints more transverse than with flavipes. Wings 
hyaline. 

(From a single specimen, the same magnification.) 

Female: Not known. 

Described from a_ single male, minutien-mounted and labelled 
‘“Dandenong Ranges, Victoria.’ 

Habitat: Australia—Victoria (Dandenong Mountains). 

Type: No. Hy 1180, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimen plus an antenna on a slide. 

4. Tumidicoxa regina new species. 

Male: Length, 4.95 mm. 





104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Like flavipes, but more robust, the scutellum terminating in a 
distinctly bidentate plate and the postmarginal vein longer. The 
scape is also longer. Posterior femur armed with twelve teeth, 
the first large, the next two very small, followed by seven larger 
ones, (of which numbers six to nine are largest) and two shorter 
ones, the last broad, its flat upper edge at apex thus emarginate; 
excluding the first tooth, numbers 6 to 9 are largest. In flavipes, 
teeth Nos. 2 and 8 are not distinctly smaller than the ones im- 
mediately following (distad). 


(From one specimen, the same magnification.) 
Female: Not known. 


Described from a single male specimen on a pin, from the 
collections of the Queensland Museum, labelled ‘‘Brisbane, H. 
Hacker. 3-7—-11.” 


Habitat: Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. 


Type: No. Hy 1181, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the fore- 
noted specimen on a pin, plus one slide bearing antenne and a 
posterior leg. 

Pseudepitelia new genus. 

Female: Resembling Epitelia of Kirby, but the abdomen 
not produced into a stylus distad, the posterior femora without 
depressed punctures and armed beneath with more teeth, there 
being six moderately large, more or less, subequal teeth (but the 
first largest), followed distad by four others, which shorten in 
succession. The antenne are 13-jointed, with one ring-joint, 
inserted nearly on a line with the ventral ends of the eyes. the 
scrobicular cavity reaching the cephalic ocellus, the lateral ocelli 
plainly more than their own diameter from the eye margin. The 
postmarginal vein about half the length of the marginal, slender, 
the stigmal very short, yet with more or less of a distinct neck. 
The second abdominal segment occupying more than a third of 
the abdomen. Propodeum with two small, acute projections in 
the middle of the dorso-lateral line (seen from ventro-laterad). 
Body nonmetallic, punctate. Abdomen as in Chalcis. The 
scutellum terminates in a short, bidentate plate. 


Male: Not known. 
Type: The following species. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 105 


1. Pseudepitelia rubrifemur new species. 
Female: Length, 5.10 mm. 


Opaque black, the second abdominal segment glabrous black, 
the posterior femur dark reddish, the venter of the abdomen at 
the meson more or less suffused with dark reddish or yellowish; 
tegule pallid, the wings hyaline, the venation black, face and 
distal half of the abdomen pubescent. Tarsi more or less brownish. 
Intermediate and cephalic knees and two distinct elongate spots 
on each end of the posterior tibize exteriorly and not at tip, pale 
yellowish. Antennae wholly black. 


Body moderately finely, densely punctate, the spaces between 
the punctures lined. First abdominal segment, with very minute 
punctures, which vary in size, the following segments pubescent 
and transversely wrinkled, the penultimate segment rougher. 
Posterior femora densely punctulate the punctures very minute; 
antennae, with the distal joint very short, truncate, only about 
twice the length of the ring-joint; scape very long, narrowing 
distad; pedicel much longer than the ring-joint, but only half 
the length of the proximal funicle joint, which is longest of the 
funicle, twice the length (or nearly) of the subquadrate distal 
funicle joint. Proximal two joints of the club subequal, the distal 
joint flat, very short. | 


(From one specimen, the same magnification.) 


Male: Not known. 

Described from a single cardmounted female, labelled 
“Cheltenham, Victoria.” 

Habitat: Australia—Victoria (Cheltenham). 


Type: No. Hy 1182, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above 
specimen, plus a slide bearing an antenna and a posterior leg. 


2. Pseudepitelia tricolor new species. 

Female: Length, 5.00 mm. 

The same as rubrifemur, but the postmarginal vein shorter 
and stouter, the second (distal) elongate, pale yellowish spot ex- 
teriorly on posterior tibia absent, but the two proximal tarsal 
joints (and less so, the third) of posterior legs white, suffused with 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


yellowish; the scutellum has not a small patch of greyish pubes- 
cence at apex, just above the terminal plate as with the type speci- 
men (rubrifemur) and in tricolor the third abdominal segment is 
more roughly finely sculptured. There are eleven distinct teeth 
on the posterior femur instead of the ten of the type species. 
Intermediate and cephalic tarsi white or whitish. (Antenne 
missing; scape black.) Wings hyaline. 

(From a single specimen, the same magnification.) 

Male: Not known. 

Described from a single cardmounted specimen from the 
collections of the Queensland Museum, labelled “Q.M. Tam- 
bourine. H. Hacker, April 2, 1911.” 

Habitat: Australia—Tambourine, Queensland. 

Type: No. Hy 1183. Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above female on a card. 

Brachepitelia new genus. 

Female: The same as the preceding genus, Pseudepitelia, 
but the antenne 12-jointed, the scutellum terminating in a short 
plate, whose distal margins are straight, the plate barely differen- 
tiated, The submarginal vein is shorter and stouter. Propodeum 
without noticeable lateral projections. Second abdominal seg- 
ment occupying nearly half of the abdomen. 

Male: Not known. 

Type: The following species. 

1, Brachepitelia rubripes new species. 

Female: Length, 3.70 mm. 

Opaque black, marked with dark red as follows: Posterior 
legs except cox; cephalic knees, tibiae and tarsi; intermediate 
knees and tarsi (mixed with brownish) and the ends of the 
tibia. Venation dark, the wings hyaline. Head and thorax 
rugoso-punctate. Posterior femur with ten distinct teeth, the 
first twice the largest, the distal teeth smaller in succession. 

Male: Not known. ro 

Described from a cardmounted female, labelled ‘Larva of 
Various Moths, Melbourne.”’ 

Habitat: Australia—Melbourne, Victoria. 

Type: No. Hy 1184, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimen; an antenna on a slide. 

(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107 








REMARKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HETEROPTERA. 
BY J. R. DE LA TORRE BUENO, WHITE PLAINS, N. Y. 


“Among the many problems of nature that engage the atten- 
tion of the biologist there is one that to me has always been of the 
utmost interest. It is that of the occurrence of the same species 
in widely separated regions or through extensive and seemingly 
dissimilar areas or in isolated and restricted habitats. The classic 
example of the last, familiar to all entomologists, is the peculiar 
subarctic and alpine butterfly Oeneis or Chionobas semidea which 
from the wilds of Labrador jumps to the high peaks of the 
Presidential Range of the White Mountains and again is not 
found till we come to the Rockies in Colorado. Here, however, 
we have a tenable explanation for this great and peculiar range, 
in the fact that this is an arctic genus which spread during the 
ice-age throughout its vast territory, and which, with the recession 
polewards of the ice cap and the frigid temperatures it caused, 
travelled northward in its wake. Some, however, followed the 
receding line of perpetual snow up the mountain sides, and where 
these were of sufficient altitude, they have contrived to maintain 
themselves to this late date in the geological history of the earth. 

In this paper the Hemiptera only are to be considered, 
more especially the Heteropterous forms supposed to be common 
to America and Europe. At the outset we are confronted with 
a difficulty, which arises from the mistaken reference of American 
species to European forms. This troublesome condition is 
directly due to the meagre descriptions of the older authors, who 
availed themselves principally of colour for specific distinctions 
and put the structural differences in the generic characterizations. 
In part, however, our native entomologists are at fault, since 
much of this confusion can be traced to their neglect of the 
study of the cognate European species, which, even though they 
are of the same colour patterns as ours, in so far as any written 
description can go, are nevertheless sufficiently different in form 
and structure to be readily distinguishable by the trained eye. 
This condition in the Hemiptera is being rapidly adjusted, due 
almost entirely to the labours of the Europeans. In fact, our own 
present lack of sufficient acquaintance with their writings leads 


some of us to the perpetuation of errors long since dispelled. . It 
April, 1913 


108 THE CANADIAN EN:iOMOLOGIST. 





is to the labors of those eminent scientists, Prof. Momtandon 
and Dr. Horvath, but mainly to the latter, that we owe what 
has been done towards correcting these mistakes. Horvath’s 
visit to the United States in 1907 and the collecting he then did, 
enabled him to make the necessary comparisons, and it is_ his 
results which form the groundwork for this discussion. 

In the writings of the fathers of American Hemipterology, 
we find much of this erroneous work, in their case most unfor- 
tunately unavoidable owing, as already pointed out, to too great 
reliance on colour characters alone. Thomas Say, who needs no 
praise to establish his position as the greatest of American ent- 
omologists, had indeed a keen and discriminating eye, and nearly 
without exception his species and genera have withstood the most 
rigid tests. _ His successors however, have not been so uniformly 
successful, so we have for America a list of species of supposedly 
European Heteroptera (to which in the heat and haste of Hemiptero- 
logical youth I have added my mite), which includes such species as: 


Reduvius personatus L. 
Sciocoris lectularius L. 
Sciocoris microphthalmus Flor. 
Nezara viridula L. 

Zicrona cerulea L. 

Corizus crassicornis L. 
Corizus hyalinus Fabr. 
Nysius thymi Wolff. 

Nysius erice Schill. 
Stygnocoris rusticus Fall. 
Sphragisticus nebulosus Fall. 
Scolopostethus thomsoni Reut. 
Aradus crenatus Say. 
Aradus lugubris Fall. 
Aradus cinnamomeus Panz. 
Harpactor leucosdilus Stal. 
Gerris rufoscutellatus Latr.- 
Acanthia pallipes Fabr. 
Acanthia xanthochila Fieb. 
Corixa germari Fieb. 
Corixa preusta Fieb. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 


These do not include the ones subsequently recognized as 
undescribed, such for example as Cymus claviculus Fall., which 
turned out to be new and was_described by Horvath as discors; 
Emblethis arenarius, which comparison with European material 
showed to be different and which is now known as_ vicarius 
Horvath; Pentatoma juniperina, which is restricted to the other ' 
side of the Atlantic, ours being described as new under the name 
of persimilis Horvath. 2 

Returning to the larger aspect of the question, a consideration 
of the hemipterous forms common to the two continents discloses 
the fact that in preponderating numbers these are phytophagous and 
parasitic, the majority being Homoptera of families notoriously in- 
jurious to vegetation, namely, the Jassida and Aphidide. The 
total number of species of this order found on both sides of the 
Atlantic is in the neighborhood of 160 to 170, a very small 
number as compared with the Coleoptera. 

How are we to account for this dispersal? There are two 
chief means, the one natural, by migration of the living beings of 
their own impulse, and the other artificial, through the agency of 
man. A large proportion apparently belong in the first category. 
The small remainder, (including therein the classic examples of 
the unsavory bedbug and other obnoxious personal parasites). 
owe their distribution undoubtedly to the more or less involuntary 
agency of man. To-day the constant importation of nursery stock. 
is bringing with it a constant transfer to this continent of various 
plant pests. Fortunately, the strict surveillance on plants brought 
from abroad has thus far held in check the spread of these insects 
to any great extent. On the other hand, sometimes the good 
perish with the bad, and important predators are fumigated out 
of existence together with their prey. 

An examination of the forms which evidently owe their dis- 
tribution to natural agencies has shown that the great majority 
belong to Palearctic genera and are in the main Palearctic 
species of the most widespread character. Take for example 
Gerris rufoscutellatus Latreille, which is without doubt the Hemip- 
teron of widest actual distribution next to Nezara viridula. It 
is known across Northern Europe through Siberia, thence to 
British Columbia and Oregon, ranging East to the Northern 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Atlantic region. Here we have a form undeniably Palearctic in 
origin, which has migrated from its native source and travelled 
15,000 miles to found its colonies throughout the North Tem- 
perate Zone. Its route has certainly been via Bering Straits into 
Alaska and thence east and south. Its habitat and its predaceous 
nature have both contributed largely to its fitness for this long 
voyage. It is furnished with good wings, sucks any insect it can 
overcome and lives on the surface of the water. It has_ there- 
fore had an unimpeded and favourable route from the land of its 
nativity eastward until stopped at the impassable barrier of the 
Atlantic ocean. Thus also must have migrated the two Corixas, 
germari and preusta, out from the Palearctic region. 


This also is the route followed by many of the land bugs, 
but they indeed must have met the great obstacles, saving only 
the semi-aquatic strong-flying and predaceous Acanthiide, to 
whom the waters can have no terrors. A number of these 
terrestrial forms are cannibals and live on other insects, their only 
requirement being that their prey be not encased in impenetrable 
armor or too large to be overcome. Zicrona cerulea may serve 
as an example of these carnivores, and here we see how much 
slower has been its progress than that of the aquatic forms, and 
seemingly it has met with an unsurmountable boundary in the 
Rocky Mountains. The advent of the phytophagous forms is 
similarly explained for the majority of cases, in view of the 
adaptability of the Hemiptera to any vegetable food other than 
their native food plants, especially when pressed by hunger. The 
dispersal of one land group, however, is a subject for interesting 
speculation. I refer to the three species of Aradids common to 
the Eastern United States aud Western Europe. | Is this their 
native home? The genus Aradus is boreal in its origin. This 
much is reasonably certain. But are these three species them- 
selves of Palzarctic or Nearctic origin? And if of Palearctic 
origin, how did they get there? And if not, how did they cross 
Europe? 

Aradus crenatus was described by Say in 18382; subsequently 
Herrich-Schaefer described it and figured it in Wanzenartigen 
Insekten (IX., fig. 538, p. 90), under the misnomer corticalis; and 
in 1860 Leon Dufour described it as new, and called it dilatatus. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 111 














So far as I know,,.it is confined to the Atlantic States and Western 
Europe. Aradus cinnamomeus is in the same case; and Aradus 
lugubris of Fallen was independently recognized by Say also in 
1832, who called it rectus, and by Kirby in 1837. It appears to 
extend throughout the northern part of this continent, from east 
to west and through Siberia into Western Europe. Seemingly, 
then, Jugubris has come in by way of Bering Strait, and has 
travelled eastward. As to the other two, their dispersal might 
seem to indicate human agency. It is conceivable that they have 
travelled east into Europe, or west out of Europe concealed in 
crevices in logs and planks or under loose bark. The earlier dis- 
covery of crenatus in this country might appear to indicate its 
American origin, while the fact that cinnamomeus is first recog- 
nized in Europe might perhaps lead to the inference that that 
was its native soil, but possibly erroneously, since being a dweller 
in pine trees it may conceivably have been exported in such 
timber from this Continent. 


There is another small group with a most remarkable distri- 
bution. The type of these may be considered to be Nezara 
viridula, which occurs with us commonly .in Florida, and thence 
down into tropic America, across the ocean into Africa, throughout 
Europe and thence into Asia. Its home is said to be in Africa, 
* whence it has spread so widely. How? No explanation seems to 
have been offered of its wanderings, but certainly there is no ques- 
tion of the identity of the species, even though the examples come 
from many lands. In this class, also, belongs Corizus hyalinus, 
which has spread even unto the distant isles of the Pacific Ocean. 


It has not been the intention in these remarks to go deeply 
into the subject or to expound a theory, but simply to set forth a 
peculiar biological phenomenon and one well worthy of serious con- 
sideration and study. A few forms in a restricted group have been 
referred to, but all orders of insects present the same problem. 
Where the migration is over extensive land areas with a more or 
less homogeneous character of vegetation, or when one certain food- 
plant is widespread, the question presents no difficulties, but where 
large bodies of water intervene, it becomes more complex, and is 
a fit subject for scientific inquiry of a high order. 


Us THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








ON THE GENUS LAMENIA STAL. 
BY F. MUIR, H. S. P. A. STATION, HONOLULU. 


Stal founded the genus Lamenia in 1859 (Eugenies Resa Zoo., 
277, Pl. IV., £. 5), for caliginea from Tahiti, and the genus Herpis 
in 1861 (K. Vet. Ak. Hanal., III., No. 6, p. 8), for fuscovittata 
and four other species from Brazil; in 1866 in a footnote on 
page 193 of Hemiptera Africana he sank Herpis and Lamenia. 
Uhler in 1889 (Stand. Nat. Hist., II., 233), placed Peciloptera 
vulgaris Fitch into Lamenia and since then several North American 
‘species have been placed in this genus, all congeneric with vulgaris. 
Fowler’s Cedusa funesta is congeneric with vulgaris and (according 
to Melichar, 1905, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 285), Attalia= Herpis. 

Stal’s figure of caliginea is very clear, and shows the narrow, 
parallel-sided form of the tegmen with the subcosta and radia 
amalgamated to near their apices, and the subcostal cell small, a 
tegmen typical of Thyrocephalus Kirkaldy, whereas vulgaris and 
its allies have the tegmen much broader, the subcosta and radia 
separate from near the base and the subcostal cell large. For 
these reasons I do not consider it advisable to keep vulgaris and 
caliginea in the same genus. All the specimens I have seen from 
Central and South America are congeneric with vulgaris so that 
it appears best to place that species along with all its allies under 
Herpis and to have Lamenia with its type only, or to place all the 
eleven known species of Thyrocephalus under the latter genus. 

Cenchrea dorsalis app2ars to differ from Herpis in having no 
subantennal keel across the gena, the antennal chamber being 
entirely pronotal (Westwood’s figure of the tegmen also shows 
differences, which I do not like to emphasize until I can examine 
a specimen); from Syntames it differs by the absence of a central 
longitudinal keel on face, and from Basileocephalus and Phacio- 
cephalus by the presence of a transverse keel between vertex and face. 


OBITUARY. 
Mr. L. E. Ricksecker, well-known collector of California 
insects, died in San Diego in that State, January 30, 1913. He 
was especially devoted to the collection of Coleoptera, and dis- 
tributed amongst his correspondents in the east. many interesting 


specimens. 
April, 1913 


ACNE SPECIES (OF COREXIDS: 
BY J. F. ABBOTT, WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUIS. 


Palmacorixa bueno, new species. 

With the general facies of P. gzllettes Abbott, from which it 
differs in the coarser texture of the tegmina, the character of the 
lineations and in the pale of the male and the first femora of the 
female. The discovery of a second species of this genus neces- 
sitates a revision of the generic diagnosis given with the original 
description (Ent. News, XXIII, 337). The genus may be char- 
acterized as follows: Elongate, tegmina tapered posteriorly, with 
vermiculate markings. Male pale thin, plate-like, pegs variable. 
Large stridular area on femur. Metathoracic wings aborted in 
both sexes. Male asymmetry and strigil dextral ; fifth tergite 
entire, sixth divided. 

Description: Similar to P. gillettet in size and appearance, 
in the flattened short pronotum, and large head, with prominent 
posterior angles. Dark yellow to smoky brown, and much darker 
than gillettei. The tegminal lineations are complete, more or less 
inosculated and confused, but without a marked tendency to 
longitudinal seriation. Lineations of clavus complete—i.e., not 
effaced on the inner anterior area as in gillette. Head smoky 
brown; its length 134 in the width in the male, 214 in the female; 
interorbital width twice in the head length in the male, 114 in 
the female. Male fovea more prominent than in gillettet, reach- 
ing the middle of the eye and clothed with delicate depressed 
hairs. Pronotum flattened, margined, lenticular in outline, 
evenly rounded posteriorly, dull and minutely rastrate, with 7-8 
approximately parallel lineations, which are more or less broken. 
the lineations about as wide as the yellow interspaces. Posterior 
margin brown. Claval lineations delicate, vermiculate and inos- 
culate, covering the whole clavus, fused externally to form a more 
or less definite oblique line parallel to the corio-claval suture. 
Clavus rather infuscated and clouded across the middle third. 
Markings of corium similar to those of clavus, running without 
interruption over the membrane; inosculated, but scarcely inter- 
rupted, sometimes fused into one or two rather indefinite longi- 
tudinal lines, which do not extend beyond the embolium. Sur- 


face of clavus and corium rather dull and rough, the clavus usually 
April, 1913 


114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 

rastrate, the corium merely punctate. Margins of embolium and of 
clavus elevated. Lower surface and legs pale; posterior tibia 
fringed with brown hairs. Metaxyphus very short, acuminate. 
Strigil rounded, 5 striz, diameter 0.1 mm. 


Male pale cultrate, somewhat produced at the base, the 
length three times the greatest height. Pegs blunt, elongate, 
24-33 in number. The distal ones are somewhat longer and 
crowded, and may be displaced into two irregular rows; the main 
row begins midway the base and rises in a curve after the first 
half dozen pegs; then follows the upper margin, but at some dis- 
tance from it. A second row of peg-like spines along the lower 
margin, about 114 to 2 times the length of the pegs. Tibia sub- 
globular, about as high as the pala. Femur oblong, a little less 
than twice as long as wide, the stridular area covering the proximal 
half and consisting of short spines set in transverse rows. Female 
pale cultrate, not produced at base, slightly more than three times 
as long as wide, broadly joined to the tibia. Tibia rounded oblong, 
tapered proximally, twice as long as high. Femur oblong, 24% 
times as long as wide (the width at base in P. gillettei is two-thirds 
the length) with stridular (?) spines on the surface as in P. gillette7. 
Second leg: Femur 21% times the length of the tibia, the latter 
equal to the claws,* and 114 the length of the tarsus. Length, 
54%-6 mm.; width across pronotum, 14% mm. 


Types 2 o’ and 2 @ from White Plains, New York, collected 
in August and September by J. R. de la T. Bueno. Other speci- 
mens have been examined from Washington, D.C. (coll. W. L. 
McAtee) Oglethorp, Georgia (coll. T. C. Bradley) Hadley, Mass. 
(coll. C. A. Frost) and Valhalla, N.Y. (coll. Bueno). The species, 
therefore, appears to be distributed pretty widely up and down 
the Atlantic Coast of the United States. 

VariationSome twenty specimens have been examined in 
addition to the described types. These individuals show a wide 
range of variation, such that the extremes would seem to belong 
to different species were it not for the intergradation. The writer 
has been unable to find any constant character, however, which 
would serve as a basis for discrimination. The smallest (White 


*Through a lapsus calami these are called ‘spines’ in the description of 
P. Gillettet (\. c., p. 339). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 115 








Plains) measures but 414 mm., the largest (same locality) 6% mm. 
The tegminal surface may be smooth and polished, or dull and 
rastrate, the lineations varying from the regular complete lines 
of the type to interrupted and confused markings, resembling 
those of P. gillette:; the inner angle of the clavus, however, is never 
bare of lineations. Pronotal lines 6-9, either entire or much 
broken and confused. The index of pronotal width divided by 
pronotal length ranges from 2.22 to 2.60 in the 2, and 1.79 to 2.73 
in the &; that of the head width divided by the interorbital width 
ranges from 2.87 to 3.57 in the 2 and from 3.60 to 4.20 in the 0; 
that of the head width divided by the head length from 2.07 to 2.60 in 
the @ and from 1.68 to 2.33 in the o. Inthe male the palar pegs 
are sometimes crowded into two rows at both ends of the series. 
The absence of functional wings in both sexes in this genus cer- 
tainly interferes with the rapid dispersal or mixing of individuals 
from adjacent localities, and thus brings about a partial segrega- 
tion which would preserve and intensify aberrant variations. 


This possibly explains the very unusual range of variability above 
described. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING IN CALIFORNIA, 1915. 


The Entomological Society of America has received an in- 
vitation from the Panama-Pacific International Exposition to 
hold a meeting in some Californian locality in the summer of 1915. 
This gathering may be at either of the Universities or on the Ex- 
position Grounds. It has received the enthusiastic support of 
western entomologists. These latter have attended many eastern 
meetings, and this is an excellent chance for us to return the com- 
pliment. It may be possible for a number to go out with a party, 
stopping off at one or more interesting points en route. As chair- 
man of a special committee to consider this matter and report at 
the next meeting of the Association, the undersigned would wel- 
come suggestions in regard to this meeting, and also expressions 
relative to the support it would probably receive from eastern 
entomologists. 


E. P. FELT, State Museum, Albany, N.Y. 


116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


BUMBLE BEES AND WASPS WANTED. 


Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, Assistant Entomologist for Apiculture, 
Division of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, is 
making a special study of the Bumble Bees (genera Bombus and 
Psithyrus) and the Social Wasps (genera Vespa, Polistes and 
Polybia). He would be glad if anyone who finds a bumble bee’s 
nest would send him a few specimens of the bees, without destroy- 
ing the nest, so that he may determine the species. He would 
also like to receive specimens caught on flowers, especially in out- 
of-the-way districts. 


Bumble bees and wasps are best killed with cyanide of potas- 
sium. Crushed tissue paper should be placed in the killing bottle 
to absorb any moisture, which otherwise mat and spoil the coats 
of the specimens. Wasps should not be allowed to remain in — 
cyanide fumes for long, or their yellow markings will turn red. 
The specimens should be packed in soft tissue paper, or mounted 
on entomological pins and labelled with the date and locality of 
capture, and also the collector's name, and sent in a strong box, by 
mail, to the ‘‘Dominion Entomologist, Central Experimental 
Farm, Ottawa.’ Postage is free. 


Specimens should be in good condition, not faded or damaged 
by exposure, and should include the large queens that are to be 
found chiefly in May and June, as well as the smaller workers 
that occur in abundance in July and the males that are common 
in August and September. Any notes on their habits and about 
the flowers they frequent and pollinate would be valued. 


OBITUARY. 


WE regret to record the death of William Greenwood Wright 
at San Bernardino, California, at the age of 83. Mr. Wright 
travelled extensively on the North American continent, collecting 
chiefly Lepidoptera. He assisted W. H. Edwards in the prepara- 
tion of his “‘Butterflies of North America’, but his most import- 
ant work was ‘The Butterflies of the West Coast’? published in 
1905. He contributed to this Journal. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 117 


a ee 


THE DISASTROUS OCCURRENCE OF VANESSA CALI- 
FORNICA IN CALIFORNIA AND OREGON DUR- 3 
ING THE YEARS 1911-1912. 


BY F. M. WEBSTER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C. 





The interesting note of Mr. J. B. Wallis on the occurrence of 
this species at Peachland, British Columbia, in 1912, as given in 
the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist’’ for December, 1912, comes in very 
appropriately with the notes and observations made by corre- 
spondents of this Bureau, at Lakeview and Waldo, Oregon, and 
Willow Ranch, California. As the Bureau of Entomology is not 
likély to publish on this species in the near future, the information 
here given may be useful in case there should be a re-occurrence 
of these caterpillars during the summer of the present year. 


Our first report of injuries by these caterpillars came from 
Mr. T. V. Hall, of Lakeview, Oregon, under date of July 27, 1911. 
Mr. Hall states that there had suddenly appeared in his neighbor- 
hood a worm which had taken almost the entire alfalfa crop. 
‘“‘Also has entirely destroyed the prospects for seed, which usually 
brings in to the farmers of this neighbourhood about $40,000 an- 
nually. The worm is from one-half to one inch in length and 
slender; perhaps 1-8 to 1-12 in thickness, brownish color and sleek 
appearing surface. It destroys the small tender alfalfa entire. 
The more mature growth it takes all but the fibre. This worm 
travels in vast armies. It almost seems as though the ground were 
in motion when they are in motion. The oldest settlers here state 
that nothing of the kind has ever appeared here before. This 
history reaches back at least forty years. We would like well to 
learn of some method for their destruction, or some way of pre- 
venting a repetition of the past, for they have caused a total loss 
to the year’s crop.”’ 


The next report came from the same locality, under date of 
August 25, 1911, from Mr. A. J. Swift, who sent two specimens of 
these butterflies, which, he says, had been produced in his locality 
in enormous numbers during that month. Mr. Swift’s further 
statements relative to this occurrence are given in his own words. 
“So far as known, this butterfly has never occurred here before, 


or at least in such small numbers as to have escaped comment. 
April, 1913 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





This year, during July, various sections of the country have been 
“covered with a worm of various sizes, but sometimes as large as 
11% inches long and near a 44-inch in diameter. As I remember 
it now, it had two pairs of legs forward and three pairs aft, and 
varied in color with its food supply, some specimens being a bright 
green and grading from that to nearly black. The worm did im- 
mense damage to growing alfalfa and grasses, but so far as I am 
advised, did not trouble the trees. After the passing of the worm, 
this butterfly developed, which in its original swarming filled the 
air with myriads of them, and at this place the entire swarm was 
headed in one general direction, west, in very rapid flight.”’ 
Our next report for 1911, by a coincidence, was of the same 
date—August 25—from Mr. J. J. Monroe, of Willow Ranch, 
California, whose letter appears to be of sufficient interest to give 
in full. 


“About June 1, of the present year, an old gardener told me 
that he noticed many of the specimens of butterfly I send you 
flitting about his garden and alfalfa fields. About six weeks later 
many of the destructive larve were noticed in the alfalfa fields 
and in gardens. Thousands of the larve left the hay (alfalfa) 
that I hauled into my barn and attacked one of my gardens which 
was nearby—i.e., 30 or 40 feet from the barn. They ate any kind 
of green vegetation—potato tops, peach tree leaves, garden weeds 
of any and all kinds, gooseberry leaves; in fact, apparently any 
and all kinds of green vegetation except death-weed. The larve 
have very much the appearance of the ordinary cutworm in the 
earlier stages of its growth, but it grows to be larger and much 
longer than the ordinary cutworm, and in the latter stages of the 
larval growth is of a light green color. Many of the larve attain 
a length of at least two inches, and some a length of probably as 
much as two and one-half inches. These larve while in my garden 
worked at night—1i.e., during the darkness. Looking in the day- 
time, it was remarkable to find in sight even one larva, but they 
could be found in abundance in the ground about one inch from 
the surface. The domestic hen and the ordinary blackbird are 
very fond of both the larve and of the butterfly. The larve 
have destroyed quite an amount of alfalfa that was to be cut for 

- seed, and also some alfalfa that would have been a second cutting 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 119 





for hay. A U.S. forest ranger told me this morning that the first 
damage he noticed from the larve in the forest was the leaves that 
were eaten from the Snow Brush, in many places the leaves being 
entirely stripped, eaten off,—i.e. consumed. Yesterday I saw 
many of these butterflies flitting among the branches and above 
the tops of the tall pine trees. Sunday, the 20th, I saw millions 
of these butterflies coming from the direction of the timber and 
flying on in the direction of Goose Lake. In other words, they 
were flying just about due west, and at the time there was quite 
a stiff, constant north wind blowing. These butterflies seem 
to congregate and alight on the willows, green-growing alfalfa, 
and in wet, muddy places. At other times—at least, during the 
day time—they are mostly on the wing. Now, the larve haven’t 
done any remarkably great amount of damage yet, but there are 
butterflies in sufficient numbers now to produce a crop of larve 
next year to entirely destroy all the vegetation that would be 
produced here next year—i.e., if they are of the kind that comes 
every year.” 


Under date of June 12, 1912, Mr. Louis R. Webb, of Waldo, 
Oregon, wrote us of the appearance there of these caterpillars 
as follows: ‘“‘There has appeared in this section of Josephine 
County a sort of army worm that resembles somewhat the cater- 
pillar, and different from anything I ever saw. It has attacked 
the grease wood and mountain lilac mostly, and there are many 
acres in this locality and South River County, Del Norte County, 
Cal., that have been completely stripped of their foliage, and it has 
begun to attack fruit trees. It builds no web like the army worm 
of previous years, and its colour is black, with light streaks along 
its back. The worm at present is about an inch long and about 
one-eighth of an inch in diameter. So far, I have failed to find 
the moth that deposits the eggs.” 

“Also, under date of July 4, same year, specimens of the larve 
were submitted, and we quote from this letter as follows: ‘I 
wish I could send you photos of vegetation destroyed by these 
caterpillars. When they had eaten all the foliage off grease wood 
and mountain lilac, they started a sort of exodus and took posses- 
sion of everything—even our homes could not exclude them. 
The streams and river were black with them, and tons of them’ 


120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





went down the Illinois River, tons of them starved to death, and 
the brush and trees are covered now with their pupas like the 
enclosed. They seemed to care for nothing to speak of but grease- 
wood and lilac, but did eat some on willows, ferns, currant bushes, 
and very few young apples were gnawed by them like the sample 
enclosed. I think the enclosed samples will tell you a true story 
of what they did.” 

He also wrote us farther, under date of July 23—this time 
including pupe of the insect and also specimens of some parasites. 
The butterfly accompanying this letter was determined by Dr. 
Dyar as belonging to the species under consideration. The 
hymenopterous parasites accompanying this letter were determined 
by Mr. Viereck as Theronia americana; while the supposed dip- 
terous parasite was determined by Mr. Walton as Helicobia helicis. 
This latter was more likely to have been a scavenger than a para- 
site, although both species were reared from material submitted. 
In this letter Mr. Webb states that the butterflies seem to migrate 
after they emerged, and that fully half of the chrysalids were de- 
stroyed by parasites. 


NEW LIFE-HISTORIES IN PAPAIPEMA SM. (LEPID.) 
BY HENRY BIRD,-RYE, N. Y. 
(Continued from Vol. XLIII., p. 47.) 


Papaipema moesert Bird 

The larval history accords with the usual routine experienced 
in Papaipema. As it is such a distinct species and so well dis- 
tributed and accessible when the facts are known, it may be ex- 
cusable to give some details of its discovery. The root-boring 
habit of the larva, its superficial resemblance to P. impecuniosa 
Grt., and the fact of its often occurring in the same locality, though 
in a different food plant, served, through a peculiar chain of circum- 
stances, to retard its apprehension for several years at least. 

The first intimation of the species came from Mr. A. F. Winn, 
of Montreal, whose query as to what Papaipema was boring Chelone 
glabra, Turtle-head, had to go unanswered. None of the few plants 
occurring about Rye gave evidence of being bored, and Mr. Winn 


was advised to look into the question another year, for we were 
April, 1913 ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 121 





glad to delegate the matter to such able hands. In due course, 
the next season, he reported finding a freshly emerged moth of 
P. impecuniosa crawling up the stem of a Chelone plant when he 
was examining it to find the pupa of its borer, and naturally con- 
cluded he had found a new food plant for the Grote species. 


The following year the writer was at Montreal in mid-July, 
and happened upon a large colony of Turtle-head borers, working, 
as it chanced, in a damp area where Aster puniceus was flourishing 
plentifully. The Aster was being bored by numerous impecuniosa 
larve, whose identity was beyond question, and a careful compari- 
son of them with the larve from the Turtle-head failed to note 
the slightest difference It was conceded Mr. Winn was doubtless 
correct in his surmise—a mere case of substitution of food- 
plants was occurring. Larve were then in the fourth stage, and, 
knowing the trouble it would be to carry them through, the Mont- 
real colony were in no way depleted by accessions in my behalf. 

About this time the Papaipema investigations of Mr. F. E. 
Moeser, at Buffalo, prompted a recurrence of the question, what 
species bores Turtle-head ? And the writer replied with consider- 
able assurance that it was without doubt zmpecuniosa. But when 
later in the season Mr. Moeser went to get the pupae from the bor- 
ings, as can be readily done with the normal workings of the 
species in Aster, he found they had pupated elsewhere. Even 
then we were not convinced, for it was recalled when working in ~ 
Helenium, impecuniosa usually forsakes its gallery to change. 
The next year Mr. Moeser decides to settle the matter to his own 
satisfaction, and scores the breeding of a new species. My own 
dull eyes had by this time seen a mature larva and had awakened 
to a relization it could not be the Grote species. 

The stations for moeseri, doubtless, long endure. Turtle- 
head is a tenacious perennial in those wet locations that are con- 
genial, and indications point to the well-established colonies ex- 
isting many years at a given spot. Such a one on Staten Island, 
N.Y., is called to our attention. Here, almost in sight of the 
former home of the late A. R. Grote, a woodland rill meanders 
through the undergrowth, edged with a fringe of Chelone that 
takes root in its very bed. This station for the plant has long been 
a botanical record for Mr. W. T. Davis, and under his guidance 


122 2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 

in July, 1911, the place is visited to see if moeseri can be found 
there. Numerous larve are located, and in 1912 the colony is 
found to be still flourishing. There is considerable difference 
apparently in the time at which the hibernated ova hatch, due 
to the very moist conditions they endure. While the egg may 
withstand inundation very well, the young larve cannot, and, 
as with marginidens working in Cicuta and Sium, both water- 
loving plants, many tardy larve occur. Though neither the ova 
nor the first stages were observed, the first week of June can be 
figured as their date of general emergence. The stems are entered 
several inches above ground, and a more or less extended tunnel 
drilled upward. As they become larger, the boring of necessity 
becomes small for them, and they turn downward in the under- 
ground portion of the stem or root. The stems are often weakened 
so as to fall, and there are several openings made whereby the 
frass is thrown out. These castings form in little whitish mounds 
and become a conspicuous clue to the hidden host. Thus far, 
parasitism seems abnormally low, but one Hemiteles attack having 
been noticed. 


As moeseri is so clearly a denizen of the wild woodland or 
swamp, it seems a coincidence to have been first met within the 
confines or immediate vicinity of such large cities as Montreal, 
Buffalo or New York. In southern West Chester Co., N.Y.., 
and on the opposite shore of Long Island no infestations have 
been found, though it is true no stations of the plant were met 
that could be expected to support flourishing colonies. The fol- 
lowing larval stages were observed: 

Stage IV.—Head normal for group, polished, pale brown, 
marked with a black line at the ocelli, which extends posteriorly 
oblique across the epicranium, labrum and mouth parts black, 
seta at tubercle VIII seems longest. Body cylindrical, thoracic 
joints have the skin puckered, colour is a livid cast of umber brown, 
which shows on joints four to seven inclusive as a dark band or 
girdle, the remaining joints relieved by the white longitudinal 
lines; the dorsal line is unbroken, but its continuation across four 
to seven is by the merest thread; subdorsal line wider, but breaks 
abruptly at joints four to seven; subspiracular shows on thoracic 
joints, on eight to twelve is fused with the white of the ventral 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST bs 








area. Tubercles well shown, brownish black; on joint one the 
cephalic plate forms a complete covering dorsally, being wider 
than the head, of similar texture, and edged at the side with black; 
on joint two an elongate plate occurs anterior to Ia and Ib, the 
fusion of Xa and Xb apparently, and is about twice the length 
of a spiracle; Ia, Ib and Ila show as mere dots; IIb, III and IV 
are much larger, being greater than a spiracle; VII of similar size; 
on joint three tubercles similar, except the elongate plate is absent; 
on the abdominal joints IV slightly exceeds the spiracle, and on 
ten is low down; on joint eleven III and IIIa are well separated, 
and I and II assume their usual large proportions; anal plates 
well developed; spiracles black. 


Stage V.—Similar; on joint ten there is indication of tubercle 
[Va, but it is not stable for this nor succeeding stages. 


Stage VI.—Body colour much lighter; otherwise no change. 


Stage VII.—Head has lost oblique lateral marking, body colour 
fades to whitish translucence at maturity; the fused tubercle Xa 
and Xb is less prominent; otherwise similar. Larva measures 
21, 27, 35, 40 mm. for the stages respectively. 


Maturity is reached August 8th to 15th, and the gallery is 
left for pupation. The pupa is shorter and chunkier than usual, 
of chestnut brown colour and shows no unusual developments; 
the. cremaster is two sharp, curved hooks; length, 15 to 16 mm. 


The emergence dates for thirty specimens include August 
26th to September 19th. 


Moesert larve in early stages are almost identical with impe- 
cuniosa, in the last two stages its larger size and middle girth, 
together with a slight difference of tubercle delineation, readily 
separate them. 


Papaipema stenocelis Dyar. 

This species, represented by a unique type from Baltimore, 
Md., was described in 1907. A second specimen was taken at 
light at Lakehurst, N.J., by Mr. O. Buchholz, in September, 1910. 
A relationship is apparent to P. inquaesita G & R., and more closely 
still to speciosissima G & R. 


124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


It seemed clear that so distinctive a species must have remote 
haunts and be restricted to a more southern range, else collectors 
would have cognizance of it long ago. Believing this second 
capture had bred at Lakehurst, since the habits of this group 
controvert an assumption of migration, to which the appearance 
of many late-flying, southern Noctuids is often assigned, led the 
writer to make an extended search for its larva in the pine barren 
flora of Lakehurst, in 1911. 


The results were negative, and subsequent studies of lists 
of more southern flora, gave little intimation what particular plant 
was likely to shelter the stenocelis larval tunnel in its stem or root. 

The larger perennials, with which we are wont to associate 
these borers, are strikingly absent from pine barrens, and we finally 
conceived the notion it must bore some fern. 


On July 28, 1912, we again invaded the Lakehurst region, 
with the idea of investigating the unfamiliar ferns, and in a half 
hour’s time had discovered the desideratum. Some _ orange- 
coloured frass, similar, yet a little different from that thrown out 
by inquaesita when in the root of Onoclea, was noticed about the 
stipes of Woodwardia virginica, and gave intimation that this was 
the species of which we were in search. Upon uncovering the 
larva, which was working in the long running rootstock, we be- 
came more certain of the determination, as it transpires the tu- 
bercles on joint eleven accords with the unique departure shown 
in inquaesita, except that it is more pronounced. Confirmation 
of the matter occurs on September 13, following, when the first 
beautiful male moth appears. 


The life cycle clearly follows the usual course, the hibernated 
ova. placed in September hatch forth about the first week of June. 
The normal larval period will likely cover sixty to sixty-five days, 
and the pupal condition lasts about thirty days. 


The newly emerged larva enters the stipe near the base and 
works down to the running rootstock, where it finds an ample 
Opportunity to mine an extended burrow. Communication with 
the original entrance is discontinued after a while, and more con- 
venient openings for disposing the frass are made as the tunnel 
progresses. An Hemiteles parasite, which hibernated in its 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 125 


cocoon, had claimed 85% of the larve encountered. Larve were 


observed in the following stages. 


Stage V.—The general features as given for the preceding 
species apply. “The colour is a warm shade of brown, the longi- 
tudinal lines are narrow and not so contrastingly white, the dorsal 
alone continuous. On joint eleven tubercles III and IIla are 
fused into a plate about three times the size of the spiracle, IIla 
occurs distinctly on the preceding abdominal joints; on joint 


twelve the plates are stronger than with the compared form. 


Stage VI.—Little change, colour paler and more of a sienna 
tint, tubercles appear with better prominence. 


Stage VII.—General characteristics normal; colour a. pale, 
dull, pinkish hue, fading to translucence at the sutures; lines in- 
distinct; the blackish tubercles stand out in greater prominence, 
of the lateral ones, III on joint two, and the fused III and IIla 
on joint eleven are most conspicuous, the latter constituting the 
chief specific character. This plate is four or five times the size 
of the spiracle. Sete are so weak as to be unnoticeable without 
alens. The first pair of prolegs on joint six are aborted in early 
stages, and never develop so fully as the succeeding three pairs; 
crochets here number twelve, while for joint nine the number is 
eighteen. Larval length, 30, 38, 46 mm., for the stages respec- 
tively. 


A feature of individuality with stenocelis is the prominence 
of tubercle ITI on joint eleven, which has evidently taken in IIIa, 
While these plates often coalesce in other species of the genus, 
there is not the comparative enlargement as in this case. Cerus- 
sata and cataphracta are examples of large tubercle development, 
III and IIIa fuse, in this instance, into a large plate with them. 
But it does not reach the proportions attained in stenocelis. With 
inquaesita this plate is of unusual size, since the remaining tuber- 
cles are so very weak. Tubercle IIIa on the abdominal joints of 
Noctuid larve seems always obscure and generally wanting, es- 
pecially is this so on joint eleven. With such a well tubercled 
larva as that of Achatodes zeae, [Ila seems normally wanting on 


126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





joint eleven, though it occurs conspicuously on the preceding 
joints. One specimen was observed that had it on joint eleven, 
but it occurred on one side only. 


When ready to pupate, the larva leaves the burrow and 
changes in the ground. The pupa is of normal appearance, and 
the period is of usual duration—about a month. 


Stenocelis was placed in Hydroecia by Dr. Dyar, his type being 
imperfect in the characteristic tufting that is a feature in differ- 
entiating these moths. It is a conventional Papaipema, however, 
and was*so referred by Hampson, perfect material having the 
typical tufting present, while the genitalia conform to the unusual 
pattern of this group. What is really a better characteristic exists 
in the larval appearance which accords with the unique pattern 
disclosed in Papaipema—at least, as occurs with thirty of the 
species whose larvae are known. One very notable departure 
happens with frigida, whose larva approximates Hvydroecia char- 
acteristics, and is evidently a relic of the stem species, whence both 
these groups sprung. 


The genitalia have not been discussed. These male characters 
show little to distinguish them from the general type. The broad, 
heavy side-piece, or clasp is tipped with an irregularly formed 
cucullus, shaped somewhat like a foot with an over-developed 
heel, and having the toe, which is the anal angle of the corona, 
pointing ventrally. This area is set with spine-like setae that point 
anteriorly. The harpe is a stout, sharp-pointed hook, curved 
like a cow's horn. It is shorter than with most species, and is 
toothed slightly on the outer edge. These teeth, too, are of less 
prominence. The clavus is marked only by a slight prominence, 
which is covered with fine setae. The uncus is the usual finger-like 
appendage, widened a little near the point. 


From our studies of southern flora, now that the food-plant 
is known, we might predict stenocelis may find its principal metro- 
polis in the Dismal Swamp region of Virginia, where Woodwardia 
reaches a prolific development. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 127 





BOOK NOTICES 





A CONTRIBUTION TO THE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF INSECT 
GALLs. By A. Cosens. (Reprinted from the Transactions of 
the Canadian Institute, Vol. [X., pp. 297-387, 13 pls., 1912.) 


That aspect of cecidology which treats of the causes that are 
operative in the formation of insect galls and the manner in which 
the plant tissues react to the stimulus is one that has been much 
neglected, particularly by American students of the subject. Mr. 
Cosens’ work throws considerable light on these interesting prob- 
lems and is one of the most important contributions to our 
knowledge of the morphology of galls that has ever been published. 


The greater part of the work is devoted to descriptions of the 
anatomy of sixty-eight kinds of American insect and phytoptid 
galls. The descriptions are arranged in the order in which the 
producers are classified, most of the gall-producing families, ex- 
cept those of the Coleoptera, being represented. 


Although dealing mainly with matters that are chiefly of 
interest to the botanist, the author has also cleared up some im- 
portant difficulties concerning the feeding habits of various gall- 
producing insects. Cynipid larve were found to secrete an enzyme 
which converts the starch in the nutritive layer of cells surround- 
ing the larval chamber into sugar, which is taken up by the larva 
through the mouth. The cells of the larval chamber thus remain 
unbroken, and their inner surfaces present a marked contrast to 
the ragged cell-layer lining the cavities inhabited by inquiline 
larve. This view is confirmed by the discovery that though, 
contrary to current views, the intestinal tract in Cynipid larve 
is complete, an anus being present, no frass is expelled, as would 
be the case were the entire cells devoured, as they are in sawfly 
galls. 

It is suggested that this ferment ‘may indirectly stimulate cell 
proliferation by storing the nutritive zone with an unusually large 
quantity of available nourishment, which can diffuse to all parts 
of the gall.” 


Adler’s discovery that the gall of Nematus vallisnierii is partly 
formed while the larva is still within the egg, was confirmed in 


128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


the case of several species of Pontania. It is suggested that the 
curious power of the excrement of such sawfly larve to induce 
cell proliferation is possibly due to their having swallowed tissues 
still containing these enzymes, which have retained their stimulat- 
ing power, even after having passed through the intestinal tract 
of the larva. 

The work, which should be in the hands of every student of 
insect galls, is beautifully illustrated by thirteen heliotype plates. 
from photomicrographs of sections of the various galls described 
in the text. There are also a few good text figures. 





CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE LEPIDOPTERA 
OF NorTH AMERICA. Parts IV., V. and VI. By Dr. Wm. 
Barnes and Dr. J. H. McDunnough. 


Three more parts of this valuable publication, by Dr. Barnes 
and Dr. McDunnough, have appeared, bearing dates of July, 1912. 
Part IV. is entitled, ‘‘Illustrations of Rare and Typical Lepidop- 
tera,’’ and contains 27 plates, reproduced by half-tone process from 
photographs, which present in all 506 figures. Most of these are 
of moths which have not previously been figured, and a large per- 
centage are the actual types, so the usefulness of the work to stu- 
dents will be realized. The text, 54 pages, and index is mostly 
an explanation of the figures, with locality of the specimens shown, 
but in some cases additional notes are given. 

Part V.—"'Fifty New Species: Notes on the Genus Alpheias”’ 
—contains 44 pages of text, three half-tone plates showing 62 
figures of types and cotypes of the species described, one plate of 
genitalia and one of venation. The new species are from Arizona, 
California, New Mexico, Texas and Utah. 

Part VI. is of 13 pages ‘‘On the Generic Types of N.A. Diurnal 
Lepidoptera,’ and deals with one of the many phases of the vexa- 
tious muddles which entomological nomenclature, at present, is in, 
but it seems probable that the International Congress of Ento- 
mology will be able before long to overcome many of the diffi- 
culties that make it so easy to keep generic and specific names in 
a constant state of chaos. A. F. WINN. 


Mailed April 16th, 1913. 


Che € Ganadiay Watomologist 








VoL. XLV. LONDON, MAY, 1913 No. 5 








FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 
(Continued from page 98.) 


369. Pyrrhia exprimens Walk.—I have compared this form with 
Walker’s type from Orillia, Ontario, and consider it correctly 
named. Angulata Grote, from Buffalo, N.Y., is the same species. 
It is the one with almost blackish central shade and t.p. line, and 
blackish bordered secondaries. It stands wrongly in Dyar’s 
Catalogue as a variety of wmbra Hufn., a European species which 
should be struck out from our lists altogether, and place given to 
cilisca Guen. I have not, as a matter of fact, seen the type of 
cilisca, but Sir George Hampson has, and gives the locality as 
“Brazil” in the Catalogue. It isin Mons. Oberthiir’s collection at 
Rennes. In the British Museum is a Kansas specimen from the 
Snow collection, marked ‘‘cilisca Guen,’’ which I must assume 
has been compared with this type. This is the species figured 
by Holland as wmbra Hufn., and is the wmbra in error of all North 
American authors. 

In cilisca the primaries have a crimson irroration which seems 
to be lacking in exprimens. The cross lines are finer and not 
blackish, and the central shade is less acutely angled in the cell. 
The secondaries are crimson-bordered, and not blackish. All my 
specimens of cilisca are from the Eastern States, and I have both 
this and exprimens from Milwaukee Co., Wisconsin. Both seem 
to occur all across the continent in the south, but I have not yet 
seen cilisca from Western Canada. . 

The European wmbra combines some of the characters of the 
two, but I carefully examined the British Museum material, and 
all the British literature and figures in my possession, and it seems 
to me to be easily separable from both. Jt has the dark-bordered 
secondaries more like exprimens than cilisca, but the transverse 
lines are like those of the latter, though it usually lacks the pink 
irroration. I happen to have but a single example of wmbra in 


130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








my own European collection, so I am unable to make further 
comparisons at present. Sir George Hampson unites them all 
as one species, under umbra, citing: 
Ab. 1. exprimens.—Fore wing with the postmedial and 
terminal areas suffused with brown.—Canada and U.S.A. 
Ab. 2. cilisca.—Hind wing paler yellow, the postmedial 
band pale crimson.—U.S.A. and Brazil. 

373. Cosmia decolor Walk. (not discolor)—The type is a 
rather dark, smoky-suffused orange male from Orillia, Ontario, 
and is probably the one figured by Hampson, but the black streak 
shown near the inner margin is presumably an artist’s error. Dis- 
color of our lists was merely a mis-spelling, and the name un- 
fortunately should stand as a synonym. 

374. C. infumata Grt.=punctirena Smith.—Grote’s type, a 
female from Malawqua Co. (?Chautauqua), New York, is a 
very dark fuscous-brown specimen. Of punctirena I have seen 
two types, male and female, from Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, 
in the Washington Museum. There is no type there from Cart- 
wright as I previously stated. The types are a trifle reddish, 
even, and have the t.a. line angled rather than curved, but are 
certainly the same as infumata, and my tentative synonymy of 
this and decolor has proved correct. Sir George Hampson cor- 
rectly keeps European paleacea distinct, but fails to recognize two 
North American species. I do not blame him. I have no modi- 
fication to make of my former notes, and nothing to add, but I 
must admit that I should probably never have suspected, or, at 
any rate, been able to separate the two species if I had not had the 
opportunity of studying them in nature. As it is, I cannot always 
place specimens with certainty. 

Hampson places them in the genus Hahei Hubn., and, as is 
his rule, changes the gender of the specific name to concord with 
that of the genus, thus making the name decolora Walk. He makes 
infumata ab.1. ‘“‘Head, thorax and fore wing thickly irrorated with 
fuscous.”” ‘“‘Ab. 2. Fore wing yellowish white, with slight dark 
irroration.”’ This isa male from Lower Klamath River, California, 
and is a very pale whitish decolor. I have seen other similar speci- 
mens, and Dr. Barnes has such a female from Victoria, B. Cy 
bearing a manuscript name. “‘Ab. 38. Fore wing pale yellow, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 131 





irrorated with red, the markings reddish.’’ This specimen, from 
New York, is decolor also, and I have similar ones in my collection. 


375. Orthosia verberata Smith——TI am perfectly satisfied as 
to’ the distinctness of this species from ferrugineoides. To my 
former notes I would add that this species generally has a more 
or less distinct claviform, which ferrugineoides lacks. I have 
both species from both Cartwright and Miniota, Manitoba.  Ver- 
berata occurs at Kaslo, and on Vancouver Island, but I have not 
vet seen ferrugineoides fom west of the Rockies in Canada, though 
Hampson lists a specimen from Glenwood Springs, Colo. Euro- 
pean circellaris Hufn., (ferruginea Schiff.) falls, as Hampson cor- 
rectly places it, between the two. I have eleven British speci- 
mens, and have examined more at the British Museum. With 
a few of the specimens alone I should never have thought of separat- 
ing it from ferrugineoides, and the secondaries in all are more 
evenly dark, with slightly darker veins and pale costal region, 
thus resembling verberata. There are vague traces of a claviform 
in a few specimens. In most the general coloration is nearest 
that of verberata—viz., interspersed with. varying shades of brown 
and rufous. The transverse lines are more distinct than is gener- 
ally the case in ferrugineoides, but less so than in verberata. Hamp- 
son finds that verberata has the frons black at sides, and separates 
it from the other two in the tables by this character. Brown, per- 
haps, describes it better, but the character is by no means an ob- 
vious one, some of my verberata having frons scarcely brown at 
sides at all, whereas some circellaris distinctly have. 

It is interesting to note that in the present paper there are 
presented three instances in which a European species has two 
apparently distinct North American representatives. 


EUROPEAN N. AMERICAN 
PE ARAIT, 2 BUA le i a a ferrugineoides Guen. 
and verberata Smith. 
COSMIC ET | Ee RO a a decolor Walk. 
and infumata Grt. 
PSOE 1S He Nn ie a ee Ae cilisca Guen. 


and exprimens Walk. 
In two of these cases, however, I appear at present to be 
unsupported by other opinions. 


152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








376. O. euroa G. and R.—Grote changed the name to puta, 
to which Sir George Hampson gives preference. The two names 
therefore apply to the same type, but I have not discovered where 
that type is to be found. Presumably it ought to be in the collec- 
tion of the American Entomological Society at Philadelphia. 
Smith described dusca in Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., xviii., 117, Jan. 
1908, from Cartwright, Miniota and Winnipeg, Man., and Kaslo, 
B.C. I have seen a male and female type from Brandon and 
Miniota, and the type labels bear this name. But in an earlier 
paper (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxxiii., pp. 350, 360), he makes refer- 
ence to the form as duscata. Compared with euroa, it was stated 
to be “smaller, darker, with more diffuse maculation, and with 
shorter, broader primaries.’’ Genitalic differences were referred 
to in the ‘“‘Transactions.’’ Calgary specimens do not differ from 
those from Manitoba, and Smith would obviously have called 
them. dusca. As a whole, the species is perhaps usually smaller 
and darker in the west, but not constantly so, and I can see no 
reason whatsoever for treating the western form as distinct, and 
must refer dusca to the synonymy. Dr. Barnes told me some time 
ago that he was of the same opinion. 


or 


377. Agroperina lineosa Smith. (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xviii, 
145, Sept. 1910).—Described from thirty specimens from Calgary 
and several Manitoba points. Pendina Smith, described as a 
species from the same localities in the same paper, is unquestion- 
ably a variety of the same thing, and is almost that form I referred to 
as ‘‘dark crimson.’ I have such an extreme form, but ‘“‘deep luteous 
red-brown,’’ as Smith describes it, is a more common variation 
and this is the “‘morna, ab. 2, deep rufous,’ of Hampson’s Catalogue, 
vii., 405, his “ab. 1’”’ being a pale rufous form, intermediate be- 
tween the more common luteous lineosa and var. pendina. The 
actual specimen figured by Hampson as morna, from Yellowstone 
Park, Wyoming, is of the pale uniform, slightly marked form de- 
scribed by Smith in the same paper, also as a species, as indela, 
from various localities in Wyoming, Idaho, Colorado, Montana 
and Washington. The morna of Strecker, as I have pointed out 
under my No. 155 (xliii, 230, July, 1911), is not allied to this group 
at all. By Smith’s own admission, zmdela and lineosa were very 
difficult to separate, and from the material I studied in his collec- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vea 





tion and elsewhere, it never occurred to me that two species existed 
at all. But as I happen to possess no specimens from any 
of the localities given for indela, I must give the form the benefit 
of the doubt, whilst expressing the belief that all the above names, 
with the exception, of course, of morna Streck., are probably only 
forms of conradi, which both Hampson and Smith claim to have 
from Calgary, and Smith also from Winnipeg. The type of conrad 
is a female in the British Museum, from Colorado, and is, as Grote 
describes it, ‘“‘faded ocher brown, . . . the darker specimens 
having base and subterminal space a little paler, . . . s.t. 
line preceded by a diffuse darker shade.’’ Citima Grote, type a 
female from Arizona, in the Neumcegen collection at Brooklyn, 
is like it, but darker and more strongly marked. It is correctly 
referred as a synonym by Hampson, and Smith accepted the refer- 
ence. Hampson separated conradi from his ‘‘morna’”’ in the tables 
by the pale s.t. area. Smith adds, ‘‘a rough powdery appearance.”’ 
Both these characters hold in my only southern specimen, from 
Las Vegas Range, New Mexico, which I labelled as conradi after 
comparison in the British Museum. Some of the more strongly, 
marked and contrasting Calgary specimens have been cited as 
conradt by both Sir George Hampson and Smith. I have no fault 
to find with that, except to say that none that I have yet seen 
from here are quite like the types of either conradi or citima. But 
I have entirely failed, after repeated attempts extending over 
twenty years, to recognize two species amongst my local material, 
either on treacled posts, flying round a lamp, feeding on flowers, 
or in the collection. Smith claimed genitalic differences for most 
of the above named forms, though admitting that they were so 
slight as to be scarcely noticeable. 


Belangeri Morr., found locally in the Province of Quebec, is 
most suspiciously like a rather suffused fuscous race of conradt. 
I am indebted to Mr. Winn for a nice series, and am able to match 
more than one of the specimens almost exactly with some of my 
local lineosa. The type is probably in the Tepper collection, but 
I do not know its origin. Sir George Hampson makes it a synonym 
of inficita Walk., apparently correctly, though that is an unusually 
even red specimen. It is the specimen figured fairly well, but is 
a male, not a female. It was described from an unknown locality. 


134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








Agroperina is a new generic name used by Sir George Hamp- 
son for the foregoing group, and a few other species hitherto stand- 
ing with Orthosia. 

(To be continued.) 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.—FIFTIETH 
ANNIVERSARY 

AT THE regular meeting of the Society, held on Friday, March 
14th, it was decided to hold the Annual Meeting of the Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario and the celebration of the 50th 
anniversary of its formation at the Ontario Agricultural College, 
Guelph, on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, August 27th, 28th 
and 29th. A committee to make all necessary arrangements was 
appointed, consisting of the following: Professors Bethune, Howitt 
and Jarvis, and Messrs. Caesar, Baker and Spencer, of Guelph; 
Dr. E. M. Walker and Mr. A. Cosens, of Toronto; Dr. C. Gordon 
Hewitt and Mr. Arthur Gibson, of Ottawa, and Messrs. H. H. 
Lyman and A. F. Winn, of Montreal, with power to add to their 
number. 

As the time of the meeting will be during the first week of 
the Toronto Exhibition, reduced railway rates will be available as 
far as that city. The committee will welcome suggestions from 
any of the members of the Society regarding the best methods of 
carrying out this celebration. 

At a previous meeting a resolution was adopted expressing 
sympathy with the Royal Geographical Society of London, Eng- 
land, in the loss sustained by them and by the scientific world in 
general through the death from cold and exhaustion of Captain 
Scott and his brave companions. 





The habitat of Rhogas indicus Cam.—In Wien.Ent. Zeit., 1910, 
p. 8, Cameron has described a new species under the above name, 
giving as habitat ‘Sitka on the Ganges (Mannerh?)’’ There may 
possibly be some locality Sitka on the Ganges-river, but ‘‘ Man- 
nerh”’ is apparently an abbreviation of Mannerheim, who possessed 
many insects from Sitka in Alaska, and thisvis, I think, certainly 
the true habitat of the species. 
E. BERGROTH. 


~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 185 


ROBBER-FLY AND TIGER-BEETLE. 


On August 21st, 1909, while walking across a young orchard 
in Peachland, B.C., I flushed a tiger-beetle which flew a few 
yards. Seeing that it was of a species new to me, I ‘promptly 
followed it. 








Again it flew, but was at once pounced upon by a large robber- 
fly, Proctacanthus milbertt Macq., which had been poised on a 
weed near by. 

As. the fly flew heavily away with its prey, I netted both. 
The robber refused to be parted from its dinner, and both were 
put in the cyanide bottle. Although but a few seconds had 
elapsed from the seizing of the tiger by its enemy, the poor thing 
was quite dead, the robber’s proboscis having pierced its body 
exactly between the elytra and about one-quarter of the length 
of the body from its base. 

The beetle proved to be Cicindela purpurea, and, strange to 
say, is the only one I have seen during three visits, each of several 
weeks, to the valley. 

(easy, WAG his: 





NOTES ON THEsADEATH) FEINT, OF CAVANDRA 
ORYZAZ LINN: 


BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J. 


In the course of some fumigation work against this insect, 
which is the common widely distributed ‘‘rice weevil,’ it was 
noticed that the duration of its death feint was exceedingly brief 
—so brief, in fact, as to cause one to wonder of just what value 
such a brief feint was to the weevil. The duration of each feint 
was ascertained in a number of weevils, and the following table 
gives the length of time in seconds of the first twenty-five feints 
in six different weevils. The temperature during these operations 
was 75°F., and the feint was induced by blowing upon the insect’s 
ventral side or by dropping it through the space of one inch. 
When dropped from a height of six or eight inches, or more, 
no feint was produced, the weevils in all cases becoming im- 
mediately active. 

May, 1913 


136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








Duration in seconds of first 25 death feints in 6 weevils 






















































































Averages .. 





From these figures one can see what a wide variation in dura- 
tion occurs in different individuals, and even in one individual. 
Twenty-five seconds was the longest feint, and the average ran 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Aes 


from four to eight seconds. Thirty-five was the highest number 
of successive feints it was possible to produce in one individual. 
After the thirty-fifth, they became only partial—that is, one or 
two of the legs would stick out from the body as if fatigued. 

During every feint the insect was placed on its dorsum, as only 
in this manner was a successful fe’nt produced. When the insect 
was placed on its ventral side in almost evey case, the feint would 
last only a second. On account of the shortness of the feint, it 
was almost impossible to try the effect of gases, etc. Upon sub- 
jecting individuals feigning death to the fumes of carbon bisul- 
phide and chloroform, they instantly became active. Upon placing 
other feigning weevils upon blocks of ice, they slowly assumed the 
death attitude, the femurs taking a position at right angles to the 
body, with the tibia and tars loosely folded upon each other—all 
tending somewhat to bunch together. Individuals starved to 
death assumed a similar attitude. 

The death feigning attitude is quite unlike that of death. The 
distal ends of the femurs of the first pair of legs extend forward, 
being pressed against the base of the snout. The femurs of the 
second pair of legs also extend forward, and are held close to the 
body. The third pair assume a position similar to the second, 
except that the distal ends point toward the posterior end of the 
body. The femur, tibia and tarsus are in all cases folded upon 
each other and drawn close to the body, while the antenne take a 
position parallel to and close against the snout. The entire atti- 
tude, however, does not seem to be as rigid as that assumed in the 
death feint of the plum curculio, but is apparently easily and in- 
stantly relaxed. 

The value of this brief death feint to the weevil is hardly ap- 
parent. Probably on account of its somewhat concealed method 
of feeding, it has little occasion to feign death, and asa result the 
duration is correspondingly short. 


ERRATA. 
Page 2, line 31.—For narrower, read narrow. 
Page 3, line 12.—For Manse, read Manee. 
Page 7, line 23.—For o’, read & 9 
Page 9, line 3.—For annulicomis, read annulicornis. 


138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





ON SEVERAL NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF 
AUSTRALIAN HYMENOPTERA CHALCIDOIDEA. 
BY A. A. GIRAULT, BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA 
(Continued from page 106.) 


Tribe Haltichellini. 
Genus Stomatoceras Kirby. 
1. Stomatoceras victoria new species. 

Female: Length, 4.25 mm. 

Black, somewhat shining; tegule, legs and basal half of abdo- 
men ventrad (also latero-proximad), red, on the abdomen the 
reddish mixed with yellowish; scape (rest of antenna missing) 
black; fore wing with a smoky fascia across it at the stigmal vein 
(accented at the vein) and a rounded smoky spot farther distad 
nearer the costal wing margin and about half way to the wing 
apex from the stigmal vein, otherwise both wings hyaline. 

Body rather finely rugoso-punctate, the spaces between the 
punctures smooth; lateral ocelli their own diameter from the eye 
margin or slightly more; scutellum terminating in two tooth-like 
plates, one on each side of the meson; abdomen finely reticulated; 
propodeum in the middle of the dorso-lateral aspect, with one 
distinct plate-like projection, another broader. one indicated cepha- 
lad of it. Propodeum punctured like the rest of the thorax. 
Scape very long, bent at extreme tip, reaching to the cephalic 
ocellus, which is at the apex of the channel-like scrobicular cavity. 
Body finely pubescent. Posterior femur without a large tooth 
ventrad, its ventral margin straight but pubescent and along the 
distal two-thirds armed with a uniform series of minute, black, 
comblike teeth. Stylus of abdomen short. Postmarginal vein 
long. 

(From a single specimen, the same magnification.) 

Male: Unknown. 

Described from a single card-mounted female specimen, 
labelled ‘‘Cheltenham, Victoria.’ ’ 

Habitat: Australia—Cheltenham, Victoria. 

Type: No. Hy 1185, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimen; a fore wing and an antenna on a slide. 

This species closely resembles S. fasciatipennis Bingham 
(1906), described from North Queensland and should be compared 


May, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139 








with it. However, the second abdominal segment. is plainly 
shorter than the remainder of the abdomen. 

Later, among a small collection of Chalcidoidea given to me 
by Mr. F. P. Dodd, I found a species of Stomatoceras which 
agrees with the description of S. fasciatipennis Bingham. 
Also, it was mounted on a card containing a flat lepidopterous 
cocoon, in general outline shaped like a spool, from which pro- 
jected an empty pupal case and also a number of small ants. This 
card was labelled ‘Townsville, Qld., 20, 5, 02. F. P. Dodd.” 
Thus, this specimen (a female) is from the type locality of the 
Binghamian species, agrees with the description and appears to 
be a part of the same material, since its insect associates agree 
with those denoted by Bingham. Comparing this specimen 
(which I have identified as fasciatipennis and deposited in the 
Queensland Museum at Brisbane) with victoria, the difference 
between them becomes more apparent, since in the former the 
marginal vein is plainly longer and both the subfascia distinctly 
larger, especially the distal one, which extends distad half way 
to the apex. Also, the second abdominal segment is somewhat 
longer in fasciatipennis, the third and following segments short, 
but (segments 3-5) nearly twice the length of the corresponding 
segments in victoria. Otherwise, the two are much alike. A 
balsam slide bearing an antenna and a posterior leg goes with the 
cardmount. 


2. Stomatoceras hackeri new species. 

Female: Length, 4.50 mm. 

The same as the preceding species (victoria), but the scape 
is also dark red, including also the long pedicel and the first two 
funicle joints (and a part of the third); the abdomen is reddish, 
only along the median line of the venter; the fore wings have the 
same general pattern (as regards fuscation), but they are more 
irregularly fumated, the two fumated areas less distinctly separ- 
ated, especially caudad. The posterior femora beneath are toothed 
less farther proximad and the apical emargination (a convexity) 
is more pronounced (this crenulation of the margin should not be 
confused with the first tooth in the family which is usually large); 
also from between the fine black teeth arise series of solitary, 
erect, stiff, but short bristles. The postmarginal vein is long. 


140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


(From .a single specimen, the same magnification.) 

Male: Not known. 

Described from a single female specimen, minutien-mounted, 
from the collections of the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, labelled 
‘‘Brisbane.—H. Hacker.—8-8-11.” 

Habitat: Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. 

Type: No. Hy 1187, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimen, minutien (abdomen separated), plus a slide 
bearing a fore wing and antenne. 


Stomatoceroides new genus. 

Female: Similar to Stomatoceras Kirby, but the postmarginal 
vein well developed, longer than the short marginal vein, four 
times the length of the stigmal and slender. Antenne 11-jointed, 
inserted below the ventral ends of the eyes, the club solid, only 
slightly shorter than the long proximal funicle joint (a third 
shorter), the scape simple, long, the pedicel short, the flagellum 
cylindrical and a single ring joint present. Posterior femora 
without large teeth beneath, but their ventral margin crenulate 
or wavy, there being three sloping convexities, the distal two 
bearing a continuous series of minute, black comblike teeth (along 
the distal half of the margin). Scutellum terminating in a small, 
bidentate plate. Metathorax with no dorsolateral projections. 
Vertex very thin, the cephalic ocellus within the scrobicular cavity, 
the lateral ocelli distinct from the eye margins. Pronotum thin 
mesad, broadening laterad. Abdomen not produced distad, 
normal, the second segment largest. 

Type: The following species. 

1. Stomatoceroides bicolor new species. 

Female: Length, 4.10 mm. 

Opaque black, the legs dark reddish excepting nearly the 
whole of the upper margin of the posterior femur, the cox, the 
proximal halves of the tibia and the same portions of the cephalic 
and intermediate femora, all of which are black. Venation brown, 
the fore wings with a distinct, rounded brownish spot under the 
marginal vein (against it) and with a larger stain distad more or 
less obscure and cephalad. Head and thorax rugoso-punctate, 
the spaces between the punctures with fine grooves, the abdomen, 
finely densely polygonally reticulated, but the second segment 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 141 





smooth and shining. Antenna wholly black, the distal two funicle 
segments subequal, each slightly less than half the length of the 
proximal funicle joint. 


(From a single specimen, the same magnification.) 
Male: Not known. 


Described from a_ single cardmounted female specimen)’ 
labelled ‘“‘Dandenong Ranges, Victoria.” 


Habitat: Australia—Victoria (Dandenong Mountains). 


Type: No. Hy 1186, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above 
specimen; also a slide bearing an antenna and a second one, an 
antenna and a posterior leg. 


The following species were thought to represent a new genus, 
but are all components of this one. Their generic characters are 
given herewith. 

The same as Stomatoceras Kirby, the antenne 11-jointed, 
the pedicel very small; the scrobicular cavity extends nearly to 
the occipital margin; thus the vertex acute or like a transverse 
carina along the occipital margin; the lateral ocelli are not within 
the scrobicular groove, but between its lateral margin, the eye 
and the true occipital margin, meso-caudad of the eye; the ce- 
phalic ocellus, however, just at the apex of the cavity. Post-— 
marginal vein longer than the moderately long marginal, the 
stigmal vein very short, sessile and oval, small; submargina!l vein 
more than four times the length of the marginal. Scutellum 
terminating in a small, bidentate plate. Posterior femora be- 
neath simple—that is, without one or two large teeth, with the 
black, comblike teeth along distal two-thirds or more of the margin, 
and hairy; ventral margin of the femur straight. Propodeum 
with at least one dorso-lateral tooth. Antenne long, cylindrical, 
without a ring-joint. Abdomen ovate. 

The genus Stomatoceroides is more like Hippota Walker, but 
the flagellar joints are much longer, the pedicel smaller, the pos- 
terior femora armed and straight beneath, the vertex carinate, 
the propodeal tooth not prominent, the stigmal vein sessile, the 
wings clouded. 

2. Stomatoceroides nigricornis new species. 

Male: Length, 4.1 mm. Slender. 


142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





Opaque black, the base. of the abdomen shining. Marked 
“with dark red (Garnet) as follows: The tegule, tarsi, knees, tips 
of tibia and a spot at base of posterior femur (ventrad and ex- 
teriorly). Fore wings with two obscure brownish cross-bands— 
one at the marginal vein and the other nearly half from there to 
apex; the first accented under the marginal vein, the second more 
noticeable a short distance out from the costal margin. Venation 
dark. Rugoso-punctate, the abdomen distad with fine polygonal 
reticulations. 


(From one specimen, the same magnification.) 


Described from a single male specimen, minutien-mounted, 
labelled ‘Brisbane, 12-5-11.’’ From the Queensland Museum. 


Habitat: Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. 


Type: No. Hy 1188, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above 
specimen; antenna and posterior leg on a slide. 


3. Stomatoceroides versicolor new species. 
Female: Length, 4.0 mm. More robust than the preceding. 


Opaque black, the proximal half of the abdomen and the 
caudal coxa and femur contrasting, bright orange yellow, with 
some reddish mixed in; legs otherwise black, the knees brownish; 
antenne black; tegule black. Wings opaque, the venation dark, 
the marginal vein with a very distinct, sub-elongate dark brown 
spot under it, which does not tend to cross the wing, but is wider 
(proximo-distad) than long (cephalo-caudad). 


Structurally agreeing with the type species, but the stigmal vein 
is curved slightly cephalad, the body is more robust, the antennz 
very much the same, but the posterior femora beneath with the 
fine, black, comblike teeth only along the distal third. 

(From one specimen, the same magnification.) 

Male: Not known. 

Described from a single female, minutien-mounted, from the 
collections of the Queensland Museum, labelled “Hacker, Bris- 
iane.~—6—4—-11-’" 

.. Habitat: Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. 

Type: No. Hy 1189, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the fore- 
noted female on minutien mount, plus the flagellum on a slide in 
xylol-balsam. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 143 


4. Stomatoceroides nigripes new species. 

Female: Length, 5.00 mm. 

Opaque black, the tarsi fuscous, the wings hyaline, the vena- 
tion dark, with only a trace of staining under them. Like versi- 
color, but the teeth of the posterior femur along as much as the 
distal two-thirds of the ventral margin. Antenne as in the other 
two species, but the funicle joints are longer. 

(From a single specimen, similarly magnified.) 

Male: Not known. 

Described from a single female, cardmounted, kindly given 
to me by Mr. F. P. Dodd, of Kuranda, North Queensland. The 
specimen was labelled ‘“‘From pupa of the red ant moth, Towns- 
ville; 7—11—03.—F. P.. Dedd.” 

Habitat: Australia—Townsville, Queensland. 

Type: No. Hy 1190, Queensiand Museum, Brisbane, the fore- 
going specimen on a card, plus female antenna and posterior femur 
on a slide together in xylol-balsam. 

Family Callimomide. 
Podagrionin1. 
Pachytomoides new genus. 

Female: Somewhat similar to Pachytemus Westwood and 
Podagrion Spinola, but the antenne lack the ring-joint and the 
club is enlarged, as compared with the slender filiform funicle. 
The second and third tarsal joints are slender. The stigmal vein 
has a very short neck. Ovipositor very long. Wings infuscated. 
Propodeum with a semicircular carina at apex around the inser- 
tion of the abdomen. 

Male: Probably the same. 

Type: The following species (mirus). 

1. Pachytomoides mirus new species. 

Female: Length, 5 mm., excluding the long, siender and 
curled ovipositor, which is fully 7 mm. long. 

Bright metallic green, the propodeum and head metallic 
bluish, the abdomen red, except broadly at base above; the fore 
and intermediate legs reddish brown at the knees, tarsi, tips of 
tibie, proximal third of the swollen femur and distal third of the 
long subtriquetrous posterior coxa. Ovipositor very thin, fuscous, 
its valves black. Fore wings irregularly, lightly stained with 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








brownish, the venation black. Eyes red, the ocelli darker red. 
Antenne with the scape and pedicel brown, the remaining joints 
black. 


Head and thorax very finely reticulately punctate; abdomen 
tapering at base, but not petiolate, strongly compressed. Ocelli 
distant from the eyes. Propodeum with larger reticulate punc- 
tures, its dorsum rounded, without a median carina. Postmar- 
ginal vein twice the length of the stigmal, the marginal very long, 
not much shorter than the submarginal. Distal third of scutellum 
and the mesopostscutellum smooth, but finely, closely, polygonally 
reticulated. Proximal abdominal segments, with very minute 
pin-punctures, the distal segments glabrous. Posterior coxae 
sculptured like the postscutellum, the posterior femur beneath 
armed with nine large, black, unequal teeth; the first (proximal), 
eighth and ninth largest; the latter stoutest, triangular, tooth 8 
longest, columnar; the seventh next to the shortest, paired—that 
is, a bidentate, erect plate; the two dentations here counted as 
separate teeth, though united at base; the two teeth equal; teeth 
4 and 5 unequal, also more or less united at base; tooth 2 shortest, 
obtuse, nipplelike. ‘ 


Antenne inserted in the middle of the face, 13-jointed, the 
funicle filiform, but its distal joint widening somewhat, becoming 
wider than long; scape simple, not as long as the club; pedicel 
somewhat longer than the first funicle joint; joint 2 of funicle 
longest, joint 3 next, the distal joint shortest; joint 5 subequal 
in length to the pedicel, the following funicle joints all shorter, 
club joints nearly equal, the distal one slightly the longest. 


(From a single specimen, the same magnification.) 


Male: Not known. 


Described from a single female, minutien-mounted, in the 
collections of the Queensland Museum, labelled ““Q. M. Brisbane. 
H.. Hacker-—20-5-1911.” 


Habitat: Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. 


Type: No. Hy 1191, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the fore- 
described female on a minutien mount, plus one slide of xylol- 
balsam bearing the antenne and a posterior femur. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST = 145 











2. Pachytomoides greeni (Crawford). 

Podagrion greeni Crawford, 1912,* pp. 3-4; fig. 1. 

This Cingalese species reared from the eggs of a mantid must 
be referred to this genus, though the female bears an abdominal 
petiole. Otherwise, it agrees with the species generically. 





NEW ICHNEUMONOIDEA PARASITIC ON LEAF-— 
MINING DIPTERA. 
BY A. B. GAHAN, MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


With a single exception the type specimens of the seven sup- 
posed new species described in the following paper were furnished 
by Prof. F. M. Webster, of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture, and the designated hosts are on his authority. The types 
of one species were reared by the writer. 


Family BRACONID 4. 
Sub-family Optine. 
Opius utahensis, n. sp. 

Female.—Length, 2.25 mm. Head transverse; vertex, temp- 
les, cheeks and occiput smooth and polished with sparse whitish 
hairs, the frons bare except along the eye margins; face with dis- 
tinct round punctures and moderately hairy; clypeus fitting closely 
to the mandibles; mandibles without a notch on the ventral margin; 
antenne longer than the body, pubescent, 32-jointed in the type, 
the first flagellar joint one-third longer than the second.  Pro- 
pleurze with very fine reticulate sculpture; mesonotum with a median 
dimple-like impression before the scutellar fovea, parapsidal fur- 
rows deeply impressed at the anterior lateral angles, but entirely 
effaced on the disc; mesopleure reticulately sculptured on the 
disc, with a broad, rugose or foveolate furrow along the dorsal and 
anterior borders joining a similar furrow which separates the meso- 
pleure from the mesosternum; propodeum and metapleure strong- 
ly rugose. Wings hyaline, stigma lanceolate emitting the radius 
at about the basal one-third; the radius strongly angulated at the 
second cubital cross vein, attaining the margin of the wing some 
distance above the extreme wing apex, its first abscissa less than 


*Proc. U. S., National Museum, Vol. 42. 
May, 1913 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





half as long as the width of stigma; second discoidal cell closed at 
the apex or nearly so. Abdomen broadly oval, the first dorsal plate 
rather thick, with precipitous edges and finely wrinkled, slightly 
wider at apex than at base and distinctly longer than broad; second 
segment two times as wide at apex as at base, smooth like the fol- 
lowing segments; ovipositor slightly exserted. 


Clypeus, mandibles, palpi, scape, tegula, base of wings, legs 
except apical joint of the tarsi, and abdomen except the first dorsal 
plate pale testaceous; apical joints of all tarsi, and the flagellum 
brown-black; wing veins and stigma brownish; remainder of the 
body black. 


Male.—Essentially like the female, but with the antennz 33- 
jointed in type. 

Type locality.—Salt Lake, Utah. 

Host.—A gromyza parvicornis. 

Type No. 15591, United States National Museum. 

One female and five male specimens from the type locality, 
labelled Webster, No. 8819.—C. N. Ainslie, collector. 

Probably closest to O. bruneiventris Cr. of the described species, 
but readily separated from that species by the fact that in brunez- 
ventris there is a distinct opening between the clypeus and man- 


dibles, and the mesopleure are smooth and polished except for the 
oblique, foveolated furrow below the middle. 


Opius suturalis, n. sp. 


Male.—Length, 1.25 mm. Head transverse, smooth, with few 
hairs above; the face only slightly hairy; clypeus arcuate, leaving 
a transverse elliptical opening between it and the mandibles; an- 
tennez pubescent, twice as long as the body, 22-jointed in the type. 
Thorax smooth and shining; mesonotum without a median depres- 
sion posterior y, the parapsidal furrows indicated only at the an- 
terior lateral angles of the mesonotum; mesopleurae smooth, with 
a shallow, ovate, non-foveolated impression below the middle; 
propodeum smooth and polished. Wings thickly ciliated; the 
stigma lanceolate, emitting the radius before the middle. The 
first abscissa of radius short, third abscissa attaining the wing 
margin far before the extreme wing apex; second discoidal cell not 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 





completely closed at the apex. Abdomen spatulate, as long as the 
thorax, the first dorsal segment very finely but distinctly rugulose; 
second segment with a distinct transverse suture before the middle, 
which does not extend quite to the margins; the surface before the 
suture and for one-third of the distance beyond distinctly rugulose; 
segments beyond the second smooth. General color shining black: 
mandibles and palni slightly fuscous; tegule testaceous; wing veins 
and stigma brownish; legs testaceous, their coxze piceus. Abdomen 
wholly black. 


Type locality —Tempe, Arizona. 
Host.—A gromyza pusilla. ' 
Type No. 15592, United States National Museum. Two male 


specimens from the type locality, labelled Webster, No. 7215.— 
V. L. Wildermuth, collector. 


