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Canadian Entomologist
VOLUME LI]
1921
EDITED BY
J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Entomological Branch
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OTTAWA, ONTARIO.
piTORIAL COMMITTEE:
A. W. Baker W. Hi: Brittain Pe Caesar N. Criddle
A. Gibson F. J. A. Morris F. C. Treherne A. F. Win
Pauor Ementus: REV. GC. J..S. BE LUNE.
ORILLIA, ONTARIO.
CURRAN BROS
1922
List of Contributors to Volume LIl), “fee
at
OL RENSEON DEG: (CTP. Secccecovecassgetecoss UMIVGESIUY Oe LINIMNOIS secretin creteoeereereeeaet Cees Urbana, III.
AURORE aaNet fe sec caaet.Censy tess ceseaconceores U.S. Bureau of Mntomolory ...cc:scc..ccresses- Washington, D ©,
BOAR ra NV so cosssevercoyecersrecseseecs U.S. Bureau of Entomology
HENCE SUNVALe McLee Ay a NESS aA os on acs oSavne sce cadens cavers aenbieiasranedososnaedouseaeteaneaevctemoea se eeemee New Brunswick, N. J.
RENE CEMA SM AMINE Ae cel vgs cok or lets oUtedenstearecennacaccs seuss cavenacc ote eseeretteone tan tesecer na ones coon Toronto, Ont.
PS MEAU IE) same EA racemes arns 2 Pasha naan as ceemnns tans ane tenaseaces os oases kaussenasiayacatanieecataeaescuamanccncn eceweveed Reyes soNa
eM CSS UL CREGH Ye) SHEL seuss’ sceautwarscevlentonsacusdavenaccstesceanes gtanusunteraweccheesnersrenmebenerehwaagny Victoria, B. C.
reo PEMD RNS OW). ove A ceacokctraustcqeus enter scsantnes we utdcrestcnd see dens wadeed se tnteui Recrvadanmesetars San Francisco, Cal.
MAC MN ELVISAGIN SINS wiv c's i cesinap ih ancara st sacks tateqctevacds syapenses wenusdwecaccnedsenevsctdseverssenetuvncsseedser ene once Edmonton, Alta.
Es nee er cach ay caso vaeecn areas cvcndveces Deis, National Museum act cccscseeetencsses prs Washington, D. C.
MBENOL SENT WAM o dts oe atce aia chav sapevacvceceesescucswe Ontario, Agricultwral College <..............0...-.. Guelph, Ont.
CHAMBERLIN, J. C. . Stanford University ......... Stanford University, Cal.
COCKERELL, T. D. University of Colorado Boulder, Colo.
RVING "ier. OG. Si. cteeveceesxeabunaecess Massachusetts Agricultural College ........../ Aimherst, Mass.
MOMMURESSIREARONN Og cE ficra Gs rca af near as Sadccen ash aatiana Sates tenes ata tuacae’ «Xorunaae bey sane coe saa aasecetaeeed pobertaaele Orillia, Ont.
PARLIN fee Ot os ons szkecist ostaascs en thcuaegaaai eis nascudensmeneodmense: Onas Sk nesta beeaeedtis hei segantoeen trick caw eenwOn Hazelton, Pa.
DRUVA RUE Mn Lao tos seo xoy ssa sewaveenarscvstyccsves Ni \ 5 VLC VLILG OLE karst eraconann ceessvensorasaeeseal Albany, N. Y.
BUBETTAUSN HOON > e ctescceccceece Sevecuks ice cascc once soe DoE Re TR OT ae ee Sean ao ete eae Rae Ames, Iowa
FERRIS, G. Stanford University ....otanford University, Cal.
MEGA ODN as RAE cre cpodscencevtyasene rics aantinthsdevevece cmees te cana nena cen tas ont cae neittes onan een aee ae nares Urbana, Il.
RESUS De ter. A putea Rada we on caee ce oy a's a uuaticlo Oncaes ove onesies These EE Ree sean ec Cas at eR Tee e Eee Framingham, Mass.
GIBSON, A. PNtOMOLO SICA aMCH! wecece-h cecce scree eareuccteasee Ottawa, Ont.
USECOLA ELS CN FN SR CIR roe SR ee Dominion Entomological Laboratory ........ Fredericton, N. B.
(eS MUST TSO) RAR DB See University, of ‘Wiashingeton sec c:-snccecateuryssreeue Seattle, Wash.
LE CUES Bean Rn RR So State Apricnltona) College <crupcecsaleesesssene nee Manhattan, Kansas
MARES LT yc g's saves -a com dtastoate Sosy see ae Dominion Entomological Laboratory ........ Vernon, B.C.
PIES Tie eco sos. 00s oxaceneeacch erase ttre Dominion Entomological Laboratory ........ Vernon, B.C.
PEAEMIETSE LN: JING a aco eves se nbesnphsventaas ous saalcossseeba ee woe dnee ces oReee Tate eR Ta CTE RRS. « aE Wilmington, Del.
KNIGHT, H. University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minn.
RMU TES AID) ON sev cccenscocsescocedttebeceees FeV. MUSOU ssc easciecacescecateessseaesacteeteumen eee Chicago, Ill.
RUEESIROPEN TAURI AECGA SC)” Ss asic onus as Saaremaa new sa eaty «Pe csecltemmec dace easee es cece Wa be cid aos e eee cae Cae aE Arnprior, Ont.
EMO CHEN, oala EUs yscexvascosseccssceeb@enues Umiversity. of sLilinols cescct-avecsces eerie cn eere Urbana, III.
SINC CHEN Di. ETL. .3....0.....deeeee PMLOMOLOLI Cal MES TAMCN ies ceceppeceecsetedececnss steam Ottawa, Ont.
TLC MILD BAS CRS a Ps mtate: College: fayccsrcccsetccrseteetccesesecsseesaa oes Raleigh, N.C.
PIMOPECIRN A SMe <£o) =. FA sth el ave so Gast vatwnes an vane YAO DNER Teal ncdntes Menten iy Cope Pasar seet Praee EateT ene TEE ... Peterborough, Ont.
COAT S108 0G 7S ER Se teh”: GO Gt a sccsactevats aces anssecteeet neues eco erters Northampton, Mass.
ANNIE TSO Oz Beso sa od secre ap GvdaSey shaves e ss cue TE RRMRROpTeS Sant vaw sre eee EES Seer ees .. Durban, Natal.
CUPL OS 0 THR se a ee A PICU tp al COMER tno: meessetssontcag cen nensnere as Agricultural College, N. D.
STRICKLAND, E.. H. Eutomolopical ‘Branch vec.5.<ncessevcsescaversee ts Ottawa, Ont.
RU MMEMMUIIN Ln Ca) AVE finn conn cease deawcs we xi aade ea Entomolopienl: iiran chin c...cscecerssscauee soars trees Ottawa, Ont.
SA SLANGAULD LO, Gis, wubvnencancensavenerccdand Cawthron! (ins tint cassssactesseocescensscsed Sere eect Nelson, New Zealand.
Seas UPL ia LDS, “2 Scvws pnesaseuscedetecuee Dominion Entomological Laboratory ....-.. Fredericton, N. B.
SRMOARGE Key Eee Gh Os ELS ® ways sacs Sencpeuseeascuas twee Cornell SOMINGrSity csc. <cdvarsatoves /octeatecvesttsseves Ithaca, N.Y.
MMU TS Dy eta Wan As sasccwei sues cdtveaerapards University. of Shovomntoyscwcsestes ccs sveccsevctsseres Toronto, Ont.
TEES TS RR tha? 4h, SRN nC ERR State Entomological Laboratory ................ New Brunswick. N. J.
WELLS, B. W. Raleigh, N.C.
RMEICA UY WS, Maen neha TORE Pin n.< neat soso svccisl aaite ave suseaécaSe cos ees PE EE RE Se ae eee New Brunswick, N..I.
MPEITEHOUSE, BAG. \ncsyeceyss.ges Meee, 5s soe hkgbip io oi Tee Se Te ee Nelson, B.C.
Che Canadian Cntomolonist
Vor. LIII. LONDON, JANUARY, 1921. No. 1
With the present volume the Editorship of the Canadian Entomologist
passes into new hands. The retiring editor has for some years been conscious
of the necessity for this change, owing to the increasing demands on his time
of his University duties, which have made it difficult for him to give as much
attention to his editorial work as it deserves. It is gratifying, therefore, to
know that this work will pass into such capable hands as those of our esteemed
colleague, Dr. James McDunnough, of the Dominion Entomological Branch,
Ottawa. Dr. McDunnough needs no introduction to the readers of the Can-
adian Entomologist. His numerous -publications on: the North American
Lepidoptera, among the most important of which are the well-known ‘“‘Contrib-
utions to tre Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North America’’ and the
“Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America’? have placed him in the
front rank of students of this order, and since his appointment to the Dominion
Entomological Branch he has extended his activities in several other directions.
In resigning from his office the retiring editor wishes to thank his many
friends among our contributors, whose services have been the main source of
our journal’s continued success, and with whom correspondence has been both
a pleasure and a profit.
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
THE LIFE-HISTORY OF A Hopsy Horse,*
BY FRANCIS J. A. MORRIS,
Peterborough, Ont.
Part II. Boy AND MAN—SAPLING GROWTH.
You may easily guess how little London had of attraction for either Sly-
boots or Merry Andrew; and instead of seeking after the Babylonish gods
therein enshrined, we laboured day by day to recreate the childhood world of
our delight. In this, with a fair share of luck and the help of some wise and
benevolent elders, we were largely successful.
From the very first our young natures shied like roe deer at the city, snuff-
ing the air and stamping uneasily? and this instinctive distrust we soon nursed
into a wholesome hate that grew steadily with the years. London, we both
agreed, was nothing but a howling wilderness, and for two reasons only could
we ever be induced willingly to enter this arid waste; either to rush out at the
other side of it on the northern express, or to visit the great oasis at the heart
of the desert—the Zoological Gardens.
Yet another district did indeed form the objective of certain long and
dreary pilgrimages, on which we were dragged periodically by the Olympians,
to the National Exhibitions, those monstrous displays of human industry and
*Part 1 of this paper was published in the 49th Annual Report of the Entomological Society
of Ontario, 1918, (1919) pp. 39-46.
; VU foot
2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
inventiveness; but these left only nightmare recollections of footsoreness and
headache, so that the name of Kensington brought a bad taste to the mouth,
till one memorable day when we discovered, patiently waiting just round the
corner for us there, the great Natural History Museum, and at the door, ready
to unlock its treasure-house before two pair of the most excited eyes in all London
that day, our old Scotch neighbor, donor of the famous Peacock butterfly.
But for the ‘‘Zoo,’’ midsummer day itself was all too short, and this in spite
of its having had long leagues of lee-way to make up in the affection of one of
us. Asa boy of eight or nine I had been taken there once before, and the recollec-
tion was anything but pleasant. We all have, even in adult life, our off-days,
when we are at loggerheads with the whole world and the universe flies to 6’s
and 7’s. At such times the boy of eight appears ‘‘possessed’’ and goes about
not merely tempting fate, but actually goading the imps of vengeance into
fury. On the wariest urchin that ever played in Tom Tiddler’s ground fall
sooner or later humiliation and the heavy hand of outraged propriety. On this
occasion our superstitious Scotch nurse, with grave shaking of the head, would
have pronounced me ‘‘fey’’ and come nearer the mark, I verily believe, than the
matter-of-fact Sassenach who declared ‘I had got out at the wrong side of the
bed that morning. Whether I had or not I cannot remember, and all I know
for certain is that things went wrong from the very start. Long before break-
fast I sallied out into our host’s garden and tested the blade of a new knife
on the stem of a valuable creeper that was being trained up the side of the
house; from here I made my way into the barnyard and tried to teach some young
ducks to swim under water, so that when ‘‘Joe’’ the farmhand came to their
rescue, two of them were at the last gasp with upturned eyes. Finally, being
dared by one of my cousins to vault over the widest part of the duck pond, I
essayed the impossible; my pole stuck upright in the middle of the pond and
I slid ingloriously down into a watery bed of chickweed and had to be rushed
into the carpenter’s shop to be dried out, surreptitiously, in time for the train
journey. When taxed by my uncle, on reports from the indignant custodians
of garden and barnyard, and confronted with a long list of acts of wanton mis-
chief—most of them undeniably a true bill—I burst out laughing in his face; it
was then, I suppose, that the avenging Furies took me and the situation in hand.
Retribution came with anything but halting gait. Arrived at the Zoo,
I must needs choose a Bactrian beast instead of the camel to have a ride on.
Camels were too ordinary, we had seen them at the circus and they had only
one hump; besides my brother had chosen the camel, so nothing would do but
I must be hoisted up between the two hairy humps of this queer looking squeal-
ing quadruped for my ride. But alas! the brute was ill-tempered and bolted
from its keeper; before it could be rounded up I got pretty badly shaken and
worse frightened. My brother witnessed this whole scene of my discomfiture
with huge delight from the back of a docile camel, and his ill-concealed grins
on my tearful return were more than I could stand. After fiercely denying
that I had been a bit afraid, I managed to break away from the rest of the party
to do some sight-seeing for myself instead of providing a spectacle for others.
Where all the jungle and prairie life of the tropics were gathered into a
single park, one didn’t have to go far for thrilling adventures; indeed, one was
fairly jostled on all sides by weird-looking foreigners, such as anteaters, tapirs,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 3
peccaries, yaks and gnus, and I had already had several very exciting ¢éte d tétes
when I spied a heavily built shaggy sort of antelope—like an African wilde-
beeste in the centre of a large barred cage, staring intently at me with full, soft,
gazelle-like eyes; this gentle, melting gaze drew me to the bars in a kind of
fascination, and the llama (so I found it was called) came slowly forward as
though to be petted; suddenly, at short range, it spluttered out full in my face a
deluge of sour-smelling bread mash—having secretly stowed away this am-
munition as cud in the top story of its stomach.
Fortunately, there were no witnesses to this second humiliation and I
soon regained my composure. But the rest of the day lives mainly in my memory
as a long and dreary succession of disagreeables deepening into horror, in which
screeching parrots, chattering apes, and the dumb tragedy of live rabbits fed to
coiled staring serpents, figure prominently. On the way home, to cap it all, I
had the misfortune to sit down in the railway carriage on my very latest toy,
a box of gaily coloured tin ducks and fish that would swim about if you wielded
over them the magic wand of a little steel magnet; the glass lid caved in, and
two of my aquatic treasures, a green carp and a mandarin drake, met in fatal
embrace that reduced them both to a shapeless crumple of painted tin.
However, that day of disasters had long vanished from the scene, and
nothing untoward marred the re-appearance of the Zoo in our boyhood’s drama.
And when we, later, discovered the South Kensington Museum, this formed
an even stronger attraction, and many a happy hour did we spend in that fairy
land of Natural History. Two other places we unearthed in London where it
was just possible for self-respecting humanity to eke out an existence not wholly
miserable. Ina dingy street of Camberwell where ‘Mourning Cloaks” (Vanessa
antiopa) had once flown in the fabulous past, we discovered—sole survival of
this age of myth—an ancient dealer in butterflies and moths, setting-boards,
cork, pins, and nests.of little wooden ointment boxes in which to store our
captures. Nearer home still, at Herne Hill, under the sooty arch of a railway
viaduct stood a fancier’s shop with a most extensive assortment of pets, and
often after school we would hurry over to make a purchase.
I don’t suppose we had any Quixotic notion of inoculating all London with
the serum of rusticity, but we certainly made a most heroic effort to cure our
own little suburban corner of all its ailments by a healthy transfusion of country
blood; we fairly filled the back yard with white rats, mice, rabbits, Belgian
hares, guinea pigs, and pigeons; while in every spare room and corner of the
house itself we staked claims for swarms of tiny squatters; caterpillars striped
and spotted, smooth, horned and hairy, butterflies and moths, dragonflies,
beetles and spiders, were constantly escaping from their glass-lidded confines
to disturb the calm of Olympus. We had even in one of the bedrooms an
active industry of bird-stuffing and pelt-curing that has long mouldered away
in my memory to a confused tangle of wire, cotton-wool, cayenne pepper and
scalpels.
The district of West Dulwich in the early eighties still retained no small
tang of the country about its atmosphere. There were traces here and there,
within a stone’s throw of our house in unoccupied fields, muddy pools, and
decrepid old willows, of what had once been a sparkling meadow-brook flowing
past the old-fashioned residence of Rosendale Hall, which tradition averred
4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST '
had been the favorite hunting lodge of Queen Elizabeth; and, indeed, astride
the back of that letter ‘‘n’’ in the middle of the word ‘Rosendale,’ the curious
linguist may wing his way back not merely to the days of Good Queen Bess,
when doubtless the place was still a valley of roses ae toa bine in Old Eng-
land long before Chaucer when the plural of “rose’”’ was ‘‘rosen.’
East of us the wooded estates of Edward Alleyn, Shakespeare’s friend and
fellow actor, were not yet all built over. There were still shady slopes on
Gypsy Hill, and though the gypsies with their picturesque tents had vanished
forever before a standing army of red and yellow brick houses, the nightingale
still sought its ancestral home there among the trees each spring and made
music in the land. Beautiful woods still flourished near the Crystal Palace
at Sydenham, and an oak grove within the school playground itself, where the
voice of the earliest cuckoo might be heard and even its elusive form spieds in
stealthy flight from tree to tree.
In that same ground, quite close to the Chatham and Dover railway I got
my first sight of gaily spotted newts in a neglected clay pond, and once caught
in the long grass a beautiful green lizard. It was from here too that I gathered,
feeding in a clump of small-headed purple thistles, part of a colony of Black-
spined caterpillars to rear at home. The list of British butterflies is a very
meagre one compared with that of a great continent like North America, and
even of that meagre list quite a number of species were unknown in our part of
Scotland. There was frantic joy in the house when these dark thorny cater-
pillars, after a short pupation emerged into the most beautiful ‘‘Painted Ladies”
(Vanessa cardui). One of the most amazing things to watch was the way they
shot out a secretion of pink milk at emergence, squirting it over their wings to
saturate them before the work of unfolding and stretching could be safely
embarked on.
The whole neighborhood was largely residential; the houses all had gardens
enclosed by fences of narrow oak lattice overlapping vertically and topped with
a narrow coping of the same; shade-trees—mostly elm, poplar, willow and
linden—abounded about the roads; many of the gardens boasted trees and
shrubbery, and these wooden fences made a surprisingly good cover for insects
at all stages; but, especially, I recall the number and variety of chrysalids to
be found in the angle of the coping. We used to tramp the sidewalks for miles,
running our eye along this groove by the hour, once in a while glancing down the
vertical tines just to take the crick out of our neck and corral any stray game
that we might have overlooked on the surface of the fence.
Among other captures made in this way, I recall the Goat Moth, the Leopard
Moth, the Lappet and Oak-egger. The Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda) was a
large dark-grey creature, whose larva bores in willow and poplar, has a lurid
brown-crimson hue, an evil odor, and the enviable reputation of having been
eaten by the Romans; we often saw the dark-brown gutterings, like trickles of
tobacco juice, at the mouth of their burrows in the poplar trunks. There is in
Ontario a closely related genus of the Cossid family in the common Prionoxystus
robiniae, which I found abundant one summer on Trout Island in the Rideau and
occasionally about Port Hope, infesting poplars more often than the locust tree;
the Cossus itself occurs in two species of North America, Cossus centerensis, a
small moth of the Atlantic States, and Cossus undosus of the Rockies. The
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 5
Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina) also belongs to the Cossidae and has recently
become established on Long Island, as a borer in maple and elm. The Oak-
Egger and the Lappet are both of the genus Gastropacha and closely akin to the
moths of our Apple and Forest Tent caterpillars, all of them being members of
the family Lasiocampidae.
On our next door neighbor’s hedge of lime trees we early took two prizes
that filled us with delight, though both subsequently proved to be common;
one was the handsome Lime Hawk Moth or Sphinx (Smerinthus tiliae) and the
other the beautiful Buff Tip Moth (Phalere bucephala), whose gregarious larve
used to crawl down in marshalled hosts to the fences and side walks; this be-
longs to the family Noftodontidae, and is next of kin to the famous Puss and
Lobster Moths, the extraordinary caterpillars of which were both destined to
cross our path at rare intervals, throwing the lucky finder into transports of joy,
Over one of our own garden fences grew a dense mass of ivy, and here, at
rest or on the wing we caught many new kinds of day- and dusk- or night-flying
moths; the Yellow Underwing, Swallow-tail, Brimstone, Ermine, Currant, and
Vapourer are some that I recall; the female of the last was wingless like a
penguin, and the caterpillar a very pretty creature, though its tufts of yellow,
and the red-and-black floating hairs that we admired proclaim it to have been
of the ill-omened tussock brood.
A favourite pastime was net-wielding in the garden at night, and one of
the most vivid of these 37-year-old memories is our first encounter with the
Ghost Moth (Hepialus lupulinus): the male of this creature has a glistening
white lustre on the upper surface of its wings and a neutral-tinted yellow-brown
on the under; its flight is swift and irregular like a snipe’s; in its zig-zag course
it presents, now the upper, now the under surfaces of its air-planes in baffling
alternation, one moment a dazzling beacon and the next blotted out in some
inky pool of darkness; had its position in space been constant like that of a
fixed star, or its orbit regular as a planet’s we might have tracked it down with
the certainty of the rotary lamp on Eddystone Lighthouse, but as it was it
would twinkle here and flash again there with all the eccentricity of a runaway
comet. Our final capture of this elusive will-o’-the-wisp was a supreme triumph
like the landing of a first sea-trout' The Rev. J. G. Wood explains in his ‘‘Com-
mon British Moths,” that it is on settling only that the insect disappears, but
—experto crede—we knew better; while in full flight across an open lawn, at
six or eight feet from the ground, it would often disappear and reappear in a
single second of time.
(To be continued.)
APPOINTMENT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA.
Dr. F. C. Craighead, late of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington,
D.C., arrived at Ottawa at the beginning of the New Year to take up his
duties as Entomologist in the Division of Forest Insects. The Branch is very
fortunate in securing the services of Dr. Craighead, on account of his wide
experience and training.
6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
DRAGONFLIES OF THE LAKE OF BAYS REGION.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D.*
Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
The period from June 28th, to July 15th, of the summer of 1920 was spent
by myself at Norway Point on the Lake of Bays. Considerable collections of
insects were made, rather particular attention being paid to the Odonata and
allied orders. A list of the species of Odonata taken would appear to be of
interest not only as a supplement to Dr. E. M. Walker’s reports on the Odonata
of Algonquin Park and the Go Home Bay region, but also on account of the
fact that several species new to our Canadian lists were observed and the known
northern range-limit in such instances considerably extended.
The Lake of Bays region is in general topography very similar to that of
Algonquin Park or the Muskoka Lakes. Along the shores of the Lake of Bays
proper few dragonflies were observed, but the smaller lakes and ponds proved
to be quite rich in species. The main collections were made (1) around Black
Lake, a small tranquil lake, just south of the Norway Point golf links, with
heavily wooded, precipitate shores, except at a few points at the northern end
where the ground was flatter and a considerable growth of sedges and water
lilies was to be found; (2) at a small marshy pond on the Baysville road, which
I have designated Brown’s Brae Pond, and which I unfortunately only dis-
covered during the latter half of my sojourm.
Twenty-six species in all were captured; the following list is probably far
from exhaustive, but will at least serve as a basis for further investigations.
ZYGOPTERA.
Coenagrionide.
1. Lestes eurinus Say.
Four males of this unmistakable species were taken on-‘July 11th
among the sedges at Brown’s Brae Pond. As far as can be ascertained
from the available literature, this constitutes a new record for our
Canadian fauna.
two
Lestes rectangularis Say. .
One teneral male was taken on June 24th on a wooded slope rather
remote from any body of water.
3. Lestes disjunctus Selys. .
A series of more or less teneral males and females was captured on
July 11th and 14th around Brown's Brae Pond.
4. Agria moesta putrida Hagen.
Only a single female was taken at Black Lake on July Ist. Two
males were captured on July 28th, 1919, on a road skirting the Lake of
Bays east of Norway Point.
5. Enallagma hageni Walsh.
Common around Black Lake and Brae Pond, June 23rd to July
8th. A number of the males showed the fifth abdominal segment
suffused with black for at least half its length, a feature not noticed in
our Ottawa specimens.of this species; no difference in genitalia, however,
‘ *Contribution from Ent. Br. Dept. of Agr., Ottawa.
January, 1921
10.
a
12.
13.
14.
16.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 7
could be detected between these darker forms and the normal one,
which also occurred in the same localities.
Enallagma cyathigerum Charp. (annexum Hag.)
One male, June 23rd, Black Lake; taken along with the following
species. The genitalia correspond exactly with Williamson’s figure of
annexum in Ent. News, XI, pl IX. Walker records a single male from
Go Home Bay (1915, Suppl. 47th Ann. Report, Mar. and Fisheries
Branch, 66) so that the occurrence of the species in the present region
is not unusual.
Enallagma calverti Morse.
Both sexes very common in copula around the Brae Pond, July
11th to 14th; a fewspecimens were also captured at Black Lake in June.
Enallagma aspersum Hag.
Ten males and one female of this dark-bodied species were taken
around the Brae Pond on July 11th. The species does not appear to
have been previously recorded from Canada, but the similarity of
genitalia of the male specimens to Needham’s figure (Bull. 68, New
York Sta. Mus., pl. XTX) renders the reference fairly certain.
Nehallenia irene Hag.
Common during the first half of July in the sedges bordering Brown's
Brae Pond, but easily overlooked on account of the low flight and small
size.
Chromagrion conditum Hag.
A single male was taken, June 23rd, at Black Lake. No further
specimens were seen, although diligent search was made on subsequent
dates.
Ischnura verticalis Say.
Extremely common all through the season at both places.
AN!SOPTERA.
Aeshnide.
Gomphus exilis Selys.
Common along the shores of Black Lake, June 20th to July Ist.
Gomphus spicatus Hag.
One female taken along with G. exilis, June 28th, belongs apparently
to this species rather than to sordidus, judging by the remarks of Kellicott
(Odonata of Ohio) and Williamson (Dragonflies of Indiana) and their
descriptions of vulvar laminz.
Basieschna janata Say.
One male, July Ist, and one female, June 20th; others were observed
flying over the waters of a shallow inlet of the Lake of Bays.
Aeshna canadensis Wk.
Common during July around Brown's Brae Pond and vicinity but
difficult to capture. Three males were taken.
Libellulidz.
Didymops transversa Say.
Three males and two females were taken June 23rd, July Ist,
patrolling along a moist road through a rather dense wood, busily
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
engaged in capturing mosquitoes. The species was not seen in any
other situation.
Tetragoneuria cynosura simulans Muttk.
One of the commonest species of the district and on the wing dur-
ing the whole period of my stay. It frequents the borders of woods
and open meadows, seldom alighting but tirelessly patrolling to and
fro in search of food.
Cordulia shurtleffi Scud.
Not rare, early in July, on the edges of woods in semi-shady places;
it is not a strong flier and is easily recognized on the wing by the bril-
liant green colour of the eyes. Only males were captured.
Libellula exusta julia Uhl.
Very common in June and early July on the margin of lakes and
ponds, frequently resting on dead logs.
Libellula incesta Hag.
Three males and two females captured, July 1st and 10th; the
species was not uncommon along the shores of Black Lake, the males
darting from their resting places for short excursions and returning to
sit in their characteristic attitudes on either tree-trunk or twig. Walker
(op. cit. p. 92) records the species from Go Home Bay; evidently it
has a more widespread northern range than has heretofore been sup-
posed.
Libellula quadrimaculata Linn.
Quite rare in this region; only two males were captured on the
border of woods near Black Lake.
Leucorrhinia frigida Hag. '
Five males were taken, July 11th, among the sedges bordering
Brown’s Brae Pond.
Leucorrhinia broxima Cal.
Four males were taken along with L. frigida. The species is fond
of resting on half-submerged logs and is then not difficult to capture.
The pruinose suffusion on the dorsum of the males extends in this
species over the fifth abdominal segment whilst in all specimens of
frigida examined this segment remains black.
Leucorrhinia glaciahs Hag.
One male, taken with the other species of the genus. On the
wing it at once strikes the eye by the brilliant red coloration of the
base of the abdomen.
Leucorrhinia intacta Hag.
One female was taken on the roadside, June 20th, near the Brae
Pond. Apparently the flight of the species was at this time already
almost over.
Sympetrum obtrusum Hag.
The species was just beginning to emerge, July 11th to 14th, at
the Brae Pond. A single pair only was captured but later in the month
the species would doubtless become commoner, along with others of
the genus.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 9
SYNOPSES OF THE ANTHOMYIID GENERA MYD:A, OPHYRA,
PHYLLOGASTER, TETRAMERINX, AND EULIMONOPHORA
(DIPTERA).
BY J. R. MALLOCH,
Urbana, IIl.
The genus Mydea as here limited is essentially northern in its distribution,
most of the species being found in the extreme northeast and northwest, with
a few occurring as far south as Texas, though rarely. Stein lists about 300
species in this genus, but very few indeed of the species so listed really belong
to the genus as I have discovered by examining a great number of the species
involved. Most of the species he lists as belonging to this genus from North
America belong to Helina. The other genera dealt with in this paper have but
few representatives in this country, and two of them, Tetramerinx and Phyllo-
gaster, are unknown from the old world.
Mydza Robineau-Desvoidy
This genus is distinguished from its allies by having the third wing-vein
setulose at base, fourth not curved forward at apex, hind tibia without calcar,
penultimate abdominal sternite in female with a number of short bristles, eyes
of male subcontiguous, prealar bristle present, prosternum bare, face not buccate.
KEY TO SPECIES.
MALES.
1. Legs largely or entirely black; knobs of halteres black or brown except in
SIE TCGCIT (iene SMe a ped GEC Bal ain: CSUR Fs RU ER, ssc apie fe AA AP Go ee eae 2.
Legs with the exception of the tarsi, and sometimes part of the fore femora,
yellowish testaceous; knobs of halteres pale...........0.. ccc eeceeeeteeeeeeee 4,
2. Eyes with dense hairs; halteres pale yellow Re ata doe calvicrura Coquillett.
ves Ware -Molieres Mack Of LOW... rein ce.-c: sucedregd satlba reeiaet.deteeecsnnseioe steed 3.
3. Arista with the longest hairs as long as width of third antennal segment;
Mines sliehtly imiuscated, ThrOUsHOUE:. 00.0.2. .decitsdasasccteeseees obscura Stein.
Arista with the longest hairs not longer than its basal diameter; wings
slightly brownish, the bases of veins orange yellow.......... rugia Walker.
4. Scutellum largely or entirely yellow, contrasting sharply with the colour
OGMEISCIOL-ACNOLAK couge cttc Aan te so eh ae ae are emia aeceeeOk ke, oor 5.
Pure COMOULEE AS CISe Ob ENOLAK oc c.-..-.s.c.gseemeae Meas d thes oceans ibeaclccsesee 4:
5.. Palpi yellow, antenne almost entirely so..................... flavicornis Coquillett.
Palpi black, antennz almost entirely so.. ney VERSUS ATW A i
6. Hind femur without bristles on pc ieraventrs| Coeae. eeeent at extreme
YS a SRA aa Ear EN RCS A 8 ea occidentalis Malloch.
Hind femur with a series of long, fine, rather closely placed bristles on
apical half of posteroventral surface................0.::0060 pagana Fabricius.
7. Antenne entirely black; longest hairs on arista at least as long as width
of third antennal segment; fore femora infuscated except in
ASTI PISS OB. RIED ©. Oh ORE SE Bilin OEE ale RON Oe eA SOE AT, 8.
Second antennal segment brownish yellow; longest hairs on arista not as
long as width of third antennal segment; claws of fore tarsus not as
long as apical tarsal segment; fore femora yellow....persimilis Malloch.
January, 1921
10
10.
~J
oO
10.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
All femora largely fuscous; hind tibia with one strong and sometimes one
weak anteroventral bristle; prealar bristle minute; wings not yellow
at bases.. Oe aR MIEN 8 es Re obscura Stein.
At most the fake eae Sai Wieoka infuscated; wings yellow at bases, or
dorsum of thorax indistinctly vittate..:....0°)2)).age. 2. 9,
Small species, 5.5 to 6.5 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with dis-
tinct but not very dense pruinescence, the former distinctly vittate
only in front; prealar bristle very small................ winnemanna Malloch.
Larger species, 7 to 9 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with dense
yellowish pruinescence, the former with very distinct vitte.............. 10.
Fore femora yellow; second antennal segment brown; prealar bristle one-
third as long as the.one behind it.......2. ue discimana Malloch.
Fore femora infuscated; second antennal segment black; prealar bristle
over half as long as the one behind it.......000.0......... urbana Meigen.
FEMALES.
All femora largely or entirely ‘black.....)0....te.:2 ees eee 2.
Femora reddish yellow, sometimes the fore pair brownish or fuscous in
AT Eo aie cce agiedecmee kt cddces nde aueipigty satis naples aaah sats Uae el ee 6.
Eves distinctly hairy 05 Sint eee ee ea ee calvicrura Coquillett.
Boyes Dares.) 2. fcisucekegkt censzv. beatae ae ee ee eee ace ce 3
Arista with its longest hairs not longer than its basal diameter..rugia Walker.
Arista with its longest hairs as long as or longer than width of third antennal
SESMEN EC... cores vo. ssa dances al ale Ne ere nar tar Re ee Ae 4,
Third antennal segment distinctly less than 4 times as long as its greatest
width; mid and hind femora entirely or almost entirely black or
FUTSCOLIS 28a co osc vce sche apup: gc en nna ae Re enc 5.
Third antennal segment at least 4 times as long as its greatest width;
mid and hind femora, and especially the latter very indistinctly
INETISCATEE eS: 0.05. .00.cisseehe php winnemanna Malloch.
Calyptrz white; tibiz yellowish testaceous.............0...:..c00000 obscura Stein.
Calyptre orange yellow; legs entirely black...................... obscurella Malloch.
Scutellum largely or entirely yellow, contrasting sharply with the disc of
IMESOMOCUII |... coc cc ceccvek can alge su cnstelesleeth SIRRGES | OES nae ea t.
Scutellum black, encnintene nth digs Of MESONOEMIM,.cc1.2no.aue eee 9.
Palpi and antennz yellow......::. 2... c.g vse. flavicornmis Coquillett
Palpi entirely, antenne largely black ::.. jig ou .sseeie + eee a 8.
Humeral angles of thorax broadly yellow......................occidentalis Malloch.
Humeral angles of thorax coloured as disc..............c00000e--- pagana Fabricius.
Apical segment of fore tarsus disclike, as broad as long; fore tibia with a
median posterior bristle sous aig ciaS 1 discimana Malloch.
Apical segment of fore tarsus normal, Ba twice as long as wide.......... 10.
Arista densely short-haired, the longest hairs barely as long as its basal
diameter; fore tibia with | posterior and 1 postero-ventral
bristle armatipes n.n. (armipes Malloch nec. Stein).
Arista with long hairs, the longest of which are at least as long as width
of third antennal segment, or the fore tibia with or without one
bristle seed! . cect saaee satan tyiee ee wate bile
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 11
11. Arista with its longest hairs barely longer than its basal
GREMERYE Cet 7 ek sal a eee Ae 2 i persimilis Malloch.
Arista with its longest hairs, longer than width of third antennal
SELES 17 12 yA OA ere 5. ha ee urbana Meigen.
Ophyra Robineau-Desvoidy
There are but two species of this genus known to me as occurring in America
one of which, Jeuwcostoma, occurs in Europe and in Canada and all over the
United States, though less common in the south. The other species is con-
fined to the southern United States in North America, but extends through
Central and South America. The larve feed in latrines and in manure.
KEY TO SPECIES.
cts ELISE UNG Sep MeO) SOLS SORE ales a Sette ae ARE I of UN he REM lain Pe EP ey a3 ae
MR Pie Es AER hh cbse bic Scns autres wl och Seach cacigs: ek si PoME dR Cae RE Od aT akon es ee 3.
2. Hind tibia much curved, ventral surfaces with long, soft hairs which are
longest just basad of middle; calyptre fuscous; palpi
|S) ET) RR SORE ReaD comic SSW eras rn Cl vo leucostoma Wiedemann.
Hind tibiz but little curved, ventral surfaces with decumbent setulose
hairs; calyptre yellow; palpi ferruginous.............. aenescens Wiedemann.
3. Calyptre subfuscous, the margins darker; palpi black; hind tibia with 3
EO OpatleerOVetittal DTISHIES 20, <2..566000 yc cece: leucostoma Wiedemann.
Calyptre yellow; the margins concolorous; palpi ferruginous; hind tibia
with 1 or 2 anteroventral bristles.............0......0.... aenescens Wiedemann.
Tetramerinx Berg.
KEY TO SPECIES.
1. Legs black, bases of tibiz and extreme apices of femora reddish; abdomen
with a dark dorsocentral vitta; face, parafacials, and cheeks white,
almost silvery; wings milky, veins brown; hind tibia with three or
iolmarnterodorsal, bristles, (ccc er il. Se we ee) unica Stein.
Legs black, all of tibia and extreme apices of femora reddish yellow;
abdomen with black dorsocentral vitta and lateral spots; face, para-
facials, and cheeks brownish or bronzy; wings slightly grayish, veins
dark brown; hind tibia with two anterodorsal
PUSS CIES new tet ee Ok A californiensis Malloch.
Phyltogaster Stein
KEY TO SPECIES.
2. Mid femur with some long, strong bristles on basal half of antero- and
posteroventral surfaces; hind femur with rather widely placed bristles
on entire length of anteroventral surface; abdomen with dorso-
central vitta and lateral spots; mid tibia with an anterodorsal
bristle. rete, cisstsassssseee.fOOUSta Johnson:
Mid femur without anterov iediteal jeera ie on my, half: hind femur with
a few strong bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface; mid
Piva: WHOL All ae terOUOESAL LITISELE s c1.6 4G. vad ccclile he senbeusee
12
bo
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Abdomen with dorsocentral vitta and more or less distinct lateral black
spots; hind tibia with 1 anteroventral bristle; the pair of long bristles on
basal portion of hypopygium widely separated, much closer to latero-
posterior margin than to central cleft; processes of fifth sternite as
Broad as Long... iinet beeen ee cordyluroides Stein.
Abdomen with only a more or less distinct dorsocentral vitta, the lateral
spots absent; hind tibia with two anteroventral bristles; the pair of
long bristles on basal portion of hypopygium rather closely placed,
much closer to central cleft than to lateroposterior margin; processes
of fifth sternite longer than broad:........ avi iien tenes littoralis Malloch.
Hind femur with rather widely spaced bristles on entire length of antero-
ventral surface; apical genital segment with two strong thorns; scu-
tellum with numerous setulose hairs on entire upper
SUPPACE voi fies. vedine des gostenecett ea nacttuk Juche tees oie’ seem ee robusta Johnson.
Hind femur with strong bristles only on apical half of anteroventral sur-
facets le “call cine naalsste fa chant ouch qed SEER Ce SER ae Neal oat fete ene Baca
Apical genital segment with two strong thorns; hind tibia with one antero-
ventral bristle; scutellum with a number of setulose hairs on
GUISE on ocap ov ozcpedtick heard cree ante org era eee cordyluroides Stein.
Apical genital segment with four strong thorns; hind tibia with two antero-
ventral bristles; scutellum very rarely with more than two discal
SOULS. «etic vw coe ake etek ane eee ee ee ee a littoralis Malloch.
Eulimnophora Malloch
This genus is represented by many species in Africa.
KEY TO SPECIES.
Thorax conspicuously vittate; palpi and tibiz largely
VellOWish..: :. i...) gee eeew eel ec RVR eR ie Sea ea dorsovittata Malloch.
Thorax inconspicuously vittate; palpi black; tibia black, sometimes
yellowish at bases: 3) jcefocc cet eA ane oc 2.
Large species, normally over 4 mm. in length; hind femora in both sexes
with from 3 to 6 bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface, the
space basad of these with weak decumbent hairs.............. arcuata Stein.
Smaller species, less than 4 mm. in length; hind femora in both sexes with
a series of short erect bristles, which are rather closely placed, from
base to apex on anteroventral surface, the apical two or three much
longer than the others. i...:..200 cs: eee eee ee cilifera Malloch.
Xenoceenosia Malloch
KEY TO SPECIES.
TNC nbn ace ccs cscsnsssusad Mousa sue gules sgete cco: Renee 2.
WOMANS) eects cscs cs ssc sscnevsanedococestustensdbies te Oe Re ee 4,
Large species, 4.5 mm. in length; abdomen without glossy bare areas on
sides of third and fourth tergites; hind femur without dense, soft
hairs on ventral surfaces, the antero- and posteroventral surfaces with
long, black bristles which are unequal in lengths, the longest one on
anteroventral surface about one-third of the femoral length from
SR ee Fl sa} Zann badee tenes 0 Dee eon et ea major Malloch.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 13
Smaller species, 3.5 mm. in length; abdomen with a large, glossy, bare
area on each’ side of third and fourth tergites; hind femur with dense,
soft hairs on ventral surfaces, and with or without a fine bristle near
apex on anteroventral surface, no other bristles on this surface........3.
3. Antenne entirely pale yellowish testaceous; apical scutellar bristle almost
or quite as long as the lateral pair; one bristle near apex of antero-
ventral surface of hind femur very distinctly stronger than the rather
pmominventrab pale Waits / 22... 0.60502. oats: ee eR calopyga Loew.
Antenne with the exception of apex of second segment and base of third
black; apical scutellar bristles much ,weaker than the lateral pair
and shorter; apical bristly hair on anteroventral surface of hind femur
hardly distinguishable from the very long, pale ventral
BYU rye santo teva cst ies psec jackeere<Sucb dood, «033.45 ee REE aL LCI Se LOR
4. Hind femur without a bristle near apex on anteroventral surface, the one
nearest apex about one-third from it...............0:.c::cce major Malloch.
Hind femur with a bristle very near apex on anteroventral surface............ 5,
5. Second antennal segment and basal half of third yellowish; apical pair of
scutellar bristles little shorter than laterals............00........ calopyga Loew
Antenne except extreme base of third segment black; apical pair of scutellar
bristles very much shorter than lateral pair............. floridensis Malloch.
ANNOTATED CHECK LIST OF THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF
ALBERTA—ADDITIONS, 1919.
BY KENNETH BOWMAN,
Edmonton, Alta.
The following additions to my ‘“‘Check List of the Macrolepidoptera “
Alberta,” published by the Alberta Natural History Society (Edmonton, 1919)
were made during the season of 1919.
The abbreviations are the same as those employed in the Check List.
The numbers before the names are those of Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough’s
“Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, 1917.’’ The numbers after
the names indicate the months in which the insects have been taken. The
capital letters are abbreviations of the localities of capture, as follows: E, Edmon-
ton; R, Red Deer; G, Gleichen; P, Pocahontas; N, Nordegg; B, Banff; Bm,
Blairmore.
33 Preris occidentalis calyce Edw............... PRL NS BS Ge oe 4 E.P.
Sin Purvis pecia chacigi1s IMC ach ©: .s.0;..cuccioteasgtetten os 6 N.t+
59 oe eriphyle autumnalis CKIl.........0...0ccccceee 0-8 E.B.N.R.
64 ce chrgshna pallida Cli 4.2... ae 7 N.R.
~ CRITI BECORICA SUED’ J; .2..\ js vorntorbrcnstdicnches tock 7 EAIN.RS
ay eA Unis Leto Benes. xen eased, ...... aie teeta ees 4D;
185 ‘, DESC MORE ICG EElS iy ie citeL,\ 0: aman sate steals 7-8 P.N.
211 Euphydryas nubigena beant Skin...........0...cccccccceeseeeees ty, Es
eh ne LES SID ai PECIECTISLS WIE sy cdit vss ey eae Sus sdeucenycasu dion silat) 7 &E.
BO (i, Heodes hellondes florus Waid iis. s.. .0cc.scarsssecesse.ctausarecds ona 7-8E.N.R.
Rony PE Seudohazs, eglagtering Bavieis..\. 0). se... eves Aeeeel 6 Bm.
1076 Melaporphyria tmmortua Grteocc...cc6 ccc seeccsaccseeecescecees 5 E:
January, 1921
14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
1a Heexoe witracia Moth xc AS ncinh ss fee thks. oh eae 8 Bm.
1315 ‘S quinquelinea lutulenta Sim... ).0) 0... tcc eatin 9 Bm.
1339 pent CEE PESTPUS antl MS Lie oSirae that... cattle. ei aa SuE.
EME SU PCECOPE DF TICCU NSTI es ooo, Sed ase sate RR eee 6 N.
Ping AGVOPlOnine fervrealis GEt iii ee eer ect ge ee 4 E.
2380 Luperina passer conspicua MOtt..............cccccceeie ip te
Boles) MMT OrOlONGHE U1 SIMMS, 1.1005. eel ee ee 6 N.
Nis, / Autographa diversigna Ottoliiec::....8.5 5h. ws aoereteees LIN
INS. ie interala Ottel L252: Na 8 E.N.
Saco Syneda allens sdxea. Hy. Edw... )../)).0..2:) ne nee 6 Bm.
S012 ° Olene-wallings B. & MeDiiad.as..1.2c eee reek.
B972 . Coryphista: meads- Pack 205, tet, See i Reeneke etae: Gor Bm.
3999 Dyssttoma cervinifdsea WIK...;.::..., eee aN.
A017 Hydriomena renunciata WIK.->..03.. See ee 5-6 E.
4208 Eupithecia albicapttata Pack.........0....cccccccnecteesncccevsnsters gh si
4332 Phtlobia ulsterata: Pears. iin 0G. 2 ee GE:
4349 \ Macaria purcellaia Vayl 2.5.5)... ee TON:
4465 ‘GCaripeta. diwisata. WK... bo. es as ¢ Eh.
4489 Pygmena svmplex Dyer 6 ais. ese eat ene TNs
NOS. Loxostese albertalis By & MED)... vata. cok Ce ee it G:
5032 ad commxialas: Wika. 2h te, Beane s ee as ae 6-7 B.N.
5051 Diasemia plumbosignalis Fern................:cce0cccsereedccceneesuess sls
BUSS), 2. hiycienia fernd salts JADI eaten oe) eee mee Cu:
Diao’ iPyrausta fumop eras Pistcte sence ee rer ee ee 6 E.
ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF DRAGONFLIES FROM THE
OTTAWA REGION.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D.*
Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
The following species of Odonata, not recorded in Dr. E. M. Walker’s
paper (1908, Ottawa Nat. XXII, 16) have been taken by me this past summer
in this region.
Zysoptera.
Enallagma calverti Morse.
Common, June 3rd, at Mackay Lake, Rockliffe.
Enallagma carunculatum Morse.
Not uncommon, July 28th on the shore of Leamy Lake, Hull, Que.
Coenagrion resolutum Selys.
Taken along with E. calverti on June 3rd.
Anisoptera.
Gomphus descriptus Banks.
One male was captured along Meach Brook, June 13th, about 11/2 miles
from the railway station of Cascades, Que.
Gomphus spicatus Hag.
Two males, June 3rd, Mackay Lake, Rockliffe.
*Contribution from Ent. Br. Dept. of Agr., Ottawa.
January, 1921
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST L5
A
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF MELYRIDZA (COLEOPTERA).
BY FRANK E. BLAISDELL, SR.,
Stanford University.
It has been recognized for a long time that the species of Eschatocrepis,
inhabiting principally southern California, possesses pale legs while those from
the coastal regions of central California have blackish legs, and as a whole are
more deeply pigmented. Casey has mentioned differences observed by him in
specimens from San Diego and Santa Barbara. The following species is de-
scribed at the present time:
Eschatocrepis nigripes, new species.
Form elongate. Colour deep black, more or less shining; antennz dark
rufo-piceous; tibiz and tarsi rufo- to nigro-piceous. Surface microscopically
reticulate. Pubescence short, sparse and more or less grayish. Head not
quite as wide as the pronotal apex; front slightly convex, impressicns feeble.
Second joint of the antenne subglobular, about as long as wide; fi'th jcint
scarcely triangular, although a little more anteriorly prominent than the ccn-
tiguous joints. Pronotum slightly wider than long; sides parallel, not strcn¢ly
arcuate in basal half, broadly sinuate in the apical half behind the apical angles
which are moderately small and rather prominent laterally; basal angles obtvs?,
not rounded nor prominent; base feebly rounded; apex broadly arcuato-truncate
and prominent anteriorly in middle four-sixths, laterally oblique and some-
what posteriorly declivous to the angles; disk more or less impressed in the
median line, submarginal line strong, surface impressed on the lateral declivity
at the sinuations, punctures small and sparse, densely granulato-punctate
laterally. Elytra scarcely wider at base than the widest part of the pronotum,
about two and two-thirds times longer than the width at base;, sides more or
less slightly divergent posteriorly, punctuation rather fine, scarcely sparse,
surface very feebly rugoso-reticulate; apex slightly serrulate, apical margin
somewhat explanate. Abdomen subglabrous, very finely sculptured, punctures
denser and finer at apex of the fifth segment.
Male.—More elongate and narrower. Sides of the elytra scarcely divergent
posteriorly, apex broadly and very gradually rounded to apex. Fifth ventral
abdominal segment transversely truncato-sinuate in middle two-fourths of the
apex, lateral fourths oblique and set with a row of stiff marginal hairs; angles
rather prominent on their ventral surface and bearing a tuft of slightly longer
hairs, intervening apical surface slightly declivous.
Female.—Relatively shorter behind and more dilated. Fifth ventral with
a feeble but distinct, rounded emargination, angles raised and distinctly promi-
nent on their ventral surface, forming the sides of the feebly impressed and
declivous intervening surface.
Length 2.3-3.2 mm.; width .7-1.3 mm.
Type locality.—Sausalito, Marin County, California.
Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in my own collection. Paratypes
in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
Habitat.— California (Sausalito and Fairfax, Marin County, April 26th,
Leona Heights, Alameda County, May 5th.
January, 1921
16 _THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
It seems necessary to give the above phase a distinctive name, on account
of colour, genital characters and other minor differences. It frequents the
blossoms of the wild morning glory (Convolvulus); it is rather abundant. In
Eschatocrepis constrictus Lec. the legs are pale and, as a whole, the insect is
much less pigmented than nigripes.
Casey in his Coleopterological Notices, VI, p. 460, Annals N. Y. Acad.
Sci., VIII, July, 1895, created the genus Eudasytes for three species which he~
deemed advisable to separate from Trichochrous, the essential difference being
the rather wide, flat and horizontal epipleura, and the lateral margins of the
elytra narrowly reflexed. The apical angles of the pronotum are usually stronger
and more prominent anteriorly than in any species of Tvrichochrous, except a
few species like sutwralis, for instance. I see no reason why Eudasytes should
not be recognized as a valid genus. At the present time I will describe three
new species as follows:
Eudasytes reynoldsi, new species.