Distinguished from O. aridus by the presence of a distinct 
transverse furrow on the second segment and by the rugulose 
sculpture of that segment. May possibly be the male of O. nanus 
Prov., from the type of which it differs, however, in the smooth 
propodeum and the wholly black abdomen. 

Opius aridis, n. sp. 

Female.—Length, 1.25 mm. Head perfectly smooth and 
polished, the face moderately hairy; vertex, temples and occiput 
with sparse, inconspicuous hairs; clypeus arcuated apically, leaving 
a distinct opening between it and the mandibles; antenne some- 
what longer than the body, 18-jointed in the type (varying from 
18-jointed to 23-jointed in other specimens of the series), the first 
joint of the flagellum slightly the longest. Thorax smooth and 
polished; mesonotum without a median depression or furrow be- 
fore the scutellar fovea, parapsidal furrows impressed at the an- 
terior lateral angles of the mesonotum, but not attaining to the 
disc; mesopleuree smooth, with a shallow, ovate, non-foveolated 
impression below the middle; propodeum moderately hairy, nearly 
smooth; the apical margin very slightly roughened. Wings densely 
ciliated, giving them a brownish tinge; stigma lanceolate, the 
radius arising before the middle, and attaining the wing margin 
above the extreme wing apex; its first abscissa shorter than the 


2 
. 


148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


width of stigma; second discoidal cell closed. Abdomen not longer 
than the head and thorax; the first dorsal segment longer than wide 
at apex, smooth and polished like the following segments: ovi- 
positor sheath extending slightly beyond the tip of the abdomen. 
General colour, black; clypeus, mandibles and palpi stramineous; 
tips of mandibles brown; legs in the type stramineous, the apices 
of posterior tibia, their tarsi and the median tarsi fuscous (in other 
specimens of the type series the legs vary from pale stramineous 
to wholly dark brown); tegula and wing base brownish testaceous; 
2nd segment of the abdomen more or less stramineous, first segment 
and those beyond the second piceous to black; ovipositor sheath 
black. 


Male-essentially like the female, but with the antenne 20- 23- 
jointed. 

Type locality —Tempe, Arizona. 

Host.—A gromysza pusilla. 

Type No. 15593, United States National Museum. The type 
series contains 10 females and 10 males, labelled Webster, No. 


me 


7215.—V. L. Wildermuth, collector. 


This species in general appearance closely resembles Opius 
(Eutrichopsis) agromyzae Vier., which is parasitic on the same host. 
It may be distinguished from that species, however, by the non- 
foveolated impression on the mesopleure and the smooth first 
abdominal segment. 2 
Opius bruneipes, n. sp. 

Female.—Length, 1.25 mm Head perfectly smooth and 
highly polished; face sparse’y hairy; vertex, temples and occiput 
with a few scattering and inconspicuous hairs; clypeus arcuated 
on the anterior margin, leaving a transverse, elliptical opening 
between it and the mandibles; antenne longer than the body, 
pubescent 21-jointed in the type, the first joint of flagellum slightly 
longer than the second. Thorax smooth and highly polished, 
robust, without a median dimple-like depression on the mesonotum, 
parapsidal furrows wholly effaced or represented by only a few in- 
distinct punctures at anterior lateral angles; mesopleure without 
a trace of an impressed furrow above the coxe; propodeum entirely 
smooth and polished, with very few hairs; metapleure also smooth. 


e 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 








Wings densely ciliated; the stigma lanceolate and rather broad, 
much broader than the first abscissa of radius is long; radius arising 
much before the middle and attaining the wing margin far above 
the extreme wing apex; its first abscissa very short; second discoidal 
cell open below at the apex. Abdomen ovate, about as long as the 
thorax; its first dorsal segment smooth and polished, or nearly so; 
following segments also smooth; second segment more than twice 
as wide at apex as at base; following segments tapering to the apex; 
ovipositor slightly exserted. General color black; mandibles 
brownish, tips black; palpi fuscous; scape dark brown, flagellum 
brown-black; tegule black; wing veins and stigma brownish; legs 
including coxz, dark brown; the anterior pair slightly paler; first 
and second abdominal segments brownish; following segments 
black; ovipositor sheath black. 


Male.—Essentially as in female. 
Type locality —Lakeland, Florida. 
Host.—A gromyza pusilla. 


Type No. 15594, United States National Museum. The type 
series consists of three females and three males from the type 
locality, labelled Webster, No. 9489.—G. G. Ainslie, collector. 


The species is distinguished from O. aridus by the total absence 
of the mesopleural furrow, and the open second discoidal cell as well 
as by the dark brown legs and fuscous palpi. 


Opius succineus, n. sp. 


Female.—Length, 2 mm. Head transverse, smooth and 
polished, sparsely hairy; the face moderately hairy, impunctate, 
with a rather more distinct median ridge than usual; clypeus 
arcuate, leaving a transverse, elliptical opening between it and 
the mandibles; antenne longer than the body, pubescent, 29- 
jointed in the type. Propleuree smooth; mesonotum with a median 
dimple-like impression before the scutellar fovea, the parapsidal 
furrows distinctly impressed anteriorly for nearly one-third the 
length of the mesonotum and faintly traceable as shallow impressed 
lines to the median dimple; mesopleuree smooth, but with a strongly 
oblique foveolate furrow below the middle; propodeum indefinitely 
sculptured faintly rugulose, with a sinuous, transverse raised line 
or carina near the middle. Wings hyaline, the stigma lanceolate; 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 











the radius arising near the basal one-third of the st'gma and attain- 
ing the wing margin only slightly above the wing apex; its first 
abscissa about as ong as half the width of stigma; second discoidal 
cell closed. Abdomen broadly oval; the first dorsal plate distinctly 
longer than broad, abruptly narrowed before the middle, indefi- 
nitely rugulose; segments beyond the first smooth; ovipositor 
slightly exserted. General colour brownish yellow; vertex, occiput 
and temples black; cheeks and face reddish testaceous; ovipositor 
black; wing veins ,and stigma brownish; the dorsal abdominal 
segments beyond the second brownish; scape and legs pale amber. 


A male paratype is like the female in sculpture but much 
darker in colour; the thorax above and at sides strongly tinged 
with brownish. 


Type Locality.—Lafayette, Indiana. 

Host.—A gromyza sp., mining leaves of Panicum. 

Type No. 15595, United States National Museum. The 
female type is labelled Webster, No. 3814, W. J. Phillips, collector. 
The male bears the same number, but was collected by P. Luginbill. 
Another male specimen, abelled Webster, No. 9302—J. J. Davis, 
collector—was reared from the same source at Danville, Illinois. 

This species superficially resembles Opius diastatae Ashm., a 
parasite of the corn leaf-miner, which was described by Ashmead 
under Bracon (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, p. 617). It may be 
distinguished from that species by the foveolate mesopleural fur- 
row and the dimple-like median impression on the mesonotum. 


Family ALYSIID-. 
Subfamily Dacnusine. 


Dacnusa scaptomyzae, n. sp. 

Female.—Length, approximately 2 mm. Head transverse, 
nearly twice as broad as long; above perfectly smooth and highly 
polished, with a very few scattered whitish hairs on the vertex 
and occiput; occiput concave; temples broad and slightly rounded; 
vertex divided by a shallow median groove, running from the an- 
terior ocellus to the occiput; eyes bare, ovate; face with moderately 
dense whitish pubescence, smooth or nearly so, the punctures being 
very minute, a rather distinct median carina on the upper half; 
maxillary palpi 6-jointed, the two basal joints about equal in 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST epi 








length and together scarcely longer than the third; labial palpi 
4-jointed; mandibles 3-toothed, the median tooth longest and 
acute; the two laterals short and blunt; antenne pubescent, 23-24 
jointed, a little longer than the body; first joint of the flagellum 
longer than the second, following joints decreasing in length to 
the tip. 


Thorax smooth and shining; prothorax short, mostly concealed 
from above; mesonotum gibbous, polished, without pubescence, 
except for four or five hairs on each lobe opposite the basé of the 
wings; parapsidal furrows impressed anteriorly for about one- 
third the length of the mesoscutum, a short longitudinal incision 
on the median line just before the scutellum, varying somewhat 
in length, but never extending more than half the length of the 
mesonotum; scutellar fovea broad and deep, with several carine 
crossing it at the bottom; mesopleure smooth, polished, glabrous, 
except for a few hairs at the posterior angle, just above the median 
coxe, and with a shallow longitudinal smooth depression below 
the middle; metapleuree moderately hairy and mostly rugulose, 
the disc smooth; propodeum finely rugose, more strongly so pos- 
teriorly, not conspicuously pubescent, but with a few scattering 
hairs most abundant laterally. Wings hyaline, iridescent; stigma 
long, lanceolate, rather broad, extending half the length of the 
radial cell; radius arising at about the basal one-third of the stigma 
and attaining the wing margin about half way between the apex 
of stigma and the extreme wing apex, its first abscissa nearly per- 
pendicular and slightly longer than the width of stigma; second 
abscissa slightly straightened toward the wing margin, but not 
concave beneath, radial cell broad; cubital cross-vein oblique, 
somewhat longer than the first abscissa of radius; recurrent 
nervure oblique, joining the first cubital cell before the cubital 
crossvein, a distance equal to about half the length of the cubital 
crossvein; first discoidal cell smaller than the first cubital, sub- 
median cell slightly longer than the median, the second discoidal 
completely closed. 

Posterior legs longer than the body, the two trochanter joints 
together about as long as their coxe, tibia as long as the femora 
and trochanters combined, tarsi as long as the tibia, the first joint 
nearly twice the length of the second. 


152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








Abdomen subsessile, as long as the thorax, ovate, squarely cut 
off at the apex, the apical segments retracted; first segment rugose, 
broader at the apex. than at the base, as long as the posterior coxe, 
its spiracles about midway of the segment and prominent, basally 
the segment is bicarinate, the carine originating at the lateral 
and angles and meeting before the spiracles, back of the triangular 
area enclosed by the carina, the surface is convex, the posterior 
lateral angles depressed; segments beyond the first smooth and 
polished; ovipositor sheath about one-fourth the length of the 
abdomen. Sal 

Colour.—Shining black; palpi, labrum, scape and legs, including 
the coxe, testaceous; mandibles slightly darker; flagellum brown- 
black, the basal oints paler; first segment of the abdomen black, 
the following dorsal segments very dark brown, the second seg- 
ment often somewhat testaceous on the disk. Wing veins and 
stigma brownish testaceous. 


Male.—Like the female in every respect, except that the an- 
tenne are 24-25-jointed; the stigma is broader than the length of 
the first abscissa of radius, considerably broader than in the female; 
the abdomen is slightly longer than the thorax and attains its 
greatest width just before the apex, therefore not ovate, but spatu- 
late. 

Type locality —College Park, Md. 

Host.—Scaptomyza flaveola Meig. 

Type Cat. No. 15596, U. S. National Museum. Paratypes 
in the United States National Museum and the Collection of the 
Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. 

During the season of 1912 the dipterous leaf miner Scap!omyza 
flaveola Meig. was collected by the writer in three different localities 
and on as many different dates. June 3rd, at Hyattsville, Md., it 
was found infesting the leaves of turnips in a small garden plot. 
Both larve and puparia were present in large numbers. The pu- 
paria were found either in the original larval mines or beneath 
wilted and fallen leaves on the ground. The majority seemed to 
have pupated in the leaves, and none seemed to have entered the 
soil to transform. Many leaves were collected and taken to the 
laboratory, and from these were reared during the month of June 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 153 





a large number of the flies, and about an equal number of Dacnusa 
scaptomyzae. 


July 1st, at Hancock, Md., mined leaves of radish were col- 
lected, from which were reared the same fly, as well as several 
specimens of the parasite. 


July 30th, at College Park, Md., several cabbage plants grow- 
ing in a box, where they had been seeded for transplanting, were 
found severely mined. Here again the same fly and many speci- 
mens of the parasite were reared during the month of August. 


Dacnusa agromyz@, n. sp. 


Female.—Length, approximately 2mm. Head twice as broad 
as long, smooth, with a very few scattering hairs on the occiput, 
vertex and cheeks; the face moderately hairy, with a slight median 
carina on the upper half; vertex not divided by a median furrow; 
eyes bare, ovate; maxillary palpi 6-jointed, the two basal joints 
together not as long as the third, the fourth joint as long as 1, 2 and 
3 combined; labial palpi 4-jointed; mandibles with the two lateral 
teeth acute, the median tooth longer, with a distinct notch on its 
ventral margin near the base making the mandible appear four- 
toothed; antenne 33-36-jointed, nearly or quite twice as long as 
the body; the first joint of the flagellum about equal to the scape 
and pedicle combined; following joints shorter and decreasing in 
length toward the tip. 


Prothorax mostly concealed from above; mesonotum slightly 
bilobed owing to a broad depression extending from base to apex 
along the median longitudinal line, its surface anteriorly and medi- 
ally punctate and covered with white hairs, the broad posterior 
angles opposite the tegule smooth and glabrous, parapsidal furrows 
not at all impressed; scutellar fovea deep, with several cross ridges 
at the bottom; mesopleure polished and glabrous except for a few 
hairs just above the median coxe, with a shallow, longitudinal, 
smooth depression below the middle; metapleure covered with a 
dense, short, white pile, completely concealing its sculpture; pro- 
podeum high and broad, abruptly truncate posteriorly, rugose and 
covered with white pile, which is not as dense as that on the meta- 
pleure. St’gma linear and extending nearly two-thirds the length 
of the radial cell; radius arising at about the basal one-fourth of the 


154 THE CANADIAN EN!SOMOLOGIST. 





stigma; its first abscissa not quite perpendicular and _ slightly 
shorter than the cubital crossvein, second abscissa curving very 
slightly into the radial cell toward the apex and attaining the wing 
margin far above the extreme wing apex; recurrent nervure in- 
terstitial with the cubital crossve n; submedial cell longer than the 
median; second discoidal cell open beneath. 


Posterior legs longer than the whole body, their tibia scarcely 
as long as the femora and two joints of the trochanter combined; 
coxe equal to the first abdominal segment, first tarsal joint twice 
the length of the second. 


First abdominal segment convex, rugose, wider at apex than 
at base; bicarinate at base, the carine orig nating at the lateral 
angles and converging posteriorly, but fading out before meeting; 
spiracles not prominent and placed slightly before the middle of 
the segment; sides of the segment paral el beyond the spiracles; 
the posterior lateral angles somewhat flattened; whole abdomen 
slightly longer than the thorax; the segments beyond the first 
smooth and but little wider than the first segment at apex, their 
sides parallel. Ovipositor sheath less than one-fourth the length 
of the abdomen. 

Colour as in the preceding species, except that the legs are 
reddish testaceous and the abdomen, including the first segment, 
is brownish testaceous. 

The male is like the female. 

Type locality —Lafayette, Indiana. 

Host.—A gromyza angulata. 

Type No. 15597, United States National Museum. 

Four specimens received from Prof. F. M. Webster, reared by 
P. Luginbill, and bearing Webster’s number, 9700. 

This species would apparently fall in Foerster’s genus Mesora, 
which genus is believed to be untenable. 








NOTES ON SOME. SPECIES OF. THE-GENUS:PROSOFIS: 
BY J. C. CRAWFORD, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
Prosopis mesille Cockerell. 
This is a valid species, and not a form of P. cressoni as it is 


given by Metz. Externally the two are easily separable. P. 
May, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 155 


cressont has the propodeum coarsely sculptured, while mesill@ has 
it very finely wrinkled. The eighth ventral plates of the males 
are quite different, and are therefore figured. In cressoni the apical 
lobes are much shorter than the pedicel attaching them to the 
plate; in mesille they are longer than the pedicel. 


Prosopis nelumbonis Robertson 
Synonym P. fossata Metz. 

‘The characters which Metz gives as distinguishing this species 
from all others—namely, the ‘‘coarse, dense, pit-like punctures 
over the entire head and thorax’’— are almost the identical words 
used by Robertson in his original description of the species. The 
type of fossata is in the U. S. Nat. Museum, and I have carefully 
compared it with specimens of nelumbonis from Illinois. 

Prosopis stevensi, new species. 

Male.—Length, about 4.25 mm. Black, face below insertion 
of antenne old ivory colour, with sparse punctures and silky from 
minute vertical striatulations, supra-clypeal mark extending up- 
ward between antenne, truncate at tip; lateral face marks extend- 
ing above insertion of antenne, dilated above; slightly extending 
over antenne and very slightly away from eye margin (fig. 5), 





in@s Ei. Fic. 4. Fig. 5. 
P. messti.le, male.— P. cressont, male— P. stevensi, male.— 
Part of Sth ventral plate. Part of 8th ventral plate. Face. 


face above insertion of antennae, with rather close and coarse 
punctures; scape with an ivory stripe in front; flagellum reddish, 
dusky above; mesonotum with punctures similar to those on vertex, 
separated from each other by slightly less than a puncture width, 
surface between punctures lineolate; metanotum rugosopunctate; 
propodeum with the area not well defined, very coarsely rugose; 
laterad of it more finely rugose; propodeum sharply truncate be- 
hind, truncation surrounded by a salient rim; pronotum with two 
spots, tubercles, tegule with a spot, fore tibia with a stripe, mid 


156 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


and hind tibia at bases and apices, and basal joints of all tarsi, 
ivory colour; mesopleure more coarsely punctured than dorsum; 
wings dusky; first abdominal segment finely sparsely punctured, 
punctures closer towards apex, second and following segments 





Fic. 6. FIG. 7. Fic. 8. 


P. stevensi, male.— P. stevenst, male.-— P. stevenst, female.— 
Seventh ventral plate. Part of 8th ventral plate. Face. 


more closely punctured. See figures 6 and 7 for structure of 
seventh and eighth ventral plates. 

Female.—Length, about 5.25 mm. Similar to the male; face 
below antenne more distinctly striatulate and more silky; a large- 
mark on each side of face (see fig. 8), a spot on each side of prono- 
tum, tubercles, a spot on tegule, a spot on fore and mid tibiz at 
base and a broad annulus on base of hind tibia, ivory colour. 

Type locality —Fargo, N.D. 

Type male collected Sept. 6, 1912 (Stevens No. 4154); allotype 
female the same date (Stevens No. 4152); paratype female, Sept. 8, 
1912 (Stevens No. 4194); paratype female, Aug. 26, 1912 (Stevens 
No. 3947). All four specimens taken on Melilotus alba by Mr. 
O. A. Stevens, after whom the species is named. 

Type Cat-2Nori55302Ur oN MM: 

Two paratype females in collection Mr. Stevens. 

In the classification of the genus by Metz, this species belongs 
to his cressonii division and to the tridentulus-grossicornis group 
and differs from these two species in the male having fewer teeth 
on the outer margin of each wing of the seventh ventral plate, in 
these teeth being stouter and more markedly turned up at end. 
Neither of the older species has the propodeum strongly rugulose 
nor so abruptly truncate, and the face markings are quite distinct; 
etc. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157 





OBITUARY. 


We record with much regret the death of Miss Mary E. 
Murtfeldt, which took place at her residence in Kirkwood, Mo., 
on the 23rd of February last. She was a contributor from time to 
time to the pages of this magazine and a subscriber for a long 
series of years. When the late Dr. C. V. Riley was State Ento- 
mologist of Missouri she gave him much material assistance, 
studying and recording the life-histories of many species of insects 
in the preparation of his series of reports on the Insects of 
Missouri, which are amongst the most valuable of his writings. 
After his appointment to be Chief of the Bureau of Entomology 
at Washington, she continued her interest in entomology. Her 
contributions were always of much value, as she was very pains- 
taking and accurate in her observations. She belonged to several 
scientific societies, and was highly esteemed by all who had the 


pleasure of her acquaintance. 





A NOTE ON GRAPTA J-ALBUM. 


During the month of August, 1998, whilst camped in a moun- 
tain valley, engaged in collecting insects, I was interested to 
observe this butterfly attracted to a piece of bacon hanging in a 
small tree near the tent. It fluttered round for a few minutes 
and settled several times upon the bacon. Shortly it was joined 
by two other individuals, both of which alighted as did the first 
comer, They must have been attracted as are some other 
Lepidoptera, by the scent, perhaps. That the drawing power of 
the bacon was powerful was evident from the fact that during our 
stay of three days at this spot these butterflies were always to be 
seen during the warm part of the day hovering round what we 
called the bacon tree, and constantly alighting on and round the 


attractive board. 
Hare. V ENABLES, 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








BOOK NOTICES: 


‘“‘InyJuRIOUS INSECTS: How to recognize and contro! them,’ by 
Prof. Walter C. O’Kane. The Macmillan Company, New 
York. 414 pages, 606 figures; $2. 


The reviewer’s pen has hardly dried after noticing Prof. 
Sanderson’s manual of injurious insects when his successor, as 
Entomologist to the New Hampshire Experiment Station, adds 
another to the existing number of general works on injurious 
insects. The two outstanding features of the book are—first, the 
large number (over six hundred) of illustrations from the author’s 
own photographs; and, second, the arrangement of his subject 
matter. 


In regard to the illustrations: While the author is to be con- 
gratulated in his endeavor to provide entirely original illustrations, 
the preparation of which must have involved an enormous amount 
of labour, we must admit that in very many instances he would have 
been more successful in his representation of the insects had he 
given us line drawings or reproduced some of the really good avail- 
able cuts. Those who have attsmpted it realize the difficulties of 
insect portraiture. The purpose of such illustrations is to facili- 
tate the identification of the insects, but it must be confessed that 
a considerable proportion of the illustrations are not such as will 
provide a good means of recognition, especially in the case of larve. 
On the other hand, the author has in some cases given us excellent 
figures The illustrations would have been more valuable had the 
magnification been given when the insects are enlarged. 


As a means of assisting in the identification of the insect pests 
of garden and field crops, of orchard and small fruits, all of the 
chief species of which are described, the author has arranged the 
insects belonging to these two groups according to the place where 
they are found at work. Insects working in the soil are considered 
first, then the borers within the stem, trunk or branch. These are 
followed by those feeding upon the surfaces of the same. Finally, 
he deals with the insects feeding on the leaves, flower and fruit in 
the order named. The leaf-feeders are also grouped. It is hoped 
by the author that this method of grouping will prevent the usual 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 











duplication which sometimes cannot be avoided if the insects are 
grouped according to host plants, owing to many of the common 
species feeding on several species of plants. Insect pests of the 
household and of stored products are also described. 


In chapters of varying lengths the morphology, internal struc- 
ture, senses and behaviour, metamorphoses, classification and 
means of dissemination are described in language devoid of techni- 
calities that might confuse the general reader. The preventive 
measures are well discussed, and the chapters on insecticides and 
fumigants and the methods of applying them form a useful section 
of the book and increase its value as a book of reference for those 
who have to deal with insect pests. A list is given of references 
to bulletins and reports containing detailed descriptions of the 
insects described in the book. An idea of the large number of 
insects which the author considers may be gathered from the fact 
that the index to the book covers twenty-four pages. 


Covering the large field that it does, it is not surprising that 
inaccuracies occur, and space forbids a detailed reference to the 
same. In compiling information of so varied a character, greater 
care is necessary than when the information is the result of personal 
knowledge. A work of this character is an enormous undertaking 
nowadays, and we cannot but feel that the author would have pro- 
duced a better book had he spent more time in its preparation. 
Nevertheless it will be a useful book, and the author deserves our 
thanks. 

CiGere 





DOLICHOPODIDZ IN LUNDBECK’S “DIPTERA DANICA.” 


DipTERA Danica.—Genera and species of flies hitherto found 
in Denmark. Part I1V., Dolichopodide. By William 
Lundbeck; 416 pp., 1380 figs. (Copenhagen, G. E. C. Gad; 
London, William Wesley & Son.) Dec., 1912. $4.25. 


After a lapse of two years since the previous part of this 
work appeared (reviewed in this journal, Vol. 43, April, 1911), the 
author gives us the fourth part, which treats of the single family 
Dolichopodide. - Most entomologists know these small, usually 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 











metallic golden-green, flies, which appear, as Verrall said, ‘‘to be 
standing on tiptoe,’ being raised on their front legs, Their wing 
venation is very characteristic. The most remarkable thing about 
the family, however, is the sexual dimorphism of the male, which 
reaches a higher degree of development in this family than in any 
of the other family of the Diptera. These secondary sexual 
characters occur primarily on the legs, but they are also found on 
wings, antenne and facial region. Associated, as is usually the 
case, with these secondary sexual characters in the male Doli- 
chopodids are remarkable ‘“‘courting”’ habits, which not infrequently 
strongly recall the analogous amatory preliminaries on higher 
animals. The flies are all predaceous, feeding on other insects and 
small invertebrates, and are usually found on bushes, on low 
herbage and grass in woods and outside, generally in damp locali- 
ties and more or less near water. In North America we have little 
information as to their life-histories; the larve occur in earth rich 
in vegetation and under the bark of trees. The species are dis- 
tributed all over the world, two species of Dolichopus being found 
in Greenland. From North America about 526 species are known, 
from the palzarctic region about 586 species are known, and ten 
species are recorded as common to both regions. 


Aldrich divides the family in North America into twelve sub- 
families, and although the former worker has given no diagnoses, 
the author of the present work believes them to be good and 
natural. As he has only examined the Danish species closely, he 
follows the arrangement of the ‘Katalog der Palaarktischen 
Diptera,’ and divides the family into four subfamilies, at the same 
time admitting the heterogeneous nature of some of them. 

As in the previous parts of this excellent work, the author 
treats each species fully; where they are known, larval character- 
istics and habits are given, and the presence of one hundred and 
thirty figures, chiefly of the antenne and wings, enhances the value 
of this further and most welcome addition to our dipterological 
literature. We look forward to the succeeding parts of this 
monumental work, in the preparation of which the author has our 
good wishes. 

Ci4G; dade 


Mailed-May 17th, 1813. 


€ he ausraatlianyy Bntomologist 


VoL. XLV. LONDON, JUNE, 19138 No. 6 











NEW NYMPHS OF CANADIAN ODONATA 
BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO, ONT. 

During the summers of 1907, 1908 and 1912, the writer spent 
much of his time at the Great Lakes Biological Station, Go Home 
Bay (Georgian Bay), Ont., in collecting and rearing dragonflies 
(Odonata). A full account of this work will appear in the forth- 
coming report of the Marine Biological Stations of Canada; but, 
as this report will not be issued in the immediate future and is 
comparatively unknown to entomologists, it is thought best to 
publish in advance the descriptions of the new nymphs obtained. 

Nymphs of certain species of Aeshna, which were reared for 
the first time at Go Home Bay, have already been described in the 
writer's memoir on this genus,* and are omitted from the present 
account. In addition to the species described from Go Home Bay, 
the nymph of Somatochlora semicircularis (Selys) from Vancouver 
Island is also included. : 

Nehalennia gracilis Morse 

A few nymphs of this species were found in floating sphagnum 
bogs, some distance back from the open water. Several imagoes 
emerged in the laboratory during July. 

I have compared these nymphs carefully with a few specimens 
of N. irene (Hagen) from Toronto, and the only differences I can 
find are the smaller size, less spinulose hind margin of the head and 
entire absence of spots on the gills. It is not improbable that 
none of these characters are constant, as I had but few specimens 
of either species for comparison. 

In N. gracilis the convex posterior margin of the head has only 
4-6 slender inconspicuous colourless spinules; in N. irene there are 
a dozen or more spinules, which are somewhat coarser and blackish 
at base (Figs. 2, 3); gills very slender, widest in the distal third, 
tapering somewhat more gradually than in N. irene, with no indi- 
cation of spots (Fig. 1). 


*The North American Dragonflies of the genius A’shna. University of Tor- 
onto Studies, Biological Series, No. 11, 1912. 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 











Length of body 8.25-9; ‘gills 3-3.75 additional; hind wing- 
case 2.2-2.7; hind femur 2-2.33; width of head 2.33-2-4. 


Enallagma cyathigerum calverti (Morse) 

Full-grown nymphs were taken early in the season of 1912, 
several emerging in the laboratory on June 3 and 4. Mature 
adults were flying in numbers on June 1, and had about disap- 
peared by the middle of the month. Nymphs were also reared at 
Lake Simcoe in 1909, adults emerging on June 4. 


The nymph (Figs. 4, 5) is very similar in form to that of E. 
hagent (Walsh), but is considerably larger, with much darker gills. 
Eyes as in hageni, less prominent than in FE. signatum and E. pol- 
lutum (Figs. 6, 7, 9), the curve of the posterior median excavation 
somewhat more flattened than that of the rather strongly convex 
margins on each side, the latter with a dozen or more spinules. 
Labium with 4 mental sete and 6 (occasionally 5) lateral sete; 
end-hook of lateral lobe preceded by 3 teeth of moderate size, which 
are preceded by 3 or 4 smaller, somewhat incurved denticles. Gills 
lanceolate, widest a little beyond the middle, ventral margin 
straight at base, dorsal margin convexly curved; apices bluntly 
pointed, with convexly curved margins or rounded. Across the 
middle of the gill is a distinct joint, proximad of which the margins 
are spinulose, the spinules of the ventral margin stronger than 
those of the dorsal; distad of the joint the margins are beset with 
a fringe of delicate hairs, much longer than those of E. hageni. 
Color dark brownish (probably olivaceous in life, each abdominal 
segment, except 10, with a dark lateral blotch, not seen in the 
exuvie; femora with a pale ring just before the apex, preceded by 
a dark ring. Gills dark greyish brown, deepening just beyond 
the median joint. 

Length of body, 15.5(exuvia)-21.5; gills 6.5-8; hind wing 
4.5-5; hind femur 4; width of head 3.5-3.7. 

Enallagma pollutum (Hagen) Selys. 

Among a number of Odonate nymphs, taken by Mr. R. P. 
Wodehouse at Waubaushene and Fitzwilliam Island, Georgian 
Bay, in 1912, are numerous specimens of an undescribed form, 
which is so obviously nearly related to E. signatum that we have 
little hesitation in ascribing it to E. pollutum. This species is, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163 








moreover, a common one here and is the only Enallagma of the 
region whose nymph has not been reared (except the rare E. ebrium). 

Nymph (Figs. 9, 10), long and slender, eyes very prominent 
laterally, their postero-lateral margins forming with the sides of 
the head a marked excavation. Hind angles of head with numer- 
ous slender sete, rounded, but very prominent and narrower than 
the median concavity. Labium with 3 mental setz: lateral sete 
5; lateral lobes, before the end-hook, with three well-marked 
teeth, preceded by a feebly denticulate, almost truncate, margin. 
Abdominal segments 2-7, with prominent postero-lateral angles. 
Gills large, broad lanceolate, widest at the distal third, with a 
transverse median joint; basal half dark, except at the base; apical 
half whitish or grey, except a broad, dark anteapical band. 

Colour brown (alcoholic, probably greenish in life), sides of 
head and thorax with a pale longitudinal band between two dark 
bands, the most ventral of which passes dorso-caudad to the bases 
of the front wing-cases. There are usually also a few dark spots 
on the head and thorax. Abdomen rather dark brown, almost 
uniform. Legs pale, femora with a very narrow, but usually well- 
defined, dark ring at the distal fourth. 

Length of body 13 (contracted) to 18 (extended); gills 5-6.5; 
hind-wing 4.3-5; hind femur 3.5; width of head 3.25-3.4. 

Boyeria grafiana Williamson. 

The dark-coloured nymphs of this species are found rather 
commonly under stones, along more or less wave-beaten shores or 
wherever there is a perceptible current. Full-grown specimens 
were collected on and after June 4, 1912, the first adult emerging 
in the laboratory on July 14, followed by several othe:s during the 
succeeding fortnight. 

As the nymph of Boyeria vinosa was described before B. gra- 
fiana had been recognized as a distinct species, it is impossible to 
be certain whether the descriptions all refer to B. vinosa or not, 
but Needham’s description* belongs, with scarcely a doubt, to that 
species. 

We have reared a number of nymphs of B. grafiana and col- 
lected many exuvie as well as nymphs in several localities. We 
have also received a series of exuviee of a Boyeria from the Shawa- 

*Bull. 47, N. Y. State Museum, p. 465, 1991. 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








naga River, collected by Mr. Paul Hahn, which differ very slightly 
from those of B. grafiana. The latter were also found on the same 
river. As vinosa and grafiana are the only North American species 
of Boyeria, and are both common in this region, there can be no 
doubt that the species not yet reared is B. vinosa. 

The nymphs of these two forms may be separated as follows: 
Mentum of labium, 5.5 mm. long, its middle breadth scarcely less 

than half its length; fourth abdominal segment without lateral 
spines; lateral abdominal appendages of female one-fourth to 
one-third as long as the inferior appendages, and usually about 
as long as the dorsum of segment 10...22)../0.....4 B. vinosa. 
Mentum of labium 6.5-7 mm. long, its middle breadth distinctly 
less than half its length; fourth abdominal segment generally 
with distinct though very smalllateralspines;lateral abdominal ap- 
pendages of female, one-fifth to one-fourth as long as the inferior 
appendages, and one-half to three-fifths as long as the dorsum 
Gb seotnient. HOM ie 56. Sib its oaks ORES Ce, oe ee et B. grafiana. 

B. grafiana also differs from B. vinosa in the slightly stouter 
inferior abdominal appendages, which are less incurved at the tips, 
and in the slightly larger size as shown by the following measure- 
ments: 

B. vinosa.—Length of body 34-86.5; hind wing 6-7.5; hind 
femur 5-6; width of head 7.5-8. 

B. grafiana—Length of body 37-39; hind wing 7.5-8; hind 
femur 6-6.5; width of head 8-8.5. 

In coloration the nymphs of these two species are quite simi- 
lar, except that the pale, wavy, dorso-lateral streak on each side 
of the abdomen is usually quite distinct in grafiana, but more or 
less obscure in vinosa. In both species the depth of coloration 
varies considerably, usually being a rather dark brown. All the 
nymphs from the Go Home Bay district are very dark in colour, - 
but the pale bands of the abdomen and legs are quite sharply de- 
fined. The most characteristic mark of Boyeria nymphs is a pale 
oval or diamond-shaped median blotch in the dorsum of segment 8. 


Neurocordulia yamaskanensis (Prov.) Selys. 


The nymphs of this interesting species are common at Go 
Home Bay and in the Muskoka Lakes district. They cling to the 
under sides of boulders, along the more exposed rocky shores or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 165 





near rapids. Exuvie are often found on precipitous rocks rising 
out of the water from a depth of 8 or 10 feet. 

Nymph (figs. 15-17) short-legged and somewhat stouter than 
most Corduliine nymphs. Head broadly convex above and on the 
sides, eyes not very prominent, frontal ridge with a scurfy pubes- 
cence, the anterior margin convexly curved, hind angles of head 
prominent, distance between them a little greater than half the 
greatest width of the head; hind margin distinctly excavate. 

Labium extending very slightly behind the bases of the front 
legs; mentum somewhat broader at the distal margin than long, 
the middle lobe somewhat abruptly deflexed, bluntly obtusangu- 
late; mental seta 9-11, the innermost 3 or 4 much smaller than the 
others; lateral lobes triangular, their distal margins produced into 
seven semi-elliptical teeth; lateral setae 6; movable hook very 
slightly arcuate. 

Marginal ridge of pronotum produced on each side behind the 
posterior angles of the head as a prominent process, which is some- 
what smaller than the very prominent supra-coxal processes. 

Legs short, the length of hind femora being slightly less than 
the width of the head. 

Abdomen ovate, its greatest breadth at segs. 6 or 7, slightly 
greater than two-thirds of its length; curve of the lateral margins 
somewhat stronger in the distal than in the proximal half; lateral 
spines on 8 and 9, in each case about one-third to one-half as long 
as the corresponding segment, those on 8 strongly divergent, on 9 
parallel and extending caudad scarcely or not at all beyond the tips 
of the appendages. 

Dorsal surface rather strongly convex, dorsal hooks present 
on 1-9, those of the basal segments slender, nearly erect and slight- 
ly hooked, becoming gradually broader and lower caudad, and, on 
7-9, reduced to scarcely more than a short ridge. Superior ap- 
pendage triangular, equilateral, very slightly shorter than the some- 
what divergent inferior appendages and somewhat longer than the 
lateral appendages. 

Colour yellowish or orange-brown, variegated with dark- 
brown. Head dark brown above, generally somewhat paler in the 
centre and on the frontal ridge. Thorax and wing-cases varie- 
gated with pale and dark markings, femora and tibie dark, with 


166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





two pale rings—a median and an anteapical. Abdomen yellowish 
brown, more or less distinctly blotched with dark brown, especi- 
ally on the dorsal hooks, the lateral margins and spines and the 
' dorso-lateral scars. 


Measurements.—Length of body 22-24.5; mentum of labium 
4; hind wing 6-7; hind femur 5.5-6; width of abdomen 9-10; 
width of head 6.5. 

The nymph of this species shows the following differences. 
from that of N. obsoleta (Figs. 18-19), two exuviae of which I have 
from Lake Hopatkong, Pa., received from Professor P. P. Calvert. 


Somewhat larger, more elongate, and less depressed; eyes 
somewhat less prominent, mentum of labium a little longer and 
more narrowed at base; middle and hind legs somewhat less widely 
separated at their bases; abdomen narrower, the sides less strongly 
curved om the middle segments; lateral spines on seg. 9 much 
shorter than those of odsoleta, in which they are fully as long as 
the segment and extend far beyond the tips of the appendages; 
dorsal hooks also less developed than in obsoleta, in which they 
form quite prominent tubercles on segs. 7-9. 


Tetragoneuria spinigera Selys. 

We have reared only two females of this species, these emerg- 
ing on June 2, 1912, at a time when the period for transformation 
was about over. We also found a teneral male with its exuvia on 
June 1 and a large number of similar exuvia, which must belong to 
T. spinigera as T. cynosura simulans, the only other species resi- 
dent in the Go Home Bay district, does not appear until a little 
later in the season. 


A careful comparison was made between the exuvie of these 
two species, but no differences could be detected between them, 
except that in spinigera the lateral abdominal appendages average 
slightly longer than those of cynosura. This difference, however, 
does not appear to be constant. Prof. Needham, who referred 
certain nymphs to this species by supposition, employed as dif- 
ferential characters the length and amount of divergence of the 
lateral spines of segment 9. The two species discussed here are 
quite alike in respect to these features, which vary considerably 
among individuals of the same species. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 167 





»Somatochlora semicircularis (Selys). 

I have a teneral imago of this species with the exuvia, taken 
by Dr. A. G. Huntsman from a pond on Mt. Benson, near Nanai- 
mo, B.C., on July 21, 1909. Dr. Huntsman states that both 
nymphs and imagoes were common here. 


Nymphs (Figs. 26, 27):' Eyes rather small, but fairly promi- 
nent; frontal ridge with numerous coarse hairs, its front margin 
gently convexly curved; antenne with the basal segment slightly 
shorter and stouter than the second, the third slender and nearly 
as long as segs. 1 and 2, equal in length to 4.5 and to 6, 7 slightly 
shorter. 

Head but little narrowed behind the eyes, the sides nearly 
straight and about one-third as long as the posterior margin, which 
is but little excavated; postero-lateral angles subrectangulate, 
rather prominent, with numerous hairs. 


Labium extending back barely to the bases of the middle legs, 
apical width of mentum about equal to its length, sides slightly 
flaring distally; middle lobe moderately deflexed, obtusangulate, 
the margin minutely crenulate and spinulose; lateral lobes concave 
within, their inner margin with minute spinules of two or three 
sizes, distal margin with 9 or 10 well-marked, obliquely-cut, apically 
rounded teeth, each bearing a tuft of 3 or 4 spinules, of which the 
innermost is the largest. Mental sete 10 or 11; lateral seta 6; 
end-hook scarcely longer than the second antennal segment. 


Lateral margin of pronotum and supracoxal process hairy, the 
former somewhat produced but rounded, the latter not very pro- 
minent. 


Legs decidedly short, the hind femora being no longer than the 
hind wing-cases, rather stout and fringed with moderately long 
hairs. 

Abdomen elongate-ovate, about as wide as the thorax, but 
little flattened, expanding but little from the broad base to seg. 5, 
narrowing very slightly on 6 and 7, more rapidly on 8 and 9; lateral 
margin fringed with hairs, which are long and dense, on 8 and 9; 
much shorter on the other segments. Lateral spines present only 
on seg. 9, somewhat less than one-third the length of the segment, 
slender, subparallel, their sharp tips slightly incurved. Dorsal 


168 ‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 











hooks wholly absent. Superior appendages triangular, slightly 
longer than its basal breadth, acuminate, apex slender-pointed : 
lateral appendages scarcely longer, flattened, their basal breadth 
nearly half that of the superior appendage, tapering to a point, 
outer margin gently curved; inferior appendage slender, slightly 
divergent, extending a little beyond the laterals. 

No trace of a colour-pattern is visible in the exuvia. 

Measurements.—Length of body 32; abdomen 13.5; hind 
wing-case 6.3; hind femur 6.8; width of head 6; width of abdo- 
men 8. 

The nymphs of this species differ from the other known 
nymphs of this genus in the absence of any trace of dorsal hooks. 
The head is much less narrowed behind the eyes, the postero- 
lateral angles more prominent and angulate and the legs decidedly 
shorter than in S. williamsoni Walk. and S. metallica Vand., ,the 
only other species of this genus whose nymphs I possess. It differs. 
in the same characters from the nymph of Cordulia shurtlefi, to 
which it bears a considerable resemblance. There seem to be no 
very good generic characters for the separation of the nymphs of 
Somatochlora, Cordulia and Dorocordulia. 

Leucorrhinia frigida Hagen. 

This species is exceedingly abundant in all swamp waters in 
the Go Home Bay region, particularly in sphagnum-bogs. We 
have found the nymphs in large numbers and have reared many 
specimens. 

Needham’s description* of the nymph of this dragonfly be- 
longs to another species (probably L. proxima). In a letter to the 
writer he stated that the species had not been reared, but that 
tenerals of L. frigida had been found at the spot where the exuvia 
were gathered. The nymph of frigida, unlike Needham’s species, 
possesses large dorsal hooks like the other species of Leucorrhinia 
that have been reared. 

Nymph (Figs. 21-23) very simiiar to that of L. intacta, but 
somewhat smaller and. the legs slightly slenderer. Head similar 
to that of intacta, except in the somewhat more prominent eyes; 
Labium of similar size and form, the lateral lobes somewhat more 





*Bull. 24, New York State Museum, Ent. 28, p. 196, 1908. 


” 


re 
i ha mi 





PLATE |, 


CAN. ENT., VOL. XLV. 





NEW NYMPHS OF CANADIAN ODONATA. 


i i ; 
a a AG oe a) 





CaN, ENT., VOL. XLV. PLATE II. 

















) ip l 
N\ it } i Yj) 


NEW NYMPHS OF CANADIAN ODONATA. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 169 





deeply concave within, the teeth on the distal margin obsolescent. 
crenate, eacn with a single spinule; lateral sete 9 or 10; mental 
setee 10-13, the fourth or fifth from the outside longest, the inner 
four smaller than the others. 


Abdomen broadest at seg. 6, scarcely narrowing on 7, slightly 
on 8, more abruptly on 9; lateral spines on 8 one-half to three-fifths 
as long as the segment, subparallel, those on 9 reaching about to 
the tips of the inferior appendages, their inner margins straight 
and parallel. Superior appendages somewhat less elongate than 
in intacta, acuminate, about twice as long as the lateral appendages. 
Dorsal hooks on segs. 3-8, larger on 3 and 4 than in zntacta, less 
erect and more curved, very slender; those on 5-7 of about the same 
size as in intacta or somewhat larger and slightly more elevated, 
the curve of the upper margins much stronger proximally, the 
apices sharp and directed straight back, reaching about the middle 
of the following segment; on 8 similar to those of the preceding 
segments but less elevated, directed straight back. 


The coloration when well marked is so exactly similar to that 
of intacta that it seems unneccessary to describe it. It is usually, 
however, rather obscure, though the legs are always distinctly 
banded. 


Measurements. — Length of body 15-16; abdomen 9-10.6; 
hind wing 4-6-4.75; hind femur 4; width of abdomen 6-6.8; width 
of head 4.7-4.8. 


EXIELANATION OF PLATES I. AND II. 


Fig. 1. Nehalennia gracilis —Lateral gill. 

Fig. 2. Nehalennia gracilis—Hind margin of head. 
Fig. 3. Nehalennia irene —Hind margin of head. 
Fig. 4. Enallagma calverti—Dorsal view of head. 
Fig. 5. Enallagma calverti—tLateral gill.. 

Fig. 6. Enallagma hageni.—Dorsal view of head. 
Fig. 7. Enallagma signatum.—Dorsal view of head. 
Fig. 8. Enallagma signatum.—Lateral gill. 

Fig. 9. Enallagma pollutum—Dorsal view of head 


Fig. 10. Enallagma pollutum.—Lateral gill. 
Fig. 11. Boyeria grafiana.—Labium. 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





Fig. 12. Boyeria grafiana.—Abdominal appendages of female 
nymph. 

Fig. 13. Boyeria vinosa.—Labium. 

Fig. 14. Boyeria vinosa—Abdominal appendages of female 
nymph. 

Fig. 15. Neurocordulia yamaskanensis Nymph. 

Fig. 16. Neurocordulia yamaskanensis.—Terminal abdominal 
segments of female nymph. 

Fig. 17. Neurocordulia yamaskanensis.—Lateral view of ab- 
domen. 

Fig. 18. Neurocordulia obsoleta. — Terminal abdominal seg- 
ments of female nymph. 

Fig. 19. Neurocordulia obsoleta.—Lateral view of abdomen. 

Fig. 20. Leucorrhinia intacta—Dorsal view of head. 

Fig. 21. Leucorrhinia intactai—Terminal abdominal segments 
of female nymph. 

Fig. 22. Leucorrhinia intacta-—Lateral view of abdomen. 

Fig. 23. Leucorrhinia frigida.—Dorsal view of head. 

Fig. 24. Leucorrhinia frigida——Terminal abdominal segments 
of female nymph. 

Fig. 25. Leucorrhinia frigida.—Lateral view of abdomen. 

Fig. 26. Somatochlora semicircularis.—Dorsal view of head. 

Fig. 27. Somatochlora semicircularis—Terminal abdominal 
segments of male nymph. 


OBITUARY. 


Mr. FRANKLIN A. MERRICK died December 16th, 1912, at New 
Brighton, Pa., at the age of 68 years. He was well known as a 
diligent and successful collector of Lepidoptera, of which he ac- 
cumulated a large number of species. Though engaged in busi- 
ness pursuits for a great many years, he found time to devote him- 
self to this Department of Entomology, and maintained a cor- 
respondence with others of similar tastes in many parts of the 
continent. His collection, which was large and valuable, is now 
in the possession of Dr. Barnes, of Decatur, Ill. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1a 


THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY 
BY C. GORDON HEWITT, D.SC., DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA. 


As the question of international effort and co-operation in the 
matter of controlling and preventing the spread of insects, which 
in various ways affect human activity, is occupying the attention 
not only of entomologists, sanitarians and workers directly occu- 
pied in studying these many-sided problems, but also of statesmen 
and administrators, the formation in connection with the British 
Imperial Service of an Imperial Bureau of Entomology at the be- 
ginning of the present year will undoubtedly interest all concerned 
in these problems by whom the progress and work will be watched. 

This organization is not a sudden deyelopment, but a gradual 
outgrowth of efforts along similar lines which began in the spring 
of 1909. In March of that year a meeting was called by the Secre- 
tary of State for the Colonies at the Colonial Office in London, in 
which the present writer had the honour to take part, to discuss the 
formation of an Entomological Research Committee for the pur- 
pose of furthering entomological research in the British possessions 
in tropical and sub-tropical Africa. The chief insects which it was 
considered desirable to study were those associated with the trans- 
mission of disease. In 1909 an Entomological Research Committee 
of the Colonial Office was appointed by Lord Crewe, then Secretary 
of State for the Colonies, and it consisted of the chief experts in 
entomology and tropical medicine in Great Britain and Ireland, 
with Lord Cromer as Chairman. Its work fell under three divi- 
sions—namely, the carrying on of investigations and entomological 
surveys in tropical Africa, for the purpose of which two travelling 
entomologists were employed; the determination of entomological 
material and the publication of the work so accomplished, for which 
purpose the “Bulletin of Entomological Research,’ a quarterly 
journal, was started. Through the generosity of Mr. Andrew 
Carnegie, the Committee was able also to undertake the training 
of Entomologists for service in the Dominions and Colonies. 

On account of the valuable service which was being rendered 
by the Committee to the African Crown-Colonies and Protector- 
ates, suggestions were made for the enlargement of the scope of the 
work of the Committee. Accordingly, in June 1911, advantage 


was taken of the presence in England of the Prime Ministers of the 
June, 1913 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





self-governing Dominions, and a Conference was called by the 
Secretary of State for the Colonies to consider the desirability of 
further extending the work already begun by securing the co- 
operation and financial support of the self-governing Dominions 
and Colonies. By this means mutual assistance could be rendered 
by the various countries within the British Empire through the 
medium of a central bureau which would be engaged in the collec- 
tion and interchange of information in regard to noxious insects. 
It was unanimously agreed that the establishment of such a central 
bureau was desirable, as it was realized what valuable assistance 
it could render in the way of disseminating information and render-. 
ing assistance in other ways. Accordingly, a tentative scheme was. 
submitted to the governments of the various self-governing Do- 
minions and Colonies for their consideration. 


After due consideration, a further Conference was held at the 
Colonial Office in August, 1912, to which the government ento- 
mologists of the self-governing Dominions and Colonies, and others 
similarly interested, were invited to discuss and work out a scheme 
for Imperial co-operation in preventing the spread and furthering 
the investigation of noxious insects. At this Conference the whole 
subject was thoroughly discussed, and a proposal was evolved for 
the establishment of an Imperial Bureau of Entomology to be 
financially supported by the various Dominions and Colonies 
and the British Government. 


It was proposed that the functions of the Imperial Bureau of | 
Entomology be as follows: 


1. A general survey of the noxious insects of the world and 
the collection and co-ordination of information relating thereto, 
so that any British country may learn by inquiry what insect pests 
it is likely to import from other countries and the best methods of 
preventing their introduction and spread. 

2. The authoritative identification of insects of economic 
importance submitted by the officials of the Departments of Agri- 
culture and Public Health throughout the Empire. 

3. The publication of a monthly journal giving concise and 
useful summaries of all the current literature which has a practical 


bearing on the investigation and control of noxious: insects. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 173 





The scheme was accepted by the various self-governing Do- 
minions and Colonies which were invited to co-operate, and the 
Crown-Colonies and British Protectorates will also participate in 
the advantages of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology which has 
now been established. The former Entomological Research Com- 
mittee has become the Honorary Committee of Management, with 
the eminent administrator, the Earl of Cromer, as President, and 
the Scientific Secretary of the Committee, Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, 
has been made Director of the Bureau and Editor of the Journal. 
The Government Entomologists of the Dominions are ex-officio 
members of the Committee of Management. 

The publication of the Bureau’s journal, which is entitled 
“The Review of Applied Entomology,’’ was commenced in January. 
It is being published in two parts: Series A, Agricultural; and 
Series B, Medical and Veterinary. As the organization and library 
of the Bureau becomes perfected, the value of this journal to ento- 
mological workers cannot be overestimated, when it is remembered 
that there are no less than 1700 periodicals—scientific, agricultural 
and medical—which may contain articles dealing with entomology, 
but a small proportion of which widely scattered entomologists 
have the opportunity of seeing or the time to consult. 


An idea of one aspect of the three years’ work of the original 
Entomological Research Committee will be gathered from the fact 
that the collections received from collectors in tropical Africa and 
other parts of the world during that time amounted to about 
190,000 insects, of which no less than 56,000 were actual or poten- 
tial disease carriers. The value of this function of the Bureau to 
entomologists situated in portions of the Empire where there are no 
collections and little literature to aid them in identification will be 
realized by their more fortunate fellow-workers. 

It has been stated that the Imperial Bureau of Entomology 
will serve the needs of the British Empire in a manner similar to 
that in which the United States Bureau of Entomology serves those 
of the United States. This statement, however, is not correct. 
Its primary function will be that of an intelligence Bureau, collect- 
ing information for the use of British countries supporting it and 
assisting entomologists and other officials in those countries in the 
identification of their material. By these methods which have 


174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





been mentioned and by the publication of ‘The Review of Applied 
Entomology,” it will furnish a means of assistance and of co-ordina- 
tion of effort in the war against noxious insects, which will un- 
doubtedly soon make its services invaluable in the further de- 
velopment of the countries, and especially the tropical and sub- 
tropical countries, of the British Empire. International, as the 
scope of its inquiries are, the work of the Bureau cannot but prove 
to be one of the most potent factors in enabling us to develop the 
agricultural and other resources of the Empire, and our fellow- 
workers in non-British countries can avail themselves, throug this 
journal, of some of the fruits of the Bureau’s work. 


GEOMETRID NOTES.—A NEW VARIETY. 
BY L. W, SWETT, BOSTON, MASS. 


Therina fiscellaria Gn., var. Johnsoni, Nov.—Expands 30 m.m 
Fore wings smoky ochreous instead of being yellow as in the normal 
form.. The fore wings are smoky to the basal band, which shows 
as a bright ochreous line, crossing from costa to inner margin in a 
regular curve. The mesial space is smoky, with black discal dot 
showing faintly through. Extra-discal line bright ochreous, curved 
from costa to median vein, then back sharply in a deep curve to 
inner margin, as in normal fiscellaria. Beyond the wing is smoky 
black to outer margin. Fringe short and smoky ochreous. An- 
tenne and head ochreous; body of the same colour. Hind wings 
smoky ochreous to extra-discal line, which rounds out to a point 
opposite the black discal spot, the line being ochreous as on the fore 
wing. Beyond the extra-discal line the wing is smoky to outer 
margin. The insect, on the whole, seems rather semi-hyaline in 
appearance, and is no doubt a melanic form. Beneath the fore 
wings are much lighter than above, with the markings showing 
through. Hind wings lighter than above, almost a dark fawn 
colour, with lines showing through from above. 

This seems to be a rare form and quite distinct from any 
described variety. I take pleasure in naming this variety after 
my kind friend, Mr. C. W. Johnson, who has rendered me valuable 
help and suggestions. 

Type.—1 0 from Dr. C.S. Minot, North East Harbor, Me., Sept. 


24, 1909, in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. 
June, 1913 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 175 





NOTES ON THE SYNONYMY OF SOME GENERA AND 
Sebel LES INGE CHLOROPIDA:: (DIPEERA).* 
BY J. R. MALLOCH, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C. 


Williston, in his ‘Manual of North American Diptera,’’ 1908, 
gives to this family the name Oscinide. Unfortunately, the 
generic name Oscinis is a synonym of the earlier name Chlorops, 
as indicated in the following synonymy, so that, even had the name 
of the family not previously been Chloropide, the name Oscinide 
could not be retained. Coquillett, in his paper on ‘‘The Type- 
Species of the North American Genera of Diptera,’ 1910, made 
some alterations in the status of certain genera in the family, but 
some of his conclusions are incorrect. Most European authors 
refuse to accept Lioy’s genera, and of those who have dealt with 
this family in recent years only Enderlein has recognized any of 
Lioy’s genera as valid. While many of Lioy’s genera are synonyms 
of older genera, and his identifications often obviously wrong, it 
must be apparent to an unbiased person that wherever it is pos- 
sible to decide definitely what his genera are, and in all cases he 
cites species, they must be accepted, provided they are in other 
respects valid. It seems to me that the acceptance of Meigen’s 
genera included in the 1800 paper, and those of his 1803 paper 
which had no species included in them, by European writers and 
their wholesale disregard of Lioy’s genera savors slightly of incon- 
sistency. Enderlein, in a paper on the subfamily Oscinosomine 
(Sitz. d. Ges. Naturf. Freu, 1911), evidently was unaware of the 
fact that Coquillett had made use of Lioy’s genera in 1910 and re- 
tained the generic name Oscinosoma, which Coquillett sunk as a 
synonym of Botanobia, and reversed the order as given by that 
writer. Possibly his reason for using the generic name Oscinosoma 
was to retain as the name of the subfamily one which had as near 
an approach to the old one (Oscinis) as possible. This position 
might be tenable, even though Botanobia has line priority, but for 
the fact that Coquillett had previously indicated Botanobia as the 
generic name to replace Oscinis and gave Oscinosoma as a synonym. 
It is regrettable that these questions of nomenclature occur so 
often, and that they cause such confusion; but, when they do crop 
up, it is advisable that they should be settled, and when one under- 








*Published by permission of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology. — 
i“ June, 1913 


176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





takes to decide a matter of this kind, it is always best to give the 
reasons why such decisions are arrived at. Having been engaged 
upon some work on the American species in this family, I find that 
it is necessary for me first of all to decide upon the correct nomen- 
clature, both of genera and species, before I can publish any de- 
scriptive matter or give identifications of species to be used in the 
publications of the Bureau of Entomology. Thus, I have under- 
taken the rather unwelcome task of revising the nomenclature of 
the group, in so far as the American genera are concerned, in the 
hope that such revision may be of use to other students of the family. 


Family Chloropide 
Subfamily Chloropine. 


ELLIPONEURA Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., Vol. 13, Ba p. 44. 

Type: Elliponeura debilis Loew. 

Meromyza Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 6, 1830, p. 163. 

Type: Musca saltatrix Linné. 

CETEMA Hendel, Wien. Ent. Zeit., Vol. 26, 1907, p. 98. 

Centor Loew, Zeit. Ent. Breslau, Vol. 15, 1866, p. 7 (pre-occ.) 

Type: Oscinis cerceris Fallen. 

ANTHRACOPHAGA Loew, Zeit. Ent. Breslau, Vol. 15, 1866, perio: 

Type: Musca strigula Fabricius. 

Har ecis Loew, Zeitschr. Ent. Breslau, Vol. 15, 1866, p. 22. 

Type: Chlorops diadema Meigen. 

DrpLotoxa Loew, Zeitschr. Ent. Breslau, Vol. 15, 1866, p. 31. 

Type: Chlorops versicolor Loew. 

Cuiorops Meigen, Illig. Mag., Vol. 2, 1803, p. 278. 

Type: Chlorops laeta Meigen. 

Coquillett gives this genus as synonym of Titania Meigen, 
1800, presumably on the strength of Hendel’s representations in 
his paper dealing with Meigen’s genera (Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. 
Wien., Vol 58, 1908, p. 43), but, as Hendel afterwards points out 
(Wien. Ent. Zeit., Vol. 29, 1910, p. 312), Titania is more probably 
synonymous with Gaurax Loew. 

CuLoropisca Loew, Zeitschr. Entom. Breslau, Vol. 15, 1866, p. 79. 

Type: Chlorops glabra Meigen. : 
EuRINA Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 6, 1830, p. 3. 

This genus has been recorded as occurring in America, but the 
species included in it from this country is not congeneric with the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ives 


type, Eurina lurida Meigen. In the National Museum collection 
the series of exilis Coquillett stands among the members of the 
genus Chlorops, having been removed to that genus by Coquillett. 
ECTECEPHALA Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. 4, pt. 2, 1851, p. 280. 
Type: Ectecephala albistylum Macquart. 
Subfamily BOTANOBINE. 

CERATOBARYS Coquillett, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. 6, 1898, p. 45. 

Type: Hippelates eulophus Loew. 
HipepELATEs Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., Vol. 7, 1863, p. 36. 

Type: Hippelates plebejus. Loew. 

Opetiphora Loew, Dipt. Amer. Sept. Indig. Cent. 10, 1872. 

Siphomyia Williston, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 418. 
CRASSISETA von Roser, Corres. Landw. Ver. Wurtemb., 1840, p. 63. 

Type: Oscints cornuta Fallen. . 

The genus Elachiptera, which has as its type brevipennis 
Meigen, does not occur in America, so far as our present informa- 





tion goes. 
GAURAX Loew, Dipt. Amer. Sept. Indig. Cent. 3, 1863, p. 35. 
Type: Gaurax festivus Loew. 
Titania Meigen, Nouv. Class. Mouch., 1800, p. 35 (Nom. 
Nud.) 
Macrostyla Lioy, Atti Istit. Veneto, ser. 3, Vol 9, 1864, p. 1126. 
Titania has never had any species placed in it and must be 
considered as ‘‘nomen nudum,” though there is a possibility that 
it may have been a species of Gaurax Meigen had before him when 
he wrote the description in his 1800 paper. 
Mapiza Fallen, Dipt. Suec, Oscinid., 1820, 8. 
Type: Oscinis oscinina Fallen. 
Siphonella Macquart, Hist. Nat.,.Dipt., Vol. 2, 1835, p. 584. 
Eurinella Meunier, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1893, p. 193. 
Coquillett gives Siphunculina Rondani, as a synonym also, 
but this is really the genus afterwards described as Microneurum 
‘by Becker, which does not at present find a place in the American 
list. 
BoraNoBIA Lioy, Atti Istit. Veneto, ser. 3, Vol. 9, 1864, p. 1125. 
Type: Oscinis dubia Macquart. 
Oscinis authors, not Latreille. 


178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





Oscinosoma Lioy, Atti Instit. Veneto, ser. 3, Vol. 9, 1864, 
p. 1125. 

? Strobliola Czerny, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., Vol. 59, 
1909, p. 289. 

Oscinella Becker (Bull. Mus d’ Hist. Nat. Paris, 1909, p. 119), 
Arch. Zool. Budapest, I, 1910, p. 150. 

Coquillett accepted Botanobia as the name to substitute 
Oscinis Latreille, which had been erroneously used by authors as 
the generic name for that group, the type of which he indicates as 
given above. Presumably, he did so because the name appears 
first in Lioy’s paper, though it bas only line priority over the one 
adopted in 1911 by Enderlein, as indicated at the beginning of 
these notes. 

Botanobia frit, Linné, Fauna Suec., 1761, p. 1851 (Musca). 
Musca hordei, Bjerk., Vetinsk. Akad. Hand. 34, 1777 (Musca). 
Carbonaria Loew, Dipt. Amer. Sept. Indig. Cent., 7, 1866 

(Oscinis). 

The above synonymy is in accordance with facts ascertained 
from a comparison of American and European material. 
TricimBa Lioy, Atti Istit. Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, 1864, p. 1125. 

Type: Tricimba linella Fallen. 

Notonaulax Becker, Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 1903, p. 153. 

Through Becker disregarding Lioy’s work, he did not recog- 
nize the fact that that author had clearly defined this genus, and 
cited as the type of his genus Notonaulax one of the two species 
Lioy included in 7vicimba. 

This genus occurs in America. The species described as 
trisulcata by Adams (Ent. News, Vol. 16, 1905, p. 111) belongs 
here. 


A NEW GENUS AND ONE NEW SPECIES OF 
CHALCIDOIDEA. 

BY A. B. GAHAN, MARYLAND EXPERIMENTAL STATION, COLLEGE 

PARK, MD. 

During the summer of 1912 a series of specimens of a Ptero- 

malid were reared by the writer from cocoons of Cladius pectini- 

cornis Fourcr. They were found to run readily to the genus 

Celopisthia Foerst. in Dr. Ashmead’s ‘‘Classification of the Chalcid 


June, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 








Flies.” Upon comparison with a specimen in the United States 
National Museum, of Celopisthia vitripennis Thoms., one of the 
two European species of the genus (not the genotype species), they 
were found to differ materially. Unfortunately, specimens of the 
genotype species, C. cephalotes Thoms., are not available for com- 
parison, but there seems no reason to doubt that this species and 
C. vitripennis are congeneric. A new genus is therefore erected 
for the reception of the parasite of Cladius pectinicornis, which ap- 
pears to be undescribed. 

Celopisthia nematicida (Pack) Hewitt and C. diacrisie Crawf., 
being congeneric with the new species, are also included. C. 
fumosipennis Gahan is a true Celopisthia and the only described 
North American representative of that genus. C. smithii Ashm. 
(manuscript name in Smith’s Insects of New Jersey, 1900, p. 559) 
does not belong in the tribe Pteromalini since one mandible is 3- 
toothed and the other 4-toothed. It therefore falls in the tribe 
Eutilini and does not appear to fit any genus in that tribe. 

The new genus is distinguished from all except Ce@lopisthia 
in the tribe Pteromalini by the immargined occiput, non-produced 
propodeum, subequal stigmal and postmarginal veins, and the long 
antennal pedicel. From Celopisthia it may be distinguished as 
follows: 

Both antennal ring-joints elongate, as long or longer than broad; 
discal cilia of the anterior wings reduced to mere ‘dots or punc- 
tures, the hairs obsolete; marginal vein nearly three times as 
long as the stigmal; abdomen short, rotund. Celopisthia Foerster. 

First ring-joint strongly transverse, the second as long or nearly as 
long as broad; discal cilia developed on the apical two-thirds of 
the wing at least; marginal vein scarcely twice the length of the 
stigmal; abdomen ovate or conic ovate... .Celopisthoidea, n. g. 

Ca:LOPISTHOIDEA, new genus. 

Head large, much wider than thorax, broad anterio-posteriorly, 
occiput concave, the occipital forminal depression angularly defined 
but immargined. Antenne 13-jointed, inserted on a line with the 
lower extremities of eyes; scape slender; pedicel longer than the 
first joint of funicle; two ring-joints, the first transverse, the second 
elongate, much longer than the first; funicle 6-jointed cylindrical; 
club 3-jointed, acuminate. Face below the antenne receding; 


t80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





mandibles both four-toothed. Parapsidal furrows subobsolete on 
the posterior half of the mesonotum, impressed anteriorly; scutellum 
large, moderately convex; propodeum not prolonged into a neck, 
the median longitudinal carina and, lateral folds present, spiracles 
prominent long-ovate. Wings hyaline, the marginal vein about 
twice as long as the stigmal, the postmarginal and stigmal subequal, 
marginal cilia present but short. Posterior tibiz with one spur. 

Abdomen sessile, ovate or conic ovate. 

Type of genus—Celopisthoidea cladia, n. sp. 

KeEY TO THE SPECIES OF CG:LOPISTHOIDEA. 

"1. Postmarginal vein slightly shorter than the stigmal vein. 
Anterior wings slightly dusky............diacrisie Crawf. 
Postmarginal vein not shorter than the stigmal; anterior 
wings hyaline. 

2. Propodeum with a deep circular fovea on either side of the short 
apical neck; lateral ocelli as far from the eye margin as from 
each other; anterior wing apparently without marginal 
oil Te eee, MA EE Lua Fes Oo Rae Gt roteny _nematicida Pack. 

Propodeum without deep fovea either side of the apex; 
lateral ocelli as close to the eye margin as to the anterior 
ocellus, much closer to the eye than to each other; anterior 
wings with weak marginal cilia on the posterior margin 
toward 1theapex 90). teas aes cladie, n. sp. 

Celopisthoidea cladi@, n. sp. 

Female-—Length about 2.6 mm. Head and thorax eneous, 
closely reticulate-punctate; scape reddish testaceous, the pedicel 
and flagellum dark brown, pedicel longer than the two ring-joints 
and first joint of funicle combined, first ring-joint transverse, 
second as long as broad; funicle joints not longer than broad, the 
apical ones not as long as broad; club acuminate, three-jointed, 
the joints about as long as the funicle joints. Ocelli in an obtuse 
angled triangle, the lateral ocelli nearer the eye margin than to the 
anterior ocellus. 

Punctures of the mesoscutum somewhat smaller and deeper 
than those of the head, apical portion of the scutellum differently 
sculptured from the anterior portion, giving the appearance of a 
transverse line before the apex; true metanotum punctate; pro- 
podeum punctate, the lateral folds distinct and complete, median 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 18! 











carina also well defined, spiracles long-ovate and prominent; neck 
of the propodeum short, smooth and shining and without a distinct 
circular depression either side. Wings hyaline, the postmarginal 
as long as the marginal, marginal cilia of the anterior wings absent, 
except for a very few weak cilia on the posterior margin toward the 
apex; basal portion of the anterior wing to the apex of the costal 
cell hairless, except for a single row of hairs in the costal cell, re- 
mainder of the wing ciliate but with the hairs very short. Anterior 
and posterior coxe more or less metallic on the outer side; median 
pair brownish; all trochanters, femora, tibiz, and tarsi pale tes- 
taceous, the femora and tibia tinged with brownish. Abdomen 
ovate, pointed at the apex, smooth and shining, dark brown, with 
the basal segment metallic. 


Male——cColoured like the female, but a brighter green, with 
stronger reflections; antenne shorter thaf®in the female, the joints 
of the funicle not as long as broad, the club short and compact. 


Type locality—Upper Marlboro, Prince George County, Md. 

Host.—Cladius pectinicornis. 

Type.—Cat. No. 15,506, United States National Museum. 

Thirt'y females and three males in the type series. The type 
and several paratypes deposited in the United States National 
Museum. Remaining paratypes in the collection of the Maryland 
Experiment Station, College Park, Md. 

Mr. E. N. Cory, of this Department, brought me several 
pupze of the sawfly which he had secured on rose bushes at the farm 
of Mr. R. S. Hill, Upper Marlboro, Md., August 6, 1912. At the 
same time he turned over to me a single live female of the parasite 
which he had taken crawling over the sawfly cocoons. This para- 
site and the sawfly cocoons were placed together in a vial on my 
desk. The parasite died and was pinned August 12, without 
-having been observed to-oviposit. August 19 there emerged in the 
vial thirteen specimens of the parasite. Examination of the co- 
coons on this date showed that all these parasites had come from a 
single sawfly pupa. One of the remaining cocoons was found to be 
packed full of the naked pupe of the parasite, which at this time 
were pale-yellowish, with the eyes dark-red, and measured a little 
over 2 mm. in length. August 27th, adults to the number of 20 
emerged from this lot of pupz. While proof is lacking, it seems 


182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - 





probable that this last lot of parasites were from eggs deposited by 
the captured female, either just before or shortly after her capture- 
C. nematicida is said by Hewitt* to be able to develop from egg 
to adult within a period of twenty-three days. 





SPECIES .OF. LEPIDOPTERA» NEW “TO: OURYRAUNAY 
WITH SYNONYMICAL NOTES 
BY WM. BARNES AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D., DECATUR, ILL. 

In working over some material in the Barnes Collection we have 
come across several species unrecorded from the United States. 
As the localities are authentic, we think it wise to note their oc- 
curence. We are indebted to Dr. Skinner for several of the de- 
terminations. 

Diurnals. 
Synchloe endeis G. & S. © 

Synchloe endeis Godman & Salvin, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) 
XIV., p. 97; id., Biol. Cent. Am. Rhop., IT., 673, Pl. 108, figs. 5 and 
6 (1901). 

We have before us 1 labelled ‘Texas’? and 19 much worn 
from Edwards Co., Texas, May 1902, received from Mr. H. Lacey, 
of Kerrville. 

Myscelia ethusa Bdv. 

Cybdelis ethusa Boisduval in Cuv. Rig. An. Ins. Atl. II., t- 
138, fig. 3. 

Myscelia cyanecula Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. 408, t. 53, f. 5. 

Myscelia ethusa Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent. Am. Rhop. I., 
p. 232 (1883). 

One very perfect co specimen from Brownsville, Texas, cap- 
tured Oct. 15th. 

Lasaia agesilas narses Staud. 

Lasaia narses Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. I., p. 25 
Stichel, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch. 55, p. 48 (1910); id. Gen. Inse 
p. 187 (1911). 

Two specimens from Brownsville, Texas, April 11th and June 
llth (G. Dorner). We have not seen the original description of 
this species; but, according to Stichel’s short diagnosis, they would 
seem to be best placed under this name. They certainly do not 


7 (1888); 
Chakwoge 


*(ANAD. ENT., XLIII., 1911, p 302. 
June, 1913 . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 


ee 








agree very well with the figure in the Genera Insectorum of sila 
Stdr. which Stichel records from Texas. 
Thecla pastor Butl. & Dru. 

Strymon pastor Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. I., p. 105. 

Thecla pastor Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent. Am. Rhop. II., 34, 
Piah2, ties. SLU: 

Five o's and one @ from Brownsville, Texas, (May-June). 
The brown marginal lunules of secondaries on under side point to 
this species, but the subterminal white broken line is stronger in 
our specimens than in the figure in the Biologia. 

Thecla azia Hew. ; 


Thecla azia Hewitson, Il. Diur. Lep. 144, Pl. 57, figs 357-8; 
Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent. Am., Rhop. II., 91. 

One © from Paint Creek, Edwards Co., Texas, received 
through Mr. H. Lacey. The red marginal line of under side of 
both wings is characteristic; the species is related to clytie Edw., 
but is without doubt distinct. 

Thecla cestri Reak. 

Thecla cestri Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1866, p. 338. God- 
man & Salvin, Biol. Cent. Am. Rhop., p. 96, Pl. 58, figs. 12-13. 

One 2 from Brownsville, Texas, Oct. 15th (G. Dorner). The 
maculation of the underside of secondaries is brown, rather than 
black, as given by Godman & Salvin; but more material is needed 
before deciding whether the Texan form represents a geographical 
race or good species. 

Cogia calchas H.S. 

_Eudamus calchas Herrich Schaeffer, Prodr. III., p. 68 (1868). 

Cogia calchas Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent. Am. Rhop. II., 
p. 340. 

A series of both sexes from Brownsville, Texas, and San 
Benito, Texas, taken in July and October, is before us. 
Xenophanes tryxus Cram. 

Papilio tryxus Cramer, Pap. Exot. Pl. 334, figs. G. H. 

Xenophanus tryxus Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent. Am. Rhop. 
Liscp 138%: 

Two c’s and two @s are before us, collected at Brownsville, 
Texas, in May and July. : 


184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





Noctuide. 
Oxycnemis dunbari Harv. 

Hadena dunbari, Harvey, Can. Ent. VIII., 52 (1876). 

Litholomia dunbari, Smith, Bull. 44, U.S.N.M., 226 (1893). 

Oxycnemia definita Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. 
Hist: N:.Am. Lep.) 1) Sq Preah | pera toR): 

Mr. Wolley-Dod recently called our attention to the fact that 
our definita was probably synonymous with dunbari Harv. An 
examination of Harvey’s type in the Edward’s Coll. by Dr. Barnes 
showed a strong claw on fore tibia, which had evidently been over- 
looked by Smith, and confirmed Dod's suspicions. The species 
certainly is no Litholomia; we place it doubtfully in Oxyenemis for 
the present. Hampson’s figure, which misled us, (Cat. Lep. Phal., 
pl. 100, fig. 31) does not represent this species at all, but is a strong- 
ly marked form of apaea Morr. 


Ozarba fannia Dru. 

Eustrotia fannia Druce, Biol. Cent. Am. Het. I., 313, Pl. 29, 
fig. 12 (1889). 

Ozarba fannia Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. X., 451 (1910). 

Numerous specimens before us from San Antonio, Texas, 
Black Jack Spgs., Texas, and Kerrville, Texas, agree with Hamp- 
son’s generic definition and correspond fairly with Druce’s figure. 
The species had been misidentified for us by J. B. Smith as Thal- 
pochares @etheria Grt., which, according to Hampson, who has the 
type before him, is generically distinct. 


Eustrotia catilina Dru. 

Eustrotia catilina: Druce, Biol. Cent..Am:. Het. 1., 12, Pl. 29: 
fig. 5 (1889); Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. X., p. 598 (1910). 

One o& and two @s from Shovel Mt., Texas; San Benito, 
Texas; Texas (Rauterberg). 
Palindia micca Dru. 

Palindia micca Druce, Biol. Cent. Am. Het. I., 319, Pl. 29, 
fig. 5 (1889). 

A singleo' in very fresh condition from San Benito, Texas, 
corresponds well with Druce’s figure; shows, however, only traces of 
the terminal dark shading. 


op 
On 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1 





Megalopygide. 
Megalopyge lapena Schaus. 
Megalopyge lapena Schaus, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., IV., 58 (1896). 
Gasina lapena Druce, Biol. Cent. Am. Het. II., p. 432, 
Pl. 86, fig. 13 (1897). 
Three c's and one 9 of this species, taken in Chiricahua Mts., 
Ariz., and Palmerlee, Ariz. (Aug.), are before us. 


Pyraustine. 

Edia semiluna Sm. 

Lythrodes semiluna Smith, Can. Ent. 37, p. 67 (1905). 

Cynaeda bidentalis Barnes & McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. 
N. Am. Lep.. I, (5) 33 (1912). 

Edia microstagma Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 44, p. 320 (1913). 

A recent study of the unique type of semiluna Sm. proves 
conclusively that Smith’s generic reference was faulty, as the 
species is a Pyraustid and identical with bidentalis B.& McD. 
There seems but little doubt that Dyar has redescribed the same 
species, creating the new genus dia for its reception; as a new 
genus is probably necessary, the synonymy will be as stated above. 


Noctuelia castanealis Hlst. 
Orobena castanealis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent.Soc. XIII., 157 (1886). 
Thalpochares jativa Barnes, Can. Ent., 37, p. 213 (1905). 
An examination of the type specimen of jativa shows it to be a 
Pyraustid and, without much doubt, identical with castanealis 
Hlst., although we have not seen the type of this latter species. 


Mr. NORMAN CRIDDLE, of Treesbank, Manitoba, has been 
appointed a Field Officer of the Division of Entomology, Ottawa, 
to carry on investigations in Southern Manitoba. 


Mr. L. S. McLaine, M. Sc., has been appointed a Field 
Officer of the Division and is now engaged, through the courtesy 
of Dr. Howard, in the rearing and collection of the parasites and 
predaceous enemies of the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths in Massa- 
chusetts, in connection with the work of establishing the same in 
New Brunswick. 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 


(Continued from page 134.) 


378. Parastichtis discivaria Walk.—This species is correctly 
named, and Sir George Hampson changed his opinion as to the 
distinctness of gentilis before publishing. Walker’s type is from 
St. Martin’s Falls, Hudson’s Bay Territory, and is the strongly 
marked contrasting ferm, with pale luteous inner and postmedial 
areas. Type perbellis, from Evans Centre, N.Y., which Hampson 
makes “‘ab. 1.’”’ is similarly strongly marked, but more even in 
shade, and lacks the contrastingly pale areas. This is the form 
figured by Holland. Gentilis, from the same locality, is even red- 
brown, with indistinct maculation. All three forms occur here, 
and intergrade. 


381. Homoglea hircina Morr.—This has been rather common 
in recent years. I have never seen it in the fall, but it appeared 
in some numbers in the end of March, 1910, which I thought un- 
usually early. This year however a few were seen at light during 
a mild spell on the 4th or 5th of March. A fortnight later the 
thermometer fell to about 15° below zero. It is a strikingly vari- 
able species, some of the forms being very pretty. The colour 
varies from a rather pale reddish luteous to dark chocolate brown. 
A handsome grey irroration is variably present or absent. Some 
are practically immaculate; others have the usual geminate cross 
lines of darker shades filled in with the ground colour, or with grey, 
the spots alsosometimes outlined with grey. Sometimes most of 
the veins are grey lined. A rare form has black punctiform spots 
in the s.t., and still more rarely in the t.p. line also. A well defined 
median transverse shade sometimes exists, and generally runs 
through the middle of the reniform. 


383. Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grt.—The type in the British 
Museum is a male from Evans Centre, N. Y. according to 
the Catalogue, and the eastern form seems to have reddish brown 
tints not possessed by specimens from Manitoba and Alberta, 
which Hampson makes ‘‘Ab. 1. Paler, and less red.”” Dr. Dyar, 
in the Kootenai List, says that both forms occur at Kaslo, and calls 


the light clay-coloured one “‘var. equilinea Smith.’’ Smith refers to 
June, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 187 





this as a mere synonym in his Catalogue, but I have seen neither 
type nor description. 


384. Dasyspoudea meadii Grt.—High River (Baird). 


385. Copablepharon sp.—tThis is not absidum, nor apparently 
any described species. I have seen a few other specimens besides 
the two previously referred to, but have only a single female in my 
collection, and do not care to describe from it. Mr. Baird has 
taken it at High River, and I have also seen a female taken by Mr. 
C. Garrett in Calgary on Aug. Ist, 1907. The primaries are very 
pale green, with slight fuscous irroration, and secondaries white, 
fuscous clouded centrally. 


388. Melaphorphyria oregonica Hy. Edw.—Oregona of our lists 
is appareitly a mis-spelling, as was also my previous rendering 
(Dr. Dyar’s) of the generic name. 

389. Melicleptria septentrionalis Hy. Edw.—Hampson makes 
this synonymous with European ononis Schiff. The type of sep- 
tentrionalis is a male in the Neumcoegen collection at Brooklyn, 
and is labelled ‘“N.W.B.C.”’ 





390. Heliaca nexilis Morr.—Rather common at timber line 
in the mountains. My records are: Brobokton Creek, Wilcox 
Pass, and Sheep Mountain, July 10th to 22nd (Mrs. Nicholl); 
Mt. St. Piran, near Agnes Lake, Laggan, 72-75,000 feet, July 17th 
and 18th. This is the nexilis of the British Museum, Rutgers 
College, and Washington collections. 


Var. elaborata Hy. Edw.—One male, Head of Pine Creek, 
June 9th, 1897. High River, June 10th, 1909, two 9s (Baird). 
I have seen other specimens taken by Mr. Baird. This form is 
the diminutiva of my former notes on Smith’s authority. The 
error was excusable, as the two arenot unlike. But diminutiva has 
truncate frontal prominence, which this has not, and differs: in 
colour and maculation as well. Holland’s figure under diminutina 
appears to be Melicleptria persimilis Grote, a species with rounded 
frontal prominence and spined tibia. Superficially persimilis 
happens to bear a much closer resembalnce to elaborata than to 
diminutiva, but has an additional white spot near base of second- 
aries. 


iSS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 











One of my elaborata | have compared with the type, a Colorado 
female in the Henry Edwards collection. The main features in 
which it differs from what I take to be the true newilis is that the 
head, thorax and primaries are strongly overlaid with yellowish, 
giving the impression, against the black ground, almost of bronzy 
green. In my three specimens, in addition to the yellowish or 
whitish band on primaries, there is a small yellowish mark in the 
cell before the orbicular. There is a trace of this in one only out 
of my ten mountain nexilis, and I notice it exists in Hampson’s 
wood-cut of nexilis. After describing nexilis, Sir George Hampson 
gives “‘Ab. 1. elaborata, fore wing without the white spot in cell 
before the reniform.”’ This is not in accordance with my notes on 
the type in the New York Museum, but I may possibly have over- 
looked this difference, which my specimens do not have. Several 
of my mountain nexilis lack this spot. In the British Museum 
collection an elaborata label is placed beside a Washington Forest 
Reserve specimen, which I should have called typical nexilis. 


For a long time I was inclined to consider elaborata distinct, 
as I found it hard to believe that a species should occur here on 
the plains, and in the mountains, in so far as I had observed, at the 
timber line only. All the B.C. records I can find appear to be from 
mountains, elevation not given. So closely does elaborata resemble 
persimilis that I suspected the existence of tibial spines in the 
former. But I recently removed, bleached and mounted all the 
legs of my whole series of nexilis and elaborata without succeeding 
in finding a single spine on any tibia. I must admit that the dif- 
ferences between these two latter, such as they are, are very slight, 
and the observed variation suggests that with more material the 
forms may be found to overlap. What has made the matter still 
more interesting is that Mr. A. F. Winn and others have recently 
discovered nevxilis at St. Hilaire, which is close to sea level in Que- 
bec. I am indebted to Mr. Winn for a specimen, and except that 
it has rather less pink on secondaries beneath, it is practically a 
~ dead mate for one of my Mt. St. Piran timber line specimens. In 
Quebec, Mr. Winn says. that the species flies in the middle of May. 
That is two months earlier than the mountain dates, but is prob- 
ably easily explained by the altitude. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 








391. Polychrisia trabea Smith.—During 1910 I took this 
species in some numbers at flowers of wild larkspur, on which the 
larva in all probability feeds. 


392. P. purpurigera Walk.—Edmonton, July 14th, 1910 
(F. G. Carr.) 


395. Euchalcia putnami Grote——The type is a female in the 
British Museum. There I found North American and European 
specimens associated as one species under the name festuce Linn, 
and my nctes say that the reference is apparently justified, as the 
European species varies to putnami. Asa rule, the European form 
is darker and richer in colour and has a golden metallic spot at the 
base of the costa which putnami generally lacks. Another char- 
acter not usually found in putnami is a metallic outer edging to 
the t.a. line below the median vein. In putnami the two central 
metallic spots are sometimes joined. I am not sure whether this 
is ever the case with festuce. At any rate, such variation is rare 
in Europe. Vancouver Island specimens vary very much nearer 
to typical festuce than do my local series. Some have the rich 
dark coloration, the metallic marks at base, and on the t.a. line; 
but the inner one of the two central spots less frequently extends 
a little above the median vein than it does in Alberta specimens, 
or than appears to be the case in festuce. 


398. Autographa californica Speyer—The most important dis- 
tinctive mark between this species and pseudogamma I had over- 
looked in my previous paper. Californica has a fine black longitudi- 
nal streak anterior to the subter:ninal line near the apex, which usual- 
ly reaches, or very nearly reaches, the t.p. line. In pseudogamma 
this streak is non-existent. It exists.in 0%, which resembles cali- 
fornica rather closely in pattern, though unquestionably distinct. 
As ou has quite recently been added to the Canadian list, on the 
strength of a specimen taken at Aweme by Mr. Criddle, a com- 
parison with californica may be of special interest. In californica 
the t.p. line is somewhat deeply sinuate near the inner margin. If 
viewed with the outer margin of the wing upwards, that portion 
of the line below vein 2 has the shape of a written ‘“‘n”’ with the top 
of the first stroke rather pointed. In ou this portion of the line 
is very slightly waved only. In californica the sign is usually 


190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








of the well-known Greek ‘“‘gamma’”’ ferm, but is sometimes formed 
of two separate marks. The inner one is roughly V-shaped, with 
the strokes out-curved. The outer mark is a lobe-shaped dot, which 
joins or tends to join the V at its apex—that is, at the point nearest 
the inner margin of the wing. In ow the inner mark is more U- 


shaped, and the outer spot is approximate to, and sometimes joins, 
it at a point nearest the outer margin. There are other differences 
in colour and maculation, but these are the most obvious. The 
difference in the sign is well shown in Ottolengui’s figures. As a 
matter of fact, I find the signs in many Autographas much more 
variable than I had been led to suppose from first perusals of Ot- 
tolengui’s paper. The most obvious structural differences be- 
tween these two species is that ow has hind tibie strongly spined, 
whilst californica has not. 


Holland has his figures of the above three species badly mixed. 
On plate XXVIII., fig. 25, as rogationzs, represents ou, whilst fig. 
33, called ou, is of pseudogamma, and fig. 35, called pseudogamma 
is obviously californica. 


The question as to the true status of closely allied forms 
separated by wide stretches of ocean will probably always give 
rise to controversy. The best way of dealing with the matter is 
probably to treat such forms as distinct, unless exactly similar 
specimens can be found on both continents. I am not aware that 
similar specimens have been found of our californica and European 
gamma, and therefore prefer to treat them as distinct. One dif- 
ference in pattern appears to be that the upper portion of the t.p. 
line is more crenate in californica. All the maculation in our 
species is more clearly written, and shows greater contrasts. Gam- 
ma has the black streaks near the apex, but it is less developed 
than in californica. The sign is about similar in the two, and both 
have unarmed tibia. Butin general color of primaries gamma is 
darker and more even, and much more like normally coloured ow. 


Grote in CAN. ENT. XXXV., p. 238, Aug. 1908, states that ou 
and fratella are distinct species, and that any confusion between 
them arose from misidentification of ow. In his 1905 list he places 
californica and russea as varieties of ou. The type of russea from 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 191 











Colorado is in the Henry Edwards collection, and is a reddish 
californica. That of fratella, as well as ou, is in the British Museum, 
and I was satisfied that they were one species. Fratella is under- 
sized. The type of ow had either no hind legs or they were so 


tucked up in the vestiture that I had no chance of finding 
spines. 


401. A. rubidus Ottol—I have six more local captures of this 
species in my collection, dated June Ist to July 5th, 1909 and 1910. 
It comes to light and treacle, and I have taken it on the wing after 
dark flying over vetches. I took six specimens during 1909 alone, 
five of them at treacle. The tail of the sign is not always produced 
to a point as in Ottolengui’s figure of the type. It sometimes 
widens out into a slight lobe, rather like that of californica. On 
the other hand, I have californica in which the tail is much like 
that of the type of rubidus. The nearest well-known relation to 
rubidus is precationis. 


402. A. alias Ottol.—I have only four Alberta specimens in 
my collection which I feel quite certain are this species. The 
Waghorn (Blackfalds) specimen previously referred to,a 2 with of 
abdomen attached, July 25th, 1902. A o@ and two 9s, Head of 
Pine Creek, Aug. 7th, 9th and 16th, 1897 and 1903. They agree 
with Ottolengui’s figures, and have the sign nearer to that of 
rectangula than any other species, but not as heavy. In fact, alias 
is the nearest ally that rectangula has. Also taken at Banff, Aug. 
4th, 1908 (Sanson). 


I long hesitated in separating from this a form which I have 
been calling octoscripta.. | have a local female, dated Aug.2Ist, 
1993, and another from Mr. Wallis, Winnipeg Beach, Man., Aug. 
23rd, 1910. The latter specimen is almost the exact counterpart 
of Ottolengui’s figures. Mr. Wallis showed me another female 
taken at the same place, Aug. 22nd. I have also given this name 
to a Banff male, one of Mr. Sanson’s captures, August 1910. This 
has a more spider-like sign than any of the others. I have a male 
from Cowichan Bay, near Duncans, Vancouver Island, which is 
brighter coloured and has heavier sign, but which I think is the same. 
It resembles alias very closely in colour and general pattern, but is 


192. THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST 





rather darker. It has the irregular dentate terminal line of that 
species and rectangula, and the short blackish streak between that 
and the s.t. line opposite the reniform, of which there sometimes. 
seems to be a trace in the other two species. The sign seems to be 
a modification of that in alias, which fact for long caused me to 
associate the two. As Grote describes it, it is “incompletely 8- 
shaped, open superiorly.’ The outer pcrtion of the 8, however, 
seems sometimes to be a sclid dot. The inner portion opens wide 
like that in alias, but is more thread-like. Other differences 
perhaps distinctive, appear to be that the t.a. and t.p. lines are 
more direct and less distinct. The t.p. line is, as Grote puts it, 
‘waved or trembled, and appearing thus a distinguishing feature 
from Guenée’s species”’ (mortuorum, rectangula). In rectangula and 
alias this line is scarcely crenate, but rather obviously waved. In 
octoscripta it is minutely but distinctly crenate, and but very 
slightly waved. I have carefully studied Grote’s description, and 
the series standing under the name in the British Museum, and 


must for the present consider this Western form as dark and heavily 
marked octoscripta. 


The British Museum series consists of six specimens—all very 
much alike, and looking somewhat bleached. There are two poor 
males, Nova Scotia (Redman), one of them badly rubbed. A pair, 
Grote collection, the male ‘‘Can.’’ (This specimen was still unset 
when I saw it.). Two males, Hudson’s Bay. The Grote collection 
females have two blue-bordered labels in Grote’s handwriting—both 
“ Plusia 8-scripta Sanb.,’’ the upper label with ‘‘M.S.” after the 
name. Whether this is really the type or not I cannot say. 
They are smaller than mine, as well as paler, and have the sign 
very thread-like, and similar in the whole series. 


The description was published only by Grote, and the name 
should therefore be credited to him, though he used Sanbourne’s 
Mss.name. The type specimens, number nct stated, came from 
“Anticosti Island (Couper); Racine (O. Meske); Mass. (Prof. 
Packard).”’ 

(To be continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Jia: 





APPERCEPTIONAL EXPECTANCY AS A’ FACTOR IN 
PROTECTIVE. COLORATION: 


BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J, 


It is a matter of common knowledge that many insects 
escape detection by reason of their resemblance to certain sur- 
roundings. Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst., which drops to the 
ground when disturbed, resembles bits of soil so closely that it 
often escapes observation. Certain moths resemble the bark upon 
which they rest; many caterpillars resemble the foliage upon 
which they feed; in fact, such resemblances are almost too 
numerous to mention. 


This phenomenon is known as _ protective coloration, and is 
usually dismissed without further thought. Upon analyzing it 
further, however, it is evident that other factors contribute to- 
ward the result obtained by the perception of such an_ insect 
amid such surroundings, or, in fact, any surroundings. The _ per- 
ception of an insect is modified by associated perceptions from 
adjoining surroundings. A perception of a colour received, for 
instance, from a butterfly’s wing will depend in part upon other 
perceptions received at the same time from adjoining surroundings 
or adjoining parts of the butterfly. 


Tn addition to sensation, which is the result of stimulation 
upon the organ of sight by the object in question, perception is 
also determined by apperception, which is the contribution of the 
mind from previous experience. In other words, the mind also 
contributes something which helps to form the complete mental 
content. A red background, for instance, arouses an appercep- 
tional expectancy for red, a green background an apperceptional 
expectancy for green, and so on. Many green insects are rendered 
less conspicuous and sometimes inconspicuous against a green 
background by reason of this expectancy on the part of the ob- 
server. Without this expectancy factor such insects would be 
more conspicuous than they are. When a protectively coloured 
insect is removed from its surroundings, and both surroundings 
- and insect viewed separately, the sensations are quite distinct. - 


Many trained cbservers, and, in fact, numerous birds, are 


able to overcome this expectancy, and as a result discriminate 
June, 1913 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





such insects from their surroundings, although such discrimination 
may be due in part to an ability to perceive form. By reason of 
this apperceptional expectancy many insects also appear more 
conspicuous amid certain surroundings than others. 
TABLE SHOWING THE EFFECT OF COLOURED BACKGROUNDS UPON 
INSECTS, THE COLOUR NEAREST THE NAME BEING THAT 
AGAINST WHICH IT IS MOST CONSPICUOUS, THE FOLLOW- 


ING COLOURS BEING ARRANGED IN THE ORDER 
APPROACHING INCONSPICUOUSNESS : 


Colias philodice Gdt....... blue red green yellow 
Danais plexippus Linn... ..yellow green blue red 
Pyrameis atalanta Linn..... yellow green blue red 
Plathypena scabra Fab..... yellow green red blue 
Mamestra trifoll1 Rott.. ...yellow red blue green 
Anase trastis DeG : 7.8 yellow green red blue 
Murgantia histrionica Hahn. yellow green red blue 
Agidusscrisiates Tannese 3 yellow green red blue 
Cyllene robinie Forst...... yellow green _red blue 
~Rhynchites bicolor Fab..... vellow green red blue 
Polistes variatus Cress..... vellow green red blue 
Eristalis tenax Linn ....... yellow green red blue 


With most of the above species, at least, it is noticed that 
yellow is more or less a fatal background, as far as inconspicuous- 
ness is concerned. Green is less fatal, but it is only in the red 
and blue that anything like protection is gained. 

The more the coloration of an insect approaches that of its 
surroundings, the less conspicuous it becomes, but in all cases 
apperceptional expectancy tends to make this. inconspicuousness 
more complete, and, as a result, more protective. 





Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, was elected a 
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada at the recent meeting. He 
was also chosen to represent the Royal Society at the forthcom- 
ing Jubilee of the Entomological Society of Ontario. 





DuRING the months of June, July and August the editor will 


be away from the city. Manuscripts for publication may be sent 
to Mr. A. F. Winn, 32 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que. 


- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 195 





BOGS NOTICE: 


“THE IMPORTATION INTO THE UNITED STATES OF THE PARASITES OF 
THE Gipsy MoTH AND THE Brown-Tart Motu: A Report of 
Progress, with some consideration of previous and concurrent 
efforts of this kind.” By L. O. Howard and W. F. Fiske. 
Bull. 91, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 
344 pp., 27 plates, 74 text figs., 3 maps. July, 1911. 


Perhaps no recent entomological undertaking has been watched 
with greater interest by American and Canadian entomologists 
than the attempt to establish on the American Continent the 
natural enemies of the Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. This in- 
terest is due to two things: the immense destruction caused by 
the two insects in Massachusetts and the southern portion of New 
Hampshire and Maine, and to the fact that it is the first serious 
attempt to introduce all the effective insect enemies of a Lepi- 
dopterous host from one country, or series of countries, into another 
that has been made in the history of entomclogy. 


The story of the work of introducing these insect enemies, 
together with that of previous and concurrent efforts of the same 
nature, is, as the title indicates, told in the Bulletin under con- 
sideration. 


The first part consists of a discussion of previous work in the 
practical handling of natural enemies of injurious insects. It is an 
able discussion including many original and valuable observations. 
It presents, for the first time, a comprehensive view of the results 
that have attended the artificial transportation of insect parasites 
of various hosts in different quarters of the globe. 


The second part tells the story of the introduction into the 
United States of the natural insect enemies of the Gipsy and Brown 
Tail Moths. The reasons for attempting the work are given at 
length, and the main issues of the experiment are fully discussed. 
Biological and other notes on a small army of parasites are recorded. 
Although the discussion is primarily that of the parasites of two 
Lepidopterous hosts, yet, on account of the fact that the author 
brings to bear upon the subject a splendid grasp of the broad sub- 
ject of insect parasitism, it has a wide biological significance. 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . 


The sections on “‘Studies in the Parasitism of Native Insects” 
and ‘‘Parasitism as a Factor in Insect Control’ are particularly 
interesting. To attempt, however, to pick out the most interest- 
ing and valuable portions of the work would be fruitless, as there 
is scarcely a paragraph that is not well worth reading. 


A limited supply of the Bulletin was distributed in July, 1911. 
A general distribution has, however, only recently been made. 


Since its publication a short article on ‘‘The Gipsy Moth as a 
Forest Insect,’ by the junior author, has appeared as Circular 
No. 164, U.S. Bureau of Ent. Speaking of the results of parasite 
importation, Mr. Fiske says: ‘“‘On the whole, the results are de- 
cidedly satisfying, and the State of Massachusetts and the United 
States Department of Agriculture have no cause to regret having 
undertaken the unexpectedly formidable task of parasite importa- 
tion. Within a territory entering a little to the northward of 
Boston, it may be conservatively stated that fully 50 per cent. of 
the eggs, caterpillars, or pupz of the Gipsy Moth, in the aggregate, 
were destroyed by imported parasites in 1912.’ It is Mr. Fiske’s 
opinion that this present rate of mortality in the central portion of 
the infested territory will eventually be considerably increased 
and will extend itself over the entire area of infectation. 


In speaking of the amount of additional control necessary to 
check the increase of the Gipsy Moth in America, it is stated in 
Bull 91, p. 117, 1. 11, that “An aggregate parasitism of 85% will 
almost certainly be sufficient, and it may well be that 80%, or even 
75%, will answer equally well. Much less than 75% will probably 
not be effective.” 


In conclusion, it may be said that the Bulletin contains a 
wealth of information on a subject that has hitherto been little 
understood. It treats of a strictly scientific subject in a scientific 
way, and has the merit of being written in a particularly attractive 
style. It will be indispensable to any entomologist interested in 
natural control of insects. The excellent illustrations, of which 
the majority are original, materially enhance the permanent value 
of the work. ]..D. Toran, 


Mailed June 7th, 1915, 


he = wanaciay Pantomologist 


Vor XLV. LONDON, JULY, 1913 No. 7 


REPORT ON A. COLLECTION OF JAPANESE CRANE 
PLIES CRIPULIDA);, WITH. A» KEY? THE 
SEB CIES,-OF PLYCHOPTERAL 


BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, ITHACA, Ne 


An extensive collection of Japanese crane-flies, taken by Dr. 
S. I. Kuwana and assistant entomologists in the vicinity of Nishiga- 
hara, Tokio, Japan, during the season of 1912, was forwarded to me 
for examination. The material, alcoholic, is contained in 62 vials, 
very carefully prepared and with complete data. I express my 
sincere thanks to Dr. Kuwana and his assistants for this fine rep- 
resentation of Japanese Tipulidae and Ptychopteride. 


Family Ptychopteride 
Genus Ptychoptera Meigen. 


Key to the species of Ptychoptera. 
1. Wings with a distinct brown cross-band along the cord .....2 
Wings hyaline or subhyaline without a distinct brown cross- 
band along the cord. 
2. Radial sector more than twice as long as the radio-median 


cross-vein. CEO pe) sa. 0; =. .contaminata L. 
Radial sector rarely longer than the ori peediant cross-vein.. .3 


3. Posterior metatarsus conspicuously white. 
«ELSES Sih og ds RR. “oh: ea a te albimana Fabr. 
Posterior metatarsus not white. 
4. Pleure reddish yellow; a short brown cross-band near the mid- 
dlemi the tadial cell. (East. U.S.) 202k rufocincta O.S. 
Pleure black; no brown cross-band near the middle of the 
BNNs a so aytbhceest oS sain salt wm © Sic NO Rea eR, 2 sae 5 
5. All coxe yellow or reddish-yellow; scape of antenne brownish- 
mellopcor yellows so. 3'4 5.0 y S55, ee ee eee ee ea 6 


* Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


(Japan). 2.2. 06.3 eee ee ee cree eee i japonica, sp. n. 
6: ocutellum yellow. )\(Murope) Ha. 2 25 eee lacustris Meig. 
Scutell um blae hse oa ache tee ee a fi 


7. Abdomen with the basal third of the second segment and the 
basal one-half of the third segment reddish orange. 
Cinicital). so ae eee a ee tele Be on ae Mae E distincta Brun. 
Abdomen entirely black. (Europe)........... paludosa Meig. 
8. Femora and tibie bright orange-yellow, tarsi coal-black. 
(Abdomen orange-yellow, tergites with blackish borders to 
the segments; sternites orange-yellow.) 


CUinichta) oecen! ae teers Sie ata Sater ee Mae atritarsis Brun. 
Femora and tibiz more or less black or brown; tarsi not coal- 
black (he SESS ee nee ee ee 9 

OF -Pleure silvery=white s. :, 2 7 gates. de aie ee i eee 10 


Pleure not white. Thorax different in colour in the two sexes; 
femora bright yellow, hind pair black on the basal two-thirds 
except the extreme base.» (India)... 5... 2... tibialis Brun. 


10. Hind coxe black except at tip; femora brown at tip; scutellum 
reddish; hypopygium large, reddish; first segment of the 
antenne: reddish. YOWest: Wes.) ee sae ieee lenis O.S. 

Coxee and femora yellow, the latter black at the tip; scutellum 
yellow; hypopygium small, mostly blackish; antennal scape 
blacke-ia(Burape)}en 6s, sie ey ae ie scutellaris Meig. 


Ptychoptera japonica, sp. n. 


Wings banded; radial sector very short; antenne of the male 
very long, about as long as the body; abdomen with little reddish 
or yellowish colour. 


Male.—Length, 8.5 mm; wing, 8.9 mm; antenne, 8.4 mm.; 
fore leg, femur, 5.4 mm.; tibia, 5.4 mm.; tarsus, 8 mm.; middle leg, 
femur, 5.4 mm.; tibia, 5.1 mm.; tarsus, 7mm. _ Hind leg, femur, 6.1 
mm.; tibia, 6.8 mm.; tarsus, 6.3 mm. 

Female——Length, 11.5-13.5 mm.; wing, 10.7-10.8 mm. 
Fore leg, femur, 5.6—5.8 mm.; tibia, 5.1-5.4 mm.; tarsus, 7 mm. 
Middle leg, femur, 5.4 mm.; tibia, 5.4 mm; tarsus, 6.8 mm. Hind 
leg, femur, 6.2 mm.; tibia, 6.8 mm.; tarsus, 6.2 mm. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 199 


Male.—Rostrum and palpi light brownish-yellow; front and 
vertex very dark coloured, occiput similar. Antenne, segment one 
black, segment two black at base, brown apically, segment three 
yellowish on basal half, black apically, remainder of antenne black; 
antenne very long, as long as the body ; segments one and two 
short, the third segment very long, segments 4 to 15 long, gradually 
shortening, terminal segment very short. 


Thoracic pronotum deep bluish-black; mesonotum, including 
the pleure similar. Halteres rather pale dull whitish. Fore legs 
with yellow coxa, dark at base, yellow trochanter, yellow femur 
broadly tipped with blackish, yellow tibia narrowly tipped with 
blackish, metatarsus yellowish-brown—darkened into brownish- 
black at the tip, remaining tarsal segments brownish black; middle 
and hind legs similar, but their coxe blackish and the black femoral 
tips narrower. Wings with cell C yellowish brown, Sc and R more 
yellowish, remainder of wing hyaline or nearly so, a brown mark at 
_ the base of the wingin the neighbourhood of cross-vein h, a cross-band 

at the cord, often irregular, often a rounded brown spot on vein 
Cu.i midway between cross-vein m-cu and the tip of the vein, brown 
marks at end of vein Ri, fork of Ras and fork of M. 
Venation (see plate IIU., fig. 7); Rs very short, much shorter than 
cross-vein r-m, basal deflection of Rss short but distinct, about 
one-half as long as Rs, cross-vein m-cu long, curved, longer than the 
basal deflection of Cu, placed cpposite or very slightly beyond 
cross-vein r-m, 


Abdomen, Ist segment very short, 2nd a little longer than 
the 4th, 3rd very long, as long as the succeeding 4 segments 
combined, segments 4 - 8 successively — shorter. Abdomen 
dark brownish black, basal half of segment 4 orange. Hypo- 
pygium, 8th tergite narrow, short, widely separated from the some- 
what broader 8th sternite, 9th tergite viewed from above very 
deeply incised, this incision rectangular, the caudad projecting 
lateral lobes are somewhat swollen basally, narrowed behind, 
slightly enlarged at the tips, densely clothed with long black hairs, 
between the lateral arms is a small rounded lobe, directed caudad; 
the 9th pleurite refches the 8th tergite, the 9th tergite and 9th 
sternite being more widely separated; the 9th tergite is triangular, 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


its apex rounded, bearing a long slender appendage at its tip on the 
inner side, this appendage long, slender and curved proximad so 
that each touches its mate of the opposite side, these appendages 
thickly clothed with long black hairs. The 9th sternite is very high 
at its base, extending up beyond the ventral level of the 8th tergite, 
its caudal ventral margin strongly chitinized, produced caudad and 
dorsad into a long slender arm, just dorsad of which is a shorter, 
strongly chitinized arm, with five or six blunt teeth on the ventral 
face. The guards of the penis are separated except at the base, 
divergent, chitinized, slender, rather blunt at the end, but the outer 
angle produced distad into a long slender arm. (See pl. IV., fig. 12- 
16). 


Female.—Similar to the male, with the following exceptions: 
Antenne short; black on tips of femora even more extensive, in fore 
femur covering almost one-half of the segment; tibiz almost uni- 
formly brown. Abdomen, tergites 1 to 6 dark brown; segment 7 
brown, apical third white; 8th tergite mostly whitish; sternum 
lighter brown. 9th tergite, blade-like, pointed; 9th sternite short, 
produced into a short lobe on its dorsocaudal angle; ovipositor 
chestnut-brown. (See pl. IV.; fig. 11.) 

Vial No. 29; Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912)> do), 5-9. 

Holotype.—Male, Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912. 

Allotype.—Female, with the type. 

Paratypes.—Four females, with the type. 

Types in the author’s collection. 

Paratypes in the U. S. National Museum and Cornell Univer- 
sity collections. 

Family Tipulide 
Tribe Limnobinti. 


Genus Dicranomyia Stephens. 
DICRANOMYIA JAPONICA, sp. n. 


Subcosta long; wings with a distinct stigma and faint clouds 
along the cord; femora tipped with brown. 


Male.—Length, 9-9.4 mm; wing, 9.4-10 mm; antenne 3.2 
mm. Female: Length, 10.2-11.4 mm; wing, 9.3-10.6 mm. 


CAN; ENi., VO, XEV: PLATE Ill, 





15 
JAPANESE CRANE-FLIES (ALEXANDER), 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Male.—Rostrum and palpi brown; antennz, segments 1 and 2 
pale whitish yellow; segment 3 yellowish basally, brown at tip; re- 
mainder of antenne dark brown. Antenne long; flagellar segments 
long, cylindrical, subequal in length. Front, vertex and occiput, 
dark brown; gene lighter colored, more yellowish. 


Pronotum dark brown medially, yellowish on sides; mesonotal 
prescutum light yellow, with a broad, conspicuous median brown 
stripe; scutum with the lobes dark brown, paler medially; scutel- 
lum dark brown, except the narrow median incision on the anterior 
margin; post-notum largely dark brown. Pleure dull light yellow, 
the mesopleure suffused with brownish. Halteres rather long, 
pale, knob a little darker. Legs, coxe and trochanters light yel- 
low, femora dull yellow, the tip brown; tibiz dull yellow, tip 
scarcely darker; tarsi, segment 1 dull brownish yellow basally, 
darkening to brown on apical third; remainder of tarsi brown. 
Wing pale brownish yellow, costal and subcostal cells rather 
clearer yellowish; veins brown; a conspicuous brown stigma; very 
pale grey clouds along the cord, outer end of cell Ist M2, and at 
origin of Rs. Venation see fig; Sc long, ending before fork of Rs, 
See longer than Sci, at the tip; Rs long arcuated at origin some- 
times with a spur. (See pl. III.; fig. 9.) 


Abdomen, tergites largely brown, usually with a yellow tri- 
angle on the anterior portion of the sides of the sclerites; sternite 
yellow; 8th and 9th, brown; 8th tergite, with caudal margin pale, 
straight; 9th tergite, with caudal margin strongly convex; with a 
brown median mark. Pleural pieces short, triangular, very broad 
at base, narrowed apically; dorsal apical appendage short, cylin- 
drical, narrowed at tip, its inner or caudal margin provided with 
4—5 rounded teeth. Ventral arm a small, rounded, little chitinzed 
lobe, covered with long hairs; guard of the penis very long, pale, 
projecting beyond the apical appendages, bifid at tip with 2 slight- 
ly chitinzed divergent horns, these horns directed ventrad; 2nd 
gonapophyses, slender, much shorter than the penis guard, scarcely 
enlarged at end, but inner face produced into a short, indistinct 
tooth. (See pl. IV.; fig. 10.) 


Female about as in the male; valves of the ovipositor rather 
long, the tergal valves much longer than the sternal valves. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 203 





Variations: In some specimens the basal 4 or 5 segments are 
pale; yellow triangles on sides of abdominal tergites vary in dis- 
tinctness. 

Vial Now4—lokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912;, ot. 

Vial No. 14.—Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912. 1 9. 

Vial No. 15.—Tokyo, Japan; April 25,1912. 4 os,2 9s. 

Vial No. 24.—Tokyo, Japan; April 27, 1912. 7 o's, 6 @s 





Vial No. 32.—Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912. 3 9s. 
Vial No. 33.—Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912. 2 o's. 
Vial No. 37.—Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912. 1. 
Vial No. 38.—Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912. 1 9. 


Holotype—o, Tokyo, Japan; April 27, 1912. (Vial 24). 

Allotype.— @, with the type (Vial 24). 

Paratypes.—14 o's; 12 9s; Tokyo, Japan; April 25-May 7, 
1912. 

Types in author’s collection. 

Paratypes in U.S. National Museum and Cornell University 
collections. 

D. japonica resembles umbrata Meij. from Java (1) but the legs 
are much paler, wing-pattern and venation different, and it is a 
much larger species (wing, 9-10 mm.; in wmbrata, 5 mm.). 


Dicranomyia nebulosa, sp. n. 

Subcosta long; wings clouded with grey; femora pale apically, 
with a dark subterminal ring. 

Male.—Length, 5.4 mm.; wing, 5.8 mm. 

Male—Rostrum and palpi dark brown; antenne, Ist segment 
brown at base, more yellowish at the tip, succeeding segments 
brown; flagellar segments rounded, short-pedicallate, these pedicels 
being whitish; front, vertex and occiput, very dark blackish. 

Pronotum brownish-yellow, darker brown medially above. 
Mesonotum rather gibbous, brown, a narrow, darker brown, 
median line on the prasscutum; lateral margin of this sclerite with a 
rounded dark brown spot which is connected with short lateral 
stripes nearer to the median vitta; scutum light brown, lobes mar- 
gined with dark brown; scutellum with a dark brown median mark; 
postnotum brown. Pleurz brown, almost uniform, paler near the 


(1) (Tijd voor Entomol.; Vol. 44; p. 25; pl. 1, f. 7.; 1911.) 


204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





sternum. Halteres pale. Legs, coxe and trochanters light yellow; 
femora light brown, becoming light yellow on the apical sixth and 
with a conspicuous, dark-brown, subapical ring; tibiz dark brown; 
tarsi broken. Wings, whitish or subhyaline; costal cell slightly 
more yellowish; grey clouds as follows: At origin of Rs (largest), 
at stigma, at tip of Sc, along cord, along outer end of cell Ist Me 
and in the center of mostof the cells. Venation, (see pl. III.; fig.10) ; 
Sc long, extending far beyond the origin of Rs, Scz at the tip of 
Sci, Rs almost square at its origin and spurred (in the types), cell 
Re almost as far proximad as cell Ist Me (as in F. stulta O.S.), cell 


Ist Me long, longer than the veins issuing from it, basal deflection 
of Cu. at the fork of M. 


Abdomen, tergum dark brown; caudal margins of the 7th, 8th 
and 9th segments more yellowish; sternum dull yellow. Hypo- 
pygium (see figs. 8,9; pl. 1V.); 9th tergite short, its cephalic and cau- 
dal margin convex, its caudal half provided with a number of long 
hairs. Pleure very long, cylindrical, the tips produced into a 
slender lobe on the ventral side; two apical appendages, which are 
very short and inconspicuous, being scarcely one-third as long as 
the plura; dorsal appendage simple, short, slender and subchitint- 
ized, not exceeding the ventral appendage; ventral appendage 
double, its dorsal arm being small, triangular and with the caudal 
or outer face bearing a chitinized tooth, its tip produced entad and 
cephalad into a blunt lobe; the ventral arm is produced entad into 
a small lobe, with the tip evenly rounded. Viewed from the side, 
the pleura is broad, its ventral margin rounded at the base, at the 
middle of its length produced into a spatulate fleshy lobe which is 
directed caudad. The guard of the penis is long (extending about 
to the extreme tip of the pleura), and slender, broad at the base, 
narrowed toward the tip, the end little, if any, enlarged; the apex 
is very slightly notched; viewed from the side, it is seen that the 
extreme tip is bent ventrad; viewed from above, the guard seems 
to be concave, its lateral margins being more strongly chitinized. 
The second gonapophyses are rather long, dark brown, subrounded 
or scarcely pointed at the apex; at their base they are about as 
broad as the base of the penis guard; the lateral margin of the 
apophyse is produced dorsad inte an incurved, chitinized flap or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 





margin, which, on the sides, protects the short, slightly emarginate 
anal tube. 


Vial No. H.—Tokye, Japan; Aug. 1912. 1 o. 
Holotype, o'.—Tokyo, Japan; Aug. 1912, 
Type in the author’s collection. 


D. nebulosa resembles unibrata Meij. (Java), but the leg-pat- 
tern and venation are quite different. 


Genus Geranomyia Haliday. 
Geranomyia avocetta, sp. n. 


Wings spotted; thoracic dorsum brown, the humeral portions 
of the prescutum yellow; tibial apices not blackened. 

Male.—Length, excluding the proboscis, 7.5-7.7 mm.; pro- 
boscis, 3-3.6 mm.; wing, 7.8-7.9 mm. 

Male—Proboscis and palpi dark brown, the former more yel- 
lowish basally; antenne, basal segments dark brown, flagellar seg- 
ments somewhat lighter brown, segments rounded-oval; front, ver- 
tex and occiput dark-colored, almost black. 

Pronotum dark brown; in the paratypical specimen, the caudal 
margin of the scutum and the scutellum, yellowish. Mesonotal 
prescutum with a broad, dark brown, median line, widened behind; 
humeral angles conspicuously light yellow, behind darkening into 
brown of a lighter shade than the broad median vitta; scutum with 
the lobes dark brown, median line paler; scutellum and postnotum 
brown. Pleurze dull brownish-yellow, clearer below. Halteres 
pale, knob a little browner. Legs: Coxe and trochanters light 
yellow, the latter margined with black at the tip; femora and tibiae 
light brown, scarcely darkened at their tips; terminal tarsal seg- 
ments darker brown. Wings, hyaline or nearly so, the costal cells 
and veins more tawny; veins light brown, darker brown where tra- 
versed by dark markings; seven brown marks along the costal mar- 
gin, the third at the origin of Rs extending down almost to vein M; 
the fourth at the tip of Sc extending down into cell Ist Ri; the 5th 
(stigmal) spot, largest, rectangular; the sixth and seventh spots at 
ends of veins Re: and Ras; cord and outer end of cell 
lst M2 seamed with brown; a brown spot at ends of most of the 
veins, most distinct and largest at the 2nd anal vein. Venation 
(see pl. III.; fig.8): Sc long, ending nearer to the ferk of Rs than to 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


its origin; Sce at tip of Sci; Rs long, nearly three times as long as 
the basal deflection of R45; basal deflection of Cu.1 at fork of M. 

Abdominal tergum brown, anterior margins of the basal seg- 
ments somewhat more yellowish; sternum pale whitish-yellow. 
Hypopygium (see figs. 5-7; pl]. [V.): 8th tergite short, consisting only 
of a narrow ring, almost straight on its cephalic margin, concave 
on the caudal margin; 9th tergite convex anteriorly, concave on 
caudal margin. Pleural pieces very short, cylindrical, not more 
than twice as long as wide, bearing two apical appendages. The 
dorsal appendage is a short, slender, strongly curved hook, sharp 
pointed and more chitinized at its tip; it is directed entad, cephalad 
and dorsad. The ventral lobes are long, fleshy, between two and 
three times as long as the pleura and much thicker; at their base, 
on the inner side, is a short, fleshy tooth, more chitinized at its tip, 
directed cephalad and dorsad and meeting its mate of the opposite 
side on the median line; near the tip, on the outer or caudal face, 
are two, long, slender, subequal bristles, directed caudad. The 
ventral side of the pleura is produced into a lobe, enlarged apically 
and directed entad and slightly caudad. The guard of the penis 
is short, extending slightly beyond the most caudad-projecting 
portion of the pleura; it is swollen at the base, less so in the middle 
of its length, its tip small, chitinized, bifid at apex, the tip directed 
slightly ventrad. The second gonapophyses are very short, and, 
viewed from above, barely project beyond the fleshy lobe lieing 
between them. 

Vial No. 8.—Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912. 1c. 

Vial No. 49.—Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912. 16. 

Holotype, o’.—Vial No. 8. 

Paratype, o'.—Vial No. 49. 

Types in the author’s collection. 

G. avocetta, compared with the four Javan species described by 
de Meijere, agrees most closely with G. montana, which, however, 
has the wing-pattern much less distinct. From the North Ameri- 
can G. rostrata Say, it differs conspicuously in its unicolorous tibie. 

Genus Rhipidia Meigen. 
Rhipidia pulchra septentrionis, subsp. n. 
This subspecies differs from typical pulchra Meij.* (Java) in 


*Neue und bekannte sudasiatische Dipteren ; p. 92, fig. 7. Bijdragen tot 
de Dierkunde, vol. 17, 1904. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 207 


antennal coloration, the flagellar segments being alternately dark 
and light-coloured; segments, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 are whitish, the re- 
mainder of the antenne brown. The wings have a large spot at the 
base of Cu and the venation is not as figured by de Meijere. (Com- 
pare fig. 1; pl. IIT.) 


Female.—Length, 7.6-8.6 mm.; wing, 7.4 mm. 
Vial No. 10.—Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912. 2 Qs. 
Holotype and Paratype in author’s collection. 


In Tijd Voor Entomol., Vol. 44, p. 27, figs. 14-16, de Metjere 
refers this to Dicranomyia. However, I believe his original refer- 
ence of the species to be the correct one—this belief based on vena- 
tional hypopygial characters. 


Tribe Antochini 
Genus Rhamphidia Meigen. 
Rhamphidia nipponensis, sp. n. 


Rostrum short; palpi pale; wings hyaline without darker 
marks. 


Female.—Length, 8.9 mm.; wing, 7.8 mm.; middle leg, femur, 
6.6 mm. tibia, 7 mm.; tarsus, 6.7 mm. 


Female.—Rostrum light brown; labrum light yellow; palpi 
light brownish-yellow; antennae brown, flagellar segments cylin- 
drical with short black bristles not exceeding the segment in length, 
the outer segments not conspicuously narrowed; front, vertex, oc- 
ciput and gene dark brown. 

Pronotum dark brown, mesonotal preescutum light brown, 
with three broad, darker brown stripes, the median one longest, 
broadest, very dark brown in front; the lateral stripes begin behind 
the pseudosutural fovea and cross the suture, suffusing the lobes 
of the scutum; scutum medially light brown, on margins yellow- 
ish-brown; scutellum brown, margined with yellowish; postnotum 
brown. Pleurze brownish-yellow, suffused with brown on portions 
of the mesopleuree; mesosternum brown. Halteres light yellow, 
knob slightly darker, brown. Legs: coxe light yellow, tipped with 
pale brown; trochanters yellow; femora yellowish-brown, rather 
clearer yellowish basally; tibiae brown, tarsi brown, terminal seg- 
ments rather darker. Wings, hyaline or nearly so; veins brownish 


CAN. ENT., VOL. XLV. PLATE IV. 





oe 3 
JAPANESE CRANE-FLIES (ALEXANDER). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 209 





yellow, stigma not indicated. Venation (see fig. 1; plate IV.) ; cross- 
vein r-m distinct; basal deflection of Cuz beyond the fork of M. 

Abdomen, tergum and sternum dark brown; ovipositor light 
yellow. 

Vial No. 28.—Tokyo, Japan; April, 26, 1912. 19. 

Holotype, 2° —Vial No. 28, in author’s collection. 

This species differs from the European R. longirostris by its 
shorter rostrum, cylindrical flagellar segments with short bristles; 
pale maxillary palpi and other colorational differences, which may, 
of course, vary in series. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
PraATe Te 


Fig. 1. Wing of Rhipidia pulchra septentrionis, sub sp. n. 
Fig. 2. Wing of Limnophila japonica, sp. n.. 

Fig. 3. Wing of Erioptera elegantula, sp. n. 

Fig. 4. Wing of Limnophila satsuma Westwood. 

Fig. 5. Wing of Tricyphona vetusta, sp. n. 

Fig. 6. Wing of T. kuwanaz, sp. n. 

Fig. 7. Wing of Ptychoptera japonica, sp. n. 

Fig. 8. Wing of Geranomyia avocetta, sp. n. 

Fig. 9. Wing of Dicranomyia japonica, sp. n. 

Fig. 10. Wing of D. xebulosa, sp. n. 


Fig. 11. Wing of Molophilus pegasus, sp. n. 


Fig. 12. Wing of Gonomyra insulensis, sp. n. 
Fig. 18. Wing of Conosia irrorata Wiedemann. 
Fig. 14. Wing of Gonomyia superba, sp. n. 
Fig. 15. Wing of Erioptera asymmetrica, sp. n. 
PuATE TV. 
Fig. 1. Wing of Rhamphidia nipponensis, sp. n. 
Fig. 2. Wing of Limnophila inconcussa, sp. n. 
Fig. 3. Wing of Tricyphona insulana, sp. n. 
Fig. 4. Liogma kuwanat, sp. n. 
Fig.5. Hypopygium of Geranomyia avocetta; lateral aspect. 


e—penis guard; d—dorsal apical appendage; y—ventral apical 
appendage. 


210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Fig.6. Hypepygium of Geranomyia avocetta; dorsal aspect. 
Fig.7. Hypopygium of Geranomyia avocetta; ventral aspect, 
showing a portion of the hypopygium. 

Fig. 8. Hypopygium of Dicranomyia nebulosa; lateral aspect. 
The apical appendages are not included. 

Fig.9. Hypopygium of Dicranomyia nebulosa; dorsal aspect. 

Fig. 10. Hypopygium of Dicranomyia japonica; dorsal aspect. 

Fig. 11. Ovipositor of Ptychoptera japonica; lateral aspect. 

Fig. 12. Hypopygium of Ptychoptera japonica; lateral aspect. 
tg—9th tergite. 

Fig. 13. Hypopygium of Ptychoptera japonica; 9th tergite, 
dorsal aspect. - 

Fig. 14. Hypopygium of Ptychoptera japonica; 9th sternite, 
ventral aspect. 

Fig. 15. Hypopygium of Ptychoptera japonica; guard of the 
penis (?). 

Fig. 16. Hypopygium of Ptychoptera japonica; ventral appen- 
dage. 


(TO BE CONTINUED.) 


DONACIA EMARGINATA KIRBY (COLEOPTERA.) 
A Brocrapuic Nore. 
BY L. B. WOODRUFF, NEW YORK CITY. 

Donacia emarginata Kirby may gain its sustenance 
from various water-loving plants, but that which it seems to find 
superlatively to its taste near New York City is the Marsh-mari- 
gold, Caltha palustris. Ina certain wooded swamp just outside the 
city limits, always wet under foot and in April excessively “‘soft,”’ 
grow and bloom great masses of these glorious golden flowers; and 
when they reach the zenith of their splendor, in almost every clump, 
half buried under their stamens, are from one to several of these 
graceful metallic beetles. The sturdy crowfoot cup gives them 
secure support, and in them throughout the flowering period they 
are to be found in breeding pairs. On the stems just above the 
roots the pupal cocoons are attached, sometimes several in a row; 
but when the swollen buds expand the beetles emerge, leave their 


lowly dwellings, and, climbing up the stems, attain the scene of 
July, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 211 


their ensuing revels. When not too much engrossed, they display 
the instinct shared with so many other strongly flying members of 
their order, and, on the approach of danger, clamber to the petal’s 
edge and seek safety by dropping to the cover that lies below. 

The Caltha seems to be an unrecorded food-plant for the genus, 
though hardly a surprising one in view of its evident adaptability 
and its environmental association with the skunk cabbage, the 
resort of certain others of its component species. 

So far as they have come under the writer’s observation, the 
males of D. emarginata in this neighborhood are uniformly purplish 
or bluish-black, while the females are never like them in colour, but 
vary through shining olivaceous green, the shade most commonly: 
occurring, to brassy and rich bronze. If these colour distinctions 
hold constant with the beetles from other localities, we have here 
secondary sexual characters which are worthy of note. 

A NEW BRACONID OF THE GENUS MICRODUS 

FROM CANADA: 
BY C. H. RICHARDSON, IR., FOREST HILLS, MASS. 

Among a number of parasitic hymenoptera reared from the 
Bud Moth (Tmetocera ocellana Schiff.), at the Dominion Ento- 
mological Laboratory, Bridgetown, Nova Scotia, by Mr. G. E. 
Sanders, there is a Braconid belonging to the genus Microdus 
which appears to be new. __ Since it is desired to refer to this species 
in the near future, Dr. Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist has asked 
me to describe it at the present time. 

Microdus ocellane, sp. nov. 

Description of the type (female): Length 5 mm. Wing 
4 mm. Ovipositor about 5 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen 
black, refulgent; palpi pale fulvous; fore and middle legs pale ful- 
vous, with the apical joints black; hind legs pale fulvous except for 
the black coxze, the black apical annuli on the tibie, the darkened 
distal ends of the first tarsal joints and the complete darkening of 
the succeeding joints. A large fulvous spot covering the first and 
second abdominal segments ventrally. Pubescence light. Wings 
slightly infuscated, iridescent; stigma black. Head slightly wider 
than thorax, less than three times as wide as thick; clypeus slightly 


produced; clypeal fovee large, each equaling an ocellus in size; face 
July, 1913 


212 THE CANADIAN EN~OMOLOGIST. 








punctuiate, pubescent; vertex, occiput and gene sparsely punctulate 
and pubescent. Antenne 42-jointed, stape and pedicel longer than 
the first joint of the flagellum; joints of flagellum subequal. Meso- 
notum punctulate, with deep punctate parapsidal grcoves which 
meet posteriorly. Scutellum punctulate flatly convex; anterior 
depression of scutellum with four deep umbilicate punctures. 
Metanotum rugose-punctate; metathoracic spiracles oval, slightly 
longer than wide. Mesopleure sparsely punctulate and pubescent 
with a curved punctured line just below the tegule; a single post- 
median fovea and a longitudinal row of umbilicate punctures below 
this. Metapleure more densely punctulate and pubescent. First 
segment of the abdomen deeply striated longitudinally; the second 
segment weakly and irregularly aciculated with a median trans- 
verse depression; remaining segments smooth, shining. 

Type 2 No. 4001d, July 28, 1912; in Coll. Div. Ent., Ottawa. 

Type locality —Keniville, Nova Scotia, Canada. 

Paratype (¢) agrees essentially with the type. 

This species is related to Micredus earinoides Cresscn resem- 
bling it in size and colour, but differing in the sculpture of the abdo- 
men,the possession of black hind coxe and the extent of the black 
on tne hind tibiz as well as the quite distinctly infuscated wings. 
It is also very similar to Microdus nigricoxis Provancher, but only 
the hind coxe are black and the basal segment of the abdomen is 
striated, not rugose. Acknowledgments are due Mr. C. T. Brues 
for aid in looking up the literature. 


Ay SUCGESSEUL MOVE 

Recently I had occasion to move my entire collection of over 
200 well-filled boxes of Hemiptera from Buffalo, N. Y., te San 
Diego, Calif.,and on unpacking them here was surprised to find that 
not a single specimen had been damaged. The boxes were packed 
in straw in two large willow pottery crates and were shipped by 
freight through one of the household shipping agencies. However, 
they had to go through two storage warehouses and be twice re- 
shipped before starting on their long ride which speaks well for the 
packing. I received my instructions for packing from Dr. E. 
D. Ball and will gladly pass it on to any one contemplating a simi- 
lar move.—E. P. Van DuzEE, 4020 Ivy St., San Diego, Calif. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 





DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF OCHTERUS 
LATR. (HEMIPTERA) WITH AN ARRANGEMENT 
OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 


BY H. G. BARBER, ROSELLE PARK, N.J. 


The genus Ochterus Latr. (Pelogonus Latr.) is represented in 
North America by five species—four from Mexico, Central America 
or the Antilles, and only one has been described from the United 
States—O. americanus Uhl. (Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. I, 
335, 1876). The Mexican and Central American species are well 
characterized and figured by Champion, in Biol. Cent. Amer. 
Hem.-Het. II., 344-346, 1901. 


I herewith add two more species to the list—one from the col- 
lection of Mr. Nathan Banks, who collected several specimens at 
Glencarlyn, Va., in June, and the other represented by a single 
specimen from Mrs. Slosson’s collection, taken by her at Ormond, 
Florida, in the spring. The former of these must be closely related 
to the Palearctic O. marginatus Latr., the latter is more closely 
allied to O. americanus Uhl. ; 


The following synopsis of the North American species of Och- 


terus is adapted from Champion’s key: 


Anterior angles of the pronotum acute; humeri rounded; face not 
at all or obsoletely carinate between the 
EN Ccp eae ges re ch ee ee perooscs Guér, (Mex, Antulless) 


Anterior angles of the pronotum obtuse or rounded. 
Humeri rounded. 
Face not carinate between the 
CVS arr atis' siti: enifrons Champ. (Mex., Cent. Am., Antilles) 
Face distinctly carinate between the eyes. 
Clavus entirely: yellow.:........ flaviclavus, n. sp. (Florida). 
Clavus concolorous. 


Entire lateral pronotal margins broadly 
BRANES 2h oy ucainhe, oy saa y ea aes Ee banksi, n. sp. (Virginia) 
Lateral pronotal margins, with only a_ pale spot 


AE ER LOTNY iat Sone 8 city dian EA americanus Uhl. (U.S.) 
July, 1913 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





Humeri subacute. Face carinate and closely rugulose between 
the ‘eyes n2s.0 7) 7 eee eee viridifrons Champ. (Cent.Amer.) 


Humeri acute. Face carinate, but almost smooth between the 
CVES is chain RR On er acutangulus Champ. (Cent. Amer.) 


Ochterus banksi, n. sp. 


Broad ovate, brownish black. The head, behind the vertex, 
opaque, from there anteriorly, shining and obilquely, finely regulose 
and tricarinate; one carina next each eye and a median one, con- 
tinuous from vertex to apex; transversely sulcate midway between 
ocelli and base of head. Pronotum with anterior margin almost 
truncated, with the anterior angles next the eyes rounded and not 
projecting forwards or outwardly beyond the exterior margin of the 
eyes; entire lateral margins gently rounding posteriorly; humeral 
angle rounded, not very prominent; lateral margins broadly ex- 
panded, pale; this mark broadest 
about the middle, more abruptly 
rounded anteriorly and _ tapering 
posteriorly to occupy the entire mar- 
gin; the remainder of the surface 
brownish black, elevated and trans- 
versely, but not very deeply, sulcate 
a very little behind the middle; pos- 
terior lobe, middle and anterior part 
of first lobe more coarsely punctate, 
the latter with two or three trans- 
verse weak furrows. Scutellum almost 
equilateral, rather coarsely punctate 
and transversely furrowed; anteriorly 
with a transverse elevated ridge, 
behind which it is depressed. Corium 
not demarked from membrane, broad- 
est across the middle, with lateral 

ED margin gently rounded to just beyond 

Ochterus banks, n. sp. es 3 
middle, where it more abruptly rounds 
off to the rather narrow apical part of membrane; the external 
margins either broadly pale throughout or in part suffused with 
fuscous and reflexed, without the usual series of pale marginal spots 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 215 





which occur in O. americanus. Clavus and corium, anteriorly, 
with coarse scattered punctures. Nervures of the membrane 
indistinct. General surface with indications of the customary bluish 
grey markings, unless denuded, when the whole upper surface is 
smooth and shining. Beneath on sternum and venter paler, with 
rostrum, acetabule, coxz, legs and external angle of metathorax pale 
yellow. Prosternum rather coarsely punctate. 

Length, 4mm. Width of pronotum, 2 mm. 

Described from three males and one female collected by Mr. 
Nathan Banks at Glencarlyn, Virginia, in June. Judging from the 
meagre descriptions and indifferent illustrations at hand, I am led 
to the opinion that this species is most nearly related to O. margin- 
atus Latr., of Europe. But having no specimens of that species for 
comparison, I am, at this time, unable to settle the point. O. 
banksi can readily be separated from americanus by its difference in 
color markings, and the character of the pronotum. Apex of mem- 
brane is more narrow than in americanum. 


Ochterus flaviclavus, n. sp. 


Brownish-black. Very much the appearance of O. americanus, 
to which it is closely related, having the usual carinate and rugulose 
face. However, somewhat smaller than that species with the 
clavus entirely yellow. The pronotum with the lateral margins 
gently rounded, more converging anteriorly, the anterior margin 
being narrower than the width across the eyes; the anterior angle 
of the pronotum sharply rounded and not projecting anteriorly as 
in americanus; the expanded part of lateral margins narrower, with 
a small yellowish spot just posterior to the anterior angle; the hu- 
meral angle almost rectangular, projecting but a trifle beyond mar- 
gin of corium. Extreme edge of corium very narrowly pale, but 
the usual pale marginal spots are lacking. Surface with the usual 
pearl grey spots. Beneath, with the sternum slate grey; the aceta- 
bula, posterior and lateral flange of the prosternum, elytral flange 
anteriorly, posterior margin of metasternum, legs and venter, pale; 
legs lightly infuscated. Prosternum, mesosternum externally and 
metasternum before the posterior angle distinctly punctate. 

Length, 344 mm.; width of pronotum, about 2 mm. 

Described from a single male in the collection of Mrs. Annie 
Trumbull Slosson, taken by her at Ormond, Florida. 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


A SECOND ADDITION TO THE AUSTRALIAN 
HYMENOPTERA MYMARID-. 


BY A. A. GIRAULT, BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 


The following species have recently been captured by Mr. 
Alan P. Dodd and very kindly given to me. They are the 
eighteenth and nineteenth species of Gonatocerus and the sixth, 
seventh and eighth of Polynema. All in normal position. 


1. Gonatocerus bicolor, new species. 


Female.—Length 1.65 mm. Large for the genus. 

Black, the abdomen contrasting orange reddish, dorsad with 
faint duskiness, the scape and pedicel lemon yellow, as are also the 
legs and coxe; tibia fuscous. Ovipositor not exserted. Fore wings 
of the narrower type, yet moderately broad, bearing about thirty 
longitudinal lines of very fine discal cilia, lightly fumated through- 
out, the marginal cilia short, the longest not more than a fifth of 
the greatest wing width. “Proximal tarsal joints very long. First 
funicle joint longer than either the pedicel or the second joint of 
the funicle, subequal to funicle joint 3, joints 4 and 5 each some- 
what shorter than 3, joint 5 shorter than 4, 6 still shorter than 5, 
while 7 lengthens slightly, subequal to 2; distal funicle joint shortest, 
subequal in length to the pedicel. Of the general habitus and 
structure of spinozai Girault and belonging to the group of species 
with graceful fore wings and usually golden bodies (e.g., comptez, 
cingulatus). Marginal vein very long. Caudal wings with an 
incomplete, more or less variable, paired line of midlongitudinal 
discal ciliation. Club long. 

(From one specimen, 2-3-inch objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch 
and Lomb). 

Male——Not known. 

Described from a single female captured by sweeping jungle 
growths along forest streamlet, near Nelson, North Queensland, 
December 6, 1912 (A. P. Dodd). 

Habitat: Australia—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 

Type: No. Hy 1293, Queensland Museum, Brisbane; the 
above specimen on a slide of xylol-balsam. 

This beautifully coloured species may be distinguished with 


ease by the great contrast between the black of the thorax and the 
July, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST roaalye 





orange of the abdomen, by the clouded wings and long venation 
and by the long first joint of the antennal funicle. It is allied to 
spinozai, but could not be confused with that characteristic species. 


2. Gonatocerus spinozat Girault. 

At the same time that the above new species was captured 
Mr. Dodd obtained a pair of this species. The male was unknown 
and, since it differs considerably in coloration from the female, I 
briefly point out its characteristics. In structure, similar to the 
female, but the antenne are 13-jointed and filiform, the pedicel 
very small and sublobate, funicle joints 2-4 and 9-10 subequal, 
longest, about thrice longer than wide; joints 1 and 5 subequal; 
somewhat shorter than the others; joints 13, 6 and 7 subequal, 
still somewhat shorter; joint 8 shortest, a third shorter than joint 2. 
Abdomen subpetiolate, declivous from above at base, ovate, 
striped dorsad with black, transversely (6 stripes counting the 
broadest at extreme base). Propodeum purplish black, its spiracle 
very minute, round, the surface finely reticulated, a median carina 
present (its exact shape not seen, probably paired). Tip of dorsal 
abdomen black. Otherwise coloured as in female. When mounted 
in balsam, the tip or apex of the declivous part of the base of the 
abdomen closed up to the thorax, partially concealing the real 
nature of the segmentation; this apex is projected or heeled, stopper- 
shaped and appearing as if it was intended to fit against the thorax. 


3. Gonatocerus fasciativentris, new species. 

Male—Length 1.15.mm. 

Black, the abdomen golden yellow, conspicuously striped 
transversely with black above and below, the intervening yellow 
stripes much narrower, the lateral line yellow (about six black 
stripes). Legs yellowish brown, the cox black. Wings hyaline, 
the fore wings of the less graceful type, the marginal vein moder- 
ately long; fore wing with about twenty-five lines of discal cilia; 
posterior wings narrow. Scape, pedicel and first funicle joint more 
or less suffused with yellowish. Antenne strongly longitudinally 
striated, the funicle joints short and subequal, each about one and 
a half times longer than broad. Allied with coethet, but, besides 
the differences in coloration, the fore wings are broader. Pedicel 
only half the length of the first funicle joint. 

(From one specimen, similarly magnified). 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





Female.—Not known. 


Described from a single male captured with the preceding two 
species. 


Habitat: Australia—Nelson (Cairns), N. Q. 


Type:Hy 1294, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above 
specimen (mounted with the types of G. brunoz lyelli and Polynema 
devriesi both described beyond). 


4. Gonatocerus brunoi lyelli, new variety. 


Male: Like the typical forms, but the abdomen at its distal 
half dorsad distinctly banded by narrow golden yellowish stripes 
(two or three), the wings very dark. 

(From one specimen, enlarged as with preceding species). 

Respectfully dedicated to the late Sir Charles Lyell, the 
author of the “‘Principles of Geology.” 

Described from a male captured with the preceding species. 

Habitat: Australia—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 

Type: No. Hy 1295, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimen (mounted with the type of Gonotocerus fasciativen- 
tris Girault and a Polynema). 


Genus Polynema Haliday. 
1. Polynema devriesi, new species. 


Male: Length, 1.2 mm. 


Somewhat similar to both draperit and romanesi Girault, but 
differing from the former in having the discal cilia of the fore 
wing much coarser, from the latter in the same point, from both in 
general coloration being ferruginous, the distal third of the abdomen 
black. Scape and pedicel concolorous, the flagellum black, its 
joints very long, as are also the proximal tarsal joints. About nine 
lines of rather coarse discal cilia, the marginal cilia longer than the 
wing’s greatest width. Distal tarsal joints black. Wings ob- 
scurely fumated, the posterior ones very narrow, the fore wings 
narrowing proximad before venation. 


(From one specimen, similarly magnified). 
Female: Not known. : 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 


Described from a single male captured with the species of 
Gonatocerus noted above. Respectfully dedicated to Hugo De 
Vries, the author of the mutation theory in biology. 

Habitat: Australia—Nelson (Cairns), N. Q. 

Type: No. Hy 1296, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimen in balsam (mounted with the types of Gonatocerus 
fasciativentris Girault). 

2. Polynema mendeli, new species. 

Male: Length 1.20 mm. 

Like devriesi, but the discal cilia of the fore wing is finer, the 
marginal cilia shorter, not quite as long as the greatest width of the 
blade, subfuscous, not as slender proximad before venation; in this 
species the proximal funicle joint is much shorter than the next 
joint, not half its length, while also joints 5 distad of the flagellum 
are all short, more or less subequal to 1, flagellar joint 2 longest, 3 
and 4 next in succession. This antennal structure easily separates 
this species from draperi and romanesi. Ferrugineous, the 
abdomen (exclusive of pedicel) black, as are also the distal tarsal 
joints and the flagellum; proximal funicle joint yellowish, head 
blackish. Fore wings with about 10 lines of fine but rather long 
discal cilia. 

(From one specimen, enlarged as in previous descriptions.) 

Female: Not known. 

Described from one male, captured with the preceding species. 
Dedicated to Abbé Gregor Mendel, who established the Mendelian 
principle of inheritance. 

Habitat: Australia—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 

Type: No. Hy 1297, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimen in balsam (mounted with specimens of Gonatocerus 
spinozai and the type of Polynema nardaut, described beyond). 

3. Polynema nordaui, new species. 

Female: Length 0.60 mm. Small for the genus. 

Black, the first three antennal joints, abdominal pedicel, legs 
except distal half of posterior femur and distal tarsal joints, orange 
yellow. Like the North American longipes Ashmead, being 
about the same size and habitus, but differing in that the wings of 
longipes are much narrower and slender and the antennal segmen- 
tation entirely different, since in this Australian species the second 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


and third funicle joints are long and subequal. Very much like 
drapert in wing structure, but the legs are brighter and orange. 
Funicle joint 1 longer than the pedicel, joints 2 and 3 longest, sub- 
equal, elongate, one and a half times longer than 1, joint 4 a fourth 
shorter, 5 shorter, somewhat enlarged, somewhat longer than 1. 
Scape moderate in length. 

(From one specimen, enlarged as in preceding.) 

Male: Not known. 

Described from one female, captured with the preceding 
species. 

Habitat: Australia—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 

Type: No. Hy 1298, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above female in balsam (mounted with Gonatocerus spinozai and 
the type of Polynema mendelt). 

Respectfully dedicated to Max Nordau. 

This species may be the female of draperi, which it resembles 
closely, but there are differences which make me doubt it, especially 
in the shape of the fore wings, the relative length of the cephalic 
marginal cilia of those wings and the differences in colour. 


SOME NEW AUSTRALIAN GENERA IN THE HYMENOP- 
TEROUS FAMILIES EURYTOMIDZ:, PERILAMPIDZ:, 
EUCHARIDA AND CLEONYMID-. 


BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON (CAIRNS) N. QUEENSLAND. 
Family Eurytomida, 
Eurytomini. 
Xanthosomoides, new genus. 


Female——Non-metallic, yellow, body not umbilicately punc- 
tate, fore wing with a stigmate spot at the stigmal vein. Head 
normal, the antenna inserted in the middle of the face, 11-jointed, 
the club solid, the funicle 7-jointed, cylindrical, its joints not much 
longer than wide, the single ring-joint rather stout, the pedicel 
nearly as long as the first funicle joint, the scape rather long, 
simple. Wings large, the marginal vein long and slender, at least 
two-thirds the length of the long submarginal vein, thrice or more 
the length of the rather short stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein 


also very long, nearly as long as the marginal or quite equal to it 
July, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 221 





(or slightly longer than it), tapering distad. Wings normally 
ciliate, the marginal fringes short. Abdomen as long as the thorax, 
the ovipositor and its valves exserted, curved upward, fully as long 
as the rest of the body. Abdomen sessile but narrowed at base, 
triangular from lateral aspect. Propodeum slightly shorter than 
the scutellum or the prothorax and simple, without carine. Parap- 
sidal furrows complete. Eyes ovate, the ocelli in a triangle in the 
centre of the vertex, the lateral ones distant from the eye margins. 
Propodeal spiracle elliptical. Face subquadrate, wide. 

Male.—Not known. 

A genus related to Xanthosoma Ashmead, from which it differs 
in bearing the much longer marginal and postmarginal veins and 
non-moniliform funicle joints. 

Type.—tThe following species: 


1. Xanthosomoides maculatipennis, new species. 

Female Length, variable, 2.50 mm. exclusive of ovipositor, 
the exserted portion of the latter about the same length. 

Pale cadmium yellow, the head, pronotum, legs and a trans- 
vers2 spot laterad of the mesopostscutellum (the spot cephalad of 
the propcedeal spiracle) contrasting yellow, lighter, lemon yellow; 
also more or less, the produced part of the ventral abdomen. Lateral 
suture of scutellum, the visible (dorsal, lateral) portions of the 
occiput and the cephalic margin of the propodeum, black. Dorsal 
aspect of abdomen suffused irregulagly with brown. Venation 
black. Fore wings hyaline, but with a conspicuous, rather large, 
black globe-like stigmal spot, regularly oval in shape, obscuring the 
curved stigmal vein and appearing as if suspended by a short 
pedicel from the end of the marginal vein. Ciliation normal and 
dense, the marginal fringes very short. Antenne yellow suffused 
with much black. Ovipositor brown, the valves black. Thorax 
delicately, transversely wrinkled. Club solid, first funicle joint 
widening distad, nearly twice longer than broad at apex. Scape 
yellow, black above. 

(From three specimens, the same magnification.) 

Male—Not known. 

Described from three females on cards from the collections of 
the Queensland Museum, labelled “Bred out of Gall 5 A. Brisbane. 
H. Hacker.” 


222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Habitat: Australia—Queensland (Brisbane). 
Type: No. Hy 1192, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, one fe- 
male on a card. : 


2. Xanthosomoides fulvipes, new species. 

Female —Length, 4.2 mm. excluding the ovipositor, the latter 
exserted for a length nearly equal to that of the body. The same 
as maculatipennis, but much more robust; also the pronotum is 
nearly as dark as the scutum, its caudal margin contrasting lemon 
yellow followed by a narrow black stripe running across the ce- 
phalic margin of the scutum; the propodeum is wholly black or very 
dark, the ovipositor fuscous, the meson of the thoracic venter is 
black and in the venter of the prothorax there is a distinct tri- 
angular black marking like the Greek letter Delta of the capital 
case. The postmarginal vein is slightly longer than in the first 
species, the apparent petiole of the stigmal spot in the fore wing also 
longer. Vertex dark ochreous, the face lemon yellow. The wings 
are large. First funicle joint longer, cylindrical, more than twice 
longer than broad at apex. 

(From a single specimen, the same magnification.) 

Male.—Not known. 

Described from a single female specimen from the collections 
of the Queensland Museum, labelled ‘Brisbane, H. Hacker. 3-7- 
io a 

Habitat: Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. 

Type in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the foregoing 
specimen on a card. 

Melanosomellini, new tribe. 

Antenne 12-jointed, with one ring-joint, the club 3-jointed, the 
male antenne different and bearing long ramii; otherwise as in the 
Eurytomini and Rileyini as limited by Ashmead. The marginal 
vein two and a half times its own width, but shorter than either the 
stigmal or postmarginal veins. Probably differing totally in habits 
from the Rileyini, since the latter appear to be egg parasites of the 
Orthoptera. The following genus: 


’ Melanosomella, new genus. 


Female——Head (cephalic aspect) slightly wider than long, the 
antenne inserted slightly below the middle of the face, the scrobes 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Doe 





short and not deep, the lateral ocelli far distant from the eyes; 
pronotum not long, the parapsidal furrows complete, the head and 
thorax smooth. Antenne 12-jointed, the ring-joint large, nearly 
as long as wide, the funicle apparently compressed, the joints all 
transverse and lamellate or produced toward one side, the distal 
joint much less so and largest of the funicle; pedicel subquadrate, 
much longer than the proximal funicle joints; club long-ovate, 
longer than the cylindrical, simple scape, its joints obliquely trun- 
cate, the distal joint short and conic. Fore wings normal, the mar- 
ginal cilia sparse and short. Propodeum with a bright median 
carina, its spiracle large and nearly round. Abdomen short and 
stout, no longer than the thorax, its second segment occupying half 
of the surface. Scutellum longer than the propodeum. Parap- 
sidal furrows complete. Posterior tibia apparently with but one 
apical spur. 

Male—The same, the abdomen more depressed and cylin- 
drical; antenne entirely different, the scape much shorter, dilated 
ventrally, the antenne 12-jointed, the pedicel not much longer than 
thick, the ring-joint like a ring, the first funicle joint very 
transverse and lamellate; following five funicle joints very 
transverse and increasing in length, each bearing a_ long, 
curved, cylindrical ramus from its disto-lateral margin, joint 
2 no longer than the diameter of its ramus and _ practically 
forming a continuation of it; joint 3. slightly larger than 
wide; joint 6 much longer than wide; the ramii longer 
proximad, the shortest and distal one distinctly longer than any 
single joint of the antenna. Proximal joint of club elongate, ob- 
conic, forming half of the club and longer than the distal funicle 
joint; the other two club joints subequal. Funicle and ramii with 
sparse, long fine hairs. 

Type.—The following species (flavipes). 

Female.—Length, 3 mm. 

Black and shining, the face, genz, legs (except coxe, the tarsi 
more brownish), scape (except at tip, where it is blackish) the mar- 
gin of the eyes dorsad and caudad more or less obscurely, lemon 


yellow; the black of the vertex at the meson projects obtusely into 
the yellow of the face, some distance directly cephalo-ventrad of the 


224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


cephalic ocellus. Tegula brownish. Fore wing with a distinct 
brownish band nearly across it from the apex of the submarginal 
vein; this stripe is interrupted. Venation black. Antennal flagel- 
lum brownish, subfuscous. Face with thimble punctures; re- 
mainder of body apparently simple and shining more or less. 

(From one specimen, the same magnification.) 

Male.—The same, but the fuscous stripe on the wing subobso- 
lete: 

(From one specimen, the same magnification.) 

Described from a single pair received for study from the Acting 
Government Entomologist of Victoria, cardmounted and labelled 
“From unknown galls on Eucalyptus, N.S.W.” 

Habitat.—Australia—New South Wales. 

Types: No. Hy 1193, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the 
above specimens (2 pins) plus a slide bearing male and female 
antenne. 

Family Perilampide. 
Epiperilampus, new genus. 

Female.—The same as Perilampus Latreille, but the thorax 
not coarsely punctate but only with scattered thimble-punctures 
and transversely wrinkled, the antenne with two large ring-joints 
and a well-defined, 3-jointed club, the joints of the flagellum distad 
transverse, the pedicel larger than the first funicle joint. Marginal, 
stigmal and postmarginal veins shortened but still moderately long, 
yet the postmarginal is somewhat shorter than the other two, which 
are subequal; the stigmal vein with a slender neck. Fore wings 
with a fuscous blotch under the end of the submarginal vein. An- 
tenne inserted in the middle of the face, the head more or less lenti— 
cular from cephalic aspect. With an encyrtine habitus. Scutellum 
simple. Axilla separated. Discal ciliation of the fore wing not 
quite normal. Second segment of abdomen nearly half the latter’s 
length, the third short. 

Male.—Not known. 
A genus resembling Perilampus. 
Type: The following species: 


1. Epipertilampus xanthocephalus, new species. 
Female —Length, 2.5 mm. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 225 


Orange yellow, the parapsides cephalo-mesad marked with 
metallic bluish, the propodeum and abdomen shining blackish or 
dark metallic bluish, but the latter in the dorsal aspect of the base 
of its distal half with a conspicuous yellow marking, incised medi- 
ally from behind (caudad). Legs nearly all dark metallic bluish, 
but with brownish markings at the knees and tarsi, the cephalic 
tibia nearly all brown. Venation brownish, the marginal, stigmal - 
and postmarginal veins lemon yellow; the fore wings lightly em- 
browned throughout and with a distinct, smoky brown cloud under 
the apex of the submarginal vein, extending across the wing, but 
interrupted caudad of its middle by a clear longitudinal streak; its 
proximo-cephalic margin is accented and another shorter clear 
streak enters it from proximad nearer the caudal wing margin. 
Marginal fringes extremely short, as is also the discal ciliation, 
which is speckled over the wing surface like minute pin-points, quite 
irregular but not dense. Scape yellow, dark above and at tip, the 
remainder of the antenna brownish yellow, sometimes bluish, proxt- 
mal joint of club subequal to distal funicle joint, both wider than 
long; funicle joints 2 and 3 subquadrate, subequal. Thorax finely 
polygonally sculptured, the scutum with obscure punctures. 

(From many specimens, the same magnification.) 

Male.—Not known. 

Described from a number of specimens in the Queensland 
Museum, mounted on cards labelled respectively: ‘Gall, No. 6 
Brisbane. ~H: Hacker: 19-77-11... 4 9’s. Types:Gall ‘No: 
Goes’ = “Galli Now6,” three’ cards 5°9’s, 59s and’ 6 O's" and 
Gall) Nozi'6.” “Brisbane. HH. Hacker. 19=7-110") “3 "o's: 
Evidently reared from galls. 

Habitat: Australia—Brisbane, Queensland. 

Types: No. Hy 1194, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the four 
females on a single card as above noted, plus a slide of xylol-balsam 
bearing an antenna and a pair of wings. 


Family Eucharide. 
Epimetagea, new genus. 
Female—The same as Metagea Kirby, but the antenne not 
moniliform and only 10-jointed. Also agreeing somewhat with 
Pseudochalcura Ashmead, but differing again in lacking one antennal 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





joint. Head thin, triangular, the antenne inserted slightly 
below the middle of the face, 10-jointcd, the club solid and ovate, 
longer than any of the funicle joints, but slightly shorter than the 
simple, cylindrical scape; pedicel obconic, short, subequal to joint 4 
of the funicle, bearing from one side of its apical margin a single, 
very long, slender but stiff bristle-like seta, which reaches distad 
nearly to the apex of joint 3 of the funicle. Proximal funicle joint 
longest, nearly twice the length of the pedicel, all the funicle joints 
obconic, widening distinctly distad, all more or less prolonged ob- 
tusely from one apical corner, the distal joints more so. None cf 
the joints petiolate or subpetiolate; no ring-joint. Mandibles long 
and falcate, acute at apex, the right with two large triangular teeth 
within, the left one which is larger than either of those of the right; 
also exteriorly at base each with a large tooth. From beneath the 
clypeus there projects a flat, palmate (9-digitate) brownish plate, 
above and between the mandibles; clypeus convex along the distal 
margin, the latter with two teeth on each side of its end, the first 
very obtuse, the second more tooth-like, but not large. Ocelli 
nearly in a straight line across the vertex, the cephalic one within 
and at the apex of the short scrobicular cavity. Parapsidal furrows 
complete, with deep punctures. Scutellum normal, terminating 
in a short plate whose distal margin is entire though convex. Tho- 
rax elevated convexly in places, but the convexities obtuse. A 
rather large, tooth-like plate from the lateral aspect of the thorax 
some distance beneath the axilla. Thorax with large, irregular 
reticulations or narrow carinate lines, but not punctate excepting 
the large punctures in sutures. Abdomen with a distinct petiole, 
which is moderate in length, depressed, diamond-shaped frem dor- 
sal aspect, opaque. Proximal tarsal joints of all the legs long and 
slender. Venation obscure, the stigmal and postmarginal veins 
short, much shorter than the marginal, the stigmal the longer of the 
two, curved or bent like a boomerang. Wings hyaline, all ciliation 
nearly absent; a trace of marginal cilia disto-caudad. From lateral 
aspect, scutellum appearing as if terminating in a short, acute 
tooth. : 


Male.—Not known. 
Type: The following spectes (purpurea). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 227 


1. Epimetagea purpurea, new species. 
Female.—Length, 3.5 mm. 


Metallic purple, the abdomen with metallic green reflections; 
knees, tibie, tarsi (except distal dark part of distal joint) and the 
antenne, brown, the latter suffused with purplish distad. Vena- 
tion nearly invisible, but the stigmal vein brownish. Head im- 
punctate, but with very fine circular stria; lateral ocelli very dis- 
tant from the eye margins; scrobicular cavity with its lateral mar- 
gins noncarinate; a tubercle at latero-cephalic aspect of pronotum. 
Scutellum between and behind the axilla (at the meson) sunken. 
Abdominal petiole longitudinally striate. Cephalic part of thorax 
dorsad (cephalad of the middle of the scutum) coarsely reticulate, 
as is also much of the scutellum. Base of propodeum with deep, 
transverse fovee. 

(From three specimens, the same magnification.) 


Male—Not known. 


Described from three female specimens kindly given to me by 
Mr. F. P. Dodd, mounted together on a card labelled ‘‘From ant 
pupe. Townsville, July 1902.” 

Habitat: Australia—Townsville, Queensland. 


Types: No. Hy 1195, Queensland Museum, the above speci- 
mens (two more or less mutilated) on a single card, plus a slide of 
xylol-balsam bearing female head and antenne. 


Family Cleonymide. 
Chalcedectine. 
Calosetroides, new genus. 

Female.—Allied to Amotura Cameron, but the front femora 
are swollen, compréssed and excised beneath at apex, the posterior 
femora unarmed beneath. Legs unarmed otherwise; cephalic 
tibiz somewhat compressed; caudal coxa compressed, flat interior- 
ly, the caudal femur enlarged but unarmed; caudal tibia with two 
unequal spurs, both rather large. Tarsi five-jointed. Antenne 
inserted distinctly below the ventral ends of the eyes; very near the 
clypeus, the scape obclavate and long, the flagellum 9-jointed, no 
ring-joint. —Scrobicular cavity long, brit not including the cephalic 
ocellus, the lateral ocelli separated from the eye margin, the three 


228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





in a small triangle in the center of the vertex; eyes somewhat con- 
vergent above, long-ovate, naked. Bulbs separated by a long, 
acutely triangular raised area in the scrobicular cavity. Genz 
long, genal suture distinct. Pronotum incised at meson. Parpa- 
sidal furrows complete, the axille rather widely separated. Scu- 
tellum simple, its caudal margin carinate and preceded by a line of 
deep punctures separated by narrow, short carine. Propodeum 
_with a short, solid acutely margined median carina, which is V- 
shaped and margined on each side by a broad sulcus; the spiracle 
cephalad, large, elliptical. Abdomen sessile, the ovipositor not ex- 
serted, the abdomen not any longer than the head and thorax com- 
bined, flat above, acutely conic-ovate, its second segment smooth, 
forming nearly half of the surface. Wings infuscated; marginal 
vein long, only slightly shorter than the submarginal, the stigmal 
and postmarginal veins also long, the former curved, only half the 
length of the postmarginal, which is three-fourths the length of the 
marginal. Metallic, large. 

Male—Not known. 

Type: The species australica, described forthwith. 


1. Caloseteroides australica, new species. 


Female.—Length, 5.65 mm. 

Metallic purplish with aeneous tinges, the face metallic green; 
legs reddish brown, the coxe, the posterior femora (exteriorly only) 
concolorous, the intermediate tibiz promixad and exteriorly and 
the cephalic tibie exteriorly or along the outer margin, black. 
Wings with a distinct, large embrcwned subsagittate cloud in its 
middle, longitudinally, the area appearing as if hung by one of the 
lateral angles from the apex of the stigmal vein; also there is an 
elliptical spot suspended from the apex of the submarginal vein. 
Antenne black, the scape concolorous. Head and thorax granu- 
lately punctate. 

Male——Not known. 

Described from a pinned female received’ from the Acting 
Government Entomologist of Victoria, labelled ‘Millbrook, Vic- 
toria.”’ 

Habitat: Australia—Victoria (Millbrook). 

Type: No. Hy 1196, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above 
specimen, plus a slide, bearing fore wing, the legs and antenna. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 229 


SOME FOSSIL INSECTS FROM FLORISSANT, COLORADO. 
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, BOULDER, COL. 


The insects now described have a very modern aspect. The 
anal cell of Venallites, taken by itself, may be thought of as primi- 
tive, but the fly is otherwise a specialized type. Certainly there 
has been little advance in insect evolution since the Miocene, but 
many genera have become extinct. 

HOMOPTERA 
Echinaphis new genus (Aphididae) 

Stout, with long antenne; the two basal joints short as usual; 
the first somewhat gibbous at apex on inner side; front broad; 
abdomen with six longitudinal rows (the outer was lateral) of about 
six very strong black spines; the apex of abdomen, which is broad, 
with a transverse (marginal) row of six still larger and stronger 
spines; cornicles not evident, probably small; hind wing of rather 
coriaceous texture, the venation essentially as in Chaitophorus. 
Anterior wings not preserved in type. 

Echinabhis rohwert, n. sv. 

Length, 3 mm.; width of abdomen, 1.75 mm.; length of hind 

wing a little over 2 mm.; dark colored, with the anterior legs clear 
ferruginous; wings reddish; front and 

sides of thorax without hairs. The 
following measurements are in mi- 

yA crons: Width of front between eyes 
aa 320; length of first antennal joint 128; 
iS “HN i of second 80; antenna, from base of 
a er third joint to apex, 1665; length of a 
fe dorsal spine about 160; of a caudal 

Echinaphis:rohscer!. Ck one about 270; distance between the 
wing-veins (Cu and M.) at base (separation from Rs) about 112. 
The veins are nearer together at base, and less parallel than in 
Chaitophorus populicola. 

Miocene shales of Florissant, Station 13 (S. A. Rohwer). 

This singular species is quite unlike any of the fossil Aphids 
previously described from Florissant. In the development of 
spines, it has a certain resemblance to the living Chaitophorus 
spinosus Oestl., found on oak in Minnesota. Sipha glycerie 


(Koch), which is also spiny, has much shorter antenne. Close to 
July, 1913. 


eC be a a 


* St Raya 





~ 


230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





the type of Echinaphis rohweri is an elongated, minutely reticulated 
object 690 microns long, shaped like the egg of Aedes grossbeckt, 
but broader, with the reticulations considerably moré minute and 
rather transverse than longitudinal, in the manner of Aedes colopus. 
It is, I think, a mosquito egg, and is the first fossil from Florissant 
I have been able to refer to the Culicide. 
DIPTERA. 
Asilus peritulus Cockerell. 
Two wings from Station 14 (Geo. N. Rohwer). 
Verrallites, new genus (Bombyliide). 

A genus of slender-bodied Bombyliide, with clavate but rot 
much elongated abdomen, characterized especially by the anal cell 
being very widely open, its width on margin in the typical species 
720 microns, which is a slight fraction more than the width of the 
third position cell on the margin. Head and thorax apparently 
bare; abdomen sparsely minutely hairy; costa minutely bristly; 
auxiliary vein longitudinal, reaching costa near (apparently a little 
before) middle of wing (practically as in Lordotus); marginal cell 
long and narrow, its lower side gently concave, its apex broadly 
rounded, the second vein turned basad before reaching the costa 
(the cell practically as in Lomatia lateralis, except that the outer 
angle with costa is more acute in the fossil); two submarginal cells 
the second elongate, widened apically (about as in Phthiria pulicaria 
except that the upper nervure curves upwards apically, more as in 
Geron) ; four posterior cells, the first nearly parallel-sided throughout 
(in the manner of Phthiria), the others widely open, the third very 
broadly open (much as in Ploas virescens, only much longer) ; fourth 
posterior narrowed basally and extremely widely open apically 
(Phthiria-style, only more elongated); anterior cross-vein far be- 
yond middle of discal cell, beyond the beginning of its last third. 


Verrallites cladurus, n. sp. 


Length, about 7 mm., with the abdomen gently curved; abdo- 
men with a depth of 2 mm. near apex; wings 5.75 mm. long. Head 
and thorax probably black in life; abdomen apparently brown, the 
sutures broadly colourless;, wings clear hyaline. 

Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado, Station 13 B (Univ. 
of Colorado Exped.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 231 


This remarkable genus is dedicated to G. H. Verrall, whose writ- 
ings are invaluable to students of fossil Diptera, although he studied 
only living forms. In Williston’s table (N. Am. Diptera, 3rd. Edit.) 
it runs to 29, and the wings, except for the anal cell, show a rather 
close general resemblance to those of Lepidophora. In Legnotomyia 
the anal cell is as widely open on the wing margin as the third pos- 
terior, but these cells are not nearly as wide as in Verrallites; the 
discal cell in Legnotomyia is also much shorter than in the fossil, and 
there are other important differences. From all the genera of fossil 
Bomlyliide from Florissant, Venallites is easily known by the form 
of the anal cell. 

We are still without a single Tachinid or Muscid s. str. from 
the Florissant shales. Glossina alone (two species) represents the 
whole series of Calyptrate Muscoids! In Coleoptera, we are still 
without a Histerid or Cicindelid. A Cypris is, so far, the sole 
representative of the Crustacea. The total number of species 
described is now so great that these blanks become significant. In 
the Neuropteroid series we have plenty of Ephemerids and Ter- 
mites; numerous Raphidiids, Chrysopids and Hemerobiids; a 
Nemopterid and an Embiid; but as yet not a single Perlid. The 
Panorpids are represented by three species. We have no less than 
five species of the Dipterous family Nemestrinidz, now so rare in 
this country. The quite numerous Bombyliidz, as well as the 
very numerous Aphidide, all belong to extinct genera; but the 
Phoridz, Syrphide, Therevide, Leptide, etc., are referable to 
genera still living. 