Form broad, oblong, about twice as long as wide. Colour black; antenne
piceous, more or less rufo-piceous in basal half; legs rufous to rufo-testaceous;
surface rather shining. Pubescence not long, abundant but not hiding the
body surface, grayish to subluteo-cinereous in colour and recumbent; pronotal
margin fimbriate, fimbrie erect and of moderate length, not conspicuous; those
of the elytral margin similar and obliquely directed; head, pronotum and elytra
with stiff, semi-recumbent, sparsely placed and not long nor conspicuous
blackish sete. Head rather small, about two-thirds as wide as the pronotal
apex, sparsely to almost densely punctate, punctures moderate in size; surface
broadly impressed just between the antenna, impression more definitely but
briefly longitudinally marked laterally. Antenne stout, joints five to eleven
subequal in width, subserrate anteriorly. Pronotum widest at base which is
about a third wider than the apex; length a little less than the width of apex;
sides almost straight and convergent toward apex, margin subexplanate with the
adjacent discal surface almost grooved; apex broadly and deeply emarginate
between the anteriorly prominent, rather wide, broadly and evenly rounded
apical angles. At the angles the margin is somewhat reflexed and the discal
surface distinctly grooved within; base rather broadly arcuate at middle, oblique
laterally to become sinuate within the large, prominent and more or less everted
angles which are subobtuse at tip; margins of the angles rather reflexed; surface
quite deeply impressed within; disk quite strongly convex centrally and
anteriorly, slightly impressed within the angles and along the margins, punctures
moderate, separated by a distance equal to three or five times their diameter,
denser laterally, surface almost separate within the angles. Elytra about a
half longer than wide, moderately convex, but somewhat flattened on the disk;
humeri prominent, dentiform, everted and obtuse, umbone prominent and
rounded; margin somewhat explanate, finely serrulate, arcuately reflexed with
the surface rather broadly channelled within, especially at the humeri, broadly
rounded at apex, sutural angles rounded; punctuation rather sparse, much
coarser toward the base than at apex. Abdomen densely punctate.
Male—More broadly oblong; pronotum broader and larger, basal angles
more strongly developed Humeri broadly dentiform.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 17
Female.—Head and pronotum smaller, basal angles of the latter and humeri
less strongly developed.
Length 4.0 mm.; width 1.75-2.0 mm.
Type locality,—Truxton Valley, Mohave County, Arizona, June, altitude
4,205 feet; J. A. Kusche collector.
Holotype, male, in my own collection. Allotype, female, and a male
paratype, in the collection of L. R. Reynolds, to whom I dedicate the species.
Eudasytes grandicollis, new species.
Form large, stout and oblong, about twice as long as wide. Colour black,
pronotum shining; legs rufo-ferruginous; antenne piceous, rufous toward the
base. Pubescence dense on the elytra, sparse and not hiding the surface on the
head and pronotum; cinereous, slightly fulvous with a subsericeous lustre,
recumbent and moderately long, sparsely intermixed with erect pale sete,
which are more abundant and blackish on the head and pronotum; marginal
pronotal fimbriz pale, moderately long and rather close-set, those of the elytra
longer, less fimbriform and not as close. Hairs rather dense on the body be-
neath. Head moderately large; front not convex, broadly bi-impressed;
punctures sparse and rather small, although somewhat coarse on the vertex.
Antenne stout and not extending to the middle of the pronotum, subserrate
anteriorly from the fourth joint, where the angles are rounded and somewhat
tumid Pronotum large in both sexes, transversely oblong, less than a fourth
wider than long; sides parallel, broadly and evenly arcuate, sometimes slightly
sinuate or straight just before the basal angles, the latter obtuse and distinct;
lateral marginal bead distinctly reflexed; apex broadly and arcuately emarginate,
a little narrower than the base and with a distinct reflexed bead; apical angles
prominent anteriorly, large, rather broad and narrowly rounded; base broadly
and strongly arcuate in middle three-fifths, thence subsinuate to the angles;
disk strongly arcuate at the periphery, less so in the broad central area, punctures
small and very sparse, surfaces smooth and shining; a distinct submarginal,
gutter surrounds the entire disk, rather wide at apex (male) and distinctly
widened at the angles, surface somewhat impressed at basal sinuations. Elytra
about a third longer than wide; sides parallel, apex rounded laterally but sub-
truncate at the suture, angle narrowly rounded, marginal bead rather broad
and reflexed, especially behind the humeri, the latter with a distinct umbone;
disk moderately convex from side to side, punctures small, rather closely placed,
surface somewhat rugose. Marginal gutter rather broad, especially near the
humeri. Epipleura broad, horizontal almost to the extreme apex, impunctate
and without pubescence, except toward the base. Margins convergent on the
apical curve. Abdomen finely and rather densely punctate. Legs relatively
slender.
Male.—Rather stouter. Pronotum large and heavy. Fifth ventral
transversely truncate at apex.
Female.—Head rather smaller. Pronotum smaller. Fifth ventral broadly
but strongly rounded at apex.
Length 4.0-4.6 mm.; width 1.7-2.2 mm.
Type locality—Tonopah, Nevada.
18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST -
Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in my own collection. Paratypes in
the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
Forty-eight specimens studied. A moderate series was collected at Tonopah
Nevada, by my mother-in-law, Mrs. E. C. Peek; a similar series was taken at
Goldfield, Nevada, by Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher. The species was collected
June 29th, 1907, from the blossoms of an undetermined plant.
A large species related to amplus Casey and oblongus Casey by the horizontal
epipleura, which extends to the extreme apex of the elytra. Grandicollis ap-
pears sufficiently distinct and inhabits a different region from Casey’s species.
Eudasytes hirsutus, new species.
Form oblong, about two and a third times longer than wide, moderately
convex. Colour deep black and shining; femora nigro-piceous, tibia rufo-
piceous, tarsi almost rufous; antenna rufous or rufo-piceous toward base and
piceous distally; mouth-parts more or less rufous. Pubescence brownish-gray
and sparse; subrecumbent hairs about a third as long as the long flying hairs
which are bristling throughout, sparse and equally distributed over the elytra
and pronotum; marginal fimbriz of the pronotum and elytra long, blackish and
not close set. Head moderately large, front scarcely convex, feebly bi-impressed,
with a small, smooth feebly convex area near the apical margin; punctures small,
irregular and sparse. Antenne rather stout, subserrate anteriorly, angles blunt
and rounded, last three joints noticeably thick. Eyes finely setigerous, sete
short. Pronotum transversely oblong, about a fourth wider than long; sides,
subparallel, slightly convergent, almost straight, feebly arcuate, anteriorly
broadly and very feebly sinuate posteriorly, margin rather thick; apex broadly
emarginate, subtruncate in middle third, not at all beaded; apical angles rather
broad, anteriorly prominent and rather more than narrowly rounded; base
arcuate in middle third, broadly and feebly sinuate laterally, margined and with
a submarginal groove; basal angles rectangular to almost less than a right angle
and somewhat prominent laterally; disk broadly and less than moderately convex,
most so centrally, slightly impressed at the apical and basal angles, puncture
rather coarse, sparse, denser at the angles, smaller in the central area, interstitial
surface shining and glabrous. Elytra rather less than twice as long as wide,
punctures sparse, not sharply defined, surface more or less rugulose: margin
slightly reflexed, rather narrow and with a distinct but narrow gutter; sutural
angles rounded. Epipleura horizontal, moderately wide, inflexed at apex at
the beginning of the apical curve, inner margin evanescent without convergence
to the outer margin; gradually widened from the humeral angles. Abdomen
finely punctured, pubescence denser and recumbent.
Male.—Comparatively less broad. Basal pronotal angles more prominent
laterally, tips not rounded. Fifth ventral abdominal segment truncate, some-
times slightly impressed at middle of the apex so as to appear feebly sinuate.
Female.—Broader and stouter. Basal angles of the pronotum less prominent
and slightly blunt.
Length 2.5-3.5 mm.; width 1.0-1.6 mm.
Type locality.—Tonopah, Nevada.
Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in my own collection; paratypes in
the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Twenty-four specimens
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 19
studied. Taken by Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher in July from the blossoms of an
undetermined species of plant. |
Hirsutus approaches oblongus Casey from Utah. It cannot be the same.
In the latter the apical angles are acute, pronotum finely punctate, frontal
impressions pronounced, legs pale rufo-ferruginous, sides of the pronotum
extremely feebly arcuate from base to apex. In hirsutus the epipleura are in-
flexed apically and it therefore agrees with ursinus Casey. The specimens of
hirsutus before me constitute a very homomorphic series and vary only in
size. es
NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PACHYPSYELA
CELTIDIS-GEMMA RILEY.
BY HARRY B. WEISS,
New Brunswick, N. J.
This species, which was described by Riley in 1884 (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash°*
II, p. 74) is locally common in New Jersey, the nymphs forming galls on the
twigs of hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). These polythalamous galls are de-
formations of the young buds. They are variable in size and irregular in shape
but always bud-like or subglobular and appearing as if formed by a conglomera-
tion of small ncdules. Van Duzee (Cat. of Hemiptera, 1917) lists it as occurring
in New Jersey, New York, D.C., Va., Ia., Mo., La. and Texas.
The galls are always formed on the new wood and in severe infestations
almost every bud is deformed. ‘ Each swelling contains from 1 to many cells
each of which harbours a nymph. A gall 2 mm. in diameter was found to
consist of 1 cell; one of 5 mm. contained 7 cells; one of 8 mm. had 19 cells; one
of 9 mm. contained 24 cells and another of 10 mm. had 22 cells. These cells |
are grouped so that each has a part of the outside wall of the gall covering
it. The cells are irregularly oval to subcircular in shape and vary considerably,
depending on the sizes of the nymphs occupying them. Galls containing only
a few nymphs appeared to have relatively larger cells.
Overwintering takes place in the last nymphal stage, these nymphs emerg-
ing through somewhat irregular to regular elliptical openings in the wall of the
gall during the last few days of May and the first half of June. These nymphs
crawl on the tops of the galls and to the twigs and adults emerge shortly after-
ward. During the first two weeks of June at Riverton, N. J., where most of
the observations were made, adults were plentiful on the stems and leaves of
hackberry. Feeding appears to take place chiefly on the petioles of the leaves
and on the tender stems, the adults resting head downward. Copulation and
egg deposition occur shortly after emergence. Females reared in a cage de-
posited eggs before taking any other nourishment except that afforded by
the dry stems, which was apparently next to nothing. The eggs are deposited
on their sides on the lower leaf surface close to a vein or in the angle formed
by two veins. Sometimes they are found on the developing shoots or in crevices
around the bases of leaf petioles. They are held fast to the leaf or other sur-
face by means of a short backward projecting stipe, arising near the basal end,
which is inserted in the tissue. The basal part of the leaf, where the pubescence
in the vein angles is thick appears to be a favoured place for eggs. Many eggs
are deposited singly and many in groups ranging from 2 to 8 or 10.
January, 1921
20 i THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
It is not known how long it takes for the eggs to hatch. First stage nymphs
were not found in the buds until July 20. At this time the buds were not ap-
preciably deformed. From this it appears that over two weeks are necessary.
After hatching the nymphs make their way to the small developing buds, crawling
between the folded parts and locating in a spot between the centre and the
outside of the bud. At first the young nymph is somewhat greenish, but later
assumes a yellowish tinge. On September 1, or over a month later an examina-
tion of numerous well-defined galls showed nymphs in all stages of growth
except the first and the last stages. By the middle and last. of September
many last stage nymphs were found.
The cells containing the nymphs appeared to be unevenly and thinly lined
with a white cottony material. This material increased in bulk as the last
stage was approached, and cells containing nymphs of this stage usually had
quite a pad of material on that part of the cell directly over the back of the
nymph. The hairs on the dorsal part of the body also were covered with the
cottony down.
The nymphs collected during the season were easily arrangeable into 5
stages based on their size, but the exact number of instars is not known, due to
the difficulty of keeping the same nymph under observation throughout the
season. Brief descriptions showing development of the nymphs, are given
below. The bodies of the nymphs of all stages are capable of considerable dis-
tension, and specimens showing the same dimensions of the head and wing
parts vary greatly in the sizes of their bodies, due no doubt to the amount of
food in them at a given time.
In addition to the references to this species which are given in Van Duzee’s
Catalogue, the following one may be noted—Felt., Key to American Insect
Galls, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 200, 1917 (1918), p. 23, fig. 127.
Egg.—Length 0.8 mm. Width 0.1 mm.
Pearly white, smooth, elongate sub-pyriform, rounded at basal end and
tapering to acute point at opposite end which bears a fine hair about 144 as long
as the egg. Widest across basal third. A short, backward projecting stipe
arises from near the basal end.
First nymphal stage. Length0.3mm. Width of head between eyes 0.1 mm.
Colour lemon yellow; oval, broadest across thorax, abdomen tapering
slightly; body flat dorsally or slightly convex, segmentation indistinct.
Antennz whitish, short, projecting; eyes red; median dorsal light line running
through head and thoracic segments. Dorsal surface of head evenly and
lightly browned, posterior to this area are 2 transverse light brown bands on
the thorax and posterior to these bands are many fine transverse brown lines
on the abdomen. Lateral edges of abdominal segments bearing minute spines;
last abdominal segment terminated dorsally by a comparatively larger spine.
Dorsal body surface bearing several fine, short, erect hairs. Outer surfaces ©
of legs lightly browned. Ventral surface lemon yellow. Rostrum extending
to second pair of legs, lancets 11/2 to 2 times length of body.
Second nymphal stage. Length 0.4 mm. to 0.55 mm. Width of head
between eye 0.18 mm.
Yellowish, broadest across thorax. Somewhat similar to first stage except
that the dorsal brown markings are faint or absent; anterior margin of head trun-
cate; sides of thorax arcuate; abdomen more elongate, sides rounded and extrem-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 21
ity abruptly tapering to point; dorsal hairs more pronounced ; abdominal segmen-
tation more distinct. Legs»whitish. Sizes of individuals vary greatly. Some
specimens suboval in outline, many elongate, some with greatly distended bodies.
Third nymphal stage. Length 0.7 mm. to 0.8 mm. Width of head be-
tween eyes 0.26 mm. Form elongate.
Lemon yellow to orange with faint transverse dorsal markings. Antenne
and legs whitish. Thorax subquadrate; sides of abdomen subparallel or strongly
arcuate, with pointed tip. Sides of 2nd and 8rd thoracic segments slightly
produced laterally and somewhat posteriorly. Extremity of abdomen brownish.
Segmentation more distinct than in preceeding stage. Extremity of abdomen
terminating in 2 minute spines or processes directed upward. Dorsal surface
of body especially posterior portion of abdomen bearing numerous fine erect hairs.
Fourth nymphal stage. Length 0.91 mm. to 1.34 mm. Width of head
between eyes 0.38 mm. Shape somewhat similar to that of preceeding stage.
Somewhat chunky. Colour lemon yellow with faint transverse orange
markings. Last 3 abdominal segments closely united and brownish. Antenne
whitish with faint brownish bands. Thorax subquadrate, sides of abdomen
strongly arcuate. Insect widest across abdomen. Abdomen flat or subglobular.
Wing-pads whitish, much more prominent and larger and strongly directed
laterally and slightly posteriorly. Legs whitish, articulations dark. Hairs on
head, thorax and abdomen more pronounced, those on abdominal segments
long and arranged in transverse rows.
Fifth nymphal stage. Length 1.8 mm. to 2.3 mm. Width of
head between eyes 0.6 mm. to 0.7 mm. General colour yellowish
with faint orange to red transverse markings. Wing pads, legs, last
three abdominal segments brownish. Antenne sparsely hairy, about
as long as width of head and banded alternately with white and brown. Eyes
prominent, lateral, red. Head transverse with an irregular brown spot on
dorsal surface either side of middle. Thorax subquadrate in distended speci-
mens. Wing-pads of meso- and metathorax extending posteriorly to second
abdominal segment. Abdomen subglobular, sides strongly arcuate. Body
widest across abdomen. Abdomen consisting of 8 segments, last 3 strongly
chitinized, dark brown, terminating in a point; abdominal segmentation pro-
nounced, except in last 3 segments which appear to be somewhat fused. Abdo-
minal segments 6, 7 and 8, especially 7 and 8, bearing numerous minute tubercles
each bearing a hair. Anal segment consists of a horny process bearing minute
teeth or tubercles at its base. Dorsal surface of body, especially posterior
part of abdomen, bearing fine white hairs. Legs brownish, light on ventral
surfaces. Tibiz bearing several minute spines and hairs. Ventral surfaces of
thorax and abdomen yellowish or yellowish red except for several pairs of median,
brownish abdominal spots and the dark markings of last three segments.
Rostrum extending to between Ist and 2nd pairs of legs, tip dark.
During the last of May and first part of June the dorsal surface becomes
bluish green with orange to red markings. Together with the dark areas, this
gives a very attractive appearance to the nymph. The abdomen swells, be-
comes circular in outline, and the narrowest part of the body is across the Ist
abdominal segment. The first 5 abdominal segments become bulged and
slight tubercular processes appear on the sides. Many of the specimens measure
3 mm. in length and 1.8 mm. across abdomen at this time.
22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
SOME BRITISH FOSSIL INSECTS.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL,
Boulder, Colorado.
Carabites scoticus, n. sp. (fig. 28.)
Elytron 5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, inner basal corner rectangular, margins
very slightly convex except at apex and outer base; ten striae, not counting
the inner absolutely marginal one, outermost stria marginal except near base,
striae appearing sharp, but under a high power seen to be weakly and _ closely
punctate; third and fourth striz (counting from inner margin) uniting at a
distance from apex about five times as great as the distance between strie.
Eocene rocks, Island of Mull, with a series of plants now being described
by Professor A. C. Seward. The beetle elytron, which is in the collection at
Cambridge University, will be recorded in Professor Seward’s paper on the
plants, but it seems best to describe it in an entomological journal. There
are in the collection two other elytra, too imperfect to describe. One is at
least very close to the above; the other is smaller, about 3 mm. long, weakly
striate, and is apparently a weevil. C. scoticus is in general much like Ancho-
menus fuliginosus Pz., but it lacks the series of strong marginal punctures.
It is quite distinct from the Eocene beetles of the south of England.
This is the first tertiary insect from Scotland to receive a name, but J. S.
Gardner (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., XLIII, pl. XIII) figured a much larger
elytron and a hind wing of an Homopterous insect from the I. of Mull beds.
Pseudosiricidz.
Megapterites mirabilis Ckll. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1920), from the
Eocene of Bournemouth, is the only Tertiary representative of this family.
It is a large insect, the anterior wing about 50 mm. long. Its nearest relative,
apparently, is Formicium of Westwood, from the Lower Purbeck of Durdlestone
— q Suh
ee ay SS
Sisex XanThus, a ae
a Te 5 é
= OIALAK Cals fannicus,
oe Casulihes
Fig. 27. Fig. 28.
Bay. The type of Formicium brodiei Westw. is in the British Museum, where
I have recently examined it. At the same time, the type of Megapterites was re-
examined in company with Mr. Tillyard, whose keen eyes detected some features
in the marginal cell which I had overlooked. After careful examination in a
good light, following Mr. Tillyard’s suggestions, I must agree with him that the
marginal cell is closed and appendiculate at end, and has a cross nervure (in
the manner of Sirex) not far from the base. It also appears that the original
January, 1921
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 23
figure of Formicium requires revision, and I give a new one, showing what
can actually be seen. The dotted lines followed by ? are probably no more
than folds or creases. Presumably there was at least one transversocubital
nervure, but it could not be seen.
Comparing these wings with the modern Siricide, they are so close that it
is not certain that a distinct family is indicated. Probably a subfamily, Pseudo-
siricine, contrasting with the living Siricinee, would suffice for the fossils.
Formicium appears to differ strikingly from Megapterites in the first submarginal
cell, which is entirely separated from the first discoidal, and looks as if it be-
longed to the marginal series. In Megapterites the first submarginal is broadly
sessile on the first discoidal, as in most Hymenoptera.. The arrangement in
Xeris caudatus Cress. is not very different from that of Megapterites, but Sirex
gigas L. has the first submarginal separated from the discoidal, much, as in
Formicium. The marginal cell in Sirex may be distinctly closed, as in
Megapterites, or may be open by the fading away of the apical region. A speci-
men of Sirex xanthus Cam. has the first submarginal touching the discoidal
on both sides, and on one side the submarginal has a cross-vein, purely an
aberration. But the most remarkable specimen is a Sirex californicus Norton,
the two sides of which are very different, one having the first submarginal
broadly sessile on the discoidal, the other having these cells separate. There
are other abnormalities in the wings of this insect, but they do not concern
our present problem.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO—ANNUAL MEETING.
The Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of On-
tario was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and
Thursday, November 17th and 18th, 1920, and was well attended, there being
present, in addition to members and visitors from various Provinces and others
from the staff of the College, several distinguished entomologists from the
United States. The following members were present: Dr. E. P. Felt, State
Entomologist, Albany, N. Y.; Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Prof. L. Caesar,
and Messrs. A. W. Baker and G. J. Spencer, O. A. College, Guelph; Messrs. A.
Gibson, L. S. McLaine, H. G. Crawford, and E. Hearle, Dominion
Entomological Branch, Ottawa; Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.;
Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que.; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, Ont.;
Prof. E. M. Walker, Toronto, Ont.; Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton, Ont.; Mr.
Jas. Dunlop, Woodstock, Ont.; Mr: E. R. Buckell, Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria,
B. C.; and the following officers of the Dominion Entomological Branch: Messrs.
C. E. Petch, Hemmingford, Que.; W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont.; H. F..
Hudson, Strathroy, Ont., Norman Criddle, Treesbank, Man., and E. H. Strick-
land, Lethbridge, Alta. Among the visitors present were Prof. C. R. Crosby
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Messrs. W. R. Walton and L. H. Worthley
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.; Mr. A. V. Mitchener, Manitoba
Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Man.; Mr. A. H. McLennan, Dept. of Agri-
culture, Toronto; Mr. R. H. Gurst, Dominion Pathological Laboratory, St.
Catharines, Ont.; and Professors R. Harcourt, J. E. Howitt, D. H. Jones and
J. W. Crow, Dr. R. E. Stone, and Messrs, C. R. Klinck, and W. G, Garlick,
O. A. College, Guelph, Ont.
24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
On Wednesday a meeting of the Council was held, at which, among other
matters discussed, it was decided to hold the next Annual Meeting at Toronto.
A committee, consisting of the President, Dr. Walker and Mr. Baker, was
appointed to consider the state of the Society’s finances. The general session
commenced at 1.30 p.m., the President, Mr. Arthur Gibson, occupying the
chair. After the presentation of the Reports of the Council and the various
officers and branches of the Society, the following papers were read:
Notes on Leaf Bugs (Miride) Attacking Apples in Ontario—Prof. L.
Caesar.
The Manitoba Grasshopper Campaign, 1920—A. V. Mitchener.
Some Phases of the Present Grasshopper Outbreak in Manitoba—N. Criddle.
The Influence of Locusts on the Ranges of British Columbia (with lantern
~ slides) —E. R. Buckell.
The Beet Webworm Outbreak of 1920—E. H. Strickland.
Paris Green should be discontinued as an Insecticide—Father Leopold.
The Present Status of the Hessian Fy in Western Ontario—H. F. Hudson.
Insects of the Season in Ontario—L. Caesar.
On Wednesday evening a meeting, in the form of a smoker, was held in
the men’s sitting room of the College Residence, at which Prof. Lochhead
acted as chairman. The two principal events of the evening were a masterful
address by Dr. Felt, entitled ‘‘Some of the Broader Aspects of Insect Control”
and the third part of Mr. Morris’s delightful ‘‘Life-history of a Hobby Horse.”
Both of these papers were much enjoyed by those present. Dr. Felt’s paper
was a very able presentation of his subject, while Mr. Morris captivated his
audience by the charm of his language and delivery, and the fine scholarship
and whimsical humour, which characterized his address. The meeting was
enlivened by several musical selections played by the College Orchestra.
On Thursday morning the session was commenced with the election of
officers for the ensuing year, with the following results :—
President—Mr. Arthur Gibson, Dominion Entomologist.
Vice-President—Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough.
Secretary-Treasurer—Mr. A. W. Baker, O. A. College, Guelph.
Curator and Librarian—Mr. G. J. Spencer, O. A. College, Guelph.
Editor—Prof. E. M. Walker, Toronto.
The following papers were then read :—
Further Evidence of the Effectiveness of Mercury Bichloride in the Con-
trol of the Cabbage Root Maggot in British Columbia.—R. C. Treherne and
M. H. Ruhman.
Some Further Data on the Cabbage Maggot—L. Caesar.
Interrelations in Nature—W. Lochhead.
The Control of the Rose Midge—W. A. Ross.
Discussion of the European Corn Borer. This symposium was one of the
chief features of this year’s meeting. It was opened by Messrs. Arthur Gibson
and L. S. McLaine on the outbreak of this pest in Ontario, and was followed
by Messrs. L. Caesar, H. G. Crawford, W. R. Walton, L. H. Worthley and
BSP, Felt:
Some Mosquito Problems in British Columbia—E. Hearle.
Wohlfahrtia vigil, A New Sarcophagid Parasite of Man—E. M. Walker.
Mailed January 3ist, 1921.
a
¥ ui 7 ot
. q
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_ Ware
CAN SES Noe Gem ee PLATE I,
PROF, E. M2 WALKER, M. D;
Che Canadian Cntomolonist
Vou LI. LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1921. No. 2
RETIREMENT OF DR. E: M. WALKER AS EDITOR.
Owing largely to increased duties, Dr. Walker has found it necessary to
tender his resignation as Editor of the Canadian Entomologist. When his
esteemed predecessor, the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, found it necessary to re-
linquish the editorial duties, the Council of the Entomological Society of
Ontario was fortunate in persuading Dr. Walker to take up this work. Dr.
Walker has served the Society and entomologists generally for a period of
eleven years in a most faithful and painstaking manner, and as President of
the Society I feel that I am voicing the opinion of all our members and sub-
scribers in recording here our warm appreciation of his valued services during
such a long period. Dr. Walker has enriched to a marked degree the literature
relating to Canadian insects, and in yiew of his personality and his attainments
he is held in high regard, not only by entomologists resident in Canada, but
by those of other countries as well.
The duties of an editor are not always along paths strewn with roses, and
for this and other reasons one sometimes wonders why any person is persuaded
to edit a scientific journal. The true reason, of course, is a love for the work
for its own value and the effort to assist in the general advancement of the
science. Dr. Walker has certainly conducted his duties in a most pleasing and
acceptable manner. We wish him further success in the important work he
is doing at the University of Toronto.
As mentioned in the January number, Dr. J. H. McDunnough, Chief of
the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch,’ Department
of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont., has been appointed Editor in place of Dr.
Walker. Dr. McDunnough has a wide reputation as an entomologist, and
the Society is fortunate in securing his services.
ARTHUR GIBSON.
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
Tue Lire-History or A Hospry Horse.
BY FRANCIS J. A. MORRIS,
Peterborough, Ont.
Part. I].—Boy AND MAN—SAPLiNG GROWTH.
(Continued from page 5, Vol. LITT.)
‘Slyboots and I had already suffered a partial separation; he attended a
school at Gypsey Hill, while I was entered at Dulwich College. Among his
teachers was Theodore Wood who gave lessons in Entomology, and it was at
this time that we acquired his kinsman’s books on British Moths and on Beetles,
and thus laid the foundations of a little library including Coleman’s Butter-
flies, Atkinson’s Birds’ Eggs and Nests, and a work illustrating Spiders, Dragon-
flies, Wasps and other Insects, which has long vanished, even to its author’s
name.
25
26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ‘
Among my brother’s schoolmates was one whose life ambition was to be a
doctor, and already at. 15 he took his profession and: things in general very
seriously. In the newcomer’s friendship I had of course some share—a jackal’s
if not a lion’s—and was allowed to attend the séances held in a room over his
father’s coach-house. These séances were mostly of a chemical character,
accompanied by mephitic odours and ending in loud, glass-flying explosions.
Various creatures, birds and mammals, were boiled down and their bony anatomy
taken apart and then carefully reconstructed. His greatest treasure was a
human skeleton, begged, borrowed, and bought piecemeal and with great trouble;
it was far from perfect and some of the parts had been contributed (without
their consent) by lower animals; it was not even entirely of one sex, and its
age varied from a small boy’s to an old woman’s. This monstrous apparition
occupied a kind of dias at one end of the attic and never failed to lend an atmos-
phere of awe to this young Sawbones’ feasts of reason.
It was under his guidance that we made our way to quite distant points
in the country side, Streatham Common, Epsom, stretches of the river Mole
by Box Hill and Leatherhead, and Carshalton with its beautiful reaches of the
river Wandle, subject of one of Ruskin’s most eloquent laments.. His favorite
out-door hobby was fossil-hunting, and it was by that avenue that we were led
to our first view of the chalk downs near Caterham Junction. We took train
to Croydon and then tramcar a mile or two beyond. Here lay some chalk pits ~
in the side of a broad expanse of rolling heath. Many a long hour in the dazzling
glare of the chalk did we spend, digging out sea-urchins, trilobites, ammonites,
anemones, sponges, corals, and shark’s teeth from the walls of the pit, or raking
over refuse heaps. And, of course, it was not long before we discovered how
interesting were the downs that had covered this prehistoric chalk bed with
new and varied life. There were numbers of stone-chats, and plovers, and larks
about the thickets of gorse; once a hare being coursed, with backward-staring
eyes, sprang full against my legs as it mounted the hillside. On the downs we
captured several “‘hair-streaks’’ and ‘“‘chalk-blues’’ that were entirely new to
our collection, and on the homeward trip one day we had an encounter that
capped them all for thrills.
We had made our way down from the breezy heath into a hollow road
with high, uncut hedges on either side, and presently the road widened out
into two, an upper gravel road and a low wagon track, with a gentle slope of
short grass between. Up and down about this turfy space went flights of the
most beautiful creatures we had ever seen; they flew low and somewhat heavily,
an easy mark for the net. The forewings were deep indigo-green with large
spots of rich crimson, the hindwings entirely crimson, both pairs long and
narrow, gently rounded at the apex. It proved to be the 6-spot Burnet Moth,
one of the Zygenide, a family not very well represented on our continent of
North America.
The astonishing beauty of these Burnet Moths in the sunlit lane has helped
to impress the whole scene of this first encounter indelibly on the mind. Even
now as I bend my thought steadily on this remote point of the past, every detail
of the road stands out again like some invisible ink under the action of sunlight.
THE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 27
The wild.luxuriance of the uncut hedges, festooned with bryony and traveller’s-
joy, and gay with roses, the widening roadway with a grassy space in the middle,
the flash of discovery, the eager chase, the triumph of capture, all comes back to
me, even to the figure of the boy kneeling over his net in the turf, and presently,
as the scene is thus unrolled before me, like something laid away in lavender
and fresh from memory’s store-room, from its inner folds a most wonderful
fragrance comes wafted to me over 36 years till the whole air is redolent with it,
and I know that wild thyme must have been blowing all about that grassy bank
where these fairy birds of Paradise were flying.
A rarer treat than all these trips of our own planning was a visit to our
cousins in Chislehurst. This always meant a day teeming with excitement
and netting us many a rare addition to our cabinet. The very moment we
entered my uncle’s big kitchen garden on our initial visit, we spied the first real
live Peacock butterfly we had ever seen, sailing down towards a patch of “‘live-
for-ever’’; this bed of orpine proved a regular paradise of a hunting ground,
where we captured Brimstone butterflies, Red Admirals, Tortoiseshells, and
Peacocks in dazzling succession. Upon the enclosing walls of the kitchen garden
were trained the spreading branches of various fruit trees, pear, cherry, peach,
apricot and nectarine; and all about among the clustered blossoms and fruit
hung bottles and other contrivances for catching insects; these were all carefully
examined and several new specimens of beetle or wasp or moth or butterfly
fished out; most of these traps were filled with liquid, and the lepidopters were
spoiled, but here and there hung a kind of glass cage in which live prisoners
could be seen still, fluttering.
After exhausting for the nonce all the treasures of this Eldorado we passed
out of a postern gate in the wall to a gymnasium on the edge of a small wood.
Here while rummaging about I discovered a great rarity—the only genuine
English hornet I have ever clapped eyes on; it was lying in a clutter of cobwebs
at the corner of one of the tall windows, stark dead, but a perfect specimen for
the cabinet.
This first visit to Foxbury was, I really believe, unparalleled for the range
and splendour of its captures. And before we returned home each of us had
another windfall of luck to his share; Slyboots went hunting along a privet
hedge not far from the kitchen garden, and presently excited shouts of some
wonderful prize brought me tearing across one of my uncle’s pet flower beds
from the heart of the shrubbery. An enormous caterpillar, striped and horned,
of vivid green, was the cause of the outcry, and after gloating over it in envious
admiration, I set to work feverishly searching an adjoining hedge. And fortune
certainly proved lavish to both of us that day, for each took two more speci-
mens busy feeding on the privet; they were all much of a size, though hardly
of the same brood, unless the mother moth had laid its batch of eggs at widely
different points.
In about four days they stopped feeding and pupated, but I cannot recall
more than one emerging from the chrysalis as a mature Privet Hawk moth.
Almost more wonderful than the plumage and spread of pinion of these miniature
hawks was to watch the great larve feed and crawl. The skin was translucent
28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
and you could see the movements of breathing and circulation quite plainly
under the surface. During the active feeding the creature, I recall, when
handled, gave a decidedly pleasant sense of contact, being plump, firm, and of
remarkable coolness; when full fed, the skin hardened and became opaque.
It was on this visit, too, that we found the nests of the Lesser Whitethroat
and the Spotted Flycatcher, the latter cunningly hidden under the thatched
eaves of a cow-byre; over our heads in the oak wood we spied the beautiful
long-tailed tit, and at our feet among the hazels great patches of wild hyacinth—
the English “bluebell,” so different from the Scotch flower of that name—the
harebell. And on the way home in the growing dusk, as we passed down a
lane between hawthorns and a chestnut grove, I was attracted by a rustling in
the bushes, and presently the giant body of a beetle issued from the top of the
hedge and launched itself into airy flight; the capture of this magnificent creature,
an antlered male of the European stag-beetle Lucanus cervus) was for me the
top-rung in the whole ladder of climbing wonders this day had lifted up before
us.
We did not often make a visit to Chislehurst, but whenever we went we
added some treasure of discovery. One showery afternoon I remember, I
found clinging to the long grass blades in a hay-meadow my first specimens
of the Orange-tip butterfly, and the Marbled White, an insect unknown in
Scotland; again, on a brilliant day of July, just after lunch, I spied among the
oaks a Purple Emperor, and after more than an hour’s anxious watching was
able to seize a lucky instant of its powerful flight and sweep it into the net from
near the base of its imperial throne. These oak woods were a favorite haunt of
the Night-jar or Goat-sucker, and on warm summer nights I often lay awake
listening to the prolonged churring music of the bird; a sound that haunts
the memory as lingeringly as the note of the Perthshire corncrake or the weird
challenge of our Whip-poor-Will, its néxt of kin on this continent. Like the
Night Hawk and the Whip-poor-Will, the bird rests lengthwise on the limb
of a tree, and so perched, spins out its long-drawn purring monotone; the slightly
ventriloquial character of the sound, they say, is due to the bird turning its
head this way and that while singing. The structural affinity of these three
birds and their kinship with the Swifts lent a double interest to my first meeting
with the two American cousins of our British Night-Jar.
Before we had been three years in England, Slyboots set sail for Australia,
and Merry Andrew was thrown once more on his own resources. School studies
had already begun to claim most of my spare time, and the collection made
little progress; once I captured a magnificent Muskbeetle, the only Longicorn
with which I was familiar as a boy; once a visit to the South coast brought me
into contact with the Clouded Yellow butterfly, whose powerful flight and
wariness taxed all one’s skill with the net; and a stay near Oxford secured me
three or four new species of dragon-fly. But the boyish interest in collecting
waned fast, and when our whole cabinet was stolen from a warehouse at Malvern
during my freshman year at Oxford, regret at the loss of all these treasures so
laboriously gathered‘and so lovingly guarded was deplorably quick in the passing.
(To be continued.)
‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 29
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE LARVA OF STHENOPIS THULE
STRECKER.
BY. 3. M. SWAINE,
Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
(Continued from p. 283, Vol. LII.)
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE LARVAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN LEPIDOPTERA.
A Summary.
A comparison of the nervous system of the larve of the Jugatz with that
of other caterpillars of the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera reveals several in-
teresting conditions, two of which appear to have special significance.
It is not proposed to generalize too freely from the results of these few
dissections, but rather to suggest that the well defined differences in the larval
nervous system may be worth more exhaustive treatment in connection with
the study of the phylogeny of the group. It may be that the larval nervous
system in the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera has been less modified throughout
the evolution of the groups than has any other organ of either larva or adult,
and since the characters exhibited are so distinct that in some cases genera
and even species may be determined from them, the evidence they present
must be of value. Dissections of determined larve throughout the Trichoptera
and in the lepidopterous families Nepticulidee and Prodoxide, examples of which
were not available to me at the time, should prove of special interest.
The Lepidoptera were divided by Professor Comstock into two sub-orders,
the Frenate and the Jugate, the latter comprising the two families Hepialide
and Micropterygide. Judged by the characters of the adult the members of
the Jugatez were considered to be the most primitive of the Lepidoptera; and
the study of the pupa! wing-venation of Sthenopis thule by Dr. MacGillivray
supports this view. The most recent catalogues of the North American Lepi-
doptera do not recognize this subdivision into Frenate and Jugate but place
the families Hepialida and Micropterygide as the lowest of the order. Still
more recently the Micropterygide have been included with the Trichoptera.
It is, therefore, of considerable interest to find that the larval nervous
system of Sthenopis and of one species of the Micropterygide are closely similar
in the two most prominent characters and are far more widely separated from
all the Frenatz, as represented in our dissections, than are any two families of
these so-called higher Lepidoptera from each other; that in one respect at least
they are much more highly modified; and, further, that the larval nervous
system of the Trichoptera agrees most closely in these characters with the
higher families of the Frenate.
The larval stages of the primitive stock from which both Lepidoptera and
Trichoptera have descended must surely have had a nervous system of a primi-
tive type, and from this the nervous systems of our modern caterpillars and
caddice-fly larvae must have been derived.
Since the nervous system of primitive insects apparently included a double
chain of ganglia, longitudinal connectives and transverse commissures through-
eut the length of the thorax and abdomen, with at least one pair of ganglia in
each abdominal segment, evidence of advanced modification should be indicated
February, 1921
30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
by cephalization of the abdominal ganglia and by adhesion and fusion of the
longitudinal connectives. We should, therefore, expect to find the Jugate
exhibiting a tendency towards retaining a larger number of abdominal ganglia
and showing a lesser degree of fusion of the connectives, with the opposite
tendencies becoming more strongly marked in the higher families of the Frenate.
In the Rhopalocera at least we should expect to find a decided advance over
the condition found in the Jugata. The actual condition is that the Jugate
have one more abdominal ganglion, and are in that respect more primitive;
but, on the other hand, they are infinitely more highly modified in that both
the thoracic and abdominal connectives are completely fused for their entire
length.
It is usually assumed that the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera are closely
related in origin, and that the latter approximate more nearly to the original
ancestral type from which both orders have apparently arisen. We should,
therefore, expect the larval nervous system of the caddice flies to be more nearly
like that of the lowest families of the Lepidoptera. It is interesting to find that
the exact opposite is the case; the Caddice flies, as represented by the species
dissected, approximate most closely in this regard to the Rhopalocera, and the
Hepialide and Micropterygide stand out together remarkably distinct from
both the Frenate and the Trichoptera.
In all the Frenatze the connectives in the last two thoracic segments are
widely separated, with the oblique muscles passing out between them. This,
supposedly a primitive character, is especially prominent in the Rhopalocera,
but occurs throughout the subfamily. Even in the abdomen the double origin
of the connectives is indicated by an impressed median line, apparently through-
out the Rhopalocera, in the Sphingide, and variably in other families of the
Frenate. Inthe Jugate, however, as represented by the two species of Sthenopis
and the eriocranid I have studied, these connectives are absolutely fused through-
out the thorax as well as in the abdomen. When it is considered that this
modification also involves a great alteration in the relations between the con-
nectives and the oblique muscles of the thorax, it would appear that these |
larve of the Jugatz are in this important character very much more highly
modified than any of the Frenate.
On the other hand, the larve of all the Frenataz appear to be more highly
modified than those of the Jugate in that they have only seven abdominal
ganglia in the ventral chain, although the last, the seventh, is always evidently
composite, and in some groups partly divided into two ganglia. In Sthenopis,
and also in the eriocranid dissected, there are eight abdominal ganglia, the
last evidently composite.
The Trichopterous larve dissected have only seven abdominal ganglia
and have the connectives in the thorax widely separated throughout their
length, much as in the Rhopalocera.
The highly modified condition of the thoracic connectives indicates that
the Jugatz were separated from the main stock, from which the Lepidoptera
and Trichoptera were derived, at a very early period, even before the separa-
tion of the Trichoptera and, following a different line of development, have
retained markedly primitive characters in the wing-venation of the adult and ~
the eight distinct abdominal ganglia in the ventral chain of the larva, although
iis
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CAN ENT VOD. le PLATE IT,
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF LEPIDOPTERA.
(See page 34.)
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST al
passing far beyond all others of their kin in the degree of fusion of the con-
nectives in the larval nervous chain.
Further Details of a Few Dissections-
The nervous system was examined in a series of caterpillars representing
all the families available at the time. A brief outline of a few examinations
will be sufficient for the present purpose.
Papilio polyxenes Fabr.
Plate II, Figs. 1 and 2.
The condition shown in the figures appeared to be general in the butter-
flies. The thoracic connectives are widely separated throughout with the
oblique muscles passing between them in the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments,
with a lateral nerve from the connectives of all three thoracic segments. The
abdominal connectives are separated for a considerable distance in front of
each ganglion and their double origin is indicated on the remaining part by a
strongly impressed median line. There are seven abdominal ganglia, with the
last longer than wide, but not constricted, indicating its double origin only by
the number of nerves to which it gives rise.
Ceratomia amyntor Hbn.
Plate II, Figs. 5 and 6.
The infracesophageal ganglion is thick and shows traces of an impressed
median line. The connectives between that and the Ist thoracic ganglion are
longer than in Sthenopis thule and distinctly separated, though adjacent. Be-
tween the Ist and 2nd thoracic ganglia the connectives are widely separated,
except for a short distance behind the first ganglion, where they are adjacent.
They are distinctly separated at their insertion into the 2nd ganglion. The
connectives between the 2nd and 3rd thoracic ganglia are as those between
the Ist and 2nd. Those between the succeeding ganglia are adjacent, but
distinctly separated. This is a condition far removed from that in S. thule
with an almost solid ventral cord.
Distinct nerves from the connectives are found between the Ist and 2nd and
the 2nd and 3rd thoracic ganglia, but not elsewhere. They are connected with the
transverse branches of the median nerves and with the first pair of nerves from
the ganglia. The development of the median system is indicated sufficiently
for the present purpose in the figure; as usual, it is most highly developed in
the thorax. The last ganglion, the 7th abdominal, is elongate and evidently
constricted. ;
Sphinx kalmie S. and A. ;
The ventral cord is similar to that figured for Ceratomia, except that the
connectives are adjacent in the thoracic segments for almost the cephalic half
of their length, and the abdominal connectives are much more completely fused,
though still showing a median line. The median and connective nerves of the
3rd thoracic segment are complex, as in Ceratomia. The last ganglion is evi-
dently complex, with a distinct constriction.
Sphinx drupiferarum S. and A.
The connectives are more slender in the abdomen than in Ceratomia, but
still showing everywhere the median line which indicates their double origin.
Those of the lst abdominal segment are about three times the length of the
32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
lst abdominal ganglion, and with the median line very heavily impressed.
Those of the 7th abdominal segment are distinctly separated on both the cephalic
and caudal thirds of their length. The last ganglionic mass, in the 7th seg-
ment, is in the form of two distinct ganglia, the last, or 8th, being separated
from the 7th by extremely short but evident connectives.
Tropea luna L.
Plate II, Figs. 8 and 4.
The connectives of the Ist thoracic segment are extremely short; the abdo-
minal connectives are impressed along the middle line, and the thoracic con-
nectives are fused for a short distance behind the Ist and 2nd thoracic ganglia.
Eacles imperialis Drury.
The connectives are widely separated between the subcesophageal and the
first thoracic ganglia, widely separated on the caudal half only and adjacent
_in front in the 2nd and 38rd thoracic segments. In the abdomen the connectives
are slender and completely fused except for a narrow but complete separation
for a short distance in front of the ganglia. The median line can rarely be
traced throughout the length in the abdominal connectives. This condition
is in sharp contrast to that found in the Sphingide. The last ganglion is very
elongate but only feebly constricted at the middle. The median nerve in the
2nd and 3rd thoracic segments is extremely complex.
Schizura concinna S. and A.
In Schizura the connectives between the subcesophageal and the 1st thoracic
ganglion are short, hardly longer than the Ist thoracic, but separate and ap-
parently without nerves; these latter appear to arise from the Ist ganglion.
The connectives between the Ist and 2nd thoracic ganglia are united for the
cephalic half and widely separated on the caudal half, with the usual nerve
from each side and the oblique muscles emerging between the connectives.
The median nerve of this segment is well developed and branches about one-
third the distance in front of the 2nd thoracic. The connectives between the
2nd and 3rd thoracic ganglia are widely separated for the entire length, and the
median nerves separate about one-third the distance behind the 2nd ganglion.
The connectives of the abdominal segments are united, although the median
line of union is visible and the two are distinct immediately cephalad of each
ganglion. The last two ganglia are closely connected, without visible con-
nectives, but recognizable as two ganglia.
Datana ministra Drury.
_ The connectives between the subcesophageal and the first thoracic ganglion
are distinctly separated and slightly longer than the first ganglion. The next
pair of connectives are separated, except for the cephalic eighth or less, and dis-
tinctly separated behind at their insertion; the connective nerves arise very close
to the ganglion, less than one-half its diameter from it, and the median nerve
branches about midway between the ganglia. The connectives in the 3rd
thoracic segment are similar, but with the lateral nerves still closer to the ganglia
and the median nerve considerably shorter. The connectives of the Ist
abdominal segment are shorter, and divided for the caudal half of their length.
The remaining abdominal connectives are fused completely, except for the
median split in the caudal fifth. The last pair are shorter and divided for
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 33
-nearly the caudal half. The last, 7th, ganglion is longer than wide, with a
slight median transverse constriction, and evidently composite.
Callopistria floridensis Gn.
The connectives between the subcesophageal and the Ist thoracic are short
and widely separated. Those between the thoracic ganglia are widely separated
for the entire length. The median nerve branches about one-third the distance
behind the ganglion. Thelateral nerves of the connectives are pushed backwards
so that they arise from the base of the connective as it leaves the ganglion, and there-
fore appear almost to arise from the front angle of the ganglion itself. The con-
nectives between the third thoracic and the first abdominal are short and sep-
arated on the caudal third. The remaining abdominal connectives are slender,
elongate, entirely fused on the cephalic four-fifths, and distinctly separated
on the caudal fifth. The median nerves in the abdomen are very slender,
degenerate, separating shortly before the ganglion, passing caudad and laterad
for a short distance with the first ganglionic nerve of its side. The last two
ganglia are united to form an elongate mass, and this is separated from the
preceding ganglion by separated connectives not quite so long as the caudal
ganglionic mass. .
Euxoa ochrogaster Gn.
The connectives between the subcesophageal and the Ist thoracic ganglia
are short but separated. The connectives between the thoracic ganglia are
entirely separated, and divided by the oblique muscles. The lateral nerves
from the connectives are close to the ganglia, those from the first pair arising
at the base of the connectives as they leave the second thoracic ganglion, and
those from the second pair arising a very short distance in front of the third
thoracic ganglion. The median system is highly developed in the thorax.
The connectives between the third thoracic and the first abdominal ganglion
are less than twice as long as the ganglia and separated for almost the entire
length. The remaining abdominal connectives, except the last pair, are fused
except for a short distance, about one-sixth the length, immediately cephalad
of the ganglia. The last pair of connectives are hardly longer than the last
ganglionic mass and are separated for more than the caudal half of their length.
The last ganglion is longer than wide and evidently represents the 7th, 8th
(and 9th) very completely fused. A delicate pair of nerves arise from the
caudal part of the dorsal face, representing the median nerves of the last seg-
ment.
.Geometride.
A geometrid was dissected, an alcoholic specimen of uncertain species.
The connectives in the abdomen are more closely united than in most others,
and approach the condition found in S. thule.
The connectives between the subcesophageal ganglion and the Ist thoracic
are short, hardly longer than the Ist ganglion but quite distinctly separated.
The connectives between the three thoracic ganglia are separated for almost
the entire length, lying side by side for less than a fifth the length behind each
ganglion. The median nerves are well developed as are the lateral nerves of
the connectives, which arise a short distance in front of the ganglia. The
abdominal connectives are thoroughly fused on the cephalic four-fifths of their
length, forming a simple cord, but are distinctly though slightly separated for -
34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
nearly a fifth of their length before each ganglion, with the well-developed
median nerves arising between them well in front of the ganglion. The last
two abdominal ganglia are adjoined with an indication of very short
connectives.
Prionoxystus robinie Peck.
Plate II, Fig. 7.
The connectives in the thorax are adjacent for a short distance, and those
in the abdomen are split for one-fourth their length in front of each ganglion.
There are seven abdominal ganglia, the seventh solid but composite. The
median system is very coarsely developed in the thorax.
Micropterygide.
Plate II, Fig. 9.
I have been able to obtain caterpillars of one species of this family through
the kindness of Mrs. J. D. Tothill. The larva is a miner of Spirea discolor
on Vancouver Island. The material was collected by Mrs. Tothill and de-
termined by her as probably belonging to the genus Mnemonica. The cater-
pillars had been a long time in alcohol, and the lateral nerves could not be
isolated satisfactorily. The ganglia and connectives were distinct, however,
and are represented roughly in figure 9. The thoracic ganglia are very large
and the thoracic connectives are thick, rather short and completely fused through-
out their length, except for a median impression in front of each ganglion.
There were eight abdominal ganglia. So far as this evidence goes, therefore,
the Micropterygide stand with the Hepialide, forming a group very widely
separated from both the Frenate and the Trichoptera
Trichoptera.
Plate II, Fig. 8.
Only one species of this Order was available at the time; it was an un-
determined species belonging to the Phryganeide.
The ventral chain agrees closely in its most striking characters with those
of the Rhopalocera. The connectives of the thorax are definitely separated
throughout their length, giving rise to distinct lateral nerves, and there are
only seven abdominal ganglia. Further dissections throughout this order may
show very interesting conditions.
PuArE ti.
Figs. 1 and 2.—Papilio polyxenes Fabr. Part of the ventral chain.
Figs. 3 and 4.—Tvope@ea luna L. Ventral chain of the larva, brain and sub-
- cesophageal ganglion to the second abdominal ganglion and the last.
Figs. 5 and 6.—Ceratomia amyntor Hbn. Ventral chain of the larva, sub-
cesophageal ganglion to the first abdominal ganglion and the last.
Fig. 7.—Prionoxystus robinie Peck. Ventral chain of the larva, subcesophageal
ganglion to the first abdominal ganglion, showing origins and lateral nerves
of the thoracic segments.
Fig. 8.—Trichoptera.—Ventral chain of an undetermined larva belonging to
this order. Brain and ventral chain caudad to the second abdominal
ganglion, showing origins of median and lateral nerves.
Fig. 9.—Micropterygide. Ventral chain of a larva of the genus Mnemonica
showing only the ganglia and connectives of the ventral chain from the
subcesophageal to the second abdominal ganglion.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 35
A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDER PERLARIA.
BY R. J. TILLYARD, M. A.
Sc. D. (Cantab.) D. Sc. (Sydney), F. L. S., F.E.S., Chief of the Biological Department,
Cawthron Institute of Scientific Research, Nelson, New Zealand.
For some years past I have been studying the Perlaria of Australia and
New Zealand, about which little has been made known up to the present. Taken
in connection with the forms already described from Southern Chile, Patagonia,
Tierra del Fuego and the Subantartic Islands, these insects form a very distinct
Notogzan Fauna, clearly marked off from the Perlaria of the Northern Hemis-
phere and of the Tropics by the fact that it is made up almost entirely of very
archaic types. _ No representatives of the highly specialized Perlide (including
Perlodidz) occur in these regions; no Pteronarcide, in the strict sense in which
that family will be defined in this paper; no Capniide, Taeniopterygide or
Leuctridz; and only one or two isolated forms of Nemouride (genus Udamocercia
of Enderlein).
In attempting to classify the known Notogzan forms of Perlaria, I have
had recourse not only to all available imaginal characters, but also to as care-
ful a study of the individual life-histories as the rareness of most of the forms
would permit. I am now able to state that, as regards Australian and New
Zealand forms, the classification adopted by me, on imaginal characters only,
has been fully tested in the case of the corresponding larve, with the result
that these latter are found to group themselves into distinct families as readily
as do the imagines, so that the two sets of characters taken together form a most
useful and easily understood classification.
The most archaic forms of Perlaria extant are to be found in the genus
Eusthenia and its allies. These have no close relationship with the Pteronarcide
as defined in this paper, the latter being specialized by the reduction of the
mandibles, the approximation of the cox of the forelegs, by the loss of the
primitive paired abdominal appendages on segments 1-6, (secondary gill-tufts
on the thorax and base of abdomen are developed in some genera), as well as
by loss of the original palaeodictyopterous mesh-work or archedictyon in the
anal area of the hindwing, and by the presence of a distinct break in the contour
of the outer margin of the hindwing, at the distal end of Cus, where the anal
fan leaves the rest of the wing. Thus the only primitive characters left to the
Pteronarcida in common with the Eustheniida proper are the form of the
tarsal joints, the visible clypeus and labrum and the presence of numerous
cross-veins in the distal portions of the forewing. In contrast with this, all
the true: Eustheniide have a primitive larval form possessing five or six pairs
of lateral abdominal appendages functioning as gills, on the first five or six
segments of the abdomen, but no secondary gill-tufts at all. These primitive
paired gills are closely similar to those found in the larve of certain archaic
Calopterygide in the Order Odonata. They are carried over into the imago at
metamorphosis, as are the secondary gill-tufts of Pteronarcys, but quickly
shrivel up. In the imaginal stage, true Eustheniide possess an altogether
complete set of archaic characters, as follows: In the forewing, a complete
archedictyon or cross-venation in all parts of the wing, a complete set of cross-
veins between Cus and 1A, a radial sector with three or more branches, a first
February, 1921
36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
cubitus with two or more branches, in most genera showing a primitive anteriorly-
arching type of branching, and at least three complete anal veins; in the hind-
wing, the outer margin with a single complete convex contour, without any
re-entrant break or angle at the distal end of Cuz (this character is unique for
Fig. 1.—Venation of Stenoperla prasina (Newm.), family Eustheniidae, (New Zealand). The
genus Eusthenia itself has broader wings and still denser venation.
the family), the radial sector branched, and the archedictyon completely pre-
served on the anal fan, as well as on the rest of the wing. (Text Fig. 1*). Other
archaic characters are the form of the tarsal joints, the wide separation of the
front coxz, the presence of strong functional mandibles and a clearly visible
clypeus and labrum.
Separated from these by clear characters, but still very archaic, are the
genera Austroperla Needham and Tasmanoperla n. g. (type Eusthenia diverstpes,
n.sp.), which differ from the true Eustheniide in having shorter cerci, somewhat
more reduced but still primitive venation, at least a partial fusion of M3,4 with
Cuja in the hindwing, no archedictyon on the anal fan, and a distinct re-entrant
angle on the outer margin at the distal end of Cup. (Text Fig. 3). In order
to test the validity of this family, I sought carefully for larve of a different
type from those of Eustheniide, and finally discovered in Tasmania a long
cylindrical larva without any gills at all, and with rather short cerci, from
which I reared a new species of Tasmanoperla, not yet described. Later on, I
also obtained a closely similar type of larva from New Zealand, and reared
from it Austroperla cyrene Newm. Thus the formation of this new family was
fully justified. ,
Numerous species occur in which a considerable measure of specialization
has set in, coupled with the retention of a number of archaic characters. These
are all closely related to the genera Leptoperla of Newman (1839) and Gripopteryx
of Pictet (1841). They therefore form the family Leptoperlide, this name re-
placing the name Gripopterygide used by Enderlein to include not only these
insects, but also the Eustheniide and Austroperlide of this paper. Parenthet-
ically, it may be remarked that Enderlein, in forming his family, entirely ignored
*An excellent figure of the wings of Eusthenia spectabilis Gray is to be seen in Comstock’s
“The Wings of Insects,”’ (1918), p. 247, Fig. 246.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 37
Newman’s genus, and did not even give it a place in his dichotomic tables,
though he must have known of its existence.
The characters that distinguish the Leptoperlide, as here defined, (Text.
Fig. 4), are the loss of 1A in the forewing, leaving only two anal veins, 2A and
3A, of which the latter is always forked; the cubitus of the forewing either
simple or once forked; the absence of archedictyon in the anal area of the hind-
wing; the presence of the re-entrant angle at the distal end of Cur; the presence
in the hindwing of a fusion of M3+s with Cu: for part at least of their lengths;
the possession, as in Eustheniidae and Austroperlide, of the archaic type of
tarsal joints, mandibles, clypeus and labrum, and the widely separated front
coxe. In the larve, there is a unique development of a rosette of gill-filaments
around the anus; no other type of gill is present.
There remain over only a few very reduced forms of Nemouride, found
equally in Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Southern Chile, of which
the genus Udamocercia End. contains at present the only described species.
These are true Nemourids in the widest sense, the imagines having the cerci
reduced to one joint, while the same is true for the larvae, which also have no.
visible gills.
Owing to a fortunate meeting with Mr. Nathan Banks, of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., I have recently been able to
discuss my plan of classification for the Notogeean Perlaria with him, and to
learn from him more details of the morphology of those genera not represented
in our Southern fauna than was possible with the limited material at my com-
mand. I wish here to express to Mr. Banks my very grateful thanks for a
very illuminating discussion which I. had with him, in which he clearly set
forth the main characters of the various genera of the Northern Hemisphere,
and pointed out what he considered the basic errors of accepted classifications.
As soon as I had succeeded in convincing him that the Eustheniidz and Austro-
perlide, as defined in this paper, had no close relationship with the Pteronarcide
proper, the rest became ‘‘plain sailing,’ and we soon arrived at a complete
scheme of classification which illustrates the phylogeny of the Order well, and
at the same time offers excellent characters for the systematist.
The first point to be noted is that the old line of evolution which began
with the Eustheniide and Austroperlide, is carried on by the Nemouride and
Capniide. Both these families retain the original form of mandibles, clypeus
and frons, while they also keep the primitive widely separated front coxe.
As regards their wing venation, both can be developed by further specialization
from types found within the Leptoperlide; but the Capniide have progressed
a point further than the Nemouride, in having lost the fork of 3A in the fore-
wing. On the other hand, the Capniide have retained the original many-
jointed cerci; while, in the Nemourida, these processes are reduced, both in
larva and imago, to a single joint. Mr. Banks and I quite agreed that the
elevation of the groups of Taeniopteryx, Nemoura and Leuctra to full family
rank was not justified; and, in this paper, these groups are considered to be
only subfamilies of the Nemouride.
The second point to note is that the two families Pteronarcide and Perlide
(this latter including the Perlodidz, which are at most only a subfamily of the
Perlide) form an evolutionary sideline marked by certain high specializations
38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
coupled with a primitive venational scheme, viz., reduction of the mandibles
to a weak lamina, (in the case of Perlide followed by an inturning of the clypeus
and labrum under the frontal shelf, so that neither of these parts is visible
from above), and, in the larva, either absence of gills or replacement of the
original segmental gill-appendages of the abdomen by secondary gill-tufts around
the bases of the legs and on the first two abdominal segments. Within this
complex, the Pteronarcide keep the more primitive form of venation, very
similar to that of the Austroperlide; like these latter, they have lost both the
archedictyon of the anal fan and also the original complete contour of the outer
margin of the hindwing. They are also specialized in a unique manner by the
approximation of the fore coxa. On the other hand, the Perlide have a some-
what more advanced venational scheme, though some of the original cross-
venation still persists in the Perlodine; the fore cox remain widely separated,
but the joints of the tarsi become specialized, both first and second joints being
very short, and the third much longer than both these two together. The
Perlodine differ only from the Perline in the more complete cross-venation of
the distal portion of the wing, and therefore cannot be granted at the most
more than subfamily rank.
PERLIDE
PTERONARCIDE.
EUSTHENIIDE
€
AUSTROPERLIDE
LEPTOPERLIDE.
CAPNHDE
' NEMOURIDE.
Fig. 2.—Phylogenetic diagram to show the relationships of the various families of the Order
Perlaria. The Eustheniide are the remains of the original stock, without any specialized
characters. The main line of evolution leads first to the Austroperlide, from them to
the Leptoperlidz, and culminates in the Capniide and Nemouride. From far back along
the Eustheniid line, an evolutionary sidebranch gave origin to another distinct group,
out of which arose the Pteronarcide and the Perlide.
The differences of the various families may be clearly set out in the following
table, in which characters marked A are to be regarded as archaic, those marked
B as specialized, while the addition of the letter U to either indicates that it is
unique for the family. In the last line, the percentage of archaic characters
present for the most archaic members of each family is calculated, the number
so obtained giving a fairly reliable indication of the position of the family in
the line of evolution. It should always be borne in mind that there are two
culminating points for the family, viz., the Perlidee on the one hand, as the
end of a side-branch of evolutionary effort, and the Nemouride on the other,
as the end of the main line of ascent of the Order. This idea is indicated in
the Phylogenetic Diagram given in Text Fig. 2.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 39
TABLE SHOWING PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS FoR THE FAMILIES OF THE ORDER
PERLARIA.
Character Family
Existhent-| Austro- | Pteron- | Perl- Lepto- | Capni- |} Nemour-
ide perlide | arcide id@ perlide ide 1d@
(1) Mandibles:—A normal;
B, reduced to lamina....| A B B A A A
(2) Clypeus and Labrum:—
A, normal; B, hidden....| A A A BU A A A
(3) Palpi:—A, with short
joints; B, one or more
joints elongated..............
(4) Anterior coxe:—A, wide
apart; B, approximated.
(5) Tarsal joints: — A,
least, 3 longer than 1;
BP MOLMCEWISS or. eclveat
(6) Cerci:—A, with 5 or
more joints; B, reduced
to a single joint.............. A A A A A A BU
(7) Outer margin of hind-
wing:—A, complete con-
vex whole; B, with re-
entrant angle at distal
(8) Anal fan:—A, with
cross-veins; B without..| AU
(9) Cross-veins in distal
half of forewing: — A,
present; B, absent.......... A A A A(B) A B B
(10) Cubito-anal cross-veins
in forewing:—A el.
present; B, absent.......... AU B B B B B B
(11) Branches of Rs in fore-
wing:—A, 3 or more; B,
>
e
>
>
BS A B® B*
A A A A
eo
eo
w
q
3
>
>
By A By By
®
=
jam
ek
‘=
>
Se
wm w
ee)
nD Ww
wD Ww
nD ow
Dro seis eet ea iboce eke, A(B) A(B) AS A(B) B B B
(13) Anastomcsis cr trans-
vers? cord:—A, absent;
ROLESOILE eA tcc cyere ed cos A A A A(B) A B
(14) 1A in forewing: — A,
mresent.B) absentc2x, A A A(B) B B B B
(15) 3A in forewing: — A,
forked; B, simple........... A(B) A A A(B) A(B) B A
(16) Primitive paired lateral
gills on abdomen: — A,
present on segs. 1-5 or
1-63B; absent .t...:.0:...% AU B Bi Bt Bi B Bt
Percentage of archaic charac-
ters§ for the mcst archaic
members of each family....| 100 75 63 44 56 25 25
*In Perlidze not as elongated as in Capniide and Nemouride.
tIn Perlide, 1 and 2 very short, 3 greatly elongated; in Capniide and Nemouride, either
1 or 2 elongated.
{In Leptoperlide secondary. gills are developed as an anal rosette; in some Pteronarcide,
Perlide and Nemouride, secondary gill-tufts are developed in various positions on the thorax
or base of abdomen.
§In the table, I have not included the character of the pres2nce or absence of fusion of
M,4, with Cu,, or Cu,a, in hindwing, as I have been unable to study, the tracheation of larval
wings in all families. It should be noted that this fusion is absent in Eustheniide, but present
in both Austrcperlide and Leptoperlide.
40 , THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE ORDER PERLARIA.
Anal fan of hindwing well formed, and with a complete archedictyon or
original meshwork of cross-veins; the contour of the outer margin of the
(1) hindwing a single convex whole, without any re-entrant angle at the end of
OU eRe ree Ske el Ss td TE Eustheniide, n. fam. (Text Fig. 1).
Anal fan of the hindwing without any archedictyon; outer margin of hind-
wing with a marked re-entrant angle at end of Cuto.........ccccccccecssseeeeteeeeesees 2.
( Anterior coxe closely approximated; cross-venation retained except on
(2)- anal fan; mandibles reduced to a weak lamina.................0...000000:- Pteronarcide.
Warteriog coke remain widely: separated(s 2.) :-.ceie pat i) cl, See 3.
(3)} beneath frontal shelf; last joint of tarsi much longer than 1 + 2....Perlide.
Mandibles, clypeus and labrum remain normal; last joint of tarsi not longer
EAR Gh tee A noncthas stare yeie tee fob Shes Saga «thalaafies 2008 nial eR ARNON ate teat et 4.
In forewing, three anal veins are present, 1A running very close
(4) ON ORR ACN A mr AE stg heh oop eRe ZT Austroperlide, n. fam. (Text Fig. 3).
me reduced to a weak lamina; clypeus and labrum become hidden
BS forewing, 1A is eliminated, leaving only 2A and 3A, the latter forked or
E100) 01 es Ce eae PE RR RRM E MAR UEC! os. CBee MGI A Me a,
Cu; near middle of wing; cross-veins are always present in the distal portion
In both wings, no true anastomosis connects the main veins from R to
Blue Wisk. 15:00 w Chae eed. cote Leptoperlide,n. fam. (Text Fig. 4).
(5) A true anastomosis or transverse cord is always present, connecting the
main veins of both wings from R to Cui; cross-veins not usually present
\@istad irony thes anastomosisz,2...)..W 2k keerhcare a ee ee 6.
(In forewing, 3A is forked; cerci are vestigial, being reduced to a single
jC | nA ORO ee RL Lt, MME Tete AE RRO MNT oe. SIMA Nemouride. ©
ce In forewing, 3A is simple; cerci remain long and many-
HITTERS 2h. iia, alee donccehe Gas mt Matcbaa: «adie xe erat TR aCe eh na eee, ae Capnide
FAMILY AUSTROPERLID.
Tasmanoperla, n. g.
(Text Fig. 3).
Allied to Austroperla Needham, from which it differs only in the following
points :—
Veins of the forewing very strongly marked, cross-venation very prominent,
(Austroperla has the cross-venation weak, especially in the distal half of the
wing, where the cross-veins are not easy to see in most specimens). In the
forewing, 1A diverges from Cup slightly, then converges towards it distally; (in
Austroperla 1A lies very close to Cus throughout, and is a much more weakly
formed vein). Forewing considerably narrowed at the base, without any
clearly marked anal angle; (in Austroperla, the forewing has a definite anal
angle, distad from which the posterior margin runs almost parallel with the
costal margin of the wing).
Genotype.—Eusthenia diversipes, n. sp. (Tasmania).
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 41
Tasmanoperla diversipes, n. sp.
(Text Fig. 3).
No description of this species appears ever to have been published, although
the name is mentioned in literature by Walker and others. It would seem
probable that Westwood had made a MS description, from which the name was
taken and used in print, without any corresponding description. The species
is closely allied to Eusthenia thalia Newm., 1839, from which it may be dis-
tinguished as follows:—
Fig. 3.—Venation of Tasmanoperla diversipes n. g. et. sp.; family Austroperlide.
Wing-veins brown, the costal veinlets of the forewing, and the distal ends
of the main veins of both wings around the apices marked with small dark
patches. Forewings very irregularly irrorated with brown, but a clear, un-
shaded patch of irregular shape is left at one-third from apex. (E. thalia Newm.
has the forewing of a dark smoky colour, with a very clear and more regular,
somewhat cream-coloured patch left unshaded in about the same position).
Legs black, with rich brown marks at the bases of the femora and tibiz; the
brown on the hind femora occupies the basal half.
As in E. thalia, the wings are slightly shorter than the abdomen, the cerci
rather short, the antenne shorter than the forewing, and the prothorax abso-
lutely square in shape.
Type.—Holotype female, in Coll. Tillyard.
Locality.—Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Jan. 31st, 1917.
This species is made the type of the genus Tasmanoperla as it is the one
which I have studied and figured. I have, however, seen specimens of E.
thalia Newm., and there can be no doubt that it also must be placed in this
genus.
42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
FAMILY LEPTOPERLID.
Note on the Type Specimen of Leptoperla Beroe Newm.
(Text Fig. 4a).
The venational characters of Leptoperla beroé Newm., which is not only the
type of the genus, but also the first Leptoperlid ever described, were not clearly
given by Newman. The type is in the Hope Museum, Oxford. By the kind-
ness of Professor Poulton, F. R.S., I was recently able to study this specimen
carefully. Text Fig. 4 shows the venation of the right forewing, which has a
peculiar aberrancy in that the two branches of M come together and fuse for
a short space, and then separate again distally. The left forewing and both
hindwings are much rolled and crumpled, the specimen being gummed on card.
By softening these wings with warm water, and uncurling them with a fine brush,
I was enabled to prove that the left forewing possesses a normal venation,
with both branches of M running free and parallel to their tips. The following
diagnosis for the genus may now be given :—
Fig. 4.—A. Right forewing of type specimen of Leptoperla beroe Newm. The normal courses
of the branches of M, and the form of the crumpled anal area, as revealed by a study of
the damaged left wing, are shown by dotted lines.
Right forewing of a specimen of Dinotoperla opposita (Walk.) from Mount Wellington,
Hobart, Tasmania.
e ee: forewing of Zelandobius confusus (Hare) paratype, from Wellington, New
ealand.
Antenne and cerci long, the latter considerably longer than the abdomen:
Forewing with Sc stopping just short of half-way, its tip forked. Rs and M
both forked not far from their origins, Cu, unforked and very long, running to
the same level below the apex of the wing as that at which R, ends up above it.
Complete sets of cross-veins between M and Cu; and also between Cu; and
Cur. 2A simple, 3A forked. Irregular cross-veins enclosed in pale, oval spaces
occupy positions in the distal half of the wing; (the wing membrane generally
is of a brownish colour): Hindwing with Sc as in forewing; Rs simple; M with
a free upper branch, and with its lower branch fused with Cu; to the border;
Cu, simple; anal fan with five straight veins excluding 1A. (Cross-veins present
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 43
in hindwing are the humeral, an oblique one connecting R; with Rs towards
half-way, and two connecting Cuz, with the fused vein above it in its distal
half).
The locality for this species is Tasmania. Though I have collected care-
fully in many places throughout the island, I have never met with it. The
common Leptoperlids of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand do not belong
to this genus.
Dinotoperla, n. g.
(Text Fig. 4b).
Cerci shorter than the abdomen. Third joint of tarsus slightly longer'than
basal joint. Forewings with Rs simple, Cu; deeply forked, and complete sets
of cross-veins between M and Cu,, and also between Cu, and Cuz. Hindwing
with only slight fusion between M3,, and Cui, and with the anal fan narrower
than the rest of the wing at the end of Cun.
Genotype.—Leptoperla opposita Walker, Tasmania.
This genus differs radically from Leptoperla Newm. in its much shorter
cerci, its longer distal joint of the tarsi, in the loss of the fork of Rs and in the
retention of the fork Cu;. It is closely related to Gripopteryx End. and Para-
gripopteryx End., from South America (these two genera are barely distinct),
but can be at once separated from them by the unforked Rs of the forewing
and by the possession of the complete series of cross-veins between M and Cun.
A number of undescribed species of this genus occur in Australia and
Tasmania.
Zelandobius, n. g.
(Text Fig. 4c).
Allied to Gripopteryx End. and Paragripopteryx End. from South America;
but distinguished at once from them by possessing a simple Cu: in forewing
and a wide anal fan in the hindwing, as well as by the retention of the complete
series of cross-veins between M and Cu, in forewing. Rs is distally forked as
in Gripopteryx and Paragripopteryx.
Genotype.—Leptoperla confusa Hare, New Zealand.
Leptoperla hudsoni Hare also goes into this genus, but L. fulvescens Hare
and L. maculata Hare belong to Auwcklandobius End. All these species are
from New Zealand.
Zelandobius differs from Aucklandobius in having Rs distally forked in the
forewing, and the fusion of M3,4 with Cu, not complete in hindwing. Awck-
landobius differs from Antarctoperla End. chiefly in its much wider anal fan
and in the complete fusion of M3,4 with Cu, in hindwing.
Both Zelandobius and Aucklandobius are represented in New Zealand by a
number of undescribed species. The Leptoperlide of South America are evi-
dently closely allied to those of New Zealand and Australia, and a knowledge
of all the forms is necessary for the study of those in any one region.
EXPLANATION- OF TEXT FIGURES.
1A, 2A, 3A, first, second and third anal veins, respectively ; Cun, first cubitus,
with its branches Cuya, Curis, Cure, Cura; Cus, second cubitus; Mij2, Mss, the
two branches of the media; R;, radius; Rs, radial sector, with its branches
Re, Rs, Ra, Rs; Sc, subcosta.
44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
A NEW SPECIES OF COPTODISCA. (LEPID.)
BY WM. G. DiETz2,
Hazleton, Pa.
Coptodisca kalmiella, n. sp. :
Size minute. Head, palpi and antenne silvery gray, the latter long. Fore-
wings golden-brown from the base to about the middle of their length, passing
gradually into golden yellow; a silvery, triangular band-like spot at about
two-thirds the wing length, on both the costal and posterior margins, the apices
of which nearly meet on the disk, and margined. proximally and distally with
black. Cilia nearly double the width of the wing, traversed by the bases of
the black-margined silvery spots, a black costal stria before the apex; a trape-
zoidal black spot in basal two-thirds of the cilia, at the apex, surmounted by a
black line extending to the edge of the cilia; basal two-thirds of dorsal cilia in
apical third with two broad, concentric lines separated by a pale line of the
ground colour; proximad to this is a brownish tuft, from base to free margin of
cilia; rest of cilia, a brownish gray. Hind wings very narrow; cilia about three
times their width. Legs and body, silvery gray.
Habitat.—Browns Mills, N.J., mining leaves of Kalmia angustifolia.
Collectors, H. B. Weiss and C. S. Beckwith, June 22 to June 30. Type and
paratypes in collection of H. B. Weiss.
NOTES ON COPTODISCA KALMIELLA DIETZ, A LEAF MINER OF
KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.
BY HARRY B. WE:s1SS AND CHARLES S. BECKWITH,
New Brunswick, N. J.
This microlepidopteron first attracted our attention at Brown’s Mills, N. J.,
by its work on the leaves of sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia L.) which were
observed to be full of small oval holes. Closer observation revealed mines
inhabited by lepidopterous larve and upon rearing them, we secured a species
of Coptodisca which was kindly described by Dr. W. G. Dietz as kalmiella.
The mines of this species are irregular and blotch-like, extending from the
midrib almost and sometimes entirely to the edge of the narrow leaf. They
are visible on both sides of a leaf, more so on the upper where they appear as
reddish brown, dry areas partly filled with excrement. The number of mines
in a leaf varied from one to twelve. Twenty-nine leaves were found to aver-
age five mines to a leaf. In some leaves many of the mines ran together
and took up most of the leaf surface. Leaves on all parts of the plants
were infested, especially terminal ones.
During the last week of May many mines were found to contain full-grown
larve, and many were empty. From this it appears as if the larve
over-wintered in the mines and that our observations started just as the larve
were leaving. When full grown the larva cuts an oval case (3 mm. long; 1.6
mm. wide) from a part of the mine which is free from excrement, this case con-
sisting of the semi-transparent upper and lower leaf surfaces which are fastened
together. This oval case is regular in outline with a clean cut edge. When the
oval is completely cut, the case containing the larva either drops to the ground
or the larva crawls to the tip of a leaf pulling the case after it, and finally drops
February, 1921
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 45
to the ground after hanging a.short time suspended by a thread. Once on the
_ ground the larva crawls under fallen leaves, etc., and pupates within the case,
this stage requiring from two to three weeks, the moths appearing about June
20 and being plentiful a week later around sheep laurel in the field. In order to
facilitate the emergence of the moth, the pupal case projects slightly from the
oval case. It is not known how many broods occur in New Jersey. Probably
the over-wintering larve are those which hatch from eggs deposited during
July.
Kalmia angustifolia L., is frequent in sandy ground, especially around the
edges of bogs in the pine barrens and often covers large areas. In view of this,
the miner should be found in many other localities in the pine barrens. Dr.
Dietz writes that he has bred this species in numbers from sheep laurel collected
in Pennsylvania and has noted as many as twelve to fourteen mines in a single
leaf.
Full-grown Larva.—Length 3.4 mm. Width 0.5 mm. Head and first two
segments brownish, remainder of body white with greenish tinge, somewhat
translucent; elongate, tapering slightly posteriorly; body notched at sides,
flattened dorso-ventrally; head small, mouth-parts dark, first thoracic segment
longest, second and third thoracic segments subequal in length; abdominal
segments subequal in length except in the ultimate and penultimate which
combined approximate the length of the preceding segment; first thoracic
segment not quite as wide as the second and third which are subequal in width;
abdominal segments subequal in width except the last three or four which are
narrower; prothorax bears a dorsal, dark spot which covers most of the surface;
dorsum of meso- and metathorax bears a somewhat similar dark area each with
separated, subcircular light areas. First seven abdominal segments bear
irregular, oval, ill-defined dark areas; dorsal markings of eighth abdominal seg-
ment somewhat similar to those on dorsal surface of metathorax, the subcircular
light areas may be fused or only slightly separated; dorsal surfaces of remaining
abdominal segments may bear indications of dark areas or be entirely light;
ventral surface and markings similar to those of dorsal surface except that the
dark areas on the third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments are re-
placed by dark, oval rings; head and sides of each thoracic segment bear several
fine hairs; a single hair on side of each abdominal segment; dark areas appear
to be finely shagreened; shagreening on prothorax more pronounced.
Another lepidopterous miner.of sheep laurel was described by Dr. Dietz
in 1907 (Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XXXIII, p. 291). This is Ornix kalmiella, the
larva of which makes a pale, orange -coloured, blotch-like mine in the upper
side of a leaf. The localities for this species as given by Dr. Dietz are Pa. and
Conn., larve, August and September; adults, following May.
CHANGE OF ADDRESS.
As from 1st January, 1921, the permanent address of the Publication
Office of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology will be 41 Queen’s Gate, London,
S.W., 7. All communications respecting subscriptions to or exchanges for the
Review of Applied Entomology and Bulletin of Entomological Research or to
the Bureau Library, should be sent to the Assistant Director at above address.
46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
PSEUDOMACROMIA NATALENSIS AND MERUENSIS (ODONATA).
BY S. G. RICH,
Durban, Natal, South Africa.
The present paper arises from the peculiarities of a specimen of Pseudo-
macromia collected by me at Edendale, Natal, on Nov. 12, 1918, and now in
my collection. The specimen is a female, measuring abdomen including ap-
pendages 40 mm., hind wing 43 mm., fore wing 43 mm., both pterostigmas 3 mm.
The specimen has the following features of interest. Lower lip yellow
brown on side lobes, with centre lobe black and a black rim on the mesal edge
of each side lobe. Upper lip bordered with very dark brown. Across frons
immediately above lip, a dull greenish band about 1 mm. wide. Top of frons
steel blue. Vertex brown, with traces of steel blue. Both wings flavescent
from beneath stigma mesally, the fore wing until one cell from nodus, the hind
wing half way to nodus; this is a vague cloudy flavescence except at the costal
border of the fore wing. There is a very faint flavescence extending to the
first cross-vein under the subcosta and the cubitus of the fore wing, and a stronger
flavescence in the same place and four cells closest to the membranule in the
hind wings. The abdomen has the first two segments yellow-brown with a
thin, black band, marking the end of segment 2; segment 3 has a thin-lined
yellowish cross on the back, on an otherwise dark ground; the other segments
are dark brown with narrow, dull yellow markings along the sides. The mem-
branule of the wings is grayish, becoming cream-coloured at its costal end.
Barring the head details and the basal flavescence of the fore wing, the
specimen agrees with Martin’s original description of P. natalensis female
(Bull. du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, 1900, p. 106).
In the Selys Catalogue, Fasc. XIV, p. 805, there is given in brackets the
species P. meruensis, from Kilmandjaro, East Africa. This, described as
Homothemis meruensis by Sjostedt, 1909, was not in the Selys collection, but
Dr. Ris quotes the original description and assigns it to the genus Pseudo-
macromia. The present specimen agrees equally with this description, more
especially as to the lips, frons, colouring of legs, and wing-flavescence. The
dimensions are as in this description.
In view of the fact that the description of P. meruensis is based upon a
single specimen, and that no others of this species are recorded in the Selys
catalogue, I. am strongly of the opinion that the two species are identical. P.
natalensis is recorded from as far north as Macequece, Portuguese East Africa,
in the Selys catalogue, and it is not unreasonable to expect that it would be
found in the highlands of East Africa nearer the equator.
Martin’s original description of P. natalensis is, except for the lips, and the
cross-mark upon the back of the abdomen, identical with Sjostedt’s of P.
meruensis. The synonymy of these two species may be taken as highly probable,
if not established.
It may be of additional value in this connection to mention the character-
istics of a specimen of P. natalensis, in the collection of the Durban Museum,
Natal. The specimen is a female, taken at Umbilo, one of the suburbs of
Durban. It agrees with my specimen in possessing all the features which
would show the identity of P. natalensis and P, meruensis, The flavescence
February, 1921
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 47
on the wing is somewhat fainter than in mine, but in the fore wing extends
from the stigma to the nodus, and in the hind wing covers some seven cells
close to the stigma only. The basal flavescence is as in mine. The dull green
band across the frons is more prominent.
The two specimens have femora that answer to the description of either
species: the first and second femora light brown, the third darker, but light
_ brown at the base.
In both specimens the claws are not alike throughout. In each case ap-
proximately half of the claws have the lateral spur of the same length and
breadth as the tip of the claw proper, and the remainder have the spur slightly
thicker. P. meruensis is described as having the spur similar to the tip; P.
natalensis (in the Selys catalogue) as having the spurs thicker.
The pterostigmas of the museum specimen are all 2.3 mm. long; in mine
they are .5 mm. longer.
There is every evidence that the two are of the same. species; yet
the museum specimen is clearly P. natalensis and mine may be P. meruensis
equally as well, according to description. The identity of the two species, as
stated above, appears highly probable, if not fully proven.
A NEW RACE OF STRYMON MELINUS HBN.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D.*
Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
Strymon melinus atrofasciata, var. nov.
2 .—Upper side rather deep slaty-gray with maculation similar to that of
the Eastern race (humuli Harr.). Beneath even slaty-gray with no tinge of
brown, the post-median row of spots heavy, black, especially prominent on
secondaries; these spots are bordered outwardly with white but show prac-
tically no traces of orange colour on their inner margin. The subterminal
maculation is the same as in the type form with the orange spots very bright in
colour.
3: Similar to 9, but slightly darker on upper side with ground colour
on both sides showing a faint brownish ringe.
Holotype-—1 9@, Wellington, B. C., (July 12th, 1904), (G. W. Taylor),
in Canadian National Collection.
Allotype.—1 o, Duncan, B.-C., (C. Livingston), in same collection.
Paratypes.—2 9’s, Royal Oak, B.C., (May 26th, 1917), (R. C. Treherne) ;
Victoria, B.C., (May 21st, 1917), (A. E. Cameron), in Canadian National
Collection.
The above race, characterized by its dark ground colour and heavy black
spotting on under side with lack of orange margin to spots, seems confined to
Vancouver Island. It bears apparently a certain relation to pudica Hy. Edw.
in this lack of orange, but this latter race is described as having the lower side
“more silvery grey” than melinus with obsolescent maculations whereas the
heavy black maculation of the underside in the present race is a feature that
at once strikes the eye.
*Contribution from the Entomological Br., Dept. of Agr., Ottawa,
February, 1921
48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
THE LARVA AND BREEDING PLACE OF AEDES ALDRICHI DYAR
AND KNAB. (CULICIDA, DIPTERA).
BY ERIC HEARLE,
Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Mission City, B. C.
Aedes aldrichi is the dominant mosquito in the Lower Fraser Valley, B. C.,
and the main cause of the serious mosquito pest that at times occurs in that
district and casts an evil shadow over the most beautiful period of the year.
Previous to the summer of 1920, the larva had been unknown and there were no
definite data as to its breeding place. Extensive larval collections have shown
the main breeding places to be in the wooded river bottoms. These areas are
thickly covered with cottonwood and a tangled low growth of willow, rose and
-spiraa. They are locally known as alder-bottoms. At freshet time flooding
converts them into temporary swamps capable of producing enormous numbers
of mosquitoes. Aedes vexans and Aedes cinereus occur with Aedes aldrichi in
these alder-bottom areas, but the latter is the chief species.
Description of Larva of Aedes aldrichi.
Stage IV.—A stout dark grey larva, very much like that of Aedes hirsuteron
and Aedes aestivalis, from which it differs mainly in the dorsal head hairs and,
in the case of hirsuteron, in the laterals of the sixth abdominal segment.*
Head with a dark patch on the vertex; broad, narrowed before the eyes;
front roundly arcuate. Antenne, inserted at notch in head, yellowish, moderate,
curved, swollen at base, fairly thickly covered with large and small spines;
antennal tuft of about seven hairs of moderate length placed a little before
centre; at the apex are four short spines, one long spine and one short bud-like
process. Eyes transverse and pointed. Upper pair of dorsal head hairs usually
in twos and lower head hairs single; ante-antennal tuft of about seven hairs.
Mental plate broadly triangular with a small, central tooth and fourteen to
seventeen teeth on each side, those toward base largest. Thorax rounded, wider
than long, hairs abundant and fairly long. Abdomen stout, anterior segments
shorter and broader, hairs sparse, laterals moderately long, secondaries short;
laterals usually double from second to sixth segment, but often in threes on third
segment; first segment with two pairs of fairly long hairs. Air tube stout,
about three times as long as wide; pecten of about seventeen evenly spaced
teeth reaching to middle; teeth gradually larger distally; individual tooth a
long spine with broad base, a stout spine at base and a very small tooth be-
tween this and the main spine; a tuft of six hairs following the pecten. Lateral
comb of eighth segment of about twenty-five scales in a broad triangular patch;
scales three deep; individual scales broadly elliptical, fringed with short delicate
spines from centre outwardly, a longish stout spine at apex. Dorsal plate
reaching nearly to ventral line. Dorsal tuft a brush of about eight hairs and
one long hair on each side. Ventral brush well developed. Anal gills ensiform
and about twice as long as eighth segment. Skin of larva covered withminute
spicules. i
*Note.—A great deal of variation occurs and a good series is needed to ensure accurate
determinations. The dorsal head hairs are nct very constant. In many cases the upper dorsal
head hairs are in threes and the lower head hairs in twcs, sometimes they occur ih fours and
in threes, but in only a very few specimens examined were the upper head hairs found to be
single as in aestivalis, In many specimens some of the abdominal laterals were found to be in
threes, but the sixth laterals are always paired, unlike those of hirsuteron, in which they are
single.
Mailed February 28th, 1921
Che Canadian Entomologist
Wor. LITT: LONDON, MARCH, 1921. No. 3
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
TuHeE LireE-HiIstory oF A Hospspy HORSE.
BY FRANCIS J. A. MORRIS,
Peterborough, Ont.
Part IJ.—Boy AND. MAN—SAPLING ‘GROWTH.
(Continued from page 28, Vol. LIIT.)
Long before Slyboots went abroad, a new element had begun to enter into
our lives which made itself specially felt in our dealings with Nature—the joy
of memory and past associations. This seemed to grow quite independently
of the rapid waning of novelty from our environment and out of all proportion.
I can remember how my brother and I both lamented that while going back to
Scotland seemed to give us unspeakable thrills of pleasure, no such inspiration
came from trips in England. It puzzled us both at the time, but I have no
doubt now that it was due to the countless happy memories awakened in us by
the sights and sounds of childhood’s home; just as soon as we crossed the Tweed
at Carlisle, and heard the names of the stations shouted in good broad Doric.
' My brother never stayed in England long enough for these stored-up treasures
of the senses to be converted into memories, but I am happy to think and to
bear testimony to what I suppose is a universal human experience, that I can
call these sweets of life to-day not only from our native heath of Scotland, but
from many an English lane, aye! and from half a hundred sunny scenes of old
Ontario. .
This fondness for revelling in memory, it seems to me, grew very fast after
Slyboots went abroad, till it became a passion for the old familiar things. It
was then almost certainly for that reason that the charm of recurring seasons
first laid hold upon me and a hungry craving for the Spring. It had always
been living things that drew me, or things that once had lived (like fossils of
the chalk) and now bore mute witness through the ages to the far-off day of
their pride; and I came to yearn for signs of life’s renewal on the earth. Autumn
and winter were the dead seasons, but how eagerly I watched for the rathe
primrose and the springing violet! with what exultation I caught the earliest
-call of the cuckoo and the first skimming flight of the migrant swallow! The
coming of Spring made the heart gush as though it too had been for months
fast held in winter’s icy clasp.
I was much given to long, solitary walks. To wander land and meadow,
woodland and moor, mountain and glen, was an exquisite pleasure that thrilled
the very soul; all day long, no doubt, on these tramps, I was drinking in count-
less sights and sounds, landscape mellowed in the distance, soft hues of foliage,
a hundred flowers and ferns and birds, the murmur of pines and running water,
the cooing of the stock-dove and the song of the Skylark; but I was rarely con-
49
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
scious, except in the first days of early Spring, of the individual notes of colour
and music and fragrance that blended in these hours of happy reverie.
Wherever I went, seemingly, I must first make myself acquainted with
any new feature of living Nature that came within my ken, be it insect, bird, or
flower, before I could give myself over to the contemplation and enjoyment of
earth. But once the new had become the familiar, I was satisfied, and fell back
on the old pleasures of memory and association. Thus the first two years of
my residence at Oxford kept me busy with the surface fossils of the stone-brash;
repeated visits must be made to Iffley to see the wonderful fritillaries in bloom,
trips taken up the Cherwell at the season of the cowslip, and whole days spent
haunting the edge of Wytham Wood for the enthralling song of the nightingale;
the same with first days in Buckingham and Worcestershire, in Somerset and
Devon. New discoveries brought keen pleasure and delight, but these were as
nothing to the ecstasy of revisiting; when the novelties had been caught up
in a network of associations, and their beauty enhanced a thousandfold by the
host of memories they awakened, all bathed ina subtle atmosphere of emotion.
And perhaps of greater value still for the mind in its maturing, were the hours
of conscious meditation and reflection on Nature and life, for which all this
raw material of observation was, I must believe, an instinctive preparation.
There comes to most of us in the exuberance of youth, a day when we are
impatient of all tradition, and even feel guilty of a certain dishonesty in the
placid acceptance of current opinion. I was about sixteen when the eternal
riddle of existence first propounded itself to me, and none of the conventional
readings brought satisfaction or peace of mind. This was a year after my
brother went abroad, the first summer holidays spent in Scotland without his
companionship. Our host was always the same, an old army doctor whose
acquaintance we had first made shortly before my father’s death. He had
lectured at Netley, seen service in India, and returned to his native Scotland
on retirement. Bred up a staunch old Presbyterian, and by nature a rigid
moralist and strict disciplinarian, he was yet a man of great tolerance, quite
free from dogma, and generous in his sympathies; a great reader (though shy
of fiction and poetry alike), open-minded and of liberal view, a scholar and a
scientist, he was, as you may easily understand, a believer in evolution and an
ardent disciple of Darwin.
I cannot enough admire our host’s patient forbearance with his two school-
boy guests and their sad lack of seriousness. On our first visit to him after
settling in the south of England, a prolonged spell of bad weather (coupled in
Slyboots’ case with a touch of bronchitis) prevented us from going out very much,
and we made almost daily raids on the village library for story books. My
favorite author was Ballantyne, my brother’s was Kingston, but neither of us.
had the remotest idea of how or why his favorite author made such a strong
appeal to him. I fancy the doctor must have been aching to see us tackle
something better worth while, but he never interfered and apparently even
gleaned no small amusement from some of our frequent disputes; for I can still
hear his guffaw over what I fondly imagined a shrewd stroke of mine at the
close of a battle royal with Slyboots: ‘‘Well! if Slyboots would have it, the
reason I liked Ballantyne best was because he gave you more for your money;
there were whole chapters at the end of Kingston, and sometimes even in the *
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
middle of the book, wasted over footling love affairs, when the hero might
have had at least one more hair-raising adventure in the forests of Brazil, the
Indian Jungle, the African veldt, or wherever it happened to be.”’
At sixteen I had outgrown these boys’ books and was ripe for more sub-
stantial reading. It so happened, too, that in the previous term I had heard
quite a lot about Darwin and the Theory of Evolution. It formed a subject
of discussion among schoolmates on the Science side, who were actually divided
into two rival camps under the leadership of this master and that, known to
favour or to scout, the doctrine; a special hero of my schoolboy worship, some
years my senior and a prefect in the house where I spent my first few months of
attendance at Dulwich College, had recently paid me a visit from Guy’s Hospital
in his first year as a medical student, and from him I learned some outlines of
the theory; it had even been debated in my hearing at home by an elder brother
in conversation with a business friend; and so it came about that the idea of
Evolution figured quite prominently in the almost daily thoughts of a classical
student of sixteen; and it was in answer to a question of mine that the good
doctor first broached the subject and explained to his young guest as clearly
and simply as might be the nature and trend of that world-revolutionizing
treatise, Darwin’s ‘‘Origin of Species.”
And in a very few days, as it seemed, the solitary boy of sixteen with his
time-old mystery of life, found sympathy and help as well as companionship
in his host of nearly sixty. The doctor was very methodical and kept a series
of logbooks or diaries in which he entered a summary of everything he read,
even to magazine articles; these notebooks he called his ‘‘omnium gatherums.”
He had not a large library, as most of his reading was done by way of periodic
parcels of books from Edinburgh, kept for two or three months and then ex-
changed. But he had a little bookcase of favorites, and after suggesting some
volumes to be read in a certain order, he gave me the run of the shelves. I first
read round the theory in three or four books like Robert Chambers’ ‘‘Vestiges
of Natural Creation,’’ Lauder Brunton’s “‘Bible and Science,’’ and Samuel
Laing’s ‘‘Modern Science and Modern Thought;’’ I was then made to tackle,
just as soon as I seemed ripe for it, Darwin’s “‘Origin of Species’’ and ‘‘Descent
of Man;” and after these came a troop of his great exponents, Huxley, Wallace,
Romanes, Grant Allen, and Lubbock. When once I had assimilated some of
this thought, I was promoted from the Doctor’s exposition to the give-and-
take boxing bouts of argument and discussion. Long before I passed from
school to the university, I was as thorough-going a Darwinian as the old doctor
himself and even more advanced, partly from the natural insolence of youth,
and partly from wide reading in the noblest literature of all ages and lands, the
fearless freedom of Greek poet and philosopher. .
Together as men and equals we read and discussed Weismann and Haeckel,
or shook our heads sadly over the unsoundness of Wallace’s closing chapters
on “‘Darwinism’”’ with their ‘“‘dews ex machina’’ of Spiritualism. When Huxley
,tilted with the clericals in the pages of the XIXth Century Magazine, we both
keenly admired the skill with which he found the joints of the mediaeval armour
and unhorsed his cumbrous opponents; a ‘‘bonny fechter,’’ like Alan Breck,
was that brilliant pamphleteer, and a tower of strength to the good cause, as
we viewed it, of untrammelled thought—the march of Science. Unlike the
52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
dear old doctor, my host, I had a great liking for fiction and was passionately
fond of poetry; the great problem novels of the day, and indeed more recent
books of mark I devoured with keep appetite, and was never tired of conning
the pages of my favorite poets—Burns, Keats, Shelley, Rossetti, Swinburne
and Matthew Arnold.
One great boon, I am sure, I owed to this course of systematic reading
in Science. It added an intellectual interest to my long walks in solitary com-
munion with Nature. For the habit of lonely wandering that I had formed on
Slyboots’ departure cannot have been entirely wholesome; there was hardly a
sight or a sound in the world that did not awaken some chord of memory, and
I often brooded over the past, though with more of wistful reverie than of sorrow
in my mood. But as soon as the interest of this new theory took hold of me, it
gave me a new outlook on Nature, and instead of brooding inwardly, my thoughts
went out to Natural objects in search of illustration, to test book-theories as it
were, and in this channel of activity they found a healthy and cheerful outlet.
More and more, it became a delight to mark the characteristic beauties
of English scenery; the deep luxuriant lanes, the floral treasures of hedgerow
and meadow, of riverbank and stream; the glories of the beech woods and ~
groves of oak; the distant views of the breezy downs, and the wild grandeur of
the Wessex moors. But always the crowning glory of the year, when Spring
had blossomed into Summer, was the visit to Scotland. My favorite haunt,
growing dearer season by season, was a mountain stream in the neighborhood
of Bridge of Allan. Whether I took my fishing-rod or not made little dif-
ference, nor what direction I started out in; all paths seemed at last to lead to
‘the mouth of the Wharrie burn where it merged in the river Allan, and then
came an all-day tramp, up through the woods, past cataract and linn, climbing
the steep glen by mossy rocks, past rowan and birch, out on to the open moor
and then over the heather, till I had tracked the baby stream to its cradle in a
mountain tarn, below the peaks of the everlasting hills.
As soon as I entered the University I began to gather a library for myself.
One of the most treasured shelves was devoted to books of scientific theory;
I made a selection of volumes from the International Scientific Series published
by Kegan Paul, and became a subscriber to two new series—the Minerva Library
of Famous Books, edited by G. T. Bettany, and the Contemporary Science
Series published by Walter Scott; every volume of these two publications I
purchased on issue and devoured at my leisure.
But my interest in Evolution never for a moment lessened the love of
Natural objects or dulled the sense of mystery, of wonder, and of beauty in God’s
handiwork. And this emotional attitude to Nature was greatly strengthened
in my student days at Oxford by a wonderful discovery that I made at the
end of my second year. While travelling in the realms of gold I found that I
was notalone or peculiar, had nothing to be ashamed of, in my solitary musing
on the mystery of life. I found the most secret thoughts and feelings of my very
soul from boyhood to manhood laid bare and given a language in two books
that have been a bible to me ever since, the Poems of William Wordsworth,
especially Tintern Abbey, and Richard Jefferies’ Story of My Heart.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 53
NEW BRITISH COLUMBIA TUSSOCK MOTH, HEMEROCAMPA
PSEUDOTSUGATA.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D.
Entomological Branch, Ottawa.*
For the past few years a species of tussock-moth has been reported as
damaging the douglas fir in certain districts of British Columbia; it was de-
termined by Mr. E. H. Blackmore in the Report of the British Columbia Pro-
vincial Museum, 1918, p. 12, as Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa Hy. Edw. and a
figure of a rather rubbed was given on Plate 1.
An account of the extent of the devastation was also given by Mr. W. B.
Anderson, in the Agricultural Gazette, 1919, VI, 139.
In the spring of 1920 I received a number of egg-masses of the species,
collected by Mr. W. B. Anderson, the original discoverer, at Chase, B. C. From
these I was enabled to breed a limited number of adult specimens; the young
larve on hatching were offered hemlock and pine, douglas fir at the time not
being available; a large number refused to eat and perished, but a few nibbled the
blossom-buds of hemlock and fed on these until half-grown when they were
transferred to douglas fir, a tree of this species having been located at the Experi-
mental Farm. The moths emerged in the first week of July during my absence
from Ottawa, an earlier date than that given by Mr. Blackmore in his account
of the species, but probably due to more or less forcing of the young larve during
the early spring.
From my present knowledge of the early stages and of the adults I cannot
agree with Mr. Blackmore that the species is gulosa Hy. Edw. This species
was described in Papilio I, 61, in a paper by Mr. Edwards dealing with the
Pacific Coast species of Orgyia (Hemerocampa). In this paper vestusta Bdv.,
a species described very briefly from a @ specimen from California which is
possibly still in the Oberthur Collection at Rennes, France, and which has
certainly never been satisfactorily identified by American systematists, was
limited to a lupine-feeding larva of the San Francisco Bay region, whilst the
name gulosa was proposed for an oak-feeding larva which was found abundantly
throughout the foot-hills of the northern Sierras. Both larve were described
rather inaccurately and inadequately; roughly speaking, apart from the difference
in food-plants, the main points of distinction are apparently to be found in the
color of the dorsal abdominal tufts; in vetusta the tufts on abdominal segments
I-IV are described as being whitish drab at base tipped with chestnut-brown; in
gulosa tuft I is blackish, the other three tufts being white; the dorsal tuft on seg-
ment VIII is yellow tipped with black in vetusta and black in gulosa.
In Psyche VI, 488 (1893) Dr. H. G. Dyar gives a detailed description of the
early stages of gulosa; his description of the 38rd and 4th larval stages corresponds
well with Edwards’ larval description; in full grown larvae Dr. Dyar states of the
tufts that they are ‘‘coloured a silvery-grey, in some specimens blackish or even
black on the crests, but white on the sides, in others nearly all white.’”’ He further
is of the opinion that Edwards confused the moths resulting from the two species
of larva and that the description given by Edwards of the adult o& vetusta should
apply to gulosa and vice-versa; to avoid confusion he limits the application of
*Contribution from the Kntomclegical branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
March, 1921
54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
the names to the larval forms. Wethus have a lupine-feeder (vetusta) with
whitish tufts tipped with chestnut, producing a small @ with indistinct macula-
tion of primaries and an oak feeder (gulosa) with white tufts occasionally black-
tipped, emerging into a larger o with distinct maculation. A similar arrange-
ment was followed by Neumoegen & Dyar in their Preliminary Revision of N.