HYMENOPTERA. 
Alysia ruskii, n. sp. 

9—Robust, length almost 5 mm.; anterior wings broad, 
broadly rounded at apex, nearly 4mm. long; expanse about 9 mm.; 
head and thorax black; base of abdomen (apparently two sezments) 
clear ferruginous, the rest black or dark brown; antenne nearly 3 
mm. long, dark, thick, the joints just before the end about as broad 
as long, with a diameter of about 110 microns; legs ferruginous, the 
hind femora incrassate, suffused with dark brown, the base broadly 
and apex more narrowly pallid; hind tibial spur long and sharp; 
head and thorax apparently closely but shallowly punctured; 


232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





parapsidal grooves of mesothorax distinct, entire; width of abdomen 
nearly 114 mm.; wings hyaline, slightly dusky because minutely 
hairy all over, the hairs dark; nervures ferruginous, very distinct; 
costa not bristly; stigma large, about 720 microns long and 320 deep; 
‘a linear, hardly noticeable, costal cell; basal nervure leaving costa 
very obliquely near base of stigma, its lower part very strongly 


arched, its lower end only about 320 microns in a straight line from 
subcosta; marginal cell subtriangular, sharply pointed, about 930 
microns long, its lower side beyond the submarginal cells faintly 
concave (bulging inward); first s.m. diamond-shaped except for the 
large part cut off by the stigma, its basal end only a short distance 
down nasa! nervure; first section of radial or marginal nervure 
having stigma beyond middle, nearly at right angles; second section 
nearly obsolete, but marked by the bend in the nervure; second 
t.c. wholly obsolete, but marked at each end by an angle in the 
nervure where it should arise; recurrent nervure exactly meeting 
first t.c.; lower end of b.n. basad of t.m. a distance equal to rather 
more than half of latter; t.m. very oblique; second discoidal com- 
plete. 


Florissant, in the Miocene shales (Willard Rusk). Type U. 
of Colorado Museum, 4903. Easily known from the two species 
described by Brues from the Florissant shales by the obsolete 
second t.c. Except for this the venation is nearly as in A. petrina 
Brues, except that the first section of radius is about as long as 
second, the marginal cell is narrower apically, the b.n. is strongly 
bent (straight in petrina), and the second s.m. has its apical corner 
more produced. The linear costal cell is not different from that 
seen in other forms: in which this cell is described as ‘‘absent,’’ be- 
cause it is not readily seen without a microscope. According to 
Ashmead’s tables, the absence of the second t.c. would throw it in 
Dacnusine; but, as Marshall observes, in true Dacnusine the 
radius beyond the first section presents an unbroken curve, without 
any angle where the second t.c. should be inserted. In the meeting 
of tke a.n. and first t.c., A. ruskii resembles Alysia (Goniarcha) 
atra Hal., but that species has the first s.m. with a broad side on 
b.n. In the shape of the first discoidal cell, the fossil is suggestive 
of Dacnusa (Phenolexis) petiolata Nees. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 233 


Alysia ruskiit should perhaps form a new genus near Alysia, 

but it seems better to leave it in Alysia sens. latiss. 
Hertades saxosus, n. sp. 

o'—Length about 7144 mm., in a rather contracted state, the 
abdomen strongly convex dorsally in profile; head and thorax dark 
brown, probably black in life; abdomen lighter and redder; wings 
hyaline, very faintly dusky; anterior wings 4 mm. long; venation 
as in H. sautert from Formosa, except that lower section of basal 
nervure is more arched, the marginal cell is considerably longer and 
more pointed, and the bend in the second t.c. is less distinct. As 
in H. sauteri, the second a.n. squarely meets the second t.c. The 
following measurements are in microns: Length of marginal cell 
1152; depth of marginal cell 304; greatest (diagonal) length of first 
s.m.. 768; second s.m. on marginal, 240; lower side of second s.m. 
544; second s.m. on first discoidal 80; greatest (diagonal) length of 
first discoidal about 976. The basal nervure practically meets the 
transversomedial, which, as usual in Heriadines, is oblique, the 
lower end most basad. 

Florissant, Colorado, in the Miocene shales; Station 14 (W. P. 

Cockerell.) 

Among the fossil bees hitherto found at Florissant, this comes 
nearest to Heriades laminarum Ckll., but is smaller, with the second 
r.n. meeting second t.c., and the b.n. hardly falling short of the 
t.m. The apex of the marginal cell is pointed, if rather obtusely, 
not rounded. The first r.n. joins the second s.m. at a distance from 
its base equal to a little over a third of the length of the first t.c., 
the latter being about 224 microns long. The stigma is well 
developed. 


CONCERNING THE REPUTED DISASTROUS OCCUR- 
RENCE OF VANESSA CALIFORNICA IN 
OREGON AND CALIFORNIA 
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, DECATUR, ILL. 

In the April number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Prof. 
F. M. Webster of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., 
recounts several instances of devastation of crops and foliage which 
he attributes to the larve of Vanessa californica. A careful study 


of the various letters quoted convinces us that in all but the last 
July, 1913. 


234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


instance the author is in error in determining the larve as_ belong- 
ing to this species. 


In the Proceedings of the California Acadamy of Science, June 
7th, 1875, Hy. Edwards gave a detailed account of the larva of 
Californica, citing the food plant as Ceanothus; according to this 
account the larva is jet black, strongly spined (a characteristic of 
all Vanessa larvee) with five branched spines on each segment, the 
middle spine being bright-yellow at the base; at the bases of the 
spines are bright, steel-blue tubercles and between them numerous 
circular, whitish-yellow dots, giving the appearance of a yellow 
dorsal line. It is a well-known fact that the larve of the various 
Vanessa species are restricted to one or two food plants and it 
would be a most extraordinary proceeding if a Vanessid larva, 
normally restricted to Ceanothus as a food plant, should suddenly 
be found devastating alfalfa and garden truck. 


Taking the various reports in order, we note from that of Mr. 
T. V. Hall of Lakeview, Oregon, that the “worm” which had des- 
troyed the alfalfa crop was brownish colcur, with sleek appearing 
surface. This description could hardly, even by the most ignorant, 
be drawn up from the jet black, heavily spined Vanessid larva; it 
could, however, easily apply to any one of the “‘cut-worm”’ species. 


The next letter, from Mr. A. J. Swift of the the same locality, 
reports the occurrance of vast swarms of californica a month after 
the crops had been ravaged by a ‘‘worm”’ varying from bright green 
to nearly black, according to its food supply. There is nothing, 
except the imagination of the writer and the appearance of the 
butterfly at a later date than the larve, to connect the two. The 
swarms of the butterfly, which doubtless was californica, may be 
accounted for either as due to imaginary instincts or to the fact 
that the larve had actually bred in numbers on Ceanothns in the 
high valleys, a feature which would naturally not be observed by 
farmers, who are principally interested in their crops. 

In the report from Mr. J. J. Mcnroe of Willow Ranch, Cali- 
fornia, we note one feature that would absolutely preclude the 
determination of the destructive larve as californica, 1. e., the fact 
that they burrowed in the ground during the day, feeding by night. 
This is characteristic of ‘‘cut-worms’’ but unknown in Vanessid 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 235 








larvee, which remain on their food plants continually, usually feeding 
gregariously by day. 

Mr. Webb’s report from Waldo, Oregon, actually does deal 
with californica. He cites the larve as completely stripping the 
foliage off grease-wood and mountain lilac. We do not know just 
what is meant by this latter plant, but believe that Ceanothus is 
often locally called grease-wood. From this report it would seem 
that there is some danger, when vast numbers of the larve are 
present, of fruit trees being attacked, but it is apparent that only 
when the natural food supply is exhausted would this occur. We 
note that it is distinctly stated that ‘‘they seemed to care for noth- 
ing to speak of but grease-wood and lilac’, and the fact that 
“‘tons’’ of them perished on water and land in their vain search 
for a further food supply only goes to support our previous state- 
ment that californica is very restricted in its choice for food plants 
and the idea of its being held responsible for damage to alfalfa and 
other crops may be banished as so improbable as to be almost 
ridiculous. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF MONTREAL BRANCH 


The fortieth annual meeting of the Montreal Branch of the 
Entomological Society of Ontario was held at the residence of Mr. 
Henry H. Lyman on Saturday evening, May 17th. Mr. G. A. 
Southee, President, occupied the chair, seven members being 
present. 

After the reading of the minutes and election of Mr. G. M. 
Henderson as a member the reports of the council and of the 
treasurer were read and adopted. The president delivered his 
annual address dealing with the good work accomplished by mem- 
bers of the branch in spite of the exceptionally unfavourable wea- 
ther conditions, several new species and varieties of moths having 
been discovered as well as some rare captures, notably Hepialus 
auratus, the second Canadian specimen. 

The election of officers resulted as follows: President, A. F. 
Winn; Vice-President and Librarian, G. Chagnon; Secretary, Geo. 
A. Moore; Treasurer and Curator, Henry H. Lyman; Members 
of Council, G. A. Southee, E. C. Barwick, G. H. Clayson. 

Geo. A. Moore, SEc., 850 St. Hubert Street. 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








FURTHER NOTES ON ALBERTA LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MIDNAPORE, ALTA. 
(Continued from page 192.) 


403. A. excelsa Ottol.—I have no local captures in my collec- 
tion, but several from Banff, July 30th—August 19th (Sanson). 
Under the description Dr. Ottolengui mentions having three speci- 
mens from Laggan, and claims to have seen many more from there. 
I have one from Field, B.C., and a few from Kaslo. My series are 
all much alike, and one or two agree concisely with Ottolengui’s 
figure. I have angulidens from Colorado, and, though closely 
allied, I believe they are distinct. The difference was pointed out 
by Ottolengui. I would say, in addition, that whilst in angulidens 
the outer stroke of the U portion of the sign is evenly out-curved, 
the outer stroke of the V in excelsa is either direct or in-curved for 
the lower two-thirds of its length. In both it has generally a 
slight inward hook at the tip. Vaccinit appears to be another very 
close ally. There was a series of that in the Washington collection 
from the White Mountains, N.H., in which the sign seemed to me 
very variable. Also associated with them, justly as far as I could 
judge, was an unset Kaslo specimen, recorded by the name in the 
Kaslo list. I have suspicions that this specimen was really excelsa. 


I have what I feel sure is another slightly larger closely allied 
species from Kaslo and Nelson, B.C., which was recorded in the 
Kaslo list as ‘‘u-aureum Guen.”’ but which was sent me subsequently 
by Mr. Cockle as ‘“‘u-aureum of the Kaslo list, but excelsa by Dr. 
Barnes, compared with Ottolengui’s naming.’ I feel sure that 
excelsa is wrong for this form, and I am by no means satisfied 
that it is w-aureum. Compared with both excelsa and angulidens, 
it has a wider open sign; in fact, more rectangular than V or U- 
shaped. I may call it a more octoscripta-like sign, more resembling 
that of arctica than of any other of Ottolengui’s figures. The 
outer spot is in every specimen larger than in excelsa, and some- 
times hollow—that is to say, dark filled centrally, and more often 
touches the outer line of the larger sign at varying points. It isa 
slightly larger species, but as regards the rest of the maculation 
and color of the primaries, there is really very little difference. 
The secondaries differ, however. In excelsa the secondaries may 
be described as dull fuscous, with a broad but ill-defined yellowish 

July, 1913 


e 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Dene 





white median band. The outer fuscous border is rather narrow, 
and the pale median band is fuscous suffused. My specimens of 
excelsa all agree exactly with Ottolengui’s figure in this respect. 
In the other species the secondaries are better described as yellow- 
ish white, slightly fuscous at the base, and with a broad fuscous 
outer band, occupying the outer third of the wing. The central 
portion of the wing is thus much dirtier in excelsa, but the outer 
border narrower. Onthe underside excelsa is more suffused with 
gray and fuscous than the unknown species. The discal spot on 
secondaries beneath in excelsa is scarcely more than a point. In 
the unknown species it is obviously V-shaped. In both species 
spines are usually, but apparently not always, present on the hind 
tibie. 

If the Kaslo specimens formerly recorded as u-aureum were 
subsequently named excelsa after a comparison with a co-type of 
that from Jefferson, New Hampshire, which my notes tell me I saw 
in the Washington collection, then it is possible that the co-type 
in question is not excelsa. Of course, Dr. Ottolengui may have 
mixed these two species in his description, but I am taking it for 
granted that his figure represents the type. 


The Kaslo and Nelson specimens in question have a most re- 
markable resemblance to Mr South’s most excellent photo-litho- 
graph figures of interrogationis Lin., Pl. 26, figs. 4,5, of his Moths 
of the British Isles,’’Series ii.,though I appear to have overlooked the 
resemblance in the British Museum, if, indeed, I noticed the Linnean 
species at all. I had a Nelson specimen with me, and it did not 
satisfy me as agreeing with the u-aurewm of that collection. I noticed 
several similar B.C. specimens there however, standing under 
more than one name. It differs most obviously from what I have 
listed as octoscripta, which it sometimes nearly resembles in the 
sign, by a totally different arrangement of color, the less crenate 
t.p. line, and the absence of blackish dashes both before and after 
the s.t. line. 

I have seen specimens of it standing under celsa, described, 
I believe, from Oregon, and have two from Duncans, Vancouver 
Island, which appear to be the same species, though slightly 
larger and with sharper contrasts, one of which agrees with 
Ottolengui’s figure of celsa in every detail except the sign. In this 


238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





one specimen, as in the figure, the inner part of the sign is 
V-shaped. Mine has, instead cf a tail, a large round outer dot 
touching the lower angle of the V. The fact that one of my 
eight specimens has an almost V-shaped sign, and the rest have 
it nearer rectangular, loes not indicate greater variation than 
exists in californica and other speciesin my collection. On the 
strength of this Duncans specimen, which I may remark bears 
some resemblance toa small viridisignata, it seems not unlikely that 
celsa may turn out to be at least one of the correct names for my 
Kaslo and Nelson species. I quite expect ultimately to find at 
least a close relationship to interrogationts. 


As regards the great variation known to exist in the signs of 
some species of this genus, the late Mr. Tutt’s remarks concerning 
interrogationis in the British Isles are interesting. “The great 
character in this species is the endless variation which the central 
silvery marks or characters undergo. Truly no two are alike, and 
to look down a long series at this mark, is something like looking 
at a series of Chinese characters. Some are like the normal mark 
in iota and pulchrina, composed of a V and a dot; others have them 
united as in gamma; others again are like the Greek ¢; one forms 
a tiny solid blotch as in bractea, and so on.”’ (British Noctuz and 
their Varieties, IV. 36, 1892.) 


As to u-aureum, which Ottolengui claimed was not a North 
American species at all, and further remarked that the description 
associated it with interrogationis (Journ, N.Y. Ent. Soc. X. 69, 
June 1902), it may be observed that the only localities given for it 
in Staudinger’s Catalogue are Greenland, Labrador, and North 
America. He also places ‘“Interrogationis var. grenlandica Staud.” 
asasynonym. The types of #-aurewm are probably in Mr. Ober- 
thur’s collection at Rennes. which by an unfortunate chance I 
just missed seeing in March 1912. Under the name in the British 
Museum were three specimens supposed to be North American. 
One had label ‘‘United States’’ at side. Sir George Hampson 
wrote me concerning .the species: ‘Our specimens are from the 
Grote collection without exact loczlity. It is considered that the 
types really came from Labrador, and not from Dalecarlia, Swe- 
den, as described.’’ Concerning the Grote collection specimens, 
‘during my first visit to the British Museum early in 1909, I wrote, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 239 








“T can’t distinguish them from vaccinii,’’of which there wasa 9? from 
Mt. Washington. About this specimen I wrote: ‘‘Darker than 
the u-aureum series, but seems to me exactly like it."”. My sketch 
of the sign of the three specimens shows that it was exactly like 
some in my unknown species, which I call “‘w-aureum of the Koc- 
tenai list.” But in February, 1912, I compared a Nelson, B.C., 
specimen with them and do not seem to have found that they 
matched it. This time my notes read: ‘“‘The uw-aureum of this 
collection is not improbably zeta Ottol., judging by the figure of 
the type of that, though the t.a. (in u-aureum) seems less even, 
and in none does the outer spot join top of sign. Secondaries are 
alike exactly, but basal area of primaries seems paler in zeta.”’ 
The description of the latter was made froma single 2 from‘‘North 
West Territory” and came from Mr. Jacob Doll’s collection. I 
have nothing to match it exactly, but it appears to be of this group. 


406. A. falcifera Kirby—Dr. Ottolengui’s remarks on _ this 
species appear correct. Kirby described the grey form from Nova 
Scotia, and simplex, of which the type is a female in the British 
Museum, from Trenton Falls, N.Y., isa very dark brown specimen. 
I have tried hard to recognize two species in these forms, noticing 
that most falcifera seemed to have a smaller and more slender sign. 
This difference is not constant, however, and I must admit that 
I can discover no other means whatsoever of separating them 
except by color, in which they grade easily through. 


It seems hard to believe that simplicima Ottol., described from 
a single female from the State of Washington, is anything more 
than an unusually small simplex, with a sharp-pointed sign. His 
remark that the sign is ‘“‘always knobbed in falcifera and simplex” 
is not correct. I havea Calgary falcifera in which it is sharp, though 
not quite as sharp as in the right wing of his figure of simplicima. 


407. A. orophila Hamps.—Sir George Hampson, in CAN. ENT. 
XL. 105, March 1908, thus named the Rocky Mountain form pre- 
viously passing as diasema. The description was made from six 
males and a female from Brobokton Creek, Alberta Rockies, and 
one male from Early Winter Creek, Washington Forest Reserve, 
all taken by Mr. Nicholl. The type is a male from the former 
locality, and is marked as taken at 5,500 feet, on July 10th, 1907. 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








Its describer remarks: ‘‘Diasema Bdv., . . . . . which is 
found in N. Europe and Asia, and in America from Greenland to 
Labrador, has the head, thorax and fore wing much more strongly 
tinged with red-brown, the last with the antemedial line excurved 
below the cell,-the stigma more V-shaped, with a slight tail or 
point beyond its lower extremity.; the hind wing with the terminal 
area, reddish-brown.” 


On my first visit to the British Museum, in January 1909, I 
found two Hudson Bay specimens and three others—one marked 
Lapland, standing under diasema. From notes I took on them 
I concluded on my return home that the Banff specimen I had 
recorded under the name was correct. Three years later I actu- 
ally compared this specimen with the diasema series, and concluded 
that it fitted ovophila better, and that, moreover, I had never seen 
true diasema from the Canadian Rockies at all. My series at 
present consists of a male and four females from Brobokton Creek, 
August 13th, 1907 (Mrs. Nicholl), Banff, August 13th, 1900, and 
August Ist, 1910 (Mr. N. B. Sanson and the author), and a pair 
from Kaslo, B.C. (Cockle), the female dated September 10th, 1907. 
I have also seen a Banff male from Mr. Sanson, dated September 
Ist, 1909, as well as more Kootenai specimens in Mr. Cockle’s 
collection. The course of the t.a. line varies somewhat, and so 
does the size and shape of the sign. Both strokes of the latter 
vary considerably in their course, as well as in the amount of grey 
space which they define. The lower stroke may be almost direct, 
or slightly curved, or even almost obtusely angled at about its 
middle. The inner one may bend outwardly or inwardly, or both 
ways, and may so connect with the outer as to form either an even 
curve, an obtuse or a right angle, or a decided tail or point. Any 
specimens, however, which may have been named diasema by me 
have been so named erroneously. 


499. The species referred to under this heading is not snow? 
nor does it bear any close resemblance thereto. It is microgramma 
Hbn., a European species not previously recorded from North 
America. I have compared a local specimen with a series in the 
British Museum. I referred to this in 40th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 241 











p. 118, 1909. I have only two poor specimens left in my collec- 
tion. On several occasions I have made special trips to the locality 
at about the time for its appearance, but have not been fortunate 
enough to meet with the species again. It is the size of alticola 
and devergens, in color and maculation not unlike orophila, except 
as to the sign, which much resembles that of californica. It is 
very distinct from anything else North American. 





410. Syngrapha alticola Walk—Walker’s type from the 
Canadian Rockies (Lord Derby) is in the British Museum, and 
my specimens agree with it. They are labelled Laggan, July 17th, 
1904, and Wilcox Pass, Rockies, Alta., July 26th to Aug. 13th, 
1907, Mrs. Nicholl. It flies at low altitudes (5,000 ft.), but I do 
not know how high it goes. Sir George Hampson, in CAN. ENT. 
XL. 106, March, 1908, records more of Mrs. Nicholl’s captures on 
Mt. Assiniboine, Brobokton and Brazeau Creeks, Alta., and Kick- 
ing Horse Pass, B.C., and states that the species is quite distinct 
from European devergens Hbn. I have two specimens of the latter 
from the Swiss Alps, and have examined others, and believe his 
statement to be correct, though they are very close allies. Dever- 
gens has been recorded from Labrador, but I have not the literature 
by which to investigate either the record or the correct spelling of 
the name. Holland’s figure of devergens is parilis. 


A411. S. ignea Grt.—I have seen neither description nor type 
of this species. Smith’s Catalogue states that the type should be 
at Philadelphia, and Grote makes the same assertion in his 1895 
list. Smith’s reference of ignea to alticola is after Grote, who ad- 
mitted that he had never seen Walker’s type, and many have mis- 
taken his species. My ignea is the same as that of the British 
Museum from the Grote collection, and the same as Holland’s 
figure of hohenwarthi, misspelt, as elsewhere, hochenwartht. The latter 
stands as distinct in all our lists. I have specimens from Alberta, 
Colorado, Utah, and several European localities, and am unable 
to recognize two species. Divergens Fabr. is given as a synonym 
by Smith and Grote, but the name is attributed to Hiibner by 
Staudinger. I am unable to discover whether the latter name has 
any connection with devergens. 


342 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








414. Therasea angustipennis Grt.—I have not seen the de- 
scription of this species, but Hampson figures the type, a female 
from Bosque County, Texas. That has fewer whitish areas than 
any of my series, which are nearly all from Alberta, but is evidently 
the same species. In common with most species in this and allied 
genera, the males have usually much more white than the females. 
Some of my females have the olive brown shading on the costa 
from the base to the t.a. line, and in one it continues with scarcely 
a break to the t.p. In some the costa is almost clear except for 
three or four patches, some or all of which usually join the exten- 
sive brown region below the median vein. In males, the costa is 
on the average much cleaner, and the patches are much reduced, 
sometimes almost entirely lacking. Their position is sometimes 
indicated by distinct yellowish shades, which may extend faintly 
all along the costal area. Specimens with the yellow shades are 
var. flavicosta Smith, which was described as a species from five 
males and two females from Hot Springs, New Mexico; Colorado, 
and Montana. I have compared one of my specimens with all, 
or nearly all, the type material. A male type from Colorado in 
the Washington collection has the costa clear nearly to the apex, 
with very little yellow, indeed. The variation appears to be more 
common in the male sex. The species is by no means rare on the 
Alberta Prairies. 


415-416. The specimens formerly referred to by me under 
these two headings appear to be all one species, tortricina Zeller, 
by the British Museum collection, which Hampson places in his 
genus Tarachidia. The typical form appears to be ochre yellow, 
which is my No. 416. Hampson mentions three varieties as aberra- 
tions. “‘Ab.I., with the markings almost obsolete,” is obsoleta 
Grt., though Grote’s type, from Illinois, happens to be itself obso- 
lete, all except the left hind wing. ‘“‘Ab. 2, modesta, grey brown, 
slightly suffused with yellowish white.’’ This form occurs here, 
and is one described by Henry Edwards. “Ab. 3, deleta, dark 
brown, suffused with olive yellow scales, leaving the termen and 
cilia dark, almost without markings.’’ I seem to have this form 
from here also, and it was likewise described by Henry Edwards. 
Inorata Grt. stands as a synonym. I have a series of eight speci- 
mens, taken on Pine Creek and on the’Red Deer River prairie. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 343 








One is creamy whitish, as mentioned in my former notes. The 
series shows a gradation through. 


Fasciatella Grt. is entirely distinct, and I have no authentic 
Canadian record. Hampson places it by itself in Fruva Grt. [have an 
Arizona specimen compared with the type in the British Museum, 
from Texas. 


417. Drasteria erechtea Cram.—The species I have listed 
under this name is apparently that of which Holland figures both 
sexes on Pl. XXX., figs. 14 and 15, the latter figure as crassiuscula. 
Of local captures I have at present twenty-five males and three 
females. 


418. D. crassiuscula Haw.—I have taken no more females 
than the one I previously referred to. Males, of course, | am un- 
certain about. 


419. D. distincta Neum.—Under this heading in my previous 
notes, Vol. XXXVIII., p. 47, line 8 of the note, instead of ‘‘for 
these species,” read ‘‘for three species.’”’ It was a printer's error, 
and the correction is an important one, as the point I wished to 
emphasize was not that I had gone to the trouble of verifying the 
names, as far as that was possible, but that I was under the im- 
pression that I had taken three allied species in Alberta. I have 
recently spent some hours studying the group again with the aid 
of material from other localities, and have found no reason to alter 
my opinion. Separation into three species in Alberta is quite easy, 
excepting, of course, with males of erechtea and crassiuscula, but I 
have much difficulty in coming to a decision about some outside 
material. For instance, I have males from the eastern coast which 

_are superficially inseparable from my local males of distincta, but 
no females at all like mine, which differ very little from the males. 
From Vancouver Island I have females of crassiuscula and erechtea 
and a series of thirteen good males, which probably includes both. 
Another species from there is about the size of Alberta distincta, 
but shows very much stronger sexual dimorphism. The males are 
like dark and ochreous distincta, but the females are not unlike 
very small crassiuscula, though the subapical black marks are 
usually lacking. It seems not unlikely that we have a fourth 


244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


species in this group excluding cerulea and conspicua. Slinger- 
land gives us to understand that there are some very marked dif- 
ferences in the male genitalia. Careful examination of numbers 
of these might give enlightenment, and, in addition to breeding, 
the forms require to be studied almost by the hundreds from various 
localities. 


420. D.annexa Hy. Edw., syn conspicua Smith.—Edwards’ 
type is a male in the British Museum, labelled ‘‘West U.S.A., 
Walsingham,” and is the conspicua of Smith. It appears to agree 
structurally with distincta, and has all the tibiz spined. It differs 
in several points of structure from cuspidea. My series has been 
reduced to two pairs, and I have no recent captures, though I oc- 
casionally notice it in the spring. I have seen it from Similkameen 
River in the-collection of Mr. E. M. Skinner, of Duncans, B.C., 
and there is a specimen in the British Museum, taken by Mrs 
Nicholl in the Upper Keremeos. Both of these localities are in 
Southern British Columbia, near the border of Washington. It 
occurs at Banff. 


421. Euclidia cuspidea Hbn.—I have a specimen from Ed- 
monton, taken by Mr. F. S. Carr. 


422. Syneda hudsonica G. & R.—The species is not limbo- 
laris, which is correctly figured by Holland. No. 422 stands cor- 
rectly named in tke Neumcegen and Henry Edwards collections. 
It was described from the Hudson Bay Territory. I have not seen 
any type, but both sexes are figured with the description, and 
appear to be this species. This is not the form figured by Holland 
as hudsonica, which is referred to under No. 424. The female is 
quite unlike the male, having the primaries much more evenly 
grey, sometimes quite a blue-grey, with the maculation blurred, 
indistinct. In this respect it differs strikingly from No. 424, 
formerly listed as hudsonica, and in which the sexes are super- 
ficially alike. It is not uncommon on the prairie, and occurs in 
Manitoba, but I do not seem to have met with it here in the hills. 
A day flier. 

(To be continued.) 





Mailed July 8th, 1913. 


The Ganattiay Entomologist, 


VOL ILLV: LONDON, AUGUST, 1913 No. 8 








THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


The Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, is the scene frem 
year to year of many notable gatherings. At the end of August 
there is to be a somewhat remarkable assembly, when the Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario holds its fiftieth annual meeting, at 


which a number of eminent entomologists are expected in cele- 
bration of the Jubilee. Scientific societies and institutions in 
many parts of the United States are sending delegates, and some 
are also coming from Great Britain. The Universities of Edin- 
burgh and Manchester are to be represented, and also the Natural 
History Department of the British Museum, the venerable 
Linnean Society of England and the Entomological Society of 
London and the Entomological Society of South London. Also 
delegates from entomological societies in various places. It is 
somewhat remarkable that the two men by whose efforts the 
Society was formed half a century ago are still in active work, 
and will be present at the meeting, namely, Dr. William Saunders, 
who established the experimental farms of the Dominion, and was 
for twenty-five years director, and Professor C. J. S. Bethune, of 
the Agricultural College, who is President of the Society for the 
current year. In addition to those referred to, there will, of 
course, be a large representation of Canadian entomologists from 
all parts of the Dominion. The meeting will begin on Wednes- 
day, August 27th. During that afterncon the delegates will pre- 
sent their congratulatory addresses, and Dr. Saunders and Presi- 
dent Bethune will give some reminiscences of the formation of the 
Society and its early days. That evening a social reception will 
be given to the visitors by President and Mrs. Creelman at their 
residence in.the College. Thursday morning will be taken up with 
the reading of papers and addresses, and the afternoon in motor 
excursions in the neighbourhood or visits to the College buildings. 
On Thursday evening a public lecture will be given in Massey Hall. 


246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








On Friday, the 29th, the visitors will be taken to Grimsby 
and given an opportunity of seeing the results of economic work 
in the Niagara fruit district. As the Toronto National Exhibition 
will be going on that week, reduced railway fares will be available . 
from many points to that city —C. J.S. B. 





NEW SPECIES AND NEW LIFE HISTORIES OF 
EPHEMERIDA! OR MAYFLIES. 


BY W. A. CLEMENS, TORONTO, ONT. 
While at the Go Home Bay Biological Station on Georgian 
Bay, during the summer of 1912, I made a special study cf the 
Ephemeride of that district, under the direction of Dr. E. M. 


Walker, to whom I am much indebted for advice and kindly criti- 
cism. A full account of the investigations will appear in the report 
of the Marine Biological Stations of Canada, this paper being con- 
fined chiefly to new species and new additions to the life-histcries 
of several forms. 


The work was carried on from May 25 to September 10, and 
consisted chiefly in the cellecting and rearing cf nymphs or larve. 
Collections were made in as varied !focalities as possible, as there 
are nymphs for almost every condition of fresh water. The 
nymphs were taken to the laboratory in jars or bottles of water, 
where they were examined under the binocular microscope and the 
species separated. A number of each species were then transferred 
to breeding jars, which consisted of glass vessels, fitted up as nearly . 
as possible to the conditions in which the nymphs were found, and 
supplied with running water. Over the jars, wire cages were 
placed to catch the subimagos as they emerged. As the subi- 
magos appeared, they were transferred to other vessels, where they 
were kept until the final moult, which usually took place in a day 
or two. The imagos were killed with potassium cyanide and then 
preserved dry or in alcohol. The subimago exuvial and _ final 
nymph sloughs were also preserved for future reference. In this 
way about 180 specimens were bred out during the summer. The 


following is a list of the forms, taken: 
August, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 247 





Subfamily: Ephemerine 1. Hexagenia bilineata Say. 
2. Ephemera simulans Walker. 


Subfamily: Heptagenine 1. Heptagenia flavescens Walsh. 
2. Fe lutea sp. nov. 
a. Z fusca sp. nov. 
4, & tripunctata Banks 
5. i rubromaculata sp. 

nov. 
6. a luridipennis Burm. 
the canadensis Walker 
8. % frontalis Banks. 
9. 4 sp.? (nymphs only). 
10. Ecdyurus maculipennis Walsh. 

jt ri lucidipennis sp. nov. 
12 - grandis sp. nov. 


Subfamily: Baetinze 1. Baetisca obesa Walsh. 

2. Leptophlebia, sp. ? (nymph only). 

3. Blasturus cupidus Say. 

4. Blasturus nebulosus Say. 

5. Choroterpes (?) basalis Banks. 

3. Ephemerella lutulenta sp. nov. 

7. Ephemerella lineata sp. nov. 

8. Ephemerella bicolor sp. nov. 

9. Drunella sp. ? (nymph only). 

10. Cents diminuta Walker. 

11. Tricorythus allectus Needham. 

12. Chirotenetes albomanicatus Need- 
ham. 

13. Siphlurus flexus sp. nov. 

14. Baetis propinquus Walsh. 

15. Cleon dubium Walsh. 

16. Callibetis ferrugineus Walsh. 


on 


DESCRIPTIONS AND NOTES. 
Genus HEPTAGENIA 


Special attention was given to this genus on account of its 
abundance and the comparatively large number of species. The 


248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


nymphs of eight species were taken and imagos reared, three of 
which are new species and the nymphs of the other five have not 
previously been described. The Heptagenia nymphs were the 
dominant forms in the swift waters and along the exposed shore. 
Their bodies are very much flattened, legs spreading, femora flat- 


tened, claws pectinated, gills placed dorsally in an overlapping 
series, and eyes on dorsal surface cf head, and so are adapted to a 
life in the swiftest water. They are able to cling very tightly, for 
when they are lifted from a stone, quite a resistance can be felt. 
The clinging habit is very strong, for if a number are placed in a 
vessel of water without anything else to cling to, they begin clinging 
to each other and are soon allina mass. They are quite active and 
are able to scurry over the surface of a stone, even going sideways 
and backwards. Their food consists of the various algal forms on 
the stones to which they cling. 


A Heptagenia probably completes its life cycle in a year. It 
spends all its life in the water except for four or five days as subi- 
mago and imago. The egg hatches in about 40 days. This calcu- 
lation is based upon the fact that about two months after the ap- 
pearance of the imagos of H. iripunctata the small nymphs of the 
next generation were found, and this is the time required for the 
eggs of Hexagenia bilineata. The nymphs moult about once every 
two weeks, and as the time of emergence approaches, they probably 
migrate inte quieter water. I have not observed the emergence of 
a Heptagenia subimago in the open, but in the laboratory the 
nymphs would crawl up the sticks placed in the jars for the purpose 
and transform just above the water level. The subimago stage 
usually lasts a day, but occasionally only a few hours and in the 
early part of the season it frequently lasted three or four days. 
Temperature and humidity seemed to be important factors. The 
imagos commenced their flight shortly after sundown along the lake 
shore, dancing in their rhythmic up and down manner at a height 
of from 12 to 20 feet. The females deposited their eggs by flying 
over the surface of the water and brushing off the eggs into the 
water as they appeared from the openings of the oviducts. Of the 
eight species the first to appear was HZ. tripunctata about June 1, 
and the last, H. luridipennis, September 2. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 249 





There are two distinct groups. In the first, consisting of H. 
tripunctata, H. luridipennis, H. flavescens, H. lutea, H. fusca, H. 
rubromaculata, the nymphs are characterized by having the lamelle 
of the gills oblong, claws usually pectinated, distal segment of 
maxillary palpus thickest about its middle and with a small tuft of 
bristles near its distal end. The body is much flattened and the 
colour olive brown or greenish yellow. The male imagos have the 
penis lobes rather L-shaped and the secend and third tarsal seg- 
ments of the fore legs are equal, while the feurth is about four-fifths 
the length of the second. In the other group, consisting of H. 
canadensis, H. frontalis, and a third undetermined species represent- 
ed by the nymph only, the nymphs have the lamelle of the gills oval 
and produced distally into a sharp point; the claws are not pectin- 
ated, the distal segment of the maxillary palpus thickest towards 
the distal end and the tuft of bristles larger than in group 1. The 
body is less flattened, more reddish or yellowish, and has the ap- 
pearance of being striped longitudinally on dorsal surface of abdo- 
men. The male imagos have the penis lobes oblong instead of L- 
shaped and the second and third tarsal segments are nct quite 
equal, while the fourth segment is about half the length of the 
second. 

The following keys will serve to separate these eight species: 

Key to Male Imagos: 

A. No black spots or bands on face below antenne. Group 1. 
B. Very pale species. 
C. Notum ferruginous, stigmal dots 
Sie aia don tists dec ts aes H. flavescens. 
CC. Notum lighter, no stigmal dots......H. lutea. 
BB. Dark species. 
D. Large, entirely brown species. 

E. Thorax with a broad dark median 
stripe or two narrow stripes close 
togethers. 350). +, ieee H. verticis. 

EE. Thorax without dark median 
Sines cetera as oi gree mee Te fuse. 
DD. Not entirely brown. 


250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





F. Two very small dots on median 
carina between an- 
Lennhaee Meee H. tripunctata. 


FF. No dots on median carina; thorax 

and top of abdomen dark. 
G. Reddish area in pterostig- 

matic space of 
wing. ..H. rubromaculata. 
GG. Without reddish area in 
wing... .H. luridipennis. 
AA. Two black spots or bands on face below antennze. Group 2. 
H. A black band on face below 
antenne, a dark dash in wing, 
abdomen dark..H. canadensis. 
HH. A black spot on face below 
antenne, no dash in wing, 
abdomen lighter. . H. frontalis. 
Key to Nymphs : 


A. Gills oblong. Group 1. 
B. Nymphs entirely brown, without a distinct dorsal colour 
pattern. 


C. An inverted dark U-shaped mark on ventral sur- 
face of 9th segment and a dark spot on ventral 
surface of the 8th. Dorsal surface of body has 
a Smmoath* appearance... o) asec H. flavescens. 

CC. A row of dark mushroom-shaped marks along ven- 
tral surface and a rectangular dark mark on 9th. 

Dorsal surface has a rather granular appear- 

ance and lateral margins of body quite 

IDeUTES i rces as 1 Cyaan gtk eee HI. rubromaculata. 

BB. Nymphs not entirely dark brown and have a distinct 
colour pattern. 

D. Ventral surface of abdominal segments 
banded with dark bands along posterior 
margins. ia 
E. Broad dark bands at posterior margin 

of each segment on dorsal 
Suigaee 4 Ee et rn Hf, fused: 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Del: 


— 








EE. Dark bands at posterior margins of 
segments 7, 8, 9 and 10; not as 
broad as preceding species and a 
more elaborate colour pat- 
EIN sg 5 Ve Se RN a oon ae H. lutea. 
DD. Ventral surface not banded. 


F. Two rows of black dots along 
ventral surface of abdo- 


TCT Ses ae oe. H. tripunctata. 
PR: Nodotsim 1. lanidipennis: 
AA. Gills oval and pointed. Group 2. 


G. Two light longitudinal 
stripes on dorsal surface 
of abdomen close to me- 
dian line. 

H. Stripes fairly uniform 
for entire length. 
Reddish species 
ea Ed, CONADEHSILS: 

HH. The stripes not of uni- 
form width, very 
wide on8th segment, 
very narrow on 5, 6 
and 7, so that darker 
intermediate parts 
have oval shapes. 
Lighter 
species. H. frontalis. 

GG. Dorsal surface of abdomen 
has appearance of three 
longitudinal dark stripes. 

Colour greenish yellow. 

H., sp. undetermined. 


Mr. Nathan Banks kindly identified the imagos for me and 
loaned me specimens of Heptagenia verticis, H. luridipennis and 
H. terminata, for comparison. 


22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 











Heptagenia flavescens, Walsh. 

Nymph. 

Measurements: Body 8-9 mm.; sete 10-13 mm. Head brown, 
very slightly covered with light dots; a light spot above each ocellus; 
a small light dot on each side of median ccellus; an irregular light 
area anterior and lateral to each eye. Pronotum brown, with two 
light spots on each side. Mesothorax similar in colour to prothorax. 
Abdomen of a uniform brown colour dorsally, having a smooth ap- 
pearance; lighter ventrally, with a semicircular brown band on 9th 
segment and a median brown spot on 8th. Spines of lateral edge 
short. Sete banded, usually three segments dark and one light, 
sparsely fringed, usually only at base of light segment. Femora 
much flattened, brown and dotted with light spots, and having three 
irregular light bands; covered dorsally with small spines and pos- 
terior margin fringed with hairs and spines. Tibia with median 
and distal light bands. Tarsus tipped with white. Claws with 
two pectinations. 


The nymphs of this species were taken up the Go-Home River 
on June 16, 1912, immediately above Flat Rock Falls, where the 
water was flowing swiftly but smoothly. They were clinging to 
stones in water one to one-and-a-half feet deep not far from the 
shore. On the same date they were found just below Sandy Gray 
Falls, two miles farther up the river. Here the water was swift and 
rough. I was successful in rearing only two specimens, the dates 
being June 27 and July 3. 


Heptagenia lutea, sp. nov. 
Male imago. 


Measurements: Body, 9-10.5 mm.; wing, 10.5 mm.; sete, 20; 
fore leg, 10. 

This is a light-coloured species, slightly reddish on face below 
antennz; reddish brown between ocelli and eyes. Therax almost 
whitish yellow dorsally, light yellowish brown laterally; a dark 
area on each side of pronotum, slight red and brown markings 
below bases of fore and hind wings. Each abdominal segment 1-8 
banded dorsally at posterior margin, remaining part of these seg- 
ments being almost white; segments 9 and 10 entirely reddish 
brown; stigmal dots not marked; wings clouded in pterostigmatic 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 253 





space, a few cells reddish. Femora with median and apical bands; 
tibia-tarsal and tarsal joints black; fifth tarsus and ungues dark. 


Female imago. 


Measurements: Body, 11 mm.; wing, 12; seta, 22; abdomen 
more yellowish than male. 

Nymph. 

Measurements: Body, 10 mm.; seta, 13-16 mm. Head, light 
brown in colour and dotted with light dots; light areas over ocelli; 
another at posterior margin of head in median line and a larger ofe 
lateral to each eye. Pronotum with a broad, colourless lateral 
margin; remainder light brown, with numerous irregular light 
spots. Abdomen darker dorsally and with a rather complicated 
colour pattern. First segment light, with two brown areas at side; 
second with a narrow brown band along posterior margin and five 
brown areas and four light ones placed alternately; third almost 
entirely dark, with a few light dots; fourth with two dark spots in 
posterior lateral angles of segment, also a large dark area in centre 
of segment with a light area within it; fifth with a dark spot in each 
posterior lateral angle as in preceding segment, a dark band along 
posterior margin, two light areas surrounded with brown and a 
dark spot in centre of each; sixth almost entirely brown except for 
two light areas in antertor lateral angles; seventh with two large 
light areas, with a brown dot in each toward inner side; eighth an 
irregularly light and dark coloured segment; ninth has a narrow 
brown band along posterior margin and a dark longitudinal stripe 
in median line; tenth almost entirely dark. Ventrally, the lateral 
and posterior margins of segments 2-8 dark; segment nine with two 
large brown spots. Sete greenish; basal half well fringed at joints, 
distal half with each two segments alternately light and dark and 
few hairs at joinings. Femora with alternately light and dark ir- 
regular bands and covered with minute spines dorsally; posterior 
margins fringed with hairs, anterior margins also fringed, but hairs 
shorter. Proximal ends of tibia dark and have dark bands slightly 
beyond middle. Tarsi with reddish-brown bands very near proxi- 
mal ends. Claws with two pectinations. 

These nymphs were very abundant along the open shore of 
Station Island and west of it, my collection dating from June 3 to 
July 2. A few were taken in a rapid on the Muskosh River on June 


254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





30 and several small specimens from Sandy Gray Falls, August 23. 
Imagos were reared from June 27 to July 3. 


Heptagenia fusca, sp. nov. 

Male imago. 

Measurements: Body, 10 mm.; wing, 13; setee, 26; No mark- 
ings on face; ocelli almost in a straight line, the middle one the 
smallest. Pronotum brown, slightly darker along the median line; 
mesothorax uniformly brown. . Abdomen with posterior one-third 
of each segment of same brown colour as thorax and projections 
from this band anteriorly in the median line, almost forming a con- 
tinuous longitudinal stripe on the abdomen; the band widens later- 
ally also; remaining portions of each segment somewhat light 
brown; ventrally very slightly banded. Forceps and penis lobes 
of usual form. Femur banded in middle and at distal end. Wings 
large; costa, subcosta and radius light in colour, while remainder of 
longitudinal and the cross veins brown. No cloud in pterostig- 
matic space. 

Female imago. 

Measurements: Body, 10-12 mm.; wing, 14° mm.; sete, 18; 
Quite similar to male, except that abdomen is considerably darker. 

Nymph. 

Measurements: Body, 12-14 mm.; seta, 15-20; antenne, 3. 
Head brown, dotted with light spots; usually three light areas at 
posterior margin between eyes and two lateral to each eye; anterior 
margin well fringed with hairs. A light longitudinal median line on 
pronotum; two light areas on each side and lateral margin colcur- 
less; remainder of pronotum brown, with small light dots. Pos- 
terior one-third of each abdominal segment 6-10 almost black; seg- 
ments 1-6 brown; the remainder of each segment varying from light 
brown to greenish yellow; ventrally posterior one-fourth of each 
segment 2-8 brown; ninth segment has two dark areas laterally. 
Femur light brown on upper surface, with a few lighter areas and ~ 
covered with minute spines dorsally; posterior margin fringed with 
hairs; proximal end of tibia dark brown and its third quarter dark; 
proximal half of tarsus dark. Sete well fringed with hairs at the 
joinings. 

While on a canoe trip up the Go-Home River, June 16th, I 
collected a number of the nymphs of this spaces just below Sandy 


- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 25 





Gray Falls. The only imagos I have are those bred from this col- 
lection. The dates of emergence are June 23rd and 24th. 

This species is close to H. verticis, but lacks the dark median 
stripe on the thorax, and does not show the slightest trace of a dash 
in the wing under the bulla. 


Heptagenia tripunctata, Banks. 

Nymph. 

Measurements: Bedy, 11-14 mm.; seta, 12-16. Head deep 
brown, occasionally almest dark dotted with light spots; three light 
spots; three light areas along anterior margin of head and one at 
posterior margin between eyes. Pronotum similar in colour to 
head, with light dots and about five larger light areas on each side; 
lateral with a light area which extends inwards some distance. A 
light area in antero-lateral angle of mesothorax. Femur stout, 
with five irregular light areas; small spines very numercus; posterior 
margin fringed with hairs. Tibia with two dark and two light 
areas, arranged alternately. Abdomen similar in colour to head 
and thorax; a light area on segments 4 and 5 containing a small tri- 
angular dark area at anterior margin of segment 5, lateral to which 
are two dark dots; another light area on segments 7, 8, 9 and 10 
containing two dark dots on 8th and two on 9th segments; usually 
three small dark dots at posterior margin of each segment. Ven- 
trally two longitudinal rows of dark dots, increasing slightly in size 
toward posterior end; segment 9 usually with two pairs, the an- 
terior pair small, posterior pair larger. Sete with alternate dark 
and light areas. Gills have the lamelle slightly rounded at distal 
end. 


The nymphs of this species were seldom found in swift water, 
but were everywhere abundant about Go-Home Bay, in quiet bays, 
along open shores and in quiet streams. They could be found at 
any time during the summer. The first bred specimens emerged 
May 31, but the first capture was not made until June 11. On 
this date a small swarm of about 20 individuals was discovered 
about 8.15 p.m. flying from 10 to 20 feet high along the shore of 
Station Island, facing north. One female and several males were 
taken. Soon after this they became very abundant and remained 
so until about July 5th. The last bred specimen is dated Aug. 13. 


256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








Hepiagenia rubromaculata, sp. nov. 

Male imago. 

Measurements: Body 8 mm.; wing 8; sete 17; fore leg 7. No 
markings on face; darker spot at posterior margin of head between 
eyes. Thorax dark; median longitudinal dark stripe on pronotum; 
dark brown stripe cn coxa of fore leg and extending up the side of 
prothorax. Abdcminal segments 1-7 light; 8-10 dark, similar to 
thorax; each segment banded at posterior margin; stigmal dots 
distinct; wing has a reddish area in pterostigmatic space. 

Female imago. 


Measurements: Body 9-9.5 mm.; wing 138-14; sete 15-22; 
often slightly reddish on face beneath antenne. Dark brown on 
dorsal surface cf head behind ocelli. Abdomen varies from reddish 
to a yellowish colour in dried specimens. 

Nymph. 

Measurements: Body 9-10 mm.; sete 10. Head dark brown, 
dotted with minute light spots. Pronotum similar in colour to 
head; two light areas on each side, the outer one sometimes joined 
to the light margin. Abdomen dark brown, with a granular ap- 
pearance; sometimes a faint, broad, dark, longitudinal streak can 
be made out with two dots on each side of it on each segment ex- 
cepting 9 and 10; ventral surface lighter, with a median row of ir- 
regular dark spots and lateral rows of small dots or lines; the 
median dots are sometimes broken up so that only four or five 
small dots remain in its place; on segment 9 the markings are usu- 
ally joined, forming roughly three sides of a square. Femur with 
four irregular dark bands; both posterior and anterior margins very 
hairy; claws pectinated. A very hairy species, having anterior 
margin of head, sides of thorax and abdomen very hairy. 

This nymph was first taken on June 15 in what is commonly 
called the Narrows, near the mouth of the Go-Home River. The 
water here had a well-marked current, but not swift. On June 30 
I found them very numeyous in the very swift water of a rapids 
near the mouth of the Muskosh River. Nearly a month after this, 
on July 20th and 22nd, I discovered mature nymphs at an old lum- 
ber chute on the Go-Home River in fairly swift water. Imagos 
were bred from the nymphs taken at the Narrows on June 22nd and 


CAN. ENnT., Vou. XLV. PLaTE VII, 





MAYFLY STRUCTURE (CLEMENS). 


258 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





25th; in the Muskosh Rapids from July 3rd to 5th, and at the 
Chutes, July 24-29th. 
Heptagenia luridipennis, Burm. 

Nymph. 

Measurements: Body 7-8.5 mm.; seta 10-14. Head brown, 
with light dots; anterior margin fringed with hairs. Prothorax 
similar in colour to head; on pronotum a light spot on each side of 
median line; lateral to this another larger one, and lateral to this 
another which extends to the lateral margin. Abdomen similar 
in colour to prothorax; a row of black dots on each side correspond- 
ing to the stigmal dots of imago; segment 3 for the most part light, 
with a round brown spot in the median line and with two short 
projections laterally; segment 4 with a small triangular brown spot 
in median line with base to anterior margin, while apex meets a 
large brown area, leaving a small light area on each side of triangle; 
lateral to the brown area is a light one, and lateral to this again is 
a triangular dark spot in the posterior angle of the segment; seg- 
ment 5 much like the 4th; segment 6 entirely dark, except for two 
small spots at anterior margin and two toward lateral margin; seg- 
ment 7 with a triangular dark spot in median line, with base to 
anterior margin and apex reaching about middle of segment; on 
‘each side of triangle two dark spots; segment 8 similar to the 6th; 
segment 9 irregularly marked; roughly, it is dark, with a darker 
median longitudinal line, two light spots on each side and another 
at lateral margin; segment 10 entirely dark; ventrally there are 
two dark spots at lateral margins of 9th segment, just beside the 
lateral spines of that segment; sometimes a triangular spot in 
median line also. Setee with basal half fringed with hairs. 

This was the last species to be taken. On August 23rd I found 
them in a rapid just above Sandy Gray Falls, where the river flows 
through a small gorge. I was successful in rearing quite a number 
of imagos, dating from August 28th to September Ist. These are 
slightly smaller than those Mr. Banks sent me and considerably 
smaller than the measurements given in various descriptions. 
Heptagenia canadensis, Walker. 

Nymph. 

Measurements: Body 11 mm.; sete 15; antenne 3.5. Head 
reddish brown in colour; a small dark area immediately in front of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 259 


——— 





each antenna, and another about the same size in front of each eye, 
a, black dot behind each lateral ocellus; a light area in front of 
median ocellus, and a larger light area between each lateral ocellus 
and eye; another lateral to each eye along margin of head. Mouth 
parts of the type belonging to group 2. Pronotum reddish brown, 
with a dark and an approximate light area in each lateral half; 
margin colourless. Abdomen darker than thorax; each segment 
with four light longitudinal streaks, two near median line and the 
other two near lateral margin; black dots, corresponding to the 
stigmal dots just inside the lateral light streaks. Ventrally the 
‘abdomen is almost white, each segment has two light brown lateral 
streaks, while the 9th has its lateral and posterior margins margined 
with light brown. Short lateral spines at posterior lateral angles 
of segments 8 and 9. Sete of equal length; light brown in colour; 
joinings fringed with hair. Gills oval and pointed. Femur of 
fore leg light brown, with four light areas; two small ones toward 
anterior margin and two large ones toward posterior; distal end 
light coloured. Femora of hind legs with fewer pale markings. 
Tibiz alternately banded with brown and white; tarsi have very 
broad median bands; legs slightly hairy along posterior margin. 


This species was very abundant at Go-Home Bay, being next 
in numbers to H. tripunctata. The nymphs were taken from May 
25th to July 10th in various localities, but*never in swift water, the 
usual place being quiet bays. Small nymphs of the next generation 
were found on September 5th. The first bred specimen is dated 
June Ist and the last July 4th. Imagos were most abundant at 
Station Island from June 25th’to July 15th. 


Heptaggnia frontalis, Banks. 

Nymph. 

Measurements: Body 9-10 mm.; sete 9-10; Head yellowish 
brown in colour; three almost round light spots along anterior 
margin of head; usually a light area in front of each ocellus, and 
another along median line between eyes and two smaller ones 
- lateral to this along -posterior margin of head. A black dot below 
each antenna, in front of each eye and near inner margin of each 


eye. Thorax lighter in colour than head; on each side of prono- 
tum, near median line, is a small light spot; just lateral to this is a 


260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





triangular dark spot, and lateral to this again is another light area; 
in anterior angle of pronotum is an oval light spot; along posterior 
margin extending some distance on either side of median line is a 
broad light band, which is connected by a light longitudinal stripe 
along median line of mesonctum to a large irregular light area on 
the mesonotum. Abdomen usually a light yellowish brown; the 
colour pattern roughly has the appearance of a broad light band 
along median line, in which in segments 5, 6 and 7 are oval dark 
areas; in 8, a narrow stripe, and in 9 a round, dark area in each 
segment; on either side of this broad light band is a short light 
stripe; ventral surface almost white, with two lateral light brown 
longitudinal stripes on segments 1-9; a broad band across 9th along 
posterior margin, joining the two lateral stripes. Segments of 
sete alternately light and brown. Legs pale, colour pattern similar 
to H. canadensis. 


This species was not nearly so abundant as H. canadensis. 
The nymphs were taken in similar localities, but were not so wide- 
spread or plentiful. They were found from July 15th to July 2nd 
and imagos were reared from June 26th to July 4th. 


WACBIOIONMIG... 2 6 A aes ? (undetermined). 
Nymph. 
Measurements: Body, 10-11 mm.; sete, 12-13.; head, light 

brown; sometimes three light areas along anterior margin, but 
frequently the middle one is lacking and the two lateral ones are 
connected with the light margins lateral to the eyes. An almost 
black spot in centre of each half of pronotum; around this is an 
irregular light area, exterior to which is a brown area. Abdomen 
whitish yellow, with five longitudinal yellowish brown stripes in 
each segment 1-8. Seta light greenish yellow; joints abundantly 
fringed with hairs. Legs yellowish brown in colour; pattern similar 
to the two preceding species. 

These nymphs were collected along the east shore of Mani- 
toulin Island on June 26th, 1912, by Mr. R. P. Wodehouse, who 
kindly handed them over to me. As imagos were not reared, the 
species cannot be determined at present. 





GAN) ENTE VOL, XIV: 





“& As t 
keane 
{PRN 
5.2 : 4 

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MAYFLY NYMPHS (CLEMENS), 





CaN. ENT., Vol. XLV. PLATE VI, 





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11 
MAYFLY NYMPHS (CLEMENS), 





Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


sp. nov. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


au re nA 


a 


10. 
Li. 


ty tee ee nie oe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 261 





EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
PEATE, V, 
Photographs of Mayfly Nymphs. 


Heptagenia tripunctata Banks. 
Heptagenia lutea sp. nov. 
Heptagenia canadensis Walker. 
Heptagenia sp ? 

Heptagenia frontalis Banks. 
Heptagenia rubromaculata sp. nov. 
Heptagenia fusca: sp. nov. 
Heptagenia flavescens Walsh. 
Heptagenia flavescens (ventral view), 
Ecdyurus pullus sp. nov. 
Ephemerella lineata sp. nov. 


PLATE VI. ' 
Nymph Hexagenia bilineata Say. 
Nymph Heptagenia luridipennis Burm. 
Nymph Ephemerella bicolor sp. nov. 
Ecdyurus maculipennis Walsh. | 
Nymph Ecdyurus lucidipennis, sp. nov. 
Nymph Betis propinguus Walsh. 
Nymph Cloeon dubium Walsh. 
Venation of wing pad of nymph of Siphlurus flexus 


Fore claw of nymph of S. flexus sp. nov. 
Fore claws of imago of S. flexus sp. nov. 
Wings of Siphlurus flexus sp. nov. 


Prats Vil 


Mouth parts, gills and genitalia of Heptagenia canadensis and 
HT. tripunctata. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


i. 


Dore oF 9 


Labium and 2nd maxilla, H. canadensis. 
First maxilla, H. canadensis. 

Mandible, H. canadensis. 

Labrum, H. canadensis. 

Hypopharynx, H. canadensis. 

Genitalia, H. canadensis. 


262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





Fig. 7. Gill, H. canadensis. 

Fig. 8. Labium and 2nd maxilla, H. tripunctaia. 
Fig. 9. First maxilla, H. tripunctata. 

Fig. 10. Mandible, H. tripunctata. 

Fig. 11. Labrum, H. tripunciata. 

Fig. 12. Hypopharynx, H. tripunctaia. 

Fig. 13. Genitalia, H. tripunctata. 

Fig. 14. Gill, H. tripunctata. 


(To BE CONTINUED.) 


A JUMPING MAGGOT WHICH LIVES IN CACTUS 
BLOOMS: (ACUCULA SALTANS, GHN- 
ir Oe) 


BY CHARLES H. T. TOWNSEND, 
Director of Entomological Stations, Lima, Peru. 


-On January 25, 1913, the writer was exploring a rocky draw 
among the bare hills in the western base of the Andes, above Santa 
Ana ranch house, about forty miles inland from Lima, and at about 
4,000 feet elevation above sea. In this draw a columnar cactus 
was found growing in bunches, probably Cereus sp., which at that 
date showed few blooms opened, but many unopened buds. One 
large bud evidently past opening time, and in reality a bloom whose 
opening had been prevented by the shrivelling of the petals which 
effectually closed it, was cut open and disclosed five maggots that 
possess the power of jumping six or eight inches high from a hard 
surface. The cactus buds were all numerously attended by a large 
brown ant, specimens of which have been sent to Dr. Wheeler for 
determination, and the closed bloom containing the maggots was 
simply massed with the ants on the outside, much more so than the 
buds in general, yet no entrance had been effected by them into 
this bloom. The bloom was cut epen with the idea that the ants 
were inhabiting it, and thus the discovery of the maggots was purely 
accidental. The maggots were found to be boring among the clot- 
ted mass of stamens and anthers. Fermentation of the mass was 
evident from the sour odour, but no actual putrefaction had taken 


place. The maggots had not penetrated the septum covering the 
August, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 263 





ovarial chamber, and the developing seeds appeared to be in normal 
condition. < 


Description of Third-stage Maggot.—Length, extended, 9 to 
10 mm. _ Pale yellowish or straw-colored, anal plates and cephalo- 
pharyngeal skeleton black. Mandibular hcok double, not coal- 
esced. Anal plate in one transverse piece of chitin, with a sharp 
spine pointed upward from each end. Anal stigmata situated one 
on each side in end of anal plate next to and just inside of the spine. 
At outer end of anal plate on each side is a chitinous black ocellus. 
Ventral surface of body has spinose areas at junction of segments, 
being eleven half rings of microscopic spines, the front one faint and 
situated opposite the pharyngeal sclerites, the hind one on the sub- 
anal proleg-like hump or tubercle. Dorsum of body without spines 
or spine areas. Thirteen segments appear marked by integu- 
mental divisions, and counting the apparent second segment as IIT. 
and III. the total 1s fourteen, XIII carrying the subanal tubercle 
and XIV. the anal plate, though the last is small and ill-defined. 


The maggot jumps by curling the body until the head and anal 
plate meet, the mandibular hook being appressed ventrally to the 
dorsal surface of the anal plate, whose lateral hooks are dorsally 
directed, the anal plate being then forcibly thrust free from the 
mandibular hook by a sudden and rigid straightening of the body 
from the anal end, while the mandibular hook is maintained con- 
tinuously at resistant tension. This produces the leap, probably 
after the same manner as in the maggot of Piophila. While the 
body is curled, the ventral surface represents the concavity and the 
dorsal the convexity of the curve assumed. Probably this jumping 
power of the maggot has been developed for the purpose of escaping 
the ants or other enemies when the flower is abandoned for pupa- 
tion in the soil. 


On January 26 the maggcts were found to have issued from 
the bloom. Soil was supplied to three of them, into which two of 
them immediately entered, but the third had already begun to 
contract for pupation and remained on the surface. Issuance had 
not taken place up to some fifteen or twenty days after, but on 
February 27 the three flies were found issued, perfectly trans- 
formed, and dead. The pupational period is evidently close to 


264 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 











three weeks. The fly is of unusual interest on account of the long 
and extremely needle-like ovipositor of the female. 


ACUCULA, gen. nov. 

Head flattened or shortened-subhemispherical, in form ap- 
proaching that of Milichia, but longitudinal axis less. Front of 
male about three-fifths of eye-width, that of female about eye- 
width. A pair of reclinate and slightly convergent vertical bristles, 


a pair of reclinate orbitals in front of ocelli, a pair of proclinate 
ocellar bristles, these all being equal in strength and length; rest 
of parafrontals with fine hairs half the length of the bristles. An- 
tenne inserted below eye-middle, reaching about three-fifths way 
to oral margin, third joint somewhat elongate, arista short-pubes- 
cent. Peristomalia with five or six equal bristles, the vibrissz not 
differentiated. Eyes descending to lower margin of head in profile, 
the cheeks narrow. Proboscis and palpi short, not exserted, the 
oral cavity rather pronounced. 


Mesoscutum with bristles near posterior border only, short 
hairs on rest; scutellum subtriangular but rounded apically, bear- 
ing a pair of apical and a pair of lateral bristles slightly longer than 
those of mesoscutum. Abdomen broad in both sexes, as broad as, 
or slightly broader than, the thorax, suddenly narrowed at base; 
oblong and flattened in male, slightly arched in female, but also 
flattened and shortened-subrounded rapidly tapering apically. 
Male hypopygium rather small. Ovipositor three-jointed; the 
basal joint widened and flattened, about as long as basal width; 
second and third joints equal and twice as long as basal or nearly 
that, the second a little wider than thick, the third filiform needle- 
like, with microscopically sharply-pointed tip and evidently tele- 
scoping within second joint; whole ovipositor conspicuously longer 
than female abdomen, but about as long as abdomen of male. 
Legs short, normal in both sexes; the hind metatarsi a little elon- 
gate, middle and front ones successively less so; middle tibize with 
very weak short apical bristle. Auxiliary vein coalesced with first 
vein throughout, latter ending a little before small crossvein; apical 
cell not narrowed, second basal and anal cells distinct; hind cross- 
vein about half way between small crossvein and point where 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 265 





fourth vein reaches wing margin; a slight emargination of costa at 
end of first vein. 

Type: Acucula saltans, n. sp. 

Acucula salians, n. sp. 

Length of body of male, 5 mm.; body of female to end of ex- 
tended ovipositor (axis of abdomen and ovipositor flexed to axis of 
thorax), 7 mm.; ovipositor, 3 mm.; wing, 4 to 4.6 mm.. Two males 
and one female reared from maggots found in cactus bloom at 
Santa Ana, Rio Rimac Valley, Peru, about 4,000 ft. 

Wholly bluish-greenish black, polished, metallic; eyes, face 
and antennz brown; face slightly cinerous in oblique lights; legs 
brown, tibie tawny or obscure yellowish. Wjngs clear, tawny 
whitish at base. * 

The eggs are evidently deposited within the cactus bud at a 
certain stage of development of the latter, the elongated needle-like 
ovipositor being used for piercing the wall of the bud. The mag- 
gots evidently feed on the fermenting juices of the flower mass, 
whose development is arrested by their presence. 

This fly appears to be intermediate between the Milichiidee 
and the Sepside, partaking largely of the characters of both. The 
head, abdomen, wings, legs and vibrissee are more like Mulichia; 
while the frontal characters and larval habits are more like Sepsis. 
The larval saltatory habit finds its only known counterpart in 
Piophila. The fly is probably to be considered an aberrant member 
of the Sepside, certainly so if the saltatory habit signifies anything. 


v 





OVIPOSITION HABITS OF CULEX ABOMINATOR DYAR 
AND KNAB. 
BY B. R. COAD, WASHINGTON, D.C. 

To the best of the writer's knowledge, the oviposition habits 
of Culex abominator have not been published, and, as they are 
unique for a species of Culex, they are perhaps worthy of note. 

The larve of this species are indigenous to the beds of aquatic 
vegetation which frequently form in the rivers and lakes of the 
north-central states. These beds are composed of Ceratophyllum, 
Potamogeton, Lemna and similar aquatic plants. This growth 
is more or less impervious to fish, but provides sufficient open water 


surface to allow the breeding of great numbers of mosquitoes. 
August, 1913 


266 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The eggs of abominator are laid on the upper surface of Lemna 
fronds in rather large masses. In only one instance were the eggs 
found on any other plant, and in this case they were on the edge 
of a Potamogeton leaf which was floating ch the water. They are 
quite firmly attached tc the frond and to each other. The base of 


\ 





Fic. 10.—Egg masses Culex abominalor. 


the egg is truncate, facilitating a firm attachment. The eggs are 
very black and the masses show up distinctly in contrast with the 
green of the frond. They are always near the margin of the frond 
and, upon hatching, the young larve immediately wriggle off into 
the water. 


The usual appearance of the mass is shown in the accompany- 
ing photograph, thanks for which are due Mr. H. P. Wood. 
The writer made these observations while working on the 


mosquitoes at Havana, Illinois, in the employ of Dr. S. A. Forbes, 
and this note is published with his kind permission. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 267 





NOTES ON SOME COLEOPTERA OF THE OKANAGAN 
WAIILEY 
BY E. P. VENABLES, VERNON, B.C. 

In preparing the following list, I am fully aware that many 
of the observations and records may not be new. But as some 
years have been spent by the writer in collecting and recording, as 
opportunity has offered, insects of the Vernon district, there will 
no doubt be found among the species given some records of interest 
from the standpoint of geographical distribution. The Okanagan 
Valley, at Vernon, hasanelevation of 1250 feet and it is at this point 
that all the material has been taken. Vernon is situated in what 
is known as the dry belt of B.C. 

The summers are, as a rule, somewhat dry and irrigation is 
a necessity. During March and April there is, as a general rule, 
no rain to speak of beyond a few showers, and the months of May 
and June are what may be called in this district the wet months. 
From the middle of June to the middle of September the weather 
is very warm and bright. The snowfall begins at the end of No- 
vember, and there is in most seasons a foot or more on the ground, 
which does not disappear until early in March. 

The dates when given are those oh the labels of the specimens 
and are not meant to show the period of activity of the species. 
This can, of course, only be done after many seasons of careful 
observation and accurate note-keeping. 

I have not worked to any extent in the Carabide; hence the 
small number of species given. It is hoped to present lists of other 
families from time to time. 

CICINDELID. 
Cicindela longilabris Say.—lV. 04, V. 05, VIII. 08. 
purpurea Oliv.—Rare, I. IV. 04. 
vulgaris Say. 








Very common in sandy places. 
oregona Lec.—Another abundant species found on the 
shores of Long Lake. 
imperfecta Lec.—Not commonly observed, V. 04. 
CARABIDZ. 
Cychrus marginatus Fisch.—Found in rotten stumps, fairly numer- 
ous. 


angusticollis Fisch.—Only one specimen. 
August, 1913 


268 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Carabus tedatus Fab—A common species to be found in the 
spring under dead leaves, etc. 
Numerous at all times. 





serratus Say. 


Calosoma calidum Fab.—Very common. 
subeneum Chd. 


Elaphrus riparius Linn.—Taken in numbers on damp _ beaches, 
VIII. 


Opisthius richardsont Kby.—Taken under logs in August. 
Nebria geblerit De}. 
sahlbergi Fisch. 
Bembidium bifossulatum Lec.—III1. 07; IV 06. 
pblanatum Lec.—VIII. 05. 


Bembidium transversale Dei.—Taken under leaves in spring. 
lucidum Lec.—Numerous at all times in loose soil. 
pictum Lec.—Fairly common. 
nigripes Kirby. 
4-fossulatum Mann. 

Patrobus longicornis Say.—Taken under stones near water. 


Pterostichus validus Dej—Common under stones. 
riparius Dej.—V. : 
Amara latior Kirby.—An abundant species during the whole year. 
californica Dej.—Fairly common. 
Badister pulchellus Lec.—Found under leaves in woods. 
Platynus cupripennis Say.—Not common, taken in November and 
April. 

subsericeus Lec. 

obsoletus Say. 

sordens Kirby. 

gemellus Lec. 
Lebia virdis Say —Taken on low bushes in May. 
Cimindis planipennis Lec.—Found under stones. 
Chlenius sericeus Forst—Under stones near water. 

pennsylvanicus Say.—Taken in May and November. 
Harpalus computatus Say.—Not numerous. 

fraternus Lec. 
Stenolopus conjunctus Say.—March and April. 
Tachycellus badiipennis Hald. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 269 





SOME BEES FROM NEW BRUNSWICK, WITH DESCRIP- 
DRIGN Ob Ay NEW SPECIES. OF HERIADES: 
BY J. C. CRAWFORD, WASHINGTON, D.C. 


While collecting Ichneumonoidea in New Brunswick, Mr. A. 
Gordon Leavitt also collected a number of other Hymenoptera, 
and below is given a report on most of the Apoidea. Some of the 
material, mostly Megachiline, Sphecodes and male Halictus, has 
not been identified, and is not included. A few of the determina- 
tions were made by Mr. H. L. Viereck, and credit is given in the 
proper places. 

Owing to our scanty knowledge of the bees of Canada in gener- 
al, the exact dates, sexes and number of individuals determined 
have been recorded. 

Bombus fervidus Fabricus. 

Nerepis, July 19, 22, two females; July 19, 22, 24, Aug. 22, 
five workers; Aug. 19, two males. 

St. John, July 14, two females; July 14, 18, Sept. 23, three 
workers; Sept. 23, one male. 

Red Head, St. John, Sept. 1, five workers, one male. 

Bombus ternarius Say. 

St. John, July 14, one female; Sept. 23, two workers; Aug. 19, 
Sept. 23, three males. 

Nerepis, Aug. 18, 19, 22, Sept. 8, 9, twenty-seven workers. 

Douglas Harbor, Grand Lake, Aug. 14, one worker. 

Red Head, St. John, Sept. 1, one worker. 

Bombus terricola Kirby. 

St. John, Oct. 3, one female; July 14, one worker; Sept. 23, 
one male. 

Nerepis, July 24, Aug. 18, 19, five workers; Aug. 18, one male. 

Red Head, St. John, Sept. 1, one worker. 

Bombus vagans Smith. 

St. John, July 14, one female; Oct. 3, one worker; Sept. 23, 
to Oct. 3, three males 

Nerepis, July 22, one female; Aug. 18, 19, Sept. 9, five workers; 
Sept. 8, one male. 

Psithyrus ashtoni Cresson. 

St. John, Oct. 2, one male. 

Red Head, St. John, Sept. 1, one male. 


August, 1913 


270 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Psithyrus insularis Smith. 

St. John, Oct. 3, one female. 

Nerepis, July 19, Sept. 8, two females. 

Red Head, St. John, Sept. 1, one female. 

Psithyrus laboriosus Fabricius. 
Nerepis, Aug. 18, 19, Sept. 9, five males. 
Clisodon terminalis Cresson. 
Nerepis, Aug. 19, one female. 
Stelis foederalis Cresson. 
Nerepis, July 18, Aug. 18, two females. 
Macropis morsei Robertson. 
Nerepis, July 24, Aug. 19, six males; July 24, two females. 
Alcidamea producta Cresson. 

Nerepis, July 18, 22, two males; July 18, 24, Aug. 18, 20, 22, 
seven females. 

FFeriades carinatum Cresson. 

Nerepis, Aug. 19, one male; Aug. 22, one female. 

St. John, Sept. 9, one female. 

Heriades leavitii, new species. 

Male.—Length, about 5 mm. Black, with white pubescence, 
head and thorax closely and very coarsely punctured; face rugoso- 
punctate, the sides of face and clypeus almost concealed by the 
pubescence; second joint of antenne subquadrate, the third, along 
its shortest side, not as long as broad; antenne beneath dull red- 
dish; wings brown; legs dark, obscurely reddish; abdomen coarsely 
and closely punctured, the punctures finer than those on thorax; 
the punctures on segments 1-3 hardly half a puncture width apart; 
segment four apically and 5 and 6 rugoso-punctured; Ist ventral 
segment elongate, medially at apex pointed, at base without a 
median elevation. 

Habitat: Nerepis, New Brunswick. 

Described from two specimens collected Aug. 22, by Mr. A. 
Gordon Leavitt, after whom it is named. 

Type Cat. No. 16069 U.S. N. M. 

This species resembles H. carinatum, but is smaller; lacks the 
projection at the base of the first ventral segment, has this sclerite 
elongate instead of short and truncate at apex medially, and has 
the first three dorsal abdominal segments more closely punctured, etc. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 2it 





Osmia_ atriventris Cresson. 
Nerepis, Aug. 18, 20, 22, seven females. 


Osmia melanotricha Lovell & Cockerell. 
Nerepis, Aug. 20, 22, four females. 
As represented by this series, in this region the present species 
is larger than the preceding. 
Megachile infragilis Cresson. 
Nerepis, July 19, one female. Det. by Mr. Viereck. 


Megachile melanophea Smith. 
Nerepis, July 19, 22, Aug. 18, 22, fifteen males. Det. by Mr. 
Viereck. 
Megachile vidua Smith. 
Nerepis, July 19, 22, Aug. 22, five females; July 22, one male. 
St. John, July 14, four females; July 14, one male. Det. by 
Mr. Viereck. 
Perdita octomaculata Say. 
St. John, Sept. 9, one female. 


Panurginus asteris Robertson. 
St. John, Sept. 9, three males; Sept. 8, 9, ten females. 
Nerepis, Aug. 18, 19, 22, twenty males; Aug. 18, Sept. 8, four 
females. Det. by Mr. Viereck. 


Calliopsis andreniformis Smith. 
Nerepis, Aug. 20, 22, four females; July 24, Aug. 20, 22, five 
males. 
Augochlora confusa Robertson. 
Nerepis, July 24, Aug. 19, two females; Aug. 22, one male. 
St. John, Sept. 9, six females; Sept. 8, 9, four males. 
Halictus albipennis Robertson. 
St. John, Sept. 9, three females. 
Nerepis, July 22, one female. 
Halictus arcuatus parisus Lovell. 
St. John, Sept. 8, two females; Sept. 8, 9, 18, twenty males. 
Nerepis, Sept. 9, one female; Sept. 8, 9, six males. 
Halictus coriaceus Smith. 
St. John, Sept. 9, Oct. 3, two males. 
Nerepis, Sept. 8, one female; Sept. 8, 9, four males. 


272 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





Halictus craterus Lovell. 
Nerepis, July 18, Aug. 18, 19, three females; Aug. 19, one male. 
St. John, July 14, Sept. 8, 15, 18; Oct. 3, six females; Sept. 8, 
9, 18, Oct. 2, 3, ten males. 


Halictus cressont Robertson. 
St. John, Sept. 9, Oct. 3, two females; Sept. 9, one male. 
Nerepis, July 18, one female. 


Halictus lerouxii Lepelletier. 
St. John, Sept. 8, Oct. 3, two males. 
Nerepis, Aug. 18, one male 


Halictus oblongus Lovell. 
St. John, July 18, Sept. 8, 15, Oct. 3, six females. 
Nerepis, July 22, Aug. 19, two females. 


Halictus pilosus leucocomus Lovell. 
St. John, Sept. 8, one female. 
Nerepis, July 22, Aug. 19, two females; Aug. 18, three males. 
Halictus provanchert Dalla Torre. 
St. John, Sept. 8, 9, nineteen females; Sept. 8, 9, five males: 
Nerepis, July 18, Aug. 18, three females; July 22, Aug. 18, 20, 
22, ten males. 
Halictus versans Lovell. 
St. John, July 14, 18, seven females. 
Nerepis, Aug. 19, one female. 
Andrena canadensis Dalla Torre. 
Nerepis, Sept. 8, 9, two females. Det. by Mr. Viereck. 
Andrena crategi Robertson. 
Nerepis, July 22, 24, three females. Det. by Mr. Viereck. 
Prosopis basalis Smith. j 
Nerepis, Aug. 18, one female. 





Prosopis cressoni Cockerell. 
St. John, Sept. 8, one male. 
Prosopis modestus Say. 
With yellow spots on collar: St. John, July 18, two males. 
Nerepis, July 22, two males. 
Without yellow on collar: St. John, July 14, 18, six males. 
Nerepis, July 11, 22, 24, Aug. 18, nine males. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 273 





Prosopis varifrons Cresson. 
St. John, July 18, two males. 
Nerepis, Aug. 18, 19, two females. 
Prosopis zizie Robertson. 
Nerepis, July 22, Aug. 19, two males. 


THREE NEW NORTH /AMERICAN DIPTERA. 
BY J. R. MALLOCH, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
Chetoneurophora macateei, new species. 

Male: Black, shining, but not glossy. Palpi and legs more 
or less brownish. Halteres black. 

Frons about one and two-thirds as wide as its length at centre; 
lower row of bristles convex; surface with numerous short hairs; 
antenne normal; proboscis normal; palpi of moderate size, numer- 
ously bristled; one large downwardly directed bristle on posterior 
margin of cheek, besides the numerous smaller cheek bristles. 
Mesonotum with one pair of dorso-centrals; scutellum with four 
equal sized bristles. Second and fifth segments of abdomen elon- 
gated; hypopygium- large, knob-like, anal protuberance slightly 
projecting, with several short bristles. Legs strong; fore tibia 
with one strong bristle at about middle, mid tibia with two at be- 
fore basal third, one antero-dorsal and one almost dorsal, and one 
anterior bristle at near apex; hind tibia with one dorsal bristle at 
about one-third from base, one antero-dorsal at about same distance 
from base, and an antero-dorsal one at near to apex. Wings clear, 
veins yellowish; third vein bristled to fork; fork of third vein acute; 
first costal division equal to 2-3 together; fourth vein leaving at 
beyond fork of third with a decided curve. 

Length, 4 mm. 

Locality: Plummer’s Island, Maryland, April 23, 1913 (A. K. 
Fisher), one specimen. 

Near to curvinervis Becker, but differing in the bristling of the 
hind tibia and some minor particulars. 

i Female similar to male, except in form of abdomen. The 

sixth segment in this sex is distinctly the longest and the apex of 
abdomen is rather pointed. Same data as male. 

This species is dedicated to W. L. Macatee of the Bureau of 


Biological Survey, in whose collection the types are. 
August, 1913 


to 
“I 
ne 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








Botanobia (=Oscinis) varthalterata, new species. 

Female: Glossy black. Frons with triangle glossy, frontal 
stripe with a silky lustre, anterior margin obscurely brownish; 
antenne reddish, third joint brown on upper surface; arista brown; 
face brown; cheeks glossy black-brown; proboscis brown, apical 
portion pale yellowish; palpi reddish. Thorax without any indi- 
cation of dusting either on disk or pleure. Abdomen glossy black 
on dorsum, especially on apical half, venter opaque brown. Legs 
yellow, almost white, mid and hind femora except narrowly at 
bases, and basal third of hind tibiz glossy black. Halteres pale 
yellow, with an elongate, glossy black streak on cuter side of knob. 
Wings clear, veins brownish yellow. Hairs pale, bristles yellowish 
brown. 

Frons slightly over one-third the width of head; triangle oc- 
cupying two-thirds the width of vertex, and extending slightly over 
two-thirds to anterior margin of frons; surface hairs sparse and 
distinct; antenne of moderate size, third joint rounded; arista 
pubescent, tapering, in length at least equal to width of frons; 
cheeks almost linear, especially at anterior margin; marginal hairs 
distinct, the upper strongest; proboscis and palpi normal; eyes dis- 
tinctly higher than long, bare. Mesonotum without sulci, the 
hairs very closely placed and, though in rows, not easily distinguish- 
able as such, the base of each hair in a very minute puncture; 
scutellum short, rounded in outline, the two apical bristles of good 
length, the two subapical bristles much shorter, disk haired as 
mesonotum. Legs normal; surfaces pale haired. Wings with 
third costal division three-fifths as long as second; veins 3-4 slightly 
divergent; penultimate sections of veins 3-4 subequal; outer cross 
vein at one and one-half times its own length from inner and two 
and one-half times its own length from end of fifth. 

Length, 1.75 mm. 

Type locality: District of Columbia, June 5, 1918 (J. D. Hood, 
and J R. Malloch). 

Readily distinguished from any other previously described 
species by the peculiar mark on the haltere. In this respect the 
species resembles one in Agromyza which occurs in North America. 


A pocephalus antennata, new species. 
Female: Yellow, subshining. A small black spot on pleura 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 275 








below wing base and another on the posterior surface of mid coxa. 
Posterior margin of abdominal segments narrowly browned; ovi- 
positor glossy brown black. 

Frons with two rows of four bristles and in front of those a 
single pair situated close together on middle-of frons; lower pair of 
bristles, represented in A. wheeleri Brues, absent; third antennal 
joint very large, reaching as high as vertex, conical; arista brown, 
terminal, pubescent, slightly shorter than third antennal joint; 
palpi large, the surface bristles very minute. Mesopleura bare; 
mesonotum with one pair of dorso-centrals; scutellum with two 
marginal bristles. Second abdominal segment elongated, 2-3 
bristles on lateral margins; sixth segment elongated and with a few 
short posterior hairs; ovipositor elongate-conical, four times as 
long as its basal width. Legs normal; hind tibia with 10-11 pos- 
tero-dorsal setulae. Wings with costa to middle; first division as 
long as 2+3; third about one-third as long as second; angle at fork 
of third vein obtuse; costal fringe twice as long as diameter of 
costal vein; fourth vein gently arcuated, leaving at fork of third, 
and ending distinctly in front of wing tip. 

Length, 1.5 mm. 


Locality: Plummer’s Island, Maryland, June 8, 1913 (W. L. 
Macatee.) 


CARNEGIE SCHOLARSHIP IN ENTOMOLOGY: 


Mr. John D. Tothill, B.S A.; a graduate of the Ontario 
Agricultural College, Guelph, has been awarded the Carnegie 
Scholarship in Entomology in order to enable him to take a 
year’s post graduate course at Cornell University. The value of 
the scholarship is $625.00 and includes travelling expenses. 
These scholarships are somewhat similar in character to the 
Rhodes scholarships at Oxford and are intended to enable qualified 
young men in various parts of the British Empire to spend a year 
in study at some University in the United States. Mr. Tothill is 
a field agent of the Division of Entomology at Ottawa, and is at 
present carrying on investigations under the direction of Dr. 
Hewitt, in the work. of parasites of the Brown-Tailed Moth in 
N. B., his headquarters being at Fredericton. 