Am. Bombyces (1894, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 28, 29;) later, however, in the
List of N. Am. Lepidoptera (1902) Dr. Dyar treats gulosa as a variety of vetusta;
the reason for this change is unknown to me but the arrangement was followed
in the Barnes & McDunnough Check List (1917) for lack for any further data
on the subject.
As neither the larva of vetwsta nor of gulosa has been bred by me it is im-
possible to comment on the accuracy of the above statements; on the face of it,
taking into consideration the larval distinctions and the difference in food-plants,
I should incline to the belief that we are dealing with two distinct species; as to
whether Hy. Edwards or Dr. Dyar is correct in the description of the resulting
imagines remains for our California collectors to prove by careful breeding.
To return to our douglas fir-feeder I would point out that it cannot be re-
ferred to gulosa as the larva contradicts the description. In all the specimens
reared (both cand @ ) the dorsal tufts on abdominal segments I-IV were whitish,
broadly tipped with chestnut-brown whilst the dorsal hair-pencil of segment
VIII was black with a chestnut-brown tuft of half its length at the base anteriorly.
The larva would thus correspond very closely with that of vetusta, according
to the description, except that the hair-pencil of segment VIII could hardly be
called ‘‘yellow tufted with black.”
These discrepancies in the coloration of the larva and the fact that it is a
coniferous feeder lead me to the belief that the species is undescribed; a parallel
case is found in the closely allied genus Olene Hbn. where the pine-feeders are now
recognized as distinct species from those feeding on deciduous trees.
Hemerccampa pseudotsugata, sp. nov.
Ovum.—Laid in large clusters on the 2 cocoon or adjacent areas, covered
with a gelatinous substance to which are attached numerous dark, smoky hairs
from 2 abdomen; color white; hemispherical.
Larva, Stage I.—Resembles considerably a small Porthetria dispar in shape.
Head large, brown, with sparse hairs; palpi and clypeus whitish. Body dirty gray,
tinged with reddish laterally, tubercles represented by large chitinous patches
(verruce) containing long, slightly barbed hairs; the dorsal hairs are generally
blackisk, the lateral ones white. The usual Liparid wart laterally on the prothorax
is very prominent with numerous long, black, hairs. Prothoracic plate large,
rectangular, with two knob-like warts on the anterior edge, each bearing about
10-12 hairs arranged in a circle; several white hairs from the anterior margins
of the segment overhang the head; posterior and ventrad to the plate are two
minute sete closely approximated. Meso- and meta-thoracic segments with
tubercles I and II narrowly separated; I small, obliquely oval with three short
sete, II larger, roughly circular with about two hairs; in the lateral region are
two further tubercles, very similar in size and equidistant.
On abdominal segments I-IV, VII and VIII verrucae I and II form together
a large rectangle, I, narrowly separated from II, being triangular and forming
the anterior dorsal corner of this rectangle; on segment II it bears five hairs, on
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST a ee
III three hairs and on the other segments two hairs; on abdominal segments V
and VI it is reduced to a mere point witha single short, white, clubbed hair,
noticeably distinct from the other setae.
Verruca II bears about ten hairs normally but on V and VI it is smaller
with fewer hairs and in consequence more of the pale color of the integument
is apparent; on these same segments it also bears 2-3 clubbed white hairs in close
proximity to that of verruca I. Laterally a large, oblong verruca (tubercles
III and IV) is present with the brown spiracle situated on its ventral edge; it
bears numerous hairs, including a single long black one. Below it is a further
smaller verruca clothed with short whitish hair and with one long white seta.
Above the prolegs a small verruca with several short white hairs. Rear segment
with four, large, equally spaced verruce containing severa! long, backward-
directed sete. Prolegs with two anterior and two posterior crotchets. Length
on emergence 2 mm.
Stage IT.—Head as before; body light gray with slight purple-brown dorsal
sprinkling behind verruce and heavy lateral sprinkling of same color; faint
yellow shading on meso- and meta-thorax especially intersegmentally and also
laterally along all segments below spiracle. Verruce much as before but paler;
from the large prothoracic wart arises a small tuft of short plumes as well as the
bristles; verruca I on abdominal segments I and II with similar black plumed
hairs and merely one or two bristles; verruca I and also II on segment VIII with
a few black plumes on inner edge; otherwise the bristles from verruce are long
and mostly black; abdominal segment V with yellow dorsal shading and VI and
VII dorsally with large circular yellow-orange eversible glands.
Stage III.—Head pale brownish. Body with grayish-white ground colour;
dorsally the segments are shaded with dark brown forming a narrow dorsal
line on thoracic segments and broadening out on abdominal to a band of dark
color strongly broken with the pale ground colour and extending laterally to the
lower edge of verruca II. Posterior portion of thoracic segments shaded with
yellow-orange and the whole dorsum of abdominal segment V anterior to tuber-
cles rather bright orange; glands on VI and VII bright coral-red. A broad
broken band of dark brown laterally crossing verruca III, the verruca itself
being encircled with pale ground color and with a patch of the same color behind
it so that the edges alone of the dark band appear more or less continuous; a
somewhat broken pale yellow subspiracular line below which the brown shading
is predominant again. Verruce rather pale except I and II on abdominal
segments I-IV which are dark (blackish) and form a a marked contrast to others
which are slightly yellow tinged; short black pencils of feathered hair laterally
from the large prothoracic wart; dorsal black hair pencils on abdominal segments
I, II and VIII with very slight tufts of white plumed hairs on III and IV arising
from verruca I. Of the barbed hairs the long ones are black, the others white,
mostly all being longer than the hair pencils. Prolegs shaded basally and centrally
with dark brown. Prothoracic plate tinged with yellowish. Not much increase
in number of barbed hairs.
Stage IV.—Head black; clypeus and mouth parts whitish; overhung by
white hairs arising from prothoracic plate. Body light gray tinged anteriorly
with yellow;a dark,blackish dorsal stripe on mesc- and meta-thorax broadening
into a more or less solid band of black on abdominal segments with segment V
56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
bright yellow-orange dorsally. Body shaded with black in supraspiracular
area and with the orange-yellow subspiracular line of previous stages
well marked. Lateral black hair-pencils from prothoracic warts; dorsal
black pencil from abdominal segment VIII. Well developed tufts dorsally
on abdominal segments I-IV, the anterior two light brown, often shading
into deeper brown apically and frequently edged laterally with white plumed
hairs; the two posterior tufts smaller, generally composed of white plumed hairs;
tuft 3, however, often considerably tinged with light brown; in such cases
tufts1 and 2 are generally smoky brown; abdominal verruce bright yellow-
orange, edged at base by creamy line except verruca II of abdominal segments
I-IV which is black. Long black hairs from verruce few in number; numerous
shorter hairs white. Eversible glands bright coral-red. Legs yellow-orange;
venter pale yellow-gray.
Amount of dark suffusion on body variable, the @ caterpillar being lighter in
colour than o’.
Stage V.—Head black, with white clypeus; general ground color of body
grayish caused by white suffusion on black ground with thoracic dorsal portion
yellow with black centro-dorsal line; dorsum between tufts broadly black; on
other abdominal segments narrowly black, in @ tinged with brown; dorsal
tufts white at base, tipped broadly with light or dark chestnut-brown; black
lateral anterior pencils as before; dorsal black pencil on abdominal segment VIII
preceeded by a brown recurved tuft half the length of the black pencil; a distinct
subspiracular orange line; verruce bright coral-red, shaded with black at base,
ringed by whitish.
The @ larvz were noticeably larger than the &’s but I was unable to dis-
cover that they underwent an extra moult as is generally the case in this group.
Imago &%.—Colour dark chocolate-brown with none of the chestnut-brown
shades of allied species except traces around the reniform. Considerable sprink-
ling of white scales rather evenly distributed over the whole wing, more especially
noticeable in the apical and median areas. Usual lines well-defined and not
perceptibly different in course from those of allied species; reniform more or less
white-filled. Beyond the t. p. line on costa a prominent rectangular dark patch,
surrounded by whitish scaling, giving rise to the irregular dark s. t. line which
is more or less defined by white scaling and terminates in a small white patch
above anal angle. In normally marked specimens this s. t. line is connected with
the dark marginal line by a distinct dark dash through the interspace of veins
6and7. Secondaries dark chestnut-brown with a broad, darker brown marginal
border of varying intensity. Expanse 27-30 mm.
Q. Wing-stumps and anterior half of abdomen smoky-gray, the posterior
abdominal segments tufted with thick hairs of a blackish colour, much darker
than the color found in allied species.
Holotype 1 3%, Chase, B. C., bred at Ottawa, 1920, and in Canadian National
Collection. ;
Allotype1 2 , Chase, B. C., bred at Ottawa, 1920, and in National Collection.
Paratypes 4 &’s, 2 2’s, from same locality in the National Collection and in
the Barnes Collection, Decatur, Illinois.
The dark tufting in the: 2 and the dark ground colour of primaries of @
together with the dark subterminal dash in interspace 6 seem to be characteristic
of the species.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 57%
NOTES ON COCCID VII. (HEMIPTERA).*
BY G. F. FERRIS,
Stanford University, Calif.
A REVIEW OF MACGILLIVRAY’s ““THE COCCIDA.”’
The impression seems quite generally to have prevailed (the present writer
must confess to not having been immune to it) that the ability to recognize a
few of our common orchard, shade tree and green-house scale insects entitles
its possessor to recognition as a Coccidologist. It is, perhaps, in part this circum-
stance that has been responsible for the fact that while there have been many
who have written on the Coccide there have been relatively few who have had
any very profound knowledge of the group. The systematic literature, although
impressive in quantity, has never been so in quality, in fact only too rarely has
it risen above the level of hopeless mediocrity, while all too often it has descended
even to the point of utter puerility. The greatest task before the present-day
students of the Coccide (and those for some time to come) is that of over-
coming this handicap.
In the face of these conditions it is obvious that the character of any treat-
ment of the group that is based wholly or in large part upon the literature alone
will be more or less definitely predetermined. At the best it can be of a very
considerable, even if but temporary, usefulness by bringing the scattered litera-
ture to a focus and serving as a sort of point of departure. At the worst, if to
the errors inherent in the sources from which it is drawn there be added an undue
number for which the compiler is responsible, the possibility of usefulness
may, to a very large extent, disappear. Not only may the task of which I
have spoken above not be lightened, it may even to some extent be increased.
This I consider, on the whole, to be the effect of MacGillivray’s recent book,
“The Coccide.” ;
I do not need to be reminded that many of the criticisms of this book that
I shall express are matters of opinion. Consequently, I may be pardoned for
pointing out that as a basis for the opinions that I shall present I have avail-
able what is possibly the second largest collection of Coccide in the United
States, and that I have personally examined with varying degrees of thorough-
ness some hundreds of species in the group. On the other hand, MacGillivray
very clearly indicates in the preface of his book that it is based chiefly upon
the literature alone, and it is obvious from the text that his acquaintance with
the insects themselves is relatively limited. Even the air of profundity im-
parted by the special terminology employed and the appearance of authority
with which the material is presented cannot entirely conceal this fact.
I cannot in any paper of reasonable length deal in great detail with the
book. Anextended analysis must wait upon revisional studies of the various
groups, and I am presenting here a consideration only of the more obvious
errors and of the conclusions in which I differ most widely from MacGillivray.
It is, for instance, no part of my intention to consider the many typographical
errors and other evidences of carelessness, such for example as the constant
misspelling of Antonina (pages 122, 123, 145, 146, 476) and ariditatis (pages
182 and 476).
*Continued from Canadian Entomologist 52:65. (1920.)
March, 1921
58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
The most objectionable feature of the book is the great number of new
genera that have been proposed in the subfamily Diaspidine, practically all of
which are based upon species that in all probability the author has never seen.
That many new genera are needed in this group is undeniable, yet before the
wholesale naming of them is undertaken there should first be a careful review
of the types of the existing genera, and the whole work should be based upon
an examination of specimens. The naming of new genera upon the basis of
printed descriptions alone is not likely even under the most favorable conditions
to be especially helpful. When done under the conditions prevailing in the
literature of this group and in such wholesale fashion as attempted by Mac-
Gillivray it is little short of disastrous. The peculiar results that can thus be
obtained will be discussed in connection with this subfamily.
It is not probable that anything approaching unanimity of opinion con-
cerning the general classification of the Coccide will be arrived at for many
years to come. There remain too many questions, such for instance as the
taxonomic value of the various types of ducts and pores, that are still to be
investigated. Doubtless, too, the discovery of new forms will profoundly
change some of the present conceptions. As it is, even with the specimens
before one, there are many points concerning which the cautious student will
hesitate to express an opinion. Yet there are some things that are fairly clear
and concerning which an opinion may be hazarded.
My own personal preference would be to regard the Coccide as a super-
family in the belief that a more expressive classification can thereby be ob-
tained. However, this is a minor point. What is really desirable is to obtain
a division into groups that will approximate a natural arrangement and that
are somewhere near equal rank. This I consider that MacGillivray’s proposed
seventeen subfamilies do not do. I am unable to see that his arrangement is
any special improvement over the classifications that have preceded it.
It is my contention that MacGillivray’s six subfamilies, Monophlebine,
Kuwaniine, Xylococcine, Margarodine, Callapappine and Ortheziine taken
together constitute a group that is equivalent in rank to, for instance, the sub-
family Diaspidine. In working over the Coccide I have been impressed with
the feeling that the group is at once extraordinarily conservative and extra-
ordinarily plastic, and in no place is this paradoxical condition shown to better
advantage than in the six groups mentioned above. There is throughout this
group of species a persistent adherence to a certain fairly definite general type,
coupled at the same time with aberrations of the most remarkable characters.
It is the adherence to this general type and not the aberrations to which I am
inclined to accord the most weight.
This group as a whole is characterized by the presence of abdominal
spiracles. It is true that in many of the species they have not been recorded,
yet there is good reason to believe that this is due simply to deficient observa-
tion. In but two genera, Nipponorthezia and Newsteadia, each with a single
species, do they appear positively to be lacking.
MacGillivray in his key to the subfamilies (pp. 58, 59) separates the
Ortheziine from the other groups named above on the basis of the presence of
an anal ring and anal ring sete. As a matter of fact the anal ring is some-
times developed in the Monophlebinz, being well developed but simple in
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 59
Llaveia bouvari (Sign.) and even more strongly developed with a distinct ten-
dency toward a cellular condition in Greenella dalbergie (Green), although it
bears no sete. MacGillivray further States (p. 106) that the ‘‘pilacerores’’ are
peculiar to the Ortheziine. Yet they constitute one of the points allying this
group with the Monophlebine for exactly the same structures are present in,
for instance, Aspidoproctus maximus Newst. and an apparently undescribed
species of Walkeriana as well as in other species. Furthermore, the presence
of compound eyes in the male of Orthezia is additional evidence to the same
end.
The Kuwaniine, Callapappine, Margarodine and Xylococcine are separ-
ated from the Monophlebine by the absence of mouthparts in the adult female.
Yet in five of the six genera included by MacGillivray in the first named group
the mouthparts are present in the adult female, a fact that one drawing con-
clusions from the literature alone would not be aware of because of deficiencies
in the published descriptions. I have elsewhere pointed out that in Xylococcus
macrocarpe Coleman the mouthparts are at times developed in the adult female.
The extraordinary development of the anterior legs in the genus Margarodes
is apparently an adaptive character. Certainly it is hardly sufficient to justify
the recognition of this genus as constituting a group equivalent in rank to the
Diaspine. I have seen no examples of the Callapappinae, but judging’from the
descriptions they too are of a Monophleboid type.
It is, of course, obvious that the group formed by the union of these six
so-called subfamilies is capable of being subdivided, but this will need to be
done on lines somewhat different from those that have previously been employed
and on the basis of an examination of material.
In the description of the Monophlebine (p. 62) it is stated that the adult
female never possesses an anal tube with. ‘‘anacerores.’’ Such a tube is well
developed in Gueriniella, which MacGillivray includes in this group. He also
includes under this subfamily the remarkable genus Stictococcus. I am unable
to see in this anything of a Monophleboid character, and would rather adopt
Lindinger’s view, that it constitutes a separate subfamily.
Under the subfamily Kuwaniine the new genus Americoccus is proposed
for Matsucoccus fasciculensis Herbert. I have at hand specimens of this and
of M. matsumure (Kuwana), and cannot concur in the erection of this genus.
Concerning the restoration of the name Coccus to the genus which in the
Fernald Catalogue is called Dactylopius, | cannot comment as the literature
upon which a decision depends is not available. I may remark, however, that
as Mrs. Fernald’s work gives every evidence of having been carefully done, I
should be inclined to accept her conclusions, at least until a careful review and
restatement of the case has been made. With MacGillivray’s assignment of
this genus to a position between the Ortheziine and the other Monophleboid
forms I cannot agree. While it may very well constitute a group by itself it
possesses tubular ducts of the type that occur in Eriococcus and related forms
and that I have not seen in any of the Monophleboid forms that I have ex-
amined. The association of Epicoccus with this genus is dubious.
I have never been privileged to examine specimens of the female of Phena-
coleachia but I have at hand males sent me by Professor Cockerell as belonging
60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
to P. zealandica. On the basis of these males and of the meager description
given by Maskell I should regard this genus as a Pseudococcine form of the
general type of Puto. The males of these two genera are practically ident‘cal.
I see no reason for retaining the subfamily Phenacoleachiine.
The subfamily Eriococcine as understood by MacGillivray is certainly
an unnatural group, and as he has indicated (p. 126) includes at least two groups
of genera. MacGillivray’s remarks (pp. 122-3) indicate that he is not aware
that the dorsal ostioles or “‘labiz’’ do not occur in Eriococcus and the genera
related to it. They are in fact confined to the genera of which Pseudococcus
may be taken as the type, and I regard their possession as of sufficient im-
portance to justify a distinction between these two groups. On the other
hand, MacGillivray has excluded from the Eriococcine the genus Kermes,
which I regard as strictly Eriococcine. I shall consider this point under the
discussion of the subfamily Kermesine.
The subfamily or group associated with Eriococcus includes the following
genera of the position of which I feel sufficiently sure to hazard an opinion:
Atriplicia, Cryptococcus, Eriococcus, Fonscolombia, Gymnococcus, Gossyparia,
Kermes, Micrococcus, Olliffiella, Rhizococcus and Xerococcus. The group as-
sociated with Pseudococcus contains the following: Antonina (= Chaetococcus),
Cryptoripersia, Erium, Geococcus, Helicoccus, Heterococcus, Lachnodius (at least
in part), Macrocepicoccus, Natacoccus, Natalensia, Nesococcus, Phenacoccus,
Porococcus, Pseudococcus, Puto (= Ceroputo = Macrocerococcus), Ripersia, Riper-
stella, Rhizoecus, Sphaerococcus, Trionymus and Tylococcus.
Ehrhornia, Paludicoccus and Kuwanina are of doubtful affinities, but I
feel sure do not belong in either of the above groups. Cuissococcus, as I have
pointed out in an earlier number of these notes is a Lecaniine form. The species
described by Ehrhorn as Cissocossus (?) oahuensis has since been referred by
Ehrhorn to a new genus, Phyllococcus, which has been overlooked by Mac-
Gillivray. I have at hand specimens of this species but prefer not to express
any opinion as to its relationships.
The other genera included by MacGillivray in his Eriococcine I have not
seen specimens of, nor in some cases the descriptions, and I refrain from com-
menting upon them.
I may note a misstatement on page 142. It is there said that ‘Ferris
believes that the American Phenacoccus stachyos Ehrh. is congeneric’’ with
Coccura comari (Sulc). It is Heliococcus bohemicus Sule with which I have
compared P. stachyos.
In regard to the Tachardiine I may simply note that the statement that
the body is not provided with pores, ‘‘cerores,’’ or with tubular ducts, ‘‘ceratube,”’
except on the stigmatic and anal processes is entirely erroneous as an examina-
tion of carefully stained specimens wiil quickly show. MacGillivray has adopted
Cockerell’s groups and although these will stand they will not do so on the
basis of the characters used.
The keys and discussion of the Lecaniinze are based entirely upon the
literature and no new genera are named. I may note only that the anomalous
genus Aclerda, which probably does not belong in this group is included with-
out special comment, and that it is stated (p. 175) that in this genus the anal
cleft and opercula are wanting. The anal cleft is present and bears at its anterior
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 61
end a single undivided plate. Also no mention is made of the fact that in
Physokermes the opercula are wanting in the adult female, in fact (p. 175) it is
said that the adult female has the ‘‘opercula prominent, swollen, dorsal in
position.’’ Thestructures referred to are not the opercula, which are lacking
in this stage.
Concerning the Asterolecaniine I shall note only that to it is referred the
genus Olliffiella. I reaffirm the opinion which I have formerly expressed, that
this species is closely related to Kermes and should accompany the latter where-
ever it may be placed.
The subfamily Kermesine is based upon the single genus Kermes. As
I have previously indicated I regard this genus as strictly Eriococcine, and see
no reason for the subfamily Kermesine. I may note that MacGillivray’s
statement (p. 191) that the anal ring is wanting in the adult female is erroneous.
In K. cockerelli, kingii, nigropunctatus and vermilio, at least, the anal ring is
well developed in the adult female, although it bears no setz.
(To be continued.)
A SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENERA
MELANOCHELIA RONDANI AND LIMNOPHORA R.-D.
(DIPTERA, ANTHOMYIIDé-.)
BY J. R. MALLOCH,
Urbana, Ill.
This group is the Limnophora of authors, the name Limnophora being
applicable to the species which have the prosternum and base of third vein
setulose; the other segregate requires a change of name and apparently Rondani’s
name must be. used.
The species of Melanochelia occur most commonly in the north and usually
along the margins of lakes or streams. Limnophora occurs more commonly
in the south, many species being found in the tropics throughout the world,
and even very frequently on small islands far removed from the large land
masses. The larve are, so far as I know, aquatic.
Melanochelia Rondani.
KrEyY TO SPECIES.
1. Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; halteres yel-
HEY CEES DUSOREHD ) oro Sree as MOEN ee a es Phe See cae tarde sich sabaen seme Ue
— Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentra! bristles; halteres black
Re REM RD aeniocaes Pe ete Pea crock sme Reon Gives ass cgi be mai kee shee rmanconrs¥ ashe 13.
— Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles...................... 19.
Orbital hairs descending much below level of base of antennz; facial
ridges haired about midway to base of antennze; basal abdominal
ne, Bylo) ea eel ath Red pn EATS RD ey AL i Lispoides aequalis (Stein).
— Orbital hairs not descending below base of antenn@...................c::ceeeeeee oi
Basal abdominal sternite with some setulose hairs; fourth wingvein usually
slightly curved forward at apex...........0.....0000006 Eulimnophora Malloch.
se Ueree Pe CURICICMLEMNTCAL SEGLITITE [VALE .c.0- foc. icc atc ccsoeccd-caeans ons coeeh va v-raghbesdecsee- oneeososbe 4,
Eyes of male separated by much less than distance across posterior ocelli;
sternopleurals 1:1; anterior acrostichals in two series; hind tibia with
one anterodorsal and one anteroventra! bristle.......... torreye Johannsen.
March, 1921
Nw
Mo
=
62
or
=I
CO
c&
10.
i:
12,
13.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
|
Eyes of male separated by as great a distance as width across posterior
ocelli; characters not in all respects as abOVE.........ic...c:::cccseceeeeanteesesuens 5.
DUAL CS citdija ss ial. su ekeal joao ae ah ere ea A TE a. UO Rr neste Stas, Pe 6.
tae. 5... Luvscubgheennl ebaheye Spain fete Sept ae MAME oe 'rosichacacstlateacee pant ae aan 11,
Calyptre dark brown; eyes separated by one-third of the head-width;
frons velvety black; hind femur with bristles on entire length of postero-
ventral gurfaces cp we dcited Rol ARE meme Tibco velutina Malloch.
Calyptre whitish or yellowish; species not as EBave i in other respects....... rf:
Small species, not over 4 mm. in length, densely white pruinescent; pre-
sutural acrostichals strong, two-rowed; females of known species
without paired spots on abdomen, and the genitalia with two or four
short: thorns ‘at apematis 225.54. jus eh ee ed. «. - ead eee Bi.
Larger species, over 5 mm. in length, brownish gray pruinescent; presutural
acrostichals in at least three series; females without thorns on
genitalia... ... DELCO AS OMICRY (REA TT Zs PEMMIME Say or VB) rT Vi Mad ENOL es Gm 9.
Fourth abdominal tergite distinctly longer than third; cheek but little
higher than width of parafacial at base of antenna; abdomen silvery,
third tergite without paired spots........:.......:4.008:. argentiventris Malloch.
Fourth abdominal tergite not longer than third; cheek twice as high as
width of parafacial at base of antenna; abdomen whitish gray, not
silvery, third tergite with a pair of small spots......brevicornis Malloch.
Hind femora with long bristles on antero- and posteroventral surfaces,
those on the latter finer than on the former, and not extending to
BIBS: cocks Macias sales aud 1 outa tates nares emer nove-angle Malloch.
Hind femora with at most very short bristles on posteroventral surface,
those on anteroventral long and strong, but confined to apical half....10.
Hind femur with a number of short, erect bristles on median portion of
posteroventral surface; eyes separated by less than width across
posterior ocelli; each orbit as wide as interfrontalia....gibsont Malloch.
Hind femur without median posteroventral bristles; eyes separated by
width across posterior ocelli; each orbit about half as wide as
meericontalias (2... to iusdie gaged ey pee er oe eae monticola Malloch.
Lower calyptra hardly protruding beyond upper; costal setule longer than
@iameter vol icostal wen 68 oe cehe ak 2 he ice ee eee obsoleta Malloch.
Lower calyptra projecting much beyond upper; costal setule not as long
as ‘diameterof costal Wein a enuci.cah ones ee ne ee 12.
Small species, not over 4 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with grayish
white pruinescence, without dorsal spots; genitalia of female with
some. strong apicdlithorns 6 2s ee Gente ren brevicornis Malloch.
Larger species, averaging over 5 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with
brownish pruinescence, the former vittate, the latter with paired
aipalepots..cg203, ke Seem a ee anes) nse ae nobilis Stein.
Presutural acrostichals consisting of two very closely placed, rather irregular
series of short setulae; abdomen with a linear dorsocentral black vitta
and black paired dorsal spots; basal segment of hind tarsus a little
less than half as long as hind tibia; basal separation of antennz
liean:,.. teeth Aare th Veta ee treet RA Li attra ea ites, tetracheta Malloch,
Presutural acrostichals consisting of four or more series of fine hairs;
~
14.
Le.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 63
abdomen with paired dorsal spots which are sometimes fused or
without distinct spots, and never with a dorsocentral vitta................ 14.
Calyptre exceptionally small, the lower one not twice as large as the upper;
abdomen with the dorsal spots so greatly enlarged as to cover the
entire dorsum except the extreme posterior margin of each tergite;
costal hairs setulose, very distinctly longer than diameter of costal
vein; vibrissal angle not noticeably produced beyond line of base of
Saihi sayy onc UAE Ge Mee ee SMS Bons corr Ee obsoleta Malloch.
Calyptre large, the lower one twice as large as the upper; abdomen with
distinct paired dorsal spots; costal setulae minute; if the abdomen is
indistinctly spotted the vibrissal angle is produced much beyond a
teeegertical line drawm-from base of antennae.) ..1)...2.00A we a 15.
Vibrissal angle but little produced, almost in vertical line with base of
RELTMAE MAIL AS As TRIVIA oie PM aur. 0h Ls Lense “aur pbcke NDS iy ten hn dd Re a TR CER DIR ERA 2 16.
Vibrissal angle very conspicuously produced beyond vertical line from
iressenciay ath CMTS 25.014 29.04 208 ea eee 054 a cn ct Re een Lis
Small species, not 4 mm. in length; abdomen unspotted. the entire bedy
with whitish pruinescence; genitalia with 4 short
PRmeria Bh is. 1352.1 CO ee See, tnd aa brevicornis Malloch.
Larger species at least 5 mm. in length; abdomen with large black paired
spots, the entire — with brownish pruinescence.............. nobilis Stein.
Hind femur with 4 or 5 moderately stout, long bristles on apical two-fifths
of anteroventral surface; last section of fourth vein three times as
long as preceding section; veins 2 and 4 up to outer cross-vein and both
cross-veins tinged with brown along their courses.......... pearyi Malloch.
Hind femur with long, hair-like bristles from base to apex on antero-
ventral surface; last section of fourth vein less than twice as long as
preceding section; veins not tinged with brown...........0.........6::ee 18.
Large species, at least 6 mm. in length; female orbits with rather dense
bristly hairs laterad of the bristles; the hairs almost as long as the
bristles; wings of male rather pointed at apices.......... angulata Malloch.
Smaller species, not over 4.75 mm. in length; female with short sparse
hairs laterad of the bristles on orbits; wings of male rounded at
oN Gi 6 cL Rae pee be ee ad NEES eae OREN ORS. (ar ¥ CNEL Aiea Te bat Fe) extensa Malloch.
Calyptre dark brown; wings distinctly infuscated; eyes of male separated
by much less than width across posterior ocelli................. anthrax Bigot.
Calyptre whitish; halteres yellow; wings usually clear...................0.:0005- 20.
Eyes separated by almost one-third of the head-width; hind femur without
posteroventral bristles; the paired dorsal abdominal spots with a
connecting brown patch between them.......................005: carolt Malloch.
Eyes separated by much less than one-third of the head-width; abdominal
CIES VARS 1G gsi 1) age: 0 0) ee ee ei Ba es 28 | OR Ree eo 1.
Hind tibia with one or more setule at or near middle on posterodorsal
0 SSeS ey 22 ae ORES O0 OA IODA DCSE ber BO, OE Ae 2 22.
Hind tibia without setule on posterodorsal surface. eit Pe eae
Tibiz pale, reddish; wings clear, veins pale; Bbipneh:s narrow, faylinducal
the dorsal spots of moderate size, widely separated; fore tibia with a
mechan posterior bristle ..!: 2)... 2k ia en. -......suspecta Malloch.
64
25.
26.
27.
bw
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Tibie black; wings usually infuscated, more distinctly so basally, veins
black; abdomen ovate except in alticola, the dorsal spots large, separ-
ated by a linear space; fore tibia without a median posterior bristle
EXGeDt In aHCOla., aAsrr8 Se isc kV RE ES. 0) gaa AR Rt 23.
Eyes separated by more than twice the width across posterior ocelli; hind
femur with long bristly hairs on basal half of posteroventral surface....24.
Eyes separated by less than twice the width across posterior ocelli........ 25.
Fifth abdominal sternite with a chitinous protuberance near apex on each
side of posterior excavation; mid femur without strong bristles at
base ion posteroventral surface..........0:0.enie es. acuticornis Malloch.
Fifth abdominal sternite without such protuberance; mid femur with
strong bristles on basal half of posteroventral
Sunfares essen Dt RAG a surda Zetterstedt?.
Abdomen cylindrical, slightly tapered apically; hind femur with long
bristly hairs on basal half of posteroventral surface; eyes separated by
more than width across posterior ocelli....................006. alticola Malloch.
Abdomen ovate; hind femur without long bristly hairs on posteroventral
surface; eyes separated by less than width across posterior ocelli......26.
Fifth abdominal sternite with sparse setulose hairs laterad and distad of
base of posterior excision; abdominal dorsal spots separated by a
hiniear Space s/fy55 Rees Wee Sees magnipunctata Malloch.
Fifth abdominal sternite with very dense short setule laterad and distad
of base of posterior excavation; the dorsal abdominal spots on third
and fourth tergites rather widely separated, much more so than those
OMWSECOr ds, i adh. TRS AUR i a ED. - MO one a ocae
Thorax when viewed from behind with the anterior half of disc brownish
black, the posterior half densely gray pruinescent; abdominal dorsal
spots narrow, elongate, sometimes linear; mid tibia without an antero-
dorsal bristle; hind femur unarmed on posteroventral
MEL AGe 2 eee UE ected ea Rae HO, ee hee Saeed clivicola Malloch.
Thorax deep black when viewed from behind, only the posterior margin
grayish pruinescent; abdominal dorsal spots large and broad; mid
tibia with one or more anterodorsal bristles; hind femur with some
short, stout bristles on median third of posteroventral
Sumlace we eT NACA LE ee eR eo eee gibsont Malloch |
Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy.
KEY TO SPECIES.
Fifth abdominal sternite in male much longer than fourth; male hind
femur incrassated at base and apeX..............:::00:c0 incrassata Malloch.
Fifth abdominal sternite in male not longer than fourth; femora normal..2.
Eyes of male narrowly separated, the frons not wider than third antennal
segment; first posterior cell of wing much narrowed
2) 0 C1 | Bie ee ea Rene In are ebeer tro 0 SCS pe ET a narona Walker.
Eyes of male separated by more than width of third antennal segment;
first posterior cell of wing almost imperceptibly narrowed apically....3.
Female with an anterodorsal bristle on mid tibia........ groenlandica Malloch.
Female without an anterodorsal bristle on mid tibia................ discreta Stein.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 65
FURTHER NOTES ON EVENING FLOWERS, PANURGINE AND
HALICTINE BEES.
BY ©. A. STEVENS,
Agricultural College, N. D.
The present paper is supplementary to two previously published on these
forms (Can. Ent. 51:205-210, Ent. News 31:35-44). Through the kind co-
operation of my friend Dr. J. F. Brenckle I was able to make a fourth visit to
the sand hills near Sheldon, North Dakota, and succeeded in obtaining the
females of Hesperapis carinata and Perdita tridentata.*
Notes on nesting of Agapostemon splendens were also secured and these with
data on the other species and of Augochlora in North Dakota are presented. I
am inclined to regard these two groups as subgenera of Halictus as has been
done by Ducke and Viereck.
No further data of interest on other panurgine bees in North Dakota has
been obtained, but the absence of Greeleyella at Rugby might be noted. It was
looked for there on June 30th to July 4th, but is doubtless an austral species
which does not extend quite that far (see Am. Journ. Bot. 7:231—242 for notes
on distribution of plants in the state).
Hesperapis carinata Stevens.
1919. Hesperapis carinata Stevens, Can. Ent. 51:209, male.
Female.—Length about 12 mm. Very similar to male but stouter, hair
bands of abdomen prominent and cream coloured. Face sub-quadrate, sparsely
hairy on occiput, sides, around antenne bases, sides and anterior edge of clypeus;
clypeus bare or nearly so on median part, shining, rather finely but not very
closely punctured; vertex smooth and shining, antenne reddish beneath, browner
above, mandibles toothed.
‘Mesoscutum inclined to be bare medially with a few, short, dark hairs. A
well developed scopa of rather stiff, short-branched hairs on posterior tibia and
basitarsus (femur and trochanter with only a few short hairs) that of the basi-
tarsus distinctly parted on posterior edge (Fig. 1-b). . Sixth dorsal segment
narrowed, truncate, somewhat concave with a low raised triangle on basal
middle (Fig. 1-c); laterally this segment is pubescent as in the male, the dorsal
concave surface slightly striate. Wing nervures a variable pale brown, darker
than in the male.
Nine specimens at flowers of Helianthus petiolaris in the sand hills near
Sheldon, North Dakota, Aug. 21, 1920. Allotype No. 12688. When first
attempting in 1916 to determine this bee, I was much puzzled as to its generic
position, unless it belonged in Hesperapis of which I had neither descriptions
nor specimens. Prof. Cockerell reported it as a new species of Halictoides.
Mr. J. C. Crawford, however, when specimens were sent to the U.S. National
Museum, wrote that it was a Hesperapis and called attention to the Y-shaped
carina as distinctive. The general appearance of both sexes is much that of a
Colletes. The stigma is poorly developed and is pale medially. The scopa is
not similar to our other panurgines and the cleft in that of the basitarsus is
unique as far as I know.
*Types and allotypes of these are in U. S, Nat. Mus.; a paratype and metatype of Hes-
perapis, metatypes of Hesperapis, Perdita and Halictus oenothere in Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila.
March, 1921
66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
The type of Hesperapis (H. larre Ckll.) was described as parasitic, but
Prof. Cockerell writes that such idea was erroneous. None of the carinata
females were carrying a full load of pollen, although two seem to have a small
amount which had been moistened. I believe it is a regular Helianthus bee
and that it was yet early for them to be collecting. The day was not very
favorable although some species of Perdita and Andrena were busily collecting
on the sunflowers. None of the females had been found on a warm, windy
afternoon two days before (two males on each day). This, the fourth visit to
the place, was made later this year, bearing in mind the general rule of protandry
and the extreme case of the closely related Rhophites as cited by Friese (Zool.
Jahr., 1890). Several males were taken Aug. 10, 1919, inactive on the sun-
flowers’ heads all day.
Fig. 1. Hesperapis carinata, female; a, forewing; b, hind basitarsus in cross-section; c,
sixth dorsal segment of abdomen.
Perdita tridentata Stevens.
1919. Perdita tridentata Stevens, Can. Ent. 51:206, male.
Female.—Length about 6 mm. Similar to the male; head and thorax
bronzed greenish blue, clypeus, legs and abdomen dark brown. Face without
yellow markings, mandibles reddish, antennae yellowish beneath, brownish
above; abdomen with transverse yellow spots on second and third segments,
the first usually with smaller ones; fore tibiz with a yellow stripe.
Sixteen specimens at Helianthus petiolaris in the sand hills near Sheldon,
N. D., Aug. 28, 1920. Allotype No. 12662. The spots on first segment are
sometimes absent or nearly so, sometimes proportionately as large as the others,
which are separated by a space about equal to their length. The females were
collecting pollen. It took also 5 males, and on Aug. 10, 1919, at same place on
the same flowers, 2 males.
This seems to be close to sexmaculata Ckll. (1895) and its var. punctata
Ckll. (1896), but I judge probably distinct. It has no spots on segment 4,
mandibles not yellow, stigma hyaline medially, cubital and discoidal nervures
not especially produced, tarsi all dark. Mr. E. T. Cresson Jr., has compared
specimens with the type of sexmaculata and reports: ‘‘tridentata has more
granulose bronze vestiture; the other being polished with scarcely any bronze.
Sexmaculata abdominal spots are round or slightly transverse, and are also
present on segs. 4-5. Its fore tibia are yellow in front and black behind.”’
Agapostemon viridulus (Fab.)
Fargo, Nicholson, Monango, Glen Ullin, Mott, Marmarth, Dickinson
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 67
and Minot; 26 females, June 25, July 1, 3, 4, 7, 14, 16, 18, 25 and 27 at flowers
of Brauneria pallida, Carduus undulatus, Lactuca pulchella, Onagra strigosa,
Opuntia humifusa, Petalostemon purpurea, Rosa, Sisymbrium altissimum and
Taraxacum taraxacum; 5 males, Sept. 15, 20, and 25 at flowers of Aster chinensis,
A. paniculatus and Helianthus maximiliant.
Agapostemon radiatus (Say).
Fargo and Mandan; 14 females, May 14, 26, June 17, 26, Aug. 7, Sept. 8
at flowers of Dracocephalum parviflorum, Erigeron philadelphicus, Oxalis stricta,
Physalis ixiocarpa, Ribes missouriensis, Rosa, Salix, Symphoricarpos occi-
dentalis and Taraxacum taraxacum; 21 males, Aug. 7, 11, 13, 25, Sept. 6, 8, 11,
15, 18, 27 and Oct. 15, at flowers of Aster paniculatus, A. sagittifolius, Bidens
frondosa, B. vulgata, Grindelia squarrosa, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Physalis
ixtocarpa and Physostegia parviflora.
Also females from Minneapolis, Minnesota, at Aquilegia (Nevada S. Evans),
Webster City, Iowa, on Syringa vulgaris (J. R. Campbell), and Blue Rapids,
Kansas, Oxalis stricta (Edna M. Stevens); a male from Blue Rapids at Helianthus
tuberosus.
Agapostemon texanus (Cress.).
Fargo, Venlo, Lisbon, Nicholson, Monango, Oakes, Kulm, Gascoyne,
Bowman, Valley City, Jamestown, Mandan, Glen Ullin, Mott, Dickinson,
Washburn, Pleasant Lake, Minot, Williston, and Schafer; 92 females, Apr. 29
Mayioell 13; 17, June 24,5, 14, 16,26, 28, July 1,3, 4; 7; 10, 11, 18; 21.25,
Gos, Aue.:9, 12: 43. 17, Sept. 5,, 10; 17, Oct.’ 22 and -31- at flowers of Aster
‘chinensis, Brassica arvensis, Brauneria pallida, Cactus viviparus, Carduus undu-
latus, Centaurea jacea, Cerastium arvense, Chrysopsis villosa, Dracocephalum
parviflorum, Erysimum asperum, Gaillardia aristata, Gaura coccinea, Grindelia
squarrosa, Helianthus annuus (cult.), H. petiolaris, Homalobus tenellus, Lactuca
pulchella, Malvastrum coccineum, Medicago falcata, M. sativa, Onagra strigosa,
Opuntia humifusa, Pentstemon albidus, P. gracilis, Prunus americana, Ratibida
columnaris, Ribes setosum, Rosa, Rudbeckia laciniata, Senecio perplexus, Spirea
salicifolia, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Taraxacum taraxacum, and Trifolium
repens; 3/ males Aug. 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 24; 25, 30, 31, Sept. 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15,
17, 19, 20, 21, 27, Oct. 1, 14, 22, 27 at flowers of Allionia hirsuta, Aster chinensis,
A. laevis, A. multiflorus, A. paniculatus, Boltonia asterioides, Centaurea jacea,
Erucastrum pollichi, Grindelia squarrosa, Gutierrezia sarothre, Helianthus
maximiliant, Physalis ixiocarpa, Physostegia parviflora and Sideranthus spinulosus.
This is by far the most common species of the group in North Dakota and
one of the most common bees. The earliest Fargo record which I have is Apr.
29, 1913, (C. H. Waldron). The October records are all in 1915, but the past
year a male was seen Oct. 20, and both sexes quite abundant in the early part
of the month, the fall having been mild except for one heavy frost on Sept. 29.
A single female from: Ft. Douglas, Utah, (J. F. Brenckle, May 5, 1918, at
Balsamorrhiza sagittata) differs somewhat in the sculpture of the propodeum.
It has a fairly distinct enclosure, from which run laterally about a dozen promi-
nent ridges, converging slightly on the angle.
I have also 6 females from Denver, Colo., 3 at Cleome serrulata and 1 at
Sisymbrium altissimum (Edna M. Stevens, July 5, 1915). Two of these and
68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
one or two of the North Dakota specimens show rather straight, coarse ridges
on the propodeum, on the rest it is more reticulate with fine ridges, an enclosure
often suggested but not well developed.
Agapostemon splendens (Lep.).
Fargo, 3 females Oct. 15, 21 and 27, 1915, at Grindelia squarrosa and Tara-
xacum taraxacum,; Sheldon, Aug. 28 and 30, 1920; 5 females; 5 males at Sheldon,
Aug. 10, 1918, and one at Sentinel Butte Aug. 30, 1914. The male from Sentinel
Butte and one of those from Sheldon have the first abdominal segment entirely
black at base instead of yellowish medially.
In the sand hills near Sheldon this bee was found nesting on the sides of a
“blow out’’ where the sand was fairly stable and sparsely covered with grass
tufts. A female was seen at a hole so I decided to attempt an excavation of a
similar opening. The one selected showed particles of pollen near the opening.
The shaft proved to be about 8 mm. in diameter and vertical for about 1 m.
Here it was lost but a lateral was found which extended irregularly somewhat
backward and downward for about 3 dm. Two other similar branches, sup-
posedly of the same shaft were found, the second about 6 cm. below the first.
An enlargement of the end of the branch formed the single cell which was smooth
within but fell to pieces at a touch. A ball of pollen found in No. 2 was nearly
spherical, 8 mm. in diameter. The first contained pollen but was disturbed in
digging, the second apparently spoiled pollen.
Three other nests were opened and in each the female was found working
on the vertical shaft, two at a depth of 1 m., and one at 1.5 m. Many other
similar openings were seen, perhaps one or two per meter in suitable parts of
the bank. Some were open, some closed, usually surrounded by a very small
handful of sand.
Augochlora confusa (Rob.).
This is not at all common. I took at Fargo a female at Hydrophyllum,
virgintcum, another at Zizia aurea on June 14, 1913; one at Grindelia squarrosa,
Aug. 17, 1911. On June 23, 1917, I found them quite abundant, collecting
pollen of Erigeron philadelphicus; on Aug. 25, and Sept. 11 of same year com-
mon at Aster paniculatus, also A. laevis, Solidago canadensis, and Vernonia
jasciculata; males at Helianthus maximiliani, H. tuberosus, and Solidago cana-
rensis.
Halictus texanus (Cress.).
My sister, Edna M. Stevens, sent me females taken at Blue Rapids, Kans.,
May 30, 1920, the same place that I found them the year before (Ent. News
31:36). She found them abundant at the Megapterium flowers about 7.30 p.m.,
but saw only one at 8.30. On June 10, at another place about two miles
distant she found them at 8.30, a single one at Achillea millefolium.
Halictus oenotherz (Stevens).
Three females, May 30, 1920 (with the fexanus), one bearing a full load of
pollen as I have described for fexanus.
Halictus aberrans (Crawford).
A small amount of data relative to time of flight (females only) and opening
of Gaura coccinea flowers was obtained the past season at Rugby, N. D.
. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 69
June 29,6 p.m.—flowers opening, bees active.
ae. 6 ‘‘ —hbees less active; sunset at 8.40.
30, 7-8 a.m.—a few bees.
‘30,5 p.m.—no flowers open, several bees at old ones; old flowers
removed from three plants.
‘30,6 ‘ —85, 5, and 6 flowers open on the 3 plants; bees active.
a er ‘“ —9, 18, and 13 flowers open on the 3 plants.
~*~ See ‘* —2, 6 and 2 flowers open on the 3 plants.
Sioa) Pe ‘‘ —(0, 0 and 0 flowers open on the 3 plants; no bees.
This shows clearly that the main period is from one to two hours before
sunset. Some plants of Anogra pallida were watched at same time. Three
flowers opened at 9 p.m., but no visitors were seen in the next half hour. One
specimen of Autographa falcifera Kby., apparently the moth referred to (Ent.
News 31:43), was taken at Gaura in the evening, two of Rhodophora florida Gn.
at Anogra in the morning (det. by Henry Skinner and deposited in the Acad.
Nat. Sci. collection).
A NEW GENUS AND A NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS IN THE GROUP
PHRUROLITHE.
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN,
Cambridge, Mass.
Phruronellus, gen. nov.
Proposed for a group of species heretofore included in Phrurolithus. The
males are characterized by having near the proximal end of the femur, or some-
times at the middle, beneath, a conspicuous but short apophysis which is usually
bent at the end, in place of the simple swelling at the distal end of femur present
in species of Phrurolithus sens. str. Also by having the tibial apophysis with
two distinct prongs united at base. The cephalothorax is more nearly circular
in outline, the head region less narrowed, and differing in being uniformly dark
fone
Fig. 1. Phrurolithus parallelus, sp. nov. (1) dorsal view, (2) sublateral view of male
palpus.
shiny chestnut or blackish, without any definite markings such as are present in
Phrurolithus. First legs without the tibia conspicuously black, as in the latter
March, 1921
70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
genus. Femora usually darker than distal joints, especially on first two pairs
of legs. Abdomen also dark above with markings obscure or absent. |
Genotype.—Phrurolithus formica Banks.
Other known species in this genus are pugnatus (Emerton) and_ similis
(Banks), the Phrurolithus affinis of Banks being the same species as the pugnatus
of Emerton. The North American species remaining in Phrurolithus sens. str.
are alarius (Hentz), borealis Emerton, minutus Banks, parcus (Hentz), probably
britcheri Petrunkevitch, which species is unknown to me, and the new species
described below.
Phrurolithus parallelus, sp. nov.
Male.—Carapace yellow, lateral margins black, sides a little dusky, with
deeper branched lines as in borealis. Legs yellow excepting the first pair which
have the femur, patella and tibia, excepting the light distal end of latter, dark-
ened, the tibia darkest. Sternum yellow. Abdomen above dark, almost black,
without markings, pale beneath with two darker lines united in front of spinnerets
and extending forward to middle. Abdomen narrow with anterior corners
angular and the margin between them but little convex, the sides subparallel.
Femur of male palpus with a rounded swelling beneath at distal end covered
with stiff hairs, this not limited on ectal side by a non-pilose, keel-like elevation
such as is present in alarius. Tibial apophysis geniculate at base as usual,
rather short, of gradually decreasing width to acute apical part, the latter not
bent or twisted. (See Fig. 1.)
Length, 2.3 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 1 mm.; width .86 mm. Length
of tib. +pat. IV, 1.4 mm.; of tib. + pat. I, 1.23 mm.
Locality.—Washington, Wawawai. One male.
NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA OF THE SUBFAMILY
ANTEONINA (DRYINIDA®).
BY F. A. FENTON,
Ames, Iowa.
The Anteonine! comprises a small but well-differentiated group of hymen-
opterous insects parasitic on leaf and treehoppers (Homoptera). One of the
striking characteristics of these insects is the fact that with the exception of one
tribe, all the females have the anterior tarsal joints modified to form a chela or
grasping organ. In the more specialized genera there is a marked sexual di-
morphism, the females being wingless and ant-like.
During the summer of 1919 the following species were collected or reared
from leafhoppers and have been carefully compared with related species and
are considered new.
Epigonatopus americanus, pn. sp.
Female.—This species differs greatly in colour from solitarius Perkins
and in body sculpture from fallax Perkins. Length 2.5-2.75 mm. Black
except tips of cox, trochanters, generally tibia and tarsi, basal three to four
antennal joints, and face below base of antenna, which are testaceous. An-
tenne twice length of head. Vertex of head flat; surface of head and prothorax
1. This group has been variously given the rank of family (Dryinide) and subfamily
(Anteonine) by different writers. It is also included by some in the superfamily Proctotrupoidea
and by cthers in the Vespoidea.
March, 1921
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 71,
polished and with minute punctures, thoracic constriction minutely tuberculate,
anterior half of propodeum smooth and polished dorsally, posterior half densely
and minutely punctate. Abdomen smooth and polished. Thorax with few
scattered hairs, these more numerous ventrally.
Described from five specimens collected by E. D. Ball, Ames, Iowa, July
25, 1919. This species was found associated with Balclutha impicta Van Duzee
nymphs and was probably parasitic on this insect since this was by far the most
abundant species of leafhopper on an annual species of Panicum. Owing to
the large series of specimens the writer was able to dissect for the character of
the mouth parts and the maxillary palp was found to be very short and two-
jointed. This fact places this species in the genus Epigonatopus Perkins in
which there are but two species described, solitarius and fallax from Australia.
Gonatopus agropyrus, n. sp.
Female.—Comes nearest to bicolor Ashm. but differs especially in colour
ofabdomen. Length 2mm. Testaceous, except basal three joints of antenne
and abdominal petiole which are fuscous. Abdomen varies from partly to
entirely fuscous. Antenne short, slightly longer than head. Head and pro-
thorax smooth and polished, thoracic constriction and central elevated part of
propodeum minutely punctate, anterior part of propodeum rugose, posterior
part distinctly transversely aciculated. Abdomen smooth and polished.
Male.—Length 2.3 mm. Black, body covered with fine scattered hairs;
antenne as long as head and thorax together, pubescent. Maxillary palpi
extending almost to posterior margin of head, with three joints visible; mandibles
fuscous. Antennal joints 1 and 2 subequal, together being slightly shorter
than 3; 3, 4, 5 and 6, subequal, each succeeding joint slightly shorter than
preceding; 7-10 shorter, subequal. Ocelli all visible from above. Prothorax
not visible from above; eyes pubescent; mesothorax shining and very finely
reticulate. Parapsidal furrows distinct, converging and meeting at posterior
margin of mesothorax; scutellum much shorter than mesonotum, smooth and
polished; propodeum distinctly rugose. Wings hyaline, and clothed with fine
hairs. Venation pale, radius curved, extending almost to margin of wing.
Described from one male and two females reared from Deltocephalus affinis
nymphs collected by the writer at Ames, Iowa, July 19 and September 25, 1919.
A female reared from Deltocephalus affinis adult collected by the writer at
Ames, Iowa, September 24, 1919, is apparently the same species. In coloration
and body sculpture it is practically identical but it is somewhat larger, measuring
3 mm. in length.
Gonatopus similis, n. sp.
Female.—Resembles mimoides Perkins but differs in character of thoracic
and propodeal sculpturing. Length 3 mm. Testaceous, except basal two
joints of antennz, vertex around ccelli, petiole, and posterior half of abdomen
which are fuscous to black. Antenne long, two to three times length of head.
Head and prothorax smooth and polished. Thoracic constriction minutely
tuberculate, propodeum finely reticulately sculptured. Abdomen smooth and
polished. Thorax and abdomen with scattered hairs.
Described from a single specimen reared from Deltocephalus affinis nymph
collected July 24, 1919, at Ames, Iowa.
72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
ADDITIONS TO AGRILUS BIBLIOGRAPHY.
BY C. A. FROST AND H. B. WEISS,
s New Brunswick, N. J.
The following references were inadvertently omitted from the bibliography
published in this journal September and October, 1920.
A. subtropicus Schaeffer.
Schaeffer, Sci. Bul. Mus. Brook. Inst., vol. I, p. 131, 1905.
Collected on Momisia pallida (Schaeffer).
A. huachuce Schaeffer.
Schaeffer, Sci. Bul. Mus. Brook. Inst., vol. I, p. 150, 1905.
On oak (Schaeffer).
A. dolli Schaeffer.
Schaeffer, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. XII, p. 210.
Taken from branches of Acacia flexicaulis (Schaeffer).
A. quercus Schaeffer.
Schaeffer, Sci. Bul. Mus. Brook. Inst., vol. I, p. 150, 1905.
On oak (Schaeffer).
CORRECTION OF A STATEMENT CONCERNING THE TERMINAL
ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES OF MALE INSECTS.
BY G. C. CRAMPTON, PH. D.
Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.
The statement that the gonopods (outer claspers, representing modified
styli) of male insects probably represent the dorsal valvule of the ovipositor
of the female (Canadian Entomologist, LII, 1920, p. 180) is somewhat mis-
leading, and should be corrected. The gonopods of the male probably represent
the styli borne at the tips of the dorsal valvule of the ovipositor of the im-
mature females of certain roaches, phasmids, grylloblattids, etc., (or the adults
of certain sawflies, Odonata, etc.), rather than the dorsal valvule themselves,
and it is, therefore, more exact to state that the gonopods of the male correspond
to the valvular styles of the female insect. The dorsal valvule of the ovipositor
of the female insect are probably modified “‘coxites’’ (ovicoxites) corresponding
to the ‘‘coxites’’ of the gonopods (gonocoxites) of the male insect, and the
gonopods and styli doubtless represent exopodites, while the penis valves and
inner valvule of the ovipositor probably represent endopodites of a pair of
limbs whose basal segments are represented by the ovicoxites in the female
(dorsal valvule) or the gonocoxites in the male insect.
It is possible that the penis valves of male ephemerids, sawflies, etc., (i. e.,
the endopodites of a modified limb) do not strictly correspond to the phallic
lobes of male roaches, etc., since the latter may represent merely outgrowths
of the intersegmental membrane between the ninth and tenth sternal regions.
Furthermore, it is quite possible that the so-called surhami or hook-like processes
of the parapodial plates of certain roaches are merely modified processes of the
tenth tergite, which have become secondarily united with the parapodial plates.
This, and several other points of a similar nature, will be discussed more at
length in a later paper.
Mailed April 4th, 1921
Ghe Canadian Cutomelonist
Vou. LID. GUELPH,APRIL, 19210 ; No. 4
Owing to the high cozt of production, the Executive Council of the En-
tomological Society of Ontario has decided that author’s separates can no longer
be supplied free of charge, and, if desired, must be paid for at the current rates.
It will further be necessary to ask authors to bear the entire cost of re-
production of all illustrations used in their articles, this to include the cost of
coated paper inserts where such are required. |
It is realized that the above course is bound to work a certain amount of
hardship on authors and reduce materially the value of many articles. Since,
however, the only alternative—if the Canadian Entomologist is to continue as
a publication—would be a considerable increase in the subscription price or a
reduction in the size of the journal, it is felt that entomologists generally will
favor the above procedure.
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
THe ApplE Lear-CRUMPLER AS A PEstT OF COTONEASTER.
BY HARRY B. WEISS,
New Brunswick, N. J.
For the past several years this widely distributed species Mineola
indiginella Zell! which normally feeds on apple, quince, plum, cherry, peach
and pear and which is rarely troublesome in well-kept orchards, has been noted
as attacking various species of Cotoneaster, notably microphylla and horizontalis
in a nursery at Rutherford, N.J. The Cotoneasters are ornamental shrubs, many
of them having decorative fruits which remain usually through the entire winter.
Some are adapted for rockeries on account of their low spreading or prostrate
habit. They belong to the Roseaceae along with the apple, peach, etc.
The habits of the insect on Cotoneaster are practically identical with
those noted on apple. The partly grown reddish brown caterpillars hibernate
in a dark colored, elongate, crooked or twisted tube which is sometimes horn-
like or cornucopia shaped. ‘These tubes, which are about an inch in length, wide
at one end and tapering to a point, are fastened securely to a twig for their entire
lengths and are closed at both ends. Sometimes a tube will partly encircle a
twig. Many tubes will be found where the branches fork. Each is lined inside
with silk and covered outside with particles of leaves, etc.
In the spring the larve open the large ends of their cases and web up
the foliage somewhat in the vicinity of the cases, later feeding on the leaves,
flower buds, etc. Many of them feed on the green bark at the mouths of the
cases and sometimes girdle the twigs. This twig eating habit was noted for the
first time by Saunders? in connection with injury to fruit trees. As the larva grows
a Identified by Mr. Carl Heinrich.
7 A, ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
it enlarges its case by building additions to the wide end which is always open.
The larva becomes full grown about the first or second week of June, loosely
closes the opening of its tube with particles of leaves and silk and transforms to
a reddish-brown pupa, which stage lasts about two weeks after which the moth
appears. ‘There is only one brood annually and eggs deposited during July result
in overwintering larva. Most of the larval feeding appears to take place during
the night, the larvee remaining in their tubes during the daytime.
The adult was described by Zeller in 1848 under the name Myelois indigi-
nella, the habitat being given as North America. The first reference to it in
American literature appeared in 1851 in the Prairie Farmer. After this date
later notices appeared in the Prairie Farmer and other publications. In 1889
Forbes’ gave an account of the species and a good review of the literature up
to that time. Stedman’ and Slingerland and Crosby’ state that in the spring, the
larve cut the fastenings of their winter cases and travel with the cases to the
opening buds on which they feed. Saunders’ states that when the caterpillars
become active in the spring they leave the cases and draw the opening leaves. near
so that their meals can be enjoyed in safety. He mentions nothing about the
case being carried about. On Cotoneaster the overwintering cases or tubes are
securely fastened to the twigs for their entire lengths and in the/ spring the larva
feeds on the foliage and twig bark in the immediate neighborhood of the case.
Many specimens were examined but not one was observed carrying its case
around. It was noted that larve which were removed from their cases and
placed on foliage away from their homes, constructed new cases in the course of
a day or so.
As only a brief description of the larva was given by Forbes’, the follow-
ing is included :—
Full grown larva. Length about 13 mm. Width about 2 mm. Brown
or greenish, subcylindrical, tapering slightly posteriorly. Head and cervical shield
dark reddish-brown. Head broad, almost as wide as thorax, strongly shagreened,
thoracic shield somewhat less so. Ocelli lateral, six in each group,
five arranged in a semicircle and one below close to the antenna. Antenna three
jointed, penultimate joint dark brown, ultimate joint minute. Thoracic shield
occupying the greater part of the dorsal surface of the prothorax and bisected by a
pale brown median line, at the end of the shield on each side is a dark brown,
irregular area separated from the shield by a light brown line and extending
almost the length of the shield; posterior to this area is a dark oval area enclosing
the spiracle. Dorsal surfaces of thoracic segments two and three transversely
wrinkled, the former bearing an irregular oval dark spot on either side of the
middle, each spot containing a small spot from which arises a long white hair.
Abdominal segments faintly transversely wrinkled. Dorsal plate of last segment
slightly darker than body. Legs and prolegs of moderate size, legs reddish brown,
sparsely hairy, hairs comparatively short and white. Head bearing several long,
=
Can. Ent. July, 1870, vol: II, pp. 126-128.
Fourth Rept. State Ent. Ill., pp. 65-74, 1889.
Mo. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 36, pp. 73-80, 1896.
Manual Fruit Insects, p. 68, 1914.
Insects Injurious to Fruits, pp. 93-95, 1904.
OC. eCit
UbBON
“SION
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 75
fine hairs, each body segment bears comparatively long, fine hairs arranged more
or less transversely, one row on each thoracic segment and two rows on each
‘abdominal segment. All hairs arising from dark tuberculate _ bases.
The younger larva are more uniformly dark reddish brown and the body
tapers more strongly from the second thoracic segment which gives the head and
first segment an unusually wide appearance. At Rutherford, N. J., the larva was
parasitized to some extent by Tachina phycitae Le Baron. Considerable damage
can be done to Cotoneaster by the apple leaf-crumpler, especially by reason of its
twig feeding habit. Where several are present on a twig, it is soon girdled.
Moreover the leaves are small and the branches soon stripped. Arsenicals applied
early in the season as in the case of infested apple trees should prove effective.
A NEW ANISOTA SPECIES FROM MANITOBA (LEPID.)
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D.*
Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
Anisota manitobensis sp. nov.
é .—Head, thorax, legs and abdomen a deep orange-brown; primaries
somewhat deeper in color than thorax, prominently suffused in basal and terminal
areas and at times along inner margin with purplish; the usual round, white
discocellular spot; an oblique smoky line from apex of wing to inner margin 2/3
from base; secondaries less triangular than in senatoria and much less produced
than in virginiensis, similar in color to primaries; terminal area suffused with
purplish and defined inwardly by an oblique, rather broad, smoky line. Beneath
much as above, rather bright in color. Expanse, 31-48 mm.
?.—Wings paler than in ¢ sex with less purplish suffusion and with
smoky subterminal lines broader, less sharply defined and shaded with purple.
Expanse, 55 mm.
Holotype—I1 8, Aweme, Man. (July 4th, N. Criddle) in Canadian Na-
tional Collection.
Allotype—1 2, Aweme, Man. (June 23rd, N. Criddle) in same Collection.
Paratypes—2 8’s, Aweme, Man. (June 29th, July 4th, N. Criddle) in
same Collection.
The species agrees with stigma Fabr. in the lack of any hyaline area on
the primaries of the male; it differs, however, from this species in the entire
lack of any brown sprinkling and the brighter coloration, approaching in this
respect nearer to the females of wvirginiensis Dru. The males before me vary
considerably in size. The species has also been captured, I believe, in the neigh-
borhood of Winnipeg.
A CORRECTION.
On page 69, line 2, read “8 p.m.” instead of “6 p.m.”
* Contribution from Entomological Branch, Department of Agr., Ottawa.
76
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
SYNOPSES OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN
ANTHOMYIINAE (DIPTERA).
BY J. R. MALLOCH,
Urbana
Herewith are presented synopses of genera of Anthomyiinae to faciliate
the identification of some of the species which I have recently described in this
subfamily.
Eremomyoides Malloch.
This genus 1s distinguished from its allies by having hairs on prosternum,
propleura in centre, pteropleura, and hypopleura.
ibe
Krys TO SPECIES.
MALES.
Eyes separated by more than twice the width across posterior ocelli; fore
tibia with 1 posterior bristle; costal setulae distinctly longer than dia-
meter of costal vein; hind tibia with one or two bristles on anterior
surface ; apex of second antennal segment on inner side transverse; fifth
sternite with a number of erect setulose hairs on apical half of -inner
margin ‘of ach process/the-basal*half bare: 71'S: ere. setosa Stein
Eyes separated by less than twice the width across posterior ocelli; fore tibia
Bormally with, two. posterior bristles... «...-,.+- =... /< eee at eae Z
~
Eyes separated by less than width across posterior ocelli; hind’ tibia reddish;
costal setulae weak ; second antennal segment almost transverse on inner
side at apex; fifth sternite with very short hairs on entire length of inner
SIGE OT PLOCESSESHS a Mere, wert iainjs Autres sores te nh tepenavens speyeh ee cylindrica Stein
Eyes separated by at least as great a distance as width across posterior ocelli;
find tabi alae coin at ate cus asnessedsse Sacked = aes Sete eee eae 3
Costal setulae weak, hardly distinguishable from the costal hairs; hind tibia
without an anterior bristle; thorax with three pairs of presutural
acrostichals; second antennal segment angulated at apex on inner
Side fais Guieeebhidigas)s Gt tae kanal bp ah S ca repantehate Bi de fuscipes Malloch
Costal setulae strong, outstanding; hind tibia with an anterior bristle; thorax
with two pairs of presutural acrostichals; second antennal segment
transverse at apex on inher sides... Gi. Beek ee similis Malloch
FEMALES.
Fourth abdominal tergite obtusely rounded apically, curved over apex of
abdomen and armed with long, dense bristles, appearing tufted
siete Sapa ib te facta le fo b= Ue, Wen ety Pca a ne geen) AURA nes eee eC ae parkeri Malloch
Fourth abdominal tergite normal, not curved over apex of abdomen nor tufted,
Withiwa’ few bristles “at. apes it aj sot seie slate arg wines: a ene ene tone 2
Costal setulae weak, but little stronger than the costal hairs, and not longer
than diameter of costal vein; mid tibia with an anteroventral and an
anterodorsal bristle; apex of second antennal segment angulate at
Centre ON INNET, SMBs &.. «..+.006 cea eey a ante meee ever fuscipes Malloch
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Fh
Costal setulae strong, longer than diameter of costal vein; mid tibia with
an anterior bristle in addition to the other two; second antennal segment
tials viewed aemape ss Ol: diner side. .. Yippmimne Se heigy e bs ts. OSE +
4. Hind tibia black; second segment of fore tarsus less than three times as long
as its width at apex, third and fourth segments very much widened
ee Co est chia cB e ok 5 os + 5 Ae eS 6 aoe similis Malloch
Hind tibia rufous; second segment of fore tarsus at least four times as
long as its width at apex, third and fourth segments but little widened
ets eee Mee tht ber elec eee ate eos Adin fe baled EO ees setosa Stein
Anthomyia Meigen.
Kry To SPECIES.
1. Deep black species, without conspicuous markings........ aestiva Meigen
Black species with dense pale gray pruinescence and deep black markings
One orax dnd “apdomichien: Joe aga. cone de shee. ...pluvialis Linné
Egle Robineau-Desvoidy
Only one species, mystacea Coquillett, lacks the distinctive bristle on tne
anteroventral surface of the mid tibia in the male. The bristle referred to is
found in both sexes. Meigen’s species, aestiva, does not belong to this genus
but to dnthomyia, the propleura being hairy. The species occurs in Newfound-
land and Labrador.
Kry To SPECIES.
1. Mid tibia without an anteroventral bristle; hind tibia with about 9 antero-
dorsal and 6 posterodorsal bristles, 3 of the latter short..............
Pe RIE Neh eat a ean Won Ba eM tat ass (Dv tie at ie, PR So ake a mystacea Coquillett
Mid tibia with an .anteroventral bristle near middle..................+.-- 2
2. Abdomen cylindrical, pale gray pruinescent, with a series of black dorso-
central spots; hind femur usually with 4 widely spaced anteroventral,
bristles on apical half; hind tibia with 1 anteroventral, 2 anterodorsal
and gz posterodorsal, bristles: si vais uid se yous dow Gales cinerella Fabricius
Abdomen depressed, black, slightly pruinescent on each side of median
line on dorsum so that when seen from behind each segment has a
black vitta which is connected with an anterior transverse band and
“shalby alsacwith:one\om posterior margin 2. Hin Facies os 2 SY. oid Seek few 3
3. Hind tibia with from 13 to 15 closely placed setulae on anterodorsal surface
«SE NG A 1 air ot Se, 2s 1 hirta Malloch
Hind tibia with from 5 to 8 bristles of irregular lengths on anterodorsa
Bemtgh eat EM AGL a sree ad AON. eh ER Gh dre eA at aie lad 3 radicum Linné
Of the four species here listed radicum and cinerella are of general dis-
tribution and common to Europe and North America... The other two occur
in the Western States at high altitudes and mystacea also in the extreme north-
west.
78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Hammomyia Rondani
Generic characters: Head more or less buccate, parafacial in profile
at least as wide as third antennal segment; distance between vibrissae not
greater than distance of either from nearest eye-margin; abdomen in both sexes
cylindrical or subcylindrical; female genitalia usually with two or more strong
curved apical spines; hind tibia with at least three antero-and posterodorsal
bristles; wing-veins 3 and 4 convergent apically; frons of female always less
than one-third of the head-width, with or without interfrontal bristles.
Key TO SPECIEs.
1. Legs entirely black, or only the knees reddish; arista with very short hairs,
the longest not¢as longjaswts basalidiameter: te. oh 2G. ails sre ew ce 2
Legs with at least the tibiae entirely or in large part reddish; arista with its
longest hairs longer than its basal diameter; prealar bristle absent... .3
2. Prealar bristle absent; mid tibia without a ventral bristle beyond middle;
abdomen with a series of dorsocentral brown spots and a brown spot
at’ ‘each anterior. angle off eae fengites.,.4<ewa. estn maculata Stein
Prealar bristle present; mid tibia in both sexes with one or two ventral
bristles beyond middle; abdomen with a dorsocentral black vitta
SA a ctw Sights oi Ca Rate eP OSI ole Cae ay ne eel ta Ret paludis Johannsen
3. Abdomen with a slightly interrupted central vitta and a large brown spot
on lateral margin of each tergite; cross-veins of wings slightly in-
fuscated, the outer one nearly vertical, its upper extremity very
noticeably further from wing margin than its lower; female with a
ventral baistleponsmid) fina skied. ds Bee aratts tetieue johnsoni Stein
Abdomen with a complete dorsocentral vitta and a poorly defined area on
anterior lateral angle of each tergite fuscous; cross-veins not infus-
cated, outer one oblique, its upper extremity not much further from
wing mangin: than: Hts. Lowel ie op. xndidareraete td «gees marylandica Malloch
Pogonomyza Schnabl and Dzeidzki.
The species of this genus have the legs entirely black; proboscis very
much thickened, as thick as or thicker than the fore femora; the hind tibia
with more than two posterodorsal and anterodorsal bristles, and in male with-
out a fringe of fine hairs and without a blunt posterior spine at apex of fore
tibia.
All the species are northern in their distribution. One species, flavipennis,
occurs commonly in Europe in the fall on flowers of knapweed, thistles, and rag-
weed, and is found in New England and eastern Canada. There are some
North American species still undescribed. The larval habits are unknown to me.
Kry TO SPECIES.
1. Hairs of arista very long, much longer than width of third antennal seg-
ment: prediageatistle very: short. ean sere flavipennis Fallen
Hairs of arista very short, not longer than its basal diameter............ 2
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 79
2 Mid femur with a number of strong bristles on apical half of anteroventral
surface and two very long strong ones on basal half of posteroventral,
the: temign wena, at)... . SERRE ous spinosissima Malloch
Mid femur without bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface, the
bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface very short; femora
NOficeeRMCKehCa. eee... . s ) SRe proboscidalis Malloch
NEW SPECIES AND LIFE HISTORIES IN PAPAIPEMA SM.
(LEPIDOPTERA) NOUAL
BY HENRY BIRD,
Ryser Nae.
Papaipema insulidens Bird. :
Although several occurrences of this species nave been chronicled since
its description in 1902, it remained for the fuller biological details to be detected
by Mr. F. M. Jones, of Wilmington, Del., whose western trip in 1918 produced
a number of interesting results. Mr. Jones’ familiarity with the larval pro-
cedure in this genus made his observations particularly valuable, but excepting
this one, he reported that no other symptom of Papaipema work came to his
notice. On August 12th, while at Sisson, California, not far from the base
of Mount Shasta, an unfamiliar plant attracted his attention, and an examin-
ation proved it to be bored by some larval form of this genus. Specimens of
the plant and its contained insect were forwarded to the writer, the plant
ultimately being determined by Dr. N. L. Britton, of New York, as Senecio
hydrophilus Nutt. Of the ecological situation involved, Mr. Jones writes:
“Larvae sent to you inhabited a tall, coarse herb, growing very locally, in an
open and wet locality—almost out of the water. The flowers were bright
yello.y and conspicuous, the stems hollow and rather tender. The larva enters
the stem and prepares an exit thinly ceiled by papery epidermis of the stem.
to, or below the ground surface, throws out little, or no frass, pupates low in
the stem and prepares an exit thinly ciled by papery epidermis of the stem.
At the date found, all but two had pupated (except those killed by parasites),
and one of these was about to do so.”
Of the twelve pupae forwarded, nine produced adults, with three falling
to the usual predatory forces that follow in the wake of Papaipema. This mor-
tality is of the average, after pupal change, and in a way, helps to strengthen
the assumption that these larvae were doubtless following their usual trend in
a preferred and primitive foodplant. Dr. Britton informs us that this section
of the large genus Senecio has a number of closely allied species, and there is a
possibility imsulidens may take up with others also. Originally described from
Vancouver Island, its range is thus extended considerably southward, and it
may be assumed to follow the main habitat of the Senecio species serving as
foodplant.
The larva seems typical of the generic series; head has the usual oblique
line at the ocelli which finds a continuation in a lateral border to the cephalic
80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
shield. The tubercles are not strongly defined, the anal plate of usual pro-
minence, brownish, not black. The alcoholic specimen received is discolored
from bacterial disease apparently, and details are indistinct. The pupa is nor-
mal, glossy and thin-shelled, so that the stigmata, though not brightly white,
may be seen before emergence. It is supported in the hollow stem on a cushion
of chewed fragments, at a varying distance below the exit orifice. Emergence
of adults, Aug. 26 to Sept. 2. Three moths of the series have the stigmata
suppressed, in the line of this frequent variation in the genus.
Papaipema nebris Gn.
The economic features connected with the introduction of the European
Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hub., have drawn much attention to the larval
habit of nebris when it occasionally damages corn; because of both species
being borers, the public frequently assumes to have met the former, whereas it
is generally the indigenous species which is concerned. While many of its con-
geners will, in the first stages, attack grasses, nebris seems to be the only one
that takes up with, and completes its transformations in corn. ‘These attacks
are simply invasions, since the females of the preceding year could not antici-
pate the following year’s location of corn, and it is noticeable also that it is
always the borders of plantings which show damage. The entry of the larva
is by descent into the head of the leaf whorl, and though the plant continues
to grow, the embryonic flower head is destroyed and no ears ever mature.
The Ambrosiaceae were presumably primitively preferred foodplants
with this species; some of these plants, particularly Ambrosia trifida, are apt
to occur as weeds at the borders of cultivation, and due to such occurrence, when
oviposition may have been numerous at such points, the unplaced larvae of the
following season have to shift to whatever may avail them. The point that we
wish to emphasize is that whereas nebris normally furnishes an astonishing
panorama of parasitism, when working in the preferred Ambrosiaceae, when
in corn our observations show an almost entire absence of parasitic attack.
The same holds with regard to its accidental presence in any cultivated plant
and indicates that it is much to the advantage of the species to make these
occasional detours. So keen are its enemies—Macicera senilis, Mg., and
Microplitis gortynae Riley, (det. A. B. Gahan), being of chief import in the
Fast—in ferreting out their host that at times total extinction in limited loca-
tions result. The parasitized larve offer, in the case of Microplitis particularly,
a fruitful field to a secondary following which is numerous in point of species,
and efficient in its aid to the central host. There is thus a swinging pendulum
of events, registering a rise as nebris gains an ascendency, which may be main-
tained for several years, then an abrupt fall when the primary foes have gained
their advantage. From this we may gather that, with the adaptability of nebris
to so many plants of cultivation, its adventitious establishment in suitable
foreign conditions would doubtless bring it into prominence as a first-class
pest.
An adult Papaipema, undertermined and so far unentountered as a larva,
has stood in our series for many years. It was a capture at light and seems
to represent an individuality that is not yet recorded. ‘The following name is
proposed for it:
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 81
Papaipema placida n. sp.
Head smooth on frons, antenna simple, ringed at base by white scales.
The thoracic vestiture is normal in tuftings and density, dull yellowish inter-
mixed with purple-brown; abdomen paler, lustrous luteous. Fore wing in
outline rather more falcate below apex than usual; basal area defined in the
dull yellow ground color, basal line double; median field evenly defined in
dull yellow except above median vein inward from reinform, where a powder-
ing of purple brown occurs; the orbicular and claviform show as three super-
imposed white spots, the middle one being a mere dot; the reniform is broken
into dots by the veins, clustered about the central lunulate line, and all pure
white except the middle outer one, which is yellow; the median shade line is
prominently marked in brown from reniform to inner margin; post-medial
line is double and bends outward with pronounced sweep past reniform; sub-
terminal area dull purplish; terminal space scarcely differentiated in paler shade ;
the usual apical dash is of the ground colour. Hind wing much paler, of a
luteous shade of the ground color of fore wing, with the veins, a discoidal
spot, a median line and a subterminal band marked in brown powderings.
On the under surface the wings are glistening luteous, a median line observ-
able and brown powderings which are deepest at the costal margins.
Expanse 31 mm.
The male genitalic structure is of the conventional pattern of the genus.
In minor degree, a narrowing of the valva immediately behind the costa is
noteworthy in being more pronounced than with any other species. The
usual curved, and sharp-pointed harpe has its outward edge finely toothed.
The unique male type is with the writer and was taken at New: Brighton, Pa.,
(F. A. Merrick), September 6, 1907. This single example is in good condition,
and unless a dwarf, indicates a small species of a coloration similar to duovata,
or to occasional specimens of harrisii. From the latter and from astuta, it differs
in the greater curve of the post-medial line.
|
NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF LABRADOR LEPIDOPTERA.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D.*
Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
Through the kindness of Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, a very inter-
esting lot of Labrador Lepidoptera, collected in the vicinity of Hopedale, and a
much smaller lot, taken at Nain, has passed through my hands for identification.
Due to the long series of several species I have been enabled to clear up some
doubtful points of synonymy and append herewith a list of the species collected
with notes on certain of them. Where no definite locality is mentioned it ts
understood that the species were captured at Hopedale.
PIERIDAE.
Pieris napi frigida Scud.
I have already on two occasions discussed the status of this race (B. &
Melby Conic, 111,58; bl Vi, figs: 1,.2;;1V;.63). Withsaylong series. of
* Contribution from Entomological Branch, Department of Agr., Ottawa.
R32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
both sexes before me, captured July 7-18, it is evident that Scudder’s diagnosis
was based entirely on specimens of the female sex, and rather worn specimens
at that. This accounts for his statement that the “secondaries of the male
frigida are shaped as in the @ of oleracea’ and that “the black scales above at
the base of both wings are more profuse and widely spread.” Borealis Grt.
based on é specimens will sink as a synonym.
The underside of secondaries varies in color from quite pale to strik-
ingly bright yellow (especially marked in ?’s) and in all cases the veins are very
heavily outlined in black. On the upper side the ¢’s are pure white with
the veins in the apical area marked with black; the 2’s have at times a marked
yellow tinge, are heavily sprinkled with smoky scales on primaries at base of
wing and along inner margin and in well marked specimens show traces of
the two subterminal spots; the veins are more suffused with black than in
the ¢ sex. Frigida Scud. will represent the race from Labrador, Newfound-
land and adjacent areas in Quebec with the partial summer generation acadica
Edw. in Southern Newfoundland. The figures given in the “Contributions”
(1. c. Pl. VII, figs. 1, 2) represent well-marked specimens of this race.
Eurymus pelidne labradorensis Scud.
The species was represented by a long series of rather indifferent
specimens. I have treated of it in “Contributions III, 67, Pl. VII, figs. 6-8.”
Greenland and Iceland specimens must be examined before it can be determined
whether the racial name is valid or should be sunk as a synonym.
Eurymus nastes Bdvy.
Two specimens, Nain.
NYMPHALIDAE.
Brenthis aphirape triclaris Hbn.
Brenthis chariclea boisduvali Dup.
Both the above well-known Labrador forms were represented by good
series.
Brenthis freija Thun.
A single worn specimen, taken July 26th.
Brenthis polaris Bdv.
One ¢ captured August 5th.
SATYRIDAE.
Oeneis jutta Hbn.
A worn ¢, captured on August 2nd at Hopedale; another ¢ from
Nain.
Oeneis taygete Hbn.
Several good specimens of both sexes captured between July 25th and
August 23rd.
Oeneis oeno Bdv.
A small series of both sexes was present.
My idea of this species was given in “Contributions IV, 68” and I still
adhere to this opinion. Besides the Labrador specimens several from the
north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence are before me, captured by C. H.
Young at Rocky Bay; these cannot be separated from the Labrador specimens
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 83
in maculation buz in the é genitalia show slight divergences and are the exact
counterpart of the figure of the genitalia of katahdin given in “Contributions
Pl. XXX, fig. 1.” Under these circumstances it would appear that katahdin
should be considered as a geographical race of oeno and not as a good species.
I give figures of the genitalia of the Labrador and Gulf Coast forms, the
main poin® of distinction is found in the width of the valves at their distal end.
Fig. 1. Male Genitalia of Oeneis oeno Bdv. trom Labrador:
Fig. 2. Male Genitalia of Oeneis oeno Bdv. from Rocky Bay.
LYCAENIDAE.
Plebeius scudderi Edw.
As far as I know this species has not been captured in Labrador since
it was recorded by Moeschler (1873, Stett. Ent. Zeitschr. 155). A small
series of both sexes, taken in August, was present and the specimens are quite
typical, the male showing scarcely any traces of the red submarginal lunules
on the underside of primaries; the @ is heavily shaded with blue on the upper
side without or with mere traces of orange lunules above the black submarginal
spots of secondaries.
Plebeius aquilo Bdv.
This well-known Arctic form was represented by a few worn specimens.
Heodes dorcas Kby.
A single 2, captured August 15th, very closely resembles Kirby’s figure
in the Fauna Boreali-Americana. I am not aware that the species has been
recorded from Labrador but the record is not surprising as the species is a
distinctly northern one.
Hesperia centaureae Ramb.
=
AGARISTIDAE.
Androloma mac-cullochi Kby.
Two specimens, taken July 14th and August 23rd.
NOCTUIDAE.
Epipsilia okakensis Pack.
Only a single pair of the species from Hopedale was present which is
rather surprising as/ it is one of the commonest species in the region; a small
series occurred in the lot from Nain.
Epipsilia quadrangula Zett.
A good series, illustrating the variability of the species in regard to
the depth of maculation and the intensity of the black areas around the reinform
and orbicular.
Sf. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Anomogyna sincera H. $.
A single specimen without date of capture. The species has been re-
corded from Labrador on the authority of Moeschler, but this is the first
authentic specimen which has passed through my hands. It agrees well with
the figure in Spuler, Schmett. Europas. Pl. XXXIII, fig. 1. ‘
Anarta richardsoni Curt.
One 2, captured July 18th, Hopedale; several specimens from Nain.
Polia pulverulenta Sm.
One ¢@, captured August 6th. The record is a new one although not
surprising as the type specimens were taken at Orono, Me., where so many
northern forms have been located. Figures of the species will be found in
the Barnes & McDunnough Contributions, Vol. IV, Pl. XVI, figs. 2, 3.
Sympistis melaleuca Thun.
A good series was present: there is considerable variation in the amount
of black suffusion on the primaries.
Trichoplexia exornata Moesch.
One ¢, captured August 5th.
Eremobia maillardi exulis Lef.
Two 6’s and one @2 of this variable species were included in the Hope-
dale lot; they all belong to the form without white streaks on the veins. One
specimen from Nain was also present.
Hyppa xylinoides Gn.
One ¢, taken July 18th, seems best referred to this species although the
color is rather darker and the white patch above the anal angle reduced to a
narrow line. More material will be necessary to determine whether we are
dealing with a racial form or not.
Autographa arctica Moesch.
Of late years a few stray specimens of this species have passed througn
my hands; the present collection contains a long series, however, which con-
clusively shows that arctica from Labrador and vaccinti Hy. Edw. from Mt.
Washington, N. H., are specifically identical. Both show the same finely waved
t.p. line and vary similarly in the amount of black suffusion on the central
portion of primaries.
Arctica was originally treated as a Labrador race of u-aureum Gn.,
described with type locality, Dalecarlia. Aurivillius, in his paper on the In-.
sects of Greenland (1890, Bihang K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. XV. Afd. IV, p. 16),
makes it a pure synonym of u-aureum along with groenlandica Staud. and figures
the species on Pl. 1, fig. 7. This figure corresponds remarkably closely to our
Labrador specimens. Hampson (1913, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. XIII, 424,
432) separates u-aureum Gn. and groenlandica Staud., making vaccinii Hy. Edw.
a synonym of the former and figuring the species (Pl. 236, fig. 16) from a
North American specimen. Under groenlandica he cites arctica Moesch. and
u-aureum Auriv. (nec Gn.). His figure of groenlandica (Pl. 236, fig. 23),
drawn from an Iceland specimen, certainly appears to represent a species dis-
tinct from his other figure but does not agree with Aurivillius’ figure above
mentioned either in the shape of the gamma-mark or the wavy nature of the
t.p. line. Further under u-aurewm he cites no European localities for the
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 85
species and is followed in this by Warren in Seitz, Macrolep. Palaearc. Noct.
who makes no mention of u-aureum as being Palaearctic. It would almost seem
as if European lepidopterists had agreed that the locality ‘Dalecarlia,’ given by
Guenée was erroneous and that the name w-auwreum was based on Greenland
or Iceland specimens; I have seen, however, no published notice to this effect.
Ottolengui (1917, Ent. News XXVIII, 29) treats of vaccinii and its
synonymy but makes no mention of arctica Moesch.
The identity of u-aurewm and groenlandica being in doubt I am obliged
to leave them out of consideration for the present; if Aurivillius be correct
Guenée’s name will take priority; in the meantime the species should be known
as arctica Moesch. with vaccinti Hy. Edw. as a subspecies of doubtful value from
New Hampshire and possibly adjacent mountain peaks.
Syngrapha diasema borea Auriv.
A single @ specimen corresponds excellently well with Aurivillius’ des-
cription and figure (op. cit. 17, Pl. 1, fig. 8); this race is said to differ from
the type form from Northern Europe in the distinctly yellow coloration of the
central area of secondaries with moderately broad smoky border. I have al-
ways been inclined to associate a form found in the Rocky Mountains of
Canada with borea; this same form has recently been treated as a new species
by Die Ottoleneni (1919, Jour N.Y. Bot. Sac. XXVIII, T2i,° PE XV, fie. 2)
under the name diversigna. With a Paratype and a series of five males from
Nordegg, Alberta, before me, I have made a careful comparison with the Labra-
dor specimen and fail to find any characters which would warrant specific
distinction ; the Alberta specimens are slightly smaller and the yellow of secone-
aries somewhat brighter and if desired the name diversigna Ottol. may be re-
tained to designate the Rocky Mountain race; for the Labrador and Arctic race
which is certainly easily separated from diasema by the color of the secondar-
ies Aurivillius’ term borea should be used and the synonymy would thus stand.
diasema Bdy. N. Europe.
(a) borea Auriv. Greenland, Labrador.
(b) diversigna Ottol. Canadian Rocky Mountains.
LYMANTRIIDAE.
Gynaephora rossi Curt. .
One pair of this well-known Arctic form.
GEOMETRIDAF.
Acidalia frigidaria Moesch.
A series of this well-known form captured July 12th-20th shows con-
siderable variation in the distinction of the transverse lines which at times
become almost lost in the general gray ground-color.
Carsia paludata labradoriata Moesch.
One specimen.
Dysstroma citrata Linn.
A couple of rather worn specimens taken 23rd August. These were of
the dull gray form with slight ruddy subterminal suffusion and with median
band rather paler than the remainder of the wing, due to less heavy sprinkling
of gray, scales. This appears to be the usual form in northern localities.
S6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Xanthorhoe designata Hufn.
A small series, rather worn, captured between July 25th and August 6th.
Xanthorhoe algidata Moesch.
The identity of this species has always been doubtful; the general
conception, following a specimen in the British Museum, is that it is a species
closely allied to fossoria Tayl.’ A single é before me fits these requirements
although not agreeing very closely with the original description as regards the
details of the median band. For the present | identify it tentatively as algidata.
The genitalia seem distinct from those of the other members of the group as
far as I can judge from Swett’s paper (1918, Can. Ent. L, 17) with little or no
material before me for comparison. The costa is narrow apically and bears a
bunch of long spines directed inward.
Xanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck.
A number of specimens captured in July and considerably the worse for
wear.
Euphyia luctuata obductata Moesch.
Apparently one of the commonest geometers of this region; some speci-
mens show traces of a narrow pale band on secondaries.
Eulype hastata Linn.
One specimen, taken August 5th, of the typical form.
Dasyuris polata Dup.
Two ?’s, captured August 21st and 22nd.
Eupithecia sp.
Several specimens too worn for identification.
Macaria granitata sexmaculata Pack.
Four specimens which presumably may be referred to this race.
Aspilates orciferaria labradoriata Moesch.
A good series, the 2’s showing a decided yellowish tinge to the primaries
PYRALIDAE.
Nomophiia noctuella Schiff.
Two specimens taken early in August.
Scoparia centuriella Schiff.
A number of small, rather dark specimens.
Laodamia fusca Haw.
One male.
Platyptilia carduidactyla Riley.
Two specimens of this species, kindly identified for me by Dr. A. Lind:
sey; the species has to my knowledge not been previously recorded from Labra-
dor.
GELECHIIDAE.
Gelechia continuella Zell.
One specimen. ‘This European species has been twice described from
North America under the names trimaculella Pack. and albamaculella Cham.
Mr. A. Busck informs me that he has recently made slides of the 4 genitalia
of specimens from both continents and they prove to be identical, establishing
the above synonymy.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST S87
TORTRICIDAE.
Olethreutes intermistana Clem.
Three specimens; kindly identified by Mr. A. Busck of the U. S. Na-
tional Museum.
Tortrix moeschleriana Wocke.
Two specimens.
Cnephasia osseana Scop.
Three specimens; identified by Mr. A. Busck.
TINEIDAE.
Monopis biflavimaculella Clem.
Four specimens.
CRAGIN’S COLLECTION OF KANSAS MYRIAPODA.
BY HORACE GUNTHORP,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
The first Myriapod record for the State of Kansas is that of Wood
(8, pg. 11)4, who reported the single form Scolopendra polymorpha from Fort
Riley, Kansas, in 1861. ‘This constituted the sole record for the state until 1885,
when Meinert (7, pg. 196) reported Scolopendra heros from Riley, Kans. As
he considered S. polymorpha a synonym of S. heros, forms now known to be dis-
tinct, he was undoubtedly dealing with the former, as there is no authentic
record of S. heros occurring as far north in Kansas as Fort Riley, so he cannot
be said to have added a new name to the state list. The same year W. F.
Cragin (5) published a short list of Kansas Myriapoda in which ‘he enumerated
twelve forms covering some nine species in seven genera. In 1893, Bollman
(2, pg. 183) placed Parajulus venustus on the Kansas list.
No new forms were added until 1913, when the present writer published a
more extended catalogue, covering more extensive collecting over the state.
This latest list included a total of fourteen species of Diplopoda and fifteen of
Chilopoda. .
At the time of publishing this last mentioned paper, an effort was made
to examine the collection evidently made by Professor Cragin, with the result
therein recorded (6, pg. 168) which was as follows: “Through the kindness
of Prof. C. H. Edmundson, of Washburn College, I have examined two indi-
viduals of this species (Scolopendra heros) collected by Cragin in Barber
County. The larger one measures 140 m. _ These two specimens are all that re-
main of Prof. Cragin’s Myiapoda collection, as the remainder were destroyed by
fire.” This fire occurred in 1908.
During the past year, while the writer was rearranging the specimens in
the museum at Washburn College, a perforated board holding some fifty bottles
of specimens came to light, some of which, upon examination, proved to be
part of the Myriapoda collected by Cragin. This led to a systematic search
of the laboratories and store rooms, with the result that a total of twenty
bottles plus one dried, pinned specimen were found. With the exception of the
88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
spite of the fact that some of them unfortunately have no labels. This gave the
writer a chance to check Cragin’s published list with probably most of the ma-
terial originally used by him, and revise the list of Kansas Myriapoda, with the
results recorded below. The collections will be deposited in the Musueum of
the University of Kansas.
DIPLOPODA.
Fontaria virginiensis (Drury).
Cragin reports “Two specimens from Kansas Valley Woods, Shawnee
Co.” There are two bottles of this species in the collection. One contains two
specimens, and is labeled “Polydesmus virginiensis (Drury), Topeka, Cragin.”
The other contains one specimen from “Baxter Springs, Ks., Dr. J. M. Duncan.”
As Topeka is in Shawnee County, it is evident the first bottle contains the
specimens referred to by Cragin.
Leptodesmus placidus (Wood).
Cragin records, under the name Polydesmus floridus, three specimens
from near Thompsonville, Jefferson Co. None in the collection.
Polydesmus pinetorum Bollman.
Cragin does not record this form, but there are five male specimens in
the collection labelled ‘“’Topeka, Cragin.”
Polydesmus serratus Say.
Cragin does not mention this, but there are three specimens, without labels
in the collection.
Lysiopetalum lactarium (Say).
Cragin does not record this, but there is one specimen in the collection
labelled ‘Topeka, Cragin.”
Arctobolus marginatus (Say).
Not recorded by Cragin, but there are nine specimens in the collection,
all wthout labels except one, which is from “Topeka, Ks., L. A. Whitney.”
Seven of these are without heads!
Tylobolus wncigerus (Wood).
Cragin reports this species under the name Spirobolus uncigeris from
Shawnee County. As the writer has previously stated (6, pg. 164), other re-
corded localities for this species are restricted to California and Oregon. It is
not to be found in the collection, which fact, taken together with its known
distribution, leads to but one conclusion, i.e., it should be stricken from the
list of forms in the state. From the mutilated condition of the above men-
tioned specimens of A. marginatus it is quite possible that their identification
caused trouble and they were recorded as uncigerus.
Parajulus venustus (Wood).
Cragin says, “Specimens of Julus are abundant in Shawnee Co., but I
shall not be able to report upon any of them in the present contribution.”
(5, pg. 145). One specimen in the collection, labeled “Julus venustus, Topeka.
Cragin” appears to be this species.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 89
CHILOPODA.
Scutigera forceps (Raf).
Recorded from Shawnee, Labette, and Barber Counties by Cragin. Seven
specimens in collection, one from ‘Under old beam, Washburn Col., Topeka,
May », 1884,” and another from “Newton (Harvey Co.) Kans.”
Lithobius forficatus (L.)
Not recorded by Cragin. One specimen, dried, in case with insects,
labeled “Topeka.” Probably not one of Cragin’s collection.
_ Lithobius transmarinus (Koch).
Cragin reports this form from Barber Co. under the name Neolithobius
mordax. One specimen in collection, in bottle containing no label.
Otocryptops sexspimnosus (Say).
Not recorded by Cragin, although the present writer so stated in his re-
port (6, pg. 167). Three specimens in collection, without label.
Scolopendra heros Girard.
Cragin reports this form under three varieties, S. heros, S. heros, var.
castaneiceps Wood, and S. heros, var. nov. prismatica, the distinguishing char-
acters of the latter being “The superior surface of each scutum, except the first
and last, may be said to be bounded by three planes, one horizontal and two
sloping from either of the same and making with it a clearly-cut angle, giving
the appearance of a double bevel. The general color of the specimen in alcohol is
deep purplish-black, in sharp contrast with the bright orange-brown of the head
and first body segment; feet greenish-yellow, the last pair concolorous with the
body, and a little stouter than in the typical species.” (5, pg. 144). All of
above forms he records from Barber Co. only.
There are five specimens of this species in the collection, all labeled
“Barber Co., Cragin.” One of these may be the type of Cragin’s variety
prismatica, as the back distinctly shows the three planes as described above, but
the color has all faded to a yellowish-orange, and there is no special label
to distinguish it from the other specimens. The head is distinctly that of
S. heros, and so are the prosternal teeth. The pseudopleural processes bear
five and seven spines. The prefemur of the anal legs bears eight and seven
spines on the ventral surface, and five and six respectively on the inner surface.
This variation in number of spine is probably due to the fact that one anal leg
is smaller than the other, due to regeneration. The apical processes bear five
and nine spines. While these numbers are slightly below the average, they can
hardly be said to form grounds for the formation of a new variety, and the
peculiarity of the back seems to be only a slight exaggeration of a condition
found in other specimens of this species.
Scolopendra morsitans L.
Reported by Cragin from Barber Co. under the variety name coerulescens.
His description follows: “A centipede with antennae 20-jointed, I refer here
provisionally, though it differs in some respects from the characters given by
Newport and Wood for this species, and though the latter author has expressed
his belief that S. morsitans is not an inhabitant of the United States. The
color is a uniform light blue, or greenish blue, pale, almost to translucent, the
legs being nearly colorless and transparent. The mandibles are dark green,
90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
in sharp contrast with the light-bluish hue of the mouth-parts, which are
concolorous with the head and body. The entire animal is of a more delicate
structure than is usually seen even in small specimens of the genus. The
reflexed antennae cover about four segments of the body. The length is a
little over an inch. These characters will suffice to distinguish this variety of
morsitans, if | am right in referring it to that species; but I shall elsewhere
give the details of its form and armature.
“Newport states that the range of S. morsitans includes the tropical and
subtropical portions of the New World, and an unknown portion of China.
In view of the many subtropical features in the fauna of Southern Kansas
that have already come to light, the discovery of this species in that region
need be hardly a matter of surprise. Our specimen was found under a stone
on the summit of a high hill in Barber Co., about 500 feet above the Medicine
River at Medicine Lodge.”
Bollman (1, pg. 174) lists this variety as a synonym of S. morsitans, but
states that it may not be such, as Cragin’s “description is so indefinite that it is
almost impossible to tell to what species it may belong.” This record for the
species has evidently been accepted by Chamberlin (3, pg. 479), as he says,
“In the United States known from Georgia, Florida, Kansas, Utah, and Cali-
fornia.”” It is probably best to let it stand until more extensive collecting
in the southwestern part of the state has cleared the matter up. There is no
specimen referable to this species in the collection, nor one which corresponds
to Cragin’s description.
Scolopendra polymorpha Wood.
Recorded from Rice, Finney and Barber Cos. by Cragin. There are
three specimens in the collection, but with,no labels.
A corrected list of the known Myriapoda occurring in Kansas at this
writing would be as follows :—
DIpPLopopDA.
Fontaria virginiensis (Drury); Leptodesmus hispidipes (Wood) ; Lepto-
desmus placidus (Wood) ; Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch) ; Polydesmus pinetorum
Bollman; Polydesmus serratus Say; Scytonotus granulatus (Say); Cletdogona
sp.; Lysiapotalum lactarium (Say); Arctobolus marginatus (Say); Parajulus
diversifrons (Wood) ; Parajulus impressus (Say); Parajulus venustus (Wood).
CHILOPODA,
Scutigera forceps (Rafinesque) ; Lithobius forficatus (Linnaeus) ; Litho-
bius transmarinus. Koch; Nadabius jowensis (Meinert); Tidabius kansensis
(Gunthorp)?; Pokabius bilabiatus (Wood)*?; Otocryptops sexspmosus (Say) ;
Scolopendra heros Girard; Scolopendra morsitang Linnaeus; Scolopendra poly-
morpha Wood; Arenophilus bipuncticeps (Wood); Arenophilus ogborni Gun-
thorp;Geophilus dolichocephalus Gunthorp; Geophilus mordax Meinert; Lino-
taenia fulva (Say).
2Lithobius kansensis Gunthorp. (6, pg. 166). This species should be placed in
the genus Jidabius recently created by Chamberlin (4, pg. 80).
8sLithobius bilabiatus Wood. Proc. Phil. Acad., 1867, p. 130.
Poabius bilabiatus Chamberlin. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 5: 153, 1912.
Pokabius bilabiatus Chamberlin, Canad. Entom. 44: 316. 1912.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 9\
BIBLIOGRAPHY. ,
1. Bollman, Charles H. A Key to the North American Scolopendridae. Bull.
46, U. S. Natl. Mus., pp. 168-180, 1893.
2. Bollman, Charles H. A List of the Myriapoda of Minnesota. Bull. 46,
U.'S. Natl. Mus., pp. 181-183, 1893.
3. Chamberlin, Ralph V. The Chilopoda of California, il. Pomona Jour.
of Entom., 3:470-479, 1911.
4. Chamberlin, Ralph V. The Lithobiid Genera Nampabius, Garibius, Tida-
bius, and Sigibius. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, 57 :39-104, Pls.
1-5, 1913.
5. Cragin, F. W. First Contribution to a Knowledge of the Myriapoda of
Kansas. Bull. 4, Washburn Lab. of Nat. Hist., pp. 143-145, 1885.
6. Gunthorp, Horace. Annotated List of the Diplopoda and Chilopoda, with
a Key to the Myriapoda of Kansas. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 7 :161-182,
PisZ0, 1913.
Meinert, Fr. Myriapoda Musei Cantabrigensis, Mass. Part 1, Chilopoda.
Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 21:161-233, 1885.
8. Wood, Horatio C. Descriptions of new species of Scolopendra in the col-
lection of the Academy. Proc. Phil. Acad., pp. 10-15, 1861.
NI
NOTES ON COCCIDAE VIII, (HEMIPTERA).
BY G. F. FERRIS,
Stanford University, Calif.
A Review oF MacGriivray’s “THE Coccipar.”
(Continued from page 61).
The establishment of a separate: subfamily for the peculiar genus
Apiomorpha is perhaps justified, but I cannot agree with MacGillivray in
assigning to the Apiomorphinae such forms as Ascelis and Opisthoscelis. The
latter I suspect to be related to Capulinia, which MacGillivray refers to the
Cylindrococcinae. As to the first named I have specimens but no opinions con-
cerning them except that I cannot connect them with any of the other Coccidae.