276 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





A SECOND NEW GENUS OF CHALCIDOID HYMENOP- 
TERA OF THE FAMILY MYMARID= 
FROM AUSTRALIA. 
BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON (CAIRNS) QUEENSLAND. 
The following genus has the general appearance of certain 
Entedonine and resembles also species of Gonatocerus, but it is 


very small. It is allied with Gonatocerus. Its many-jointed an- 
tenne are unique for the family. 


A gonatocerus, new genus. 

Normal position. 

Female: Like Gonatocerus Nees, but the antennz 138-jointed, 
the body much smaller. Proximal four funicle joints small, sub- 
equal, the distal six subequal, each over four times longer than any 
ot the proximal four, subequal in length to the pedicel. Fore wings 
with short marginal fringes. Club solid, not long. Abdomen sub- 
sessile, the phragma absent. Scutum with a median grooved line. 

Male: Not known. 

Type: A. humboldtt, described herewith. 


1. Agonatocerus humboldti, new species. 

Female: Length, 0.65 mm. 

Dusky brown, the base of the abdomen golden yellow, the 
wings hyaline. Antenne and legs somewhat darker, dusky, the 
proximal half of the scape pallid. Fore wings without discal cilia 
under the venation or for some distance beyond, distad bearing 
about eighteen lines. Mid-longitudinal line of posterior wing with- 
out discal cilia. 

(From one specimen, two-third-inch objective, one-inch optic, 
Bausch and Lomb.) 

Male: Not known. 

Described from a single female captured in the first week of 
December, 1912, by Mr. Alan P. Dodd by sweeping in a forest. 

Habitat: Australia—Nelson(Cairns), Queensland. 

Type: In’ the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above 
specimen in xylol-balsam. 

Respectfully dedicated to Alexander von Humboldt. 


Mailed August 5th, 1913 


Che anadiay Hautomalogist, 








Vor. XLV. LONDON, SEPTEMBER, 1913 No. 9 








MUTUAL ADAPTATION OF THE SEXES IN ARGIA 
MOESTA PUTRIDA. 


BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO. 


On August Ist, 1912, I captured a pair of Argia moesta putrida 
at Go Home Bay, Ont., and by killing them suddenly with 
gasoline, prevented the separation of the abdominal appendages of 


the male from the parts of the female with which they were in con- 
tact. I noted carefully the relations of the structures forming the 
connection, but unfortunately made no drawings at the time, as the 
specimens remained in their natural position after drying and the 
connection was apparently permanent. In carrying the specimens 
to Toronto, however, they separated, so that I have had to rely 
upon my original observations and a close scrutiny of the struc- 
tures concerned in my further study of the method by which 
coupling in this species is effected. Some difficulties as to the pre- 
cise position of the inferior appendages of the male in relation to 
the pronotum of the female were readily solved by making plasti- 
cine models of the parts of both sexes and fitting them together. 


The only published account of the process of coupling in the 
genus Argia is given by E. B. Williamson in an article entitled 
“Copulation in Odonata.’’* In this paper a classification of the 
methods of coupling in a number of zygopterous genera is given, 
and the following extract gives all that is known in regard to this 
process in the genus Argia, the observations having been made 
upontwo species—A. moesta putrida and A. apicalis. 


“BB. Inferior appendages forming two jaws which grasp the 
anterior surface of the hind lobe of the pronotum of the 
female, the superior appendages resting in cups formed by 
depressions in the mesostigmal laminz and the rear surface 
of the hind lobe of the pronotum and, depending on their 


*Ent. News, XIII., pp. 143-148, 1906. 





278 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





form, grasping the mesostigmal laminal or rot. The fe- 
male, by drawing the hind lobe of the pronotum closely 


against the mesostigmal laminal, prevents the escape of the 
male. 


D. Dorsum of apex of segment 10 of male modified to 
form a brace against the middorsal carina or its fork 


or the cavity in the fork. Anomalagrion, Ischnura, 
Enallagma. 


DD. Dorsum of apex of segment 10 of male with a viscid 
pruinose tubercle on either side which attaches itself to 
the mesoepisternum of the female on either side of the 
fork of the middorsal carina, the tubercle which cor- 
responds to the inferior appendage of Anisoptera en- 
gaging the cavity in the fork between the mesostigmal 
lamine. Argia (putrida and apicalis).” 


In my specimens the inferior appendages of the male were in 
contact with the dorsum of the pronotum of the female in the 
position shown in fig. 1. The posterior prominence of the inferior 
appendages fits into the depression between the middle and hind 
lobes of the pronotum, which is deepened on each side to receive it 
(figs. 3 and 4). Thus the posterior surface of the infertor appen- 
dages (p. i. ap.) is applied to the anterior surface of the hind lobe 
of the pronotum of the female and the postero-ventral surface of 
the appendages (v. i. ap.) rests upon the postero-dorsal surface of 
the middle lobe of the pronotum. The upper and outer angle of 
each inferior appendage bears a small slightly hooked process (n), 
which clasps the posterior margin of the hind lobe cf the pronotum. 
The superior appendages do rot “rest in caps formed by depres- 
sions in. the mesostigmal lamine, etc.’’ but the reverse is the case. 
The “ear’’ of each mesostigmal lamina is received into the conca~ 
vity of the corresponding male superior appendage (figs. 1 and 4), 
which apparently rests in the pit on the mesoepisternum just be- 
neath the former. The mesoepisternal tubercles of the female, 
which are but slightly developed in this species, do not seem to 
play an important part in this process, except perhaps in forming 
the outer Loundary of the pit just referred to. I have rot actually 





Pate VIII. 


Can. ENT, Vow. XLV. 





ARGIA MOESTA PUTRIDA (ODONATA). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 279 








verified the statements made by Williamson in Section DD of his 
analysis, but, in fitting my medel together, I found that the parts 
mentioned by him here must necessarily be related in exactly the 
manner described. 


As stated by Williamson in Section BB, ‘‘The female, by 
drawing the hind lobe cf the pronotum against the mesostigmal 
lamine, prevents the escape of the male.’”’ In the case of Argia 
moesta putrida, the result of this action is that the two pairs of 
appendages cf the male are drawn together and it can readily be 
seen by examining the figures that in such a position these appen- 
dages are incapable of being shifted in any direction, and hence 
escape of the male is impossible unless permitted by the female. 


The mutual adaptation of these structures in the two sexes is 
so precise that it seems improbable that copulation could take 
place between different species of Argia, even though very closely 
related. > 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. 


Fig.1.—Position of the abdominal appendages of the male in 
relation to the thorax of the female in copulation. 


Fig. 2.—Posterior view of end of male abdomen. 


Fig. 3.—Dorsal view of parts of the pronotum and mesoepis- 
ternum of the female. 


Fig. 4—Semi-diagrammatic combination of figures 2 and 3, 
showing the relative positions of the parts in coupling. The parts 
of the male are indicated by dotted lines. 


S. ap., supericr appendage of male; i. ap., inferior appendage 
of male; p. i. ap., posterior surface of same; v. i. ap., postero-ventral 
surface of same; h. terminal hook of same; m. t., tubercle which 
engages the cavity between the forks of the dorsal thoracic carina; 
v. t., viscid lateral tubercle; m. p., middle lobe cf pronctum of fe- 
male; h. p., hind lobe cf pronctum of female; d. c., middorsal 
thoracic carina; ms. |., mesostigmal lamina of female; ms. t., meso- 
-episternal tubercle of female. 


280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


A NEW SPECIES OF NEUROTERUS FROM WASHINGTON. 
BY WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK. 





Neuroterus washingtonensis, sp. nov. 

Male.—Head black, mouth parts pitchy brown; front shining 
and indistinctly rugcse; eyes very large and conspicuously reticu- 
lated. Antenne 14-jointed, basal joints pale yellowish brown, 
terminal joints darker. Thorax dark brown, with the whole sur- 
face finely crackled and with minute whitish hairs; paransidal 
grooves very fine and line-like and cxtending to beyond the middle; 
median line also fine and almost reaching the scutellum. All the 
lines may be seen by transmitted light; sides of thorax yellowish 
brown. Scutellum blackish brown, large, rounded and obtusely 
pointed at the apex; it is more distinctly crackled than the thorax, 
with a fine transverse line at base, and covered with a few scattered 
whitish hairs. Abdomen small, smcoth and shining; petiole long 
and yellowish brewn. Legs pale yellowish brown. Wings hyaline; 
veins brown, radial area closed; cubitus not extending to the first 
cross-vein; areolet large and triangular; anal vein broken. Length, 
1-75.to 2 mm. 


Female—Whcelly black, abdomen rebust and large, petiole 
very short. Antenne darker and shorter than the male, 13-jointed. 
Legs shorter and stouter than those of the male, yellowish-brown, 
with all the femora dark brown to nearly the tip. Ovipositor very 
long. 

Length: 1.50-2 mm. 

Gall: On the leaves cf white cak (Quercus garryana), singly or 
in numbers on the mid-rib and principal veins, sometimes deform- 
ing the entire leaf. Rounded, irregularly rcunded, eval or elongate 
and often forming a shapeless mass when confluent. Green and 
fleshy when fresh; brown, hard and weedy when old and dry. In- 
side it is solid, whitish and filled with numerous larval cells. 

Length, 10-35 mm. Width, 10-15 mm. 

Habitat: Friday Harbor, Puget Scund, Washington. Galls, 
July 2nd, 1911. Flies, July 30th, 1911. Lewis H. Weld, collector. 

The species is allicd to Neuroterus batatus and N. noxiosus, 
and it is probably dcuble breoded like these two species. The gall 


somewhat resembles that of N. noxiosus. Hundreds of specimens 
September, 1913 


GAN E Nitin eae Ney PLATE IX, 


Ly 





oS 
NEUROTERUS WASHINGTONENSIS (BEUTENMULLER). 


282 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








of N. washingionensis were bred from the galls by Mr. Weld, and 
they are all essentially the same as color, form and sculpture. The 
types are in my collection and paratypes were deposited with Mr. 
Weld, and the following institutions: United States National 
Museum, Museum Comparative Zoology, American Entomological 
Society, Cornell University and British Museum. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. 
Figs. 1, 2, 3.—Galls, natural size. 
Fig. 4.—Wings, greatly enlarged. 
Fig. 5—Antenne of male, greatly enlarged. 
Fig. 6—Antenne of female, greatly enlarged. 
Fig. 7.—Anterior leg, greatly enlarged. 
Fig. 8;—Posterior leg, greatly enlarged. 
Fig. 9.—Ovirositor of female, greatly enlarged. 
Figures 1-3 were made by Mrs. E. L. Beutenmuller, and figures 
4-9 by Mr. Lewis H. Weld. 


NEW NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 
BY J. R. MALLOCH, WASHINGTON, D.C. 


The two species of Chloropide described herewith I had pur- 
posed including in a larger paper dealing with the whole genus to 
which they belong, but the carrying out of this project is at present 
not possible, and I thus present them in their present form pending 
the possible completion of my work on the different genera of 
Chloropidz at some future time. The species of Milichiella I took 
after my paper Cealing with the Agromyzidz had gone to the press. 
The characters given in the description should readily separate it 
from any described American species of this genus. 


Madiza (= Siphonella) nigripalpis, new species. 

Male and Female: Glossy black. Antenne sometimes brown- 
ish on the inner surface of third joint; palpi generally black, but 
sometimes brown. Legs black; fore tibia entirely, and apical third 
of mid and hind tibiz as well as entire tarsi on all legs, except 
apical joint, clear yellow. Halteres whitish, Wings clear, veins 
yellow. 

September, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 283 








Frons akout one-third wider than either eye, whole surface 
glossy; triangle poorly defined, occupying more than two-thirds 
the width of vertex and reaching slightly over midway to anterior 
margin of frons; surface hairs on frons weak, those on triangle con- 
fined to margins; antenne of moderate size, third joint rounded; 
arista short, not as long as width of frons, basal joints elongated 
and slightly swollen, pubescence indistinct; face concave; cheek 
distinctly higher than width of third antennal joint, the anterior 
angle produced slightly; lower half of cheek bristled, the usual 
strong hair at anterior angle; eye pubescent, distinctly higher than 
long. Mesonotum thickly covered with short, pale hairs, at the 
base of each of which there is a small puncture; there are traces of 
a central line of punctures, and, more distinctly, cf two lateral, 
broader lines; scutellum with disk haired as of disk of mesonotum, 
rounded in cutline; two apical marginal bristles and two weaker 
bristles anterior to them, at the base of each of the long bristles 
there is a slight tubercule. Wings with third ccstal divis:on dis- 
tinctly more than half as long as second; veins 3-4 slightly diver- 
gent at apices; outer cross vein oblique. 

Length, 1.5 mm. 

Type in auther’s collection. 


Locality: Beltsville, Maryland, swept in hay field, June 15, 
(orc. Malloch. Jc IDs Hood): 


Madiza (=Siphonella) projecta, new species. 

Female: Yellow, slightly shining. Ocellar spot black; pro- 
boscis glossy brown at joint. Mesonotum with three black-brown 
stripes, which are nct clearly defined and sometimes indistinct, the 
side stripes generally shortened postericrly; pleuree with a dark, 
brownish spot on the middle; scutellum sometimes with a discal 
brown spot. Abdomen with three longitudinal rows of brown 
spots, or with fore margins of segments brownish. Legs entirely 
yellow, or with the femora slightly darkened at middle, and the 
bases .of hind tibia darkened. Wings clear. Halteres yellow. 

Head in profile distinctly produced at mouth margin; frons 
about one-half the head width, surface hairs pale; proboscis very 
long, either half as high as head; arista bare, short, not as long as 
breadth of frons; cheek as high as breadth of third antennal joint; 


284 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


eyes pubescent. Mesornotum with a more or less distinct central 
line of punctures and the disk covered with skort pale hairs; scu- 
tellum rounded, four distinct marginal bristles present, the disk 
with skort hairs. Legs normal. Wings with third costal division 
two-thirds as long as second; veins 3—4 subparallel; outer cross vein 
slightly oblique; last section of fifth vein nearly twice as long as 
penultimate section of fourth. 


Length, 1-5 mm. 

Type: Cat. No. 16002, U.S.N.M. 

Locality: Las Cruces, New Mexico, May 20, 1896, on Yucca 
angustifolia (T. D. A. Cockerell). 


Paratypes: Same data, and one specimen, Mesilla Park, May 
7 (T. D. A. Cockerell). Five specimens. 


Milichiella urbana, new species. 

Female: Black-brown, slightly shining. Mesonctum opaque 
brown. Abdomen slightly shining and almost black in color. 
Legs with tarsi brownish, the remainder black. Wings clear, veins 
brown. Halteres brown. 


Frons at least one-half the head width, opaque, orbits very 
narrow, grayish ypollinose, bristles distinct, and extending to the 
base of antenne; center rows slightly divergent towards ocelli; 
antenne of normal size; arista slightly pubescent, hairlike, a little 
longer than length of frons; three bristles akove level of mouth; 
cheek linear, marginal bristles distinct; palpi and proboscis normal; 
incision on posterior eye margin distinct. Mesornotum with disk 
covered with skort black setulae and with one pair of prescutellar 
dorso-centrals; scutellar bristles subequal. Abdominal segments 
with skort discal hairs, apex of last segment setulose. Legs without 
bristles, their surfaces with skort hairs. Wings with veins 2-3 
slightly divergent at apices, veins 3-4 slightly convergent at apices; 
last section of fifth vein slightly longer than penultimate section of 
fourth. 


Length, 1.25 mm. 
Tyre in author’s collection. 


Locality: Washington, District of Columbia, June 23, 1913, 
at an cpen window in center of city (J. R. Malloch). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 285 


REPORT ON A (COLLECTION OF JAPANESE. CRANE- 
BEIES(? TPULIDA), WITHA KEY TO THE SPECIES 
OF Pry CHOPTERA: 


BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, ITHACA, N.Y. 
(Continued from Page 210.) 


Gonomyia (Gonomyia) superba, sp. n. 





Antenne, brown; color, brown and yellow; vein, Sc ends 
slightly beyond the origin of Rs. 


Male.—Length, 5-5.5 mm.; wing, 4.9 mm. 
Female.—Length, 5.9 mm; wing, 5.2-5.5 mm. 
Male.—Rostrum yellow, palpi brown; antennze brown, in- 


cluding the basal segments; front, vertex and occiput dull yellow, 
the vertex clearer yellow behind. 


Pronotum, clear light yellow above; on the sides, a short, dull 
brown stripe from the cervical sclerites down to above the fore coxa. 
Mesonotum, prescutum very light yellowish brown, with rich 
chestnut-brown stripes, a median stripe, broad and dark in front, 
narrow behind, and again enlarged at its end divided by a pale, 
narrow, median stripe; lateral stripes short, beginning behind the 
pseudosutural pits crossing the transverse suture and suffusing the 
lobes of the scutum; lateral edge of the prascutum, in front, yel- 
lowish; behind, brown; scutellum pale, whitish; the base and lateral 
edges tiriged with brownish, post notum brown. Pleure clear yellow- 
ish white, anirregular dark brown mark behind and above the base of 
the coxa; sternum yellow, the sides of the mesosternum, between the 
fore and middle legs, brown, separated by a broad median pale 
mark; the propleural stripe begins on the prosternum as a rounded 
mark which sends out a narrow caudal prolongation. Halteres 
light yellow. Legs: coxe and trochanters light yellow, margins 
of the segments more or less brown; femora and tibiz light brown; 
tarsi somewhat darker brown. Wings, hyaline or nearly so; veins 
brown, costa more yellowish. Venation (see fig. 14, pl. III): Se 
ending slightly beyond the origin of Rs; basal deflection of Cu! 
about at the fork of M. 


Abdomen, tergum, light yellow, each segment with a large 


brown mark on basal half, the caudal margin of this mark much 
September, 1913 . 


286 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


rounded; sternum light yellow. Hypopygium (see fig. 1 and 2, 
plate X). Pleurites short and broad, the caudal end produced into 
one fleshy and three chitinized appendages, as follows: Viewed from 
above, a fleshy lobe in front, the inner dorsal margin produced en- 
tad and dorsad into a slightly curved slender spine; behind the 
fleshy lobe arises a stout hook, very strong at the base, constricted 
before the middle, the tip slender and pointed, this hook directed 
entad and caudad; from the outer ventral angle of the pleurite 
arises a long, straight chitinized appendage, directed entad and 
caudad, narrow basally and more enlarged apically. The guard of 
the penis is long, pale, ending in a long, slender, tube-like point. 
On either side of the penis guard arises an elongate, very slender, 
chitinized hcok, which is straight for about three-fifths its length 
and then bent strongly inward; viewed from the side, these hoops 
are bent very strongly ventrad and then caudad. Summarized, 
the hypopygium bears eight chitinized slender arms, all except two 
(which are probably homologous with the second gonapophyses) 
being borne by the pleurites. 

Female——Very similar to the male, but larger. 

Vial No. 1.—Tokio, Japan; Aug. 1912. One o. 

Vial No. 5.—Nishigahara, Japan; Apr. 25, 1912;5 o', 4 9. 

Holotype, o; Vial No. 1. 

Allotype, 2; Vial No. 5. 

Paralypes,.oug Oo" es idl ING! o 

Types in author’s collection; Paratypes in U.S. National 
Museum and Cornell University Collections. 

_G. superba differs from nubeculosa Meij. (Java). (Tijd. vcor 
Entomol., vol. 44, p. 48, 49; fig. 36, 1911) in the unspotted wings; 
from metatarsata, (l.c., p. 48, fig. 35) in its closed cell Ist Ma, etc. 


Gonomyia (Leiponeura) insulensts, sp. n. 
Pleuree without longitudinal stripes; vein Sc ends far before 
the crigin of Rs. 
Female.—Length, 3.9-4 mm.; abdomen, 2.6 mm.; wing, 4 mm. 
Female.—Rostrum yellow, palpi brown; antennae, segment 
one yellowish, remainder dark brown; front, vertex and occiput 
vellow, the vertex suffused with dark colored. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 287 





Mesonotal prescutum yellowish, with three brown stripes, 
the median one bread, not divided by a pale median vitta, ex- 
tending to the suture, the lateral stripes are broad, narrow, uniform 
in width until they cross the suture (not expanded behind), lateral 
margin of the sclerite dull yellow, the ground color between the 
brown stripes is very reduced; scutum, lobes dark brown, median 
line yellowish; scutellum yellow, a brown median spot in front; 
postnotum brown. Pleura, mesopleure brown in front, extending 
from the lateral margin of the prascutum down to and suffusing 
the mesosternum on the sides; metasternum pale brown. Halteres 
dull yellow. Legs: coxe and trochanters yellow, suffused with 
brown in front; femora, tibiz and tarsi brown, a little darker 
toward the tip. Wings subhyaline, veins brown. Venation (see 
fig. 12, plate III); Sc. ending far before the origin of Rs; R**? almost 
parallel to R’. 


Abdominal tergites yellowish-brown; sternites light yellow. 
Vial No. F.—Tokio, Japan; August, 1912; 1 9. 
Holotype, 9 ; in Vial F. 


Type in author’s collection. 

The three species of Gonomyia described by de Meijere as 
Atarbe (Tijd. voor Entomol.; vol. 44, 1911) are all members of the 
subgenus Leiponeura Skuse. These species are Gonomyia nebulosa 
(l'c., p. 42, fig. 25); pilafera (I.c.; p. 48, fig. 26) and diffusa (Lc.; 
p. 43, 44). They have nothing in common with Atarba and are 
quite distinct from any members of the Leiponeura group, that I 
know of, in their clouded wings. G. insulensis differs from all of 
the akove species in its unmarked wings. 


Genus Erioptera Meigen., 
Subgenus Acyphona Osten-Sacken. 


Of this subgenus, two species were included, both of which are 
herein characterized as new. The only described Palearctic 
species, Acyphona maculata Meigen, of Europe, differs from the 
Japanese species, as follows: Wing pattern, in maculata large, 
rounded brown markings mostly with grey centers; the body-shade 
is much lighter in maculata and there are several important differ- 
ences in hypopygial characters, these being shown by the following 
key: 


288 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


1. 9th tergite broad and thin, at its apex deeply notched; two 
chitinized teeth at the base cf the pleura on the ventral 
eres ce RAs ee a te reece ee eee one 2. 


Sth tergite provided with two chitinized hooks at its apex; no 
chitinized teeth at the base cf the pleura on the ventral side; 
[Lorns of the second gonapophyses long, widely separated at 
pheshasely (aman hisses A eee ee a es Aa asymmetrica, sp. Nn. 


2. Base cf pleura on sternal side provided with a chitinized plate 
which is bidentate, the proximal tcoth free, the distal one 
joined to the pleura; 2nd gonarophyses short, chitinized at 
tip and on sides; apex merely notched. 

(Barope):.. minced! ead tes bens Makes moaeteiede maculata Meigen. 


Base of pleura on sternal side provided with a small chitinized 
tooth, minutely denticulate; 2nd gonapophyses long, the tips 
long and widely separated (Japan)........imcongruens, sp. n. 


Erioptera (Acyphona) incongruens, sp. Nn. 


Small species; light brown, with narrow dark brown pleural 
stripes; wings thickly spotted with brown. 
Male—tLength, 5 mm. 


Male.—Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne long, segment 
one brownish-yellow; segments two to eight light yellow; remainder 
with increasing amcunts of brown at their tips, the apical segments 
all brewnish. Frcnt, vertex and occiput dark brown. 

Tkoracic pronotum brewnish-yellow, brown on the sides. 
Prescutum reddish-brown, with a double median brown stripe; 
humeral region brighter yellow; sides of the sclerite darkened; 
scutum, scutellum and postnotum brown. Pleure reddish-brown 
with narrow dark-brown lines, the most dorsal one continuing from 
behind the fore coxa underneath the wing to the pestnotum; the 
second beginning on the mesosternum running akove the middle 
coxa, becoming very narrow and indistinct befere tke root of the 
halter; the last stripe cn the metasternum over the hind coxa. 
Halteres light yellow. Legs: coxa brown; trochanters brownish- 
yellow. (The legs are all detached and Iccse in the vials; most of 
thece have tke femora largely brown, basal third mostly paler, 
yellowish; a post median yellow ring, tip usually pale; tibiz and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 289 





tarsi clear light yellow, sometimes infuscated at the tips; tibie 
often with a sub-basal aunulus. In the vial were several specimens 
of E. asymmetrica, a closely allied form, and most of the legs evi- 
dently belong to that species. Two legs in the vial are very dif- 
ferent and may belong to this little species, this being rendered 
probable by the size; in these the entire legs are clear, light yellow, 
the femora with a rather narrow subapical dark brown ring). 

Wings spotted with brown. 

Abdomen: Tergum dull brownish yellow, apex and lateral 
margins of the sclerites brown. Hypopygium unsymmetrical as in 
the genus, the 9th abdominal segment being twisted one-half 
around. Suture between the 9th tergite and the 9th sternite not 
indicated. The 9th tergite is broad and long, its hind margin pro- 
duced caudad in a wide, thin plate which is broadly and rather 
deeply notched at its middle; no chitinized hcoks at its apex. The 
pleurites are convex outerly (produced into two apical appendages), 
the base (dorsal) produced entad and cephalad in a long, chitinized 
hook; the ventral edge cf the pleura near the sternum possesses a 
small chitinized organ which is directed caudad and is provided 
with two or three denticule; of the two apical appendages, the 
ventral ene is chitinized, the dorsal one is fleshy, the second gona- 
pophyses are close together, the chitinized tips rather long and 
deeply divided. (See plate X, figs. 5 and 6). 


Holotype, o&. Vial 6, April 25, 1912; Tokio, Japan. 


Erioptera (Acyphona) asymmetrica, sp. n. 

Resembles incongruens closely, but is larger, the coloration 
darker, especially on the pleure and usually on the abdomen. 
Wings hyaline, spotted with brown, varying considerably in the 
intensity and size of the markings; in some the dots are small, not 
confluent, in the darker specimens the spots on the costal half of 
the wing tend to flow together to form large blotches. The male 
genitalia of the two species is remarkably different. (See plate III, 
fig. 15, wing.) 

The hypopygium is, as in the genus, asymmetrical, the usual 
dorsal portions of the 9th sclerites being switched around on a level 
with the pleural sutures of the remaining segments. (See fig. 7-9, 
plate X), suture between 9th tergite and sternite obliterated, 9th 


290 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





tergite broad and long with a cross-shaped mark; near its tip set 
with two small, semicircular, chitinized pieces which are produced 
into sharp points on the proximal ends. Pleurites skort and stout, 
at the base on the dorsal side, preduced into a long, slender, chiti- 
nized arm which is directed entad, two apical appendages, the more 
ventrad being chitinized, especially at the tips, the dorsal apical 
appendage fleshy. Between the tergite and the unarmed sternite, 
nearly in the median plate, is a rectangular, subchitinized organ, 
bearing at its outer angles chitinized hooks, bent ventrad and in- 
ward, these hooks minutely denticulated at tip. 

o’.—Length, 5.8 mm.; wing, 6.38 mm. 

2 —Length, 6.4-7.1 mm. 

Holotype.—Vial 6, April 25, 1912; Tokio, Japan. 

Allotype.—Vial 6, April 25, 1912; Tckio, Japan. 

Paratypes.—Vial 6 and L;4 9, 2 o, April 25, 1912; Aug. 1912, 
Tokio, Japan. 

Subgenus Erioptera, Meigen. 
Erioptera (Erioptera) elegantula, sp. n. 

Wings with brown spots. 

Male.—Length, 5.4 mm.; wing, 7.7-7.9 mm. 

Female.—Length, 6—-6.5 mm.; wing, 7—8.3 mm. 

Male.—Rostrum and palpi dark brown, antenne with basal 
segments brown, flagellar segments skort, dark brown; front, ver- 
tex and occiput dark brown. 

Pronotum dark brown above, lighter colored on the sides. Mes- 
onotum dark brown, the region before the pseudosutural pits more 
yellowish; scutum, scutellum and postnotum dark brown.  Pleure 
dark brown. Halteres pale. Legs: coxe dark brown; trochanters 
brown; femora dark brown; tibiz dark brown, a little paler at the ex- 
treme base; tarsi dark brown. Wings subhyaline with greyish-brown 
marks, as follows:A large rounded spot at origin of Rs, a second at 
Sc?, a third at end of Sc! running down over cross-vein r; a fourth 
spot at tip of R' and a smaller one at tip of R*; cord broadly mar- 
gined with the same color; less distinct clouds at ends of the other 
veins and along most of these veins. Venation, (see fig. 3, plate III.) 

Abdomen dark brown, densely clothed with long whitish hairs. 
Hypopygium. 9th tergite broad at base, narrowed at the middle, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29 i 


the tip rather expanded with a deep V-shaped incision, the lobes 
rounded. Pleurites long, cylindrical, not very convex on outer 
face; three apical appendages, the more dorsal being somewhat 
fleshy, brown, elongate-cylindrical, narrowed basally, provided 
with long hairs, and, at its tip, with a slender hook directed cepha- 
lad; the median apical appendage is longest, chitinized,very strong- 
ly so at its tip; tip broadly expanded and concave, this concavity 
provided with minute denticule; the ventral apical appendage is 
shorter than the median-one, fleshy, cylindrical, narrowed at base. 
Viewed from beneath, the 9th sternite is straight on its caudal 
margin, pleurites very broad at base, produced entad and almost 
meeting on the median line on the sternum; second gonapophyses 
long, slender, acicular, the tips barely projecting beyond the caudal 
level of the 9th sternite. 

Female.—Similar, but averages larger in size. 

Vial No. 1—Tokio, Japan; 2 6,2 9. 

Vial No. 16.—Tokio, Japan; 2 2 (small, but apparently of 
the same species.) 

Holetype—c': Vial No. 1; I. 

Allotype—®. Vial No. I. 

Paratypes.—1 o, 3 9, Vials I and 16. 

Types in author’s collection. 

E. elegantula differs from E. javensis Meij. (Tijd voor Ento- 
mol., vol. 44, p. 45, 46, fig. 28, 1911) and E. notata Meij. (l.c., p. 46, 
figs. 29-31) in its spotted wings. 


Genus Molophilus Curtis. 
Molophilus pegasus, sp. n. 
Antenne of the male short; cclor of body brown. 
Male—tLength, 4.2 mm.; wing, 4.3 mm. 
- Female—Length, 4.9 mm.; wing, 5.1 mm. 

Male.—Rostrum and palpi dark brown; antenne light yellow, 
the flagellar segments with the exception of the first, a little more 
brownish; antenne short, extending about to the base of the wings, 
segments of flagellum cylindrical; front, vertex and occiput brown. 

Pronotum above, light yellow, darker on the sides. Meso- 
notal presscutum reddish-brown, with a broad, dark brown median 
stripe, and less distinct but broader lateral stripes, which begin 


292 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 














behind the pseudosuture, broaden out behind and fuse with the 
median stripe near the transverse suture; scutum, lobes brown, 
median line paler; scutellum lighter colored, yellowish medially, 
brown on the sides; postnotum brown. Pleure brown except 
dorsally, where there is-a pale band running from the pronotum 
back to the wing basis. MHalteres light yellow. Legs: coxe and 
trochanters pale yellow, femora short, incrassated beyond the base, 
brown, paler basally; tibiz and tarsi brown. Wings slightly tinged 
with yellowish-grey; veins yellow. Venation (see fig. 11, plate III). 

Abdomen, tergites dark brown; sternites rather lighter brown, 
extreme apices of the sclerites pale. Hypopygium (see figs. 3 and 4, 
plate X); 9th tergite and sternite completely fused so that no pleural 
suture remains; viewed from beneath, the 9th sternite projects 
backward, its caudal margin rather squarely truncated; the outer 
ventral pleural arm is straight, fleshy, rather thickly covered with 
long hairs; just entad of the outer arm and nearer to the base of the 
pleurite, arises the inner ventral pleural arm, which is elongate, 
slender, its tip strongly chitinized and denticulated at the extreme 
end and bent inward; the guard of the penis is a pointed, chitinized 
organ, nearly as long as the outer pleural arm. Viewed from the 
side, outer ventral arm of the pleurite directed caudad; inner ven- 
tral arm with the tips conspicuously arcuated and bent ventrad; 
just above the base of the inner arm arises the dorsal pleural ap- 
pendage, very broad at the base, its tip chitinized and directed 
slightly dorsad, on the dorsum of the pleurite are two protuber- 
ences clothed with long hairs. Viewed from above, the pleurites 
‘are very broad,!'so that the space between them on the median line 
is narrow; about midway of their length, on the inner face, is a 
strong protuberance, directed inward; it is strongly chitinized and 
almost touches its mate of the opposite side. 


Female Similar, but larger; the abdomen is dark brown,: the 

genital segment much brighter, yellowish-brown. 

Vial No. 19.—Tokio, Japan; June 25, 1912;1 9. 

Vial No. 20.—Tokio, Japan; June 25, 1912;19. 

Vial No. K.—Tokio, Japan; Aug. 1912; 1 &. 

Holotype.—1 0, Vial K. 

Allotype—1 @, Vial 20. 

Paratype—1 9 Vial 19. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 293 





Types in author’s collection; paratype in U.S. National Mus- 
eum collection. 


M. pegasus differs from bicolor Meij. (Java) (Tijd. voor Ento- 
mol.; vol. 44, p. 45, fig. 27) in its darker brown body-color and 
darker legs. 


Genus Conosia Van der Wulp. 

Conosia trrorata Wiedmann. 

The following papers since Kertesz (1902) may be cited: 

1904.—Conosia irrorata de Meij; Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde; | 
p. 92. 

1911.—Conosia irrorata de Meij; Tijdschrift voor Entomo- 
logic; vol. 44, p. 51. 

1911.—Conosia irrorata Brun.; Rec. Indian Museum; vol. 6, 
part. 5, p. 283. 

1912.—Conosia irrorata Brun.; Fauna Brit. India, Dipt. 
Nemat., p. 497. 


One female in vial 47; Tckio, Japan. The wing pattern is 
figured on pl. III; fig. 13. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. 

Fig. 1—Hypopygium of gonomyia superba; dorsal aspect; 
x, y, z=chitinized pleural appendages. 

Fig. 2.—Hypopygium of gonomyia superba; lateral aspects 
sternum uppermost; lettering as in fig. 1. 

Fig. 3.—Hypopygium of Molophilus pegasus; lateral aspect; 
t =9th tergite; s =9th sternite. 

Fig. 4.—Hypopygium of Molophilus pegasus; dorsal aspect; 
p =pleura. 

Fig. 5.—Hypopygium of Erioptera (Acyphona) incongruens, 
sp. n.; dorsal aspect. 

Fig. 6.—Hypopygium of Erioptera (Acyphona) incongruens; 
9th tergite, dorsal aspect. 


Fig. 7—Hypopygium of Erioptera (Acyphona) asymmetrica; 
9th tergite, dorsal aspect. 


CAN. ENT, VOL. XLV. PLATE X. 





NT Ui aia es SN Sen Selene AS aN e IS 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 295 





EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.—Continued. 
Fig. 8.—Hypopygium of Erioptera (Acyphona) asymmetrica; 
lateral aspect; p = pleura; s=9th sternite; t =9th tergite. 
Fig. 9—Hypcpygium of Erioptera (Acyphona) asymmetrica; 
dorsal aspect; gonapophyse. 
Fig. 10 —Hypopygium of Limnophila japonica; dorsal aspect; 
h =anal tube. 


Fig. 11.—Hypepygium of Limnophila satsuma ; ventral 


Fig. 12—Hypopygium ci Limnophila inconcussa; dorsal 
aspect; h=anal tube; pl =pleura. 

Fig. 183.—Hypcopygium cf Liogma kuuanai; lateral aspect; 
t =9th tergite; pc = penis-guard. 

Fig. 14.—Hypopygium of Liogma kuwanai; ventral aspect of 
the base of the tripartite penis-guard. 

Fig. 15.—Hypopygium of Liogma kuwanai,; dorsal aspect. 


(To BE CONTINUED.) 





A NEW PYROMORPHID FROM TEXAS. 
BY WM. BARNES, M.D., AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D., DECATUR, ILL. 


Acoloithus novaricus, sp. nov. 

Very similar to falsarius Clem., having the wings cf the same 
dull black cclour. Tke distinguishing feature is that the collar is 
unbroken reddish-crange, whereas in falsarius this colour is con- 
fined to the lateral areas, the centro-dorsal portion being black. 
Expanse, 14 mm. 

Habitat: Kerrville, Texas; Shovel, Mt. Texas (July), 2 o7’s. 
Type and cotyre ccll. Barnes. 4 o’’s (Texas). Cotypes, Tring 
Museum, England. 

Dr. K. Jordan, with whem we have recently had some cor- 
respendence cencerning this group, has called our attention to this 
species and expressed the desire that we describe it. We take 
pleasure in doing so, as the characteristic feature seems very 


constant. 
September, 1813 


296 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


FURTHER NOTES; ON VALBERTA- LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MiDNAFORE, ALTA. 
(Continued from paze 244.) 

423. S.athabasca Neum.—The only locality given for this 
species in Smith’s Catalogue is “British Columbia,’ presumably 
on the strength of the description, which I have not seen. But I 
have seen the type, a male, in the Neumegen collection, and it 
is labelled ‘Belly River,” which is in Soutkern Alberta, and no 
portion of it in B.C. I have scen tke species fairly swarming 
around Gleichen, and on the Blackfcot Indian Reserve near there. 
It is almest or quite exclusively a cay flier, and revels in hot sun- 
shine, usually accompanied, in far fewer numbers, by Melicliptera 
septentrionalis and Melaporphyria oregonica. The Laggan specimens 
{ referred to as having orange secondaries are petricola Walker, 
described from Rocky Mountain specimens taken by Lord Der- 
by’s collectors. A prairie and a mountain series of these respec- 
tively might easily give every impression of two species, especially 
if the series were short ones. Mountain specimens are usually a 
trifle more robust and larger, have yellowish or orange secondaries 
and ochreous tinted primaries, the depth of this tint varying as 
the depth cf color of the secondaries. In size, my prairie speci- 
mens vary from about 28 to 31 mm., smaller specimens being un- 
common. Mountain specimens scen to average scarcely more 
than 1 mm. larger, but my largest specimen, a handsome female 
from Field, B.C., expands very nearly 85 mm. My darkest and 
most richly coloured example is from Windermere, also in B.C. 
But an orange-tinted form is rare on the prairie, and a form with 
creamy white ground is equally rare in the mountains. Each of 
these grades through to the predominating form in 
their respective districts, and the extremes in each over- 
lap those in the other. I regret to say that my entire series of 
these at present consists only of twenty-five specimens, but I have 
examined a good many more, both dried and in nature, and after 


years of deliberation have come to the conclusion that the balance 


of evidence is strongly in favor of there being only one species. 
September, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 297 








Petricola may stand for the form with orange:secondaries. Walk- 
er’s type happens to be paler than average mountain specimers. 
The names of course should be reversed, thus: 


S. petricola Walk.—Ground color of primaries creamy 


ochreous, secondaries orange. Alberta Rocky Mountains. 
Rare on the prairie. 





Var. athabasca Neum.—Ground color of all wings whitish, 
sometimes pure white. Alberta prairies. Rare in the moun- 
tains. 


It usually flies on the prairies from the middle of June to the 
middle of July. My mountain specimens are dated from June 
30th to July 27th, but I don’t know that I was ever in the moun- 
tains before the earlier date. It flies most freely at low levels, 
but my palest mountain specimen comes from 7,500 feet on Mt. 
Saskatchewan, and was taken by Mrs. Nicholl. I have a female 
from Eureka, Utah, which is probably petricola. Athabasca is well 
figured by Holland on Pl. XXX., f. 29. What his fig. 35 is I don't 
know. It may possibly be a worn specimen of this species, but 
shows more reddish in the secondaries than any of mine. It cer- 
tainly is not alleni. Grote’s type of alleni in the British Museum 
appeared to me to be adumobrata, as did also the alleni of the Henry 
Edwards collection. 


An analogous case to this amongst Alberta butterflies is per- 
kaps found in Argynnts electra, which is the predominating form in 
the mountains where Jais is rare; whereas /ais is the normal prairie . 
form, where electra is seldom met with. 


424. §. sp.—lI had listed this as hudsonica, and it is the 
hudsonica of the Kootenai List. I do not feel quite confident that 
it is not a variation of that species (No. 422), but I have so far been 
unable to connect them. I have never taken it on the prairie, nor 
nearer to Calgary than Laggan, but have seen it on the wing in the 
daytime in abundance all through the mountains during July, and 
Dr. Dyar records it apparently as somewhat common in the Koo- 
tenai from May 29th to July 13th. So far as the males are con- 
cerned, the maculation and color sckeme is practically identical 
with hudsonica, but tke tone is very much darker, there being more 
inoration with black scales, and all the black shades blacker. 


298 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








Both species have usually a fuscous transverse bar or shade through 
the outer portion of the median pale band cn the primaries in both 
sexes. This is normally very distinct, and I have no specimens in 
which it is not at least traceable. In the males only cf Eoth, this 
bar or shade is sometimes chestnut brown, and when best de- 
veloped this is very conspicuous, as it is the only portion of the 
fore wing, and that almost of the palest ground, in which this color 
appears. In hudsonica this takes somewhat the form of a bar with 
well-defined edges, and may consist of a broadly geminate waved 
brown line, with the included space paler brown. In No. 424, 
though often broader, it has ill-defined edges, coalescing gradually 
with the pale ground. 


But the most obvious superficial difference between the forms 
is seen in the females. Whereas in Audsonica this sex has the 
primaries much greyer and mcre even, with the maculation par- 
tially obsolete or ill-defined, in No. 424 the sexes are alike, with 
the exception that in neither case is the brown-barred variation 
found in the females, at least so far as I have yet cbserved. 

In the Kootenai List, Dr. Dyar referred to the brown-barred 
form as var. seposita Hy. Edw., and I found a series of such 
forms separated under that name in the Washington Museum. | 
saw a male type of seposita, from Colorado, in the Henry Edwards 
collection. It certainly seemed near this form, and may be the 
same, though I did not compare a specimen, and do not feel at all 
convinced of its identity. There is another male type in the Neu- 
moegen collection. 


The ground color of the secondaries of hudsonica is pale creamy 
white. In No. 424 it is darker, a trifle ochreous, sometimes slightly 
orange. Holland’s Plate XXX., fig. 31, under hudsonica, is ap- 
parently this form, and I can match it very closely in my collection. 

It is quite possible that this is a somewhat similar example of 
what I believe to be racial variation in petricola and athabasca, and 
that hudsonica is easily influenced by environment and _ has de- 
veloped strongly marked races in localities no great distance apart. 


430. Philometra metonalis Walk.—The type is a male from 
St. Martin’s-: Falls, Hudson Bay Territory. It is a very even 
specimen, and has scarcely any trace of transverse lines. Gaosalis 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 299 


Walk. (not goasalis), from Nova Scotia, a male from Lieut. Red- 
man, is better marked. They appeared to me to be the same 
species, and the one here listed. 








THYATIRID 

433. Pseudothyatira expulirix Grt.—I have seen a specimen 
from Edmonton, taken by Mr. F. S. Carr, on June 10th, 1910. 
The same collector also submitted to me a specimen of cymato- 
phoroides, taken on July 17th of the same year, which is now in 
my collection. These forms appear to me to be distinct species, 
as the transverse lines differ. In cymatophoroides the posterior 
edge of the transverse anterior bar is much less waved or crenate 
than in expultrix, and the same is true of the t.p. line, which in 
expultrix is generally deeply crenate. This diflerence is most 
obvious near the anal angle, where is the dark-brown patch gener- 
ally so conspicuous in cymatophoroides. This patch is sometimes 
much reduced, whilst in one of my Vancouver specimens of expul- 
trix there is a small patch of dark brown after the t.p. line at this 
point, though the line itself is deeply crenate. The same specimen 
has no trace of dark brown in the t.a. bar. 

In the Kootenai List, Dr. Dyar suggested that these forms 
might be distinct, as ke found a slight, though apparently not 
constant; difference in the larve. 


NOTODONTIDE. 
436. Melalopha albosigma Fitch. 


437. M. brucei Hy. Edw.—lI have occasionally taken both 
these species at light, rot uncommonly, at the end of May and early 
June. 

439. Notodonta simplaria Graet—High River (Baird). Also at 
head of Pine Creek, May 29th, 1910. 

440. Phecsia dimidiata H.-S.—One at light at head of Pine 
Creck, Jure 5th, 1910. High River, May 7th, 1910 (Baird). 

441. Harpyia scolopendrina Bdv.—I have about twenty local 
specimens under this name, and kave taken more, May 11th to 
Jure 5th. Also one from Banff (Sanson), June 25th. I have rot 
been able to verify the name. It is doubtfully the same as the species 
figured by Holland on Plate XXXIX., Fig. 11., being paler in ground 
colour, with much more distinct lircs in the postmedial area, ard 


300 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





none of my specimens have as wide a band. In all my series the 
median band is entire. 


442. H. modesta Huds.—Besides the three previously referred 
to, I have cnly taken four more specimens, on June 7th and 17th, 
1910. In three out of this series of seven the median band is broken 
centrally and forms two quite distinct blotckes. In a fourth it is so 
constricted that the margins nearly meet be!ow the median vein. 
The others are not unlike Holland’s scolopendrina, referred to akove, 
and have a similar band on secondaries, but the ground colour of my 
specimens is more ochrcous, the transverse fpostmedial lines more 
distinct, and the discal det on all wings heavier. I query the name, 
as I find I have made a rote to the effect that, ‘“Packard’s figure of 
borealis is the ‘modesta’ of my Calgary list.’’ If the note and Pack- 
ard’s figure are correct, it remains to be discovered what is the cor- 
rect name for the species—rot in my col!!ection—figured by Holland 
as borealis, and standing as such in the British Museum. 


442a. H. (? var.) albicoma Strk.—I have thirteen Alberta speci- 
mens in my collection, from Red Deer River and head of Pine Creek, 
collected by myself, and from High River, from Mr. Thomas Baird. 
May 30th to July 7th. I have the same form from Wellington, 
Vancouver Island, and it is that figured by Holland under this 
name. It differs from what I kold as scolopendrina in the slightly 
paler and less smoky ground, in the narrower median band, which is 
often much constricted and sometimes divided into two blotches, in 
the greater preponderance of fulvous scales, especially in the band, 
and in having the discal spot on primaries more usually punctiform 
than linear. In my former notes, the words, ‘‘has no fulvous scales,” 
were a grave error, as were also “‘the two inner lines of the three 
beyond the cell are obsolete’ (Vol. XX XVIII., p. 52, Feb., 1906). 
The form is hard to separate from what I hold as scolopendrina, and 
may not improbably prove a variety of that. 


443. Gluphisia septentrionalis Walk.—High River (Baird). 
Two females, June 30th and July 7th. 


444. G. lintneri Grt—A few more specimens have come to 
hand, April 19th, 1906, May 26th, 1907, and one in 1911. The 
first of these was taken flying in sunshine. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 301 





LIPARID:.. 


446. Notolophus antiqua Lin.—I have occasionally seen the 
male of this species on the wing in sunshine during September in 
some numbers, and have bred it from Salix. 


447. Olene vagans Barnes & McDunnough, var. grisea B. & 
McD. (Contributions, Vol. II., No. 2, pp. 60 to 63, pl. III., April, 
1913).—This is the species standing as Olene plagiata Walk. in our 
lists, and was supposed to be the Acyphas plagiata of Walker. When 
at. the British Museum early in 1912 I saw Walker’s type, and 
recognized it as the well-known leucostigma of Abbott and Smith. 
This is referred to by Messrs. Barnes & McDunnough on page 50 of 
their “Contributions” quoted above, and Walker’s type is figured 
on Plate VII., Fig. 1. Those authors considered the present species 
unnamed, and described it accordingly as vagans. They divided it 
into three sub-species: (a) vagans, types from St. Johns and Mont- 
real, Que., and Yaphang, L. I.; (b) grisea, types from Eureka and 
Provo, Utah; (c) willingi, types from Humboldt, Sask. I have 
seven Alberta specimens, six males and a female, from Red Deer 
River, head of Pine Creek, and High River, the latter from Mr. 
Baird, June 17th to July 27th. All of these seem referable to grisea. 
I have the same form from Cartwright, Man., Wellington, V. I., and 
Eureka, Utah. 


GEOMETRID. 


452. Rachela bruceata.—The larve of this species have again 
denuded hundreds of acres of Populus tremuloides in this district 
during the present year (1913). The denudation is greater in extent 
than it was ten years ago, though none has been observed during the 
intervening period. After starving themselves out on a patch of 
poplars, they spread to neighboring species of Salix. 


453. Talledega montanata Pack.—Red Deer River, July 8th, 
1905; Banff, June 28th—July Ist, 1907. The Banff specimens, 
like a series from Field, B. C., are rather darker than those from 
the prairie, and have duller secondaries. 


A486. Mesoleuca hersiliata Guen—I have taken two more 
specimens, on August 24th, 1907, and July 24th, 1909. 


302 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





490. Hydriomena multiferaia Walk.—Lake Louise, Laggan, 
July 18th, 1907, one specimen. 


491. H. custodiata Grt.—Three more specimens. Red Deer 
River, July 21st and 24th, and head of Pine Creek, July 27th, all 
in 1907. . 

493. Caenocalpe magnoliata Guen.—Two more specimens, at 
Head of Pine Creek, on July 15th, 1906, and July 16th, 1911; one at 
Banff, July Ist, and another at Laggan, July 18th, 1907. 

495. C. topazata Grt.—Head of Pine Creek, May 26th, 1907. 

498. Xanthorhoe abrasaria H.-S.—One at Head of Pine Creek, 
July 3rd, 1904, 

501. X. turbata Hbn., syn. circumvallaria Taylor.—I quoted 
Mr. Prout's MS. reference in a footrote to my previous notes. The 
same reference is made by Messrs. Barnes & McDunrough in Vol. 
XLIV., p. 274, Sept., 1912. Taylor described it from Laggan speci- 
mens only. 

502. X. fossaria Tayler—Described frem three males and a 
female from Laggan, Alta., and two males from Mt. Cheam, B. C. 
One from the latter locality is the type (CAN. ENT., XX XVIII., 401, 
Dec., 1906). In March, 1906, I visited Mr. Taylor, and received 
from him, amongst other species, a series of six Wellington speci- 
mens as fossaria, bearing dates of June 15th to 30th, 1902 and 1905. 
They certainly lcok to me the same species, but it is strange that ro 
menticn is made of its occurrence at Wellington in the description. 

503. Synelys enucleata Grt—Two more Red VLUeer River 
specimens, July 24th, 1907. 

519. Deilinia borealis Hulst—I have a female taken by Mrs. 
Nicholl at Banff on June 24th, 1907. 

(To be continued.) 





ODOUR: PREFERENCES ‘OF INSECTS. 
BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.}. 


Moths, butterflies, bees, flies and other insects feed upon the 
nectar of flowers, being guided to them presumably by tke senses 
of smell and sight. Various investigators have differed in this, 
Lubkcck claiming that bees, for instance, recognize at a distance 


and prefer certain co!ours; while Plateau found that neither form 
September, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 303 








ner cclour playcd any part in attracting insects and that they were 
guided entirely by a sense of smell. 

This sense is defined by Fcrel as ‘‘a special sense which allows 
the animal to recognize at a distance by scme specialized energy 
the (chemical) nature cf a certain bedy.’’ Our scientific know- 
ledge cf cdours is rather mcagre. Scme are known vaguely as 
pleasant cr unpleasant and fer many we,have no definite names 
whatever, and are ferced to likcn them to the few cdcurs with which 
we are familiar and fcr which we have definite names. Mercover, 
some smclls are cxecedingly complex experiences invelving elements 
of taste, touch and visicn. The mest satisfactory classification cf. 
smells is that adapted by Zwaardemaker frcm the classification of 
Linnzeus, which groups natural cbjects acccrding to similaritics, but 
dccs not aim to itemize all’smclls. This list is as follows: 

1.—Ethercal smells, including all fruit cdeurs. 

2.—Aromatic smells; fer example, these cf camphor, spices, 
lemcn, rose. 

3.—Fragrant smells, these of mest flowers. 

4—Ambrcsiac smells—all musk cdours. 

5.—Alliaccous smells—these cf garlic, asafoetida, fish, chlorine. 

6.—Empyreumatic smells—thcse cf tobaccc, tcast. 

7.—Hircine smells—tkecse of cheese, rancid fat. 

8.—Virulent smells—thcse cf opium. 

‘9—Nauseating smells—thcse cf decaying animal matter. 

In the Lepidoptera practically all members are attracted by 
fragrant smells. The Cclecptera have a somewhat wider range. 
Dermcstide are attracted by fragrant and also hircine odours; 
Dermestes lardarius, for instance, the larva cf which feeds on 
bacen, chcese, meat and feathers. The bumble flower beetle, 
Euphoria inda, finds ethercal and fragrant cdcurs to its liking, 
being found feeding on peaches, grapes, apples and the pcllen of 
flowers. Locust bcrers and scldier beetles are plentiful cn golden- 
red and varicus Buprestids also visit flowers, while the cigarette 
beetle has an empyreumatic taste. The Silphide, however, are 
drawn to nauseating cdours, feeding, as they do, on decaying flesh. 

With the exception cf the ants, nearly all Hymencptera are 
attracted by fragrant cdours and also ethereal cdcurs, the Vespide 
and bees being very fond cf nectar and fruit juices. Ants have a 


304 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


wider range, cthereal, alliaceous, hircine and nauseating odours all 
-cing more cr less attractive. 

Tke range of the Diptera is exceptionally wide, embracing 
etkercal, fragrant, alliaceous, hircine and nauseating odours. 
Certain species of mosquitoes, bee flies, and syrphus flies are found 
focding on nectar. Eristalis tenax visits cesspools, dung-pits and 
decaying vegetable matter in addition to different flowers. Droso- 
phiide visit decaying fruits both for food and egg deposition, and 
Piophila casei is drawn toward cheese, ham and partly spoiled 
vegetable matter; while the house fly, as everyone knows, shuns 
rcthing except aromatic and virulent odours. 

Robertson’s reccrds show clearly that the Hymenoptera and 
Diptera are especially fond of fragrant odours. He found that 
Pastinaca sativa was visited in twenty-six days by 173 Hymenop- 
tera, 72 Diptera, 14 Coleoptera, 9 Lepidoptera, 6 Hemiptera and 
1 Neuropteron; also that Asclepias verticillata was visited by 52 
Hymenoptera, 42 Diptera, 16 Lepidoptera and 3 Coleoptera. 

It would be extremely interesting to find the effect of exhaus- 
tion upon the end crgans of smell. A bee, for instance, visiting 
innumerable flowers cf the honeysuckle must have its organ 
fatigued by the continuous smelling of this one odor. How, then, 
would it react to other odours? Does its physiological mechanism 
of smell consist of distinct parts, one of which might be put tempor- 
arily out of commission without impairing the others, or does it 
consist entirely of one part? 





THREE NEW GALL MIDGES (DIPTERA). 
BY E. P. FELT, ALBANY, N.Y. 


The following descriptions are of species which have been 
reared and of one concerning which we possess some exceptionally 
interesting data. There is much to be learned about our tropical 
or subtropical midge fauna. There must be hundreds of interest- 
ing and undescribed species existing in’ the West Indices and adjacent 
countries. . j : 

Karschomyia cocci, n. sp. 

The midges described below were reared from a sugar-cane 
mealy bug; Pscudococcus sacchari’'(?) collected at Central Provi- 
dencia, Patillas, P.R., Jahuary 30, 1913, by Mr. D. L. Van Dine. 


September, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 305 











The type species of this genus, K. viburni Felt is easily distinguished 
by the almost trinodose character of the flagellate antennal segments 
of the male; while the only other known species, the Peruvian K. 
townsendi Felt, has much more slender flagellate antennal segments 
in the male, the stems in this latter each having a length 31% times 
their diameter. Described from specimen in alcohol. 


Male—Length, 1 mm. Antenne, 14 longer than the body, 
rather thickly haired, yellowish brown; 14 segments, the fifth having 
the stems with a length 114 and two times their diameters, respec- 
tively; circumfili and sctze well developed. Palpi: First segment 
short, subquadrate; the second with a length three times its dia- 
meter, the third 14 longer, more slender; the fourth 14 longer than 
the third. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines fuscous 
yellowish. Scutellum and  postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen 
yellowish white, the dorsal sclerites and genitalia somewhat fuscous. 
Halteres pale yellowish. Coxe and femora mostly pale yellowish; 
tibia and tarsi fuscous yellowish. Claws slender, strongly 
curved, the anterior unidentate, the pulvilli rudimentary. Geni- 
talia: basal clasp segment moderately stout, the posterior ex- 
ternal angles somewhat produced and bearing a group of three or 
four stout sete; terminal clasp segment subapical, swollen near the 
middle, curved; dorsal plate long, deeply and narrowly emarginate, 
the lobes broad, narrowly rounded. 


Female.—Length, 1.5 mm. Antenne extending to the third 
abdominal segment, sparsely haired, dark brown; 14 segments, the 
fifth with a stem about 14 the length of the cylindric basal enlarge- 
ment, which latter has a length about twice its diameter; terminal 
segment produced, the enlargement with a length three times its 
diameter and apically a broad, knoblike appendage. Mesonotum 
dark brown, submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum and _ post- 
scutellum yellowish. Abdomen yellowish orange, the dorsal scler- 
ites somewhat fuscous. Ovipositor short, yellowish, the terminal 
lobes narrowly oval. Halteres: Coxze and femora mostly pale 
yellowish; tibia and tarsi light straw. Type, Cecid a2415. 


Mycodiplosis insularis, n. sp. 
This midge was reared from a vial containing leaves of Leon- 
notis nepetefolia abundantly infested with red spider. There 


306 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


were also small, white coccons among the colonics cf red spider 
collected at Pio Piedras, P.R., August 6, 1913, by Thomas H. 
Jones. This species appears to be allied to M. reducta Felt, from 
which it is most easily separated by its larger size and the some- 
what longer distal stem of the 5th antennal segment. Described 
from specimens in alcohol. 

Larva.—Length, 1.3 mm.; moderately stout, pale yellowish. 
Head apparently with a length nearly twice its diameter, broadly 
rounded anteriorly. Antenne long, with a length fully 10 times 
the diameter, slender, curving, posterior extremity subtruncate 
and irregularly papillate. 

Male—Length, 1 mm. Antenne, 14 longer than the kody, 
sparsely haired, light brown; 14 segments, the 5th having the stems 
with a length 14% and 2% times their diameters, respectively; 
circumfili well developed. Palpi: the first segment short, sub- 
quadrate, the second with a length twice its diameter, the third a 
little longer, more slender, the fourth 14 longer than the third. 
Mesonotum dark reddish brown, the narrow submedian lines yel- 
lowish. Scutellum and postscutellum pale yellowish. Abdomen 
mostly pale yellowish, the dorsal sclerites slightly fuscous. Hal- 
teres, coxe and femora mostly pale yellowish, tibize and tarsi light 
straw. Claws slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the 
claws. Genitalia: basal clasp segment mcderately stout, terminal 
clasp segment swollen basally, slightly curved; dorsal plate moder- 
ately long, deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes narrowly 
rounded. 

Female—Length, 1.25 mm. Antenne cxtending to the 
second abdominal segment, sparsely haired, light brown; 14 seg- 
ments, the fifth with a stem 4 the length of the cylindric basal en- 
largement, which latter has a length 214 times its diamcter; ter- 
minal segment slightly preduced, with a length thrce times its 
diameter, broadly rcunded apically. Face yellowish brown. 
Ovipcsitor short, yellowish, the Icbes narrowly oval. Type, Cecid 
a2413. 

Clinodiplosis examints, n. sp. 

The midges described below were present by hundreds, if not 
thousands, upon a screen dccr, cr hanging from cobwebs attached 
thereto at Nassau, N.Y., June 19, 1918. The insects were so 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 307 





numerous as to fairly cot the surface cf the screen here and there, 
and where spider webs occurred it was rot uncommon to see 5 or 6 
in a line usually akout a quarter of an inch apart. They hung 
lightly from the web, were easily disturbed and frequently returned 
to their fragile supperts.* The insects were so numerous that it 
was comparatively easy to capture some 50 with an ordinary col- 
lecting Lottle by simply placing it over groups of three or «four 
here and there on tke scrcen. The midges had ret been observed 
previously and presumably represent the emergence of a brced 
from scme nearby fccd plant or fcod material, possibly plant lice 
inhabiting adjacent maple or elm trees. 

Male.—Length, 1 mm. Antenne fully 144 longer than the 
Eedy, thickly aired, light brown; 14 segments, the fifth having the 
two portions of the stems 3 and 3% times their diameters, respec- 
tively; the distal enlargement with a length 34 greater than its 
diameter and a slight constriction near the basal third. Palpi: 
first segment subquadrate, with a length fully twice its diameter; 
the second a little longer, more slender; the third nearly twice the 
length cf the second, somewhat dilated; the fourth a little longer 
than tke third, more slender. Mesonotum yellowish brown. 
Scutellum brownish yellow, post scutellum fuscous yellowish. ~ Ab- 
comen mcstly reddish brown, the genitalia reddish yellow. Costa 
fuscous straw.  Halteres mostly yellow transparent, slightly 
fuscous subapically; Caxe and femora mostly pale yellowish, the 
tibia and tarsi fuscous straw; claws slender, strongly curved, the 
anterior unidentate, the pulvilli about half the length of the claws. 
Genitalia: basal clasp segment moderately stout; terminal clasp 
segment long, slightly swollen basally; dorsal plate skort, broad, 
deeply and triangularly emarginate, the lobes broadly rounded; 
ventral plate long, rather broad, broadly and roundly emarginate, 
the lobes skort and with a few coarse sete apically; style long, 
stout, tapering. ive: 

Female: Length, 1.4 mm. Antenne nearly as long as the 
body, sparsely haired, reddish brown; 14 segments, the fifth with 


*Mr. Frederick Knab (N.Y. Ent. Soc. Journ. 20: 1483—46) records a number 
of Diptera as habitually occuring on spider’s webs. In this connection it is worthy 
of note that Mr. D. B. Young found last June at Albany N. Y.a Tipulid hanging 
on cobwebs, leaving and returning thereto at will. The species appears identicai 
with a specimen in the state collection determined by Mr. C. P. Alexander as 
Oropega obscura. 


308 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





a stem nearly 34 the length of the cylindric basal enlargement, 
which latter has a length akout twice its diameter; terminal seg- 
ment produced, the basal enlargement cylindric, with a length 
more than three times its diameter and apically a finger-like pro- 
cess. Palpi: first segment subquadrate, with a length more than 
twice its diameter, the second twice the length of tke first, the 
third a little longer, somewhat dilated; tke fourth a little longer and 
more slender than the third. Mesorotum slaty brown, the sub- 
median lines indistinct. Scutellum yel!cwish, postscutellum fus- 
cous yellowish. Abdomen brownish red, tke dorsal sclerites some- 
what fuscous. Ovipesitor reddish yellow. Halteres yellowish 
transparent, fuscous subapically. Coxz pale yellowish, femora 
light straw, tibiae and tarsi fusccus straw. Ovipesitor stout, 
nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lokes lanccolate, 
sparsely setose. Type, Cecid a2411. 

Described from a number of males and females taken together 
and presumably specifically identical. 


A NEW SPECIES -OF “HELIOTHRIPS <THYSANOPPERA) 
FROM MARYLAND AND ILLINOIS. 


BY j. DOUGLAS HOOD, 
United States Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. 


The systematist’s interest in the genus Heliothrips Haliday 
is enhanced by the fact that it includes several of the best known 
and mcst troublesome species of the order. Hemorrhoidalis and 
femoralis are cosmopolitan greenhouse pests ; rubrocinctus, a widely 
distributed tropical species, injurious to cacao, has lately appeared 
in Florida as an enemy of the mango and avocado; fasciatus often 
proves troublesome to beans and ctker crops in California ; 
while the recently descriked phaseoli is an important bean pest in 
southernmost Texas. 

In a recent paper on the genus,* Dr. Karny unites Dictyothrips 
and Parthenothrips with Heliothrips, recognizing them as subgenera 
only, and erects a fourth subgenus, Selenothrips, for a new species 
which he calls decolor and for rubrocinctus Giard. While admitting 
that Selenothrips is a well-founded subgenus, I can rot foll!ow Dr. 
Karny in his treatment of Dictyothrips and Parthenothrips. In tke 


*Revision der Gattung Heliothrips Haliday, Ent. Rundsch., 28 Jhg., no. 
23, pp. 179-182, 5 figs.; 1911. 
September, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 309 





sinking of the former, Dr. Karny was led into error by Dr. Hinds’ 
description of Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande,** in which the number 
of segments in the maxillary palpi is erroneously given as three, 
instead of two—a mistake which was copied also by Moulton.*** 
Dictyothrips is thus readily separable by the three-segmented 
maxillary palpi; while the number of antennal segments and the 
decidedly anomalous character of the fore wings marks Partheno- 
thrips, in my opinion, as one of the most distinct genera of the entire 
family. 

The new species described below is the tenth one of the genus 
to be recorded from North America; and as the entomological fauna 
of the tropical and sub-tropical south becomes better known, this 
number will doubtless be greatly increased. 


Heliothrips striatus, sp. nov.—Figs. 11 and 12. 


Female —Length about 1.1 mm. General color, dark black- 
ish brown (nearly black); head and thorax paler than abdomen, the 
former with a yellow spot each side of the ocelli; legs dark brown, 
with the femora and tibiz paler at extremities; tarsi pale; abdomen 
slightly paler at tip. 


Head about 1.6 times as wide as long and about equal in length 
to prothorax; cheeks rounded to eyes, narrowed to base; dorsal 





Fic. 11.—Head and prothorax. Fic. 12.—Portion of fore wing. 
Heliothrips striatus Hood. 


surface reticulate, roughened between the lines of reticulation; 
frontal costa broad, much wider than first antennal segment; vertex 


310 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


subcarinate in front of ocelli. Eyes less than twice as long as their 
distance from posterior margin of head, slightly protruding, setose. 
Ocelli approximate, the posterior pair opposite center of eyes. An- 
tenne about 2.3 times as long as head; segments | and 2 light brown; 
3, dark gray, paler in second fifth; 4, dark gray, pale in basal half; 
5, pale grayish white, slightly darker apically; 6-8, dark gray. 
Maxillary palpi two segmented. 


Prothorax twice as wide as long, about equal in length to head 
and with similar reticulation. Pterothorax somewhat broader 
than prothorax, dark brown in color. Wings long, surpassing the 
abdomen; fore wing about thirteen times as long as width at middle 
and with two veins nearly or quite attaining tip; basal vein with 
four spines, of which the distal is much stouter, black, and situated 
at the fork (see figure 12); anterior vein usually with one spine 
(rarely two) at base and two near apex of wing, all black, the basal 
one unusually stout; posterior vein with five or six equidistant spines 
at middle, of which three or four are black; fore wings slightly 
darkened with brown at extreme base, clear white in basal fourth, 
nearly black in second and third fourths (darkest toward base), 
clear white again in seventh eighth, and nearly black again in apical 
eighth, where it is margined with darker. 


Abdomen broadly ovate, pointed at tip; notum of segments 1-8 
closely striate laterally, the strie transverse toward middle of seg- 
ment and longitudinal at sides. Segment 10 without longitudinal 
dorsal suture, though irregularly weakened toward tip. 


Measurements of holotype: Length, 1.07 mm.; head, length 
.120 mm., width .192 mm.; prothorax, length .114 mm., width 
.228 mm.; mesothorax, width .824 mm.; abdomen, width .372 mm. - 
Antennal segments: 1, 21u; 2, 45u; 3, 50u; 4, 45u; 5, 41y; 6, 32y; 
7, 154; 8, 34u; total length of antenna, .28 mm., width at segment 4, 
.027 mm. 


Male——Length about .84 mm. Sternum of abdominal seg- 
ments 38-7 each, with a large, pale, transyerse area about nine times 
as wide as long. Segment 9 with two pairs of dorsal spines, of which 
the basal is much shorter and stouter than the apical. 


**Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXXVI, p. 174; 1902. 
*#*T ech. Ser. 21, Bur. Ent:;-UsS. Dept. Agr... Tau 0rr, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 311 


a 


Measurements of allotype: Length .84 mm.; head, length .102 
mm., width .168 mm.; prothorax, length .090 mm., width .196 mm. ; 
mesothorax, width .252 mm.; abdomen, width .228 mm. 


Described from three females and one male, taken near Chevy 
Chase Lake, Maryland, July 6, 1918, by W. L. McAtee, on the 
under surface of leaves of a tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.); 
and from one female collected at Parker, Illinois, July 14, 1909, by 
C. A. Hart, on the same food plant. 


Type locality: Chevy Chase Lake, Maryland. 


The abdominal sculpture is almost identical with that of H. 
phaseoli, figured by the writer in Psyche, Vol. xix, No. 4, plate 8, 
fig. c, August, 1912. From that species it may be known by the 
broader head, the much darker color of the body, the details of 
wing coloration, and the stout black spines on the fore wings at the 
junction of the two principal veins. 


ANOTHER RED SPECIES OF THE GENUS OLIGOSITA. 
BY J. C. CRAWFORD, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Oligosita giraulti, new species. 


Female.—Length about 0.5 mm. Brilliant vermilion, includ- 
ing marginal and stigmal veins of fore wings and marginal vein of 
hind wings; the femora and hind tibie red, the red color decreas- 
ing apicad on legs and the rest of legs testaceous; submarginal 
vein with a bristle at middle, and one at apex of vein, near base 
of marginal vein a short one followed by two longer ones, then one, 
or two shorter ones and a long at apex of vein, fore wings with no 
discal cilia; marginal cilia at apex of wing slightly longer than 
width of wing; fumated spot in under stigmal knob distinct; 
stigmal knob almost circular but with a projection apicad; pedicel 
about as long as the funicle joint, about as long as middle seg- 
ment of club which is longer than either the first or third joints; 
base of abdomen with a whittish band, more or less suffused with 
reddish and occupying about one-fourth of the abdomen. 


Type locality: St. Clair Experiment Station, Trinidad. 


312 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





The type slide has two specimens reared from the eggs of 
Tomaspis varia by Mr. P. Lachmere-Guppy. 

There is also a paratypic slide with one specimen with the 
record ‘“‘Reared from grass, Verdant Vale, Jan. 30, 1913, and ovi- 
posited in frog hopper eggs’ (same date). F. W. Urich, collector. 

Type: Caty Ne. 159 7iks US. Nie MM: 

Easily distinguished by the red color and coloring of the 
veins; sanguinea Girault lacks the red in the veins and neosangut- 
nea Girault has a white band occupying about one-third of the 
abdomen, and the basal joint of the club is at the second. 

The species is named in honor of Mr. A. A. Girault who has 
done most of the work in this family’. 

Mr. Lachmere-Guppy writes that “‘this insect in life is ver- 
million with jet black eyes, and acts like a mymarid”’. 


Mailed September 12th, 1913. 


Che  anautiay Lntomologist, 


Vor Ly. LONDON, OCTOBER, 1913 No. 10 


REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE CRANE- 
FLIES (PPULIDAS), WITH A KEY FO: THE 
SPE CIBRS OF PTY CHOPTERA: 
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, ITHACA, N. Y.* 
(Continued from page 295). 
Tribe Limnophilint. 
Genus Limnophila Macquart. 


KEY TO THE JAPANESE LIMNOPHILA. 


1. Wings unspotted (subgen. Limnophila) ...... INCONCUSSA, Sp. N. 
Wings marked with brown (subgen. Pecilostola)............ 2. 

2. Large species (male, length 22-25 mm.; wing over 15 mm.); 
wings with a few large seams or blotches... .satsuwma Westw. 
Small species (male, length 10-13 mm.; wing under 12 mm.) 
wings with abundant dots in the cells................. 3. 


3. Legs and abdomen yellow throughout; petiole of cell Mi as 

tie macrcetletctyN a 2. ten ee PRE ee varicornis Coq. 

Legs with segments tipped with brown; abdomen yellow and 
brown; petiole ef cell Mi longer than cell 


RSA Me as 3 AA Eee ee Ftp pay, . japonica, sp. n, 


Limnophila inconcussa, sp. n. 
Wings unspotted; cross-vein r far from tip of Ri. 


Rostrum brownish yellow beneath, brown above, palpi brown; 
antenne dark brown, the third segment more yellowish at its base; 
antenne short, reaching about to the wing basis; front, vertex 
and occiput dark brown, dusted with grey. 


Mesonotum greyish with a median brown stripe; pseudo- 
sutural fovea and tuberculate pits very distinct, black; scutum, 
scutellum and postnotum brown, pleure dark brown (probable 
that the body, in dried specimens, is grey). Halteres pale. Legs: 
coxee and trochanters dull yellow; femora yellow, a little darkened 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. 


314 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





before the tip; tibiz yellow, brown at tip; first tarsal segment 
yellow, brown at tip, remainder of tarsi brown. Wings with a 
brownish yellow tinge; stigma indistinct, brown; veins Sc and R 
yellow, remainder brown. Venation (see fig. 2, pl. II): Re+s arcu- 
ated, long, cross-vein r almost at its fork; Rs long; cross-vein 
r-m more distad than fork of cell; basal deflection of Cu: at or 
slightly beyond the fork of M. 

Abdomen: tergites light brown; sternites much paler, yellow- 
ish. Hypopygium (see fig. 12, pl. X): pleurites elongate, slender, 
cylindrical, clothed .with long hairs; two apical appendages, 
elongated, the outermost longest, more slender, chitinized, directed 
cephalad, its tip produced into a slender spine and its inner or 
cephalic edge near the tip armed with blunt denticule; inner 
appendage shorter, a little stouter and more fleshy, clothed with 
Jong hairs, especially on the inner face; the anal tube prom- 
inent, oval. 

Vial No. 2.—Tokyo, Japan; 10%, 1 @. 

Vial No. 9.—Tokyoa, Japan; April 25, 1912; 2 #1, 2 9. 

Vial No. 17.—Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912; 3 o, 7 wR 

Vial No. 27—Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912; 4 9. 

Holotype.—o’, Vial 2. 

Allotype.— ? , Vial 2. 

Paratypes.—5 o', 18 9, in Vials 9, 17 and 27. 

Types in autkor’s collection; paratypes in U. S. National 
Museum and Cornell University collections. 

Of the American species, inconcussa is most like toxoneura 
O. S. (East. U. S.), but the cross-vein r is removed from ‘the tip 
‘of R:, fusion of Reis is longer, etc.; the coloration of the two 
species is quite different. In Verrall’s key to the British species 
(Ent. Mo. Mag., April, 1887, p. 264, 265), it runs down to lucorum 
Meig., which has a dark brown abdomen, brown legs, etc. 


Limnophila (Pecilostola) satsuma Westwood. 
1876.—Limnobia satsuma Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
.p. 904, pl..3, fig: 5a, 5b. 
1881—Limnobia satsuma Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.; 
DD: ooo: 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 315 


1888.—?Epiphragma satsuma Bergroth, Ent. Tidskrift, p. 138- 
1902.—Limnobia satsuma Kertesz, Cat. Dipt., Vol. 2, p. 177. 


Male—Length 22.6 mm.; wing 16.8 mm.; hind leg, femur 
(ie mim. tibia l2/2-mainy. 

Male—Rostrum and palpi brown, tke apical segment of the 
latter darker; antenne, segments one and two dark brown, flagel- 
lum yellow except the two last segments which are brown; front 
dark brown, vertex and occiput reddish brown, a narrow median 
streak continued back from the frent. 

Pronotum with the scutum dark brown, scutellum yellowish. 
Mesonotal preescutum rich reddish brown, the lateral margins of 
the sclerite more greyish, a darker brown median triangle, broad- 
est in front, narrowed to a point at the suture, lateral stripes 
similar in colour to the median stripe; scutum, lobes dark brown, 
median line yellowish, dark brown on caudal portion; scutellum 
and postnotum dark brown. Pleure light brownish yellow; 
propleuree and dorsal portions of the mesopleure up to the wing; 
root dark brown; mesostigma very large, conspicuous, situated 
just behind and under the prenotal scutellum. Halteres short, 
stem yellow, knob brown. Legs: “coxe light yellow; trochanters 
reddish yellow; femora yellow, tip brown, with a still darker 
subapical ring; tibiz slightly darkened at the extreme base, a 
whitish sub-basal annulus, tip narrowly dark brown: tarsi brown- 
ish yellow, tips of the segments darker; legs conspicuously hairy. 
Wings (see fig. 4, pl. III.): cephalic third deep yellow, caudal 
portions yellowish grey; surface with conspicuous brown marks: 
a large blotch at base cf M; at origin of Rs; at the cord; a narrow 
seam to cross-vein r; paler crown margins to Cu and the veins in 
the vicinity of cell 1st Me (discal). Venation (See fig. 4). 

Abdomen: tergites rich yellow, extreme apical margin of the 
sclerites darker; a brown lateral line; sternites lighter yellow, 
apices, especially of the terminal segments, darker. Hypopygium 
(See fig. 11, plate X.): viewed from beneath, 9th sternite with 
caudal margin straight, the sides oblique; pleure very short, 
stout; dorsal apical appendage directed inward, cylindrical, 
chitinized, its tip with a sharp recurved hook; ventral apical 
appendages, two, the outermost chitinized, broad at base, rapidly 
tapering to a sharp point, directed inward, the lower appendage 


316 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





is fleshy at the base, more chitinized at the tip, its caudal or outer 
margin grooved to receive the outer appendage. Viewed from 
above, 9th tergite concave, with a projecting median lobe; anal 
tube conspicuous, more pointed at upper end than in japonica 

One male (Vial No. C; Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912); I give 
the above description to supplement Westwood’s brief character- 
ization. The species agree with barbipes Meigen (Europe) in its 
conspicuously hairy legs. 


Limnophila (Pecilostola) japonica, sp. n. 

Wings spotted; tibize and femora tipped with brown. 

Male—Length 10-13 mm.; wing 9.8 mm. Female, length 15 
mm.; wing, 11-12.3 mm. 

Male—Rostrum and palpi dark brown; antenne dark 
brownish black, except segment three, which is pale vellow basally, 
the tip brown; antenne short, if extended backward it would 
barely reach the wing basis; segment one elongate, as long as the 
succeeding three combined; segments 2-5 bread, oval-pyriform, 
gradually -ecoming more cylindrical; segments 6-16 cylindrical 
more elongate toward the end; front, vertex and occiput dark 
brown. 


Pronotum and mesonotum dark brown. Pleure dark brown. 
Halteres long, stem yellow, knob brown. Legs: coxe and 
trochanters dull brownish yellow; femora light yellowish brown, 
the tip broadly brownish black; tibia with base narrowly dark 
brown, remainder yellow, except the broad dark brown tip; tarsi 
dark brownish black. Wings tinged with brcwnish, cells C and 
Sc rather brighter; veins yellowish brown; wing spotted with 
brown, varying greatly in the size of the markings; in one (9, 
Vial A), there are large brown spots at origin of Rs, tip of Sc and 
fork of Re+s, and abundant pale brown dots over the wing surface; 
in a second specimen (<) the wing disk is heavily marked with 
brown, a series of brown marks in the costal cell, a large square 
blotch at origin ef Rs, another at tip of Sc: extending partly down 
across the cord; others at tips of Ri, Re and Rs; large, paler 
brown dots in all the cells of the wing. Venation (see fig. 2, pl. III). 


Abdomen: tergites brownish; sternites dull yellow, apical 
third of each sclerite brown. Hypopygium (see fig. 10, pl. X): viewed 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 317 








from above, 9th tergite, caudal margin almost straight with a 
little rounded knob or hook on either side of the median line; 
pleurites very short and stout, with three apical appendages, the 
more dorsal being the longest, slender at base, swollen subapically, 
the extreme tip slightly hcoked and strongly chitinized, this 
appendage directed caudad and entad; two ventral appendages, 
the more dorsal being short, blunt, very strongly chitinized at its 
tip and with numerous, triangular denticulz, closely and regularly 
set; ventral appendage slender, curved at a right angle, its tip 
directed cephalad. Anal tube very ‘conspicuous, pale whitish, 
slightly notched at its tip. Second gonapophyses rather slender, 
tips expanded, the organs directed caudad. Viewed from beneath, 
the 9th sternite has a rectangular median protuberence. 


Female.—Similar, larger; the dark apices of the aktdcminal 
sternites not well marked. 

Vial No. A.—Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912; 1 9. 

Vial No. 7.—Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912;2 o,19. 

Vial No. 18.—Tokyo, Japan; June 26, 1912; 49. 

Vial No. 23.—Tokyo, Japan; June 25, 1912; 30%. 

Vial No. 48.—Tokyo, Japan; August, 1912; 1¢%. 

Holotype—¢?. Vial 48. 

Allotype—¢@. Vial A. 

Paratypes—o. 0) SQ Vials 7; 18;/28. 

Types in author’s collection; paratypes in U.S. National 
Museum and Cornell University Collections, 

This species differs from L. varicornis Cog. (Japan)* in its 
shorter antenne; legs not all yellow, but the segments conspic- 
uously tipped with darker; abdomen not yellow; wings with 
petiole of cell M: much longer than cell Ist Me, etc. L. varicornis 
also, is probably a Pecilostola. 


Tribe Pedicint. 
Genus Tricyphona Zetterstedt. 


KEY TO THE JAPANESE TRICYPHONA. 
1. Wings hyaline or nearly so, not spotted or striped; cross-veins 
r-m connected with vein R4+s beyond the fork of 
Soy LAA A st a RRS RP Agr fda Sa aunsulana, sp. n. 
*Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol..21, p. 304 (1898). 


318 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Wings spotted or striped with brown or yellow; cross-vein r-m 
connected with the radial sector at cr before its fork... .. 2. 


2. Wings with a broad, yellow subccstal streak, extending from 
the base of the wing to the apex; median cross-vein 
SUSSETIC. ...< cath AU tenes ce ee cone pate ae a a ee eee kuwanai, sp. n. 


Wings with a narrow brown seam along the cord, and rounded 
brown spots on most of the cross-veins and at the ends of 
most of the longitudinal veins; median cross-vein 
BrESOM bay Ac cticecvs os creado ero apr tg e. o4 eign ee ae eee velusta, sp. n 


Tricyphona kuwanat, sp. n. 


Color yellow; mesonotum with black markings; wings with 
a conspicuous yellow longitudinal streak. 


Female —Length 15.8 mm,; wing 12.2mm.;abdomen 12.4 mm. 


Female—Rostrum and palpi brown; antenne, segment 1 
brown, segments 2 to 16 light yellow, the terminal flagellar seg- 
ments more brown; front and vertex brown, the hind part of the 
vertex, the occiput and the gene clearer reddish brown. 