The subfamily Cylindrococcinae is simply a heterogeneous assemblage
of doubtful forms. I am unable to see any special connection between such
genera as Halimococcus, Phoenicococcus, Capulinia and Cylindrococcus, of all of
which I have specimens. But I must confess to a total lack of knowledge as
to what should be done with them. MacGillivray has retained Brittin’s genus
Scutare in the Conchaspinae, yet Green, who has examined specimens, states
that it does not belong in the group and refers the single included species to
Rhizococcus. Judging from Brittin’s figures and description I am inclined to
agree with Green that it does not belong in the Conchaspinae. However, I be-
lieve the genus to be valid, although I cannot say where it belongs. Following
Newstead MacGillivray records the presence of abdominal spiracles in this sub-
family. Judging from preparations that are of the best I cannot agree that
the structures in question are spiracles. There is no visible opening and the
appearance is the same as that of the pair of ventral tubercles that appears
for instance in Kuzwanina.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
de)
bo
The subfamily Disapidinae has been the special recipient of MacGillivray’s
attention and occupies 249 of the 465 pages of text in the book. Throughout
this subfamily the storm of genus making has raged, reaching its climax in the
Aspidiotini, and of the old genera there remain nothing but fragments. I count
116 new genera in the sub-family. To attempt to analyze these genera in
anything short of another book is impossible and I shall content myself here
with discussing only a few of the most remarkable results and some of the
most obvious errors. Yet the commission of such errors as some of these are
is suiticient to cast doubt upon the value of MacGillivray’s conclusions in gen-
eral. It is conclusive evidence that he has not attained to that knowledge and
understanding of the group that should have preceded any such wholesale re-
arrangement as he has undertaken.
In the general discussion of this subfamily I note two errors that may
be of some importance. On page 218 it is stated that in the first stage
nymphs the distal segment of the antennae “is long and constricted and appears
as if composed of several segments.” This is true of only a part of the group,
for in some species the distal segment is short and not at all annulated. On page
220 it is said that when the insects of the second stage molt “there is no
variation in the way in which the cuticle ruptures.” However, in some forms
such as certain species of the genus Odonaspis (as previously understood), the
ventral skin separates entirely from the dorsal and is incorporated in the vent-
ral scale. /
I am not entirely in accord with MacGillivray’s arrangement of the tribes
in this subfamily, although this is not original with him. I consider that the
various groups of species in which the adult remains enclosed within the
second exuvia are, with certain exceptions, derivatives of forms that are in-
cluded in the various other tribes and that separate tribes for such groups as the
Leucaspidini and Fioriniini tend merely to obscure their real relationships.
Furthermore | consider the distinction between the tribes Lepidosaphini and
Disapidini to be entirely artificial. The genus Ancepaspis, which MacGillivray
attaches to the Aspidiotini I consider to represent an independent group.
In many cases throughout the subfamily MacGillivray has separated
genera on the basis of the presence or absence of the paragenital pores, the
“genacerores.” That the consistent following of this practice results in artifi-
cial groups seems to me evident as for instance in the case of the genera
Lineaspis and Cupidaspis, the types of which are scarcely separable specifically
except for this difference. Such splitting as this may be convenient but it does
not express the relationships of the forms involved.
The peculiar combinations obtained by MacGillivray’s methods begin
to appear in the tribe Parlatoriini where Parlatoria chinensis Marlatt and P. pyri
Marlatt are referred to the genus Cryptoparlatoria with C. leucaspis Lindinger
as type. If specimens before me as C. leucaspis be correctly determined such an
arrangement is quite untenable.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 93
In the Leucaspidini two such utterly different species as L. indica Marlatt
and L. kelloggi Coleman are placed together in Suturaspis. The latter species, in
fact, does not even belong in this group for the adult female is not enclosed
within the exuvia of the preceding stage. Under the Lepidosaphini | have scar-
cely a large enough representation of the species to permit comments. I may
note, however, that the genus Aonidomytilus is retained as separate on the basis
of the supposed absence of plates cephalad of the anal lobes—although these
plates are present as I have shown in another paper. Also Lepidosaphes mexi- .
cana (Ckll.) which MacGillivray places in Triaspidis, really runs to Leonardaspis
if it runs any place.
In the tribe Diaspidini the genus Diaspis is separated from Cockerellaspis
and Epidiaspis by reason of its having the “Pygidium with caudal margin
deeply concave on meson with median pair of lobes in concavity. .,” yet Diaspis
calyptroides Costa, the type of the genus, has not the slightest trace of such a
character and D. phoradendri Ckil., which MacGillivray retains in Diaspis has
the: median lobes extremely prominent. Diaspis towmeyi Ckll., which is referred
to Pseudaulacaspis is a species of the same type as 1). texensis Ckll. and D
manzanitae (Whitney) which are retained in Diaspis.
I am entirely unable to concur in the separation of Essigaspis, with
Protodiaspis agrifoliae Essig as type, and Obluctaspis, with P. lobata Ferris as
type, from Protodiaspis. On the other hand MacGillivray has retained in
Protodiaspis the species P. pulchra Ferris which might well have been taken
out. Furthermore he has left in this genus, where they certainly do not belong
the two species edentata Ferris and anomala Green, while the genus Ancepaspis.
to which they do belong, has been transferred to the Aspidiotini! I consider
that Ancepaspis really represents a distinct group.
The two genera Aulacaspis and Phenacaspis are apparently closely re-
lated, at least in part, for some of the species referred to the latter genus, such
as P. mischocarpi Ckll. and Rob., appear really to belong to the former. This
fact appears entirely to have escaped MacGillivray’s notice. It has long been
apparent that the genus Chionaspis was in need of limitation. The process
was begun by Cooley and has been contained by MacGillivray with none too
fortunate results. Such peculiar forms as C. etrusca Leonardi and C. spartinae
Comst. are retained in Chionaspis when they might well. have been removed,
while such a form as C. caryae Cooley which is really rather close to typical
Chionaspis is taken out.
I believe that it has already been pointed out that Hemichionaspis is a
synonym of Pinnaspis. Certainly if specimens in my hands determined by
Cockerell as P. busi be correctly named there is no doubt that it is. Yet
MacGillivray places Pinnaspis in the Lepidosaphini and Hemichionaspis in the
VDiaspidini.
Chionaspis striata Newstead is made the type of the genus Lineaspis
and Leucaspis cupresst Coleman the type of Cupidaspis, yet the two species differ
only in the fact that the former possesses ‘“‘genacerores’’.while the latter does not.
I regard them as congeneric and for them the name Lineaspis will stand.
94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
A new genus, Sifulaspis, has been named for Pseudodiaspis condaliae Fer-
ris, yet this species is no farther from the type of Pseudodiaspis than are the
others that are retained in that genus.
In the tribe Aspidiotini there are before me specimens of Furcaspis bifor-
mis (Ckll.) which show that MacGillivray’s conception of this genus is entirely
distorted. He has excluded from this genus two species, haematochroa Ckll.
and oceanica Lindinger, which seem really to belong to it and has referred them
to the genus Spinaspidiotus together with such a species as Aspidiotus pangoensis
Doane and Ferris with which I can not believe that they have anything at all to
do. Conversely he has referred to Furcaspig such species as Aspidiotus jordani
Kuwana and A. juglans-regiae Comst.—a truly remarkable combination.
He has, | say, placed Aspidiotus juglans-regiae in Furcaspis, while under
Quadraspidiotus appear A. glanduliferus Ckll. and A. fernaldi Ckll, the former
of which is certainly and the latter almost certainly a synonym of juglans-regiae.
The former Targionia helianthi (Parrott) appears as the type of Rhiz-
aspidiotus, T. gutierresiae (Ckll.) as the type of Chorizaspidiotus, and T. chen-
opodi Marlatt as the type of Remotaspidiotus—yet the three are scarcely separ-
able specifically.
Under Neosignoretia appears A,pidiotus yuccae Ckll., which I have else-
where referred to Pseudodiaspis and which is a Diaspidine form, and associated
with it is dspidiotus yulupae Bremner which I regard as a synonym of A. osborni
Ckll. and Newell, the latter being placed under Diaspidiotus.
Targionia yuccarum (Ckll.) is made the type of a new genus, Targaspid-
iotus. I reaffirm my former opinion that it is a true Targionia. ‘The species
descrbed by Marlatt as donidia juniperi (and which I believe to be a true
Aonidida) is referred to Targionia, while Aspidiotus shastae Coleman, of which
juniperi is a synonym, is referred to Gonaspidiotus in company with such strange
companions as Aspidiotus graminellus Ckll.
Xerophilaspis, referred by MacGillivray to the Aspidiotini, in my opinion
belongs in the Diaspidini.
Under Comstockiclla appears Aspidiotus riverae Ckll. which belongs
somewhere in the Diaspidini.
Aspidiotus anonae Houser (which is a synonym of A. herculeanus Doane
and Hadden) is made the type of the genus Clavaspis, while A. subsimilis Ckll. of
which anonae was formerly regarded as a variety is referred to Hendaspidiotus.
While I can not consider that herculeanus is a “‘variety” of subsimilis the two
are certainly so closely related that to place them in separate genera seems in-
excusable. Aspidiotus coursctiae Marlatt, which is another species of the same
group, is placed in Diaspidiotus, while Aspidiotus covilleae Ferris, which is
very Close to if not identical with coursetiae, is placed as the type of a new genus,
Ferrisaspis. I must regretfully reject the honor thus done me.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 95
I repeat that the instances which I have cited above are simply a few of
the examples to be found in the treatment of the Diaspinae. An extended
analysis will show many others equally worthy of criticism. I can not believe
that such work as this can do anything more than extend the confusion already
existing in the group.
THE ACADIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
It will be of interest to many of the readers of the “Canadian Entomo-
logist” to learn that at the last meeting of the Entomological Society of Nova
Scotia, held recently in Halifax, it was decided to broaden out this Society
into a Maritime one to include the three provinces, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick and Prince Edward Island.
The name of the Society was also changed from the Entomological
Society of Nova Scotia to the Acadian Entomological Society, this name being
chosen on account of the fact that the territory embraced by the new Society
includes practically the same area as did the ancient Acadia.
The Entomological Society of Nova Scotia has been steadily increasing
in numbers and influence since its organization in 1915, and it is felt that this
change is another decided step in advance.
NOTE ON THE ROSY APHIS.
‘ BY A. C. BAKER,
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C.
In 1916 W. F. Turner and the writer published some results of a study
of the rosy apple aphis. We found that the insect was quite distinct from
A, sorbi Kalt. of Europe, and, following the lead of Mr. Pergande, we used
malifoliae Fitch for the species. At the time we had access to only a few of
Mr. Pergande’s notes and were unaware that he had made studies on sorbi
in Germany. These studies convinced him that sorbi and the rosy aphis are
distinct. Theobald reached the same‘conclusion in England and Gillette from
Russian material was equally convinced. All who studied actual material agree,
therefore, that two forms are concerned.
At the time we wrote our paper the Fitch type of malifoliae was thought
to be lost but this has since been located in a group of slides presented to the
National Museum by Miss Pergande. This material still bears the original
Fitch note book numbers. ‘The species, however, is crataegifoliae Fitch, the
type of which is also in the National Museum collection. The rosy aphis,
therefore, is again without a name, as the former names given it all refer to
different insects. We herewith give the species the name ANURAPHIS ROSEUS.
A full discussion of the synonymy will be given in a paper on the genus Anuraphis
which will soon be ready for the press.
96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
OBSERVATIONS ON JOHNSONOMYIA FELT WITH A DESCRIPTION
OF A NEW SPECIES.
BY E. P. FELT.
Albany, N. Y.
The genus Johnsonomyia Felt was erected in 1908 for the reception of a
peculiar species collected in Vermont by that ardent and discriminating Dipterist,
Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Boston Society of Natural History. A related species
was found to occur rather commonly in the vicinity of Albany, a unique repres-
entative from Guatemala was described in 1912 and a closely allied species from
Brazil in 1915. The types of these, J. cincta Felt and J. braziliensis Felt, are
deposited in the U. S. National Museum and the Cornell University collections
respectively. There has just come to hand a most remarkable form from Africa
and this in connection with the probable close relationship of the Australian
Chastomera Skuse indicates a presumably world wide distribution for this pe-
culiar genus, which latter is probably characterized by the possession of 16 an-
tennal segments and has the wing venation of a Porricondylid, though the dis-
tinctly heavier veins, the simple fifth vein and the marked hairiness of the wing
membrane suggests something unusual, which in connection with the absence of
circumfila, has led to the placing of the genus in the Heteropezinae.
Johnsonomyia alexanderi n. sp.
The giant midge characterizing herewith was recently received through
the kindness of Dr. C. P. Alexander of the Illinois State Natural History Sur-
vey. It was labelled Efulan, Cameroun, V-6-1920, J. A. Reis, Coll. A perusal
of the following description shows this giant midge to be a strikingly marked
form entirely different from anything heretofore brought to notice.
Female. Length 8 mm. Antennae extending to the fourth abdominal
segment, rather thickly haired, mostly light brown, the stems whitish transparent,
and probably 16 segments, the first and second segments short, stout, dark brown,
the fifth with a stem nearly equal to the length of the basal enlargement, which
latter has a length about 2% times its diameter and is irregularly clothed with
setae, there being sub-basally and sub-apically a few very long, dark setae, the
interspaces rather thickly filled with shorter, light setae; Palpi presumably quad-
riarticulate, indistinct in the mount; mesonotum a dull reddish brown; scutellum
and postscutellum concolorous; the abdomen sparsely haired, dark brown; the
ovipositor dark reddish orange; wings sub-hyaline, the membrane rather thickly
clothed with fuscous hairs, sub-costa uniting with the anterior margin at the
distal third, the third vein joining the margin well beyond the apex of the wing
and united to sub-costa near the basal half by a distinct cross vein, the fifth
simple and joining the posterior margin a little before the basal half; halteres
dark brown; coxae and legs dark brown except the basal half of tibiae and the
distal four tarsal segments, which latter are snow white and suggest the orna-
mentation of Bittacomorpha clavipes Fabr; claws moderately long, stout, black,
apparently simple; the pulvilli rudimentary; ovipositor short, the lobes narrowly
oval, with a length about three times the width and thickly setose.
Type A. 3196N. ¥. State. Museum.
Mailed June 8th, 1921.
Che Canadian Entomologist
VoL. LIII. GUELPH, MAY, 1921. No. 5
JOHN MACOUN MEMORIAL.
At the request of naturalists generally throughout Canada, the Ottawa
Field-Naturalists’ Club has decided to receive subscriptions for a permanent
memorial in honor of the late Prof. John Macoun, Naturalist of the Geological
Survey of Canada, who died at Sidney, B. C., on July 18, 1920.
The wide field of natural history work to which John Macoun devoted
his life is well known, not only throughout Canada but in other countries as well.
He specialized particularly in botany and was the founder of the Canadian Na-
tional herbarium. Other sciences, however, especially zoology, were also greatly
enriched by him; he will always be remembered as a great pioneer in Canadian
natural history.
Many friends of the late John Macoun, particularly in Toronto and
Ottawa, have thought that the memorial should take the form of a painted por-
trait to be hung in the Victoria Memorial Museum. Such a memorial has now
been decided upon and a painting will be made by Mr. Franklin Brownell of
Ottawa, the well-known portrait painter. Expenses in connection therewith will
he about $709.
Subscriptions to this fund should be forwarded to Mr. Arthur Gibson,
Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.
Should the list be oversubscribed arrangements may be made whereby
those subscribing above a certain sum, which now cannot be defined, will receive
a reproduction of the painting. .
A. G.
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. ?
PARASITES OF THE PALE WESTERN CuTWORM IN ALBERTA.
BY E. H, STRICKLAND,
Entomological ‘Branch, Ottawa.*
The pale western cutworm, Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr., has been, since
1911, the most destructive insect. pest of grain crops in southern Alberta and in
a small area of south western Saskatchewan.
The damage in some years amounts to considerably over a million dollars,
and all control measures so far employed have proved to be unsuccessful when
they are applied to large areas of infestation. For this reason natural control is
of superlative importance.
The larve of this species are almost entirely subterranean in their habits,
and they are never seen above ground by- daylight. Hence they are practically
immune from destruction by the all too scarce prairie birds. Some fall prey to
predators such as Calosoma frigidum Kby. and Ammophila species, but these re-
present a very small percentage. No signs of disease have been observed, the
* Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Dept. “of Agriculture, Ottawa.
Q7
98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
winter is passed in the egg stage which appears to be little affected by freezing,
and the larve cannot be drowned, even with excessive irrigation.
Although the species occurs throughout the Great Basin region of the
United States, in which it 1s recorded from five States, it has never appeared
there in destructive numbers. Recently it has increased in Montana to an alarm-
ing extent.
In the Montana Agricultural Station Circular No. 94, (1920) the state-
ment is made that the “pale western cutworm, remaining as it does below the sur-
face of the ground, is protected from the attacks of parasitic insects.” The ab-
sence of parasites in this species in Montana has been commented upon in cor-
respondence to the writer both by Professor Cooley, and Mr. J. R. Parker,
This condition is very much at variance with that experienced in Alberta,
where parasites are of great importance, and significance. We are able, in most
seasons, to predict the severity of outbreaks by a study of the parasite conditions
ot the previous year in infested districts. Extensive notes have been made on
the biology of several of these parasites, but they are still too incomplete for pub-
lication.
The following species have been bred in considerable numbers :—
e ¥ a ADULT] CLIMATIC
N TERA ACHINIDAE.
EAR YMENOP Cc E MoTHSICONDITIONS
Bonneto comta 2.5%
Zele Sp. 1. Specimen. 2 ;
balsas s Gonia capitata 39.0% : Medium
Zele Sp. 2.0% |G. capitata fi
1914 i as ‘ Mads 43.0% 5.0 Yo ' Drought
Met. dimidiatus 2.0% (minimum) NE
En ee ; ) i : y
1915 Met. Gimnelcttie 20%|G. capitata oe 13.0% Wet
(estimated ) B. comta(min) 11.0%
sib N d. (é
1919 |Met. dimidiatus 10.0% cere Gage ? Dry
capitata about 5.0%
1920 |Met. dimidiatus 50.0%|Records incomplete ? Dry
The figures given for Hymenoptera are those obtained by dissection, as
are those for achinids other than in the years 1914 and 1915. During these
years full grown larvae were placed in breeding cages in June and records were
kept of the adult moths and parasites that emerged in the fall and following
Spring. From the low numbers of cutworms accounted for in these breeding
cages,—52% and 33% respectively,—it can be assumed that the actual parasitism
was considerably higher than the figures indicate.
Other species bred in small numbers are :—Peleteria robusta, Wied. 1913
and Ernestia radicum Fab, 1916. Both are ‘l'achinids.
he habits of the more important parasites are briefly as follows :—
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 99
Meteorus dimidiatus Cress. (‘Teste Brues).
Two generations per annum. Hibernate as iarvae in overwintering cut-
worms, such as Euvoa tristicula Morr. Adults emerge in May, and parasitize
P. orthogonia and other Noctuidae. ‘The female lays about twelve eggs in each
host. Our records of the date of appearance of the second generation adults
indicate a considerable variation from year to year, but the majority have emerg-
ed in July.
On account, it is thought, of the underground habits of P. orthogonia the
percentage of infestation by this Braconid is never as high as it-is in the Euxoas,
but it is of interest to note that we have bred it from Sidemia devastator Brace,
a species of cutworm that has never been recorded as coming to the surface.
Gonia capitata DeGeer, and other Species. (Teste Tothill).
At least two closely allied species of Tachinidae, with similar habits, are
included here. The only differences that we have been able to detect are slight
variations in larval and adult structures. We have found three types of stage 1
larvae. All of the species have one generation per annum. They hibernate as
puparia. The adult emerges in May, and lays thousands of minute eggs on vege-
tation. When eaten by cutworms these eggs hatch and the escaping ce ae ma-
ture at about the time that the host pupates. They transform into the hiber-
nating puparium either in the soil, or in the dead larva or pupa of their host.
The selection of vegetation by the fly, and the location of the eggs on
selected plants, plays an important role in the value of the parasite.
We have found the most abundant oviposition on the blades of Blue-joint
(Agropyron Smithu.) though it is frequent on other native grasses, and to a
slightly less extent on imported graminae, including grain crops. Native dicoty:
ledons may carry a few eggs, but we have never found them on introduced plants
belonging to this class.
Unfortunately P. orthogonia does not feed readily upon Blue-joint and
we did not find that G. capitata selected the lower portions of the plants for ovi-
position in preference to the upper. The high percentage of parasitism is rather
remarkable since P. orthogonia feeds almost entirely below the ground. It would
appear, however, that periods of drought are beneficial to this parasite since the
reduced growth of vegetation necessitates a more abundant oviposition on avail-
able plants. P
Bonneta comta Wied. (Teste Tothill).
Very little is known of the life history of this species. The adult appears
in July and August, and it belongs to the group of Tachinidae that are larvipar-
ous. It is probably, therefore, double brooded, though it has not been bred from
overwintering species of cutworms. Regarding the selection of plants for the
supposed larviposition the following figures, obtained in 1915, are of interest.
P. orthogonia larvae collected from Spring Wheat were 21% parasitized
P. orthogonia larvae collected from Fall Wheat were 2% parasitized.
P. orthogonia larvae collected from Alfalfa were 0% parasitized.
This suggests a similar habit to that of Gonia capitata in the selection of
plants.
With a more complete knowledge of the habits of these parasites, particu:
100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
larly of the Tachinids, it may be possible to encourage their increase by the selec
tion of favorable crops, and a consideration of the most advantageous dates of
seeding.
PSITHYRUS LABORIOSUS FABR. IN THE: NESTS OF BUMBLEBEES
(HYM).
BY THEODORE H. FRISON,
Urbana, Illinois.
Of the nine or possibly ten species of the genus Psithyrus occurring in
America, North of Mexico, only two have ever been recorded from the nests of
bumblebees. When Franklin’s work on “The Bombidae of the New World”
appeared in 1913, there had not been recorded a single authentic instance of a
Psithyrus having been taken in a bumblebee’s nest in this country. The fact that
many American writers had mentioned the inquiline habits of Psithyrus was
entirely due to the numerous European records on the subject.
Mr. F. W. L, Sladen in the Canadian Entomologist for March, 1915, was
the first to record the finding of a species of Psithyrus in a Bremus (Bombus)
nest in the Nearctic region. In this article he reports the discovery of Psithyrus
insularis Sm. in the nest of Bremus (Bombus) flavifrons Cress. on July 7, 1914
at Agassiz, British Columbia. In April, 1916 in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn
Entomological Society, the writer recorded the presence of Psithyrus variabilis
Cress. in the nests of Bremus pennsylvanicus DeGeer in the summer of 1910
and 1915 at Champaign, Illinois. Several times since then, both in 1917 and 1920,
I have taken Psithyrus variabilis Cress. in the nests of Bremus pennsylvanicus
DeGeer:
On July 22, 1919 I removed to the laboratory for closer study a nest of
Bremus (Bombus) pennsylvanicus DeGeer. This nest was one of several start-
ed in domiciles I had buried in the ground for attracting searching bumblebee
queens. The domicile was first noted as being inhabited on June 20, when it
contained a small honey-pot and eggs. As the queen was not in the nest I was
unable to determine the species at this time (June 20). On July ‘22,
when I removed the nest, it contained a queen and four small workers
of Bremus pennsylvanicus DeGeer., besides five egg cells containing
eggs, two brood masses, and fifteen pupal cocoons. In the nest material near
the entrance were the remains of a queen of Bremus pennsylvanicus DeGeer and
a queen of Psithyrus laboriosus Fabr. The two dead queens were mute testi-
mony of the earlier history of this colony. Evidently after the nest was started
another queen of Bremus pennsylvanicus DeGeer found it, and a struggle ensued
over the possession of the nest. Such fighting over the nests is very common
in late spring and early summer. Which queen finally won and stung the other
to her death is an open question. The dead Psithyrus queen can only be account-
ed for in much the same manner, and all this goes to show that a Psithyrus queen
is not always peaceably admitted into a bumblebee nest or victorious in a battle
with the Bremus queen. The history of this colony was followed until Septem-
ber 16, and no Psithyrus were ever reared from the nest.
In a nest of Bremus (Bombias) auricomus Robt., about one and one-half
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 101
feet below the surface of the ground, examined on July 26, at Clyman Junction,
Wisconsin, I found a queen of Psithyrus laboriosus Fabr. In this instance also,
the Psithyrus queen had evidently been stung by the queen bumblebee. When
the Psith\ius queen was handled, it was barely able to move a leg, and acted in
every respect like a bumblebee that had been stung. It was in the nest material
near the entrance of the nest, probably having been dragged there by the Bremus
queen. In the nest at the time, besides these two queens, were twelve workers,
fifteen eggs, and some larvae and pupae. It was impossible to make a detailed
study of the development of this colony in order to learn if any individuals of
Psithyrus were eventually produced.
Whether any of the Nearctic species of Psithyr us are restricted to the
nests of one particular species of Bremus or not is still to be decided. Sladen in
the previously mentioned article, infers that Psithyrus insularis Sm. must at leasi
frequent the nest of another species of bumblebee besides Bremus flavifrons
Cress., as Psithyrus insularis Sm. occurs at Ottawa, Ontario where Bremus flavt-
frons Cress. is not indigenous. From the evidence given above, Psithyrus lab.
oviosus Fabr. evidently invades the nests of both Bremus pennsylvanicus DeGeei
and Bremus auricomus Robt., species representing the two subgenera of Bremus.
If Psithyrus laboriosus Fabr. will enter the nests of two such widely separated
species as these, it is reasonable to assume that it will frequent the nest of almost
any species of bumblebee within its range. About Urbana, Illinois, where Psith-
yrus variabilis Cress. is very common, I have never found it in the nests of any
bumblebee species but Bremus pennsylvanicus DeGeer, and it remains for future
investigation to decide whether Psithyrus variabilis Cress. has more than one
host. ,
Edward Saunders in “I'he Hymenoptera of the British Islands” says that
the species of Psithyrus appear not always to confine themselves to the same
host. Hoffer, one of the closest students of the European Bremudae, reports
finding Psithyrus campestris Panz. in the nests of Bremus agrorum Fabr., P
silvarum Linn., and B. variabilis Schmied. Psithyrus rupestris Fabr. and P.
vestalis Fouc., however, are apparently very closely associated with Bremus lap-
idarius Linn. and B. terrestris Linn. Even these last two species of Psithyrus,
as shown by Sladen in ‘The Humbte-bee” occasionally lodge in a nest of another
species of bumblebee.
NOTES ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF GNOPHAELA VER:
; ~ MICULATA G. AND R.
BY F. C. WHITEHOUSE.
Red Deer, Alta. ‘ane
Mid-June 1919 I took some nearly full grown larvae of this species in a
tamarack swamp near Red Deer, which pupated about a week later and emerged
lith to 14th July. The larvae were feeding on the borage Mertensia virginica,
[ wrote Dr. McDunnough inquiring if the life history were known, and received
reply that the full grown larvae had been twice described in Entomologica Am-
ericana 1V, 24 and V. 57 but that he had no knowledge of any published notes
on the egg or early larval stages. He was kind enough to send me copies of
the descriptions referred to.
102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
On 31 July I received from Mrs. W. A. Cassels from Sylvan Lake, Al:
berta, a female moth and eggs.
Egg—Vhe eggs, 19 in number were laid in rows close together but not
touching. In shape round, except at the flattened base. Diameter approximate-
ly Imm. Surface smooth, infinitesimally pitted. Colour rich yellow. Period of
incubation (from eggs obtained later) ten days.
6th August, 9 pm: the eggs less yellow, with the black heads of the em-
bryo larvae clearly defined at top: movement of heads noticeable, and also open-
ing and closing of mandibles and protrusion and contraction of mouth-parts.
Eggs circumscribed with two or three strands of long black hairs.
7th August 4.30 pm: three larvae hatched, the number by 9 pm. being 1n-
creased to ten, by 10 p.m. to thirteen, and the balance by morning. Exit obtain-
ed by larva eating the shell immediately above head to requisite size for body te
pass through. The newly emerged twist and stretch themselves, and take a
short respite, after which they make their first meal under new conditions on
the empty egg shells, feeding indiscriminately, two or three often at work on the
same shell, and even in some instances, endeavouring to get at the broken edge of
an egg through which another was hatching.
Larva Stage 1. Length about 2mm. Head black approximately the same
width as the body. Colour af body, including tubercles and legs, entirely yellow
Tubercles prominent; setae black, very long—say two to three times diameter of
body.
Two or three hours after hatching the ground colour of body has become
dirty yellow, and the tubercles, shield on first thoracic segment, and legs, glossy
black—the change first noticeable on thoracic shield and fore legs. The tuber-
cles on the abdominal segments 1-8, dorsal view, are situated as follows—a pair
anteriorly, and a pair widely separated posteriorly—the four forming a crescent.
There are also three or four tubercles on the sides of each segment. Thoracic
segments 2 and 3 and abdominal segment 9, dorsal view, have double or twin
tubercles widely separated in place of the two pairs of the other segments as
above described. The twin tubercles have two hairs, and the oblong shield on
thoracic segment 1, four short setae.
Sth August. By the evening larvae commenced feeding on the upper and
lower surfaces of the leaves of the food plant, leaving the tissue.
10th August. Length 5 mm. A double row of light brown blotches each
side of the dorsum and another low down on the sides; the ground colour of:the
dorsum and sides is now greenish yellow.
14th August. Larvae off their feed all day and by the evening of 15th
all have moulted. Length 6-7 m. Appearance radically changed: tubercles larger
and bristling with short glossy black setae in place of long single or double hairs
of prior stages. Ground colour of dorsum and sides yellow, irregular brown
blotches connecting tubercles on either side of dorsum. Head brown.
22nd August. Length 8-9 m. The irregular brown blotches have darken-
ed and extended on the sides—the yellow being less discernible. The yellow
dorsal stripe remains, posteriorly broad enough to include the pair of tubercles
referred to previously, and again widening at the base of each segment.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 103
_2/7th August. Second moult occurred. Length 9m. Sides mottled brown
and yellow: dorsum yellow. Tubercles, from being black, have taken on the
metallic-blue luster of the final larval stage; the head, likewise, has assumed the
bright chestnut red of the full grown larva; in fact the general appearance is
now that of the mature larva prior to pupation.
Absent from home 30th August to 23rd September, and no material
change noticeable on my return. Found several larval skins and assume that at
least one further moult had taken place. Length still 9m.
29th Sept.—2nd Oct, Another moult.
3rd—11 Oct. Weather cold, snow, and as much as 22 degrees of frost.
The leaves of the food plant decayed and turned brown, both in the feeding
bottle and in nature. Clearly hibernation must now occur.
12th Oct. Fourteen of the larvae still alive; went to earth.
My material did not re-appear in the Spring, so the satisfaction of rear-
ing the species from egg to moth was not realized. My memoranda would how-
ever serve to show that there are at least four moults prior to hibernation; that
after the second moult the general appearance is very much that of the full grown
larvae, and that the pre-hibernation growth is remarkably slow and retarded—
though there is the possibility of this being attributable to captivity to some de-
gree.
I realize that, from the specialist’s point of view, the above account nays
much to be desired as to specificness (and probably accuracy) of detail. It is
only supposed to be the story of the early stages of the insect as seen by a
collector.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS
HELINA R.-D., SENS. LAT. (DIPTERA, ANTHOMYIIDAE).
BY J. R. MALLOCH,
Urbana, III.
The forty species included in the present synopsis belong to several closely
allied genera, Helina, Hebecnema, Spilaria, Xenomydaea, and Enoplopteryx. All
of the species would fall within the limits of Stein’s genus Mydaea but they are
undoubtedly a conglomerate group and it is in my opinion necessary to separate
the component parts at least as subgenera though I incline to the opinion that
they are really entitled to full generic rank. The distinguishing characters of
the groups are dealt with in several of my recently published papers on the fam-
ily and will be summarised in a generic synopsis which is now in manuscript.
Key TO SPECIES.
MALES.
1. Hypopleura with fine erect hairs usually in a more or less vertical series
below middle of spiracle or near posterior margin; eyes with long fairs ;
prealar bristle short but distinct; scutellum with the setulose hairs con-
tinued downward on lateral margins and at times slightly invading ven-
tral surface; basal abdominal sternite with‘a few hairs....(Spilaria) 2.
— Hypopleura with a few long hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle; sides
and ventral surface of scutellum bare; first abdominal sternite
104
ue
NI
oo
9a.
Ld
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Hane fois) . sas kc eRe ces anemerepeale (Gen.n.) marmorata Meigen?
Hypopleura bare; if with a few hairs below spiracle the sides and ventral
surface of scutellum are bare; first abdominal sternite sometimes with
ai ihew hairs. SH) in 9h hel ie een eed as Se ee er 4
Hind femur with a few bristly hairs at apex on posteroventral surface, none
of which are nearly as long as the diameter of femur where they are
situated; eyes densely long haired, separated by a little more than width
of anterior; GCellaS Neaare ver. -\nnetene Teeneieiet: tee multisetosa Schnabl
Hind femur with a number of bristles at apex on posteroventral surface,
most of which are distinctly longer than diameter of femur where they
are, .SILWALGUR osm ao. Sie. oat Rea EME Ss thgy 67m ahs ee os
Eyes densely long haired, separated by a little more than width of anterior
ocellus; black species, more or less densely gray pruinescent, but the
dorstim- of, thorax always, SHIMMe. 7g ee th ge esta es oc lucorum Fallea
Eves rather sparsely haired, separated by distinctly more than the width
across posterior ocelli; black species, the entire body densely gray pruin-
escent, the dorsum of thorax not distinctly shining...... punctata Stein
Less sentimelyy black frie feats We ditd BAS Sec cis asa oe ae re ee 5
ees partly yellowisisor HEGdiSM /eicne.o Fey ahi best eee os ee 13
Eyes separated by nearly one third of the head-width; mid tibia with two
very strong anterodorsal bristles; hind tibia with one or two bristles
near base on_ posterodorsal surface; first abdominal sternite
SELIG SMa ieee 2 eunuch Aum aes nas tna See latifrontata Malloch
Eyes separated by much less than one third of the head-width; mid tibia
without anterodorsal bristles except in nitida and migrita.......... 6.
Knobs of \ialteres-ablacks semi Sa eel Aw eee etoe nk fe oe) eee ee ris
Knobstobhalteres': pales? . a5 .Gek eo luc ei eee Male science ce hee 2.
Margins of calyptrae black; eyes with short hairs; arista with its longest
hairs as long as width of third antennal segment; posteroventral sur-
face of hind femur without strong bristles; basal abdominal sternite
SEtINOSE Soren kaw Bh ae EO ste Uae en eta ein Me oe eee nitida Stein
Calyptrae yellowish, margins pale; eyes bare......... ees ae eels oie 8.
Posteroventral surface of hind femur with a series of strong bristles; long-
est hairs on arista not longer than its basal diameter; basal abdominal
sternite bare; prealar bristle moderately long............ hannai sp. n
Posteroventral surface of hind femur almost bare; longest hairs on arista
longer than width of third antennal segment; prealar bristle absent or
minute; basal abdominal sternite bare....Hebecnema vespertina Fallen
Mid tibia with a small protuberance on posterior side beyond middle, which
is covered with short setulae, and basad of the protuberance about ten
lens bristles on the same Surtatey.26. oye eee tuberculata Malloch
Mid tibia without such protuberance and bristles..2.0.20..0..00....5. 9a.
Hind femur with a series of long bristles from base to apex on anteroven-
tral surface, the length of the bristles exceeding the diameter of femur;
a few weak hairs sometimes below metathoracic spiracle; basal abdom-
inal. ‘sternite isetulose ys. .\/ 94. ashi eee res ....-nasoni Malloch
2.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 105
Hind femur with long bristles confined to apical half of anteroventral sur-
Face ba dimancotmanal usternite bares. seit dee b:edisesj ebayer som 6 os 10.
Abdomen with a black dorsocentral vitta; eyes short haired, almost con-
BSG ITO Ged he Hebecnema umbratica Meigen.
Abdomen with paired black dorsal spots; eyes not nearly contiguous... .11.
Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; hind femur
with antero-and posteroventral bristles; mid tibia with two weak
AUR be tea ACIS TICE yc ates) e.a ve ia'e 5 arnie oi meh hd eee ...migrite Malloch
Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; posteroventral
surface of. hind femur and anterodorsal surface of mid tibia without
ie See AER Rea ictat | 4 oS iso's «2 7s > a oda dR RR a oleae als 12.
Abdomen inconspicuously spotted; wings very conspicuously browned to-
wards base and anteriorly; hind tibia without a bristle near base on
posterodorsal surface; eyes separated by less than width across poster-
LDP CIEE pak A RRR re IAN ees eo pee ane ae A nigricans Stein
Abdomen conspicuously spotted; wings hyaline; hind tibia with a setula
near base on posterodorsal surface; eyes separated by at least as great
a distance as width across posterior ocelli........... duplicata Meigen
Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles............ 14.
Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles............ 24.
Remand (patie OG, eutirely \blacic. pss cs See ea: waa ae Wels re aaa pee Wap
eMOnAeMCneLy Week as worl. Ree ee ae 2 Cb io a, fie ee aed Pee eee ve.
Eyes with dense long hairs; abdomen ovate, with dorsal paired spots and
fe era ehieekGiinosa: Ml trrs te eked one, Lae 5 Tee LM eee bat ee ey.
Eyes bare or with very short sparse hairs; abdomen not as above...... 19,
Hind femur without bristies on posteroventral surface; hind tibia with long
bristles on entire length of anteroventral and posterior
SMA CES tee Some tm atee o abies JAS AAS AYE pectinata Johannsen
Hind femur with long slender bristles on basal half of posteroventral sur-
late Fang tbr notas aloe tin, LOA) ues Lael eae. oe aie ive
Thorax with one pair of long presutural acrostichal bristles; lateral mar-
gins and ventral surface of scutellum bare........... orbitaseta Stein
Thorax without long presutural acrostichal bristles.................. 18.
Eyes separated by about the- width of anterior ocellus; ventral surface of
Seneca wane), G56 Sie eee Jit Oe en Se a tye od se he rufitibia Stein.
Eyes separated by at least the width across posterior ocelli; ventral surface
or. scutellum) with) sparse erect soft( hairs). . 1 eal. « brevis Stein
Abdomen with a distinct black dorsocentral vitta; eyes sparsely haired, al-
most contiguous above; hind femur without bristles on posteroventral
Suriace, except near, apex... 6 ...+ sisal. Hebecnema vespertina Fallen
Abdomen with distinct paired spots on dorsum.............0-+00000- 20.
Third wing-vein bristly at base; hind tibia with a very long anterodorsal
median bristle, the apical dorsal one very
WiGaieaener Gia fyisn babes yes slot OR ey Eas Enoplopteryvx anceps Zetterstedt*
Third wing-vein bare at base; apical dorsal bristle on hind tibia strong,
nearly or quite as long as the median anterodorsal one............ 21
* Recorded by Stein but probably erroneously.
106
22.
24.
20.
26.
27.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Prealar bristle present but small; hind femur bare at middle on posteroven-
tral surface; mid tibia without anterodorsal or posteroventral bristles;
imth sternite without sirone | bristheswans 6 0.027% duplicata Meigen
Prealar bristle absent or minute; hind femur with one or two strong, but
not very long bristles at middle of posteroventral surface; mid tibia
with one or two anterodorsal and posteroventral bristles; fifth abdom-
inal sternite with a very strong bristle on each side of
Clits. tame Noe aren: cree ee ree, fare bispinosa Malloch
Thorax shining fulvous, without conspicuous pruinescence; facets on upper
half of eyes very conspicuously enlarged, the head flattened above;
arista “(MOSe ue. «4 gens anc, ee a eee Hebecnema fulva (Bigot)
Thorax if fulvous with distinct pruinescence; facets of eyes but little en-,.
larged above, the head not flattened; arista very short haired......25.
Hind tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles; hind femur with eight
to ten bristles extending from middle to apex on anteroventral surface,
the longest bristles distinctly longer than the diameter of
1 Sar bh ea A, Sea ALAM A A tN Reo Loree. Chap lysinoe Walker
Hind tibia with one anterodorsal bristle; hind femur with three or four
short bristles at apex on anteroventral surface, none of which exceed
ia: length. “the diameter: o) She mutt, get oir ak eiche eee uniseta Stein.
Scutellum with a conspicuous black spot on each side at
aCe wipe ree othe ae eas, pat leet oeney WEE ae uliginosa Fallen
CMEC HINA WENOOUE SICH, “SPOS tatla Ob x tos mses! Ss wearers oan oh oe war ee 23:
Abdomen with an indistinct black dorsocentral vitta; mid tibia with one or
two anterodorsal bristles; fore tibia with two posterior bristles; basal
abdontinel Gsteriite MSEtulose jy ecru vor el eet Lee linearis Malloch
Abdomen with paired spots on dorsum which are sometimes indistinct;
mid tibia almost invariably without anterodorsal bristles.......... 26.
Eyes separated by one third of the head-width; only the fore femora black-
ened; spots on dorsum of abdomen very
TA CLISHMI CE i od nc runes Cert Seether eee ee spinilamellata Malloch
Eyes separated by much less than one third of the head-width, or not other-
Wise AS “abowie..3 .2 das Cine eis Pe Or ee ee ee oY,
Posteroventral surface of hind femur with long hairlike bristles on almost
its entire length or on basal half; posterodorsal surface of hind tibia
with. from one 4o three:shont: setullaenag.c es). siogeree ook, sip eee
Posteroventral surface of hind femur bare or with a few bristles at middle
or near apex; posterodorsal surface of hind tibia without setulae ex-
cept. in abiens: and spuria.., 2.9. sae ee «ies we Re ee
Hind tibia with long soft hairs on ventral surfaces... .consimilata Malloch
Hind tibia with a few small bristles on anteroventral and posteroventral
surfaces, the: ventral ‘surface hare.. so. ae RoR AS PR acy raf
Eyes separated by three times the width across posterior ocelli; legs
black eC (es Seen si) cs YE ae, ee fletcheri Malloch
Eyes separated by less than twice the width across posterior ocelli; tibiae
and apices of femora reddish‘yellow.........../.%. nigribasis Malloch.
St:
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LO?
Hind tibiae with rather dense long bristly hairs on ventral surfaces... .30a.
Hind tibia without dense bristly hairs on ventral surfaces..>......... 30b.
. Hind femur with some long bristly hairs on apical half of posteroventral
surface; cross-veins indistinctly infuscated...... oregonensis Malloch
Hind femur without long bristly hairs on posteroventral surface; cross-
veins very conspicuously infuscated.............. cothurnata Rondani.
. Only the fore femora blackened; palpi yellow; prealar bristle absent ; cross-
veins not infuscated; hind femur bare at middle on posteroventral sur-
By eA te he, Saha wa 2 aia «os» Nal aly oth Me Me abiens Stein
All femora more or less blackened; palpi largely or entirely black; prealar
IRE TIRING EXCEPT 101 SPUTIG .. since. -mhe > » = «ln cong A anamoke «ps5 weer © le
Cross-veins of wings very conspicuously infuscated; hind femur bare at
middle on posteroventral surface; third vein bare at base; basal abdom-
iad We ere Tate GEMS o 49 soy! s ci aptentata s tatae 6 xtc 9 ee obscurinervis Stein
Cross-veins of wings very narrowly infuscated; hind femur with a few
short bristles on middle of posteroventral surface; third wing-vein at
base and ‘basal abdominal stermite. bare: ~~ 2.6.0 + ==. spuria Malloch
Cross-veins of wings not infuscated; hind femur with two or three short
bristles at middle of posteroventral surface; third vein with a few
weak setulae at base above and below; basal abdominal sternite
17 NaCI IRR ad aed na are Xenomydaea buccata Malloch
FEMALES.
Hypopleura with some fine hairs below. spiracle.......¢ii05.0.0.0.. Ze
Hypopleura with some hairs on its upper margin in front of
Spaeeeleics Hstsstitnee ets asd Mere GE Gans Aces He marmorata Meigen?
Bi ermrp esa mere Se ni cteh” Mine tn 8 ee a ome pore) tae ee Sar epoca Any es SF
Hind tibia with three anterodorsal bristles ; wing-veins 3 and 4 very decided-
ig Wdky Creerb Vateapices 148 5.0.0d Sia sea Re Bn. ee multisetosa Schnab]
Hind tibia with two anterodorsal bristles; veins 3 and 4 very little divergent
SERENE Te co ON Ome Mes RNR RPE a FC Ee a iin ty wal ahas RAR ee eh otc oe Jy
Thoracic and abdominal pruinescence brownish gray; calyptrae yellow-
ie Lawn tidal & Whe bake Ht Rae sean a lucorum Fallen
IMPACT aia Soe 6 wg ate ya Stains 4b alot UN ee eae punctata Stein
Thoracic and abdominal pruinescence whitish gray; calyptrae
Legs entirely black, rarely with the knees reddish:......../.0........ 6.
Legs with at least the tibiae of one or more pairs reddish or yellowish....
Mid tibia with one or more anterodorsal bristles; hind tibia with one or
PMONPesteruaorsal setilde Near Base 1a i... os).5) Reo we cr sree eb wo 5 one ii
Mid tibia without anterodorsal bristles; or the hind tibia has no postero-
dorsal setulae near base and the arista is nearly bare.............. 9.
Ventral surface of scutellum with soft erect hairs. ...hylemyioides Malloch
Wedienl) Suirtace Lor )semmenutin DATes. sau. Yre eda. kc le. ae een #:
Fialienes abiacisn i Wee Watds a cistttogiits a alod a hse lek ake cee nitida Stein.
Plcneres palenyelowWaets. oie veh iatimle aki. Sl. latifrontata Malloch
era Seen ee CIENT Parte Pen yy ay hers MBS Sia! ods v eta redtle Kap ae ae ee 9.
EOE NEE EUS 2 yao ee Doha mn a ae en RT OP ce. tea 10
108
12:
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Arista pubescent; calyptrae with black margins... .fuscomarginata Malloch
Arista plumose; calyptrae entirely pale.... Hebecnema vespertina Fallen
Arista plumose; prealar bristle absent or minute; mid tibia without antero-
dorsal ‘bristles, oon: ee ee ee eee Hebecnema umbratica Meigen
Arista pubescent; prealar bristle more than half as long as the one behind
it; mid tibia with one or two anterodorsal bristles. .tuwberculata Malloch
Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles............ Lie
Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles
Ventral surface of scutellum with some soft erect hairs at apex; mid tibia
with ‘several anterodansal’. bristlesiy. 0 ets. a ane eis brevis Stein
Ventral sugface of seutellim joare. ote) eit ee ech see ek oe eee a.
Mid tibia with an anterodorsal bristle; mid and hind femora in part black-
SMG Here es see cece BEES Oe tak eer 20S ho nR e Pon duplicata Meigen
Mid tibia without an anterodorsal bristle; mid and hind femora not black-
CHO Pe Ps ok ole se shale als Sohail Weenie aR meres onicg Ae eee eee 14.
Thorax with a very strong pair of presutural acrostichals..orbitascta Stein
Thorax without a strong pair of presutural acrostichals....rufitibia Stein
Abdomen checkered, without distinct paired dorsal spots; palpi black... .16.
Abdomen with paired dorsal black or brown spots, if the spots are indistinct
the ground colour of the abdomen and sometimes of the thorax is more
or less testaceous and the palpi are entirely or largely yellow...... 17;
Antentiae emirely black. ich ie eo wae = ake ah le ewes oot mimetica Malloch
Third antennal segment conspicuously reddish yellow at
Dasen. PRR ot, HBAS Gets Hie es ee IS FoR johnsoni Malloch
Longest hairs on arista about as long as width of third antennal
SROITISM bas stg hte ic Gre se rare ra co Pare taetre eilete deeds ee Pare tetas Hebecnema fulva Bigot
Amista’ much ishorser “haired 240 WA OAR eins oho a eee 18.
Hind tibia with one anterodorsal bristle; abdomen black, densely gray
pruinescent, with black paired dorsal spots; palpi broadly infuscated
ait apices. W/e,. | Meta csacetva ee, fee SRR mire heen ae ee uniseta Stein
Hind tibia with two anterodorsal bristles; abdomen more or less testaceous,
gray pruinescent, with poorly defined brown paired spots on dorsum;
palpi. entirely, yellow tami. ate tes ae lysinoe \Walker
Scutellum with a conspicuous black spot on each side at
base... 26.2.5. Re ee eee ae uliginosa Fallen
scitellum. without such spots an See Ae Oe es ae tie rate OL we an 20.
Third wing-vein with a few weak setulae at base above and
DELO Wis ots tcc ys ts ce tate ae Xenomydaca buccata Malloch
Third: wing-vein bare’ at base: oss 24) Bed eeies weet. I ee eee Bis
Wings with the cross-veins very conspicuously infuscated; hind tibia with-
aut ‘posterodorsal. setulke near base? Cub. Wee ee teens 1 Le 22.
Wings with the cross-veins not or but slightly infuscated, or the hind tibia
has*one or more posterodorsal setulae near baser2../.). sess ei. e. 24.
Thorax entirely yellowish testaceous; head and abdomen fuscous; arista
with its longest hairs distinctly shorter than width of third antennal
SEOMIOCTIE: iW a\is chide bes che ae gear ee ee Rieter: Op eee bicolorata Malloch
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 109
Seeihona lareclyeanrenrely blackish... 1. OMe. et PT Be ea Oe an
23. Arista with its longest hairs about equal in length to width of third anten-
nal segment; hind femur with one or two long bristles at middle on pos-
CN Gop ELH Ey SU TS i RR ie ee Pd ie obscurinervis Stein
— . Arista with its longest hairs about as long as its basal diameter; hind femur
without bristles at middle on posteroventral sur-
FRYE E.< 08 2a EO ape Re Ae ae NR RA neopoeciloptera Malloch
24. Hind tibia with one setula near base on posterodorsal surface.......... sp.
— Hind tibia with three or four setulae on posterodorsal surface..........25.
25. Only the fore femora infuscated; antennae with second segment and base
of third ferruginous; longest hairs on arista longer than width of third
antennal segment; fore tibia with one posterior bristle; mid tibia with-
Hlphewd anbterodorsal: bristles 234 Yates Mees - nsias thee Ae ws abiens Stein
— Mid and hind femora as well as fore pair infuscated at bases; antennae en-
tirely black; longest hairs on arista a little shorter than width of third
antennal segment; fore tibia with one anterodorsel and usually two pos-
terior bristles; mid tibia with an anterodorsal
Dem eAKet Re SUAS. Cpa ees behets es nigribasis Malloch
— Only the fore femora infuscated; antennae with second segment reddish;
longest hairs on arista distinctly shorter than width of third antennal
SCMIMCU Gt Ne ee Ee Nee is Poe MeL Ro spuria Malloch
Helina hannai sp. n.
Male and Female——Black, almost glossy. Orbits and cheeks with white
pruinescence, frontal stripe opaque black; antennae and palpi black. Thorax
indistinctly trivittate. Abdomen with brownish gray pruinescence, and a con-
tinuous dorsocentral black vitta. Legs black. Wings slightly fuscous, bases
of veins yellow. Calyptrae bright yellow. Knobs of halteres black.
Eyes of male separated by about one tenth of the head-width; artista very
pubescent; eyes almost bare. Thorax with 4 pairs of postsutural dorsocentral
bristles; prealar bristle long. Abdomen subcylindrical, slightly tapered at apex;
hypopygium small. Fore tibia with two or three setulae on posteroventral sur-
face; mid tibia with two posterior bristles; hind tibia with two anterodorsal and
two anteroventral bristles; hind femur with a continuous series of long bristles
on anteroventral surface and some on basal half of posteroventral.
Female.—Frons over one third of the head-width; arista pubescent as in
male.
Length, 6.5—7.5 mm.
Type—St. George Island, Behring Straits, June 24, 1914. Allotype and
two paratypes, same data as type; one male paratype and puparium, same locality,
June 20, 1913; one male, June 10, 1914; one male and two females, June 17, 1914
(G. D. Hanna).
Named in honor of the collector.
Type in collection of United States Bureau of Biological Survey.
110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
A FURTHER COMPARISON OF THE WINGS OF ZORAPTERA,
PSOCIDS, AND APHIDS, FROM THE STANDPOINT OF
PHYLOGENY.
BY CG. C. CRAMPTON, PH.D.
Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.
The venation of the fore wings of the Zoraptera, Psocids, Aphids, and
related forms was discussed in a recent paper published in Vol. 32, p. 97, of the
Entomological News for 1921; but the venation of the hind wings of these in-
sects was not included in the paper referred to above, since material suitable for
determining the homologies of the peculiar venation of the hind wings of the
Zoraptera was not available at that time. Recently, however, through the kind-
ness of Mr. Nathan Banks, I have been able to study the venation of the aberrant
psocids figured by Enderlein 1903-1906, which have enabled me readily to homol-
ogize the veins of the hind wing of Zoraptera; and since Enderlein’s principal
paper was published in a Hungarian periodical which is doubtless inaccessible
to many cisatlantic entomologists, I have included in the present paper such of
Enderlein’s figures as are of value for determining the homologies of the veins
of both wings in the Zoraptera, and for determining the closest affinities of these
insects. For the privilege of studying the wings of the intensely interesting ant
phylogenetically important order Zoraptera, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr.
A. N. Caudell whose sympathetic interest, and unfailing readiness to lend assis-
tance, has been a source of inspiration and encouragement to many a student in
the field of entomological research.
The affinities of the Zoraptera have been discussed by Silvestri, 1913,
Caudell, 1920, and Crampton, 1°20, and all of these investigators were apparently
impressed by the resemblance of the Zoraptera to the Isoptera in their general
appearence, their colonial habits, the breaking off of the wings, and in certain
details of thoracic and abdominal structures. I have emphasized the fact, how-
ever, that the Zoraptera are strikingly like the ancestors of the Psocids, and in
an article published in Vol. 32, p. 7, of the Ent. News ] have grouped the Zorap-
tera, Psocids, Mallophaga, Anopleura, Thysanoptera, Palaeohemiptera, Homop-
tera and Hemiptera, etc., in a common super-order, the “ Panhomoptera”’ (instead
of grouping the Zoraptera with the Isoptera, as in former papers) and likewise
called attention to the fact that “the resembiance of both fore and hind wings of
the Psocid Archipsocus textor to the wings of the Zoraptera is strikingly close.”
In the present paper, I would present the evidence of the wing veins supporting
the contention that the Zoraptera are nearer to the Psocids than to any other
insects; and that the Zoraptera should therefore be placed in the super-order
Panhomoptera next to the Psocid members of this group; and I would also call
attention to the fact that the wings of the Zoraptera are very suggestive of those
of the Hymenoptera in certain respects—a resemblance which likewise extends
to certain of the body structures as well.
So far as the wings are concerned, the resemblance between the Zoraptera
and the Psocids is so marked, that they might readily be grouped in the same
order, if the wings were the only features to be considered, since the wing vena-
tion of the Psocid sub-family Archipsocinae is even more like that of the Zorap-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST dictol:
tera than it is like that of many other insects grouped with them in the order
Psocida, and the range of variation in the wing venation of members of this
order covers far greater differences of venation than that between the Psocid
group Archipsocinae and the Zoraptera. The genitalia of the Zoraptera, how-
ever, are quite different from the genitalia of the Psocids, the Zoraptera have
well developed cerci, which are absent in all Psocids of which | have any know-
ledge, the head is of a more primitive type (and the mouthparts also) in the
Zoraptera, as is also true of the thoracic sclerites of the sternal and pleural re-
gions, and many other features, which would preclude our placing the Zoraptera
in the same order with the Psocids, although the relationship between the two
groups is far closer than has hitherto been supposed to be the case.
The fore wing of Archipsocus brasilianus shown in Fig. 10, Plate III, is
strikingly similar to that of Zorotypus snyderi shown in Fig. 12, since in both
insects, the cubitus is two-branched ( i.e. it divides into “Cu” and “Cu”’), while
the median vein “M”, is unbranched and bends upward toward “R,” very abrupt-
ly, forming a slight connection with the latter, before bending down again to-
ward the posterior margin of the wing. Vein “R,” is very similar in both in-
sects, and a comparison of Fig. 12 with Fig. 10 would indicate that in Zorotypus
snyderi (Fig. 12) vein b Re has become lost, while only the branch “R: +2” of
the two branches of “R.” present in Fig. 10, persists to form the teroomnal por-
tion of the vein labeled “Re ” in Fig. 12 i.e. the portion labeled “R: + s” in Fig 12).
The pterostigma “ps” is cere similar in both insects, and the fore wings of Zor-
otypus snydert and Archipsocus brasilianus exhibit so many tendencies in com-
mon in their modifications, that one cannot escape the conclusion that the two
msects are extremely closely related.
In Archipsocus brasilianus (Fig. 10) as in Zorotypus snyderi (Fig. 12)
vein “M” of the fore wing is barely connected with “R,”; but in Archipsocus re-
cens (Fig. 9) vein “M” of the fore wing has coalesced with vein “R,” for a
considerable distance to form “R,+M”, and the same is true of the fore wing of
Zorotypus, hubbardi shown in Fig. 11. We thus have the modificational tenden-
cies exhibited by the fore wing of Archipsocus brasilianus repeated in the Zor-
apteron Zorotypus snyderi, while the modificational tendencies exhibited by the
fore wing of Archipsocus recens are repeated in the Zorapteron Zorotypus hub-
bardi; and anyone who will compare the fore wings in the two groups of insects
must be impressed with the remarkable similarity between the two types ol
wings.
The resemblance between the hind wings of the Zoraptera and Psocids
is no less remarkable than the resemblances exhibited by the fore wings in the
two groups of insects. Thus, in the hind wing of Zorotypus snyderi shown in
Fig. 3 (which is almost exactly like that of Zorotypus hubbardi), vein “R:+3” is
almost an exact counterpart of vein “R2+ s” in Fig. 5 of the hind wing of Archip-
socus recens, as is also true of vein “M:” in both insects. Vein “R.” has united
with “M” and with “M+ Cu” for a greater distance in the insect shown in Fig. 3
than in the insect shown in Fig. 5, and the small cell just below the label ial
in Fig. 5, has become obliterated in Fig. 3; but the cubitus “Cuz” is much the
same in the two insects,although the anal tobe “al” of Fig. 5, -is not represented
112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
in Fig. 3, nor is vein “R:” of Fig. 5 represented in Fig. 3. The differences be-
tween the two types of wings are very slight, when one takes into consideration the
fact that they belong to insects grouped im separate orders, and the wing of the
Zorapteron shown in Fig. 3, is actually more like the Psocid shown in Fig. 5,
than this Psocid is like many other members of its own order of insects (the
Psocida), as one may readily see by comparing it with Cymatopsocus opalinus
and similar Psocids. At any rate, it is a comparatively simple matter to homol-
ogize the veins of the Zorapteron wing shown in Fig. 3, with the veins of the
Psocid wing shown in Fig. 5, and by working back to the intermediate type of
venation exhibited by the wing shown in Fig.,6, we have a connecting link pass-
ing over into the more typical venation of the order.
Veins “R:+3s” and “Rs+»” are distinct in the wing of Psyllipsocus ramburt
shown in Fig. 6; but in the hind wing of an aberrant form of this species, fig-
ured by Enderlein, 1903, these two veins have united almost completely (they
are separate only near the margin of the wing, and for a very short distance)
which suggests that the vein labeled ‘““R:+3s” in Fig. 5, represents the fusion pro-
duct of veins “Re+s” and “Rs+*” of Fig. 6. Similarly, the vein labeled “M2” in
Fig. 5, probably represents the fusion product of veins “M:” and “M:” of Fig.
6, and the same holds true for the venation o’ tie wing shown in Fig. 3, which -
is homologous with the venation of the wing shown in Fig. 5. The discal cell
below the label “R,” in Fig. 5 is represented by a similar cell below the letter “R”
in Fig. 6 (this cell has become obliterated in Fig. 3); but the longitudinal vein
“Rs” of Fig. 5 has assumed a more vertical position in Fig. 6, in which the vein
labeled “Rx” may represent only a portion of vein “R:”’ of Fig. 5, or the latter
vein may have coale-ced with the veins behind it, save for its terminal portion
which remains free to form the vein labeled “R:” in Fig. 6. The Vein “Cu” of
Fig. 5, is evidently the homologue of the vein labeled “Cue” in Fig. 6, and it is
quite impossible that vein “Cu” has united with “Cu” to form the single vein
labeled “Cuz” in both figures, although there is not positive evidence available to
determine this point; and it is also quite possible that the vein labeled “Cue” re-
presents only the second branch of cubitus, the first branch (i.e. “Cu’’) having
faded out, or become lost in some such fashion. When a wider series and more
intermediate forms of Psocids have been studied, these points may be determined
with more certainty, although an examination of the tracheation of the insects
in question would likewise throw much light upon the matter, if one could pro-
cure fresh material for study. These points, however, are of minor importance,
and so far as the principal longitudinal veins are concerned, it is a comparatively
simple matter to determine their homologies in the Zoraptera and Psocids, the
only matter of uncertainty being to determine which of the branches of these
longitudinal veins are lost, or unite with other branches to form the terminal
portions of the longitudinal veins.
The hind wing of the Aphid shown in Fig. 1 is rather suggestive of the
hind wing of the Zoraptera (Fig. 3) in its venation. The vein “Cu” of Fig. 1,
however, is situated further (distally) from the base of the wing and is propor-
tionately much longer than vein “Cue” of Fig. 3, and vein “R.” is bent abruptly
forward in Fig. 3 while it extends more nearly in a straight line with the basal
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1138
portion of the vein in Fig. 1. The fore wing of an Aphid (Fig. 7) however, is
more like that of a Psocid (Fig. 8) than that of a Zorapteron (Fig. 11), and the
nature of the veins A., and “Cue” of Fig. 8 is very suggestive of the condition ex-
hibited by these veins in Fig. 7. The incomplete vein “R,” of Fig. 8 is also
very suggestive of vein “R,” of Fig. 7; but the point of origin and the extent
of vein ‘“M” of Fig. 8, is somewhat different from that of the vein bearing the
same label in Fig.7. On the whole, however, the resemblance between the types
of wings shown in Figs. 7 and 8 is very striking, and adds further weight to the
evidence drawn from other sources indicating that the Psocids represent as nearly
as any living forms, the ancestral types from which the Aphids and other Hom-
opterous insects were derived.
The venation of the fore wing of the Psocid shown in Fig. 2 approaches
remarkably closely the type of venation occurring in the Thysanoptera;* and
since it furnishes us with the basis for determining the homologies of the Thy-
sanopteron venation, it is of considerable importance to make as accurate a de-
termination of the venation of the Psocid in question as it is possible to do from
the evidence at hand. A comparison of Embidotroctes (Fig. 2) with Embido-
psocus (Fig. 4) which is slightly less modified than the former insect, would in-
dicate that branch “R: +2” is either lost, or coalesces with “Rs +s” (Fig. 4) to form
the terminal portion of the vein labeled “R ” in Fig. 2. I am more inclined to con-
sider that vein “Re+s” of Fig. 4 is lost, in Fig. 2 ; and hence the terminal portion
of vein “R.” of Fig. 2 would be formed by “R:+>” alone. The reason for so
thinking is that in the fossil Thysanopteron Palaeothrips fossilis, the terminal
portion of a similar vein appears to be formed by “R:+s”’, while vein “Re +s” be-
comes vertical, and takes on the appearance of a cross vein connecting it with
the anterior margin of the wing. This matter, however, will be discussed more
at length in a subsequent paper, and need not be further considered here. It
may be remarked in passing that the terminal portion of vein ““M” of Figs. 2 and
4, is probably composed of ‘“M:’, as is indicated by the labelling.
The principal points brought out ir the preceeding discussion may be
briefly summarized as follows. The Psocids are much nearer the Zoraptera than
has formerly been supposed to be.the case, and so far as the wing veins are con-
cerned, the Psocid family Caeciliidae approaches the Zoraptera much more close-
ly than any other known insects, the wings of the Psocid Archipsocus brasilianus
(Fig. 10) being remarkably like those of the Zorapteron Zorotypus snyderi (Fig.
12) while the wings of the Psocid Archipsocus recens (Fig. 9) are remarkably
like those of the Zorapteron Zorotypus, hubbardi (Fig. 11). In both groups of
insects there is a tendency to form a pterostigma ‘‘ps”, and there is also a ten-
dency toward the formation of a thickening of the margin of the wing to form
a sort of “ambient” vein like that found in the Thysanoptera. In both Zorap-
teron and Ceciliid fore wings, the vein ‘““R:.:” tends to curve forward toward
the anterior margin of the wing, and vein ““M” is unbranched, and tends to bend
backward toward the posterior margin of the wing. Vein “Cu” is two branch-
* The veins labeled “M’’ and “Cu,” in Fig. 3 of the fossil Thysanopteron described
in Ent. News Vol. 32, p. 97, should be labeled “M,” and “M,”, judging from the evidence
furnished by a study of the wings discussed in the present paper.
ar. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
ed in both groups, in the fore wing, and is unbranched in the hind wing. The
course of veins “R:+s” and “M:’’ is astonishing similar in the hind wings of both
types of insects.
While it has no direct bearing on the matter of indicating a close relation-
ship between the two groups, it may be mentioned that in the Psocids there is
a marked tendency toward the development of aberrations in the venation of cer-
tain individuals, and the venation of the wing of one side of the body may even
differ from that of its fellow on the other side of the body. Similarly in the
Zoraptera, there is also exhibited a marked tendency toward a variation in the
venation of certain individuals, and in a specimen of Zorotypus snyderi which I
have examined, the venation of the right fore wing was quite different from that
of the left fore wing, thus suggesting the operation of similar tendencies in the
iwo groups of insects.
The evidence of the wing venation would add further support to the in-
dications of an extremely close relationship between Zoraptera and Psocids
furnished by other features of the body, and this relationship is so intimate that
it is quite evident that the Zoraptera should be placed in the superorder Panhom-
optera next to the Psocids. Furthermore, the Zoraptera are the nearest living
representatives of the types ancestral to the Psocids, and these in turn are very
like the ancéstors of the Thysanoptera, Mallophaga, Anopleura, Hemiptera and
Homoptera.
The orders of winged insects may be grouped into the following super-
orders, according to the revised views expressed in an article recently published
in Psyche, Vol. 27, 1920, p. 125, which are further modified to a slight extent,
ir. the following list.
Palaeodictyopteriod Superorder (Panpalaeodictyoptera or Ephemeriformia)....
Protephemeroida, Ephemeroida, Protodonata, Odonata, Palaeodictyoptera,
“Protohemiptera”’ etc.
Plecopteroid Superorder.( Panplecoptera:or ; Perbformia) inca, “ae eee
Haplopteroida, Plecoptera, Hadentomoida, Embioida, Dermaptera, etc.
Orihopteroid Superorder (‘Panorthoptera’ or Phasmitotmia),.o- 02. fo. sc. meee
Protorthoptera, Grylloblattoida, Phasmoida, Orthoptera, etc. 7
(Sopieroid Superorder (Panisoptera; or Biatusorimid jack. eee han 0h fe, ee ore
Protoblattoida, Blattoida, Mantoida, Isoptera, ete.
Psocoid’ Superorder: (Panhontopteray or» PSsociiormia) = 2). acess >.) sony eee
Zoraptera, Psocoida, Mallophaga, Pediculoida, Thysanoptera, Homoptera,
Hemiptera, Palaeohemiptera, ete.
Netrropteroid ‘Superorder “(Panneuroptera or soialitormia)..... 0... se eaeee
Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Protomecoptera, Paramecoptera,
Paratrichoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, etc. The
Coleoptera and Strepsiptera may eventually be placed in this superorder,
but I have not been able to definitely decide concerning tnem or such forms
as the Megasecoptera, etc., which are also related to members of this super-
order.
The Plecopteroid superorder appears to lead to the Neuropteroid super-
order, while the Isopteroid superorder appears to lead to the Psocoid superorder,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1145
in some respects. The Orthopteroid superorder is somewhat intermediate be-
tween the Isopteroid superorder and the Plecopteroid superorder with its closest
affinities very slightly nearer the former, though the balance between the Isop-
teroid and Plecopteroid characters in the Orthopteroid group is fairly evenly
divided. The Isopteroid and Plecopteroid superorders are both very close to the
Palaeodictyopteroid group, which may represent the common ancestors of both.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1920 Caudell :—Zoraptera not an Apterous Order. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington,
WOM 22.
1920 Crampton:—Some Anatomical Details of the Remarkable Winged Zorap-
teron Zorotypus, etc. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, Vol. 22.
1921 Crampton :—A Phylogenetic Study of the Fore Wings of Zoraptera, Psoc-
ida, etc. Ent. News, Vol. 32:
1901 Enderlein :—Morphologie, etc. der Atropiden und Trociden. Results Swed-
ish Exped. to Egypt, etc. No. 18.
1903 Enderlein:—Copeognathen des Indo-Australischen Faunengebietes. Ann.
Hist. Nat. Mus. Nation. Hungarici, Bd. 1.
1906 Enderlein :—Aussereuropaeische Copeognathen, etc. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Sys-
tematik, etc., Bd. 24.
1913 Silvestri-—Descrizione di un Nuovo Ordine di Insetti. . Portici.
1909 Patch:—Homologies of Wing Veins of the Aphididae, etc. Ann. Ent.
Soc. America, Vol. 2.
ABBREVIATIONS.
The numerals written to the right and below the letters indicate branches
of the veins referred to. A plus sign between letters indicates; a coalescence of
the veins in question.
al....Anolobus or anal lobe (vestigial anoflabellum, or anal fan of lower in-
sects).
A....First anal vein. :
ap...Anoplica, or anal fold.
as...Anosinus, or anal sinus.
ax...Axillary vein (second anal).
ch...Costahamus, or costal hook.
Cu ..Cubitus.
M... Media.
ps... Pterostigma.
Radius.
K.... Radial ‘sector.
Sc... subcosta.
116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Can. ae. -y ol, LILTL. Plate III:
COMPARISON OF WINGS OF ZORAPTERA, PSOCIDS
AND APHIDS.
(See page I17)
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1 vd
. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Figures 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 are based on figures by Escherich. Figures
1 and 7 are based upon figures by Patch, 1909.
Fig. 1...Right hind wing of Aphid Macrosiphum solanifolit.
Fig. 2...Right fore wing of Psocid Embidotroctes paradoxus.
Fig. 3...Right hind wing of Zorapteron Zorotypus snyder.
Fig. 4...Right fore wing of Psocid Embidopsocus luteus.
Fig. 5...Right hind wing of Psocid Archipsocus recens.
Fig. 6...Right hind wing of Psocid Psyllipsocus ramburi.
Fig. 7...Right fore wing of Aphid Pamphigus venafuscus.
Fig. 8...Right fore wing of brachypterous form of Psocid Archipsocus brasil-
1anu.s.
Fig. 9...Right fore wing of Psocid Archipsocus recens.
Fig. 10. .Right fore wing of Psocid Archipsocus brasilianus.
Fig. 11..Right fore wing of Zorapteron Zorotypus hubbardt.
Fig. 12..Right fore wing of Zorapteron Zorotypus snyderi, after Crampton,
1921. This wing should be of same size as that of the Zorapteron
shown in Fig. 11.
TWO NEW CANADIAN MAY-FLIES (EPHEMERIDAE).
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D.
Entomological Branch, Ottawa. *
In the second week of June, 1920, I collected from the underside of the
leaves of an ash tree, situated near the banks of the Rideau river a number of
specimens of both sexes of those tiny May flies belonging to the genus. Baetis.
At the time I supposed I was collecting Baetis pygmaea Hagen, but a careful
study of the entire material at a later date convinced me that three species were
represented and could be fairly readily distinguished, even in a dried condition,
by the relative size of the superior, reddish portion of the eyes.
It became necessary therefcre to determine whether the true pygmacu
was represented in my catch and specimens of all three species were submitted to
Dr. Nathan Banks of the Cambridge Museum, Mass. Dr. Banks was kind
enough to compare these specimens carefully with the remains of the type 2 of
B. pygmaea (one wing and a portion of thorax) as well as with the type @ of
B. unicolor Hagen and co-types of B. propinquus Walsh. One of the species
he definitely identified as propimquus, the other two he reported as probably
new, both being considerably larger than pygmaea and showing constant differ-
ences in venation, notably in the hinder portion of the wing.
Unicolor was described from Q’s only, collected in Washington, D. C., and
until the correct ¢’s can be definitely associated with the opposite sex, identifi-
cation of this species must remain doubtful. The same is more or less true of
pygmaea; the type locality is given as “St. Lawrence River’ and until we have
more definite knowledge of the Baetis forms inhabiting this river, it would be
mere guess work, in view of the very close superficial resemblance between the
* Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
species of this group, to associate the name definitely with any of our Ottawa
species. The only other name in this genus which might possibly have been ap-
plied to our forms was rubescens Prov., a species unknown to Dr. Banks.
Through the kindness of Canon Huard I have received for study the only two
species in the Provancher Collection labelled with this name in Provancher’s
handwriting; one specimen, a 9, is very evidently not the type nor even correctly
associated; it is a species of Chirotenetes. The other,'a 6, agrees well with
Provancher’s short description, having the costa and base of primaries and a
good portion of the secondaries tinged with ruddy colour. It does not however
belong in the genus Baetis but in Baetisca and is apparently distinct specifically
from obesa Say, the sole species at present included in the genus. I propose
making this specimen the Lectotype and transferring the specific name to the
correct genus.
In view of the above facts it seems advisable to give names to the two
unknown species; the ¢’s may be separated from one another as follows :—
a. Superior eyes large, kidney-shaped; intercalaries on primaries well
developed, especially between subcosta and radius. .intercalaris, n. sp.
a’ Eyes smaller, oval; intercalaries between subcosta and radius either
faint or entirely lacking.
- b. Superior eyes moderate, roundly oval; thorax of shiny
bites Ber ae ee ES Me ek ee Re propinquus WIsh.
bt Superior eyes small, lengthily oval; thorax brown with distinct
lateral yellow spot on prothorax extended backward by a line to
DASE uO TANy UE: . hicks. MesMaata . tual ae bee tials otal flavistriga, n. sp.
All the species agree in the ¢' sex in the type of abdominal marking, the
first and the last three segments (apart from genitalia) being brown, the remain-
der hyaline white with black stigmatal dots.. A detailed description of the new
species follows :—
Baetis interealaris N. Sp.
¢. Length of wing (from center of thorax to wing tip) 5 mm; length of body
4% mm; length of abdominal setae 9-10 mm. Legs pale yellowish, an-
tennae blackish at base shading to whitish at tips; lower eyes black ; superior
eyes large, brownish red, kidney-shaped, pale around the rims, which in dried
material are usually curled up. Thorax black-brown, slightly marked with
yellowish on the dorsal protuberances and with a yellowish lateral prothor-
acic line extending to base of wing; abdomen with basal segment dull brown,
last three segments ruddy-brown dorsally; remaining segments pale yellow-
ish white; beneath all segments but the first uniformly whitish; genital
organs pale; setae white. Wings with the intercalaries on primaries well
marked, the two in the interspace between subcosta and radius particularly
long; cross-veins between branches of cubitus distinct.
In the genitalia the penes are curved, rod-like, tapering to a very fine point,
slightly bent at tip.
Q. Eyes small, wide apart, blackish; face variegated brown and yellow; dorsum
of thorax slaty-black, laterally and abdominally brownish; abdomen brown-
ish above, dull yellowish gray below; setae dirty white, duller than in ¢; legs
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | 119
Can. BEnt,, Voli BI: Plate IV.
NEW CANADIAN MAY-FLIES
(See page 117)
120
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
deeper in colour than in g'; venation similar to that of ¢.
Holotype. 1 g, Ottawa (June 11th,) in Canadian National Collection.
Allotype. 1 2, Ottawa (June 11th.) in Canadian National Collection.
Paratypes 64°s, 69’s, Ottawa (June 11-14) in Canadian National Collection
and Cambridge Museum Collection.
Baetis flavistriga N. Sp.
Size and general appearance of the preceding species; the superior eyes
however much smaller, forming, even in dried specimens, flat, oval disks of
a deep reddish brown colour, which often slightly overlap. Thorax with
the yellow prothoracic spot and streak well-defined; legs dirty ochreous.
Primaries with the intercalaries less developed than in the preceding species,
those between subcosta and radius being much shorter; the cross-veins be-
tween the branches of the cubitus are also quite faint in distinction to
intercalaris where they are well-developed. In the genitalia the penes are of
more or less even width throughout and do not taper to the fine points
found in intercalaris, ~
Holotype. 1 8, Ottawa (June 14th) in Canadian National Collection.
Paratypes. 5 S's, same locality and date, in Canadian National Collection
and Cambridge Museum Collection.
I have not yet definitely associated the Q’s of the above species; a series
of this sex is before me which differs from the Q’s of imtercalaris in possessing
a broad pale yellow dorsal stripe on the abdomen and further shows the differ-
ences in venation mentioned above. These specimens however may belong to
propinquus Wish. as Dr. Banks mentions to me that the female cotype of this
spec
ies appears to possess such a stripe. In view of this I have thought it better
to leave the matter in abeyance until such time as further collecting or breeding
call
ro
Ss:
Fig.
settle the doubt.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
1 Venation of forewing of Baetis intercalaris Mcl).
2 Male appendages of Baetis intercalaris McD.
3 Male appendages of Baetis flavistriga McD.
.4 Male appendages of Baetis propinquus Walsh.
Che Canadian Cntomelanist
VoL. LILI. GUBLEPH, JUNE, 1921 No. 6
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
STRIGODERMA ARBORICOLA FAB—ITS LIFE-CYCLE (SCARAB.
COLEOP*.
BY WM. P. HAYES.
Assistant Entomologist* Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.
*Contribution No. 59 from the Entomological Laboratory, Kansas State Agric-
ultural College. This paper embodies some of the results of the investigations under-
taken by the author in the prosecution of project No. 100 of the Kansas Agricultural
Experiment Station.
INTRODUCTION.
Continuation of the work on the life-cycle of insects injurious to the roots
of staple crops, begun at this station in 1916, has revealed the following life-
cycle of Strigoderma arboricola Fab. ‘This species of the family Scarabzidae,
sub-family Rutelini, occurs somewhat generally throughout the state of Kansas.
Popenoe (1877) records the beetles from western Kansas, and states that they
are quite rare at Topeka. Casey (1915) gives the range of Strigoderma arbor-
icola as occurring from New Jersey and Canada to Kansas. Only at rare in-
tervals are they sufficiently abundant in Kansas to be of economic importance.
An opportunity to secure enough specimens to begin life history studies
was afforded the writer by the collection of a number of the beetles by Prof.
Geo. A. Dean at Abilene, Kansas, June 20, 1919. At this place they were
found abundantly feeding on rose blossoms in a nursery where they were doing
considerable damage. These beetles were brought to Manhattan where their
subsequent life history was worked out. To date, the writer has been unable
to find any reference to the life-cycle of this species in American literature.
The beetles were kept in large, covered tin pails containing damp soil.
Various blossoms were fed to the adults and the soil examined daily after ovi-
position began. The freshly laid eggs were transferred to small depressions
in closely packed soil in one ounce tin salve boxes where they were examined
daily for hatching. Upon hatching, the young grubs were placed in individual
salve boxes containing loose, damp soil, which was changed once or twice a
week during the warm weather. They were kept constantly in a rearing cave
(McColloch, 1917), where a somewhat constant temperature was maintained.
The young grubs were fed bran until the second molt, when wheat grains were
substitutedj When the prepupal condition occurred, fresh soil was packed
tightly in the salve box to approximate the natural condition of the pupal cell
in which the transformations to the pupal and adult conditions took place.
Foop PLANTs.
Hart and Gleason (1907, p. 244) record Strigoderma arboricola adults on
flowers of clover, rose, Opuntia humifusa and Monarda punctata. Blatchley
(1910, p. 986) records the beetles as occurring most commonly on flowers of
wild rose, blackberry and the water willow, Dianthera americana Linn. The
121
122 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
following field notes are recorded by Vestal (1913, p. 45): “Notes taken June
24. The first Strigoderma was noticed a few days ago floating down the
river. They are now excessively abundant on cactus, wild rose, red clover,
timothy, elderberry, dewberry, dog fennel, Verbena stricta, wild parsnip, Monarda
punctata, Plantago, Saponaria, Tephrosia, Erigeron. They are most abundant
on prairie plants, being quite common in the bunch-grass association and along
roadsides, very few being found in the forest’. July 3: ‘Strigoderma is still
fairly abundant on different flowers. On July 6, a robber-fly, Proctacanthus
brevipennis, was caught with a Strigoder’ma in its grasp, which it was in the act
of eating.” In Kansas, blossoms of wild and cultivated rose plants are appar-
ently the preferred food of the beetles.
The grubs were not observed feeding in nature. However, the fact that
they were reared cn bran and wheat kernels in the same manner that the writer
has reared Lachnosterna grubs seems to indicate that there is no apparent dif-
ference between the feeding habits of this species and those of the more common
white grubs.
LaFe C¥cCuB:
Adult—The beetle is described by Blatchley (loc. cit.) as follows: “Oval,
subdepressed. Head, thorax and scutellum dull blackish-green, shining; sides
of thorax usually in part or wholly pale; elytra dull brownish-yellow, often suf-
fused with fuscous or piceous, especially on the sides and along the suture; un-
der surface and legs piceous, sparsely clothed with long grayish hairs. Head
coarsely, roughly and confluently punctured. Thorax one-half broader than
long, sides feeble curved, hind angles rounded, front ones acute; surface coarsely,
shallowly and rather sparsely punctate, with an impressed median line on middle
third and two irregular depressions on’ each side. Elytra with all the strize
distinct, entire and deeply impressed. Length 10-12 mm.”
He further states that two specimens observed had the thorax, elytra and
legs wholly reddish-yellow and others had the thorax wholly bluish-black. The
beetles occur on blossoms from May to July, where mating probably occurs.
A collection of 53 specimens made July 9, 1885, in Wallace County, Kansas,
indicates their relative abundance in western Kansas during July. Specimens
in the Kansas State Agricultural College collection from Columbus, Ohio, bear
a September label. The fenvales enter the soil to oviposit and die soon after-
ward. Egg-laying occurs during June and July.
Egg—The egg is oval in shape and nearly pearly-white in color. It is
about 2 mm. long and 1.2 mm. wide when freshly laid. The eggs increase slight-
ly in size with age and assume a more globose form until immediately preceding
hatching, when they are about 2.5 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide. Hatching
occurs early in July.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 123
The following table shows the length of the egg stage as observed:
‘Tasers 1.—1eNCrH.. oF..Le6G iS BAEE-
Date Date Length Date Date Length
Laid Hatched of stage Laid Hatched of stage
1919 1919 days 1919 ene, days
June 27 July 9 12 June 27 July 10 13
mn - : 2 July 11 14
s ef y July 12 a2 10
é ce cet ts 13 11
se oe sé “e (6 ot 1 1
of July 10 13 me pale i 2
Average 12.2
Maximum 14.
Minimum 10.
Larva-——The larva resembles the common white grubs. No definite char-
acters separate it from Lachnosterna grubs. There is, as in Lachnosterna, a
triangular patch of hairs on the last ventral segment with a median double row
of mesad pointing spines. The head 1s light brown or tan.
Before hatching the grub can be seen within the egg. When freshly hatched
the head is white, except the tip of the mandible, but soon the whole head dark-
ens to its characteristic color. Newly hatched larve are about 4 mm. long. As
before stated, hatching occurs early in July, and the winter is passed in this
stage. The following spring the prepupal condition is reached and pupation
soon occurs. The length of the larval and prepupal stages of four individuals
raised to maturity are shown in table 2.
TABLE I1—LENCTH OF LARVAL STAGE.
Length of Length of
stage to Length of complete
Egg Became prepupa prepupal stage larval stage
Hatched Preputa days pupated days days
July 7,’19 May 26, ’20 321 Jnne, 2,720 Tf 328
July 10,’19 May 26, ’20 319 June 2,’20 8 327
July 10,’19 May 31, ’20 325 June &.’20 6 331
July 13,’19 May 25, ’20 322 June 29, ’20 4 326
Average 321.7 6.2 328
Maximum 325 8 321
Minimum 319 4 326
|
124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Pupa.—The pupe are from 10 to 12 mm. long. When freshly transformed
they are creamy-white but they gradually darken as the adult colors are as-
sumed. The four grubs reared to pupation, as noted in table II, were likewise
successfully reared to adults. Their period of pupal life is shown in table III.
TABLE III.—LENCTH OF PUPAL STAGE.
Date Date Length of
Pupated Adult Pupal stage days
June 2, 1920 June 14, 1920 12
June 2, 1920 June13, 1920 iat
June 6, 1920 ; June 20, 1920 14
May 29, 1920 June 12. 1920 14.
Average Th
Maximum 14
Minimum Bip
SUMMARY.
The beetles of Strigoderma arboricola occur during May, June, and July.
Egg-laying occurs in June and July. The eggs hatch in from 10 to 14 days, and
the grubs pass the winter in the soil, requiring an average of 321.7 days to
reach the prepupal condition which in turn requires 4 to 8 days, making an
average combined larval stage of 328 days. The prepupal stage varies in length
from 11 to 14 days with an average of 12.7 days. The four individuals reared
to maturity, with their egg stages added, required 351, 352, and 358 days for
complete development.
LITERATURE CITED.
Blatchley, W. S. 1910, An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera
or beetles (exclusive of the Rhyncophora) known to occur in Indiana—Nature
Publishing C., Indianapolis.
Casey, T. L. 1915, A Review of the American species of Ruteline, Dynas-
tinee and Cetoniine.
Memoirs on the Coleoptera VI, pp. 1-394. Hart, C. A., and Gleason, H. A.
1907, On the Biology of the Sand Areas of Illinois. Bull. III. State Lab. Nat.
Hist. 7 :137-272.
McColloch, J. W. 1917, A Method for the Study of Underground Insects.
Journ. Econ. Ent., 12: 109-117.
Popenoe, FE. A. 1877, A list of Kansas Coleoptera. _ Trans. Kans. Acad.
Sci. V. pp. 21-40.
Vestal, A. G. 1913, An Associational Study of Illinois Sand Prairie. Bull.
Til. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 10:1-96, 5 pls:
126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
A NEW SPECIES OF FRIESEA (COLLEMBOLA).
BY CHARLES MACNAMARA,
Arnprior, Ontario.
There are no such things as equinoctial gales. More of our old friends
are gone. They have been sent by the metereologists to try vainly of course—
to blow William Tell’s arrow from its mark or to flutter the Lincoln green
cloak of Robin Hood, in that limbo of lost illusions where the moon controls
the weather, and fixes the time when we should kill the pig; and where all the
animals know if the snow is going to be deep next winter.
Therefore, although it occurred within a few days of the March equinox
a couple of years ago, the gale that blew the top off a large maple in Elliott’s
sugar bush near Arnprior must be named without any qualification in respect
of the time of year it happened. But it may be fairly recorded as an example
of the proverbial ill wind; for if it blew Mr. Elhott no good in breaking the top
off his tree, it led me to the always pleasing discovery of a new species.
The fallen top was about ten feet long by eight or ten inches in diameter.
It had broken from a tree some 75 feet high, and its few stubby branches were
smashed off in coming down. I chanced on it within twenty-four hours after
it fell. The temperature was a little above freezing, but the day was raw and
overcast, and there was still three or four inches or hard crusted snow on the
ground. It was the moss-on the bark that first attracted me. Moss means
moisture, and moisture means springtails. It is strange how enormously stand-
ards of value differ. A dozy log with loose mossy bark is an absolutely worth-
less “dead cull” to a lumberman, while to a Collembolan hunter it is a delight-
ful and valuable find. The bark on this log proved to be loose only in spots,
but here and there under the flakes were considerable numbers of the white
cast skins of Collembolans, an unfailing indication of the gregarious kinds, al-
though as the skins may persist for several years, they are often present long
after the colony that shed them has become extinct. But close examination
with a magnifier presently discovered some very small slow pellid springtails,
which I put down as a species of Xenylla; and young Xenylla maritima Tullb—
apparently about quarter grown—they turned out to be when | got them under
the microscope at home that night. Not a very exciting capture this, as X.
maritima is common under bark around here.
On a cold rainy day a week later I reached the sugar bush again; and
although it had yielded nothing of interest before, somehow I gravitated to
the fallen top once more. This time, besides a few additional specimens of
the tiny Xenyllans, I captured half a dozen handsome olive-green Isotoma de-
terminata MacG., another not infrequent bark dweller in my district. Then I
found a single light grey Collembolan, small but strongly built, and further
searching resulted in three more of them. ‘They were all numb with the cold
when I picked them up, but in the vial they livened up a bit, and began to
walk around.
I did not recognize them for any springtail I knew, though they looked a
little like an Achorutes. But determination of Collembola in the field is very
uncertain, and two or three times my supposed prize has turned out to be only
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ly
another variety of the protean and ubiquitous Achorutes armaius Nic. So these
unknown specimens I carried home without any great hopes.
And it was with no more than a mild curiosity that I prepared a speci-
men that evening for microscopical examination. The color that looks grey
under the pocket magnifier is shown by the microscope to be a pale violet.
Unguiculi are wanting, so the insect does not belong to theAchorutes, that genus
being always provided with these little supplementary claws. A drop of potash
solution is drawn under the cover-grass to clear up the pigment. The eyes
can now be counted, and there are eight of them on each side, and no postan-
tennal organs. ‘Then suddenly interest flares up. Three anal spines! A hur-
ried search in Guthrie and Folsom—this is a Friesca, and the only one of the
genus ever recorded in North America before was described by Guthrie, who,
finding it in a greenhouse, suggests that it is an exotic. My species does not
fit Guthrie’s description, and living at the top of a 75 foot maple in a locality
that might almost be called the backwoods, it certainly cannot be anything but
a native Canadian.
The next care was to get more specimens, and the following day I searched
the fallen top for two hours and found two more; rate: one specimen per hour.
The top was close to Mr. Elliott’s sugar-house, and as he was making ready
for the spring sap-boiling, I was afraid he might cut up my precious log for
fuel, so I asked him to spare it. He readily agreed, albeit with an indulgent
smile that might greet the naive request of a child or a slightly demented per-
son. But my precautions were unnecessary, for | completely unbarked the log
without finding 4 single additional specimen on it.
I searched also in vain the trunk of the tree from which the top had
fallen and many other trees around. They yielded numerous other Collom-
bolans but no more Frieseans.
Nor did I find any more anywhere else all summer, although I looked
for them in all kinds of places, likely and unlikely. It was not until late in the
autumn that they came into my life again; and strange to say, they were again
found in a fallen maple top. On the 26th October fate led me through a hard-
wood grove 300 or 400 yards to the east of the sugar-bush of original discovery.
There I noticed a maple lately broken off about 40 feet up, and the 15 or 20
foot top, with its butt on the ground was standing upright against another
tree. The nice loose-looking bark of the broken piece appealed to me, and
I began to pry pieces off, and examine them with my watchmaker’s glass. Al-
most immediately I saw my Friesea again. This time they were gathered in
groups of five or six, and many individuals were much larger than any of
those I had taken in the spring. In the course of the next few days, before
all the loose bark was removed, I collected here with delight 30 or 40 good
specimens. After the poverty of six small individuals that I had suffered
from before, this was affluence, and should have contented me. But no collect-
or is ever really satisfied. There is no wealth beyond the dreams of avarice,
and I felt like John D. Rockfeller when he had saved his first ten millions.
And so the quest of the Friesea continued. Numerically, the subsequent
results have been poor, only two specimens having been collected during the
past year. But the remarkable feature of this, the third separate discovery of
128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
the species, was that the insects were again disclosed living at the top of a
maple tree. ‘The two specimens were taken from under the bark of a short
thick branch, lately fallen, like the first broken top, from the summit of a
large maple in Elliott’s sugar-bush.
In each instance the conditions under which the insects were found
precluded any chance of their having made their way from the ground onto the
fallen piece after it had come down. They had certainly been living in the
tops of the trees. Of course, numerous Collembolans live all over trees from
root to crown wherever there may be a little moisture or rotten wood; but
this species appears to live in the tops only. However, I can see no good
reason why this should be their only habitat, and it is probable that eventually
they will be found in lowlier stations.
As appropriate to their apparent predilection for high places, the species
is named “sublimis”, the word—which was kindly suggested to me by Mr. F.
1. A. Morris of Peterborough—being used in its primitive sense of “raised
up.”
The genus Friesea Dalla Torre comprises only five described species
including the subject of this paper. The discovery of the present species neces-
sitates a few changes in the generic description which should now read as
follows:
Genus Friesea Dalla Torre
Eyes eight on each side as a rule; five on each side in F. decemoculata
Borner. Postantennal organs absent. Antennae four-segmented. Mand-
ible without molar surface. Head of maxilla simple. Unguiculi absent.
Furcula short, weakly developed in most species; well developed in some
species; mucro hooklike. Anal spines three. Anal segment small; supra-
anal valve rounded semi-globose. Body without segmental tubercles,
cuticula tuberculate.
Friesea sublimis, n. sp.
Color, pale lilac on silvery white ground, the head being slightly darker
than the body; under parts lighter and body sutures white. Eyes, (fig. 1) eight
on each side. No postantennal organ. Antennae (fig.2) subconical, three-
quarters length of head; third and fourth segments confluent dorsally but suture
shows ventrally; fourth segment with five or six thick curved olfactory setae
as well as many straight, tapering hairs; stout capitate protusible sense organ
in a deep pit on apex just inside median line, another sense organ of two thick
hooked members distally in a recess on outer side of third segment. Mavilla
(fig. 3) with simple head and acute apex. Mandible with several distal inner
incisive teeth and no molar surface. Unguis (fig. 4) stout, curving, untoothed ;
unguiculus represented by a rounded lobe only; front feet usually with four
knobbed tenent hairs, and mid and hind feet with five such hairs, but sometimes
the hairs immediately above these are knobbed also making a total of six, seven
or eight tenent hairs; tibiotarsus with a distal subsegment. Furcula (fig. 5)
not rudimentary, but short, not reaching to second abdominal segment; dentes
not reduced, stout, with three dorsal setae; mucro one quarter length of dens,
with strong apical hook and prominent rounded lamella. Tenaculum bidentate,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 129
in outline as fig. 6. Anal spines, (fig. 7) three in a triangle, with proximal
base and distal apex, slightly curved, sharp, three-fifths length of hind ungues,
on low papillae. The anal and genital segments bear many long straight setae
with conspicuous round heads, and a few simple setae interspersed. Clothing
(fig. 8) a few short curving setae. J/ntegument finely tuberculate. Maximum
length, 1 mm. Found under bark, April and October, near Arnprior, Ontario.
Compared with the powerful springing apparatus of an expert leaper
like Jsotoma palustris Mull., the furcula of Friesea sublimis appears small and
weak. Nevertheless it is much better developed than in any other known mem-
ber of the genus, and it is that that chiefly distinguishes the new species. ‘The
furculas of all other described Frieseans are little more than rudimentary, but
with F. sublimis, though short, it is actually functional, and I have seen them
leaping a distance of two or three inches, though they seldom indulge in the
practice. The maxilla as shown in fig. 3 is a conspicuous object in the head
when the specimen is depigmented.
As usual, I am much indebted to Dr. J. W. Folson of the University of
Illinois for advice and assistance in describing this species.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Eyes of left side, x 600
Left antenna, x 1200
Maxilla, x 900
Left hind foot, x 1500
Dens and mucro, x 1000
Tenaculum in outline x 1500
Anal segment showing spines and capitate setae, x 800
Clothing of first abdominal segment, x 1000
Fig.
SS I Be a Bars
MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES IN THE COLEOPTERA— NO. 1.
BY FRANK E. BLAISDELL, Sk.
Stanford University, Calif.
The following new species and races of American Coleoptera were found
among a number of other speci¢s recently submitted to me for identification.
Listrus provineialis, New Species
Form oblong-ovate, abeut three times as long as wide and slightly robust.
Colour black; mouth-parts, antennae and tarsi more or less piceous; second
antennal joint freauently paler.
Pubescence moderate in length, recumbent, linear and subsquamiform, quite
dense and argenteo-plumbeous to luteo-cinereous in colour.. Dark hairs arranged
as follows: basal parascutellar and humeral macules very small or obsolete;
post-basal macule at middle of each elytron, small and irregularly rounded; a
rather siender transverse submedian fascia slightly behind the middle. zic-zac,
and scarceiy attaining the lateral margin or suture; subapical fascia similar or
broken info two macules on each elytron; apical macules very feebly indicated or
obsolete. Median pronotal macule more or less broken into four parts, two
smali anterior dots and two larger and slightly elongate, posterior dots; lateral
130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
semilunar vittae feeble or more or less obsolete, sometimes represented by a
small rounded macule: central area of the frons slightly darker.
Head subquadrate, moderate in size, broadly and.very feebly impressed betweea
the eyes, densely indentato-punctate, with a small rounded, glabrous convexity
opposite the middle of the base of the clypeus. Eyes moderately large, and
rather prominent, quite broadly convex and entire. Antennae similar in the
sexes, extending 10 about one joint beyond the pronotal base; rather stout, outer
joints moderately compressed, second oval and not stout, about as wide as long,
third cylindro-obconical, about twice as long as wide, fourth as long as wide,
subtriangular, fifth distinctly wider than the preceding and slightly wider than
the three following joints, a little longer than wide and subtriangular; succeed-
ing joints scarcely serrate anteriorly, sixth to the eighth subequal in size, triangu-
lar, anterior angle nzore obtuse than that of the fifth, ninth a little larger and
stouter, obtusely rounded anteriorly, triangular, scarcely transverse, tenth still
wider, slightly transverse and triangular, eleventh obovate, about twice as long
as wide and compressed at apex.
Pronotum about a fourth wider than long, rather strongly and evenly convex
from side to side; apex broadly and feebly arcuate in circular arc; sides quite
broadly arcuate in basal two-thirds, thence feebly convergent to apex, more
abruptly so at base, the latter broadly and not strongly arcuate, distinctly sinuate
laterally into the rounded or obtuse basal angles; apical angles rounded; disk
densely indentato-punctate, laterally indentato-punctato-reticulate. Lateral fim-
briae moderate in length and backwardl: carvea, serrulations small and unequal
in size.
Elytra oblong, rather parabolically rounded at apex, a little more than twice as
long as wide; feebly convex at the disk, rather strongly so laterally; punctures
rather close, somewhat coarse, separated by a distance equal to about twice their
diameter; surface more or less granulato-reticulate, punctures somewhat impress-
ed, intervals almost transversely prominent; humeri not at all prominent, round-
ed and obtusely rectangular.
Abdomen densely and finely reticulato-punctulate, fifth segment more strongly
so. Apex of abdomen rather densely clothed with moderately long brownish or
blackish hairs in both sexes.
Legs moderate in stoutness and length.
Male—rather more oblong and less arcuate at the sides; fifth ventral segment
truncate and distinctly sinuate at apex but not deeply so.
Female—More ovate, sides more arcuate; fifth ventral rather strongly rounded
at apex.
Measurements— Length, 2.8-3 mm.; width, 1-1.1 mm.
Holotype, male, and allotype, female, to be deposited in the National Collection
at Ottawa. Paratypes in the collection of Mr. Ralph Hopping and that of the
author.
Type locality—Spious Creek, near Merritt, B.C. Collected on May 23rd, 1920.
Mr. Hopping has also taken it at Midday Creek, B. C., collected July 13th, 1920.
I cannot consider that Casey's Listrus plenus, taken on Vancouver Island,
is the same as the present species for the following reasons: In plenus (female)
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 131
the antennae are slender, pronotal disk deeply and very closely perforato-punc-
tate, interstices narrow, sparsely and feebly punctulate; pubescence denuded in
large irregular areas on the elytra. In provincialis the antennae are moderately
stout, pronotal disk densely indentato-punctate, intervals mere lines between the
punctures and indentations, and finally the elytral dark pubescent areas are in
well defined small macules or macules and narrow fasciae.
Kleodes (Lithe‘eodes) extriecata var.utahensis n. var.
Form fusiform-ovate to ovate, moderately strongly convex. Colour black, dull
in lustre and alutaceous; surface smooth and the sculpturing feeble.
Head and pronotum finely punctulate, rather densely so on the frons. Antennae
rather slender.
Pronotum slightly wider than long, evenly convex, punctures not denser laterally ;
apex truncato-sinuate in circular arc, angles subacute and somewhat prominent
anteriorly ; sides broadly and about equally arcuate from apex to base, marginal
bead very fine; basal angles obtusely rounded; base broadly arcuate; apex and
base almost equal in width.
Elytra oval, base broadly and feebly sinuate, scarcely wider than the contiguous
base of the pronotum; humeri subacute, not at all prominent nor exposed; sides
broadly and evenly arcuate to apex, gradually oblique to the obtuse apex; disk ~
moderately convex, rather broadly arcuate laterally into the somewhat inflexed
portion; punctures fine in closely placed longitudinal series, more or less con-
fused laterally and on the inflexed sides and apical declivity.
Abdomen feebly and sparsely punctulate; obsoletely rugulose on first two seg-
ments.
Legs moderately long and rather slender.
Male.—Narrower. Anterior femora with an obtuse salient. Abdomen moder-
ately convex and horizontal. Anterior tarsi without tufts of pubescence
on the first joint at tip beneath, plantar grooves open on all the joints.
Female.—Broader, ovate. Abdomen rather strongly convex.
Measurements —Length, (types), 16.5-16 mm.; width, 5.3-6.0 mm.
Holotype, female, and allotype, male, in the author’s collection; paratypes in
that of Mr. Warren Knaus.
‘Type locality—Milford, Utah. Collected by Mr. Warren Knaus at an elevation
of 4°00 feet, on June 29th, 1919.
The differential characters are, the dull alutaceous lustre, smooth surface,
fine inconspicuous punctuation and slender antennae. In typical extricata Say,
also in the race cognata Hald., the plantar groove on the first joint of the an-
terior tarsi is closed at tip by a small tuft of golden pubescence. This tuft is
absent in the male of wtahensis. ‘The latter race should precede the race cog-
nata in our lists.