Pronotum light yellow, brown medially. Mesonotal preescutum 
ligkt brownish yellow, darkest medially, the. sclerite with four 
rounded, velvety-dark brownish black spots as follows: a small 
rounded spot on either side of the median line, a-out mid-length 
of the sclerite; an oval spot on the sides of the sclerite, about 
midway between the pseudosuture and the transverse suture; a 
small triangular black spot on the middle of the transverse suture; 
scutum light yellow, with velvety-black marks as follows: a double, 
semilunar transverse mark on the cephalic portions of the sclerite, 
caudad of these marks are four small dots, the outermost larger, 
rounded, occupying the middle of tke scutal. lobes, the inner 
small and oval, on either side of the median line; a small elongate 
black mark on the suture, between the scutum and scutellum; 
scutellum and postrotum brown. Pleure light brownish yellow. 
Halteres light yellow. Legs: coxe and trochanters light yellow; 
femcra and tibize yellow, tip of the latter narrowly dark brown; 
first three tarsal segments light yellow, narrowly tipped with dark 
brown; segments 4 and 5 dark brown. Wings hyaline or nearly 
so, a broad yellow streak running from the base of the wing 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 319 

















around to beyond the apex, embracing the caudal portion of cell 
C, cell Sc, cephalic portion of cell R and 1st Ri, caudal portion of 
cell 2nd Ri: and outer half of cell Re; cell C is hyaline with small, 
rather evenly spaced dark brown cross stripes; the margin of the 
wing from the end of cell C around to end of cell Rs is light 
brown; the caudal margin of the longitudinal yellow streak above 
described is narrowly brown at the deflection of Re, a slender 
brown streak runs caudad and outward along R4+s, ending opposite 
the fork of Riz; Cu and 2nd anal margined with bright yellow. 
Venation (see fig. 6, plate III), Rs beyond the cross-vein r-m short, 
a little shorter than r-m; Re, Rs and Rats all originate at a com- 
mon point; Re at origin is perpendicular; cross-vein m_ lacking; 
basal deflection of Cu: at fork of M. 


Abdomen: tergites light brownish yellow, with numerous 
slender black hairs; segment 2 with a short black sub-basal streak 
on the margin; segments 3 to 6 with longer marginal streaks, 
which cover almost the basal half of the sclerite; sternites light 
yellow, with black marks on the sides remote from the margin of 
sclerite, that on the second oblique, meeting its mate on the venter, 
the others longitudinal. 


Vial No. 31.—Tokyo, Japan; May 7, 1912; 1 9. 
Holotype.— @, in Vial 31. 
Type in author’s collection. 


Tricyphona insulana, sp. n. 
Brown; wings hyaline without a stigma; no median cross- 
vein; legs largely yellow. 
Female, length 9.6 mm.; wing 9.4 mm. 


Female.—Rostrum and palpi dark brown apices of the palpal 
segments a little paler: antenne, basal segments pale brown, 
flagellum dark brown; front, vertex and occiput dark brown, 
probably with a grey bloom in dry specimens. 


Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotum dark brown with indi- ' 
cations of stripes near the median line; it is probable that the 
thorax is covered with a grey bloom; scutum dark brown; 
scutellum brownish yellow; postnotum brown. Pleura brown. 
Halteres light yellow. Legs: coxe yellow, more brown basally; 


320 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





trochanters yellow; femora yellow, darkening to light brown at 
the tip; tibia light yellow, brown at tip; tarsi brown. Wings 
hyaline; veins light brown. Venation (see fig. 3, plate IV) cross- 
vein r-m connects R4+s; no cross-vein m. 

Abdomen: tergum reddish brown, segments with a dark 
brown apical ring; pleural line yellow; sternites par haa ovipositor 
with yellow valve. 

Vial No. 27.—Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912; 19. 

Holotype, 2, Vial No. 27. 

Type in author’s collection. 


Related to T. vitripennis Doane (West. U.S.) but lacks a 
brown stigma, has no median cross-vein, etc. From 7. immaculata 
Meigen (Europe) it differs in having cross-vein r farther removed 
from the tip of Ri, cross-vein r-m far beyond the fork of Rs, not 
at it; the legs much more yellow, not mostly brown; ovipositor 
of the female yellow, not patch brown, etc. 


Tricyphona vetusta, sp. n. 
Wings spotted with brown; cross-vein m-cu of the wings 
present; cross-vein m present. 
Length 16 mm.; wing 14.8 mm.; hind legs femora 
8.4 mm.; tibia 10.3 mm.; tarsus 8.9 mm. 





Female.—Rostrum light brownish yellow; palpi with segments 
dark brown, the apical ones with bases yellow; antenna, base 
light brown, flagellum dark brown; front, vertex and occiput 
dark brown. 

Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotum, prescutum, greyish with 
four brown stripes, the median one double, narrowed behind; 
scutum dark brown, the lobes paler brown; scutellum dark brown, 
much lighter on the sides; postnotum dark brown with a large 
oval spot behind on either side of the median line. Pleure dark 
brown, indistinctly variegated with darker. Halteres light yellow, 
the knob light brown. Legs: Coxe, especially the fore and 
middle, brownish at the base, remainder light yellow; trochanters 
yellowish; femora yellow, darkening into brown at the tip; tibia 
yellowish brown, rather darker apically; tarsi dark brown. Wings, 
tinged with light yellow, cells C and Sc a little brighter, with 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 321 


brown marks as follows: a rounded spot at Scz, a larger one at 
origin of Rs, a crossband on the cord running from the tip of Sc1, 
down to fork of Cu and thence to the wing-margin along Cup; 
a round spot at cross-vein r, apical margin of the wing brown, 
a brown seam on cross-vein m, brown dots at ends of all the 
longitudinal veins; veins yellowish brown. Venation (see fig. 5, 
plate III); Rs ina line with Ras; Res short, gently arcuated; 
crossvein r very far distad so that Ri beyond it is about equal to 
it in length; cross-vein m present, connecting M2 with Ms; cross- 
vein m-cu present. 

Abdomen: Tergites, segment one brown, segments two and 
six dull yellow, an indistinct median brown stripe becoming more 
plainly defined behind until on the 8th and 9th tergites it abruptly 
suffuses the entire sclerites; pleural stripe broad, dark brown, 
extending the length of the abdomen as a conspicuous lateral line; 
sternites light yellow, a rounded ill-defined brown mark on tie 
8th sternite. 


Vial No. 26.—Tokyo, Japan; April 25, 1912; 19. 

Holotype, @, in Vial 26. 

Type in author’s collection. 

Related to T. constans Deone (West. U.S.) but is much 


smaller with a very different wing pattern. In venation, sug- 
gesting 7. vernalis Osten-Sacken of the Eastern United States. 


Tribe Cylindrotominti. 
Genus Liogma Osten-Sacken. 


Liogma kuwanat, sp. n. 

Resembles L. nodicornis O.S., of the United States, but the 
tripartite penis-guard is very much longer and directed dorsad. 

Male.—Length 15.9 mm.; wing 11.4 mm.;antenne 3.8-3.9 mm. 

Male.—Rostrum and palpi light brown, remaining segments 
dark brown; flagellar segments slender at base, the inner face 
produced into a subtriangular tooth, making the flagellum strongly 
serrate; front, vertex and occiput dull dark brown, very rugulose, 
the vertex broad. 

Mesorotum dark brown, a lighter brown line extending from 
the median line of the scutum, branching Y-shaped and extending 


3 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


to the pseudosuture, this pale line being somewhat impressed; 
scutum, scutellum and postnotum brown, the latter rather darker. 
Pleure, propleure and cephalic and dorsal portions of the meso- 
pleure, up to the wing-root, yellowish; remainder of the pleure 
brownish. Halteres pale, yellow. Legs: coxe suffused with brown; 
trochanters light yellow; femora yellow basally, becoming brown 
at the tip. Wings tinged with grey, stigma elongate-oval, brown, 
distinct. Venation (see fig. 4, plate IV). 


Abdomen light brownish yellow, the caudal half of the 7th, 
8th and 9th tergites brown. Hypopygium (see figs. 13-15, plate 
X): 9th tergite, viewed from above, with the lateral ears or lobes 
prominent, the interval between them almost straight, not deeply 
notched as in nodicornis; 9th sternite and its pleurite fused, 
massive, as in the genus, the apical appendate stout, directed 
cephalad, flattened at its apex. Viewed from the side, the penis- 
guard is conspicuous, tripartite as in the tribe, it is very long, 
arising from the ventral wall, directed caudad and thence dorsad, 
almost attaining the level of the dorsal edge of the 9th sternite, 
toward their end, directed cephalad, the tip flattened; anal tube 
conspicuous. Viewed from beneath, the massive sterno-pleurites 
meet in a straight median suture, which is membranacccus; the 
tripartite penis-guard is deeply concave below the forking. 

Vial No. E—Tokyo, Japan; Aug., 1912; 1 &. 

- Holotype—o', Vial E. 

Type in author’s collection. 

The difference between the American and Japanese species are 
shown by the following key: 

1. Abdomen brown; & hypopygium, 9th tergite with a deep 
median notch; guard of the penis short, directed caudad. 
(Eastsnlt-Siee ae is _nodicornis O. S. 

Abdomen reddish ‘brown o aypoppanint 9th tergite without 

a deep median notch between the prominent lateral ears; 

guard of the penis elongate, conspicuous, directed caudad and 

dorsad, almost attaining the dorsal level of the abdomen. 

Glapath): ras se ore coke etaeco +: noel eee eee kuwanat, sp. n. 


The succeeding parts dealing the Tipuline will conclude the 
Tipulide. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. jee 


THE CADDIS-FLIES (TRICHOPTERA) OF JAPAN. I.— 
FAMILY PHRYGANEID-. 


BY WARO NAKAHARA, HONGOKU, TOKIO, JAPAN. 


Through tke kindness of Mr. Miyake, who has generously 
permitted the free use of the valuable literature and collections 
in his possession, and has given me much valuable advice, I have 
recently had the opportunity of studying Japanese caddis-flies or 
Trichoptera. The purpose of the present study is to record tke 
species known from Javan, offering such notes as may suggest 
themselves, and to describe any forms that appear to be unknown. 


The present paver deals with the family Phryganeide, which 
includes some of the most beautiful caddis-flies in the world. 


FAM. PHRYGANEID-. 
Genus Neuronia Leach. 
1. Neuronia regina Maclachlan. 


Holostomis regina MacLachlan—Journ, Linn. Soc. London, 
Zool., XI, p. 104 (1871); Matsumura, Thous. Ins. Jap., i, p. 165, 
Pig XU figectd.O :.(1.904). 

Neuronia regina Ulmer—Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. VI (1), p. 6, 
feo tees and.s Plow nes 1.907). ;. Ulmer, ‘Gen;. Insect., Pl: 
XTX; fig, 3, (1907): 

This magnificent species, which is common in China, as well 
as in India, is not rare in Japan. 

The manner of flight of this species resembles that of a certain 
moth. Occasionally they are found on the bark of trees closely re- 
sembling the colour of the forewings, which always cover the ab- 
domen and beautiful hind wings, when they are at rest. 

Already reported from Hokkaido and Honto. 


2. Neuronia reginella sp. nov. 


Head blackish, clothed with brownish hairs, especially on the 
face; vertex wholly fuscous; ocelli brown; labial palpus consisting 
of four joints, brown; maxillar palpus four-jointed, the last joint 
more slender than others and fuscous; all the others mostly brown 
and each thickened at extremity. Antenne lost, except two basal 
joints. Prothorax light brown with a median longitudinal im- 
pression, clothed with long, fuscous hairs. Meso-and_ metathorax 


324 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





fuscous, the former with stout fuscous hairs, the latter with long 
and weak gray hairs. Underside of thorax mostly brownish. Legs 
brownish, tibiz and all the tarsal joints fuscous;spurs on tibiz 2, 4, 
4; hind femora somewhat dark, with a brown ring near the ex- 
tremity. Fore wing light fuscous yellow, with fuscous markings, 
as shown in figure, with some stout blackish hairs at the base; 





Fig. 13.—Neuronia reginzlla n.sp Fig. 14.-—Neuronia rezinella (Male), 

(Male). genitalia, dorsal view. 
veins yellowish. Inner half cf hind wing violet black, forming a 
broad, beautiful orange band between this and the fuscous black 
apical snot. Abdominal segmenis blackish, fuscous on both dorsal 
and ventral sides, each segment with hind margin narrowly brown. 
Suranal plate in the genitalia of male individuals rather broad and 
little produced in its hind margin; superior appendage, with two 
small projections and many hairs on the cnd; intermediate ore 
separated at the end of a small lobe curving little upward; inferior 
claspers stout and long, suddenly kecoming much more slender 
near its end. 

Length of body 20 mm.; length of fore wing 33 mm.; length 
of hind wing 28 mm. 

Tke type is a single male specimen in the collection of the 
Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station at Nishigahara. The 
specimen was captured by Mr. Murata at Nikko, on July 28th. 

This species is closely allied to Neuronia regina, which is a 
little larger, but the differences in the genitalia, mouth parts and 
wing markings seem to me to warrant the specific separation of the 
two forms. 


3. Neuronia clathrata Kolenati. 


Anobolia (Oligostomis) clathrata Wolcnati, Gen. ct spec. 
Trichoptera, i. p. 82 (1848). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ooo 


Neuronia clathrata Walker—Cat. Neuropt, Brit. Mus., Pt. I, 
p. 7 (1852); Matsumura, Journ. Coll. Agr. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 
IVep. 16 (1911). 


4. Neuronia phalenoides Linné. 

Phryganea phalenoides Linné—Faun. Suec., p. 378 (1761). 

Holostomis phalenoides Walker—Cat. Neuropt. Brit. Mus., 
Pt. I, p. 6 (1852). 

Neuronia phalenoides Matsumura—Journ. Coll. Agr. Tohoku 
Imp. Univ., IV, p. 15 (1911). 

The above two species occur in Europe and Siberia, and have 
keen described by Matsumura (l.c.) from Saghalien. It is said 
that a few specimens have been obtained at Solowiyofka, Chipsani 
and Galkinowraskce, on that island. No specimen before me. 


5. Neuronia apicalis Matsumura. 

Neuronia apicalis Matsumura—Thous. Ins. Jap., I, p. 172, 
Pl. XII, fig. 11 (1904); Matsumura—Journ. Coll. Agr. Tohoku, 
Imp. Univ., IV, p. 15-16 (1911). 


6. Neuronia fluvipes Matsumura. 

Neuronia fluvipes Matsumura—Thous. Ins. Jap., I, p. 172, 
Pl. XII, fig. 12 (1904). 

Unfortunately, neither N. apicalis nor N. fluvipes, both of 
which were described by Matsumura about ten years ago from 
Hokkaido and Honto, are represented in the material before me. 
The same professor recorded the former from Saghalien, also. 


7. Neuronia melaleuca MacLachlan. 

Phryganea melaleuca MacLachlan—Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., 
Zool., 1, p. 106, (18e1). 

Holostomis melaleuca Matsumura—Thous. Ins. Jap., I, p. 166, 
Pl. XII, fig. 2, 9 (1904). 

Neuronia melaleuca Ulmer—Doutch. Ent. Zcit., p. 339 (1908). 


The specimens in hand, which I believe to be true N. melaleuca, 
differ to a certain extent from that species as described and figured 
by Matsumura in his ‘‘Nippon-Senchu-Zukai”’ (Thousand Insects 
of Javan), though the too meagre description dees not enable me 
to satisfactorily determine it. It may be doubted whether Matsu- 
mura’s identification of his specimen with N. melaleuca be justified. 


326 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





In any case it may safely ke said that there is another form in 
Japan -csides N. melaleuca, closely allicd to this species. It is 
said that the habits of this species resemble those of N. regina. 
Habitat—Hokkaido, Honto. 
Genus Phryganea Linne. 


8. Phryganea japonica MacLachlan. 

Phryganea japonica MacLachlan—Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., (3) 
Vie: 248 (1866); Matsumura—Thous. Ins. Jap aL 3p thi. bi mole 
fig. 3, o (1904) ; Ulmer—Cat. Coll. Sclys, Fasc. VI (1), p. 10, figs. 
11, 12 and 18, Pl. I, fig. 2 (1907); Ulmer—Gen. Inscct., Pl. XXX, 
fig. 1 (1907). 

The markings of the fore wing of this species are subject to 
variation, and the material before me can be separated into two 
types: 

(i) Those that have conspicuous fuscous lines along tke cubital 
and the fourth apical veins. 

(ii) Those that have faint and obscure fuscous lines along the 
cubital and the fourth apical veins. 


Though there are some other minute differences in the mark- 
ings of the fore wing between tyres i and ii, I think they are not 
worthy of specific rank, since I could not recognize any difference 
in the genitalia, nor in any other respects, that appear to Le specific. 
Until a more comprckensive study of these two forms is published 
I shall have to include them in one species, Phryganea japonica. 
It would ke very interesting if their lifc-histories were known. 

It secms to me that Ulmer’s figure in the Selys Catalogue 
represents type 1 and his figure in Genera Insectorum type ii 
Matsumura’s figure scems to represent type 1. 

This is one of the most common caddisflies of the family in the 
Main Island of Japan, occurring also in Hokkaido. 


9. Phryganea sordida MacLachlan. 

Phryganea sordida MacLachlan—Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., 
Zool., XI, p. 106 (1871); Ulmer—Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc.VI (1), p. 8, 
figs. 6-10 (1907). 

A single female specimen in tke collection of the Imeerial 
Agricultural Experiments Station, from Gifu, labeled ‘‘Haya- 
fumiyama.”’ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. onl. 


10. Phryganea latipennis Banks. 


Phryganea latipennis Banks—Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., VII, p. 
107 (1906) ; Ulmer—Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. VI (1), p. 10, figs. 14-20, 
WPI. fiz.3 (1907): 

A single male specimen in the collection of the Agricultural 
Experiments Station from Gifu, where the type specimen of this 
species was obtained. 

The above two species seem to be uncommon. 

Genus Limnoceutropus Ulmer. 


11. Limnoceutropus insolitus Ulmer. 


Limnoceutropus insolitus Ulmer—Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. VI 
(1), p. 14, figs. 21-23 (1907). 

This is the single species of the genus Limnoceutropus, and is 
known only from the female. I have not seen specimens of it. 

Taken at ‘Nikko, 600-2000 m.”’ 

Komagome-Higashikatamachi, Tokyo, Japan. 


THE OCCURRENCE OF THE MYMARID GENUS 
COSMOCOMOIDEA HOWARD IN AUSTRALIA 
(HYMENOPTERA). 


BY A. A. GiRAULT, NELSON, N..Q., AUSTRALIA. 


Tke following remarkable mymarid represents the fifteenth 
genus of the group known to occur in Australia. The original 
description of the genus is not accessible to me just at present, but 
I should call attention to the fact that the tarsi are five-jointed, not 
as in Polynema, as the name would lead one to infer. I have a 
specimen of the type of the genus, one of the series on which the 
specics was founded, but not a type. 


Genus Cosmocomoidea Howard. 


1. Cosmocomoidea renani new species. 

Normal position. 

Female.—Length 2.00 mm. Large for the family. Shining 
black, the bullae of the scape, cephalic legs, trochanters, knees, 
proximal four tarsal joints and tips of tibia, rich brown. Wings 


conspicuously infuscated at tip (about distal fourth), the proximal 
Gctober, 1913 


328 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


margin of the fuscation convex; slightly distad of the middle, 
where a rather broad band crosses, not quite its own length from 
the end of the stigmal vein, and obscurely under the marginal vein. 
Scape more or less brownish along proximal half. Coxe black. 
Venation brown. Posterior wings clear. Head and thorax with a 
scaly, polygonal reticulation, the propodeum less scaly, smooth and 
shiny between the median carine. 


Differs from the type of the genus (morrilli_ Howard) in being 
black, in having tke flagellum uniformly black, the wings more 
conspicuously and differently fumated, the greater size, andinhaving 
joints 4 and 5 of tke funicle longest of that region; also, the abdo- 
men is not distinctly petiolate, but only tapers at base—s!ender 
there. Tke following important structural characters are noted: 
The thorax is rather peculiar, for there is a mesoprescutum present 
at the meson cephalad of tke scutum, and which is modcrately 
large and subquadrate; the pronotum is short at the meson, but 
dorso-laterally long, extending broadly halfway down the scutum 
(but not by far to the tegule), then curving off; the axille are 
small, but distinct, not advanced into the parapsides and widely 
separated. Scutellum subquadrate, as long as the scutum, tke 
latter with a median grooved line. Parapsidal furrows complete, 
short, curved, the parapsides short and wedge-shaped, with tke 
base of the wedge mesad. Propodeum with a carina on each side 
of the meson, tke two rather widely scparated; the spiracle minute 
and round, near postscutellar margin. Tarsi 5-jointed. Ovi- 
positor not exserted. 

(From one specimen, 24-inch objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch 
and Lomb.) 

Male——Not known. 

Described from a single female specimen captured by sweeping 
grass and foliage in a forest at Nelson, N. Q., Decemker 13, 1912 
(A. P. Dodd). Other specimens were captured a few wecks later in 
the same place. 

Habitat.—Australia, Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 


Type—In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above 
female in xylol-balsam. é 


[Dedicated to Ernest Renan.] 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 329 


NEW SPECIES AND NEW LIFE HISTORIES OF 
EPHEMERIDAL OR MAYFLIES: 
BY WILBERT A CLEMENS, TORONTO, ONT. 


(Continued from page 262.) 


Subfamily—Heptagenine. 
Ecdyurus maculipennis Walsh. (Pl. VI, fig. 4, Nymph.) 

Only a few imagos of this species were taken, although the 
nymphs were abundant along open stony shores and in rapids. 
My collections of nymphs date from July 2nd to August 23rd, and 
rearings from July 6th to August 30th. 


Ecdyurus lucidipennis sp. nov. 

- This was not a very abundant species, but nymphs were col- 
lected July Ist and 14th, and imagos reared July 4th and 17th, 
respectively. 

Male imago: 

Measurements—Body 6mm.; wing 7mm.; fore leg 6.5 mm. 
Face very slightly obfuscated; dorsal surface of head dark brown or 
reddish. Notum dark brown; sides of thorax and ventral surface 
light yellow. Dorsum of abdomen a blackish brown; venter con- 
siderably lighter. Penis lobes and bases of forceps yellow; forceps 
tinged with black. Sete with basal halves slightly tinged with 
black and minutely hairy. Fore femora dark, middle and hind 
yellowish. Wings hyaline; longitudinal veins slightly dusky, es- 
pecially costa and subcosta; cross-veins entirely colourless. 

Female imago: 

Measurements—Body 6 mm.; wing 7.5 mm.; fore leg 4 mm. 
Thorax and abdomen lighter in colour than male. 

Nymphert (PheVile fie: 5.) 

Measurements—Body 7-8 mm.; sete 3-4 mm. Head brown, 
with numerous light spots, chief of which are 6 along anterior mar- 
gin, 2 lateral to each antenna, 4 small, elongated ones between 
antenne, and 2 small round spots anterior to these latter. Thorax 
above lighter brown, with numerous light areas. Anterior part of 
each abdominal segment brown; four light spots along anterior 
margin, one large one at each lateral margin, and 3 along posterior 
margin. Setze of about equal length and fringed with hairs; mid- 


dle one slightly smaller in size than lateral ones. Femora flattened, 
October, 1913 


330 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


fringed with spines along anterior margin and with hairs along 
posterior; rather light in colour, with 2 zigzag brown marks about 
middle and brown areas at distal and proximal ends. Tibiz 
banded about the middle with brown. Tarsi with distal and proxi- 
mal ends dark. 





Ecdyurus pullus, sp. nov.* 


This is a large form, compared with the two previous species. 
The nymphs were found along the very stony, exposed shores of 
small islands three and four miles out in the open bay. The col- 
lections are dated June 23rd and July 6th, and the rearings July 
2nd. A few imagos were captured June 27th. 


Male imago: 

Measurements—Body 10-11 mm.; wing 11 mm.; setae 22 mm.; 
fore leg 11-12 mm. Face pale, slightly tinged with brown along 
the carina. Dark brown on dorsal surface of head between eyes. 
Pronotum dark brown; mesonotum lighter; a dark brown line on 
each side of prothorax extending forward from base of fore wing; 
other dark brown marks at bases of wings and legs. Dorsal surface 
of abdomen dark brown, somewhat lighter laterally toward an- 
terior margin; ventral surface light in colour. Genitalia of the 
usual Ecdyurus type. Legs light in colour, dark at joints. Tarsi 
of fore legs in order of increasing lengths, 1, 5, 4 (3 and 2) equal. 
Wings with longitudinal and cross veins brown and very slightly 
darkened in apical costal region. 

Nymph: (Pl. V, fig. 10.) 

Measurements—Body 12 mm.; sete 15 mm. Head brown, 
with a colourless area on each side from eye to lateral margin of 
head, and three light dots between eyes; slightly fringed with 
hairs along anterior and lateral margins, and a light area about 
the middle of each half of pronotum. Mesonotum darker, with 
numeyous light spots. Each segment of abdomen brown; 1-8 have 
six light spots, and 4-8 have the two spots near the median line 
fused, forming a large rectangular area; segment 9 with only four 
light spots; segment 10 entirely brown. Gills comparatively 
small, lamellae oval. Setz of about equal size; with each two al- 
ternate segments brown; sparsely fringed at joints, and outer 
~ *This species was listed on p. 247 as Ecdyurus granlis, sp.nov. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 331 


ee 


margins of lateral ones not fringed. Femora stout and flattened, 
brown in colour, lighter at distal and proximal ends, and two or 
three irregular light areas toward middle; covered with minute 
spines and fringed along posterior margin with hairs. Tibi al- 
ternately light and dark banded; fringed along both anterior and 
posterior margins. Tarsi brown, with proximal tips colourless. 
Ungues double on each leg, the large one well covered, the other 
small and lateral to the large one. 


Subfamily—E phemerine. 


Hexagenia bilineata Say. 

This was a very common species at Go-Home Bay. The 
nymphs were first taken on June 6th, by dredging in water 15 to 
45 feet deep. The bottom was very muddy. When the nymphs 
were placed in jars containing about 4 inches of mud, they imme- 
diately began to burrow, and were able to bury themselves in a 
very short time. At first the gills were left partly exposed, and the 
position of the nymphs could be detectcd by the waving motion 
in the thin mud. Later on they completely buried themselves, 
and only the round openings of the burrows could be seen. The 
first of these nymphs to emerge was on July 3rd, and others fol- 
lowed in July and August, while one was still alive in the breeding 
jar on September 9th, when the Station was closed. On June 13th 
the first subimago was captured at large, but not till June 28th 
did imagos appear in large numbers. They would commence their 
flight shortly after sunset, flying in large swarms about the tree 
tops. The hum of their wings could be heard up to a distance of 
125 feet or more. The females deposited their eggs by flying up 
and down the shore, brushing off the eggs as they appeared in two 
small, rather compact columns from the openings of the oviducts, 
by dipping to the surface of the water. On July 12th a female was 
caught just after copulation, and she deposited a large number of 
eggs by being held by the wings and touching her abdomen fre- 
quently to some water in a jar. These eggs hatched in thirty-six 
days. 

Nymph: (PI. VI, fig. 1.) 

Measurements—Body 30-35 mm.; sete 13-15 mm.; antennez 
5-6 mm. Head rather yellowish, with dorsal surface between 


Boe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


—_— 





ocelli and between eyes entirely brown or in some cases lighter 
along median line and posterior margin. Antenne very hairy at 
joints of basal halves, while apical halves are entirely bare and 


become very slender. Margin and base of frontal piece hairy. 
Clumps of hairs between eyes and at bases of antenne, in front of 
lateral ocelli and posterior to eyes. Mandibular tusks 34 length 
of antenne, upcurved, brown at tips, and with three longitudinal 
rows of hairs. Prothorax has a broad longitudinal band of brown on 
each side of middle line on dorsal surface, and is very hairy along 
lateral margins. Mesothorax brown for the most part, dorsally. 
Each abdominal segment has a large, almost triangular brown 
area with two light areas within it; these light areas often reduced 
to mere stripes. Ventrally on segments 6 to 8 there is a faint median 
longitudinal dark streak, while on ninth segment are two lateral 
streaks. Seta of about equal length, and very hairy at joinings 
for entire length. Gills and legs of usual Hexagenza type. 


Ephemera simulans Walker. 


The imagos of this species appeared from June 5th to July 
27th, but were most abundant during the first two weeks in July. 
The nymphs were not taken at Go-Home Bay, although diligent 
search was made. The male imagos would appear shortly before 
8 o'clock in the evening, and were often noticed in the morning, 
also, as late as 10 o’clock. They would dance in swarms of a 
couple of hundred individuals, usually at a height of from 10 to 35 
feet. When a female appeared, several males would take after 
her. The successful male, flying up beneath the female, would 
seize her around the prothorax with his long fore legs, and bending 
up his abdomen would grasp her abdomen with his forceps, and 
his penis could then be inserted in the oviducts. His sete usually 
aided him in securing and maintaining his hold by being bent up 
over the female’s body. The couple would then go off on a gradual 
downward slant toward tHe water, before reaching which the 
male would disengage himself and fly back to the swarm, while 
the female would fly out over the water and soon begin depositing 
her eggs by skimming the surface of the water with her abdomen. 
A peculiar thing was noticed, namely, that the male Ephemera 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 333 








frequently attempted copulation with the male Hexagenia, ap- 
parently being deceived by the colour. ; 


Baetine. 





Subfamily 
Baetisca obesa Walsh. 

The very interesting nymphs of this species were quite abun- 
dant along the north-east shore of Giant’s Tomb Island, on May 
26th. The shore is rather sandy, with numerous small stones, and 
deepens very gradually. The nymphs were clinging to the stones 
in water 3 to 15 inches deep. Imagos did not emerge from this 
collection until July 138th. 


Leptophlebia sp. ? 

A single almost mature nymph was taken on July 21st in quiet 
water at the side of an old lumb:r chute, but it died before time 
of emergence. 


Blasturus cupidus Say. 


This is an early species, mature nymphs being found May 
25th, and subimagos appearing May 31st. A small nymph, col- 
lected May 31st, was observed to ke filled with small, oval, brown- 
ish bodies. Upon dissection by Mr. A. R. Cooper, these were found 
to ke the eggs of a trematode, and in the midst of them was the 
trematode itself, which Eclonged to the genus Halicometra. An- 
other nymph, taken some time afterwards, was also discovered to 
be parasitized. 


Blasturus nebulosus Walker. 


The nymphs and imagos of this species were first taken June 
9th, on a small, bare, granite island a short distance out in the 
open bay. On top of this island were numerous pot-holes of all 
sizes, and in these, under loose pieces of rock and some rubbish the 
nymphs were very abundant, having tadpoles, chironomid larve 
and water beetles for associates. Many nymphs were covered 
with Vorticella. Several nymphs were obs rved to crawl out of 
the water and transform on the rock just above th2 surface of the 
water. Subimagos were clinging to the sides of the rock in sheltered 
places, and a few imagos were flying above the pools. This species 
was again observed on June 27th, on an island five miles from the 


334 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


mainland. The island had an area of about three acres, and was 
almost smooth, bare granite. On top was a pretty lagoon, mar- 
gined with water plants, shrubs and a few small trees. Imagos of 
Blasturus nebulosus were dancing over this pond in the sunlight, 
about 3 p.m., matings frequently occurring. 


Nymph: 


Measurements—Body 9.5-10 mm.; sete 7-10 mm. Ceneral 
colour blackish brown. Head brown, with a dark area kehind 
middle ocellus and between the lateral ones; black, scroll-like 
markings between the eyes. Pronotum has a small light spot on 
each side, close to median line and rear anterior margin; posterior 
to this and farther from median line is another larger oval light 
spot, and lateral to this again is an elongated light area; the 
rounded lateral margin is colourless. Abdomen is blackish brown, 
with light brown markings; segments 5 or 6 to 10 have a light me- 
dian longitudinal stripe; on each segment is a slightly clongated, 
incurved small light spot on each side of median line toward the 
anterior margin of the segment; posterior and more lateral is 
a larger round light area, which usually disappears on segments 
8,9 and 10. Ventral surface is light brown, with three faint dark 
longitudinal lincs, one median and two lateral; on each side of the 
median line in each segment is a very small white oblique line near 
anterior margin, and posterior to this is a small light dot. Median 
seta shorter, slenderer and lighter in colour than lateral ores. All 
fringed with hairs at joints. Legs light brown; posterior margins 
of tibiz and tarsi fringed with hairs, and anterior margins covered 
with serrated teeth; inner margins of claws with rows of tceth for 
their entire lengths. 


Up to tke present time I have not been able to find any ap- 
parent differences betwcen the nymphs of these two species of 
Blasturus. 


Choroterpes (?) basalis Banks. 


Large numters of the nymphs of this species were found in a 
small stream July 30th, clinging to the lower sides of stones in the 
quiet water. The next day several subimagos emerged from this 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 335 


collection. As late as September 5th mature nymphs could be 
found here. 


Ephemerella lutulenta sp. nov. 


Male imago: 


Measurements—Body 8-9 mm.; Wing 10 mm.; seta 12-14 mm.; 
fore leg 8 mm. Face dark brown; a spotted reddish-gray streak 
down carina, and two similar lateral streaks from it to the bascs of 
antenne. Thorax dark reddish brown. Abdomen blackish brown; 
segments 9 and 10 slightly lighter in colour; venter pale; posterior 
lateral margins of 9th segment produced into spines. Forceps pale, 
with tips brown. Sctz reddish brown toward bases, but becoming 
pale toward tips; articulations brown. Legs grcenish yellow, claws 
brown. Segments of fore tarsi in order of increasing lengths, 1. 3, 
4, 3, 2; 1 very small; fore femur about five-sixths length of fore 
tibia. Wings entirely clear. 

Female imago: 

Measurements—Body 9-10 mm.; wing 10 mm.; sete 10-12 
mm.; fore leg 5mm. Quite similar to male. Posterior lateral pro- 
jection of 9th abdominal segment not as long as in male. 


Nymph: 

Measurements—Body 10-11 mm.;setz 6-7 mm. A large species, 
with colour varying from a dirty brown to a deep blackish brown, 
often of a granular appearance. Body and legs hairy. Head with 
a pair of occipital tubercles of varying size; in the male these are 
often obscured by tke developing cyes of the imago. Pronotum 
rectangular. Abdominal segments 2-9 produced latcrally into 
flat spines; none on segment 1, minute on 2, increasing in size to 
the 9th, none on the 10th. A double row of spines on dorsal sur- 
face, very minute on segments 8-10, large on 1-7. On venter, six 
small black dots on cach segment, sometimes very faint. Rudi- 
mentary gills on segment 1; gills on segments 4-7, covered by a 
large jointed elytroid gill cover 1.5 mm. in length. Femora stout, 
brown in colour, with numcrous rourd white dots and several 
irregular light arcas. Tibiz with median brown band, distal ends 
light, proximal ends dark. Tarsi about same length as tibia, and 
with proximal half dark and distal half light. Claw with numerous 


336 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





pectinations. Sete well fringed with hairs along middle, almost 
bare at base and tip; each two alternate segments brown. 

The nymphs were taken almost everywkere about Go-Home 
Bay from May 29th to June 19th, in quiet water. Mr. R. P. 
Wodehouse gave m2 specimens from various places around Georgian 
Bay, including Shawanaga Bay, Penticost Island, French River 
and Sturgeon Bay. 


Ephemerella lineata sp. nov. 

Female imago: 

Measurements—Body 9 mm. ; sete 14 mm.; wing 10.5 mm. Very 
similar to female of E. lutulenta, but has a rusty brown median 
longitudinal stripe on dorsal surface of abdomen. Ina fresh speci- 
men the stripe would probably extend over the thorax, and thus 
correspond to the stripe of the nymph. No male specimens were 
reared. 

Nymph (PI. V, fig. II): 

Measurements—Body 10 mm.; sete 6 mm. Slightly smaller 
than E. lutulenta, but very similar in colour, except that tkere is a 
dorsal median longitudinal white stripe from the anterior margin 
of the pronotum to tke posterior margin of the 10th abdominal 
segment. This stripe lies between the uouble row of spines on the 
abdomen. Occipital tubercles slightly longer than those of pre- 
ceding species. 

The nymphs were not very abundant, but were found in 
about the same localities as E. lutulenta, from June 3rd to July 9th. 
My bred specimens are dated June 14th and June 15th. 
Ephemerella bicolor sp. nov. 

Male imago: 

Measurements—Body 5-6 mm.; wing 6 mm.; sete 8-9 mm.; 
fore leg 6 mm.. A small brown species, very similar to E. lutulenta 
in form and structure, but very much smaller. The size, appar- 
ently, is the only character by which to distinguish it. 

Female imago: 

Slightly larger than male. 

Nymph: (PI. VI, fig. 3.) 

Measurements+—Body 6-6.5 mm.; sece 3 mm. These nymphs 
show a great variation in colour pattern. The light-coloured 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 307 








specimens are of a dirty white colour, with brown markings. Head 
for the most part brown, slightly paler towards posterior margin. 
Pronotum brown laterally; anterior margin of mesonotum brown, 
and a brown area at posterior margin between the wing pads. 
Anterior halves of abdominal segments 2 and 3 brown, and slight 
marks on the 4th segment; brown areas on 6 and 7 about the 
median line, and on segment 9 there are two small brown dots at 
anterior margin, and a rather semicircular brown band posteriorly. 
Some specimens are almost entirely brown, and between these two 
extremes the amount of brown and white varies. Many specimens, 
especially females, show slight indications of tubercles on the head, 
but they are never large, as in the preceding species. A double row 
of spines on abdominal segments 1-7; postero-lateral margins of 
segments 3-9 produced into broad, flat spines. Gills on segments 
4-7 covered by a large jointed elytra. Sete light brown basally, 
becoming paler distally; well fringed with hairs; joints brown. Legs 
rather small; femora stout; colour for the most part brown, divided 
into two areas, the proximal one large and contains a rectangular 
white spot, the distal one smaller and contains a perfectly round. 
white dot. Tibize brown at proximal end and a brown band near 
distal end. Tarsi with a brown band toward proximal end. Claws 
dark and peciinated. 


The nymphs were everywhere abundant, in exposed as well 


as sheltered places. Imagos were captured and reared from July 
Ist to July 12th. 


Genus Drunella Needham. 

Several nymphs of this genus were taken, but no imagos were 
reared. 
Cenis diminuta Walker. 


This little nocturnal species came to the lamp in the reading- 
room for the first time on July 2nd, and was taken as late as August 


12th. The nymphs were common in ponds and lagoons from June 
5th to July 30th. 


Tricorythus allectus Needham. 


Imagos were captured on July 3rd and 9th, but none were 
reared. Nymphs which apparently belong to this species were 


338 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


dredged up from a slightly sandy bottom in water 5 to 15 feet 
deep, on September 3rd. 


Chirotenetes albomanicatus Needham. 


On July 16th I found a nymph slough at Sandy Gray Falls, 
on the Go-Home River, but was unable to find either nymphs or 
imagos. I did not get up to the falls again until August 23rd, and 
then found the numerous small nymphs of the next generation. 


Siphlurus flexus sp. nov. 


Two beautiful Siphlurus nymphs were taken early in the sea- 
son, but both died before time of emergence. The first was found 
May 25th in the bottom of a canoe, when some water was being 
emptied from it; the other was found June 3rd beneath a stone in 
about 11% feet of water along the open, exposed shore of Station 
Island. Quite a number of imagos, apparently Szphlurus, were 
captured about this time, and it seemed quite probable that they 
were the same species as the nymphs. I think I have proved this 
quite conclusively by the wing venation. The wing of the imago 
has a very characteristic bend in cubitus 2 at the base, and the 
wing pad of the nymph shows this bend very distinctly. Again, the 
imago has claws like Ameletus, the two on each leg being unlike. 
These two unlike claws can be made out in one of the nymphs, due 
to the nvmph dying just when about to transform. Imagos were 
captured on May 28rd, May 26th, and June 12th. On the latter 
date a swarm of 12 or 15 were observed flying off the west point of 
Station Island, about 5.30 p.m., at a distance of from 12 to 20 feet 
from the surface of the water. They faced the west, and had the 
characteristic fluttering rise and leisurely fall. 

Male imago: (Pl. VI, figs. 10, 11.) . 

Measurements—Body 13-14 mm.; wing 12-13 mm.; sete 23-24; 
fore leg 12-13. Head blackish brown, except lower part of face, 
which is tinged with brown; eyes large, meeting dorsally. Notum 
blackish brown. Sides of thorax marked irregularly with white. 
Abdominal segments 1, 8, 9 and 10 dark, segments 2-6 lighter in 
colour; these latter are light toward anterior margin and brown 
toward posterior; in the median line the brown is dark and forms a 
triangular area, the apex extending almost to the anterior margin; 
from the anterior margin in the median line two bands arise, com- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 339 


posed of black dots, passing backwards, curving outward, end near 
the base of the triangular brown area; between this line and the 
triangular area is a light brown oval area; segments 7-10 almost 
entirely blackish brown dorsally, but 7 and 8 have triangular white 
areas on sides, and 9 a slight indication only; segment 10 has the 
sides of dorsum white. Ventrally segment 1 is dark brown, and 
remainder white with brown markings; segment 2 has two brown 
spots; 3 with two smaller brown spots and a slightly reddish area 
at anterior margin in median line; on 4 and 5 the brown spots be- 
come smaller and the reddish areas larger; on segment 6 the reddish 
area is elongated to the posterior margin; on 7 and 8 there is a 
median longitudinal brown line, thickened about the middle, and 
two dots of unequal sizes on each side of it; segment 10 brown, 
except for a lateral white streak on each side.. Forceps white and 
4-jointed. Setz white, with brown joints, and minutely pubescent. 
Fore legs brown; femur with a light area near distal end, next to 
which is a dark brown band; tarsal joints 1, 2 and 3 about equal in 
length, 4 slightly shorter, and 5 about-half the length of 4th. 
Hind legs lighter in colour than fore; a brown band on femur in 
distal half; tibia with a brown band about middle; tarsus light in 
colour, but brown at joints; joint between tibia and tarsus 1 not 
distinct. Claws unlike. Wings with brown neuration; costal cross 
veins and others toward base of wing margined more or less with 
brown; a slight brown cloud in apical costal area; a heavy brown 
cloud at bulla; often a small cloud at bifurcation of median vein; 
cubitus 2 strongly bent at base; hind wing with a large brown cloud 
at base. 


Female imago: 

Quite similar to male. 

Nymph: (PI. VI. figs. 8, 9.) 

Measurements—Body 15 mm.; sete 5mm. The two nymphs 
collected proved to be a male and female, both mature, but, un- 
fortunately, both died when just about to transform. On this 
account it is difficult to describe the colour pattern, as the body of 
the subimago shows through the nymph skin. 

Head vertical; body curved. Posterior lateral margins of ab- 
dominal segments 1-9 produced into spines. Dorsal colour pattern 


340 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


distinct on segments 9 and 10 only; 9th pale with a short median 
longitudinal brown stripe commencing at anterior margin; on each 
side of this is a short stripe of about same length, but placed more 
posteriorly; lateral to this, again, is a large brown area, roughly 
triangular, apex at posterior margin, base at anterior; at lateral 
margin, slightly below middle line, is a small brown spot; on the 
10th segment is a median brown longitudinal stripe, with two dots 
on each side of it. Ventral surface of abdomen white, with three 
longitudinal brown stripes, one median and two lateral. Gills on 
segments 1-7, double on 1, 2 and 3. Three sete of equal length; 
lateral ones fringed with hairs on inner margins only, except tips; 
all banded toward distal end with brown. Legs pale; femur with 
proximal end brown and a brown band beyond middle; tibia with 
a brown band about the middle; tarsus with brown band toward 
proximal end; fore tarsus much longer than fore tibia; hind tarsi only 
slightly longer than hind tibia; fore claw rather skort, broad and 
bifid at tip; hind claws about twice length of fore, and very pointed. 


Baelts propinquus Walsh. 

The imago is described in Eaton’s Monograph, but my speci- 
mens do not show the subopaque area between the two nervures of 
the hind wing. Nymphs were taken at Go-Home Bay from June 
14th to July 22nd; on August 19th large numbers of them were 
discovered in a little bay of a small, bare island about three miles 
out in the open. This rock was the home of numerous gulls, and 
hence is commonly called ‘‘Rookery’’ Island. The nymphs were 
mature, and imagos emerged on August 21st and 22nd. 

Nymph: +> (Pl Vi, fie26.) 

Measurement—Body 6 mm.; sete 2 mm. Face vertical, 
mostly brown in colour; on dorsal surface of head on each side of 
median line is a row of irregularly-shaped light spots. Notum brown 
with various light areas. Dorsum of abdomen for the most part 
brown; segments 2-4 brown, with a light area in each half of each 
segment, and margins colourless; on segment 4 there is also a light 
area in median line; segment 5 quite light in colour; segment 6 
brown, witha light area along anterior margin and two faint ones 
posterior to it; segments 7 and 8 each with two rather large pale 
areas in posterior half; segment 9 almost entirely pale; segment 10 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 341 





slightly brown, especially along posterior margin;on each of the 
brown segments there are two small faint pale oblique, slightly- 
curved streaks, and a pale dot posterior to each. Ventrally, the join- 
ing of segments brown. Sete slightly tinged with brown, with tips 
darker brown and a brown band beyond the middle; lateral setz 
fringed on inner sides only. Legs pale; femora banded with brown 
about middle; tibia and tarsi darker toward distal ends; each claw 
with a lateral row of sectinations. 


Cloeon dubium Walsh. 

The imagos I have agree with the description in Eaton, except 
that the intercalar veins are single, not in pairs. Adults were 
numerous at Station Island about July 10th, flying in small swarms 
along the shore at a height of from 10 to 15 feet. They appeared 
about 7.45 in the evening. |. Not many nymphs were taken, collec- 
tions dating July 30th to August 12th. Imagos were reared July 
30th and August 2nd. 

Nymph: (Pl. VI, fig. 7). 

Measurements—Body 4-4.5 mm.; sete 1.5 mm. Face vertical, 
with two large pale areas above antenne; between eyes a large 
pale area, partly divided into two parts, and containing two brown 
stripes. Notum brown, with irregular light areas. Dorsum of 
abdomen brown, except lateral margins, which are colourless; on 
each segment there are two small, oblique, pale streaks and two 
round dots posterior to the streaks. Sete pale, with brown band 
toward distal end; lateral sete fringed on inner sides only. — Gills 
double apparently on segments | and 2 only; broader than gills of 
Betis; a main trachea in each slightly to outer side, and branchlets 
on inner side only. Legs pale; femora banded with brown in distal 
half; tibiee and tarsi brown toward proximal ends; claws compara- 
tively long, sharp-pointed, not pectinated. 


Calhibetis ferruginea Walsh. 

Imagos, subimagos and nymph skins of this species were col- 
lected in Toronto by Dr. E. M. Walker, who kindly handed them 
over to me. The date would be about August 20th. None were 
taken at Go-Home Bay. 

I am very grateful to Dr. Anna H. Morgan, Mount Holyoke 
College, So. Hadley, Mass., for the identification of a number of 
species for me. F 


342 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


VANESSA CALIFORNICA AGAIN. 
BY F. M. WEBSTER, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


I note with interest the criticism of Dr. J. McDunrough of 
Decatur, Illonois, in the July Number of the Canadian Ento- 
mologist, on my note in the preceding April number relating to 
the above-named species. 


Tke trouble seems to be that Dr. McDunnough is looking at 
the matter solely from the viewpoint of what the writers of the let- 
ters, quoted by me, claimed to have seen, while I used these letters 
in their entirety, together with the identifications as they came to 
me, for the purpose of complete record, nct only with the object 
of showing what these people stated that they saw, but also what 
they actually “produced in court,”’ thus the better enabling every- 
one t) draw his own conclusions from all of the evidence presented. 

The problem of the exact larval fcod habits of the species is 
n)t susceptible of colution, either in Washington, D. C., or in 
Decatur, Illinois. 


A PARASITE OF THE CHINCH BUG EGG? 
BY JAMES W. MCCOLLOCH, 

Assistant Entomologist, Kansas State Agricultural College and Experiment Station. 

In the experiments conducted this year to determine the time 
of the first appearance of young chinch bugs and the mortality of 
the eggs, a large number of eggs were collected in the field for 
examination. The eggs, which were collected at different intervals 
and in different localities, were examined daily. While thus ex- 
amining the eggs it was noticed that some of them became dark in 
colour instead of assuming the usual red colouring. These eggs 
were isolated, and on May 19 there emerged from them three 
parasites. With these three parasites as a basis, the life-history 
was carried through four generations, running up to July 5. Since 
this was the first time between the two broods of the chinch bug, 


*Mr. A. B. Gahan, Entomological Assistant of the Bureau of Entomology, 
U.S. Dept. of Agric., to whom specimens of the parasite were sent for deter- 
mination, says: “I have made a partial examination of these parasites, and find 
them to belong to the family Proctotrypide, and they probably fell close to the 
genus Telenomus. It will require further study for me to determine definitely 
regarding them. It seems probable that they represent not only a new species, 
bué possibly a new genus.” 

October, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 343 


it became impossible to obtain additional chinch bug eggs with 
which to continue the work. From July 5 to July 23 only an 
occasional parasitized egg was found in the field, but beginning 
with the latter date, parasitized eggs were found in large numbers 
in the cornfields, and the second generation was obtained by 
August 10. Up to the present date this year over 275 individual 
parasites have been bred out. The length of the life cycle has 
been found to vary from ten to eighteen days, depending on the 
climatic conditions. 


The parasite has been found in every wheat- and cornfield 
examined around Manhattan. Of 3,101 eggs collected between 
April 28 and June 10, the average per cent. of parasitism was 
20.8, and of 116 eggs collected at Crawford (Central Kansas), 19 
eggs, or 16.3, were parasitized. 


The work is still under way, and a full description of the 
parasite, together with notes on its life-history and efficiency, will 
be published later. 


A NEW SPECIES OF PHENGODES FROM CALIFORNIA 
(COLEOPTERA). 


BY HERBERT S.BARBER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C, 


With regret the writer feels forced to offer the description of 
the following species in advance,of its publication in a monographic 
revision of the Phengodids now in manuscript, the appearance of 
which has been delayed far beyond contemplation. 


Phengodes bellus, n. sp. 


Large, strongly bicoloured. Antenne (except two basal 
joints), palpi, elytra and dorsum of last two abdominal segments 
(except lateral margin) black; wings creamy white; all other 
parts luteous. 


Length 20 mm.; width across humeri 3.8 mm. Habitat, 
California. 


Occiput coarsely strigose; eyes separated above by slightly 
more than twice the width of one eye as seen from above, below 


by about one and one-fourth times the width of one eye as seen 
October, 1913 


344 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


from below. Antenne extending to about third abdominal seg- 
ment, black, except two basal joints, which are luteous; rami 
about ten times as long as supporting joint, black with pale 
hairs. Maxillary palpi black, last three joints subequal (the 
penultimate slightly shorter), apex of terminal jeint very obliquely 
truncate. Mandibles strong, upper side nearly flat. Under side 
of head sparsely pubescent, the hairs arising from moderately fine, 
strigose punctures; gular suture very strong anteriorly, fossa 
elongate, very narrow, nearly closed. Prornotum half as long as 
wide, as wide as body at humeri; disc smooth, shining, very 
minutely punctulate, with small impression before scutellum; sides 
broadly explanate, the dilated margins each akout one-eighth of 
the entire width, base almost straight, feebly trisinuate; hind 
angles rounded; side margins straight, very slightly convergent 
anteriorly; front angles obtuse, broadly rounded; front margin 
strongly arcuate at middle, nearly straight on each side. Elytra 
black, one-third longer than width across humeri, feebly bicostate, 
surface shining, scabrose, punctulate, with fine dark brown 
pubescence, apices attenuate strongly divergent. Wings creamy 
white, costa and media brown, other veins pale, a cross-vein be- 
tween the forks of the cubitus. Abdomen pale, except large black 
spot on dersum of last three segments. Legs pale, except tarsi, 
which are black with dark pubescence, fourth tarsal joint with an 
elongate, whitish membrarous loke projecting under base of fifth 
joint; claws with very obtuse tooth®at base on inner edge. 


Type in the Carnegie Museum. Paratype, No, 16332, U. S: 
National Museum. 


Two specimens collected in June or early July, 1904, by the 
late Dr. W. Miller, in San Bernardino Co., Cal. (exact locality 
unknown), and kindly loaned to the writer by Mr. H. G. Klages, 
who has generously placed the paratype in the U.S. National 
Collection. This is certainly the handsomest species of the genus 
known in our fauna. It is distinguished from any other species 
in the United States by the black elytra and whitish wings. A 
variety (?) of P. bipennifera Gorh. is figured in the Biologia Cen- 
trali-Americana as having black elytra but specimens have not 
been seen by the writer. - 


ww 
> 
Qn 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





A WORM THAT CARES. 


BY XIMENA MCGLASHAN, TRUCKEE, CALIFORNTA. 


Does the worm have care or thought for the adult it is to 
produce? Many writers assert that there are no signs of sentiment 
in any of the stages of moth or butterfly existence. They say the 
mother fly lays her eggs because of natural law, the eggs hatch 
because they must, the larve simply live to eat, and the chrysalis, 
however wonderful, is only a part of the process. That is all very 
interesting, but the mother never sees nor cares for her progeny, 
nor does the offspring care for anything but itself. If one were to 
cross pens in a friendly tilf with these writers, the best illustrations 
of loving care would doubtless be sought in the pains and trouble 
which the mother fly manifests in depositing her eggs, or in the 
solicitude of the larva for the protection of its pupa. 


In my home at Truckee, California, there is a species of Cossus, 
which Barnes and McDunnough say is “probably Cossus angrezi 
Bailey,’ which lays its eggs under the bark and in the wood of the 
cotton-wood tree in August. The female will oviposit if confined 
in a paper bag, and lays more than a hundred eggs; but, if allowed 
to have her own way, she hides each egg in the wood or bark of the 
tree. The larve burrow into the interior of the trunk, and up to the 
time when they wish to pupate they are entirely hidden from view. 
They pupate in the bottom of their burrow, and if they only plan 
for themselves there would seem to be no reason why they should 
delay the transformation when the time arrives. As a maiter of 
fact, however, they seem to know that the adult must have access 
to the open air which they themselves have never breathed. Just 
before pupation they carry their burrow to the surface and smooth 
the jagged ends of the bark and wood of the opening so that noth- 
ing will retard the egress of the moth. They do one thing more 
which shows a high order of instinct, if it be not reason. The 
diameter of the opening, just at the surface, is made a trifle less 
than that of the burrow itself. A little thin ledge projects inward 
all around the edges of the hole. When the adult is ready to 
emerge, with the large pupa-case around its body, it arrives at the 
projecting ledge on the inner side of the opening, and the case itself 


is a trifle too large to slip through. It is held fast by the ledge while 
October, 1913 


346 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





the adult pulls itself out. When the moth has escaped, bits of the 
end of the pupa case project outside the burrow, and the empty 
case may be forcibly extracted before it dries. If this Cossus larva 
pupated in the earth at the foot of the tree there would be a good 
reason why it should have carried the burrow to the surface. As it 
does not pupate outside the tree, and as it remains in the open air 
only long enough to shape and smooth the opening, may we not 
conclude that here is a worm which cares for its adult? 





A REMARKABLE NEW PLATYGASTERID GENUS FROM 
AUSTRALIA. 


BY ALAN P. DODD, NELSON, N. Q. AUSTRALIA 


Platygastoides nov. gen. 


Female (?).—Head transverse, as wide as the thorax; ocelli far 
apart, the lateral ones touching the eye margins. Antenne 10- 
jointed; scape extraordinarily dilated, scarcely longer than wide, 
half as wide as the head; when in the normal position the rest of the 
antenne lies back along the scape; pedicel slender, twice as long 
as wide; Ist funicle joint as long as the pedicel and narrower; 2nd 
as long as wide; 3rd and 4th wider than long; club 4-jointed; Ist 
joint very short, transverse; club joints 2-4 large, wide. 

Thorax short, scarcely longer than wide; pronotum scarcely 
visible from above; mesonotum wide, with the parapsidal furrows 
present, wide apart; outside the parapsidal furrows are two 
parallel groove lines; scutellum semicircular, with a median groove 
line ; metanotum with two deep sulci, separated by a median 
carina; lateral edges of the sulci carinate. 

Fore wings rather short, broad, without veins. Abdomen 
sessile, as wide as the thorax, and longer than the head and thorax 
united; 2nd segment equal to one-half the abdominal length. 


Legs rather short; tarsi 5-jointed. 
Type.—The following species: 
Platygastoides mirabilis sp. nov. 
Female (?).—Length, 1.50 mm. Black; legs, except coxe, 


reddish yellow; antennz reddish yellow, the scape and club suf- 
October, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 347 





fused with black. Head and thorax finely sculptured; abdomen 
very finely reticulately rugulose. Fore wings infuscated, opaque; 
_marginal cilia very short; discal cilia very fine and dense. 

(From 4 specimens, 2-3 inch objective, 1 inch optic, Bausch 
and Lomb.) 

Male.—Unknown. 

Described from two 2 specimens caught while sweeping ths 
forest slopes of Mount Pyramid, 1,500-2,500 feet, near Cairns; one 
2 caught while sweeping in a jungle, Goondi (Innisfail), N. Q.; 
and one @Q received from the South Australian Museum, and 
labelled, ‘“‘Cairns district, N.Q., A. M. Lea.”’ 

Habitat—North Queensland (Mount Pyramid, near Cairns, 
Innisfail). 

Type.—South Australian Museum, Adelaide, a 2 tagmounted 
plus a slide bearing head, antenne and forewings. 





STRANGE ACTION OF BOMBUS OCCIDENTALIS. 
BY J. WM. COCKLE. KASLO, B. C. 


Whilst walking across my garden to-day I »bserved a number 
of bees disporting themselves on the flowers of some Chinese 
Cabbage that were running to seed. 

On closer inspection I found that they were all Bombus occt- 
dentalis workers, with the exception of a very few A. mellifica. The 
Bombus were there in thousands, and their actions caused me to 
stop and watch them. Instead of settling and inserting their 
tongues amongst the pistils of the flower, they tumbled in every: 
direction over the flower, and seemed to be looking for hidden 
treasure at the base of the corolla. Being unable t» see what they 
were so assiduously hunting for, I sat down in the middle of the 
patch in order to get a closer observation. 

They inserted their tongues in small holes at the base of the 
corolla and between the folds at the base of the petals. In many 
cases they seemed to have considerable difficulty in forcing an 
entrance, raising their bodies and thrusting the tongue down with 


force. 
October, 1913 


348 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





An examination of the flowers showed that all the open flowers 
were punctured at the top of the bulb which f rms the base of the 
corolla. I made a minute examination of the flowers to find out if 
the punctures were the work of other insects, but could find no 
other insect on or in any of the flowers, and also that none of the 
unopened flower buds showed any sign of puncture. Eventually, 
by the aid of a glass I found that the puncture was made from the 
outside and was ragged and torn, and ultimately I was fortunate 
in seeing one bee actually pierce the base of the corolla whilst I 
was observing it. As stated before, there were no other bees there 
except A pis mellifica; these were acting in a normal manner, seek- 
ing the honey through the centre df the flower, and in no case did I 
see one attempting to follow the example of the occidentalis. 


The reason for this (to me, atleast) strangeaction of B. occidentalis 
may possibly be explained by the fact that the tongue of occidentalis 
when fully extended is not nearly long enough to reach the heney 
sac, but the fact of the folds at the base of the petals being easily 
pried apart gave them ready access, and it is also prebable that 
when they found a freshly-opened bud en which the folds of the 
petals had not yet commenced to separate that they found easy 
access by puncturing the corolla; they most assiduously hunted for 
a puncture and invariably thrust their tongue int) it. Some of the 
flowers I examined had been punctured in several places. It 
wuld be interesting to know if this action of puncture is shared by 
any »f the other bees, or if it is an invariable practice of occidentalis 
when attacking a flower having a deep-seated honey sac. 


[NotE.—B. occidentalis belongs t» the same group of Bombus 
as the European species terrestris, which, it is well known, punc- 
tures with its mandibles the base of such flowers as Snapdragon 
and Broad-bean to obtain the nectar, thereby sometimes damaging 
the seed vessels. I have seen the workers of B. terricola, the repre- 
sentative of this group in Eastern Canada, puncturing the spur of 
Impatiens biflora and sucking the nectar through the wound thus 
made, though B. vagans and fervidus were observed obtaining the 
nectar by entering the flower in the legitimate way.—F. W. L. 
Sladen, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.] 





Mailed October 13th, 1913 


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Vou. XLV. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1913. -—No. 11 


THE FIFTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMO- 
LOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


One of the most important and interesting events in the 
history of the Entomological Society of Ontario, the celebration of 
its Fiftieth Annual Meeting, took place on Wednesday, Thursday 
and Friday, August 27-29, 19138, at the Ontario Agricultural Col- 
lege, Guelph. Wednesday and Thursday were devoted to the 
reading of pavers and presentaiion of addresses by the represenia- 
tives of other societies and institutions and to the routine business 
of the society, while on Friday an excursion was made to Grimsby 
and the Niagara Fruit District. 


The President, Rev. Dr. Bethune, was unfortunately unable 
to act in his official capacity on account of defective eye-sighi, but 
he was nevertheless present at all the meetings, and his place in 
‘the chair was ably filled by the Vice-President, Dr. Hewitt. 


The meetings were attended not only by a large number of 
the Society’s members and visitors from the town, but also by a 
goodly representation of distinguished entomologists from the 
United States and Great Britain. Keen regret was felt by all in 
the absence of Dr. Wm. Saunders, whose serious illness prevented 
him from being present, as had been hoped for, but, apart from the 
disappointment caused by his absence and that of several other 
prominent entomologists who had been expected, the meeting was 
a most successful and memorable occasion and was much enjoyed 
by everyone present. Much of the success of the meeting is to be 
credited to the excellent arrangements of the committee in charge 
for the comfort and accommodation of the memberys and visitors. 


The following were present at the meeting: 


Prof. J. H. Comstock, Hon. Member, Entomological Depart- 
ment, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.; Mrs. J. H. Comstock; 
Prof. F. M. Webster, Hon. Member, Bureau of Entomology, 


350 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Washington, D.C.; Dr. E. P. Felt, Hon. Member, State Entomolo- 
gist, Albany, N.Y.; Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, University of 
Edinburgh; Mr. Geoftrey Meade-Waldo, British Museum, London, 
Eng.; Prof. W. M. Wheeler, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass; 
Prof. T. J. Headlee, State Entomologist, New Brunswick, N.J.; 
Prof. A. D. MacGillivray, Urbana, Ill.; Prof. P. J. Parrott, Geneva, 
N.Y.; Prof. J. J. de Vyver, Entomological Society of N.Y.; Mr. W. 
A. Clemens, Ithaca, N.Y.; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Ento- 
mologist, Ottawa; Mrs. C. Gordon Hewitt; The Rev. T. W. Fyles, 
D:C.L., -Ottawa;.. Mr. vandi«, Mrs: -Henry ~ Hi oJzyyman;> Mente 
real; Prof. W. Lochhead, MacDonald College, P. Q.; Mr. J. C. 
Chapais, St. Denis (en bas), Quebec; Mr. John D. Evans, Trenton; 
Ontario; 5Mr. ~ Fs..- J. As: “Morrisi_- Peterboro: =, Dash ae 
Walker, University of Toronto, Toronto; Mr. J. B. Williams, 
University Museum, Toronto; Dr. A. Cosens, Parkdale Collegiate 
Institute, Toronto; Mr. R. S. Hamilton, Galt; Prof. J. Dearness, 
London, Ont.; Mr. J. F. Brimley, Grimsby, Ont.; Messrs. Arthur 
Gibson and F. W. L. Sladen, Division of Entomology, Ottawa; 
the following Field Agents of the Dominion D'‘vision of Ento- 
mology: Messrs. Sanders, Tothill, Petch, Ross, Hudson, Me- 
Laine and R. C. Treherne, Vancouver, -B.C. 





The Ontario Agricultural College was represented by the 
following: President Cree!man, Prof. C. A. Zavitz, Prof. C. J. S. 
Bethune, Prof. T. D. Jarvis, Prof. Hutt and Prof. Crow; Mr. L. 
Caesar, Mr. A. W. Baker, Dr. R. E. Stone, Prof. E. J. Zavitz, Mr. 
Wright, Mr. G. J. Spencer; Messrs. Burrows, Curran, Good, 
Hart and others. 


On Wednesday evening a meeting of the Council was held in 
the Biological Lecture Room, at which, among other matters, 
certain proposed changes in the constitution of the Society were 
discussed. These changes, which were afterwards adopted at the 
General Meeting, will be given in full in the December number. 


In the afternoon the members and delegates met in the Massey 
Hall Auditorium, the proceedings commencing with an address of 
welcome by President Creelman of the College, which was de- 
livered in his usual genial manner and vigorous style. Congratu- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 351 





latory addresses were then presented by the following representa- 
tives of other societies and institutions: 


Prof. E. M. Walker, University of Toronto; Prof. Wm. Loch- 
head, University of McGill; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, University of 
Manchester, Royal Society of Canada, Academy of National 
Sciences of Philadelphia and the Canadian Department of Agri- 
culture; Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, University of Edinburgh and 
Imperial Bureau of Entomology; Prof. W. M. Wheeler, Harvard 
University and Boston Society of Natural History; Prof. J. H. 
Comstock, Cornell Untversity and the Entomological Society 
of London; Prof. A. D. MacGillivray, Entomological Society of 
America; Prof. P. J. Parrott, American Association of Economic 
Entomologists; Dr. E. P. Felt, New York Entomological Society; 
Prof. F. M. Webster, Entomological Society of Washington and 
the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department Agriculture; Mr. 
Arthur Gibson, Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club; Mr. J. C. Chapais, 
Quebec Society for the Protection of Planis; Mr. R. C. Treherne, 
Entomological Society of British Columbia; Mr. A. F. Winn, 
Montreal Branch, Ent. Society Ont.; Dr. A. Cosens, Toronto 
Branch, Ent. Soc. Ont.; Mr. Geoffrey Meade-Waldo, British 
Museum, Natural History Department, London, England. 


A message of congratulation from Dr. William Saunders, who 
was too ill to be present, wes conveyed to the Society by his son, 
Mr. W. E. Saunders. It was prefaced by a few remarks of ap- 
preciation by the Chairman. 


Letters of congratulation were also read from the following: 


The Imperial Academy of Natural Sciences, St. Petersburg, 
Russia (by cable) ; The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford; 
‘The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge; The Presi- 
dent, Laval University, Que.; Dr. Walther Horn, Director of the 
German Entomological Museum, Berlin, Germany; J. P. Moore, 
Secretary of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; 
Geo. A. Dean, Kansas Siate Agricultural College, Manhaitan, 
Kansas; E. Baynes Reed, Dominion Meteorological Station, Vic- 
iene... Ns EH. Cowdry,.\Esq:;. Chicago; Dr. Le O, Howard; 
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.; The University of 
Chicago, Chicago, Ill.; The Trustecs of the British Museum (Na- 


352 THE ‘CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





tural History), London, Eng.; A. Ross, Sec. Natural History Soc. 
of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland; Guy A. Marshall, Imperial Bureau 
of Entomology, London, Eng.; Geo. Francis Dow, Secretary, Essex 
Institute, Salem, Mass.; State Commission of Horticulture, 
Sacramento, Cal... Prof. PD. A. Cockerell, Boulder sColi sw Erot: 
Harrison Garman, Lexington, Ky.; Prof. H. F. Wickham, 
University of Iowa, Iowa City. 


Letters expressing regret at their inability to attend the meet- 
ing or to send a representative were received from the following: 
Mr. E. T. Cresson, American Entomological Society, Philadelphia; 
S. A. Rohwer, Secretary, The Entomological Society of Washington, 
Washington, D.C.; Prof. H. F. Wickham, State University of Iowa, 
Iowa City; Prof. Francis John Lewis, Edmonton, Alta, representing 
the Linnean Society of London, Eng.; Stanley Edwards, Hon. 
Secretary, South London Entomological and Natural History 
Society, London, Eng.; Dr. Walcott, Secretary, Smithsonian I[n- 
stitution and the United States National Museum, Washington, 
D.C.; Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.; The Central 
Museum, Brooklyn, N.Y.; The Director of the Missouri Botanical 
Garden, St. Louis, Mo.; Professor V.~ Kellogg, Leland Stanford 
University, California; President W. O. Thompson, Ohio State 
University, Columbus, O.; President Stephen A. Forbes, Director, 
Ill. State Laboratory of Natural History, Urbana, IIl.; President 
Robert J. Aley, University of Maine, Orono, Maine; Yale Uni- 
versity, New Haven, Conn.; F. J. Skiff, Director, Field Museum 
of Natural History, Chicago; Dr. L. O. Howard, Director Bureau 
of Entomology, Washington, D.C.; Professor R. Matheson, Agri- 
cultural “College, “Truro, Nis.) Mr. “Ay F 1) Burgess; secretary, 
American Association of Economic Entomologists, Melrose High- 
lands, Mass.; Hon. Jas. S. Duff, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, 
Toronto; Mr. W. Bert Roadhouse, Deputy Minister of Agriculture 
for Ontario, Toronto; Dr. C. C. James, Ex-Deputy Minister of 
Agriculture for Ontario, Toronto; Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia, Ont.; 
John Bland, Esq., Secretary, Mo. State Board of Horticulture, 
Columbia, Mo.; Prof. A. L. Melander, State College of Washington, 
Pullman, Wash.; The President, University of Montana, Missoula, 
Montana; Prof. Geo. A. Dean, Kansas State Agricultural College, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. S533 








Manhattan, Kansas; Joseph H. Kastle, Director, Kentucky Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky.; E. Davenport, 
Director, University of Illinois, Champaign, Ill.; Geo. F. Dow, 
Secretary, Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.; W. W. Atwood, Secretary 
Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago, Il.; Harry Piers, Secretary 
N.S. Institute of Sciences, Halifax; A. F. Winn, Secretary, Montreal 
Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario, Montreal; Prof. 
H. Garman, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky.; 
Prof. J. G. Needham, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 

The evening was marked by one of the most enjoyable fea- 
tures of the meeting—a reception given to the members by Presi- 
dent and Mrs. Creelman at their residence. 

On Thursday morning a business meeting was held in the 
Biological Lecture Room, at which the officers for the ensuing vear 
were elected and several matters of interest to the members were dis- 
cussed. Of these reference has already been made to the revised 
constitution of the Society. Among other matters, a resolution 
was passed recommending that the various entomological so- 
cieties be properly represented at the International Congress of 
Entomology. The Rev. Dr. T. W. Fyles was elected a life men- 
ber of the Society. Mr. J. M. Swaine and Dr. E. M. Walker were 
appointed to represent the Entomological Society of Ontario on 
the American Committee of Nomenclature. It was decided to 
hold the next annual meeting at Toronto, the date to be chosen 
on a later occasion. 

The remainder of the day’s session was occupied by the read- 
ing of addresses and papers, commencing with the Presidential 
Address by Dr. Bethune, an extremely interesting review of the 
Society’s early history. An abstract of this address is given below, 
together with the other papers presented. 

The feature of the evening meeting was a most interesting 
and instructive address on Ants by Prof. W. M. Wheeler, an ab- 
stract of which is also given below. The lantern slides, with which 
the lecture was richly illustrated, were of quite exceptional excel- 
lence and beauty. 

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT. 


The President, Dr. Bethune, stated that, owing to defective 
eye-sight. he was unable to prepare a formal written address and 


354 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





would, therefore, endeavour to give some account of the origin of 
the Society and the proceedings that led to its formation. 


When a student at Trinity College, Toronto, he began the 
collection and study of insects. At that time there were no avail- 
able books on the subject. The first work that gave him any 
assistance in naming specimens was Gosse’s ‘“‘Canadian Naturalist,’ 
a delightful work giving an account of observations made in various 
departments of natural history during each month of the year in 
the eastern townships of the Province of Quebec. In the Canadian 
Journal there were published excellent short descriptions of the 
more conspicuous beetles found in the neighbourhood of Toronto 
by Wm. Couper, a printer by trade. These were supplemented 
by lists furnished by Prof. Croft, of the University of Toronto. 
Kirby and Spence’s ‘‘Entomology’”’ and Westwood’s ‘Modern 
Classification of Insects’? were published about that time and 
afforded the first scientific aids to the knowledge of insects. 
Through the kindness of Prof. Croft, the speaker had access to the 
library of the University of Toronto, which contained several rare 
works on entomology. He was also permitted to consult:the books 
in the library of Parliament, which, at that time, was located in 
Toronto. In these libraries he spent much of his leisure time in 
laboriously transcribing descriptions of Canadian insects, which, 
for the, most part, had to be translated from Latin and French, 
and also in making copies of illustrations. These difficulties can 
hardly be realized by students at the present day who have such 
an abundance of literature upon every department of natural his- 
tory. Such works as Comstock’s ‘‘Manual for the Study of In- 
sects’ and Mrs. Comstock’s ‘‘How to Know the Butterflies” 
would, at that time, have been treasures indeed. However, there 
is no doubt that the difficulties encountered helped one to build 
upon a sound foundation and to acquire a more complete knowledge 
than could be attained by attempting to hastily read a superabun- 
dance of publications. 


At the suggestion of Prof. Croft, the speaker made the acquain- 
tance of Mr. Wm. Saunders. of London, who carried on at the time 
the business of chemist and druggist on a moderate scale. The 
acquaintance thus formed soon ripened into a mutual friendship 
and esteem which has continued unbroken to the present time. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 355 


In the Canadian Naturalist for June 1862 there appeared a 





list of persons residing in Canada, all interested in the collection 
and study of insects, which contained no less than thirty-six names. 
This was prepared by the speaker, with the assistance of Mr. 
Saunders. It was then proposed that a meeting should be held 
for the purpose of bringing together as many as possible of those 
interested, and to form some kind of club or society which would 
be of general benefit to those concerned. The result of this publica- 


tion was the holding of a meeting in Toronto at the residence of 
Prof. Croft in September, 1862. As there were oniy ten persons 
present, it was thought inadvisable to form a society at that time, 
but a draft of a constitution was drawn up and it was decided to 
hold another meeting during the coming year. On the 16th of 
April, 1863, a meeting was held in the library of the Canadian 
Institute and the formation of the Entomological Society of Canada 
was then decided upon and its constitution drawn up and adopied. 
The attendance was small, but several who were unable to be 
preseni had given in their adhesion to the movement. Dr. Henry 
Croft, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Toronto, was 
elected President; Mr. Saunders, of London, Secretary-Treasurer, 
and the Rev. Jas. Hubbert, Curator. The others present were: 
The Rev. Wm. Hincks, Professor of Botany and Zoology at the 
University of Toronto; Dr. Sangster, Principal of the Normal 
School, Toronto; Dr. Beverley R. Morris, an Englishman wnho not 
long after returned to England and there became editor of a popular 
magazine on natural history, Dr. Cowdry and his son, Mr. N. H. 
Cowdry, of York Mills, and Messrs. Saunders and Bethune. The 
following gentlemen were unable to be present, but became original 
members of the society: Mr. E. Baynes Reed, Barrister, London, 
Mr. E. Billings, editor of the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, 
for many years attached to the Geological Survey. Mr. R. V. 
Rogers, Barrister, Kingston; Mr. T. Reynolds, Engineer of the 
Great Western Railway, now part of the Grand Trunk system, 
Hamilton; Mr. B. Billings, Prescott, who subsequently lived in 
the neighborhood of Ottawa and formed a large collection of Cole- 
optera; Rev. V. Clementi, Peterborough, an English Church 
clergyman, who was greatly interested in the various aspects of 


356 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





natural history. Mr. Wm. Saunders was appointed by the Do- 
minion Government in 1886 to establish and superintend a series 


of Experimental Farms extending from Nova Scotia to British 
Columbia. For twenty-five years Dr. Saunders conducted this 
work in a most able and successful manner, and his name is well 
known not only throughout Canada, but also in the United States 
and Great Britain. 


The Society thus formed began its career of active usefulness 
and it has steadily grown and prospered to the present time. In 
1868 the publication of the Canadian Entomologist was begun, 
the first number consisting of only eight pages. It is now in its 
45th year of publication and is sent to all parts of the world. In 
1870 the first Annual Report of the Society on Noxious, Beneficial 
and other Insects was published, the three contributors being Dr. 
Saunders, Mr. Baynes Reed and the speaker. What really made 
the fortunes of the Society was the invasion of Ontario by the 
Colorado Potato Beetle. The Board of Agriculture for the Pro- 
vince requested the Society to report on the insect and to advise 
as to the best methods of checking or controlling its ravages. An 
admirable report was prepared by Messrs. Saunders and Reed, 
the former being a practical chemist was able to experiment with 
various poisons and to discover that Paris green was the most 
convenient and reliable substance for the destruction of the beetle. 
The result of this report was a grant from the Department of $400 
per annum, which was afterwards increased to $1,000 and the in- 
corporation of the Society under the name of the Entomological 
Society of Ontario. For a few years the Canadian Institute in 
Toronto gave the Society the privilege of using its library and 
museum for its meetings and collections. After a few years, how- 
ever, the headquarters. were removed to London and continued 
there until 1906, when a change was made to the Ontario Agricul- 
tural College, Guelph. 


The speaker expressed the great pleasure which it gave him 
and his colleagues to find that so many friends had come from long 
distances to join in the celebration of the Jubilee Meeting of the 
Society. He joined in giving them all the most hearty welcone 
and expressed his hope that they would fully enjoy their visit. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST oon 











SS 


GREEN LANES AND BYWAYS. 
BY REV. THOMAS W. FYLES, D.C.L., OTTAWA. 
Is 
OLp CountTrRY LANEs. 

“Through the green lanes of England, a long summer day, 
When we wandered at will in our youth’s merry May; 
When we gathered the blooms o’er the hedge-rows that hung, 
Or mocked the sweet song that the nightingale sung. 


In the autumn we knew where the blackberries grew, 
And the shy hazel-nuts hidden deep in the shade; 

And with shouting and cheer, when the Christmas drew near, 
In search of the ripe ruddy holly we stray'd.”’ 


These lines appeared in the “Illustrated London News’’ for 
January the 24th, 1852. They are dear to my remembrance, for 
they were sung to me by a much-loved companion—long gone to 
his rest—as we strolled along an English lane, one day in the 
summer, after their appearance. From this friend* I received my 
first lessons in Entomology. 

The enclosures in the rural parts of England, by which the 
road-ways pass, have been from times immemorial, and for the 
most part they are known each by its proper name, as ‘‘ Nether 
lea,’ “‘Ea-side,”’ “ Haly-well Croft,’’ Twenty acres,” ‘Basket lot,’’ 
etc. The boundaries of the fields are quickset hedges, with 
ditches on the outer sides. Six feet from the roots of a hedge was 
allowed for the ditch. 

The original growth of the hedges was Hawthorn (Crategus 
oxycantha L), but, as time passed on, birds and other agents 
dropped seeds of many plants among the thorns. The most note- 
worthy of the intruding growths are: Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), 
Dog-rose (Rosa canina), Honeysuckle (Caprifolium perfoliatum), 
Holly (lex aquifolium), Traveller’s Joy (Clematis vitalba), Elder 
(Sambucus nigra) and Bindweed (Convolvulus sepium). 

The mud from the ditches—washings from the roads and fields 
—is thrown up periodically to the hedge-bottoms, and the fresh 
soil maintains the varied growth in constant vigour. 


*Mr Edwin Tearle, in after years Rector of Stocton, in the Diocese of 
Norwich. 
November, 1913 


358 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Some of the byroads of England were formerly important 
highways. In a tour I made, in my youth, to Tennyson’s 
country in North Lincolnshire, I came one day to a little place 
that, I was told by a countryman, was “‘Spittle-in-the-Street.”’ 
After a little thought I understood the name. ‘‘Spittle’’ was 
*Spital, a contraction of Hospital, and the ‘Street’ stood for the 
Stratum, the Roman way from Lincoln (Lindum Colonia—the 
Colony-in-the-Marsh) to the Humber. Yes, along that way, 
centuries ago, marched the legionaries of the Czsars, in stern array, 
while the woad-stained Cortiani peeped out upon them from their 
coverts, in hatred and fear. 

In after and pre-reformation days, a religious house of enter- 
tainment for travellers was erected beside the anctent roads, and 
this was the Hospital-in-the-Street. There remained of it a farm- 
house and the chapel. In the latter a clergyman from a neighbour- 
ing parish held services at stated intervals. 

In some parts of England where the country is of rolling sur- 
face, and the soil lighi—the lanes being frequently cut up by heavy 
farm waggons, and but little cared for—the soil is constantly 
washed by the rains to lower levels, and hollow ways are formed, 
such as those spoken of by Kirke White in one of his sonnets: 


“God help thee, traveller, on the journey far,. 
The wind is bitter keen, the snow o’erlays 
The hidden pits and dangerous hollow ways, 
And darkness will involve thee.” 


In that powerful description of the Battle of Waterloo, given 
by Victor Hugo in Les Miserables, we are told of a grand charge 
made by three thousand five hundred French cuirassiers upon the 
English centre. At full speed, in the fury of the charge, the 
warriors came to the hollow way of Ohain, twelve feet deep, of 
which they were unaware. Unable to check their steeds, they 
plunged in, one upon another, and piled up—a writhing mass, 
crushed and broken. ‘One-third of Dubois’ brigade’’—says 
Hugo—‘‘fell into that abyss.’’ ‘‘This,’”’ he says, “began the loss 
of the battle.” 

But let us quit the contemplation of disasters and consider 
the delights of English lanes. And, truly, those lanes are delightful 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 309 





—with their hedgerows gay with blossoms, diffusing sweet per- 
fumes and jubilant with the song of birds! 

English hedges are famous nesting-places for many of the 
feathered tribes. I can recall the pleasure of my first inspection 
of the nest of the Long-Tailed Tit (Parus caudatus). It was a 
seemingly compact ball of the finest and greenest moss; but it had 
on one side a small round entrance, closed with a feather. The tit 
lays many tiny white eggs, spotted with lilac. 

Another nest that attracted my attention in my early days 
was that of the Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio L). The 
mother bird was sitting on her pretty, cream-coloured, richly 
spotted eggs. Meanwhile her mate was busy attending to her 
wants. He kept her larder well supplied. On the thorns around 
her were impaled little blind mice and callow birds, shewing that 
the common name of Butcher-bird was justly given to this feathered 
pillager. But—as an Eastern Township housewife said in praise 
of her husband, so we may say of the Shrike—‘‘He is a good pro- 
vider.”’ 

It is said* that the English ornithologist, Gould, dated his 
interest in bird life from the time when, in his childhood, he was 
lifted up to see the pretty blue eggs in a hedge-sparrow’s nest. 

Here and there, in the South of England, a lane leaves the 
enclosures and traverses a piece of common land covered with 
bushes of the Furze (Ulex europeus). This strange plant, which 
has spines instead of leaves, is, in its season, gorgeous in its wealth 
of golden bloom. Linnzus, on first beholding it upon Wands- 
worth Common, fell upon his knees and thanked God who had 
created a thing so beautiful. 

Elsewhere the lane enters, it may be, a stretch of woodland, 
the game preserve of the lord of the surrounding Manor; and 
there, truly, the wayfarer is in the midst of charming sights and 
sounds. In early spring the woods around him are ankle-deep 
with blue-bells, anemones and primroses. Later in the year the 
stately foxglove (Digitalis purpurea LL.) rears its shafis of purple 
bloom, and “‘lords and ladies’’ look out from their stalls. 

Many beautiful butterflies sport around. _I can mention but 
a few of them. The pretty Speckled Wood (Lasiommata e@geria) 

*Country Walks of a Naturalist with his Children, p. 109. 


360 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





is everywhere in evidence. The lovely Peacock (Vanessa 10) and 
the Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamnt) shew well against the surround- 
ing foliage. The Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia) flits 
over the brambles, on which its larve feed. Once in an age a 
Oucen of Spain Fritillary (Argynnis lathonia) makes its appear: 
ance—blown over, it may be, from France. The Bath White 
(Pieris daplidice) sometimes shews itself, and formerly the Black 
Veined White (A poria crategi) could often be seen. 


Years ago, in such a wood, I saw what English entomologists 
seldom see—a specimen of the Camberwell Beauty (Vanessa 
antiopa). It came sailing over the tree-tops and lit upon an oak 
sapling immediately before me, and then opened its lovely’ wings. 
A moment—and it was gone! And I saw it again no more. 


Where oak trees are plentiful in the forest, the monarch of 
English butterflies, the stately Purple Emperor, may sometimes 
be seen, and there the Purple Hairstreak will surely be found. 


Remarkable instances of insect mimicry will engage the atten- 
tion in such a wood. Here by the road-side is a bush of Broom— 
the Planta genista of olden times, from which the great Plantagenets 
of English History derived their surname: 


“That name Count Geoffrey did assume 
When, riding to the chase, 
He wore in his casque, instead of plume, 
A nodding crest of the yellow Broom, 
In its fresh and fragrant grace.” 


As the traveller approaches the shrub, he will be surprised to 
see a number of supposed /Jeaves of the plant detach themselves 
from the twigs and flutter away. They are specimens of the tiny 
Green Hairstreak (Thecla rubt). 

At another time, noticing the long cylindrical catkins of the 
Birch, he will be astonished to see that which he had taken to be 
one of them move away with alternate loops and sirides. It is a 
larva of the Large Emerald Moth (Geometra papilionaria L.). 

In the woodland lane the ear is—‘‘charmed with concord of 
sweet sounds.’’ Suppose yourselves in such a lane—call to your 
imagination its sights and sounds, and— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 361 








Let us recline beneath this tree, 
So ragged with lichens—ragged and gray; 
lis fretwork of leaves shall our canopy be, 
Our carpet the moss where the sunbeams play. 


And we'll list to the pipes of the robin and wren, 
To the flute of the merule so loud and clear, 

To the trumpet call of the cuckoo, and, then, 
To the deep bassoon of the stock-dove near. 


See you the black-cap ’mid the leaves! 
With his glad song his bosom heaves; 
His efforts rouse to rivalry 

The pride of all Pan’s company. 


Of choristers, sweet Philomel, 
And now soft cadence and rich swell, 
And hurried note and note prolonged, 
Echo the glades and thickets through; 
As oft, when Sol is borne from view, 
In his car of crimson clouds they do, 
Till heaven with listening stars is thronged. 


==T Wo: 


The linnet, the goldfinch, the bullfinch, the greenfinch, the 
whitethroat, the yellowhammer, the thrush, the misselthrush, and 
other birds, do their best to render the concert of the feathered 
tribes effective. 


Here and there in the road-side hedges a crab-tree may be 
seen, and here and there a holly.” 


The holly is sometimes grown as an ornamental hedge. John 
Evelyn had such a hedge, and he tells how the Czar of Muscovy 
(Peter the Great) and his outlandish crew amused themselves by 
trundling one another in a wheel-barrow, backwards and forwards 
through the prickly barrier. Evelyn had lent his house and 
grounds for the accommodation of the Muscovites. When the 
foreigners retired, they left a muss behind them. 


362 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





II. 
CANADIAN LANES. 


Doubtless, in olden times, when men were few and land grants 
under the feudal system extensive, hedging and ditching were 
ready means for enclosing and draining the land, and they have 
been enduring means. 

In Canada the roads that remind one of English lanes, though 
in truth they are very different, are such as lead through parts of 
the country in which the old-fashioned snake-fences still enclose 
the farms and in which brush has been allowed to grow freely in 
the angles of the fences. In such localities, old roads abandoned 
for new ones, concession roads leading to a few homesteads off the 
main lines of travel, roads through sugar-woods and the uncleared 
forest—these, in their quietude and freedom from dust, are sugges- 
tive of English lanes—though they lack much of their beauty. 

I will speak briefly of a few such roads: 

THE CALEDONIA ROAD.— Skirting a tract well known to the 
naturalists of Ottawa, by the name of ‘“‘The Beaver Meadow,”’ is 
a lane connecting the Aylmer Road with the Chelsea Road. It 
was originally a “Corduroy road,” and it still ends in the remains 
of a swamp, in which Typha latifolia grows freely. Improvements 
in the neighbourhood have altered its appearance: the logs are 
gone, and the bed-rock is seen in much of its length; and this, in 
summer, is carpeted with Stone-crop (Sedum acre L.). 

Alas! the Beaver Meadow has now been cleared, drained and 
laid out into building lots. The city naturalists will have to go 
farther afield for their investigations, and the Caledonia Road will 
soon become a city street. When I lived in Hull, however, I spent 
many tranquil hours within its quiet limits. 

Muddy spots in the road were much frequented by butterflies. 
In bright days in April hibernated specimens of Aglais milberti 
Godart might be seen there. The spring larve of this species may 
be found feeding upon the young shoots of the Stinging Nettle 
(Urtica dioica L.). J raised two batches of them in 1911. They 
went into chrysalis in the first week of June. Sixty per cent. of 
them were parasitised by Protopanteles atalante Packard. The 
grubs of this fly issued from the larve of the butterfly—not through 
the spiny upper parts, but—through the tender ventral portions. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 363 


They spun their white, compact cocoons in clusters attached to 
the skins of their victims. The first imagos of milberti appeared 
in my breeding-cage on the 13th of June. 


The large Skipper (Eudamus tityrus Fab.) might be seen on 
the Caledonia Road. I had become acquainted with this insect 
on Mount Royal, where its larve fed on the Hog-peanut (A mphi- 
carpea monoica Nutt), but there I had seen it in its short flights 
only, as it skipped from bush to bush. When there I witnessed 
its rapid flight through the open for the first time, I was puzzled. 
Its direct course; the peculiar motion of its wings; the flashes, in 
the sunshine, of the large, heart-shaped, silvery patches on the 
under side of the hind wings—all were new to me. I had to catch 
the insect to make sure of its identity. In the neighbourhood of 
Hull its larve feed on Robinia pseudacacia L. Ii gathers several 
leaflets of the tree together, binds them, and feeds under their 
cover. 


A stream, the outlet of Fairy Lake, crossed the Caledonia 
Road, and over it a rude wooden bridge was thrown. At this point 
the Turtle-head (Chelone glabra. L.), the Vervain (Verbena verticil- 
lata H. B. K.), the lovely Swamp Loosesirife (Decodon verticiliata 
H.B.K.) and the Joe Pie Weed (Eupatorium purpureum L.) grew 
in a tangle. On the last named the larve of the handsome Tiger 
Moth (Arctia caja L.) fed. 

Ought not this specific name to be written and pronounced 
Caia? Linnzeus, in naming it, probably had in mind the form of 
words spoken by the bride in the marriage ceremonies of the 
ancients: ‘‘ Ubi tu Caius, 1bi ego Caia.”’ We have an instance of the 
use of the long i, or j, in the last of the numera!s representing four 
—iiij. Halleluiah was spelt with a j in former times; and I once knew 
a worthy clergyman whose name was Micaiah, but who always 
spelt it Micajah, with a thought, I doubt not, of the sacred name 
in the 68th Psalm.* 

On the growth spoken of above the pretiy Neuropteron 
Chauliodes serricornis Say was often to be seen. 

Along the Caledonia Road locusts were numerous. In 1909, 
particularly, our largest species, Dissosteira carolina L., abounded. 


* Praise Him in His name Jah and rejoice before Him. Psalm LXVIII, 4. 


364 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





But a natural check to its undue increase came; many of the in- 
sects were affected by Entomophthora grylli, and the species has not 
been so plentiful since. c 


Levis MitiraAry RoAp.—A by-way of interest to naturalists 
is the road connecting the Forts on Levis Heights. The ramparts 
raised for the defence of this road are now overgrown with brush, 
and bushes and young trees have sprung up on both sides of it. 
In the scrub the tall Diplopappus wmbellatus (Miller) grows 
abundantly, and upon this the galls of Gnoremoschema galle- 
diplopappi Fyles may be found. 


What a formidable name ‘‘Gnoremcschema”’ is! It was de- 
rived, I suppcse, from the Greek, Gnorimos—well known, ard 
Cheima—in winter. The insects that cause the galls, however, 
do not occupy them in winter. Having escaped their eremies 
and come io perfection, they quit their dwellings in August, or 
September at the latest. 


But in some instances the galls are not without winter tenants, 
several kinds of Ichneumon flies, having preyed upon the former 
inhabitants, spin their cocoons within the galls and remain in them 
till summer comes around. 


The young gregarious larve of that lovely butterfly Melitea 
harrisit Scudder may be found, late in the season, in dingy, closely 
clinging webs, on the stalks of the Diplopappus. In the spring 
they disperse and thrive rapidly on the young shoots of the plant. 


In this locality the Large-leaved Aster (Aster macrophyllus L.) 
grows plentifully. An insect of remarkable habits feeds upon it, 
viz., Tricotaphe levisella Fyles. The larve-of this species fasten 
the edges of the large bottom leaves together and thus form ample 
tents within which they feed. A full description of the insect in 
its different stages is given in the 33rd Annual Report of our So- 
ciety on page 28. _ 

Another insect deserving of notice that may be met with 
along this military road is the fine ruby-winged locust described 
by Harris under the name Locusta corallina. (See “Insects in- 
jurious to Vegetation,” p. 176). 

O_p St. HENRY Roap.—This road, when I lived at South 
Quebec, was a rich hunting ground for the naturalist. No less 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 365 





than eight species of the Cicindel’dz frequented it, viz., longilabris, 
6-guttata, limbalis, purpurea, vulgaris, 12-guttata, repanda and hirti- 
collis. ; 

I took Lexis bicolor Grote on this road. Thecla titus Fabr. 
was plentiful there, and Debis portlandia Fabr., Phyciodes nycteis 
Dbl. and Pamphila paniscus Fabr. were there to be seen. 


Where the road passed through damp wocds, a plant that 
attracted attention was the White Lettuce (Nabalus altissimus 
Hooker). Its stout stems rose like spires, from the wayside, tal! 
as a man, and clothed with long leaves. This plant is a habitation 
and food-store for Aulax nabali Brodie. By slitting its stalks late 
in the season, the cells or cocoons of the species may be found. 
The imagos bite their ways of exit from their hibernacula in March. 


EASTERN Townsuipe LANES.—There are lanes and by-ways in 
the Eastern Townships that more nearly resemble the green lanes 
of England than those I have spoken of, and interesting objects 
appear in them. Riding slowly through one such lane in the year 
1867, I witnessed a sight which I had never seen before, and which 
I do not expect to see again, namely—a small flight of Passenger 
Pigeons (Ectopistes migratorius). There were seven or eight of 
them. They lit on some second growth maples a few yards in 
advance of me. They flapped their wings, and flirted their long 
tails, and preened their fine plumage, greatly to my delight. 

Two other kinds of birds, especially worthy of notice that 
came under my abservation in the Eastern Townships’ lanes were 
the Great Grey Owl (Scotiaspex nebulosa) and the Barred Owl 
(Strix varia). The former whose big round head seemed too large 
for his body was greatly disturbed at my appearance. It rolled 
its head and fidgeted and blinked at me, but seemed to doubt the 
propriety of taking flight—it may have been recently mobbed by 
other birds. I left it unmolested to its wise cogitations. 

The Barred Owl is a smaller bird—trim and alert. 

Green lanes in those parts are frequented by the strangely 
elusive and tantalizing butterfly Grapta j-album, Boisd. & LeC. 
It is an insect of rich colouring and powerful wing. It rises before 
you, and you watch its direct and rapid flight, and note the spot 
where it alights. You hasten thither, and, drawing nigh, walk 


366 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








warily; but, look carefully as you may, you cannot perceive it. 
Suddenly it starts up, a few yards before you, and dashes away, and 
so on, till you abandon the pursuit. Its under side is of sober 
browns, like the fencing on which it usually alights. Gosse took 
this insect in the “Grove Lane” at Compton, P. Que. He named 
it the ‘‘Compion Tortoise.” (See Canadian Naturalist, p. 247). 

Along a by-road leading io ihe estate of the late Col. Calvin 
Hall in East Farnham a row of white elms had been planted. 
When I took notice of them, they were about fifteen feet high. It 
was in the Fall of the year, when, from some cause or other, the 
leaves of the elm curl over, and form rolls, on which the veins of 
their under sides are very conspicuous. 


The trees I speak of had been visited by the Sphinx, Ceratomia 
amyntor Hubner, and I found a number of the larve of this insect 
feeding upon them, Sirange to say, the larve took positions in 
which they closely resembled the rolled leaves—the ribbed side- 
lines of the caterpillars mimicking the veins of the leaves. 


As the season advanced, the leaves of the elms changed from 
green to rusty brown, and a corresponding change took place in the 
colour of the larve. 


But it is time I brought this paper to a close. It is one of 
reminiscences—a record of days gone by. I have written it in 
the hope that some into whose hands it may fall may be led by it 
to take a deeper inierest in Nature Studies, toperceive a littlemore 
clearly some of the beauties in God’s marvellous works, and to 
look up with deeper feelings of love and reverence to Him, for 
whose pleasure all these things are and were created. 








THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Owing to the greaily increased cost of printing of late years, 
it has been found necessary to raise the price of this magazine 
from $1.00 to $2.00 per annum, payable in advance. This in- 
cludes postage to any part of the world. The change will go 
into effect with the beginning of the volume for 1914. Members 
of the Society, who are residents within the Dominion of 
Canada, will receive the magazine and annual report without 
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 367 





THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE TENTHREDINOIDEA. 
BY ALEX. D. MACGILLIVRAY, 


University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 

An interest in the study of the adulis of the Tenthredinoidea 
has emphasized the necessity for some knowledge of their imma- 
ture stages. This opportunity came the past summer through the 
offer of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Siation to spend some 
time there collecting, breeding, and studying the larve of this 
group. 

It is essential in all phylogenetic studies that the most 
generalized forms should be identified and the lines of specializa- 
tion from these forms determined. This identification has been 
made for the adults and it was hoped that a study of their larve 
would throw some light on the validity of this classification. 


The eggs are laid by the female within the tissue of the host 
plant. Where the larve are borers, the eggs are laid in holes made 
in the stems of shrubs or in the hard wood of the limbs or trunks of 
trees, with a thread-like ovipositor. Where the larve are leaf 
feeders, the eggs are placed in slits made by the female from the 
under surface, with an ovipositor consisting of two plate-like 
structures. The number of eggs placed in a single leaf varies greatly 
among the different species. In some only a single egg is inserted 
in a leaf; in others a large number, varying from three or four to 
thirty or forty. The recently laid eggs are difficult to locate, but 
they become swollen with age and then their location is easily 
determined. 


The method of placing her eggs adopted by the female de- 
termines, to a certain extent, the feeding habits of the larve, as to 
whether they are solitary or gregarious feeders. Many species are 
solitary feeders throughout their entire life, a single larva on a leaf, 
part of a bush, or entire bush; the others are gregarious 
through the placing of many eggs in a single leaf or on closely ad- 
jacent leaves. Where many eggs are laid in a single leaf, the 
larvae developed from these eggs may be gregarious throughout 
their entire larval life or only for a time, when they are half grown 
they gradually disperse over <ll parts of the bush and are solitary 


in their habits for the remainder of their life. 
November, 1913 


368 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





The embryo requires from twelve days to three weeks to com- 
plete its development, the length of time varying considerably 
with the species. While the larva of each species passes through 
a definite number of instars, the number varies considerable among 
the different groups of species. The larve usually require about 
fifteen days for the completion of their growth. 


There is great variation in their method of feeding. The 
great majority of the nematids are edge feeders; they cling to the 
edge of the leaf with the thoracic legs and when disturbed, bend 
their abdomen back onto the thorax in an S-shaped curve. Many 
emphytids and selandriids rest with their body stretched out flat on 
the underside of the leaf and eat holes in the leaf or feed from the 
edge; others, while feeding in a similar manner, rest with the body 
curled helix-like, with the anal prolegs forming the apex of the helix. 
This is also true of the cimbicids, Cimbex and Trichiosoma, which 
are edge feeders, resting curled on the upper surface of the leaf. A 
few nematids and selandriids also feed on the upper surface—some 
with the body helix-like, others extended. The phyllotomids, in- 
cluding the genus Caliroa, are leaf skeletonizers, feeding only on 
the parenchyma of the under surface. The very young larve of 
many of the groups are also skeletonizers during the first or second 
instars. The lophyrids, which feed only on conifers, begin at the 
the free end of the needle, clasping it between the prolegs, and eat 
towards its base until only a stub is left. The dolerids, or what I 
believe to belong to this group, for none of the American species 
have been bred, feed on sedges (Carex), feeding on the ends of the 
blades; the same is true of some of the grass-feeding nematids. 
The pamphiliids are either gregarious, when they fasten several 
leaves together into a nest with threads of silk, or solitary, when 
they roll the edge of the leaf and fasten it together with silk. 
These larve are the only ones, so far as I know, that use silk in 
this way. The fenusids and scolioneurids are leaf miners. 


The body of the larva may be either black, white, green, 
spotted or banded. A large proportion of the species are white or 
green. In the green species the colour is due, in great part, to the 
colour of the blood and the focd contained in the alimentary canal. 
They are also usually banded dorsally (the dorsal blood vessel) and 
marked on each side of this band and along the pleura by frosted 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 369 








lines (the dorsal pleural air tubes). A few species are marked on 
the dorsum and some on the pleura adjacent to the spiracles of 
certain segments by large yellow patches, which are due to lobes 
of adipose tissue or fat, which show through the cuticle. Many 
species are marked with pigmented colours; only one so far as ob- 
served has a median dorsal line,Cimbex. There is great variation 
in the arrangement and time of appearance of these colours. The 
entire body may be black or brown, or consist of longitudinal or 
tranverse rows of spots. Larve that are white when they emerge 
from the egg, may be entirely or almost black or chocolate brown 
in the latter part of their larval life, while those that are black 
when they emerge from the egg, may be almost entirely light- 
coloured when mature. 


The larve, when fully fed, moult their skins and seek a place 
for pupation. This last moult may take place before they leave 
the host plant or after that time. There is no striking difference 
in the form and appearance of the body of most of the green or 
white larve, but those with prominent spines and black spots loosen 
the spines and spots and become opaque white; some that are white 
become distinctly spotted; some that’are black or black-spotted 
become green, white, or glassy green, and still others that are 
opaque white through all the preceding stages have black spots 
about where the sete were located. This diversity in form in the 
different stages makes it very difficult, until both stages have been 
recognized for a given species, to determine whether you are work- 
ing with one or two species. This last larval stage has been 
designated as the ultimate stage by Dyar, who has done more 
toward elucidating the life-histories of the American species of 
sawflies than all the other workers together. 


After the assumption of the ultimate stage some larve remain 
quiet for a time, resting upon the food plant; but the great ma- 
jority leave the host plant and wander about in search of a place 
to prepare for pupation. The xyelids, pamphiliids, and blenno- 
campids form cells in the ground, the emphytids and selandriids 
bore into rotten wood; also some nematids, which have the same 
habit, and so far as observed all these have a striking ultimate 
stage. The end of the tunnel is plugged with frass and the cavity 
left unlined with silk except a few species, which make a very thin 


370 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





cocoon. The great majority of the larve of the saw-flies form 
cocoons just beneath the surface of the ground or among the debris 
- on its surface, as the lophyrids, dolerids, phyllotomids, tenthre- 
dinids, holocampids, acordulecerids, hylatomids, and most nematids. 
Some individuals of the first brood of the lophyrids attach their 
cocoons to the leaves of the host plants. The cocoons of the 
acordulecerids are white and compact; those of the hylatomids 
large, white and lace-like; while in all the others the cocoons are 
dense and black or brownish in colour. 


In most insects, when the cocoon has been formed by the larva, 
it transforms almost immediately to a pupa—at least, within a 
week or two. A different condition is found among the larve of 
the saw-flies. Some of the species are, so far as known, always. 
single brooded; the larve of such species emerge early in June, 
complete feeding in a few weeks, enter the ground or rotten wood, 
form their cocoons or cells, but live as larve within them until the 
following spring, when they transform to pupe, and emerge as 
adults in May or June. A similar condition is found in those 
species that are apparently more than one-brooded, the ultimate 
larval stage is long and the pupal stage short. Writers frequently 
refer to the time when the larve form their cocoons or enter the 
ground as the beginning of the pupal stage. Such a designation is. 
clearly incorrect. 


Any statement as to the number of broods of any given species. 
of saw-fly should be made with reservation. Many insects, prob- 
ably a large majority, appear at a definite, stated time, usually not 
exceeding a period of two or three weeks and sometimes less. 
Such a condition does not exist in this group, for adults may appear’ 
over a period of four to eight weeks, so that it is possible to find on 
the same host plant and even on the same leaf, if the plant be one 
that has large leaves as a dock (Rumex) larve that are fully grown, 
others that have just emerged from the egg, and various sizes be- 
tween these. Such a condition in June would probably mean that 
they were larve from the eggs of females produced from wintering 
larve, but in July the young larve may have been produced from 
the eggs of females that have matured the same season or from 
females produced from wintering larve that have been very slow 
in development. The field conditions would warrant considering 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 371 








such a species as single broocded, while the breeding experiments 
show conclusively that it is two brocded. The determination is 
further complicated by tke fact that in those species producing 
summer females, not all the larve trarsform the same season, but, 
with the exception of a few species, the great majority of the fe- 
males do not appear until the following spring. So that the second 
so-called brood is in reality only a partial brocd; this is a well- 
established fact in the case of Lyg@onematus erichsoni and Pteronus 
ribesui. In some species there is evidently a partial third brood. 

The pupe of saw-flies do not differ from those of other Hyme- 
noptera. The antenne, legs and wings are enclosed in separate 
cases and lie free on the breast of the insect. 

The fact that saw-flies produce only partial second or third 
broods is also substantiated by the scarcity of adults during July 
and the following months. This time will vary somewhat, de- 
pending upon the altitude and latitude of the location. In most 
regions the adults are found in greatest abundance in May and 
June. They should be sought on the leaves of plants along the 
edge of forests, along fences and roadsides, and on the plants of 
marshy places. 


ADAPTATION IN THE GALL MIDGES. 
BY E. P. FELT, ALBANY, N.Y. 

Adaptation is defined in the Century Dictionary as an ‘‘ad- 
vantageous variation in animals or plants under changed condi- 
tions.’ This definition is sufficiently broad to include practically 
every modification resulting in a variation from what might be 
construed as the normal for a given family, tribe, genus, or even 
species. It is well known that every animal is exposed to numerous 
natural hazards during its life. Existing species must be equal to 
these perils or become extinct. It is convenient to group the forms 
of adaptation under three heads. 

1. Strength, aggressive and defensive. We can all recall 
forms which appear well-nigh tnvincible because of superior physical 
development—muscular or defensive. The lion and rattlesnake 
represent two familiar and diverse types belonging in this category. 
One is remarkable for its superior muscular development and the 


other possesses a peculiarly efficient means of defense. 
November, 1912 


Bie THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


2. Prolificacy. There are numerous species with no _ par- 
ticular physical efficiency. Some of these latter owe their ex- 
istence largely to prolificacy. The common river shad, for ex- 
ample, may produce from 60,000 to 156,000 eggs, while a seventy- 
five pound cod may contain 9,100,000 ova. This extraordinary 
prolificacy is evidently a provision of nature to offset the numerous 
perils threatening the fry. Some of our plant-lice attain the same 
end by producing a number of generations annually. For example, 
the common hop plant-louse is capable of producing twelve genera- 
tions in a season, the final progeny amounting to over ten sextillion. 
The increase in this latter species is by geometrical, not arithmetical, 
progression. 

3. Evasive adaptations. There are hosts of species which 
escape extinction by the exhibition of more or less cunning in 
avoiding the many natural perils. This may be the result of 
modifications in the biology, peculiarities in habit, specializations 
in structure, or even cryptic or other resemblances. We have 
sometimes wondered if these factors, physical development or 
strength, prolificacy and evasive adaptations could be assigned 
sufficiently exact values that, if two were known, the third could be 
ascertained. 

The gall midges exhibit a most interesting condition. The 
approximately 800 American species known probably represent 
only one-third to one-fifth of our fauna. Some 450 species have 
been reared from 183 plant genera representing 65 plant families..: 
The largest of the gall midges is only about one-fourth of an inch 
in length, while the smallest measures scarely one-fiftieth of an inch. 
Local in habit, slow of flight, fragile in structure and far from attain- 
ing an extraordinary prolificacy in many instances, how do these 
multitudinous species maintain themselves? Physical develop- 
ment, either aggressive or defensive, is hardly worth mentioning. 

Biological adaptations. There are good reasons for believing 
that gall midges are allied to the fungus gnats or Mycetophilide, — 
many of which live as larve in decaying organic matter. The 
inner bark of various trees in incipient decay may contain hosts of 
Miastor and Oligarces larve. These maggots are remarkable 
because they exhibit a modification of parthenogenesis known as 
pedogenesis, an adaptation of inestimable value to species living 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 373 


under such conditions and dependent upon weakly organized 
adults for their establishment in favourable conditions. These 
midges produce only a few eggs and evidently possess very limited 
powers of flight. The larvae are capable of penetrating only the 
weaker, semi-rotten tissues of bark and sapwood and are preyed 
upon by voracious maggots belonging to the genera Medeterus, 
Lonchea and Lestodiplosis. All too frequently the only evidence 
of Miastor infestation is the abundance of predaceous maggots 
which have devoured practically every inhabitant of a once populous 
colony. The ability to produce young in an indefinite series of 
generations by maggots advancing in unoccupied tissue is a great 
advantage in avoiding such enemies as those mentioned above. 
We also have in this series of padogenetic generations an example 
of multiplication by geometrical progression such as obtains among 
our plant-lice. 

Certain species like the Hessian-fly, sorghum midge, violet 
midge and rose midge depend for existence to a considerable extent 
upon the production of several generations annually;in other words, 
increase is by geometrical progression. The extraordinary efficiency 
of this form of adaptation is strikingly illustrated in plant lice as 
mentioned above. Such species, if able to subsist upon farm crops 
or other products valuable to man, are potentially serious pests. 
One generation annually appears to be the normal for many midges, 
and consequently the ability to produce more ina season must be 
considered a favourable adaptation to existing conditions. 


Midge galls. Recalling the fact that the more ancient type 
of gall midges appears to be related to the fungus gnats or Myceto- 
philide and that they furthermore exhibit similar preferences in 
that the larve occur in organic matter in various stages of decay, 
one would expect to find a series of galls showing gradual modifica- 
tions from this comparatively simple habitus to the more complex 
type of shelter so frequently observed in this group. 

Bud galls. Possibly the simplest type of midge gall is to be 
seen in the irregular, loosely and various developed bud galls pro- 
duced by some species of Dasyneura and its allies. The eggs ap- 
pear to be simply dropped among the developing floral organs or 
leaves and the larve obtain their sustenance by absorbing nutri- 
ment from adjacent tissues. The weakening of the latter prevents 


374 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





normal development and, in some instances, at least, we have the 
conspicuous and rather characteristic rosette galls such as those of 
species of Rhopalomyia upon Solidago and of Rhabdophaga upon 
willow. 

The growing point of a plant stem, whether it forms a leaf, bud 
or a flower, affords such ideal conditions for nourishment, that it 
is not surprising that certain genera should be restricted in large 
measure to such favourable habitus. This is particularly well 
marked in Asphondylia and certain of its allies, which not only 
confine themselves largely to bud galls, but have become so special- 
ized that they are particularly adapted to the production of such 
deformities. 

Leaf galls. The leaf gall, like the bud gall, usually begins as 
a development upon expanding or tender tissues. The simplest 
type is probably a marginal leaf roll, and this differs from certain 
of the bud galls simply by the fact that in the roll only a portion 
of the leaf is involved, while in the bud gall all of the several leaves 
may be distorted or have iheir development arrested. Vein folds 
are produced simply by the larve congregating or restricting their 
operations to this portion of the leaf rather than to the margin. 
They vary greaily in character and may be limited to the midvein 
or to the lateral veins, may be comparatively simple and composed 
of greatly hypertrophied tissue or ornamented with a conspicuous 
white pile or other development such as is found in that of Cecido- 
myta nivetpila O.S. These leaf rolls and vein folds are usually pro- 
duced by a number or small colony of larve. 

Blister leaf galls and the more highly developed globular or 
conical galls are generally produced by single larve hatching from 
eggs deposited in or upon the buds before the leaves have unfolded. 
The peculiar blister galls on Solidago and Aster are multilocular, 
are easily recognized by the typical discoloration and thickening 
of the leaf, and are produced almost without exception by the genus 
Asteromyia. These galls represent a slightly more advanced con- 
dition than obtains in certain species which live between the upper 
and lower epidermis and either produce only a slight discoloration 
as in certain species of the genus Cincticornia, or else excavate a 
fairly well defined mine, such as that of Lasioptera excavata in 
Crategus. The globular or lobulaie galls of Cincticornia globosa 


Re 


5 4 bode 
aA * V4 ue 
ieee. 


+ * ‘ 
+ sae on) Sas la 


is A ee 





CAN. ENT., Vol. XLV. PLATE XIl. 













WSs <= 
YY 1 3 


x < Jon 
> ayehngys 





) 
| 


GALL MIDGE STRUCTURES 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 375 





and C. pilule, respectively, as well as the conical and globose en- 
largements of various species of Caryomyia upon hickory, must be 
considered as extreme types or modifications of the blister gall. 


Stem galls. No part of the plant is exempt from infestation 
by the small representatives of this large family, be it seed, flower, 
leaf, stem or root. The stem gall is usually subcortical, and in 
those produced by midges, development generally begins while 
the tissues are still in a soft and plastic condition. They are usu- 
ally polythalamous and are frequently irregular, more or less con- 
fluent swellings in the bark. 


The medullary, stem or branch galls differ from the preceding 
in that the larve confine their operations to the interior of the 
affected tissues, frequently restricting themselves to the pith and 
producing rather characteristic deformities. 

Root galls. There are only a few root galls known, probably 
because of the great difficulty in finding them. There appears to 
be no marked difference between these and the stem galls, aside 
from the point of location. 

Recalling the fact that gall midge larve are small, without 
defensive armor or apparatus, with masticatory, or boring 
organs poorly developed or absent, it is obvious that this gall- 
making habit is one of the most important adaptations in the family. 
The gall midges have been able to maintain themselves in hosts 
and in many and varied forms by adaptations which have led to 
their seeking sustenance and shelter in places comparatively free 
from invasion by other insects. Not only have these small insects 
learned to prey upon numerous plants, but some have found it 
advantageous to wring sustenance from their associates. The 
species of Lestodiplosis, in particular, may be reared from a great 
variety of galls, and the larve have even been observed preying 
upon gall midge maggots, especially those of Miastor. Members 
of this family have also learned the value of other insects as food, 
and we now have records of a number of species preying upon scale 
insects, various plant-lice and red spiders. 

Intimate relations exist between certain genera of gall-midges 
and families and species of plants. It is perhaps sufficient to note 
in this connection that the genus Cincticornia is practically con- 
fined to Quercus, Caryomyia to Carya, Rhopalomyia largely to 


376 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Solidago and Aster, and Rhabdophaga mostly to Salix. The mere 
statement of these facts indicates a correlation which has been 
discussed more fully by the writer elsewhere and need not be 
dwelt upon at the present tine. 


Structural adaptations. Jt might be thought that this host 
of gall midges, with its general similarity of habit, would exhibit 
comparatively slight variations in structure. Modifications in 
anatomy almost invariably mean variations in habits ,and conse- 
quently they are worthy of note, even though they be but signs of 
unknown facts, in the same way that irregularities in the move- 
ment of a celestial body may mz2an the existence of an unknown 
planet. We wish for a few minutes io call attention to some of the 
move structural modifications. 

Antenne:—The antenne in this family present a most extra- 
ordinary range in development, varying from comparatively in- 
significant and presumably relatively useless organs with but 8 
segmenis in Tritozyga and Microcerata to the rather highly 
specialized organs with as many as 33 segments in Lasioptera 
querciperda. There is an equally great variation in the form of 
the antennal segment and their sensory organs. The cylindric 
antennal segment is undoubtedly the more generalized type, as it 
is the one found most.frequenily in the Mycetophilide. This may 
be modified to form a cylindrical larger base and a greatly produced 
distal stem, in some instances the latter attaining a length three 
times that of the basal enlargement. The basal portion of the 
antennal segment may be conical as in many Campylomyzarie or 
globose as in Joannisia, while in the Itondidinariz we have a dumb- 
bell-shaped structure, the basal distal enlargements being separated 
by a stem, with a similar consiriction at the apex of the segment. 
This peculiar modification undoubtedly means greater efficiency in 
the sensory organs, since they are more widely separated, and is 
characteristic of the males in one large tribe. 

The antennz of the more primitive groups, such as the Campy- 
lomyzariz and the Heteropezine, bear a number of peculiar sensory 
organs, the more remarkable of which are the so-called stemmed 
disks in the genus Monardia. These are probably olfactory in 
function. 

The Itonididine, as limited by us, may be easily recognized 


CI haley 
Heer rent) 
348 Ripe e 

wet 


oé 





PLATE XI Ile 


GAN) (ENE VOL Neve 





GAL MIDGE” STRUERUIRES. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST oth 





by the presence of peculiar, colourless, thread-like, homogeneous, 
chitinous structures which we have named circumfili because they 
invariably run around the segment. They originate or arise from 
the interior of the segments, are presumably auditory in nature 
and are discussed by Europeans under the names of arched fila- 
ments (verticili arcuata and filets arques) and bow whorls (Bogen- 
wirtel), since these common names aptly describe the structures as 
seen in the males. These organs in the females generally form a 
slender girdle near the base and distal portion of the enlargement 
on the flagellate antennal segments, the two being connected by one 
or two longitudinal threads. In the males the development may 
be very diverse. In the case of the male Asphondylia the circumfili 
consist of a more or less variable series of extremely tortuous, 
slightly elevated threads reaching from the base to the apex of the 
segment. In the Itonididinariz the circumfili of the male are 
frequently prolonged into a series of bow-like loops girdling the 
basal and apical enlargements of the antenne; one on each in the 
bifili and in the trifili with two on the distal enlargement. The 
loops of the circumfili or bow whorls may be simply conspicuous 
sinuosities as in Caryomyia or greatly prolonged on one side and 
having a length equal that of the entire segment as obtains in 
Aphidoletes and Bremia. A unique form of circumfili occurs in 
‘the genus Winnertzia. Here these structures greatly resemble 
minute, horseshoe-like appendages, one on each face of the segment, 
the produced free ends extending beyond the apex of the enlarge- 


ment, while the supporting vertical threads give the appearance of 
a series of nails. 


The peculiar circumfili, quite distinct in structure from audi- 
tory sete, suggest our latest means of communication, the much 
vaunted ‘‘wireless,’’ and present distinct analogies thereto. Both 
respond to impulses conveyed through air. It is possible the 
circumfili are ‘‘tuned”’ to vibrations unrecognizable with our finest 
instruments, and while the devices of men may convey signals 
several thousand miles, there is no reason for thinking that these 
unique antennal structures are relatively less efficient. 

Palpi:—The normal number of palpal segments appears to be 
four, though these organs may become greatly reduced in any one 
of the tribes and in one genus, Oligarces, appear to be wanting. 


378 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


The development of these organs affords a good systematic char- 
acter and is correlated in certain instances at least ,with important 
modifications in habit. 


Wings:—The organs of flight are of great value in taxonomic 
work and, in this family, present satisfactory characters for the 
delimitation of subfamilies and tribes. There is a cross-vein con- 
necting subcosta and the third vein which occurs in a well-developed 
condition in the Lestremiine and the Epidosariz, it being rudimen- 
tary or absent in the other groups except certain Heteropezine. 
The presence of the fourth vein is limited to the Lestremiina, in ~ 
which subfamily it may be either forked or simple. The fifth vein 
also presents important modifications in that it may be simple, in 
which case there is frequently a sixth vein, or forked, in which latter 
instance the sixth has become partly fused with the fifth. Certain 
genera in the Heteropezine are remarkable because of the weak 
wings and greatly reduced venation. 


Tarsi:—The normal number in segments is five, members of 
the Itonididine invariably having the first segment greatly re- 
duced. Certain genera of the Heteropezine have four; others 
three, and in Oligarces there are but two tarsal segments. The 
claws may be simple, pectinate or dentate. They vary greatly in 
development and the same is true of the pulvilli. 

There are other structures presenting equally significant modi- 
fications. This is particularly true of the generative organs and is 
especially well shown in the modified ovipositor which reaches an 
extreme development in the needle-shaped organ of Asphondylia, 
an instrument evidently designed for the piercing of thick bud 
tissues so that the egg may be deposited close to the growing point 
and in a place where conditions are most favourable for the de- 
velopment of the young. 

It wi'l be seen from the foregoing that the gall midges 
can not be counted as particularly strong or prolific forms, yet they 
have been able to maintatn themselves largely by what we term 
evasive adaptations, which have resulted in their securing a very 
large degree of protection at the expense of the host plant. This 
summary is not intended to exhaust the subject, but is presented 
for the purpose of calling attention to a group exhibiting 
numerous unsolved and exceedingly interesting biological and 
morphological problems. There is perhaps no insect family better 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 379 





suited for the study of adaptation in numerous ways than the gall 
midges, a large group which up to recent years has been almost 
ignored by students. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES XII AND XIII. 

1. Antenna of Muicrocerata spinosa male, showing 9 short 
segments. This organ is shorter in this species than the palp. 

2. Sixth antennal segment of Colpodia dierville male. Note 
the greatly produced distal stem. 

3. Fourth antennal segment of Prionellus gramine male, 
showing the conical shape and the peculiar whorls of long sete 
arising from distinct crenulate chitinous ridges. 

4. Fifth antennal segment of Karschomyia viburni male, 
showing a binodose, almost trinodose structure of the segment 
and the peculiar circumfili or bow whorls. 

5. Seventh and eigth antennal segments of Monardia toxico- 
dendri female, showing the general shape.of the segments and the 
characteristic stemmed disks. 

6. Fifth antennal segment of a Rhopalomyia female, showing 
the generalized type of segment and the low circumfili commonly 
occuring in the female Jtonididinarie. 

7. Sixth antennal segment of Asphondylia monacha male, 
showing the low, very tortuous character of the circumfili. 

8. Fifth antennal segment of the pear midge, Contarinia 
pyrwora male, showing the binodose character of the segment and 
the two well-developed circumfili, the latter characteristic of the 
bifili. 

9. Fifth antennal segment of Caryomyia carye male, showing 
the short though plainly sinuous circumfili, the three on a segment 
being characteristic of the trifili. 

10. Fifth antennal segment of A phidoletes hamamelidis male, 
showing its binodose character, circumfili, and particularly the 
greatly produced loops and sete on the dorsal aspect. 

11. Sixth antennal segment of Winnertzia calciequina female, 
showing the peculiar horseshoe-like circumfili attached to opposite 
faces of the subcylindric segment. 

12. Extended ovipositor of the nun midge, Asphondylia 
monacha female, showing the basal pouch, the thick eversible basal 
portion of the ovipositor and the highly developed needle-like 
terminal part. 


380 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


LNSECEAGALES. 
BY A. COSENS. TORONTO 


(Abstract of lecture, illustrated by lantern slides.) 

In the evolution of the study cf galls there are different epochs, 
each merging gradually into the following. From early historical 
times these abnormal structures have excited attention. In the first 
instance, this was in all probability due to the fact that they pre- 
sented phenomena unusual and out of the ordinary. At this 
earliest epoch witchcraft and like fanciful explanations were pro- 
posed to account for their origin. Gradually, as they were better 
understood and seen to involve a stimulus by a parasite and a 
response by a host, the examination of them became more scientific, 
and the hypotheses concering their causes, as a consequence, more 
valuable. The problem presented was recognized as one of great 
scientific interest, since it presented the unique feature of a foreign 
organism stimulating and controlling for its own benefit the growth 
of a host. Within the last few years it has been shown that a close 
relation exists between the structure of the bacterial crown gall 
and certain malignant animal tumors. Thus the second epoch 
with the subject of theoretical interest seems gradually to be passing 
into a third in which it will rank as one of the greatest practical 
importance. 

The term “gall’’ is applied to any enlargement of plant cells, 
tissues, or organs induced by the stimulus of a parasitic organism 
as a regular incident in the life history of the parasite. 

Galls are divided into two classes, according to the agent that 
produces the stimulus—namely, Pirytocecidia, those owing their 
origin to parasitic plants and Zoocecidia, those produced by animal 
parasites. The former are caused by many different classes of 
plants, myxomycetes, bacteria, algae and fungi. Even the flower- 
ing plants are represented. among the gall producers, since the 
witches’ brooms and the spherical stem swellings on the black 
spruce are due to the stimulus of the dwarf mistletoe Arceutho- 
bium pusillum. The latter are incited by mites (Acarina) and by 
insects in several different orders as follows: Hemiptera (Families 
Aphidide and Psyllide), Diptera (Families Cecidomyide and 
Trypetide), Coleoptera (Families Buprestidae, Cerambycide and 


Curculionide), Lepidoptera (Families Gelechiide, Sesiide, Tineide), 
November, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 381 


Hymenoptera (Families Cynipide and Tenthredinide). From the 
Bryophytes to the Spermatophytes nearly all plants are subject 
to gall formations of this class. 

The type of gall produced by the orders Acarina and Hemip- 
tera is simple in structure, consisting usually of a more or less pro- 
nounced folding in the leaf of the host, often accompanied in the 
former by an abundant production of trichomes. The Coleoptera 
and Lepidoptera originate galls that show little differentiation of 
tissues and an entire lack of a well-defined nutritive layer. The 
Dipterous forms are in some cases as simple in structure as the 
Acarina pouch galls, but in others are as complicated as any of the 
highest types of galls. In the order Hymenoptera are two families, 
Cynipide and Tenthredinida, the members of which produce 
galls that are in marked conirast to each other. The sawfly galls 
are characterized by a very pronounced proliferation of tissue 
without differentiation into distinct layers except at the very 
earliest stages of gall production. The Cynipid galls, by way: of 
contrast, have invariably three distinct zones of tissues, and only 
seldom is a fourth absent. These layers have the following rela- 
tion to each other. Lining the larval chamber ts the nutritive zone 
with cells oriented usually in a radial direction. Bounding this 
layer on the outside is situated the protective sheath, the zone 
that is absent in a few types. Outside of that again the paren- 
chyma or tannin zone is differentiated, passing out to the epidermal 
layer. 

One fundamental and far-reaching principle of gall production 
by insects is that the stimulus does not endow the protoplasm of 
the host with power to produce new types of organs, tissues, etc. 
Structures are in many cases originated that are not found on the 
same part of the normal host, but invariably their prototypes are 
present on another part of the plant or a nearly related species. 
The protoplasm is so stimulated that not only are dominant 
characteristics strengthened, but also in certain cases latent pro- 
perties are called into activity, and thus the apparent new type of 
production appears in the host. This principle can be illustrated 
in the case of glands, trichomes and aeriferous tissue. 

It may be stated, as an unvarying rule, that when glands are 
present in the normal tissue, they are always more plentiful or 


) 


382 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





larger in the gall originating from that tissue. This is exemplified 
in the galls produced by Eurosta solidaginis Fitch, Aulacidea nabali 
Brodie and numerous other species. 


But glands also occur in certain galls on parts of the host that 
are normally glandless. Thus they are plentiful in the gall pro- 
duced by Neolasioptera perfoliata Felt on Eupatorium perfoliatum 
L, but are not found in the same location in the normal, but are, 
however, present at the base of the stem. In E. urticefolium 
Reichard they likewise occur in the transitional region between 
stem and root, while in FE. purpureum L they are present in the 
roots, petioles and flowering axes, 2s well as in the ccrtex and pith 
of the stem. In the case of gland production, it is clear that not 
only have active characteristics of the protoplasm in that direction 
been stimulated to an activity greater than the normal maximum, 
but nearly dormant properties have sometimes been aroused into 
action. 

The trichomes exemplify the principle in a very similar manner 
to the glands. When the gall produces types different from the 
normal, these are invariably found on the reproductive axes of the 
host. The unicellular acicular hairs of Eriophyes querci Garman 
are totally unlike the stellate hairs of the leaf, but their exact 
counterparts are found on the reproductive axes of the host Quercus 
macrocarpa Michx. The much convoluted type of hair present in 
the Acarina dimple gall on the leaves of Acer negundo L. are found 
plentifully distributed over the reproductive axes, although the 
normal leaf hairs are straight. The trichome-producing activity 
of the protoplasm has thus been stimulated by the foreign organ- 
ism to a degree reached in the normal only at the time of reproduc- 
tion. 

The production ofaeriferous tissue in certain Salicaceous galls 
also substantiate the principle in a very striking manner. These 
galls contain examples of a typical aeriferous tissue, comparable, 
indeed, to that found in such aquatics as Nymphza, Potamogeton 
or Saururus; while in the corresponding parts of the host it does 
not occur. Indeed, this statement may be extended to include all 
the species of the host genus. A cross section of the gall originated 
on Salix cordata Miihl. by Rhabdophaga triticoides Walsh shows 
this tissue surrounding each larval cel!. It is present in the abnormal 


e 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 383 





stem and extends. entirely across the pith. While this tissue is 
present in the primary cortex of the normal stem of both Salix and 
Populus, and indicated in the pith of the latter, it is entirely absent 
from the pith in the corresponding part of the stem of Salix. It 
is abundant in such primitive regions of Salix as the reproductive 
axes, nodes and leaf traces. Thus the unexoected appearance of 
this tissue in the gall cited is readily explainable on the same 
grounds as in thecase of the glands and trichom2s—namely, the 
power to produce this tissue is latent in the protoplasm of the 
host, and it becomes sufficiently active to reinstate the tissue 
only when the gall-producing stimulus gives rise to unusual con- 
ditions. 


A further illustration of this principle is shown in the produc- 
tion of cork in an aphid gall on the leaf of Passiflora suberosa. 
While this tissue is entirely absent from the unstimulated leaf, the 
stem produces it normally. Also, Rhodites multispinosus Gillette 
stimulates the usually unarmed stem of Rosa blanda Att to the 
production of an exceedingly spiny gall. The production of 
spines, however, is a marked characteristic of the genus and a 
dormant activity has again been aroused. 

Concerning the mode of application of the stimulus by the 
parasite, it may be stated that in none of the orders of insects 
except the Tenthredinide is there any evidence that indicaics the 
beginning of gall formation before the hatching of the larva. In 
this family the. source of the stimulus is in all probability the 
ovipositor of the insect, since it has been conclusively shown that 
the gall structure is well advanced while the larva is still within 
the egg membranes. 

From observations on the galls of Neuroterus leviusculus and 
Biorhiza aptera, Adler concluded that cell division commenced 
only after the larva emerged from the egg. Weidel lately has 
shown that such is the case in the gall produced by Neuroterus 
vesicator Schlecht. It may, as a consequence, be accepted as 
proven that the source of the stimulus in the galls produced by the 
Cynipide is the larva of the producer. 

As already published* the writer has proven by a series of 
experiments, that the larva of Amphibolips confluens Harris 


*Transactions of the Canadian Institute, Volum2 IX., 1912. 


384 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





secretes an enzyme capable of changing starch to sugar, and has 
also demonstrated the presence of salivary glands opening extern- 
ally in Philonix nigra Gillette and Amphibolips confluens Harris. 
We may conclude, then, that at least one enzyme is present in the 
salivary secretion of the larve of the Cynipide and that this acts 
as a pre-digestive ferment on the contents of the nutritive zone. 
By its action, starch is changed into a readily soluble substance, 
and is consequently readily absorbed by the digestive tract of the 
larva. On account of this amylalytic ferment in the larval secretion 
the nutritive zone will become stored with an unusually large 
amount of available nourishment which can diffuse to all parts of 
the gall. The material thus prepared supplies nourishment for 
both the larva and the gall. The protoplasm of the latter is thus 
rendered unusually active since it receives an abnormal quantity 
of available food material in a limited area. The hypertrophy 
and cell proliferation and probably also the appearance of vestigial 
tissue, or other primary characters, are, in my opinion, the response 
of the protoplasm cf tke kost to the acditioral focd supply. 





CHRYSCMELIANS OF ONTARIO. 
BY F. J. A. MORRIS, PORT HOPE, ONT. 
The title of my paver may be misleading to some of you, and 
I should like at the outset to explain my attitude. It is simply 
that of a nature-lover led(more or less by accident) to collect some 
of the insects observed by him about trees, flowers and leaves, 


while roaming about the countryside with what Wordsworth calls 
‘‘a heart that watches and receives.” 


Of technical knowledge I have little or none to offer, and my 
interest in the economics of Entomology is subject to prolonged 
fits of catalepsy; indeed, I doubt if it has ever shaken off this 
blanket of suspended animation sufficiently to appear in really 
stark-naked wide-awakeness. The fact is, an amateur collector 
is drawn chiefly by the giddy pleasure of the eye; most of the time 
he goes about craving new specimers, probably those of large size 
and bright colour; he is an enthusiastic and irresponsible schoolboy, 
easily pleased, easily deceived. I krew a collector orce in England 


—I should have called kim then, in my igrorance, an old man— 
November, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 385 





he certainly had grey hairs in his head—a respectable married man 
and a regular church-goer, but alas, gentlemen, a lepidopterist in 
an advanced stage. He greatly coveted specimens of the swallow- 
tail butterfly. This is almost extinct in Great Britain, though 
still occasional in the fens of Cambridgeshire; the made-in-Germany 
kind that are exported from the continent to English dealers, 
ready set and pinned, did not satisfy him, and at last he was obliged 
to compromise matters by rearing some imported larva and liber- 
ating the imagoes in his back garden, in order to catch them again 
with his butterfly net. Now, what is that but childish make- 
believe? Unfortunately, most of us left this faculty of self-decep- 
tion behind in the nursery and are incapable of hoodwinking our- 
selves so easily. Yet I confess to a greater liking for my specimens 
of Asparagus Beetle since I took them on wild plants that were not 
growing in a garden, and I never really loved the Potato Bug and 
the Squash Beetle till I caught them on my sideof the farmer’s fence, 
the one feeding on the Bittersweet and the others on the blossoms 
of the Goldenrod. 


Moreover, were it not that such a consummation would 
jeopardize the existence of one of the world’s lilies and eventually 
defeat its own end, I’d sooner see every stalk of asparagus in my 
own as well as in all my neighbours’ gardens devoured by either 
species of Crioceris( both, perhaps) than invent or discover an in- 
secticide that should prove fatal to so pretty a beetle. 

It is, I admit, bearding the lion in his den to appear before 
an audience largely composed of economic entomologists and talk 
from so alien a point of view as this about Chrysomelide of all 
insects in the world; for in the whole order of Coleoptera this is 
probably the one family that most violently flaunts its existence 
before the public eye, by the invasion of the kitchen garden. 

Is there such a thing as a beetle-fancier, | wonder? If there 
is, that’s what I am, and to show you that I have the courage of 
my opinions, I invite you all as fellow-members of this Society, or 
as guests interested in insects, to join me in a cross-country tramp 
north of Port Hope on a fine day about the middle of July. We 
shall start from our honoured President’s old home of Trinity 
College School, and in order to enjoy the day thoroughly I'll ask 
each of you for a little while to fancy vourselves back at school 


386 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








once more—throw away the burden of vears and the cares of a 
responsible position; drop the handle from your name, college 
degree and the rest of it—forget it all. What you want is a litile 
zest for the day’s captures and (as we shall be out for the day) a 
sandwich or two in your pocket against the noontide hour. 


We have green lanes and fields right at our door, but as our 
road will in any case be a long one, we shall condescend to get a 
lift by boarding the morning train for Peterborough and riding as 
far as Quay’s Crossing, five miles up the track. I am giving myself 
as well as you a treat, for this is a favourite walk, and I may not 
have many more opportunities of taking it. But for all the hun- 
dreds of times that I have trodden these paths and roamed the 
woods and fields, I do not think I have ever come out entirely or 
even primarily as a Coleopterist. The countryside all means far 
more than beetles to me, so I must ask you to pardon the digres- 
sions, which may be many. I hope they will not weary you. 


During the few minutes of our train ride, let us briefly review 
the family of Chrysomelians. There are no less than 18,000 species 
of these leaf-eating beetles known in the world; the vast majority 
are tropical; North America can claim only about 1-25th of this. 
number and Ontario about 1-70th. But even Ontario’s share, 
nearly 300 species, makes a long list, tne mere detailing of which | 
would take some pages, while anything like systematic treatment,. 
with specific or even generic description would require a volume; 
it would, besides, be more than tedious—it would be deadly dull. 
Henshaw’s check-list makes about as inspiring reading as the list 
inspired of Walt Whitman’s poems, and for the same reason—it’s 
a mere catalogue. There are purple patches, I grant you, and 
not a few in LeConte and Horn or in Blatchley as there are in Pro- 
fessor Wickham’s papers on the Chrysomelide of Ontario and 
Quebec (contained in volumes 28 and 29 of the Canadian Ento- 
mologist, 1896-7). What are these purple patches of interest ?>— 
these oases -in a desert of dry description? At first sight they 
seem of varying nature; sometimes a brilliant generalization or an 
ingenious analogy; at others a quaint observation of habits or a 
personal experience. But they all resolve themselves, at last, into 
the personality of the writer. it is the personal element that 
lends interest to a book or a paper on a technical subject; it is just 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 387 











this that makes the old-fashioned Lexicon of Samuel Johnston or 
Noah Webster an enthralling romance beside a modern dry-as- 
dust scientific work-of-a-syndicate like the Standard Dictionary. 

It would obviously be impossible to write an interesting ac- 
count of 264 species of beetles or even of 96 genera, but foc the 
convenience of systematic treatment, this enormous mass of in- 
dividuals, countless as the sands of the sea, has been marshalled, 
like the children of Israel, into 12 tribes, and every one of these 
tribes has several representatives in Ontario. In our day’s tramp 
we shall run across at least one representative of each tribe, from 
Reuben the first born to little Benjamin, our ruler; in plain terms, 
from Donacia, the reed beetle, cousin german to the more ancient 
Cerambycide, to Chelymorpha and Coptocycla the little Tortoise. 
Of these twelve tribes, the most numerous in boreal America, as well 
as the most important, are the five numbered VI-X. These com- 
prise more than 450 species out of a total (to the family) of Jess 
than 600 and more than 70 genera in a total of about 100; Le., 
34 of the entire genera and species belong to five consecutive tribes 
out of the twelve. Of these five tribes, again, two are supreme, the 
9th and 10th included by LeConte and Horn in the single tribe of 
Galerucini or Helmet-grub beetles, with a total of more than 200 
species and over 40 genera; i.e., nearly half the family. 


In the tropics, where vegetation is most luxuriant, these 
beetles play an important part in checking the too-lavish growth; 
but in the Temperate Zone, where civilized man has brought the 
earth under cultivation, these twelve tribes, the chosen people of my 
paper, are nothing better than one of the plagues of Egypt, a most 
distinctive pest, and man’s best wits are taxed to prevent an annual 
loss of many million dollars. 


The Chrysomelians represent a later development than the 
Cerambycidae or wood-borers, and their adaptation to succulent 
herbage and the deciduous foliage of flowering plants pari-passu, 
with changes in the vegetable kingdom from sporophytes and 
gymnosperms, presents in its way as wonderful an illustration of 
adaptive development as more specific examples like symbiosis 
which has isolated the Yucca and its moth from all creation, till 
each depends on the other for its very existence and on the other 
only. 


388 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








The larvee of the Chrysomelians are in general soft and help- 
less; feeding, as they do, in the open and gregariouslv, they are 
easily destroyed; but several factors contribute to their notable 
success in the struggle for existence: their immense numbers, the 
rapidity of their growth (which enables them to produce more 
than one brood in a season), and the ability of the mature insect, 
in most cases, to hibernate. 


A few of them retain traces of an earlier condition in being 
stem-borers, or in tapping the roots of plants, as the Donacias; 
and it may be a sort of atavism that impels Cryptocephalus and 
Glyptoscelis to resort to the needles and bark of white pine. 


Our train is now slowing down to let us off at Quay’s Crossing, 
and for the rest of the day we'll have to put our best foot forward, 
for it is going to be Shank’s mare with us. First we go a quarter 
of a mile east to Mose Robinson’s mill-pond and Pine Grove 
School-house. Just after crossing the stream here we turn south 
down a grassy lane, flanked on the west by an old snake fence and 
on the east by a still more ancient stump-fence; the snake fence 
appears to spring from a bed of fern-oak and brittle bladder. The 
lane is filled with sweet-briar and the stump fence festooned with 
wild grap2-vine; a fortnight ago the briar and the grape-vine were 
both in bloom and the lane was redolent with two of the most 
delicious scents on earth. A little way on, at the foot of a sandy 
slope, we cross a tiny brook of lovely, cool spring water, its surface 
mantled with water-cress. Here in the early season, as early as 
April, are nearly always to be found about the grass-blades, some 
specimens of the Donacia. This is our representative of Tribe I, 
a small tribe generically, consisting of two members only; the 
genus Hemonia has only one species, but the Donacia (Reed- 
beetle, as the Greek name implies) has more than 20 species in 
North America. The kind I have found here is much like a Longi- 
corn, and in early days was mistaken by me for a member of that 
family; it differs from the Chrysomelians in being long and narrow 
in shape, usually yellowish brown in colour and of a metallic lustre. 
The larva feeds about the roots and bases of aquatic plants and 
has acquired the power of living under water by tapping the air- 
vessels of its food-plant. It has actually a small process on the 
body which it uses as a probe. When about to pupate, it encloses 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 389) 





itself in an air-tight cocoon which is fastened to the roots or stems 
of the food-plant beneath the surface. The beetle is covered’ on 
the under side with a pubesence that acts as a perfect aquifuge 
shedding the water like oilskin. The species found here in the cool 
days of April is more or less cylindrical (convex on the upper side) 
and quite sluggish in habit, but the Donacia of the dog-days in the 
height of summer is a very different creature. I well remember 
during my first visit to the Algonquin Park how one day I went 
over with the late Dr. Brodie to the little land-locked Cranberry 
Lake in the heart of the hardwocd forests. It wasa glaring hot day, 
with the sun at its height and perfectly calm. We rowed a boat 
down to the Crankerry marsh ai the foot of the lake, where all sorts 
of botanical treasures awaited us. On the way we passed through 
a patch of water-lilies and flusked a covey of Donacias; there 
must have been hundreds, leaping and flying from the lily-pads, 
siriking the sides of the boat, sometimes in the water, occasionally 
on our clothes, darting and glittering in the sun like sparks from 
the molten surface of the cauldron of heat formed by this woodland 
lake at high noon beneath an August sun. The activity of move- 
ment and extraordinary vitality in the sun’s heat are not common 
among the Chrysomelians, but they are among some of the Longi- 
corns, with which the Donacias have a close affinity. Lords, for 
the nonce, of all three elements, earth, air and water, they moved 
easily about all three, perfectly at home and at their ease. On 
cooler days, or when the breeze blows, they love to sit on their 
heloved lily-pads, like miniature batrachians, their thorax and 
head partly raised and their antenne thrust forward alertly, some- 
thing like the asparagus beetle when it scents danger. 


We shall now stroll south about a mile, along the edge of a 
wood we call the North Wood, a wood sacred by many memories, 
rich in flowers, the home of some rare orchids, in and about which 
I have found more than 20 species of ferns and a wide range of 
warblers and other birds at the spring migration; it is, besides, 
the scene of many of my best captures among the Coleoptera. | 
Ten minutes’ walk brings us to where the wood narrows close to a 
division fence, running west across meadow-lands to the railway. 
Just here stands, on the edge of the wood, a hawthorn, whose 
blossom, for some reason or other, has proved a beetle-trap or bait 


390 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


\ 








for an extraordinary number of species. It was on this blossom 
that I first captured specimens of the Orsodacna, our representa- 
tive of Tribe II, and on the top-rail of the snake-fence, beside it 
I took one of the few specimens I have ever seen of Syneta, another 
of the four genera contained in this tribe. The Orsodacna (or 
Bud-gnawer) is said by Blatchley to feed on willow-blossoms, 
and this season, as early as April, I was on the look-out for it about 
clumps of willows in bloom, but the only thing new to me that I 
observed was a small moth dancing up and down in lively zigzag 
flight over the willow bushes; 1t was almost as small as a clothes 
moth, blackish with a cream or white bar near the apex of the 
wing. From its extremely long hair-like antennzI should judge 
it a species of Adela. We have but one species of Orsodacna, and 
I have always found it in great numbers, once here and once in 
Lakefield. The specific name is atra (black), but it is very vari- 
able, and specimens sent by me to Guelph, taken a!l at thesame 
time off this hawthorn bush some years ago, were returned labelled 
under no Jess than four varietal forms. The pigmentation of the 
elytra, normally black, becomes less heavy and the wing-covers 
show light brown with darker disks and markings. In some of 
its forms the blend of colours is very pretty; the beetle is narrow- 
oblong and the texture of its upper surface is of an oily smooth- 
ness. 


Let us cross the meadow west to the railway track; near the 
fence that extends from the hawthorn tree to the railway, on the 
south side are some sand-drifts where I have captured no less than 
six species of Tiger-beetle at various times in the season. The 
meadow to the north is less sandy and springs ooze out from its 
surface and meander over the grassy slopes. Here in September 
the meadow is white and fragrant with Spiranthes cernua, the nod- 
ding Ladies’ Tresses, one of our autumn orchids. Just where we 
strike the railway is an immense patch of that rather rare plant, 
the Grass of Parnassus, whose green-veined creamy white blossoms 
in August and September make as brave a show as the anemone 
in June and July. It is a sure sign of springs in the soil and further 
south there are traces of an old sphagnum moss swamp; though it 
is years since the railway hacked away the trees and shrubs, marsh 
pyrola and the Showy Ladies’ Slipper annually rear their upright 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 391 








stalks and unfold their blossoms for gauze-winged visitors to 
gather nectar from beneath the July sun. 


Here, along the right of way, grows wild Asparagus, and on it 
you will find at least one species of the Asparagus beetle, which 
we shall take to stand for Tribe III. The first specimens I ever 
saw of this beetle were in a Kentish garden; they belonged to the 
species commonly known as the striped asparagus beetle, and at 
first I did not recognize the insect—all I had by way of guide was 
an old book of Stevens with coloured illustrations that were several 
times magnified. The picture showed a gorgeous insect, in rich 
dark green and cream hues, which to my excited imagination must 
be nearly as large as a June Bug. I found ,however, to do the old 
naturalist justice, that though in the dead insect the sutural stripe, 
the basal marks and the cross-bar on the elytra appear black on a 
ground colour of opaque straw-yellow—in life these colours area 
rich, vivid, dark green, ona ground colour of translucent cream, 
extremely beautiful when scanned with a lens. The 12-spotted 
species, which seems the commoner in Ontario. and is apparently 
more hardy, I first found in the late Dr. Brodie’s back garden in 
Toronto. Until five or six years ago neither species had made its 
way to Port Hope, but the spotted one appeared in several gardens 
then, followed a season or two later by the striped, and two seasons 
ago I first found the Crioceris duodecimpunctata on wild asparagus. 
There is only one other genus in this tribe—the Lema, of which 
there are no less than 16 species in North America, only a few 
occur in Ontario, and I have only found one—Lema trilineata, a 
beetle which sometimes shares with one of the Blister beetles the 
title of ‘“‘the old-fashioned Potato Beetle’; it feeds on various 
plants of the Potato family, and I have found it in some abund- 
ance on the Physalus or Ground Cherry, while searching vainly for 
specimens of Coptocycla clavata, the Rough Tortoise Beetle. Be- 
fore we leave the asparagus and return to our little brook a mile 
north, I may mention that it was on some garden Asparagus at 
Lakefield that I found my reward for a day’s umpiring at a cricket 
match, in the shape of a beetle called Anomoea laticlavia. This 
is the only species in the [Vth Tribe known to me; for though North 
America has seven genera in the tribe and over 20 species, there 
are but four genera represented in Canada, each by a single species. 


392 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








It is, for a Chrysomelian, a decidedly large insect, stout and of 
striking appearance, light-brown in colour, with a black sutural 
stripe, which is slightly thickened from about midway down the 
elyira to near the apex. I have never since seen it on asparagus, 
but more than once I have taken it feeding in large numbers on 
willow-shrubs about the right of way, a few miles north of our 
present halting-place on the Peterborough railway. Last year I 
discovered it very abundant, almost a pest, on wild grape-vines 
near Sackville’s Swamp, on the South Shore of Rice Lake, between 
Bewdley and Gore’s Landing. 

We now return to the little brook where our first Donacias 
were captured. Just over the fence, on our right hand, is a small 
pine weod, out of which, indeed, it is that ‘our little brook 
emerges. This wood is a great place for early morels; it has also 
yielded some very interesting species of Longicorn and Clerid on 
the occasional windfall of white pine. Towards the north-east side 
of it, where our way lies, grows a patch of raspberry canes, where 
I captured once in full flight, with my hand, that most elusive of 
dodgers, the Oberea. On the leaves of the raspberry once I saw 
some tiny dark conical galls, as I supposed, and one of these I 
tried to tear from the leaf; to my surprise, when I had partly 
wrenched it aside, it distinctly moved and glued itself back on the 
leaf. This was something new for a gall, and I pulled it away 
from its fastenings to find that it contained a live larva, whose legs 
were kicking frantically to get back to the leaf. You have often 
seen a refractory man-child plucked suddenly up by the nurse 
from the place where it was playing? Well, that’s how this cater- 
pillar kicked. It was Chlamys, one of two genera that represent 
the Vth tribe. These insects construct a case out of their own 
excretions, and under cover of this tiny, steeple-crowned brownie’s 
cap of a case they move about and feed securely; when the time 
comes to pupate, they simply close the door at which they have 
grazed and behold a ready-made cocoon. The insect itself is dark 
brownish black, and covered with little warty excrescences; when 
alarmed it closes its legs and falls to the ground, where it escapes 
notice entirely or is passed over by warblers and other insectivor- 
ous birds asa pebble or a pellet of dirt; one more instance of 
protective mimicry preserved in this creature through all stages 
of its existence. (To BE CONTINUED.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 393 





APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY FOR THE FARMER. 
BY F. M. WEBSTER, WASHINGTON, D.C. 


Of all husbandmen, the true farmer, the grower of grains and 
forage crops for sale or corsumption on his premises, has been the 
last to profit by the applied science of entomology. He in the 
past has indeed supposed himself as helpless against the inroads 
of insects upon his crops as the Indian squaw whose only hope of 
saving her patch of Indian corn was in the effect of charms and 
incantations in warding off attacks of wireworms, cutworms and 
perhaps other similar pests. 

The beginnings in applied entomology consisted in dusting 
garden vegetables with soot, lime, ashes, and, somewhat later, 
with powdered hellebore. But to the farmer these precautions 
meant practically nothing. Though his farm might not be a large 
one, the area was usually too wide to render these measures prac- 
ticable, even if they proved effective in a small way. It is true 
that the trapping of cutworms under compact bunches of elder 
sprouts, milkweed, clover and mullen, ‘“‘placed in every fifth row 
between every sixth hill,’ was known as early as 1838, but these 
constituted only a trap or baits, the worms found under the traps 
being killed by some sharp instrument. This measure, however, 
seems to have never become popular. 


- The spread of the so-called Colorado potato beetle over the 
country from the west eastward brought the use of the Paris green 
and London purple as insecticides to the front, but, again, this did 
not help in the least the troubles of the ordinary farmer. 


The work of Riley, Packard and Thomas, on the western mi- 
gratory locust, was the first important effort made to aid the far- 
mer in devising practical measures of fighting destructive insects 
over large areas. 


The spread of the cabbage butterfly from the east to the west- 
ward brought into use as an insecticide the powdered blossoms of 
Pyrethrum, but the farmer does not raise cabbage as either a grain 
or a forage crop. 


Studies of the cotton-worm, by Riley and others, brought 


Paris green again into use and developed that useful insecticide, 
November, 191% 


394 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








kerosene emulsion, but the farmer cannot make use of these in his. 
cultivation of wheat, oats, corn, rye or barley; neither can he apply 
them to insect pests on his broad acres of forage crops. 


In the same way, fighting the codling moth and San José 
scale have developed the use of arsenical sprays, as well as those 
of lime and sulphur, crude petroleum and other sprays and washes. 
But none of these are of the slightest use to the farmer in his fields, 
no matter how valuable they may have been to the fruit grower. 


The farmer has, therefore, largely occupied the position of a 
skeptical spectator, who, while seeing clearly the benefits derived 
from applied entomology by his brother husbandman, the fruit 
grower, the gardener and even the cotton planter, was seemingly 
himself debarred from sharing in these benefits, because of the 
measures being inapplicable to his crops, and, even if this were not 
the case, his wide areas would render their use impracticable. 


Besides all this, the farmer has, himself, held somewhat the 
position of a critical onlooker as the result of other causes. 


Before the advent of experiment stations, and even for some 
time afterward, letters addressed to the members of university 
faculties, complaining of the ravages of insects and asking relief, 
brought the actual farmer little consolation. The replies he re- 
ceived to his appeals for relief were usually couched in terms to 
which he was unused and much of the text of these replies in a 
language that he did not understand. Moreover, the replies were 
usually penned by men who kad little or no practical knowledge 
of agriculture, and thus there grew up between the two not only a 
continually widening breach, but in many cases an absolutely in- 
tolerant feeling on the part of each for the other. 

This was approximately the relative positions of the man from 
the campus and the man from the farm, at the time of the establish- 
ing of the Experiment Stations, though there were. of course, some 
brilliant exceptions. Besides this, many, probably the majority, 
of those who were afterwards to make the Experiment Stations a 
success, were yet to be trained and given their practical experience 
in combining the practice and science of agriculture; and it may be 
stated that the science of entomology, for reasons previously 
given, has impressed the farmer the least favourably. Farmers. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 395 








had always looked upon insect depredations precisely as they did 
other natural phenomena like drouth, storms and floods, fully con- 
vinced by ages of experience that nothing could be done to prevent 
them, and, therefore, they must be endured to the end. Entomo- 
logical literature, however elementary and popular, they simply 
would not read. This was, generally speaking, the situation at 
the time when I was just beginning my entomological work among 
the farmers of Illinois. 

We will now step over the intervening 25 years and look at 
the situation as it is to-day. It will be an obscure section of the 
country, indeed, if where there are serious insect depredations 
going on, we at the Department of Agriculture do not promptly 
receive a report of it through one or the other of several sources. 
These reports are received through letters addressed direct to 
either the Department or Bureau, and are coming each year with 
increasing frequency, through experiment stations, the press, and 
last, though not least, through members of Congress. 

Perhaps nothing better illustrates the changed condition and 
rapid growth of agriculture as a science than the immense strides 
made by economic entomology as applied over and throughout the 
broad acres of the ordinary farmer. At the present time, instead 
of receiving a stereotyped reply to his applications for relief, when 
he applies as an individual, or for his neighbourhood, to the De- 
partment of Agriculture, either directly, or, as is becoming every 
day more frequent, through his representative in Congress, he is 
very often surprised when, within two or three days after the 
receipt of his complaint, there appears in his neighbourhood a 
young man who, in most cases, has grown up a farmer’s son on 
the farm, and, besides this, has had a thorough university training, 
and, perhaps, is further equipped by having been engaged in the 
investigation of insects over a wide range of country, including, 
perhaps, no small number of the United States. Instead of re- 
ceiving a letter which to him might, perhaps, so far as practical aid 
is concerned, have been written in a foreign language, he finds that 
his visitor can go about over his and his neighbours’ farms. with 
him and with a clear understanding of the crops cultivated can 
point out the work of insects and tell then in what manner they 
might have avoided these injuries and saved their money. He 


396 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








will tell him of things that, though he may have spent a life time 
in farming, neither the farmer nor his neighbours have ever yet 
been able to observe. His caller not only fits into their farm life 
and speaks to him in the language of the farmer, but is able to 
explain, in a perfectly natural and intelligible way, much of what 
to him has heretofore been a mystery. The young man points out 
to him wherein their farm methods have, in many cases, been 
primarily responsible for their previously sustained losses by insect 
attack. The farmer is now in a position to read entom< logical 
literature intelligently and with pleasure to himself. It does not 
greatly matter of what State he may be a resident, if his locality is 
not too inaccessible and the matter is of more than local importance 
any of the men located at the fifteen different field stations can be 
wired instructions that will send them to his relief. In this way 
entomology as applied to the broad acres of the farm has within 
the last twenty-five years become completely revolutionized. 
This means much to the growers of grains and forage crops and to 
the stock breeder. Moreover, it means almost equally as much to 
the banker, the manufacturer, and the merchant, all of whom are 
coming to recognize the fact. Jt has been my own practice to 
take up only such investigations as involve several States, leaving 
local matters to State institutions, where such are equipped for 
the work, and, when called upon to deal with such, I have urged 
that the State be ac least given an opportunity to help itself, while 
we stood ready to reinforce their efforts if need be. This course 
has beer followed especially with reference to local outbreaks of 
grasshoppers. Where investigations can be carried out in any 
State, as a part of an extended plan of work, notably that of wheat 
sowing in fall to evade the fall attack of Hessian fly, we kave car- 
ried out such experiments with the co-operation of farmers at 
whatever points seemed most desirable for obtaining results which 
would benefit the greatest number of farmers. In many cAses 
these sowings have been also made in co-operation with State in- 
stitutions. The alfalfa weevil investigations have been carried on 
in co-operation with the State agriculcural college and station at 
their request. 


- Besides the field laboratories there are being carried on field 
experiments, out on the farms, under precisely the same conditions 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 397 





as those with which the farmer has himself to meet. These ex- 
periments are conducted in such a way that farmers.can sec, just 
what is done, how it is done, as well as the object of the experiment 
itself. They can also see what results are obtained, and what we 
have done, under their conditions, they, under like conditions, can 
do for- themselves; and the proof thereof is right before their eyes 
in their own fields. We find that these object lessons and personal 
contact are primarily worth vastly more than whole volumes of 
literature, and, gradually the farmer is coming to learn that there 
is he!p for him as well as for the horticulturist, in combatting in- 
sect pests, even though his acreage may be many times theirs and 
his crops radically different in nature. 





POLUSTRATED “LEGIDURE + ON? ANTS*> (ABSTRACT); 
BY PROF. W. M. WHEELER. 
Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Mass. 

By way of preface the lecturer made some general statements 
in regard to the 5,000 known species and sub-species of ants, des- 
cribed the development and metamorphosis of the individual 
ant, the various castes, or polymorphic phases represented by 
each species and the function of each of these castes in the life of 
the colony. Then the general behavior of ants was treated from 
the standpoint of the three basic biological activities, namely 
reproduction, nutrition and protection. 

Special emphasis was placed on the behavior of the female, 
or queen ant and her methods of establishing the colony in con- 
trast with the behavior of the queen honey-bee and with the 
male ant, which takes no part in the activities of the colony as 
such, but functions only as a fecundating agency during the 
nuptial flight. The queen ant was shown to possess all -the 
instincts of the worker forms in addition to some of her own and 
thus to represent the most complete embodiment or epitome of 
the species. This statement requires qualification only in the 
case of certain parasitic and slave-making species, in which the 
queen is degenerate like the queen honey-bee and no _ longer 
able to establish a colony and bring up the first brood of her off- 
spring without the aid of workers either of her.own or of an alien 
‘species. 

November, 1913 


398 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





The peculiar structure of the ant’s alimentary track was des- 
cribed in some detail, with its “‘social’’ and “‘individual’’ stomachs, 
which enable the insects not only to store their liquid food in the 
most economical manner but also to distribute it equally among 
the various members of the colony both larval and adult. For the 
purpose of illustrating this portion of the lecture more fully, the 
various adaptions of ants to living in very dry regions, such as 
deserts, were examined, and it was shown that these insects have 
evolved four very different methods of circumventing the diffi- 
culties inseparable from life under conditions that imply a great 
scarcity of their natural insect food. A certain number of species 
have exaggerated their primitive predatory instincts and have 
become rapacious hunters (e.g. the species of Cataglyphis in the 
North African deserts). Others have taken td storing quantities 
of liquid food in the crops, or social stomachs of certain workers 
of the colony for the purpose of tiding over the long droughts 
(e.g. the honey ants of the South-western States and Australia 
belonging to the genera Myrmecocystus, Melophorus, Camponotus, 
Leptomyrmex, etc.). Other species have become agricultural or 
harvesting ants (the species of Messor, Pogonomyrmex, many 
species of Meranoplus, Pheidole, Solenopsis, etc.), and have there- 
fore become addicted to a vegetable diet. These forms store the 
seeds of various desert plants in their nests. Lastly, a group of 
American ants, comprising the species of Atfa and allied genera, 
has learned to grow fungi for food on pieces of leaves, caterpillar 
excrement or other vegetable detritus. Although this habit seems 
to have originated in the moist woods of South and Central 
America, several of the species which acquired it were able by its 
means to invade the deserts of the Mexican plateau and of the 
South-western States and thus to remain independent of the pre- 
carious supply of insect food peculiar to those regions. This 
represents the most specialized stage of ant dietetics. 


The protective instincts of ants, apart from their stinging and 
biting proclivities, attain their most striking expression in the 
construction of the nests. The various types of these structures 
were briefly considered: the small crater nests in the soil, the 
nests under stones and in wood, the larger mound nests, which 
are characterized by a superstructure of accumulated vegetable 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 399 


detritus which is used as an incubator for the larve and pupe, the 
carton nests constructed in trees by various tropical ants of the 
genera Crematogaster, Azteca, Dolichoderus, and Polyrhachis, and 
the extraordinary silken nests of Oecophylla smaragdina and some 
species of Polyrhachis and Camponotus, which are woven by the 
ants using their spinning larve as shuttles. 





THE EXCURSION TO-GRIMSBY: 


In accordance with the prearranged programme, the visiting 
entomologists were all.invited to participate in an excursion to the 
town of Grimsby, which is situated near the centre of the chief 
peach district of the Province. About thirty-five availed them- 
selves of the opportunity. It had been expected that the party 
would arrive in Grimsby soon after noon, but owing to a very 
severe thunderstorm the previous evening, the electric cars were 
running irregularly and it was not until about 2 p.m. that we 
arrived there. Lunch was at once served. After lunch there 
were two or three very interesting, short addresses of appreciation 
of the pleasant trip and of the entertainment. Immediately after- 
wards those who were enthusiastic collectors set out in a body to 
search the flower-clad side of the so-called mountain for their 


favorite kinds of insects. The remainder, under the guidance of 
Mr. Caesar, visited the neighboring orchards, especially the peach 
orchards. Fortunately the peaches were just ready to pick, and 
the healthy trees, with their Juxuriant green foliage and the branches 
bending down almost to the breaking point with the weight of 
golden truit, aroused the enthusiasm and admiration of those who 
had never before seen an Ontario peach orchard. About two 
hours were spent driving through or past peach and other orchards, 
noting at the same time a few of the special insect pests of the 
locality, and then all returned to the hotel to meet the party of 
collectors who reported a considerable number of interesting cap- 
tures. Farewells were given and the convention was at an end. 


Boe, 


400 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 
OFFICERS FOR 1913-1914 

PRESIDENT.—Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, 
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. 

VICE-PRESIDENT.—Mr..A. F. Winn, Westmount, Que. 

SECRETARY-TREASURER.—Mr. A. W. Baker, Demonstrator in 
Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph. 

CurAtor.—Mr. G. J. Spencer, Assistant in Entomology, O. A. 
College, Guelph. 

LIBRARIAN.—Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, O. A. College, Guelph. 

Drrectors.—Division No. 1, Mr. Arthur Gibson, Division of 
Entomology, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; Division No. 2, 
Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Mr. A. Cosens, Parkdale 
Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C. W. Nash, 
East Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; 
Division No. 6, Mr. R. S. Hamilton, Collegiate Institute, Galt; 
Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Jordan Harbour. 
Mr. FH: Hi. Seyman, 





DELEGATE TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 
Montreal. 


AupiTors.—Messrs. J. E. Howitt and L. Caesar, O. A. Col- 
lege, Guelph. 


Rev. Dr. C. J. S. BETHUNE, who has been suffering for some 
years from defective eyesight, recently underwent an operation, 
which has completely restored the sight of his right eye. We 
offer him our heartiest congratulations, and feel sure that the 
news of his recovery will be received with pleasure by all readers 
of THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mailed November 18th, 1913. 


Tae ine te 
b a re 


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7 


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AN ai Nite may Olena PLATE XIV, 





APOCHEIMA RACHELAE, HULST. 


The Ganaslian Fautomologist, | 


Vou. XLV. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1913 No. 12 














THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF APOCHEIMA 
RAGHELZ AULST.* 
BY ARTHUR GIBSON, DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, OTTAWA. 

A cluster of about 200 eggs of this rare moth was received 
from Mr. Norman Criddle in 1903.. Oviposition took place at 
Aweme, Man., during the nights of April 20, 21 and 22, and the 
larve hatched at Ottawa on May 9 and 10. 

To the notes made in 1908, further information has_ been 
added from a recent study of inflated larve. 

Egg.—The eggs were laid in an agglutinated mass and when 
received (May 1) were yellowish tn colour. On May 6-8 they 
turned pinkish, then black, and before hatching were beautifully 
iridescent. In shape, the egg is oval; height 0.6 mm.; breadth 
0.3 mm.; the whole surface roughened. 

The eggs were secured by confining the female moth in a 
collecting net-bag. Since, however, Mr. Criddle has found eggs 
under natural conditions, viz., on a twig or poplar (see figure 1, 
plate XIV) these had been deposited in a tightly compressed mass. 
On another occasion, a female which the same observer had in. 
confinement laid the eggs in a cluster on her own body. 

Larval Stage I—Length 2.5 mm. Head 0.4 mm. wide, some- 
what quadrate in shape, slightly depressed at vertex; dull black in 
colour, mouth-parts reddish brown, ocelli black. Body velvety 
black, with five transverse bands of white on abdomen; collar and 
stigmatal stripe white; thoracic feet black; prolegs concolorous 
with body. 

Stage IJ —Length 6 mm. Head 0.7 mm. wide, blackish 
_ brown, with conspicuous whitish patches, giving a mottled ap- 
pearance; the lower half of clypeus and lower portion of epicranium 
reaching to ocelli, almost wholly whitish in some specimens; in 
others the front of head is mostly whitish, with a few dark brown 
spots on clypeus and inner margins of cheeks. The larve are now 
of a grayish-brown colour, with whitish longitudinal lines and 


*Contributions from the Division of Entomology, Department of Agricul- 
ure, Ottawa. 





402 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





streaks. Anterior third of thoracic shield mostly white. Trans- 
verse whitish bands on dorsum not so conspicuous as before. Tu- 
bercles on body blackish; sete short; blackish. 

Stage [J J—Length 13 mm. after moulting. Head 1.1 to 1.8 
mm. wide, which now may be described as white, mottled with 
conspicuous dark brown, irregularly-shaped spots, mostly present 
on upper two-thirds epicranium. Body now pale mauve, above 
spiracles, venter darker, the whole skin marked with many black 
spots and streaks. The longitudinal stripes on the body indistinct, 
except three pale yellow stripes on venter, which are more ap- 
parent owing to the darker colour of the under surface of body. 
The transverse bands on dorsum are irregular and broken and in 
colour pale yellow. Stigmatal band whitish, blotched with yellow, 
broken, irregular, bordered with a wide blackish band beneath. 
Spiracles blackish. Thoracic feet dark brown, or black; prolegs 
concolorous with venter. 

Stage IV (Fig. 2, plate XIV).—Length 21 mm. after moulting. 
Head 2.0 to 2.2 mm. wide. This stage is much the same as stage 
III, but the longitudinal stripes are now all yellow, and the skin 
is not so heavily marked with black spots and streaks. Transverse 
dorsal bands on abdominal segments as before. The lower joint 
only of each thoracic foot 1s now wholly black, the other joints 
being mostly white, banded above with black. 

Stage V (Fig. 3, plate XIV).—Length 
26 mm. after moulting. Head (fig. 15) 
2.9 to 3.2 mm. wide, slightly indented at 
4} summit, flattened in front; whitish with 
2) yellowish tinge; mottled with brown as 
- before; margined behind with black. 
/— Larve cylindrical in shape, and, in gen- 
r eral, the same as Stage IV. Just after 

moulting the longitudinal stripes are 
plainly visible; as the larve grow these 

HE. Oa Rte Cie Gaya markings become less discernible. When 
mature and ready to pupate, the larve 

may be described as pale mauve or pale yellow—the colour varying 
in the specimens—with numerous irregularly-shaped streaks and 
spots of brown, venter darker; the markings on the dorsum not so 
heavy as in previous stages. Tubercles black, very small, of 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ° 403 


eens es 





equal size; on segments 5 to 9 inclusive, tubercle it is slightly 
above, and anterior to, the spiracle; iv is behind and almost in a 
line with the lower end of spiracle; v is below, and slightly anterior 
to, spiracle; same distance therefrom as i!i. On segments 10 to 12, 
however, tubercle v is immediately below the anterior side of 
spiracle. On segment 12, tubercle tv is also below the spiracle. 
Spiracles black, oval in shape. Stigmatal band whitish, blackish 
border beneath irregular and not So conspicuous as in previous 
stage. Thoracic feet and prolegs as in Stage IV. 

On June 4 some of the larve were mature and entered the 
earth for pupation. On this date they were 39 mm. in length and 
4.5 mm. in width. 

Pupa (fig. 4, pl. XIV).—Length 14-16 mm., 4.5-5 mm. in width 
at widest part; shining, reddish brown, thorax and wing-cases 
wrinkled. Abdomen moderately punctured, abdominal fold dense- 
ly, very minutely, punctured in concentric rows. Spiracles black. 
Cremaster dark brown, bearing two divergent, almost straight, stiff, 
spines; close to the base of the cremaster there are also two, short, 
thick, blunt, spiniform protuberances, one on either side. 

Most of the moths emerged (in a cool cellar) in the end of 
April and early in May, 1904. A breeding jar containing some of 
the pup was kept in the laboratory and in this moths emerged in 
January. Males and females were kept alive and in one instance, 
on January 9, a male and female mated and remained in coitu for 
30 hours. In the wooden box in which the moths were confined 
there was an open crack in the bottom, and when the box was 
moved on January 11 it was noticed that the female had inserted 
her long ovipositor through 
the crack and laid eggs on the 
underside of the bottom close 
to the crack, the bottom of 
the box being slightly elevated 
above the lower edge of the 
sides. The ovipositor of the 
moth (fig. 16) measured in 
Fig. 16.—Apocheim2 rachele, ovipositor, showing one instance 7.5 mm. in 

arrangement of hairs near the end (X 19). z 
length; near and at the tip 


it is distinctly pilose, the hairs being slender and of varying lengths. 














Ay Ay 





404 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





From the fact that these female moths have such remarkably long 
ovipositors, 1t would seem strange that they should deposit their 
eggs openly, as indicated on the plate herewith. One would natur- 
ally expect that the eggs would be laid tn crevices, or other recesses. 
Further observations on the egg-laying habits of the species are 
most desirable. 

The captured females whigh we have vary in size from 11 mm. 
in length, by 4 mm. in width (at widest part) to 16 mm. in length 
by 6 mm. in width. Scales on outer half of rudimentary wings 
mostly reddish ochreous, remaining scales black. A sprinkling of 
reddish-ochreous scales also occurs on sides of thorax and abdomen 
and a conspicuous cluster on summit of head. A distinct dorsal 
band of these scales 1s present on thorax and abdomen. Balance 
of body, black, clothed with long, grey hairs. Antenne filiform, 
black, hairy. Legs hairy, tarsal claw brown. 

Food Plants —The larve were fed on aspen (Populus tremu- 
loides) and cottonwood (Populus deltoides). At Aweme, Man., 
the larvee have frequently been collected by Mr. Criddle from 
aspen and also from several species of willow; on one occasion he 
found a larva about two-thirds grown on elm. 

Distribution in Canada.—In Alberta males have been col- 
lected at Head of Pine Creek, April and early May (F. H. Wolley- 
Dod), Millarville, May 9 (A. F. Hudson); High River, March 12 
(T. Baird) and at Edmonton, May 12, 1896 (F..C. Clare): in Sas- 
skatchewan; Saskatoon, April, 1913, and Regina, April 23 (T. N. 
Willing): in Manitoba; Rounthwaite, April 15, 25 (L. E. Marmont), 
Aweme, April 18-27 (N. Criddle); Winnipeg, April 29 (Hanham). 

The photograph from which the plate was made was taken by 
my colleague, Mr. F. W. L. Sladen. Figs. 12 and 13 in the text 
were drawn by Mr. A. E. Kellet, artist assistant in the Division. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. 

A pocheima rachele Hulst. 
(All figures natural size). 


1. Egg cluster on poplar. 
2. Larva, Stage IV. 

3. Larva, Stage V, mature. 
4. Pupe. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 405 











5. Female moth, bred. spectmen showing extended ovipositor. 

6. Female moth, bred specimen, side view. 

7. Female moth, specimen found on poplar. 

8. : 
pale moths; bred specimens. 

10. Male moth, collected at Winnipeg, Man. 

11. Male moth, collected at Aweme, Man. 


SOME PARASITES OF SIMULIUM LARVA AND THEIR 
POSSIBLE ECONOMIC VALUE.* 
BY E. HAROLD STRICKLAND, DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, OTTAWA. 

During a year’s residence at the Bussey Institution of Harvard | 
University, in 1911, the writer had an opportunity of studying the 
Simuliid larvae which abound in the streams of that locality. This 
study revealed the fact that a large percentage of these larve are 
attacked by parasites, the presence of which appears to result, in 
all cases, in the death of the host. Simultid larvae are most abun- 
dant in these streams from early March until May. Isolated speci- 
mens are found from then onwards till October, when other species 
occur in considerable numbers upon the rocks and vegetation in 
rapidly flowing parts of the streams. 

A brief resume of the peculiarities in structure and habits of 
these interesting larve will be of advantage here, as their curious 
modifications have a very direct bearing upon their liability to 
parasitism. - 

The larve are to be found either solitarily or gregar‘ously, 
according to species, attached by means of a caudal sucker to 
stones or vegetation, only in the fastest flowing water. Silken 
threads secreted from the salivary glands act as anchor lines, hold- 
ing the larva in a vertical position, and retain a hold upon the 
support should the caudal sucker become detached. The cylin- 
drical head bears on its anterior border two fan-like organs carried 
on elongate pedicels. When expanded, these fans form two very 
efficient bowl-shaped, strainers, through which the water flows. 
They can be closed at will, and brought over the mouth orifice, 
carrying with them the small particles of vegetation, and diatoms 
which constitute the food of the larve. Since Simultid larve, 


*Contributions from the Division of Entomology, Ottawa. 
December, 1913 


406 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 











unlike those of most Nematoceran genera, live entirely, and con- 
tinually, below the surface of the water, they are apneustic, and all 
of the oxygen they require has to be extracted from the water 
through three supra-anal finger-like gills. The relatively small 
size of these accounts, in all probability, for the necessity of these 
larve living in fast flowing water, for when they are placed in still 
water they soon die, presumably of asphyxiation. 

In maturing larve the histoblasts of the pupal and adult 
organs are well developed and most conspicuous. Thus on each 
side of the thorax can be seen the three leg-, the wing-, and the 
halter-histoblasts, as-distinctly limited whitish areas. The pupee 
of these flies resemble the chrysalids of the Heterocera with the 
exception of having all! the spiracles closed, and the respiratory 
function being accomplished by a tuft of respiratory  fila- 
ments situated on each side of the prothoracic region. These 
project far out of the slipper shaped cocoon in which the pupal 
stage is passed. The histoblasts of these filaments turn black in 
the later stages of larval development, and,when the latter assumes 
the chestnut brown colour of maturity they appear as a black tri- 
angular area on each side of the prothorax. 


The commonest Simuliid around Boston, in Spring, is Simulinm 
hirtipes. In the larva of this species two classes of parasites occur. 
One of these is represented by a nemathelminth worm, belonging 
to or near the genus Mermis. The worm lives either singly, or in 
considerable numbers, coiled up within the body cavity of its host, 
where it occupies the ventral portion of the somewhat swollen ab- 
dominal region (Pl. XV, fig. 1). When one worm only is present it 
measures about three centimetres, which is nearly three times the 
length of its host. The greatest number of worms found in a single 
larva was twelve. In this case none attained to a greater length 
than lcm. The most striking effect of these parasites upon their 
larval host is that they so far inhibit the development of the histo- 
blasts that pupation becomes impossible (fig. 2). This suppression 
of pupal and adult organs is accompanied by a slight increase in 
the size of the larval tissues, for most parasitised larve were from 
2 to 3 mm. longer than their healthy companions. This condition 
is opposite to Prothetely, which name Kolbe (’03) ascribed to the 
several recorded cases in which larvae of various orders had their 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 407 


histoblasts so accelerated that the pupal, or in some cases adult, 
organs appeared as external structures in the as yet immature 
larve. Such cases have been recorded by Heymons (’906) in Tene- 
brio molitor, Hagen (’72) in Bombyx mori, and others in various 
Coleopterous larve. A study of the cases of prothetely now on 
record shows that they were all produced under artificial conditions. 
This would suggest that it is due to some pathological disturbance, 
which has caused an excessive stimulation of the enzymes, whose 
action brings about the multiplication of adult tissue forming cells, 
without appreciably affecting those of the larval tissues. It then 
follows that there are two sets of enzymes concerned in the matura- 
tion of holometabolic insects, one of which may be termed the 
“larval enzymes”’ and the other the ‘‘adult enzymes.’ The sup- 
pressed growth of the histoblasts in parasitised Simulida would 
then be due to the worm decreasing the stimulating action of the 
adult enzymes by impoverishing them either in quality or 
quantity. This subject is discussed more fully in an earlier paper 
by the writer (11), where this pathological condition is termed 
Methetely, in contradistinction to Kolbe’s Prothetely. 


The parasitised Simuliid larve are unable to pupate and are 
finally killed by the worm, which bores its way out through the 
‘skin’ and thus escapes into the water. Here it probably leads a 
free sexual life, as do the related nemathelminths found in grass- 
‘hoppers of which it is only the larve that are parasitic. It is sur- 
mised that the larval worm passes into the body cavity of its host 
from the alimentary tract, into which it would be readily taken 
with the food. This worm was found during the spring in varying 
abundance in most of the streams examined. The largest percen- 
tage of infection was 25, equally distributed between the two 
species of Simulium present in that stream. It was never found 
in the fall, and has probably one generation only per annum. 

During the spring there was a very high percentage of para- 
sitism by various Myxosporidia S. L. (Sporozoa). When these 
were discovered, they had all sporulated, and were therefore at too 
late a stage in development for their taxonomic position, or life 
history, to be ascertained, but they were evidently related to the 
organisms causing the Pebrine disease of silkworms. The body of 
the parasitised larva becomes enormously distorted anc swollen, 


408 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 











particularly near the apex of the abdomen (fig. 3). The skin, 
normally dark green in colour, is rendered almost transparent owing 
to its great distension, and through it can be seen a white irregular 
mass of parasitic material. Upon dissection, this parasitic mass 
is found to consist of countless spores. Four distinct types of 
spores were found in different localities. These represented, prob- 
ably four, or even more, species. The simplest type was a plain 
ovoid, about 5u by 3y1n size. Another, similar in size,had at one 
end a flattened disc. In a third, this disc was replaced by a stout 
flagellum-like organ about 2-3 times the length of the spore, while 
the fourth resembled the third, but had in addition two raised 
annulations around its equatorial region. The first type of spore 
represented, probably, a normal species of the genus Glugea, of 
which three more species were found during the following fall. 
Unless the spores bearing appendages belong to the Myxosporidia, 
S.S., which seems to be improbable, they represent entirely different 
types to anything previously described. Up to 80% parasitism 
was recorded, every case of which is believed to have been fatal. 
This could not be proved definitely since all Simulium larvae kept 
under observation in captivity died. The following observations 
tend, however, to confirm this supposition. No pupe containing 
parasites could be found, even where 80% of the larvae had been 
infested. No reproductive organs were found in parasitised larve. 
There ts very little fat body stored up in these larve. The volumin- 
ous proportions of the parasite would require an enormous rent in 
the ectoderm in order that it might escape, and were it to pass over 
into the adult it is inconceivable that the latter would be able to 
escape from the water when so hampered. 


Throughout the summer isolated specimens of S. bracteatum 
were present in the streams. These were casually examined, but 
no parasites were found. By the beginning of October larve of 
this spectes were abundant. |S. vittafum was represented, also, by 
a few specimens, and by the middle of November S. hiriipes was 
once more hatching out from recently deposited egg masses. The 
latter species seems to estivate throughout the Summer, for no 
signs of it were seen between the end of May and the beginning of 
October. 


The larvee present in the streams during the fall months were 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 409 


found to be parasitised with species of two distinct Protozoan 
orders—namely, Gregarinida and Myxosporidia S. L. The former 
was represented by a single species, the taxonomic position of which 
was not ascertained. Larve pareasitised by this species were con- 
spicuous in presenting a white speckling over the entire surface of 
the body (fig. 4). This, upon closer examination, was seen to 
be due to innumerable small globular cysts, measuring up to .25 
mm. in diameter, which either floated freely in the blood, or were 
still attached to the original seats of infection. The tissues invaded 
were the ectodermal epithelium, the cells of the fat body and the 
layer of pigment cells which cover the nervous system in these 
larve. The sexual organs were never found in parasitised larve. 

_ The cysts when sectioned, and stained with iron hematoxylin, 
were seen to be composed of a homogeneous mass of granular proto- 
plasm, in which was situated numerous free masses of chromatic 
material. In some young cysts there were vacuoles, but these 
were detected in living specimens only. In other fresh material 
there seemed to be a distinct ectosarc layer of a perfectly clear fluid. 
By the end of November a developmental stage was reached in 
which the protoplasm began to collect around the scattered masses 
of nuclear material, and the cyst contents were divided up into 
numerous uninucleate globular bodies. If a cyst were then dis- 
sected and allowed to float in water it soon bursts, liberating count- 
less numbers of these minute globules which, within a quarter of 
an hour of their escape, began to move independently,and were soon 
actively darting around, in a limited area, in the water. Killed 
and fixed specimens revealed the fact that each was provided with 
a flagellum. No further study of these organisms was made. 
The larve thus parasitised had their histoblasts retarded, though 
to a less extent than those which contained Mermis sp. Since 
this parasite was present in about 50% of the larve in streams 
where it was found, it must have a distinct economic value. The 
retardation of the histoblasts is sufficiently pronounced to assure 
the death of the larvae, which was in all recorded cases that of 
S. bracteatum. No other species of Simulium larve were present 
however, in the streams where this parasite was found. 


The order Myxosporidia S.L. was represented by three species 
of the genus Glugea. These species received special attention, and 


410 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








their life histories were worked out. The appearance of parasi- 
tised larvee was similar to that of the specimens, found in Spring, 
containing other Myxosporidia S.L. The life history of the organ- 
isms is, in brief, as follows: a spore is taken into the alimentary 
tract of a very young larva. From this escapes an amceboid germ, 
which passes between the cells of the mesenteric epithelium, and 
thus gets into the body cavity. Here it attacks, and enters, a cell 
_of the fat body, where it grows with great rapidity, soon bursting 
the cell and living free life in the body cavity of its host. It is now 
termed a trophozoite, and consists of a multinucleated mass of proto- 
plasm. As the trophozoite matures, a small clearly constricted 
globule of protoplasm collects around each of the numerous nuclei, 
to form a spherical sporont. The single nucleus of the sporont 
undergoes three (or more in some species) divisions, thus forming 
eight nuclei, which in time become the centres of eight small bodies. 
known as sporoblasts. Around each of these sporoblasts is secreted 
a thick shell, which activity is accompanied by a complicated in- 
ternal development. This converts the sporoblast into a mature 
spore, which is capable of spreading the infection, which liberated 
in the water by the death and subsequent decay of its host. 


It is believed that infection by this class of parasite can be 
accomplished only in the earliest stages of larval life, before the 
peritrophic membrane lines the entire surface of the mesenteron. 
The latter, it would seem, is the only part of the alimentary tract 
which would not resist the attacks of an unarmed germ. A fuller 
account of this exceptionally stout peritrophic membrane, and its 
development, has been published by the writer (18). In this 
paper, also, the three Glugeid species discovered as parasites of 
Simuliid larvee were described. 


It will be seen, from the above descriptions of the various 
parasites of Simuliid larve found around Boston, that they are 
very conspicuous, and would readily attract the attention of an 
observer. Notwithstanding this fact, there are no other records 
of their occurrence in North America. This would appear to 
indicate that, in those sections of the country where species of 
Simulium are most abundant, these parasites do not exist, for in 
these places careful studies of the larval stages have been made by 
several observers. A Glugeid was described from the European 


AN. ENT., Vot. XLV. PLATE XV. 





PARASITES OF SIMULIUM. 


412 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


S. ornatum by Leger (’97), and another from a Brazilian ? species by 
Luta and Splendore (’04 and ’08). Lutz (09) also records the 
presence of a nemathelminth in Brazilian Simuliide. 

The parasites found in Simuliid larve around Boston during 
1911 may be summarized as follows: 


1. Parasites of the Spring brood of Simulium. 
Various Myxosporidia spp. up to 80% mortality. 
Mermis sp. up to 25% mortality. 
2. Parasites of the Fall brood of Simulium. 
Glugea-spp. up to 10% mortality. 
Gregarine sp. up to 50% mortality. 


No experiments have been made upon the possibility of trans- 
ferring these parasites from one species of Simulium to another, but 
so far as can be seen there should be no great difficulty in ac- 
complishing this, for in all cases observed the parasites infected all 
species of larve present at the same time in the streams where the 
former occurred. There is, however, a seasonal variation of para- 
sitism, for the species taken in the spring were not found in the 
fall, so that it is probable that only those species of Simulium 
whose life history coincides with parasitised species could be in- 
fected with the parasites of the latter. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. 

rig. |. Mermis parasites in situ. 

Fig. 2. A, normal histoblasts of mature larva. B, histoblasts. 
of full-grown larva containing Mermis, sp.; rf, respiratory fila- 
ment histoblast; w, wing histoblast; h, halteres histoblast: 
1 (1, 2, 3), leg histoblasts. 

Fig. 3. Glugeid parasite in situ. 

Fig..4. Gregarine in situ. 


LITERATURE CITED. 
HAGEN, H. A.—’72. Stettin ent. Zeit., pp. 392-393. 
HeEymons, R.—’96. Sitzungsber. d: Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin. 


KoLBE, H. J.—’03. Allgem. Zeitsch. fiir. Ent., Bull. 8, No. 1 
p. 28. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 413 











Lutz, A.—’09. Memorias do Institute Oswald Cruzo. Tomo 
I, Faciculo IT, pp. 124-146. 

Lutz AND SPLENDORE.—'04. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, 
Bd. 42. Id.,’08. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie Bd 46, pp 311-315. 

S1RICKLAND, E. H.—’11. Biological Bulletin, Vol. 21, pp. 302- 
338. Id., '13. Journal of Morphology. Vol. 24, pp. 43-105. 





NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF CECIDOMYIIDE. 
BY WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK. 
Dasyneura hirtipes Osten-Sacken. 

Cecidomyia hirlipes OSTEN-SACKEN, Mon. Dipt. N. Am., Vol. J, 
1862, p. 195; Glover, MSS. Notes, Dipt. 1874, p. 8; Bergenstamm 
and Loew. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien., Vol. X XVI, 1876, p. 47. 

Dasyneura hirtipes ALDRICH, Cat. N. Am. Dipt. 1905, p. 155. 


Male and Female—Head red, clothed with. red scales; anten- 
ne brown. Neck red; thorax above, smooth, polished, blood-red, 
blackish above with a few erect brown hairs, pleura marked with 
black; scutellum red. Abdomen bright scarlet red with blackish 
appressed scales. Legs wholly black; coxze reddish. Wings with 
a dense blackish pubescence. Halteres reddish or orange, the 
club black. Expanse 5.5-6 mm. Length 3.5-4 mm. 


Gall.—Polythalamous, large bud-like and solid when im- 
mature, with a number of aborted leaves surrounding it. When 
mature, it is soft inside and filled with a white foam-like substance, 
in which are a number of long, narrow, larval cells. When the flies 
are ready to emerge, the gall bursts open and it is then of the ap- 
pearance of a miniature cauliflower; the large white center sur- 
rounded by the dark green leaves, giving it the appearance of that 
plant. Diameter 50 to 25 mm. 

The gall is formed at the tip of stunted stalks of the fragrant 
golden-rod (Solidago graminifolia).in June and July. When old, 
the white foam-like internal substance decays and the gall is then 
hard, woody and hollow inside, with a large opening on top. It 
remains on the bushes in this state over winter. I have collected 
the gall of C. hirtipes at Fort Lee, New Jersey, late in June, from 


which the adults began to emerge on July 6. 
December, 1913 


414 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


Dasyneura seminivora Beuten. 

Cecidomyia (?) seminivora, BEUTENMULLER, Bull. Am. Mus. 
Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 390, pl. XV., figs. 1-4 (larva and 
gall). 

Male and Female—Head and antenne black. Thorax deep 
brown-black, somewhat shining, with erect hairs in the grooves; 
scutellum deep red. Abdomen deep red, covered with deep 
brown black scales above; under side wholly deep red with rather 
long, erect, dark hairs. Legs blackish above, pale brown beneath. 
Wings blackish hyaline with bluish reflection; extreme base of 
wings red. Halteres yellowish brown. Expanse 4 mm. Length 
2 mm. 

This species was heretofore known from the larva and gall 
only, and the adults are here described for the first time. The 
flies emerged from May 31 to June 15. The gall is a deformation 
of the seed-pods of certain species of violets. . 

Lasioptera podagre, sp. nov. 

Male and Female—Head clothed with gray scales in front and 
behind; eyes black; antennee deep brown, first and second joints 
dull red. Thorax narrowly banded on each side from the anterior 
portion of the scutellum, with gray and brown hair-scales. Along 
the middle of the thorax is a very broad golden brown band from 
the scutellum to almost the anterior portion. Scutellum marked 
with gray scales. Abdomen velvety black, with a row of large, 
broad gray marks on each side, decreasing in size toward the last 
segment. Under side: Thorax black marked with gray, abdomen 
wholly gray; legs black above, white on the joints, tarsi banded 
with white; femora beneath white from the base to about the 
middle. Wings hyaline with black scales, red at the extreme base 
and with a very small white mark at the middle of the costa. 
Halteres red or white. Expanse 2.50 mm. Length 1.50 mm. 

Gall.—Polythalamous, consisting of an elongate swelling en- 
largement of the stems of a species of aster. Length 20 to 50 mm., 
Width 8 to 10 mm. 

Habitat: Fort Lee, New Jersey; Bronx Park, New York City 
(W.B.). 

Types: Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 415 





Lasiopiera lindere Beuten. 

Lasioptera (2) lindere Beutenmuller, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. 
Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 398, pl. XIV., fig. 3-6 (gall and larva). 

Male and Female-—Head black, face and posterior portion 
snowy white; antenne black, first, second and third joints white. 
Thorax velvety black, broadly bordered with white around the 
anterior portion to the base of the wings. In the grooves are a few 
scattered pale brown hairs. Scutellum black, with a few long white 
hairs. Abdomen black, first segment white, second segment with 
a small white mark on the dorsum posteriorly, the two following 
segments each with a broad white band posteriorly, the remaining 
segments wholly black. Under side of abdomen broadly white. 
Legs pale brown or sordid white; tibiz marked with black at the 
middle. Wings hyaline with black scales and a white mark at the 
middle of the costa and at the base of the wings. Halteres white. — 
Expanse 3 mm. 

The adults are here described for the first time. They emerge 
from the galls in June. 


Lasioptera vernonié Beuten. 
Cecidomyia (?) vernonie Beutenmuller, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. 
Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 389, pl. XV., figs. 7-8. 


Male and Female-—Head white in front, black posteriorly; 
antenne black; first and second joints white. Thorax deep velvety 
black, with a very broad white margin around the anterior portion 
to the base of the wings. In the two grooves of the thorax are a few 
scattered, white hairs. Scutellum scaled with white and with a 
few long hairs of the same colour. Abdomen deep velvety black, 
each segment with a very narrow white band posteriorly and not 
extending to the extreme sides of the abdomen. Legs black, with 
the joints pure white; coxee white. Under side of abdomen broadly 
white. Wings blackish hyaline, with a white mark at the middle 
on the costa. Halteres white. Expanse 3.5 mm. Length 1.5 
mm. 

Heretofore, this species was known only from the larva and 
gall. 

Cecidomyia meibomie Beuten. 

Cecidomyia (2?) meibomie BEUTENMULLER, Bull. Am. Mus. 

Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 390, pl. XV, figs. 9, 10, 11. 


416 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Male and Female.—"yes large, contiguous at the vertex, black; 
face semi-translucent, dull orange red. Antenne yellowish brown 
with erect black hairs. Thorax dull, semi-translucent red, with 
rather long, blackish hairs in the grooves on top, forming two parallel 
lines, and a few hairs at the sides; scutellum dull semi-translucent 
red. Abdomen dull semi-translucent, orange red sparsely, with 
brown black hairs; tip of abdomen blunt. Under side of body dull 
red. Legs fuscous. Expanse 3.50 mm. Length 1.383 mm. 

Since my description of the larva and galls of this species I 
succeeded in breeding the adults from galls collected in the Valley 
of the Black Mountains, North Carolina, in September 1906, and 
they are here characterized for the first time. 


Cecidomyia clavula, sp. nov. 

Female.—Head black, eyes large, contiguous, face pale orange; 
antenne pale,semi-translucent, orange yellow, banded with black, 
hairs gray. Thorax above semi-translucent orange, tinged with 
red; underside orange. Abdomen orange, with yellow hairs. Legs 
white, with deep black bands. Wings hyaline yellow, with metallic 
blue and purplish reflections; a broad, dusky grayish, wavy trans- 
verse band a little beyond the middle, followed by a similar close 
to the outer margin; on the outer margin is a grayish patch almost 
connected with the preceding transverse band; costa yellow, 
deep black below the apex; fringes yellow. Halteres semi-trans- 
lucent orange. Length 2mm. Expanse 4 mm. 

Very closely allied to Cecidomyia variegata of Europe. Bred 
from enlargements of the terminal twigs of Dogwood (Cornus 
florida). It is the gall described by me in the Bulletin Am. Mus. 
Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1892, p. 269. 


Rhopalomyia remuscula Beuten. 


Cecidomyia (2) remuscula BEUTENMULLER, Bull. Am. Mus. 
Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 392, pl. XVII, figs. 7, 8. 

Male——Head black; antenne fuscous. Thorax shining black 
above, with two pale, parallel*lines dorsally, pleura yellowish brown; 
scutellum yellowish. Abdomen dull yellowish, covered with brown 
hairs. Wings blackish, hyaline. Halteres yellowish, knobs 
black. Legs fuscous. Length 2 mm. 

Hitherto known only from the gall and the larva. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 417 





TWO NEW CANADIAN GALL MIDGES. 
BY C. P. FELT, ALBANY, N.Y. 
Cystiphora canadensis n. sp., 

The interesting midge described below was reared July 10, 
1913, by Dr. A. Cosens, Toronto, Canada, from an inconspicuous 
flat, blister gall on the leaves of white lettuce or rattlesnake root, 
Prenanthes altissima or P. alba. This is the second American 
species of Cystiphora to be discovered and is easily distinguished 
from C. viburnifolia Felt by colorational and structural characters. 

Gall—Circular, diameter 5 mm., dark purplish with a paler 
center. There is no perceptible thickening of the tissues. The 
galls are placed irregularly between the veins. 


Female.—Length 1.25 mm. Antenne extending to the third 
abdominal segment, sparsely haired, dark brown; 13 or 14 segments, 
the fifth cylindric, with a length twice its diameter; terminal seg- 
ment either simple or composed of two closely fused segments. 
Palpi: first segment irregularly capitate, the second subquadrate, 
the third slender, with a length fully five times its diameter. Meso- 
notum shining dark brown. Scutellum, postscutellum and abdo- 
men mostly reddish brown, the terminal abdominal segment 
fuscous, the tip of the ovipositor yellowish. Waungs hyaline, the | 
third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the distal ninth. 
Halteres pale yellowish. Coxe and femora basally, fuscous yel- 
lowish, the distal portion of femora, tibia and tarsi mostly fuscous; 
claws slender, toothed, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovi- 
positor with a length nearly half that of the abdomen, the basal 
half distinctly swollen and rather heavily chitinized, the distal half 
with a diameter about half that-of the basal portion, tapering 
slightly to a narrowly rounded apex bearing a slender spur. Type 
Cecid a2441. 

Hormomyia helianthi Brodie 

1894, Brodie, William—RBiol. Rev. of-Ont., I, pp. 44-46 (Cecido- 
myia). 

1909, Jarvis, T. D.—Ent. Soc., Ont., 39th Rep’t., p. 83 (Ceci- 
domyia). © 

The axillary galls of this species occur on Helianthus. They 


are more or less cyliridric, occasionally flask-shaped and, according 
December, 1913 


418 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





to the describer, have a length of 10 to 25 mm. and a diameter of 
from 1.5 to 5mm. There may be 1 to 10 galls in an axil, firmly 
attached to the stem by an expanded base and projecting in verious 
directions, usually upwards, often at right angles to the stem and 
occasionally downward. They occur on the upper third of the 
stems of Helianthus decapetalus and H. divaricatus, growing in 
open woods or in shaded situations. This gall occurs about Tor- 
onto, Ont., and has been collected at Evanston, IUl., by Mr. L. H. 
Weld. A species of Torymus has been obtained from this insect. 
Specimens of this midge were reared June 23, 1907, by Dr. A. 
Cosens, of the University of Toronto. The following descriptions 
are drafted from this material. F 


Male.—Length 2.5 mm. Antenne probably extending to the 
fourth abdominal segment, sparsely haired, light yellow; 14 seg- 
ments, the fifth binodose, the basal stem with a length one-half its 
diameter, the distal with a length about three-fourths its diameter, 
the basal enlargement subglobose, the distal subcylindric, slightly 
expanded apically and with a length nearly twice its diameter; 
three low, broad circumfili occur on each flagellate segment; ter- 
minal segment irregularly binodose, with an indistinct constriction 
near the basal third, the apex narrowly and irregularly rounded. 
.Mesonotum yellowish brown. Scutellum and postscutellum fus- 
cous yellowish. Abdomen dark yellowish brown, the genitalia 
fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa thickly haired, light 
straw, the third vein uniting therewith well beyond the apex, the 
fifth at the distal fourth, its branch near the basal half. Halteres, 
coxee and femora basally yellowish, the distal portion of femora and 
tibiz dark brown, the tarsi a little lighter; claws slender, evenly 
curved, simple, a little longer than the large pulvilli. Genitalia: 
basal clasp segment short, broad; terminal clasp segment stout, 
slightly curved and with a length thrice its diameter; dorsal plate 
short, very broadly and roundly emarginate, the lobes strongly 
divergent; ventral plate short, broadly rounded; style short, obtuse. 


Female.—Length 3.5 mm. Antennz nearly as long as the 
body, sparsely haired, light yellow; 14 segments, .the fifth with - 
stem 14 the length of the cylindric basal enlargement, which latter 
has a length 21% times its diameter and three irregular, anastomos- 
ing circumfili on the basal portion of the enlargement, with a fourth 


et: 
Not 


, 


hs 





CAN 


EnT., VOL. XLV PLaTE XVt, 





NEW 


p= eor ho 


NORTH AMERICAN ANAPHORINAE, 


Pseudanaphora quadrellus. Type o. 
Pseudanaphora quadrellus. Type °. 
Neolophus antonellus. Type o. 
Eulepiste antonellus. Type o. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 419 





apical flum; terminal segment slightly reduced, with a length about 
twice its diameter and tapering suddenly to an obtuse apex; the 
surface of this segment is nearly covered with very irregular, 
anastomosing circumfili. Palpi yellowish, basal segment roundly 
quadrate, the second segment reduced, conical. Mesonotum red- 
dish brown. Scutellum brownish, yellowish apically, postscutel- 
lum brownish yellow. Abdomen sparsely hatred, dark brown. 
Halteres and coxe yellowish. Legs mostly yellowish straw.  Ovi- 
positor when extended about as long as the abdomen, the terminal 
portion moderately stout and with ndistinct, inarrowly rounded 
apical lobes. : 

This species departs from the typical Hormomyia in the 
greatly produced ovipositor of the female and it is possible that it, 
with related forms, should be referred to a distinct genus. 

Type, C. a2453. 


SOME NEW NORTH AMERICAN ANAPHORIN~. 
BY WM. BARNES, M.D., AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D., DECATUR, ILL. 


In sorting over a large accumulation of material belonging to 
the Tineid group called by Walsingham A naphorina, we discovered 
several species which did not agree with the descriptions of any 
known North American species; these we venture to describe as new. 
We have followed Walsingham in the generic references, although 
Busck states that these genera are not tenable; we feel, however, 
that Walsingham’s genera serve at least to define the position of the 
species in the group rather more clearly than if we had employed 
a more general term. 


Neolophus antonellus, sp. nov. (Fig. 3.) 
o’.—Antenne strongly serrate and fasciculate; palpi rough- 

haired, upturned to well above front and rather closely appressed, 

ochreous, deep brown at base; collar brown at base, ochreous 

apically; thorax brown centrally, this portion rather sharply defined 

by pale ochreous patagia with light brown center. Primaries light - 
brown with broad, very prominent pale yellowish stripe from base 

of wing through the fold to approximately the end of cell; upper 

margin of this stfipe is rather even, bordered by. a black line which 


curves slightly upwards and ends in a black discocellular dot; 
December, 1913 


4260 THI CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





lower margin irregular, the stripe projecting slightly about center 
of wing in small quadrate patch towards inner margin, bordered 
basally with blackish and with brown patch beyond the projection; 
outer boundaries of stripe diffuse, two faint narrow black lines ex- 
tending beyond it on each side of vein 4 to termen; slight sprinkling 
of gray scales above anal angle; costa and inner margin shaded with 
black-brown basally; indistinct series of marginal dots extending 
from costa before apex to anal angle; fringes brown, cut by ochreous. 
Secondaries smoky ochreous at base. Beneath smoky brown tinged 
with ochreous. Expanse 33 mm. 
Habitat: San Antonio, Texas: 1%. Type, Coll. Barnes. 
Eulepiste pyramellus, sp. nov. (Fig. 4.) 
o.—Antenne annulate; palpi rather smooth, upturned to 
above front, but not appressed; front pale ochreous, thorax darker; 
primaries an admixture of pale gray and brown scales, maculation 
very indefinite and indistinct, in well-marked individuals consisting 
of a brownish blotch in cell near base, another at end of cell and a 
third midway between these two above inner margin, these latter 
are at times connected outwardly by a whitish oblique waved line 
which is usually more or less obsolete; indistinct costal and ter- 
minal dark dots; secondaries and underside unicolorous smoky 
‘brown. Expanse 23 mm. 
Habitat: Pyramid Lake, Nevada. 4 o’. Type, Coll. Barnes. 
The species appears to be intermediate between /irsutus Bsk. 
and occidens Bsk. 
Pseudanaphora quadrellus, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2.) 
o.—Antenne very slightly serrate below, palpi upturned, 
roughly haired, brown; thorax chocolate-brown; primaries chocolate 
brown shaded with pale ochreous especially along inner margin 
and termen; costa with alternate stricz of chocolate-brown and 
ochreous; slight ochreous tinge in cell; dark discocellular dash; 
inner margin broedly ochreois, mere or less striate with brown, 
upper edge of th’s oc reovs stripe irregular with prominent blunt 
tooth of ground-cclour projecting downward towards middle of 
inner margin; before and after this tooth the margin is rounded, 
bent sharply upwards. beyond origin of vein 3 as far as vein 7, 
bending again at right angles and attaining termen below apex, 
forming a large subquadrate terminal ochreous patch; faint ter- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 421 





minal row of dark dots; fringes checkered brown and ochreous 
with pale basal line. Secondaries pale smoky brown with ochreous 
terminal line and checkered fringes. Beneath smoky brown, costa 
of primaries apically ochreous with 3 or 4 brown stria, narrow ter- 
minal ochreous line, secondaries and fringes as above. 

Q.—Palpi short, hairy, porrect; primaries more uniform 
chocolate brown with only faint traces of ochreous along inner 
margin; a paling of the ground colour represents the quadrate 
terminal patch so prominent in the o&. Expanse o 25 mm, 
2 28 mm. . 

Habitat: Palmerlee, Ariz. 7 oc, 3‘9. Types, Coll. Barnes. 

The species is allied to davisellus Beut., but should be readily 
distinguished by the dark apex and subquadrate ochreous terminal 
patch with sharply defined inner edge. The malesvary in the amount 
of brown striations on the ochreous area in some there are scarcely 
any, in others they show a tendency to obscure this area more or 
less completely. 





EUGONIA CALIFORNICA BDV. IN THE PACIFIC 
NORTHWEST. 

- During the summer of 1912 there was an unusual occurrence 
of the caterpillars: of Eugonia californica in a number of places 
throughout the states of Washington, Idaho, and also British 
Columbia. They were reported as being present ‘‘by the millions” 
and defoliating the buckbrush or ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus). 
It was even reported that the caterpillars were blocking the trains 
at Clayton, a village about 30 miles north of Spokane, Wash. This 
story was not exaggerated in the least, as I had occasion to ascertain. 

On the 18th of June I visited the field of devastation at Clay- 
ton. When I first arrived at the place, I thought the caterpillars 
to be those of Vanessa antiopa, but such they did not prove to be. 
I saw that there were a great many of the caterpillars and started 
to step off the distance across the small area ahead of me, but I soon 
found that it was not a matter of yards or rods, but of miles. As 
far as could be seen to the westward, the ceanothus looked as if it 
had been scorched by fire. All the bright, green glossy leaves had 
been eaten, and the branches were entirely bare except for the 
millions of crawling, spiny, dark caterpillars. They were crawling 


* 
422 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


everywhere—on the ground, over sticks, stones, logs, stumps, up 
in the young pines above one’s head, on the fence posts, up and 
down the timbers of railroad bridges, in the water, and even on 
the rails of the railroad. Some of the caterpillars were about one- 
third grown, some were nearly mature, while a few were hanging 
pendant, like fruit, preparatory to pupation. All about one could 
hear the incessant rattle of their feeding, and the patter of their 
falling excrement like the patter of summer rain. The ground — 
was covered with excrement. Thousands of the cast skins were to 
be seen on the naked branches. Where the railroad train had been 
blocked countless thousands of the dead and crushed caterpillars 
were found, their bodies covering the ground for rods. In the 
midst of this field of devastation stood willows, pines, roses, firs, 
tamaracks, grasses and lupines all untouched. Just as I was leav- 
ing the place, I noticed that the ground was covered with cater- 
pillars, all crawling in the same direction. I found that they had 
completely defoliated the ceanothus bushes where they had been 
and were now on their way to find other food. 


Two days later, in Spokane, I found a few acres of ceanothus 
on a hill side completely defoliated as at Clayton. Here many of 
the caterpillars had transformed to chrysalids. Several times they 
were noticed to shake themselves violently until the bushes shook 
from the effect. 


On July 7 I found millions of the caterpillars on the south slope 
of Moscow Mt., Idaho. Some of these were parasitized by an 
undetermined species of Braconid. 


On July 13, when I again visited the place of infestation at 
Moscow Mt., I found that all caterpillars and all chrysalids were 
gone. The caterpillars had evidently not migrated, for all around 
as far as I could see the ceanothus had not been touched. Even 
had the caterpillars migrated that would not explain the absence 
of the chrysalids. I think that the total disappearance of these 
caterpillars and chrysalids was no doubt due to birds. A similar 
disappearance of all the caterpillars in the other districts visited ~ 
seems to confirm this opinion. 


These caterpillars were reported from the following places: 
Chelan, Wn.; Brownsville, Wn.; Moscow Mt., Idaho; Nelson, B.C.; 
_ Peachland, B.C., and Clayton, Wash. M. A. YOTHERS. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 423 


Ss 


NOTE ON. THE OVIPOSITION OF AEDES CALOPUS 
MEIGEN. 


BY JAMES ZETEK, ANCON, CANAL ZONE. 


The writer was taking the adults from a lot of breeding cages 
and, by accident, one female Aedes calopus escaped. Hardly more 
than two minutes later he turned his attention to an uncovered 
cage containing water and larve of Culex coronator D & K, and 
discovered a mosquito resting on the side of the jar, the tip of its 
abdomen extending and touching the water, depositing eggs. This 
occurred at 4.10 p.m., July 2nd, 1913. The mosquito was A.calopus, 
and most probably was the one that had escaped a moment before. 
The cage was covered with gauze. 


When the cages were examined at 1.00 a. m., July 5th, very 
young larve of the yellow-fever mosquito were seen in this particu- 
lar jar. The egg instar is about 60 hours. These larve were al- 
lowed to mature, and from them emerged 14 2 and 18 o& adults. 

The female which had deposited these eggs had no blood meal, 
nor any other food than which was present in the air and 
water. In the original cages of Aedes calopus, copulation was fre- 
quently noted, occurring chiefly in the daytime. In the act the 
male is underneath, clasping the female, the two mosquitos facing 
each other. The male clasped the female as frequently in flight 
as when at rest. In one cage, containing one male and many fe- 
males, the male copulated three successive times during the half 
hour under observation. 


The rapidity with which the mosquito found water suitable 
for oviposition after its escape is remarkable, and places emphasis 
upon the cautions to be taken while working with disease-transmit- 
ting insects or pests. 


PHLEBOTOMUS AND VERRUGA. 


It would appear that an addition is likely t> be made to the 
ever-increasing number of cases of the relation of insects to disease. 


In certain of the valleys of the Pacific slope of the Peruvian Andes, 
December, 1913 


424 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





in South America, an »bscure disease, known,as Verruga, has 
existed for years. Recently, the possibility of the transmission 
by some species of insect, or tick, has been seriously entertained, 


and we now learn from “‘Science’’ (August 15th, 1913) that Mr. 
Charles H. T. Townsend, who was some time ago especially charged 
by the Peruvian Government with the investigation of the insect 
transmission of verruga, injected a dog with triturated females of 
Phlebotomus on July 11th, and on July 17th secured as a result 
an unmistakable case of verruga eruption. The gnats used for the 
injection were secured 9n the night of July 9th, in Verrugas Can- 
yon, a noted focus of the disease. This is the first experimental 
transmission of verruga by means of insects, and adds a notable 
case to the list of insect-borne diseases. The details of the experi- 
ment will appear shortly. Further transmission work in laboratory 
animals will be pursued at once, both by injections and by causing 
the gnats to bite. CiAGuie 





A NEW LEPTODESMID FROM MONTANA. 
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The following description is published separately in order 
that the name may be available for early use. 


Leptodesmus (Chouaplie) elrodi, sp. nov. 


Light brown to very deep brown and brownish black, the back- 
ground sometimes rather obscurely chestnut. Carinal and anal 
process in darker individuals orange, in paler even more yellowish; 
the first dorsal plate also paler, yellowish, oblong anterior margin. 
The metazonites may be be paler caudally. 


Head with the median sulcus deep. Vertex moderately finely 
uneven or coriaceous, bearing several long bristles across vertex 
and also in clypeal region above those of- labial border. Antenne 
of moderate length. First or cervical dorsal plate narrower than 
the second one, anteriorly strongly convex; caudal margin moder- 
ately deeply concave mesally; laterally margined. Caudolateral 
angles with caudal side nearly straight. Dorsum strongly arched; 
anterolateral corners of plates_convexly rounded, in the second to 


fifth plates a little extended cephalad, but in others more and 
December, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 425 





more sloping off caudad. Caudal corners in about the second 
to the eighth plates bent moderately forward, then becoming 
straight in a few and then bent caudad, and in the last few form- 
ing a distinct but always distally rounded process; edges of 
lateral carine narrowly elevated; 
pores opening ectad; nineteenth 
plate much shortened, its processes 
reduced; metazonites with transverse 
furrow distinct; surface to naked eye 
appearing nearly smooth and shining, 
under the lens finely , coriaceous, 
more strongly roughened laterally. 
Sternites smooth, glabrous. A deep 


transverse sulcus at middle and a \ 

weaker median longitudinal one cross- \ 

ing it at right angles. Anal process 

inudoreal outline subtriangular, dis. | ee eae of 


tally subcylindric, the tip a little Eo ee 


depressed; a transverse row of four bristles near middle of length 
and toward and on tip about eight more. Anal scale semilunar 
in outline, but with the anterior margin weakly convex, bearing a 
bristle on each side a little in front of caudal margin. Anal 
valves elevated along mesal border, each bearing a bristle a little 
ectad of mesal edge near middle of length and a second one in line 
with it farther caudad. Legs clothed with stiff hairs, which 
proximally are sparse, but distally, and especially on dorsal surface, 
become more dense and at the same time shorter. Male gonopods 
consisting of two long prongs, of which the posterior one is distally 
slender and style-like and curves evenly, first dorsal and somewhat 
mesad and then back proximad. The anterior branch just proxi- 
mad of the curve in the first one expands into a .subtriangular 
plate on the dorsomesal side, which along its distal or caudal edge 
bears several short teeth, of which the one at angle is the longest; 
the prong continues beyond this on a more slender blade which 
bends abruptly dorsad or dorso-ectad and bears on its proximal 
edge and mostly on distal portion a series of long, curved, spine- 
like processes. (See fig. 17). 


Locality —Montana (Flathead Lake). 


426 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


The specimens forming the types of this species were collected 
by Dr. C. C. Adams in the summer of 1912. The species is named 
in honour of Prof. Morton J. Elrod, of the University of Montana, 
who is doing much in aiding the advancement of our knowledge of 
the Natural History of Montana. 





A NEW PAMPHILA FROM NEW MEXICO 
(LEPIDOPTERA). 


BY HENRY SKINNER, M.D., SC.D. 


Pamplhila margarita, n. sp. The male expands 14.5 mm. and 
the female 15.5 mm., the measurements being taken from the base 
to the apex of one wing. The colour of the species is tawny olive 
(Ridgway) and the same colour as pittacus Edwards. There is a 
very faint stigma in the male and on the primaries three vitreous 
subapical spots; a rectangular spot, constricted in the middle, at 
the end of the discoidal cell; three spots in an oblique line across 
the median interspaces, the middle one being the largest and tri- 
angular in shape, and the lower one is somewhat linear, with the 
inner end pointed. The secondaries have a crooked transverse row 
of four vitreous spots below the middle of the wing; the lawer two 
are small and parallel to the margin, while the upper two are the 
larger and at right angles to the margin. Fringe dirty white. 
Underside: Primaries with the spots repeated and also on the secon- 
daries, but larger, and there are in addition a few spots at the base 
of the wing. The female is like the male, but larger, and the spots 
are more conspicuous. 


This species is allied to pittacus Edw. and looks much like 
it. The transverse row of spots on the upper side of the secon- 
daries of pittacus consists of four, straight, distinct rectangular 
spots, and the two species may be separated by the difference in 
this row of spots. 


Described from a number of specimens of both sexes sub- 
mitted by Mr. R. C. Williams, the species being named in honour 
of his wife. They were captured at Jemez Springs, New Mexico, 
May 26th to June 9th, by Mr. John Woodgate. The type is in 


the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 
December, 1913 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 427 


A NEW SPECIES. OF ELASMIDA OF THE GENUS 
EURYISCHIA HOWARD FROM AUSTRALIA, 
AND A NEW PODAGRIONELLA. 
BY A. A. GIRAULT, NELSON, N.Q., AUSTRALIA 














The following species has, in my own mind, served to confirm 
the position of Euryischia Howard in the family Elasmide. It 
was captured with the sweeping net January 6th, 1913, from 
foliage and grass along tne Cape River, Capeville, Pentland, 
Queensland.. | 

Genus Euryischia Howard. 
1.—Euryischia sumneri, new species. é 

Female—Length 2mm. 

Black-blue, the distal third or more of the fore wing distinctly 
embrowned (from about distal fourth of marginal vein to the apex) ; 
postmarginal vein somewhat longer than the long stigmal, and over 
half the length of the marginal. Cephalic tibiz and tarsi brownish, 
also the tegula; caudal coxee normal for the family, but the caudal 
femora enlarged and compressed. Scutellum finely alutaceous, the 
scutum the same but clothed with dense, black, stiff bristles. 
Antenne yellowish, club 3-jointed, funicle 3-jointed, the distal 
joint wider than long; the first subquadrate, the club ovate, larger 
than the funicle; no ring-joint. Both mandibles tridentate, the 
inner tooth broad and truncate, shorter. Pedicel longer than any 
of the funicle joints. Forewings proximad with several very long 
bristles from the blade. Posterior tibial spurs white. 

(From one specimen, 24-inch objective, l-inch optic, Bausch 
and Lomb.) 

Male.—Not known. 

Habitat.—Australia—Capeville (Pentland), Quéensland. 

*Type.—In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above 
specimen on a tag plus a slide bearing the head. 

Dedicated with much respect to Charles Sumner for his 
orations on war. 

Genus Podagrionella Girault. 
1.—Podagrionella pentlandensis, new species. 
Female.—Length 5.10 mm., exclusive of ovipositor. 
Very similar to the type of the genus, but the antennal club 


darkens at tip, the flagellum reddish brown, the pedicel darker. 
December, 1913 


428 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





The abdominal petiole is shorter, very short, wider than long; the 
distal two funicle joints are slightly wider than long; the cross dash - 
on the fore wing is the only fuscation present in these wings. The 
whole body is more robust, the abdomen stouter and longer. 
Otherwise structurally like fasciatipennis, with which I have 
compared it. Mandibles tridentate. 

Male.—Not known. 


Described from one female captured by sweeping miscellaneous 
foliage and grasses along the Cape River, Capeville, Pentland, Q., 
January 6th, 1913. 

Habitat—Australia—Queensland, Capeville (Pentland). 

Type—In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above 
specimen on a tag with a slide bearing posterior femur and head. 





CONSTITUTION. OFs. THE -ENTOMOLOGICALSSOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


Incorporated 1871. 
SECTION I.—(OBJECTS AND MEMBERSHIP). 


1.—The Society shall be called ‘‘THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SO- 
CIETY OF ONTARIO,” and is instituted for the investigation of the 
character and habits of insects, the improvement and advancement 
of Entomological Science, and more especially its practical bearing 
on the Agricultural and Horticultural interests of the Province. 
The Society shall consist of not less than twenty-five members. 


2—The Society shall consist of four classes, viz—Members, 
Life Members, Honorary Members and Corresponding Members. 


3.—Members shall be persons whose pursuits, or studies, ‘are 
connected with Entomology, or who are in any way interested in 
Natural History and who are resident within the Dominion of 
Canada. 


4.—Life Members shall be persons who have made donations 
to the value of $25 in money, books or specimens (the two latter to 
be valued by competent persons) or who may be elected as such at 
the General Meeting of the Society, for important services per- 
formed, and after due notice has been given. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 429 





5.—Entomologists residing outside Canada may be elected 
Corresponding Members of the Society, but such membership will 
not entitle them to the publications of the Society except on pay- 
ment of the subscription to the Journal of the Society. 


6.—Honorary Members shall be members of high standing and 
eminence for their attainments in Entomology. 


7.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to 
twenty-five. 

8.—The Officers of the Society shall consist of a President, a 
Vice-President, a Secretary-Treasurer, and not fewer than three, 
and not more than five, Directors, to form a Council; all of whom, 
with two Auditors, shall be elected annually at the Annual General 
Meeting of the Society, and shall be eligible for re-election. The 
said Council shall, at their meeting, appoint a Curator. 

SECTION II.—(ELECTION OF MEMBERS). 

1.—All candidates for Ordinary or Life Membership must be 
proposed by a member at a regular meeting of the Society and be 
balloted for; the affirmative vote of three-fourths of the members 
present shall be necessary for the election of a candidate. 

2.—Honorary Members must be recommended by at least 
three members, who shall certify that the person named is eminent 
for his Entomological attainments; the election in their case shall 
be conducted in the-same manner as laid down for other members. 

3.—Corresponding Members shall be elected in the same 
manner as Honorary Members. 

4.—Whenever any person is elected a member in any class, 
the Secretary shall immediately inform him of the same by letter, 
and no person shall be considered a member until he has signified 
his acquiescence in the election. 

5.—Every person elected a member is required to pay his first 
contribution within one month of the date of his election; otherwise 
his election shall be null and void. 


SECTION III].—(CONTRIBUTIONS). 


1—The annual contribution of members shall be one dollar; 
all contributions to be due in advance on the first day of January 
in each year, the payment of which shall entitle the member to a 
copy of all the publications of the Society during the year. All 


430 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 





new members, except those elected at and after the Annual General 
Meeting and before the following first of January, shall be required 
to pav the subscription for the year in which they are elected. 


2.—Every member shall be considered to belong to the So- 
ciety, and as such be liable to the payment of his annual contribu- 
tion, until he has either forfeited his claim or has signified to the 
Secretary, in writing, his desire to withdraw, when his name shall 
be erased from the list of members. 

3.—Whenever any member shall be one year in arrear in the 
payment of his annual contribution, the Secretary shall inform 
him of the fact in writing. Any member continuing two years in 
arrears shall be considered to have withdrawn from the Society, 
and his name shall be erased from the list of members. 


4.—Life and Honorary Members shall be required to pay an 
annual contribution. 


SECTION I1V.—(OFFICERsS). 
1.—-The duties of the President shall be to preside at all the 


meetings of the Society, to preserve good order and decorum and 
to regulate debates. 


2—The duties of the Vice-President shall be the same as 
those of the President during his absence. 


3.—The duties of the Secretary-Treasurer shall be to take and 
preserve correct minutes of the proceedings of the Society, and to 
present and read all communications addressed to the Society; to 
notify members of their election, and those in arrear of the amount 
of their indebtedness; to keep a correct list of the members of the 
Society, with the dates of their election, resignation or death and 
their addresses; to maintain the correspondence of the Society, 
and to acknowledge all donations to it. He shall also take charge 
of the funds of the Society and keep an accurate account of all the 
receipts and disbursements, and of the indebtedness of the Mem- 
bers, and render an Annual Report of the same at the Annual 
General Meeting of the Society, in the manner required by the Act 
respecting the Board of Agriculture and Arts. 

4.—It shall be the duty of the Curator to take charge of all 
books, specimens, cabinets, and other properties of the Society; to 
keep and arrange in their proper places all donations of specimens; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 431 


to keep a record of all contributions of books and specimens, with 
a list of the contributors; and to oversee and direct any exchange 
of specimens. He shall also report annually to the Society on the 
condition of the specimens and cabinets under his care. 


5.—The Officers of the Society shall form a Council who shall 
have the direction and management of the affairs of the Society. 
The Council shall meet once in every quarter, the time and place of 
meeting to be appointed by the President, and notice to be given 
by the Secretary at least ten days beforehand. 


6.—The Council shall draw up a Yearly Report on the state 
of the Society, in which shall be given an abstract of all the pro- 
ceedings, and a duly audited acccunt of the receipts and expendi- 
ture of the Society during their term of office; and such report 
shall be read at the Annual General Meeting. 


SECTION V.—(MEETINGS). 


1.—Ordinary Meetings shall be held once a month, on such 
days and at such hour as the Society by resolution may from time 
to time agree upon. 


2.—The Annual General Meeting of the Society shall be held 
at the place and during the same time as the Exhibition of the 
Agricultural and Arts Association is being held in each year, to 
receive and deliberate upon the Report of the Council on the state 
of the Society, to elect Officers and Directors for the ensuing year 
and to transact any other business of which notice has been given. 


3.—Special Meetings of the Society may be called by the 
President upon the written request of five members of the Society, 
provided that one week’s notice of the meeting be given, and that 
its object be specified. 


“SECTION VI.—(BRANCHES OF THE SOCIETY). 
1.—Branches of the Society may be formed in any place 
within the Dominion of Canada on a written application to the 
Society from at least six persons resident in the locality. 


2.—Each Branch shall be required to pay to the Parent So- 
ciety fifty cents per annum for each paying member on its list. 


432 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 








3.—Every Branch shall be governed by the constitution of 
the Society, but shall have power to elect its own officers and 
enact by-laws for itself, provided they be not contrary to the tenor 
and spirit of the Constitution of the whole Society. 


4.—All Members of the Branches shall be Members of the 
Society and entitled to all the privileges of Members. 


5.—No Corresponding or Honorary Member shall be appoint- 
ed by the Branches, but such members may be proposed at General 
Meetings of the Society by any Branch as well as by the individual 
members. 


6.—Each Branch shall transmit to the Parent Society, on or 
before the first of September each year, an Annual Report of its pro- 
ceedings, such report to be read at the Annual General Meeting. 


SECTION VIJ.—(ALTERATION OF CONSTITUTION). 


1.—No article in any section of this Constitution shall be 
altered or added to, unless notice be first given at an Ordinary 
Meeting of the Society, or of a Branch, and the alteration or ad- 
dition be sanctioned by two-thirds of the members present at the 
next ensuing meeting; the Secretary of the Society, or of the 
Branch, shall then notify the Secretaries of all the other Branches; 
when the sanction of all the Branches has been obtained in the 
same manner, the alteration or addition shall become law. 


Section VIII.—(SUBSCRIPTION PRICE OF MAGAZINE). 


The Annual Subscription Price of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLO- 
Gist shall be two dollars ($2.00), postage included, payable in 
advance. Members of the Society who have paid their annual 
dues shall receive the Magazine free of charge, as stated in Section 
III, Clause I, of the Constitution of the Society. 


Mailed December 19th, 1913. 


Index to Volume XLV. 





Asgot, J. E., article by, 113. 
Acoloithus novaricus, n. sp., 295. 
Acucula, n. gen., 264. 
4 saltans, n. sp., 265. 
Aedes calopus, oviposition of, 423. 
», hydrotropism of,:S6. 
A gonatocerus humboldti, n. sp., 276. 
* n. gen., 276. 
Agropernia lineosa, 132. 
Alabama argillacea, 100. 
ALEXANDER, C. P., articles by, 
285, 313. i 
Alysia rusku, n. sp., 231. 
Alysiidz, new species of, 150. 
Anaphorine, New N. American, 419. 
Anarta, Alberta species of, 61. 
Ania limbaria var chagnon?, n. v., 76. 
Antenne of Gall Midges, 376. 
Anthidium wallisi, n. sp., 13. 
Ants, 397. 
Aphis, Spring grain, 77. 
A pocephaius antennata, n. sp., 274. 
Anocheima rachel, preparatory stages 
of, 401. 
Apperceptional expectancy in protec- 
tive coloration, 193. 
Aradus aequalis, t. 
“ caliginosus, + 
cincticornis, &. 
curticollis, n. sp., 2. 
funestus, n. sp., 4. 
lugubris, 5. 
monianus, n. sp., |. 
tuberculifer, 3. 
Arcadia, Entomologist for, 99. 
Argia moesta, mutual adaptation of 
sexes in, 277. 
Army worm, early occurrences of, li. 
Arthroceras leptis, 10. 
2 pallinosum, 10. 
Arthrepeas americana, 10. 
a magna, n. sp., 10. 
N. American species olf, 9. 
Asilus peritulus, 230. 
Australian Mymaridae, second addition 
to, 216. 
Autographa alias, 191. 
a californica, 189.. 
excelsa, 236. ~ 
Za falcifera, 239. 
a orophila, 239. 
pseudogamma, 189. 
a rubidus, 191: 


197, 


“a 


Baetis propinquus, 340 
Baetisca obesa, 333. 
BARBER, H. G., article by, 213, 343. 
BARNES, Wm., articles by, 182, 295, 
419. 
Bees, froin New Brunswick, 269. 
Bees, two new Canadian, 12. 
Bercrory, E., articles by, 1, 9. 
BETHUNE, C. ]. S., articles by, 245, 
SHpe 
BEUTENMULLER, 
280, 413. 
Birp, HENRY, article by, 120. 
Blasturus cupidus, 333. 
ve nebulosus, nymph of, 333. 
BLATCHLEY, W. S., article by, 21. 


WM., 


articles by, 


Bombus occidentalis,» strange action 
of, 347. 
Bombus, species from New Brunswick, 
269. 
Book Notices: 
Barnes and McDunnough’s N. 


American Lepidoptera, 128. 
Comstock’s Spider Book, 91. 
Cosens’ Insect Galls, 127. 

Hewitt’s The Large Larch Sawiy, 

20 
Howard and Fiske’s Importatioa 

of parasites of the Gipsy and 

Brown-tail Moths, 195. 
Lundbeck’s Diptera danica—Dolich- 

opodide, 159. 

O’Kane’s Injurious Insects, 158. 
Winn’s Preliminary List of Qaebec 

Lepidoptera, 2% 

Botanobia varthalterata, n. sp., 274 
Boyeria grafiana, nymph of, 163. 
+ vinosa, nymph of, 163. 

Brachepitelia, n. gen., 103. 

“ rubripes, n. sp., 103. 
Brachys cuprascens, n. sp., 23. 
Braconid, a new Canadian, 211. 
Braconide, new species of, 145. 
British Columbia Entomological S > 

ciety, Annual Meeting of, 87. 

BuENO, J. R. DELA T., articles by, 57, 

81, 107. 

Bumble-bees, wanted, 116. 


Caddis-flies of Japan, 323. 

Ceenis diminuta, 337. 

CaEsAR, L., article by, 399. 
Calandra oryze, death feint of, | 
Calisius anemus, n. sp., 7. 


’ 
red. 


434 INDEX TO VOLUME XLV. 





Calisius annulcomis, n. sp., 9. 


ae 


contubernalis, n. sp., 9. 
elegantulus, n. sp., 5. 
new species of, 9. 
Callibeetis ferruginea, 341. 
Callimomide, new genus and species 
of, 143. 
Calosetrotdes australica, n. sp., 228. 
* n. gen., 227. 
Carnegie Scholarship in Entomology, 
275. 
CAUDELL, A. N., article by, 19. 
’ Cecidomyia clavula, n. sp., 416 
iS meibomiae, 415. 
Cecidomyiidz, notes on some, 413. 
Chetoneurophora macateei, n. sp., 273. 
CHAGNON, G., article by, 34. 
Chaitophorus populicola, n. sp., 229. 
Chalcidoidea, a new genus and species 
of, 178. 
Chalcidoidea, new Australian, 101, 138 
CHAMBERLIN, R. V., article by, 424. 
Chinch bug egg, parasite of, 342. 
Chirotenetes albomiancatus, 338. 
Chlamys nodulosa, n. sp., 22 
Chloropide, synonymy in, 175. 
Choroterpes basalis, 354. 
Chrysomelians of Ontario, 384. 
Cimbex, larval characters of, 368. 
CLEMENS, W. A., articles by, 246, 329. 
Cleoceris populi, 66. 
Cleonymide, new Australian, 227. 
Cleora pampinaria var. nubtferaria, 
Menving hOe 
Clinodiplosis examinis, n. sp., 306. 
Cloeon dubium, 341. 
CoapD, B. R., article by, 265. 
Cocconotus charape, n. sp., 20. 
COCKERELL, T. D. A., articles by, 12, 
14, 34, 35, 229. 
Cock LE, J. W., article by, 347. 
Celopisthoidea ‘cladie, n. sp., 180. 
diacrisie, 180. 
nematicida, 180. 
Ceenocalpe magnoliata, 302. 
ere 302. 
Cogia calchas, 183. 


ae 


ae 


“cc 


Coleoptera, from Okanagan Valley, 
267. 

Coleoptera, new Indiana and Florida, 
PANE 


Conosia irrorata, 293. 
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 193. 
Copablepharon sp., 187. 
Corixide, new species of, 113. 
CosEns, A., article by, 380. 
Cosmia decolor, 130. 
‘““infumata, 130, 


Cosmocoidea, occurrence in Australia 
of, 327. 

penant, n. sp., 327 

Cossus angrezi, 345. 

Cotton Moth, 100. 

Crane-flies, Japanese, 197, 285, 313. 

CRAWFORD, J. C., articles by, 154, 269, 
311. 

Cryptocephalus sanfordi, Nl. Sps).232 

Cucullia asteroides, 94. 

florea, 94. 

intermedia, 95. 

montane, 93. 

postera, 95. 

speyeri, 96. 

Culex abominator, 
of, 265. 

Cuterebride, female reproductive sys- 
tem of, 57. : 

Cystiphora canadensis, n. sp., 417. 


“a 


“ac 
“6 
aa 


ae 


oviposition habits 


Dacnusa agromyz@, n. sp., 158. 
2 scaptomyze, n. sp., 150. 
Dasyneura hirtipes, 413. 
ey seminivora, 414. 
Dasyspoudea meadii, 187. 
Dexiide, female reproductive system 
Of oOD: 
Diastictis anataria, n. sp., 25. 
Dicranomyia japonica, n. sp., 200. 
uf nebulosa, n. sp., 203. 
Dinidorine, generic table for, 83. 
Diptera, new North American, 282. 
Diptera, three new North American, 
273. 
Delinia borealis, 302. 
Dop, F. H. Wo..eEy, article by, 29, 
61, 93, 129, 186, 236, 296. 
Dopp, A. P., article by, 546. 
Donacia emarginata, biographic note 
on, 210; : 
Drasteria annexa, 244. 
ee crassiuscula, 245. 
. distincta, 243. 
ie erechtea, 243. 
Ecdyurus lucidipennis, n. sp., 329. 
" maculipennis, 329. 
He pullus, n. p., 330. 
Echinaphts, n. gen., 299, 
rohwert, n. sp., 229. 
Edia semiluna, 185. 
Elasmide, a new 
of, 427. 
Enallagma calverti, nymph of, 162. 
a po!lutum, nymph of, 162. 
Bntomnlosicsl meeting in California, 
115, 


Australian species 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLY. : 435 


ee”, 


Entomological Society of America 
Annual Meeting, 89. 
Entomological Society of Ontario, 245. 
Entomological Society of Ontario, 
constitution of, 428. 
Entomological Society of Ontario, 
49th Annual Meeting,. 17 
Entomological Society of Ontario, 
50th Annual Meeting, 134, 350. 


Entomological Society of Ontario, 
list of officers, 400. 
Entomological Society of Ontario, 


Montreal Branch, 235. 
Entomology, applied, for the farmer, 
393. 
Eots brauneata, n. sp., 25. 
Ephemera simulans, 332. 
i phemerella bicolor, n. sp., 336. 
lineata, n. sp., 336. 
lutulenta, Ne Sp-, oov- 
FE bim2tagea, n. gen., 225. 
oy purpurea, n. sp., 227. 
Epiperilampus, n. sp. gen., 224. 
xanthocephalus, n. sp. 
224. 
Erioptera (Acyphona), key to species 
of, 287. 
asymmetrica, n. sp., 289. 
elegantula, n. sp., 290. 
. incongruens, n. sp., 288. 
maculata, 288. 
Euchalcia putnami, 189. 
Eucharide, new Australian, 225. 
Euclidia cuspidea, 244. 
Eugonia californica, 
Northwest, 421. 
Eurytschia sumnert, n. sp., 427. 
Eurytomide, new Australian, 220. 
Eustrotia catilina, 184. 
Exoristida, female reproductive sys- 
tem of, 53. 


ia 


in the Pacific 


FELT, E. P., articles by, 115, 304, 371, 

417. 
Florissant, fossil insects from, 229. 
Fy.es, T. W., article by, 357. 


GAHAN, A. B., articles by, 145, 178. 
Gall Midges, adaptation in the, 371. 
3 three new, 304. 
two new Canadian, 417. 
Geometride, Alberta, 301. 
Geometrid Notes, 25, 75, 174. 
Geranomyia avocetta, n. sp., 205. 
GiBson, A., articles by, 100, 401. 
GIRAULT, A. A., articles by, 101, 138, 
216, 220, 276, 327, 427. 
Glugea, parasitic on Simulium, 409. 


G luphisia lintneri, 300. 
septentrionalis, 3 300. 

Gonatocerus bicolor, n. sp., 216. 

ss brunot lyellt, n. var., 218. 
fasciativentris, n. sp., 217. 
spinozai, 217. 
Gonomyia insulensts, n. sp., 286. 

- superba, n. sp., 285. 
Grapta j-album, attracted by 

157. 
Green Lanes and Byways, 357. 
Gregarinida, parasitic on Simulium,409 
Grimsby, excursion to, 399. 


“é 


sé 


bacon, 


Halictus, species from New Brunswick, 
PATA 
Hallomenus fuscosuturalis, n. sp., 24. 
Harpyia albicoma, 300. 

as modesta, 300. 

““ scolopendima, 299. 

Heliaca nexilis, 187. 
Helothrips striatus, n. sp., 309. 
Hemiptera, notes on American. 1 
Hepialus auratus, 34. 
Heptagenia canadensis, nymph of, 258 
flavescens, nymph of, 252. 
frontalis, nymph of, 259. 
fusca, n. sp., 254. 
key to male adults of, 249 
key to nymphs of, 250. 


ae 


sé 


“ce 


luridipennis, nymph of, 
258. 
+ lutea, n. sp., 252. 
a rubromaculata, n. sp., 256. 
¥ tripunctuta, nymph _ of, 
255. 


“ec 


verticis, 249. 
Hertades leavitti, n. sp., 270. 

- SaX0SUS, N. Sp., 233. 
Heteroptera, distribution of, 107. 
Heteroptera from Southern Pines, 

Ne Garou. 

HEwIrtt, ce Gs; articles by,‘ 77, 158: 
159, iia 423. 
Hexagenia bilineata, 331. 
Himella contrahens, 64. 
Homoglea hircina, 186. 
Hoop, J. D., article by, 308. 
Hoplitella, 34. 
Hormomyia helianthi, 417. 
Hydriomena custodiata, 302. 
multiferata, 302. 
Hydreecia nictitans,.97. 
pallescens, 98. 
Hystriciide, female reproductive sys- 
tem of, 53 


Ichneumonoidea, new species of, 145. 


436 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLV. 





Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 171. 
Insect Galls, 380. 
Ipimorpha pleonectusa, 186. 


JoHNSON, C. W., article by, 9 
Jumping Maggot, from cactus blooms, 
2962 


aVe. 


Karschomyza cocci, n. sp., 304. 
KiRKALpY, G. W., article by, 8 


Lamenia, 112. 
Lanes, Canadian, 362. 

“> (Old County, 357: 
Lasaia agesilas narses, 182. 
Lasioptera lindere, 415. 

a podagre, n. sp., 414. 
seminivora, 414. 
vernonia, 415. 

Lema palustris, n. sp., 22. 
Lepidoptera, Newfoundland, 24. 
Lepidoptera, new N. American, 182. 
Lepidoptera, notes on Alberta, 29, 61, 
93, 129, 186, 236, 296. 
Leptodesmid from Montana, a new, 
424. 
Leptodesmus e¢lrodi, n. sp., 424. 
‘ Leptophlebia, sp., 333. 
Leucania albilinea, 63. 
anteroclara, 6+. 

x dia, 63. 

a minorata, 61. 
multilinea, 63. 
Leucorrhinia frigida, nymph of, 168. 
Limnoceutropus insolitus, 327. 
Limnophila tnconcussa, n. sp., 313. 

japonica, n. sp., 316. 

“ key to Japanese species 

Oieelise 

< satsuma, 314. 

Liogma kuwanat, n. sp., 321. 
- — “nodicornis, 322. 

Liparide, Alberta, 301. 

Lycena comyntas, 24 


se 


“ie 


ve 


McCuttocu, J. W., article by, 342. 
McDUuNNOUGH, J., articles by, 182, 233, 
295, 419. 
MacGILitvray, A. D., article by, 367. 
McGLASHAN, XIMENA, article by, 345. 
Madiza nigripalpts, n. sp., 282. 
‘““  projecta, n. sp., 283. 
MALLocn, J. R., articles by, 175, 273, 


282. 
Mamestra ectrapela, 32. 
larissa, 32. 
z: lucina, 32. 


morana, 31. 


Mamestra mutata, n. sp., 29. 


“a 


obesula, 31. 

picta, 32. 

vicina, 32. 

Masiceratide, female reproductive sys- 
tem of, 54. 

Mayflies, new species 
histories of, 246, 329. 

Megachile, species from New Bruns- 
wick, 271. 

Megalopyge lapena, 185. 

Megaprosopide, female reproductive 
system of, 56. 

Megilla maculata, tropic reactions of, 
85. 

Melaphoa albosigma, 299. 


se 


and life 


brucei, 299. 
Melanosomella flavipes, MSD eo 
. gen., 222. 


Metstigsaeiiat: new tribe, 222. 

Melaphorphyria oregonica, 187. 

Melicleptria septentrionalis, 187. 

Mermis, parasitic on Simulium, 406. 

Mesoleuca hersiliata, 301, 

Microdus, new Canadian species of, 

211. 

ocellane, n. sp., 211. 

Midge Galls, 373. 

Milichiella urbana, n. sp., 284. 

Molophilus pegasus, n. sp., 291. 

Moore, G. A., article by, 235. 

Morris, F. J. A., article by, 384. 

Mosquitoes, hydrotropism of, 85. 

Murr, F., article by, 112. 

Muscide, female reproductive system 
of, 53 

Muscoid flies, taxonomy of, 37. 

Mycodtplosts insularts, n. sp., 305. 

Mymaride, Australian, 216. 

Mymaride, second new Australian 
genus of, 276. 

Myscelia ethusa, 182. 

Myxosporidia, parasitic on Simulium, 
407. 


ce 


NAKAHARA, W., article by, 323. 

Nehalennia gracilis, nymph of, 161. 
we irene, 161. 

Neolophus antonellus, n. sp., 419. 

Nephelodes tertialis, 61. 

Neurocordulia yamaskanensis, nymph 
of, 164. 

Neuronia apicalis, 325. 

clathrata, 324. 

fluvipes, 325. 

melaleuca, 325. 

" phalenoides, 325. 

regina, 323. 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLV. 437 





Neuronia reginella, n. sp., 323. 
Neuroterus wasingtonensis, n. sp., 280, 
Newfoundland Lepidoptera, 24. 
Noctuelia castanealis, 185. 
Notodontide, Alberta, 299. 
Notolophus antiqua, 301. 


OBITUARIES: 
Franklin A. Merrick, 170. 
Miss M. E. Murtfeldt, 157. 
L. E. Ricksecker, 112. 
Wm. G. Wright, 116. 
Ochterus acutangulus, 214. 
enifrons, 213. 
americanus, 213. 
bankst, n. sp., 214. 
flaviclavus, n. sp., 215. 
perbosci, 213. 
table of species, 213. 
Odonata, new nymphs of Canadian, 
161. 
Odour preferences of insects, 302. 
Oestride, female reproductive system 
Om or. 
Olene vagans, 301. 
Oligosita giraulti, n. sp., 311. 
Optus aridis, jal Sou 147. 
_ bruneipis, n. sp., 148. 
“— succineus, n. sp., 149. 
sulturalis, n. sp., 146. 
utahensis, n. sp., 145. 
Orthoptera, new species from Peru, 19 
Orthosia euroa, 132. 
A verberata, 131. 
Oxycnemis dunbari, 184. 
Ozarba faunia, 184. 


Pachytomoides greent, 145. 

mirus, 143. 

n. gen., 143. 

Banadia micca, 184. 

Palmacorixa buenoi, Teas.) Ls: 

Palpi of Gall Midges, 317. 

Pamphila, a new Mexican, 426. 
= margarita, n. sp., 426. 

Papaipema, 98. 

moeseri, 120. 

new life- histories in, 120. 

stenocelis, 123. 

Parastichtis discivaria, 186. 

Perilampide, new Australian, 224. 

Phaside, female reproductive system 
ofT ok 

Phasiopterygide, female reproductive 
system of, 54. 

Phenacoccus betheli, 14. 


“ce 


oe 


iad 


Phengodes bellus, n. sp., 348. 
new Californian species of, 
3438. 
Pheosia dimidiata, 299. 
Philometra metonalis, 298. 


Phlcebotomus, 
423. 
Phloeine, generic table for, 83. 
Phryganea japonica, 326. 
* latipennis, 327 
on sordida, 326. 
Phryganeide of Japan, 323. 
Phyllocephalin, generic table for, 81. 
Platygasterid genus, a new Australian, 
346, 
Platygastoides mirabilis, n. sp., 346. 
n. gen., 346. 
Plectoptera huascaray, n. sp., 19. 
Podagrionella pentlandensts, n. sp., 427 
Polychrisia purpurigera, 187. 
- trabea, 189. 
Polynema devriest, n. sp., 218. 
4s mendeli, n. sp., 219. 
nordaut, n. sp., 219. 
Prosopis mesill«, 154. 
nelumbonis, 155. 
stevenst, n. sp., 155. 
Prosopis, species from New Brunswick, 
212 


transmitting verruga, 


ae 


“cc 


Pseudanaphora quadrellus, n. sp., 420. 
Pseudepitelia, n. gen., 104. 
rubrifemur, n. sp., 105. 
tricolor, 0. sp., 105. 
Pseudothyatira expultrix, 299. 
Psithyrus, species from New Bruns- 
wick, 270. 

Ptychoptera japonica, n. sp., 198. 

key to species of, 198. 
Pyromorphid, 1 new Texan, 295. 
Pyrrhia exprimens, 129. 


‘ 


Rachela bruceata, 301. 

Rhamphidia nipponensts, n. sp., 207. 

Rhipidia pulchra septentrionis, n. sub 
sp., 206. 

Rhopalomyia remuscula, 416. 

RicHARDSON, C. H., article by, 211. 


Sarcophagide, female reproduction 
system, of 56. 

Siphlurus flexus, n. sp., 388. 

Scotogramma infuscata, 33. 

luteola, 32. 

perplexa, 33. 

uniformis, 33 

Simulium hirtipes, 406. 

Simulium larve, parasites of, 405. 


sé 


438 


INDEX TO VOLUME XLV. 





SKINNER, ENE article by, 426. 
SLADEN, F. W. L., article by, 348. 
Somatochlor a semicircularis, nymoh ol, 
167. 
Sphecodes falcifer, 13. 
3 hudson, n. sp., 12. 
persimilis, 13. 
Stomatoceras hackert, rn. sp., 139. 
victoria, n. sp., 138. 
Stomatoceroides bicolor, n. sp., 140. 
n. gen., 140. 
nigricornts, n. sp., 141 
nizripes, n. sp., 143. 
as versicolor, n. sp., 142. 
STRICKLAND, E. H., article by, 105. 
Successful move, A, 212. 
Swett, L. W., articles by, 
Synchloe endeis, 182. 
Syneda athabasca, 296. 
‘ hudsonica, 244. 
ie eae 297. 
‘ ols 
Synelys a eeiedios 302. 
Sv ngrapha atticola, Date 
ignea, 241. 


“ie 


a 


si 


25, (9, 174. 


Tachinidz and Canadian hosts, 69. 
Tzenicampa malora, 65. 

Talledega montanata, 501. 
Tapinostola variana 906. 

Tarsi of Gall Midges, 378. 


Tenthredinoidea, immature stages of, 
367. 

Tetragoneuria spinigera, nymph of, 
166. 


Thecla azia, 183. 
Gestil,wioos 
‘“‘ pastor, 183. 
Therasea angustipennis, 242. 
a tasciatella, 245. 
tortricina, 242. 
Therina fiscellaria johnsoni, n. var., 
174. 
Thrinchostoma, in Asia, 3 
- sladent, n. hk 
Tipulidae, Japanese, 200, 285, 313. 
ToruILt, J. D. articles by, 69, 196. 
TownseEnp, C. H. T.,- articles by, 37, 
262. 
Toxeptera graminum, 77 
Trichiosoma, 368. 
Trichoptera of Japan, 323. 


“e 


Tricorythus allectus, 337. 

Tricyphona insulana, n. sp., 319. 

key to Japanese species ol, 
317. 

kuwanai, n. sp., 318. 
velusia, n. sp., 320. 
Tumidicoxa flavipes, n. sp., 102. 
regind, N. sp., ‘103. 
rufwentris, n. sp., 101. 
victoria, N. sp., 103. 


ce 


ae 


ae 


“e 


Van DuZEE, E. P., article by, 212. 
Vanessa californica, disastrous occur- 
rences of, 117, 233, 421. 
Vanessa californica, 342. 
VENABLES, E. P., articles by, 157, 267 
Verrallites cladurus n. sp., 230. 
2 n. gen., 230. 
Verruga, transmitted by Phlebotomus, 
423. 


WALKER, E. M.., articles by, 17, 27, 28 
SZ Gt 2 Tio. 
Wattts, J. B., articles by, 135. 
Wasps, wanted, 116. 
WEBSTER, F. M., articles by, 16, 117, 
342, 393. 
Weiss, H. B., 
302. 
WHEELER, W. M., article by, 397. 
Wings of Gall Midges, 378. 
Winn, A. F., articles by, 24, 128. 
Woonprurf, |.. B., article by, 210. 
Worm that cares, a, 346. 


articles by, 85, 135; 193° 


Xanthoroe abrasaria, 302. 

= fossaria, 302. 

‘ turbata, 302. 
Xanthosomordes fulvipes, n. sp., 222. 

maculatipennis, n. sp., 
221. 
- n. gen., 220. 
Xenophanes tryxus, 185. 
Xylina amanda, 66. 
ve fagina, 67. 

georgii, 67. 
Xylophagus fasciatus, 11. 


ee 


YorueErs, M. A., article by, 422. 


ZETEK, JAMES, article by, 425. 








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oan) 


v8 
*, 


3 
nec 
r° “se 
eee; 
12 
i 
ye 
bd 
* 
Ws 2 


b 


edits 
rat 


Py 
ss , 


25 


t, 


ooh? 
blelelete 





*