Eleodes (Litheleodes) vandykei variety modificata n. var.
Similar to vandykci, except that the elytra are moderately coarsely muricato-
rugose throughout, with intermixed punctures. Form rather more ovate than in
vandykei. Recent studies have lead irresistably to the conclusion that vandykei
is a distinct species and not a race of letcheri Blais.
Measurements.—(Male and female). Length, 14-14.5 mm.; width, 6-7.3 mm.
132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Holotype, male, and allotype, female, to be placed in the National Collection at
Ottawa. Paratypes in the collection of Mr. Ralph Hopping and that of the
author.
Type locality—Vernon, B. C. Collected April 6th, 1920, by Mr. Ralph Hopping.
The elytral sculpturing in modificata is almost like that seen in Eleodes cuneat-
icollis Casey.
The following tabulation of characters will help in the recognition of letcheri
and vandykei with its races:
eiroea omncricately,< PUmCta tes se ccc l-ygsacc ire teen se get galanin I
Plipeeavanore, or Wess jmagricato-Gran lake. 11g settee see nie aiiele! «pie, clei daleoe aac 3
1. Elytra sparsely pubescent with rather long flying hairs...... letcheri Blais
lgtra wiht Short uSetaes. el:-sashaha cote ule Racveevnk tenets tact ola eae ecie ok cabes ta aie te a
2. Elytra densely and muricately punctured, minutely so on the
COST yacht iced « ononid ako Soko ins a MRE OP ee ne ae vandykei Blais.
-. Elytra densely and moderately strongly muricato-rugose with intermixed
DUTCH Er ake: Wie ALOR aie oes Do ce eae ore eee var. modifirata n. v.
3. Size usually smaller, pronotum relatively smaller and quadrate ;
granules subtuberculate and more -or less arranged in
evident longitudinal: seriesive c.g os <-)ee poi pee see ae var. parvula Blais.
In parvula the pronotum is noticeably smaller, more quadrate, with the sides less
arcuate and parallel.
The species of the subgenus Lithelcodes may be arranged in the following
sequence :
Eleodes (Litheleodes) arcuata Casey.
extricata Say.
Var. convexicollis Blais.
var. utahensis, new variety.
var. cognata Hald.
var. arizonensis Blais.
granulata Lec.
var. obtusa Lec.
var. corvina Blais.
papillosa Blais.
letcheri Blais.
vandykei Blais.
var. parvula Blais.
var. modificata Blais.
NEW NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (TIPULIDAE, DIPTERA). PART XI,
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER,
The types are preserved in the collection of the writer unless stated other-
wise. The material from Idaho is preserved in alcohol; paratypes of certain
of these species are placed in the collection of the United States National Mus-
eum at the request of Mr. Shannon.
Limnophila (Idioptera) shannoni, new species
General coloration (in alcohol) dark brown; coxae and trochanters light
©
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 133
yellow; wings greyish yellow, the cross veins and deflections conspicuously seam-
ed with greyish brown; male hypopygium with the outer pleural appendage
simple.
Male.—Length about 6.5 mm.; wing 8 mm.
Female.—Length 7.8 mm.; wing 8.4 mm.
Described from alcoholic material.
Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae of the male long, if bent
backward extending about to the base of the abdomen; scapal segments pale
yellowish brown, the flagellum dark brown. Head dark brown, the genae
paler.
Thorax dark brown, with no stripes evident in alcoholic material. Halt-
eres pale, the knobs a little darker. Legs with the coxae and trochanters light
yellow; femora yellow, broadly tipped with dark brown; tibiae brownish yellow ;
tarsi pale brown. Wings with a faint greyish yellow tinge, the wing-base and
the costal and subcostal cells more yellowish; stigma oval, dark brown; con-
spicuous greyish brown seams at the origin of RR; at Sc; along the cord and
outer end of cell Ist M: and along the supernumerary crossveins; veins dark
brown. Venation: Sc: some distance from the tip of Sc, this distance slightly
variable; R: bent caudad at R which is inserted on Rk: a little more than its own
length beyond the fork and on R: about its length from the tip; R spurred at
origin, in alignment with R:+ :; basal deflection of R+ +s and R in oblique align-
ment; petiole of cell M: much shorter than this cell; basal deflection of Cu
slightly before midlength of cell 1st Mz.
Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium with the pleurites stout; two
pleural appendages, the outer appendage simple, narrow at the base, gradually
widened to the squarely truncated apex, the outer margin and apex provided
with numerous small appressed spines; inner pleural appendage a little longer
than the outer, gradually narrowed to the bluntly rounded apex, the surface
provided with setae.
Habitat.—Idaho.
Holotype, 3, Moscow Mt., July 25, 1920 (R. C. Shannon).
Allotopotype, &.
Paratopotypes, 1 g, 1 9, the latter teneral.
This species and the next are of very considerable interest as being the
first American representatives of the group typified by L. (J.) trimaculata
(Zett.) of northern Europe. The genitalia are of a structure that differs in
several respects from that of the type of the subgenus /dioptera, however, and
it may be that all these species are not true members of Jdioptera. It is with
great pleasure that this interesting fly is dedicated to Mr. Shannon as an ap-
preciation of his kind help in collecting Tipulidae in various parts ot the United
States.
Limnophila (Idioptera) bifida, new species.
General coloration (in alcohol) brownish black; coxae and trochanters
obscure yellow; wings dusky grey, the stigma slightly darker; no distinct darker
markings on the wing; male hypopygium with the outer pleural appendage pro-
foundly bifid.
Male—tLength about 5 mm.; wing 6 mm.
Female—Length about 6.5 mm.; wing 6.7 mm.
134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Described from alcoholic material.
Head, rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae biownish black, the
distal segments a little paler, if bent backward extending to (2) or beyond (¢)
the wing-root ; flagellar segments in the ¢' rather elongate.
Mesonotum and pleura dark brown, the dorso-pleural membranes paler.
Halteres elongate, pale, the knobs slightly darker. Legs with the coxae and
trochanters obscure yellow; remainder of the legs light brown, the tips of the
femora and tibiae slightly darker. Wings with a strong dusky grey tinge; wing-
base slightly yellowish; stigma oval, darker grey; exceedingly faint markings
at the origin of R_ and along the cord; veins dark brown. Venation: S,, long,
S.: extending to about four-fifths the long R., S.» removed a short distance
from the tip of 5.1; R. long, strongly arcuated at origin, in alignment with
R:*2; R: +s rather long, about twice the deflection of Rs ++; very faint;
beins Re and R:» divergent; cell R: at the margin wider than either cells 2nd
R: or Rs; petiole of cell M: about as long as the cell; basal deflection of Cu: at
about one-third the length of cell lst M:; supernumerary crossvein in cell M a
short distance beyond the origin of R..
Abdomen dark brownish black. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite
bifid, the lobes narrowly rounded at their tips and provided with blackenec
spines; pleurites short and stout, the apex of each produced into a flattened
lobe; outer pleural appendage very broad, profoundly bifid, the dorsal blade
flattened, with the inner margin provided with four or five appressed acute
teeth; the ventral blade is narrower, a little shorter, at the tip with a few acute
erect spinules; inner pleural appendage flattened, very short and high, rapidly
narrowed to the blunt apex, provided with numerous setae. Ovipositor long
and slender, the tergal valves upcurved, horn-color.
Habitat—Idaho.
Holotype, 6, Moscow Mt., July 25, 1920 (R. C. Shannon).
Allotopotype, &.
Rhaphidolabis (Rhaphidolabis) subsessilis, new species.
General coloration (in alcohol) brownish yellow, the praescutum with a
conspicuous dark brown stripe; antennae with twelve segments; wings sub-
hyaline; stigma faintly darkened; cell Rs sessile or subsessile; abdomen dark
brown.
Male.—tLength about 5.2 mm.; wing 6.7 mm.
Female—Length about 6.5 mm.; wing 7.4 mm.
Described from alcoholic material.
Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae with twelve segments, dark brown.
the last segment one-half longer than the penultimate. Head dark brown.
Pronotum obscure brownish yellow, broadly dark brown medially. Mes-
onotum brownish yellow, the praescutum with a conspicuous median dark brown
stripe that is narrowed behind, ending before the suture; lateral stripes very
indistinct. Pleura brownish yellow. Halteres pale, the stem darker. Legs
with the coxae and trochanters brownish yellow; remainder of the legs brown,
the tarsal segments darker. Wings subhyaline, iridescent, the stigmal area faint-
ly brownish; veins dark brown. Venation: R moderately elongated, strongly
arcuated; cell Rs sessile to very short petiolate; outer deflection of Re less than
its own length4rom the tip of R:; cell 1st Ms open; cell M: present, the branches
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 135
that enclose it widely divergent.
Abdomen dark brown, paler laterally. Male hypopygium with the distal
lateral angles of the pleurite provided with numerous blackened spines; prox-
imal face of pleurites with long, erect bristles; two pleural appendages, these
short and stout, approximately equal in size, the outermost clavate, the head
with numerous black spicules; inner appendage pale, the apex broadly and
obtusely rounded. Lateral gonapophyses long and slender, approximately as
long as the pleurites themselves.
Habitat—lIdaho.
Holotype, 3, Moscow Mt., July 25, 1920 (R. C. Shannon).
Allotopotype, .
Rhaphidolabis subsessilis is closely related to Rk. rubescens Alex. (North-
eastern North America) but is readily told by the presence of but twelve an-
tennal segments, the coloration and the elongate lateral gonapophyses of the
male hypopygium. In its general appearance it is more like R. major Alex.
(Colorado), a very different fly.
Rhaphilolabis (Plectromyia) reducta, new species.
General coloration (in alcohol) pale brownish yellow, the praescutum in-
distinctly darker medially; antennae with only eleven segments; wings hyaline,
the stigma lacking; cell Rs petiolate; abdomen with a subterminal darker brown
ring.
Male—Length 4.2 mm.; wing 5 mm.
Described from alcoholic material.
Rostrum obscure yellow; palpi short, brown. Antennae brown, the basal
segment paler; flagellum with only nine segments; flagellar segments long-oval,
gradually decreasing in size to the end. Head yellowish brown.
Mesonotum pale brownish yellow, the praescutum indistinctly darker
medially; scutal lobes slightly darkened. Pleura yellow. Halteres pale, the
knobs brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters light yellow; remainder of
the legs pale brown, the tibiae a little darkened at the tips. Wings hyaline;
stigma lacking; veins brown. Venation: RS comparatively short, strongly
arcuated; petiole of cell Rs long, subequal to the basal deflection of R« 5s;
outer deflection of Re perpendicular or nearly so, close to the tip of R:; cell
M: lacking, as in thé subgenus, petiole of cell M: longer than this cell; basal
deflection of Cu: a short distance beyond the fork of M. very faint, without
macrotrichiae.
Abdominal tergites light brown; sternites more yellowish; segments seven
and eight dark brown. Male hypopygium with the pleural appendages short,
stout, the tips blunt; one appendage is more slénder, near the tip provides with
several spinous setae, the other appendage very short and stout with the distal
and blunt, set with several short spines and about two long, delicate bristles.
Habitat —Idaho.
Holotype, 3, Moscow Mt., July 25, 1920 (R. C. Shannon).
Paratopotype, C.
This small fly presents an appearance that is very similar to the type
of the subgenus Plectromyia except that the cell Rs is petiolate. The reduction
in number of antennal segment is very interesting and difficult of explanation.
Within the group Dicranotae there is now found a range of from eleven to
136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
_ fifteen antennal segments (11 in Rhaphidolabis reducta; 12 in Rhaphidolabis
subsessiles, and Dicranota nipponica; 13, the normal number for the group; 14
in Rhaphidolabis flavibasis; 15 in Rhaphidolabis fascipennis and other Oriental
species ). .
Dicranota rogersi, new species.
General coloration gray; mesonotal praescutun with three broad dark
brown stripes; antennae of male elongate; wings faintly tinged with brown;
stigma dark brown; a paler brown seam along the cord; cell M: normally pres-
ent; cell 1st Mz open by the atrophy of m. male hypopygium with two subequal
pleural appendages; the chitinized blade at base of pleurite with the stem less
elongate than in D. eucera.
Male —Length about 5.8 mm.; wing 6.6—7.5 mm.
Female—Length about 7.5 mm.; wing 9.3 mm.
Rostrum brown, grayish pruinose. Antennae with 13 segments, in the
male very long, if bent backward extending nearly to the base of the third ab-
dominal segment; first scapal segment obscure reddish; remainder of antennae
dark brown; flagellar segments elongate cylindrical. Head dark brown, the
vertex adjoining the eyes broadly yellowish gray.
Mesonotal praescutum with a yellowish gray pollen, with three conspicu-
ous dark brown stripes, the broad median stripe very indistinctly split anteriorly
by a capillary pale line; interspaces with erect yellow setae; scutum yellowish
gray, the centers of the lobes dark brown; scuteilum and postnotum light gray.
Pleura gray. Halteres pale, the knobs slightly darkened. Legs with the coxae
pale, with a sparse grayish pollen; trochanters obscure yellow; femora dark
brown, yellowish basally; remainder of legs dark brown. Wings faintly infus-
cated; stigma conspicuous, dark brown, occupying cell 2nd R: and the distal
end of cell Sc:; paler brown seams along the cord and at the origin of Rs;
veins dark brown. Venation: 5, long, extending to slightly beyond r ; Soa
far before fork of R+ , the distance a little greater than that section of S ¢
beyond R, ; R. moderately long, angulated at origin; R: += about equal to
the deflection of R:; 7 rather indistinct; Re less than its own length from the tip
of R,, entirely provided with macrotrichiae ; cell M: present in normal individuals ;
cell Ist Mz open by the atrophy of m; petiole of cell M: a little shorter than the
cell; basal deflection of Cu: about one-half its length beyond the fork of M.
Abdominal tergites brown, with about the posterior half of each segment
paler brown; sterites a little paler than the tergites. Male hypopygium with the
pleurites short and stout, the caudal lateral angle produced into a short, blunt
lobe; two sub-equal pleural appendages; outer appendage fleshy, provided with
several long setae; inner appendage subchitinized, with a patch of long, erect
setae on the proximal face at the base and a group of short setae on the outer
face near the tip: at base of pleurite a chitinized blade that is produced into a
beak-like structure with the point directed laterad.
Habitat——Michigan.
Holotype, , Gogebic County, August 17, 1920 (J. S. Rogers).
Allotopotype,.
Paratopotypes, 8 G9.
Type in the Collection of the Museum of Zoology, University of Mich-
igan.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 137
Dicranota rogersi is named in honor of my friend, the collector, Mr. J.
Speed Rogers. It is most closely allied to D. eucera O. S., in the elongate
antennae of the male sex. From this species it differs in the normal presence
of cell Ms, the dark stigma and the details of structure of the male hypopygium,
as the subequal pleurites.
A NEW PAPAIPEMA FROM DELAWARE, (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae’,
BY HENRY BIRD \ND FRANK MORTON JONES.
(EL ATE VT)
Although a collecting trip through peninsular Delaware and Maryland
in July 1920 did not have the genus Papaipema as its primary object, the pos-
sibility of turning up interesting material in this group was well in mind, so that
when our car stopped in a promising bit of low woodland along the DuPont
Boulevard, a dried stalk in the roadside herbage attracted immediate attention.
Investigation showed it to be not ore of the recognized food plants of the group,
and as the contained larva was not of that almost ubiquitous species, cataphracta,
a vigorous search was begun for more. In half an hour, more than thirty in-
fested branches had been gathered, and it was apparent that we were dealing
with a species whose life history had been unrecorded, and which possibly was
new to science. All this was done at very considerable expense to clothing and
bodily comfort for the foodplant is that thorniest inhabitant of our woods,
Aralia spinosa, which as a small tree along the edges of woods and in thickets
bordering woodland streams, with its great frond-like leaves and immense flower-
panicles, is a conspicuous feature of the flora ot southern Delaware. We had
too, the unique experience of gathering Papaipema larvae from high over our
heads, instead of grubbing them out of root-stocks or the fleshy stems of per-
ennial herbs. The tunnels of this insect, in the thick branches of Aralia, are of
large diameter, beginning at or near the terminal bud and extending downward
through the pithy annual growth, often into the older wood below; gummy
exudations mixed with blackened frass mark the entrance to the burrow, and
the terminal shoot usually dies and shrivels, a hanging cluster of dead leaves
often further advertising its location; adventitious shoots from below the point
of injury sometimes bear stunted flower-panicles.
In our breeding-cages, pupation occured more frequently in the larval
burrows, rather than in the ground, and another trip was made in early Septem-
ber, in the full expectation that pupae would be found in abundance. Dozens
of the typical burrows in the branches of Aralia were found, but not one of them
contained either larva or pupa, and we were forced to conclude that under nat-
ural conditions pupation takes place in the soil, not in the branch of the food-
plant. <A tabulation of our eastern species of the genus, together with the large
size of the Aralia-feeding larvae, indicated Dyar’s nephrasyntheta as the probable
identity of our find; but the emergence of the first moth showed that we had,
not the anticipated nephrasyntheta, but an undescribed species. In this genus,
where foodplant association has apparently been a prime factor in the different-
tation of so many closely related species, a name derived from that of the food-
plant is especially appropriate, and we therefore propose for this insect the name,
Papaipema araliae n. sp.
Head smooth on fons, antenna simple (minutely ciliate under magnific-
i398. - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
ation) with little sexual disparity and set in a_ tufting of whitish scales.
Thoracic vestiture yellow overlaid by longer, purple-brown scales, the prominent
anterior tuft has the long purple scales predominant, the yellow standing out
strongly on the tegulae and dorsal area, here margined with purple.
Primary proportionately broad, of the typical maculation; the chrome
yellow ground color 1s overlaid and much obscured with purple-or reddisn-
brown powderings, deepest on the veins and productive of a rather tawny effect.
At the extreme base a dot of yellow or whitish scales, the basal spot is yellow,
the basal line double, from which outwardly a yellow dot appears on the median
vein; the basal area remaining appears as an irregular purplish band, bounded
outwardly by the sinuous, double, antemedial line; the median field is evenly and
entirely of one shade of yellow, upon which the powderings appear more dense
in individual cases; the median shade line is prominently drawn in brown, angles
at the lower corner of reniform and has a course thence straight to the inner
margin, with a tendency to be denticulate between the veins. The orbicular
is a rounded white spot, dotted or cut centrally with a few yellow scales; the
claviform is composed of two smaller spots, with the upper minute and either
white or stained with yellow, and the lower one pure white. The reniform is
the usual combination of broken spots, mostly yellow but with some white ap-
pearing in varying degree. The post-medial line is double, excurved past the
reniform, thence nearly straight to inner margin. | Sub-terminal area glistening
purplish, defined from the terminal space by the very denticulate sub-terminal
line, and the latter area more yellowish especially at the apex where the bright
yellow ground again shows. Fringes are lustrous purple-brown.
Secondary is of a much paler yellow, more or less suffused with a rosy
flush, a faint median line and sub-terminal banding appearing in darker tone;
the fringes paler than primary. The undersides of all wings are of similar hue
to the secondary, a median line appears and stipplings of purple-brown are den-
sest on costal margins. The abdomen is of same colour as secondaries, the
usual tuftings appearing. | Normal expanse, 38 to 45 mm.
The genitalic structures of the male conform to the conventional pattern,
being similar to marginidens and others in detail. The trigonate, spinose area
of the cost has the lower angle produced into a long point (called the pollex
by Pierce) and this exceeds the curved, thorn-like harpe, which has the usual
array of fine teeth posteriorly.
Five males and three females are under examination; one male type and
One dwarfed example not fully typical. Emergence for the series, Sept. 24 to
30,1920,
Type locality, Sussex County, Delaware.
The larval habit evidently conforms to the usual happenings in the genus;
the hybernated egg doubtless gives up its larva the latter part of May, the
growth proceeding as with allied species.
Larva. Penultimate stage: Belong to that section of the genus where the
first four abdominal segments appear as a dark girdle, with the continuous dor-
sal and sub-dorsal lines broad and well defined in yellowish white, excpt where
the latter are broken at the girdle, this species might be well selected as typifying
what Papaipema attains in its best showing of tubercle arrangement and the
attributes of its congeners.
4
Can. Ent. Vol: Lal. Plate VI.
PAPAIPEMA ARALIAE, NEW SPECIES
(See Pave 137)
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139
Fully normal upon all points, its individuality is yet shown in the uniform-
ity and large size of tubercle | on all abdominal segments. This is about three
times the size of a spiracle and equals IV, ordinarily the largest general plate.
On joint ten, the evanescent IVa becomes the largest lateral plate of the five
here surrounding the spiracle. The anal plate is normal, brown.
Last stage: More of the early colouring is retained at this time than
usual, the dull pinkish ground colour giving definition to the, pale
yellowish lines, which remain as before. Head shining brown, with blackish
shade at ocelli; width, 3.25 mm. Body robust smocth, cylindric, livid; setae
weak. ~Onjoint one the cervical shield is wider than head and is margined with
black laterally. On joints four, five and six tubercle I is reduced; on ten the
same arrangement holds as formerly, and all tubercles are indicated by blackish
plates. The spiracle on joint eleven is not enlarged, as it is with the fern feed-
ers. Lengths, 52 and 56 mm. for the stages respectively.
The pupa is correspondingly robust, shining brown and active; there is
no frontal development and the cremaster consists of two separate and slightly
divergent, curved hooks. The transformation is made in the ground after a
rather lethargic resting period, the date of leaving the burrow being from Aug.
10 to 25, so far as could be determined.
A Tachinid fly claimed a large percentage of the observed larvee, and
doubtless is a regular check in this case, as with others. It seems to be, accord-
ing to Dr. J. M. Aldrich, Masicera seniles Ms.
With the full evidence at hand there is no question as to the standing
of this as a distinct species. There is, however, the question yet open as to
what one of.the species Guenee’s type of rutila may finally fit in with. Draw-
ings of that type indicate a narrow winged, yellow form, with brightly white
stigmata, and there seems no fear of duplication in the case of aralix. Serial
position near merriccata and arctivorens may be accorded it.
Our specimens of araliae were collected in the woodlands bordering the
DuPont Bouvelard, beginning about two miles south of Ellendale, thence south-
ward wherever the foodplant occurs in abundance, for a distance of about fifteen
miles. The wide southern and western distribution of the foodplant (Pennsyl-
vania to Florida and Texas) makes it probable that the associated insect, may
also prove to be a widely distributed species with a range possibly approximately
that of the plant.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
Fig. 1—Papaipema araliae, penultimate stage larva.
2—Papaipema araliae, mature larva.
3—Papaipema araliae, male.
4—Papaipema araliae, female.
A REVISION OF THE CANADIAN SPECIES OF THE AFFINIS GROUP
OF THE GENUS TABANUS (DIPTERA).
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D.
Entomological Branch, Ottawa*
in connection with the preparation of a complete list of Canadian species
of the genus Tabanus it became necessary to revise thoroughly the existing iden-
«Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
,
tifications in the Canadian National Collection. It soon was evident that in the
affinis group, which is essentially a northern one, there were a number of closely
allied forms, capable apparently of separation on structural details of palpi, an-
tennae, etc., which heretofore had been lumped under a single specific name.
In anticipation of a more extended work on the entire genus and with a
view to clearing up the various nomenclatorial tangles in the group, | offer the
following notes on the various Canadian species, accompanied by a key, based
on a study of the structural characters of the females only. Owing to the re-
lative scarcity of the males and the difficulty of definitely associating them with
the correct females I am unable at the present time to give satisfactory char-
acters for this sex. I have been in constant correspondence with Prof. Jas. Hine
in regard to the correct application of many of our older names and I am pleased
to state that in every instance we agree as to the species to which such names
should be applied. Miss G. Ricardo has also compared for,me a good deal of
material with Walker’s types in the British Museum and thus enabled me to
definitely place several of his heretofore unrecognized species. To both these
workers my hearty thanks is due. I am also greatly indebted to Mr. E. P. Van-
duzee, San Francisco, Calif., Prof. A. L. Lovett, Corvallis, Oreg., Prof. R. A.
Cooley, Bozeman, Mont. and Mr. J. B. Wallis, Winnipeg, Man. for loan of mat-
erial.
The affinis group, as understood in the present paper, comprises those
species in which the greater part of the first four abdominal segments is red or
orange-red of various shades with a varyingly broad blackish dorsal band.
The species extend across the entire northern half of the American continent
reaching southward along the Atlantic Coast, down the Rocky Mountains and
through the Cascades to the Sierra Nevada Mts.-. Further collection, especially
in British Columbia will probably increase the number of known species; at the
present time I am able to differentiate thirteen species:
Key To SPECIEs.
FEMALES.
1. Abdomen with Ist segment laterally orange or reddish................. rs
Abdomen with: 1st* segment! laterally blacker ee ee 12
2. Wings with all cross-veins distinctly clouded with brown
Sig ole eit bem lo elle boo Ghain 4 ote OE Alia A a ete lasiophthalmus Macq.
Wings unclouded or with only bifurcation of third vein clouded........3
3.) Palpi thin, net swollen at base-ofZid omit wea aan eee 4
Palpi shorter, with base of 2nd joint noticeably thickened.............. S)
4. Subcallus normally denuded; front very broad............ captonis Mart.
pupcalliss “normally imot(demided. we te: eee ee eee ee a ee 5
5. Small species, 10 mm., very thin palpi, antennae with 3rd joint scarcely
Gxcavated (Aasally shy’ sere wlsipn tis euch erie! nue me minusculus Hine.
Larger speates; 14iriivicg * of; “OVET., t55 5 ate eome-+;te caer pee ee ee 6
6. Large species, 17-19mm; antennae with 3rd joint very strongly excavated
DASA. secs a cg eele he heehee girs, 9s Chain Wile GA ai epee a eee a 7
Smaller species, 14-17mm; antennae only moderately excavated at base. .8
Palpi deep orange-yellow; abdomen laterally deep orange-red. .affinis Kby
Ni
/
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 14.1
Palpi paler; abdomen laterally yellow-brown.........--- californicus Mart.
8. Palpi tong and thin, deep orange; length 14-15mm.; basal portion of third
antennal joint chunky..........).. 6... eeee eee ence eee eee trepidus, McD.
Palpi shorter and thicker, pale creamy ; length 15-17mm.; basal portion of
3rd antennal joint rather slender..,.........-+-++-+-. haemaphorus Mart.°
9. Subcallus normally denuded; palpi chunky, pale creamy....... nudus McD.
Subcallus not normally denuded...............2 eee cece ee enn wee eee 10
10, Antennae red with third joint moderately excavated; front narrow and
coarctate; palpi moderately swollen.............-..++-+5+- epistates O. S.
Antennae black with 3rd joint narrow and not noticeably excavated; front
moderately broad; anterior branch of vein 3 frequently with basal
Sui (AO aera enn peree rar reer airs. rrr yoo. t 11
11. Wings with bifurcation of 3rd vein clouded with brown. ..sonomensis O. S.
Wings with no cloud on bifurcation of third vein........... phaenops O. 8.
i], Subeaums denuded, small species, 13mm. a: fog... 6%» as @ rupestris McD.
Subcallus not denuded, larger species, lomm.............. atrobasis McD.
Tabanus affinis Kirby. This is the largest species in the group and apart from
‘size is best recognized by its long thin palpi of a deep orange color and the
strong dorsal excavation at the base of the third antennal joint. It extends
completely across the Dominion of Canada and in the East at least is not liable
to be confused with any other species. In British Columbia it is rather rare and
the following species, as well as haemaphorus Mart., have masquaraded under
this name. According to Miss Ricardo triligatus Walk. is a sure synonym.
Tabanus californicus Marten. This name has been sunk as a synonym of
epistates O. 8S. by Hine (1904, Ohio Nat. V, 236). Marten’s types are un-
fortunately not in existence but on account of the size mentioned in the original
description (17mm.) and the fact that it is very doubtful if the true epistates
occurs as far south as California, I am inclined to associate this name with a
large Pacific Coast form closely allied structurally with affinis but. differing
very decidedly in the lateral coloration of the abdomen. In affinis the color
is a rather rich orange-red whilst in the present species it is yellow-brown,
shaded with lighter yellow along the segmental margins. 1 have seen two
specimens from Oregon and the Canadian National Collection contains a series
of six females taken by Dr. S. Hadwen at Mt. Lehman in the Lower Fraser
Valley, B. C. Marten’s original description particularly mentions this yellow-
brown color and the remainder of his description fits in so satisfactorily with the
present species that I have adopted the name without much hesitation.
Tabanus haemorphorus Marten. Hine has sunk this name as a synonym of
sonomensis O. S. but I cannot accept this. The true sonomensig is a comar-
atively small species, whereas the size of haemaphorus is given by Marten as
16-18mm. What I consider to be this species has been generally passing under
the name of affinis Kby. It is apparently the commonest British Columbia
species, occurring in May and June and differs from the true affinis in the
shorter and paler colored palpi and the less excised 3rd antennal joint; it is
also somewhat more slender in build. Besides the British Columbia series in
the National Collection I have seen specimens from Oregon.
Tabanus captonis Marten. I agree with Hine‘s identification of this species,
142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
with comastes Will. as a synonym. As stated (1904, Ohio Nat. V, 235) the
species is readily separated by its wide front and denuded subcallus:
The species is quite common on Vancouver Island and on the mainland of
British Columbia in the Lower Fraser Valley.
Tabanus lasiophthalmus Macquart. This is the only species of the group in
which all the cross-veins of the wings are decidedly tinged with brown, which
renders identification quite easy; other features are the denuded subcallus and
the presence of pale yellowish oblique stripes laterally on the reddish areas of
abdomen. It is just possible that occasional specimens occur in which the usual
maculation of the wings is absent; one or two specimens before me which lack
such maculation seem in all other respects to agree with normal specimens of
lasiophthalmus. ‘The species extends actoss the entire continent.
Tabanus trepidus, sp. nov. 9°, Palpi long, thin, not swollen at base and tapering
to a fine point, deep yellow-orange, rather heavily clothed with black hairs; an-
tennae reddish, the dorsal and terminal portion of 3rd. segment blackish; 3rd
segment rather chunky and only moderately excised dorsally at base; subcallus
not denuded; front dull yellowish, moderately broad with callosity and a spindle
shaped patch above it shiny black; thorax dull blackish with the usual pale ob-
solescent stripes and the antealer tubercles slightly tinged with reddish; abdomen
much as in lasiophthalmus with lateral areas of first four segments broadly red-
dish-orange, with distinct traces of pale oblique yellow stripes, and with a black
dorsal band, widest on Ist segment; ventrally yellow-orange, more or less shaded
with smoky, terminal segments blackish; legs blackish, the proximal half of all
tibiae tinged with orange-yellow; wings dull hyaline, costal cell and area sur-
rounding longitudinal veins in basal half of wing tinged with brown.
Length 14-15mm.
Holotype. 19, Ottawa, Ont. (June 26th., W. Metcalfe) in Canadian National
Collection,
Paratypes. Numerous 9’s from Shelburne, N. S. (July Ist., A. Gibson) ; Har-
court, N. B.; Ottawa, Ont.; Ft. Coulonge, Que.; Aweme, Man. and
Peachland, B. C., in Canadian National Collection.
The species has been frequently confused with epistates O. S., but can
at once be differentiated by the long thin palpi; from affinis it differs in its
smaller size and less excavated third joint of the antennae.
fabanus minuseulus Hine. A single specimen of this small species is in the
Canadian National Collection, kindly identified for me by Prof. J. Hine; it
was captured at Ottawa, (Mer bleue, 26th., June, 1904) by Mr. W. Metcalfe.
The palpi are extremely thin and the antennae show scarcely any excision of the
basal portion of the 3rd joint. The subcallus is covered with a fine ochreous
pollen and the callosity is brownish, extending up the front as a thin black line
to the ocelligerous tubercle which is also brown.
Tabanus epistates O. S. Several species have been confused under this name
which would account for Hine’s statement in his paper on Western Tabanidae
(1904, Ohio Nat. V, 236). Osten Sacken’s characterization is so clear, how-
ever, as to leave no doubt in any mind as to the species to which the name should
be applied. The narrow coarctate front is quite characteristic; the palpi are
moderately long, pale ochreous and distinctly swollen at the base, the subcallus
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 143
is not denuded and the antennae are generally almost entirely red with base of 3rd
joint rather chunky and moderately excised. The pale oblique stripes on the ab-
domen, noted in lasiophthalmus and allied species, are not present in epistates.
The species appears to be common throughout Manitoba Saskatchewan, and the
Hudson Bay region, rather rare in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick and
decidedly rare in British Columbia; the only two specimens from this latter re-
gion which I should incline to place under this name were captured at Vernon
and Cranbrook; both are rather larger than normal and have the antennae more
suffused with black than is generally the case.
Takanus nudus, sp. nov. This species has been so generally confused with
epistates that a comparative description, indicating the points of distinction, is all ’
that is necessary. The front is distinctly broader and the subcallus is denuded;
the palpi are shorter and basally more swollen; the antennae are blacker apically,
, the basal portion of the 3rd joint is rather wider and the finger-like dorsal pro-
jection of the 2nd joint.is much longer. The pale yellow lateral oblique stripes
on the abdomen are present and only slightly less distinct than in lasiophthalmus, .
Length 15mm. 7
Holotype.. 12, Ottawa (Mer bleue, June Ist., 1908), in Canadian National
Collection. 7 De a ait
Paratypes. Numerous 9’s from New Brunswick (Fredericton, St. Stephen) ;
Ontario, (Ottawa, Hastings Co.,); Manitoba, (Aweme); Sask-
atchewan and British Columbia. (Mt. Lehman).
The species is much commoner and more wide-spread than epistates.
Tabanus conomensis O. S. The true sonomensis is a rather small species, con-
fined, as far as I know, entirely to the Pacific Coast region.. The British Col-
umbia records I possess for the species are all from Vancouver Island but it
probably will be found in the Lower Fraser Valley as well. Apart from its
smaller size it may be distinguished from the preceding species by the entirely
black antennae with a narrow thirdjoint, scarcely excised at base. ‘There is a
‘decided tendency towards a stump at the base of the anterior branch of the 3rd
vein, the cross-vein being generally decidedly tinged with brown. Hine (1904,
Ohio.Nat. V, 244) has treated several forms under the name sonomensis but
his remarks in the first paragraph are applicable to the true species.
Tabanus phaenops O. S. The species is very closely allied to the preceding and
I have not yet decided to my entire satisfaction whether the two can go definitely
‘separated. - I'ypical phaenops possesses almost blackish palpi in contradistinc-
tion to the pale ochreous ones of sonomensis but this character seems variable;
Oregon specimens and ones from Laggan, Alta., which agree in other respects,
have pale palpi. The lack of the brown spot on the cross-vein seems more
characteristic and for the present I am using this feature to separate the two
forms. The antennae are similar to those of sonomensis and the reddish area
of the abdomen seems variable in its extent. The species is decidedly rare in
Canada and more material will be necessary to definitely decide its status.
Tabanus rupestris, sp. nov. 9. Palpi moderately long, very little swollen at bsae,
dull orange, at times considerably tinged with smoky; antennae thin, reddish, the
distal half of 3rd joint black, very slight excavation dorsally at base of 3rd
joint; subcallus denuded, shiny black; callosity shiny black with wedge-shaped
black patch above it; front with yellowish pollen and black ocelligerous tubercle;
144. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
thorax blackish with the usual faint, pale lines; antealar tubercle black; abdomen
dorsally with Ist segment almost entirely black, slight traces of orange being
visible on the extreme lateral posterior area; a broad (2mm.) black dorsal band
crosses segments II-IV, the lateral areas being deep orange-red, remaining seg-
ments black; slight traces of a paler flesh-colored oblique stripe on the red area
of segment II; ventrally orange-red the posterior border of the lst segment and
the last three segments blackish; legs with all femora black, anterior tibiae tinged
with orange proximally, other tibiae entirely dull orange; wings hyaline with
costal cell brownish and a faint brown cloud at the base of the anterior branch
‘of 3rd vein. Length 14mm.
Holotype. 19, Gallatin Co., Montana (July 14th., 7500 ft) in Canadian Nat-
ional Collection.
Paratypes, 29’s, Gallatin Co., Montana (July 27th., 5500 ft.) in Collection of
Montana Agr. Coll.; Cowley, Alta. (Sept., R. N. Chrystal) in
. Canadian National Collection.
The species closely resembles phaenops but differs in the denuded sub-
callus, the redder antennae, the broader black area on Ist abdominal segment and
the cloud on the outer cross-vein; none of the specimens before me shows any
trace of a stump at the base of the anterior branch of vein 3 as is so often seen
in phaenops; the extent of the black area on the first segment may be variable
and should not be too much relied on as a sole means of separation from phae-
nops.
Tabanus atrobasis, sp. nov. 2. Palpi orange, heavily clothed with short black
hair, not swollen at base; antennae black with 2nd joint and basal portion of 3rd
‘red; dorsal angle at base of 3rd joint obtuse, with little excavation, this whole
portion being rather slender; subcallus and front covered with pale yellowish
pollen, latter moderately (.5-.75mm.) broad with shiny black-brown callosity ex-
tended towards as usual by a fine black line; thorax blackish with the five pale
lines as usual and a black antealar tubercle; abdomen with first segment dorsally
entirely black except a very narrow line of orange along posterior margin; second
to fourth segments laterally orange, shaped somewhat with brownish; a broad
(2mm.), black, dorsal band with more or less distinct central row of triangular
pale spots situated on rear margin of segments and clothed with pale yellowish
hair; last three segments blackish; rear margins of all segments with yellow hair;
ventrally dull orange, shaded with smoky and with rear segments entirely black.
Legs black, anterior tibiae slightly, other tibiae almost entirely dull-orange.
Length 16-17 mm.
Holotype. 19, Mt. Lehman, B. C. (May 30th., S. Hadwen) in Canadian Nat-
ional Collection.
Paratypes. Numerous 9’s from various B. C. localities (Mt. Lehman, Victoria,
Duncan, Courtenay, Royal Oak) in Canadian National Collection.
The species has apparently been confused with both sonomensis and
captonis; the entirely black first abdominal segment seems quite characteristic
and separates atrobasis from both the above mentioned forms; it 1s considerably
larger than sonomengis and lacks the denuded subcallus and chunky third anten-
nal joint of captonis. ‘The species extends south into Oregon, a number of speci-
mens having been received from Prof. Lovett, labelled either sonomensis or
epistates.
Che Canadian Entomalogist
For.. LEE: GUELPH, JULY, 1921. ; NO: 7
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
CoLLECTING Aspour WALDEN Ponp.
BY GEO. W BARBER,
Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Concord, Mass., will always be holy ground to philosophers and naturalists.
Here lived and worked and here lie buried the members of that great school of
thinkers and writers who will always maintain their distinctive place in
American letters—Emerson, Thoreau, Alcott, Miss Alcott, Hawthorn, Sanborn
and others.
In all the town, however, the one spot that attracts naturalists most is
that called ‘““Thoreau’s cairn,” situated on the edge of Walden Pond, where, as
his biographer Sanborn remarks, “Thoreau spent one of his lives.”” The exact
location of Thoreau’s cairn is now marked by a pile of ordinary field stones which
grows larger from year to year, as it is the custom for each visitor to add one
stone to this monument. No memorial that man could build .would be more
appropriate in marking the spot where Thoreau made his innumerable obser-
vations of nature and where “Walden” must have been conceived. It is
especially satisfying to each visitor to know that he has personally added his
mite to the monument called “Thoreau’s cairn.”
Should Thoreau return to Walden today he would find it much different
from the beautiful, quiet New England lake that he knew. On one side of it
now runs a railroad that he saw in course of construction and trains roar by,
from time to time; on the other side automobiles. race by on a perfect State road.
The shouts of bathers disturb the quiet until far into the Summer night. The
forests have nearly all been cut over; at times fires rage through the woods about
the pond, and the chestnuts that have escaped the scourge of fire are rapidly
dying from the attack of the chestnut bark disease. Young pines are destroyed
or deformed by the work of the white pine weevil and gipsy moth larvae
defoliate the trees generally. A few stately pines still remain, however, perhaps
the only living things that were once Thoreau’s associates at Walden.
For two years past, Walden Rond has been one of the chief collecting
grounds of the writer. Happy the day, when it has been possible to spend a few
hours in the open there. At all seasons interesting material is to be found; in
Winter and Spring under the bark of dead trees, in logs and stumps, and under
stones; during Summer and Fall by beating foliage with a net.
In the early Spring, Elaterids are numerous in rotting stumps and logs.
Such interesting species as Alaus myops (Fab.), Adelocera discoidea (Web.),
and brevicornis Lec., Elater linteus Say, and nigricollis Hbst., and Corymbites
hieroglyphicus (Say) being among the most showy, together with many others.
Cucujids are to be found beneath the dead bark of trees in some numbers,
including the showy Cucujus clavipes Fab. and the sombre colored Brontes dubius
Fab. Fungus beetles of considerable variety, together with other species of
145
146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
beetles whose habitat is dead logs’and stumps, are numerous. The beautifvl
Aphorista vittata (Fab.) is occasionally found, Eustrophinus bicolor Fab.,
Orchesia castanea, Melsh. and Holostrophus bifasciatus (Say) are numerous,
while Scaphidium piceum Melsh. and Scaphisoma convexum Say are less so.
Somewhat later Micrutonus sericans Lec. Canifa pusilla (Hald.), Capno-
chroa fulginosa (Melsh.), Aphorista vittata (Fab.), Mycetophagus flexuosus Say,
Litargus didesmus Say and Lathridius liratus Lec. are among the interesting
species that can be found either under bark or by sweeping. ‘Throughout the
Summer Chrysomelids are numerous, including species of such striking groups
as Pachybrachys and Cryptocephalus and species of Donacia. Calosoma syco-
phanta 1,. can be found climbing in search of Gipsy moth larvae.
Representatives of the Hemipterous groups are common during the
Summer and a considerable number of species occur. Among the Pentatonudae,
there may be mentioned such interesting species as Podisus placidus Uhl.,
Perillus exaphus Say, Banasa dimidiata (Say), and Peribalus limbolarius Stal.,
while Euschistus is represented by several species, variolarius (P.B.), tristigmus
Say, and ictericus (Linn.).
Species of the very interesting Fulgorid genus Oliocarus are found
occasionally, while late in the season Acanalonia bivittata Say is quite numerous.
Throughout the Summer the Cercopids are plentiful, the innumerable forms of
Philaenus leucophthalmus (Linn.) and Clastopiera proteus Fitch and obtusa
(Say) being most numerous.
Leafhoppers are numerous in species and individuals, some of the most
showy being Eutettix southwicki (Van D.), johnsoni Van D., seminudus (Say),
and strobi Fitch; Jassus olitoritis ‘Say, Chlorotettix unicolor (Fitch) and tergatus
(Fitch), Pepin americana Fitch, Mesania vitelina (Fitch), and Acocephalus
nervosus (Schrank).
Everything considered, Walden Pond has proved to be one of the most
favorable collecting grounds that the writer has found near Boston, and a visit
to these sacred haunts has yet to be made without turning up something
interesting or not previously taken.
These specimens labeled “Concord” seem a little more valuable than
others, perhaps for the reason that Thoreau may have observed and wondered
at the means of life of the forbears of these specimens which now repose in my
cabinet; even as we today wonder and search to learn how and why they live,
so that in far future years our posterity may more clearly understand and
appreciate that greatest riddle of all—tife.
NOTES ON THE. INSECTS OF THE SPREADING DOGBANE,
APOCYNUM ANDROSAEMIFOLIUM L., WITH A
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW DOGBANE
MIDGE,., BY,.DRe Ex Pera
BY HARRY B. WEISS AND ERDMAN WEST,
New Brunswick, N. J.
The following notes are the results of miscellaneous observation, made
for the most part on Chrysochus auwratus>during the summer of 1920. In
addition it was thought desirable to add brief accounts of other dogbane insects
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 14.7
and to indicate the important references dealing with such species and their
life histories. We are very grateful to the specialists whose names are men-
tioned in the text, for identifications and other help. In the description of the
larva of Chrysochus auratus, we have followed the form suggested by Mr.
F. C. Craighead and Dr. Adam Boving, who have done noteworthy work in
this field and to whom our sincere thanks are due for generous help and advice
with this and other larval descriptions.
The spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium L,., is a perennial
herb, fairly common and well distributed. In New Jersey it flowers from mid
June to late July or into August and may be found in large and small patches
along roadsides, in fields and neglected orchards, etc. The following are the
accounts of insects more or less closely associated with this plant.
Chrysochus auratus Fab. (Coleop.)
This species known as the gold gilt or goldsmith beetle is well known as
a feeder on dogbane. It has also been recorded as feeding on milkweed
(Blatchley, Col. Ind., p. 1141; Smith, Ins.-N.J., p. 344) and other plants.
Newell and Smith (Bul. 52, U.S. Bur. Ent., p. 70). state that in northern Georgia
the beetle did much damage in a small pecan grove by defoliating the trees. Felt
(16th Rept. Bul. N. Y. St. Mus., vol. VII., No. 36) says that it lives by pre-
ference on dogbane and though there are accounts of the beetle attacking other
plants, they are probably erroneous or the insects may have been driven by
hunger to feed on plants otherwise unmolested. In New Jersey we have found
it confined almost exclusively to dogbane and occasionally on milkweed.
The beetles can be found from the last of May until almost to the middle
of August, feeding usually on the edges of the leaves and consuming all of the
tissue, thus entirely destroying the natural outlines. Egg laying takes place over
a long period, it being possible to find unhatched eggs as late as the first of
August. Most of them, however, hatch during July. The eggs are deposited in
groups of two and three, being laid on their sides, usually on the under surface
of a leaf near the edge and covered with a little cone of excrement. Sometimes
they are found on the stems of the plants or on fence posts, etc., close to infested
plants. Zabriskie (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol iii, p. 192) states that the egg
capsules measure about 3 mm. long by, 2 mm. high and are composed of brown
and black pellets moulded in a conical or irregular ovoid form. Under the
microscope, the macerated and crushed material shows no particular structure,
but spores of saprophytic fungi and minute grains of sand are frequently present.
Zabriskie also states that he discovered a beetle ovipositing in the opening at
the summit of a cone and that in the crater of the cone was an egg, evidently
just deposited. Considering the fact that the eggs are elongate and laid on
their sides on the leaf, it does not seem possible that they could be easily placed
in such a position after the cone was formed. In the field cones with open
craters were always found to be empty or to contain empty egg shells. From
this, it seems reasonable to assume that the cone is built over the eggs after
they have been laid and that Zabriskie probably observed a cone before it had
been entirely completed.
After hatching, the larva eats through the capsule at or near the small
end and drops to the ground which it enters. Later, it can be found on the roots.
148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
By the middle ‘and last of October, all sizes of larvae except small ones can be
found on the roots. Some are apparently full grown at this time. They are best
located by taking the top soil off and exposing the upper surfaces of the root
stocks. After the stocks have been followed out and laid bare for several feet
from the base of the plant, they should be cut in sections and carefully lifted
up. When larvae are present, they will be found in the soil directly under the
injured portions of the roots. Most of the larvae are found feeding on the
lower surface of the root stock from four to twelve inches away from the base
of the plant. Irregular, longitudinal channels are eaten in the lower side of the
root, everything except the central woody portion being consumed. Sometimes
the channels extend part way on the upper root surface. From the fact that
diggings made as late as November revealed full and partly grown larvae, it
appears that pupation takes place in the spring or early summer.
Egg.. Length 1.5 mm. Greatest width, 0.58 mm. Whitish, elongate, sub-
elliptical, sides slightly arcuate; obtusely rounded at both ends, one end slightly
broader than the other; chorion apparently smooth.
Full Grown Larva. length about 12 mm. Width about. 3.5 mm. Form
cylindrical, slightly curved, lightly chitinized, creamy white. Head subcircular,
flat, depressed; collum absent; occipital foramen subtriangular ; epicranial halves
separated dorsally by a faint median suture; front flat; gula indistinct, mem-
braneous; ventral mouth parts fleshy and slightly retracted; maxillary sclerite
absent; clypeus narrow, transverse; labrum oval, anterior edge arcuate and
bearing several minute hairs; antennae laterally inserted, two jointed, supple-
mentary joint not as wide but almost as long as apical joint; ocelli absent;
mandibles biting type without molar structure, bifid at apex; maxilla fused with |
labium to near its apex; maxillary palpi four jointed including palpifer; lacinia
inserted below palpifer, short, finger-shaped, rounded at apex, bearing several
chitinous hairs on apex and inner surface; galea absent; cardo triangular, of
one piece, chitinized; labium with mentum and submentum fused and indistinct ;
labial stipes ring-like, labial palpi one jointed. Protergum twice as wide as
long bearing lightly chitinized plate. Meso and metatergum each bearing three
hair bearing processes. Pre and postepipleuron well developed, both bearing
setose lobes. Hypopleural chitinizations of thorax faintly indicated. Coxae_
widely separated. Legs weak, slender, bearing several hairs, five-jointed, tarsus
long, slender, claw-like. Epipleura and hypopleura slightly produced bearing
setose lobes. Abdominal segments transversely ridged dorsally, each ridge
bearing a row of hairs; coxal lobe with pronounced ambulatory tubercles with
long setae; ninth abdominal segment Without cerci; tenth segment terminal,
wart-like, composed of three anal lobes, two lateral, chitinized and one dorsal;
anal opening longitudinal; median ventral portion of each abdominal segment ’
bearing numerous minute hairs. Spiracles annuliform, thoracic on anterior
margin of mesothorax.
The adult was described by Fabricius in 1775 (Ent. Syst. 101) and later
mentioned in various lists and publications.
Lasioptera apocyni Felt (Dip.)
At New Brunswick, N.J., on August 1, numerous oval, depressed stem dis-
colorations were observed in a patch of dogbane. Closer observation showed
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 149:
empty, dipterous pupal cases projecting from these areas and narrow oval cells
beneath the infested parts of the stems. Most of the discolorations were on
the lower half of the stem and many were only five or six inches above the
ground. Practically all of the adults had emerged when the infestation was
noted, but on August 6 an adult was secured and sent to Dr. Felt, who found
that it represented a new species. He very kindly drew up the following
account and description which is published with his permission.
“Lasioptera apocyni n. sp.
This one midge reared was received under date of August 9, 1920, from
H. B. Weiss, Trenton, N.J., accompanied by the statement that the insect had
been reared from dogbane, Apocynum androsaemifolium.. The specimen was
labeled ‘New Brunswick, N.J., from stems of dogbane, August 6, 1920.’ This
species approaches L. inustorwm Felt from which it may be easily distinguished
by its smaller size and different coloration.
Gall.. The gall is an irregularly oval, dull reddish orange stem discoloration with
a length of 1 cm. and a diameter of .3 cm. Narrowly oval cells may be found
just beneath the surface of the affected parts of the stem.
Female. Length Imm. Antennae hardly reaching to the base of the abdomen,
sparsely haired, dark brown, 21 segments, the 5th with a length about three-
fourths its diameter, terminal segment somewhat producd with a length one-
fourth greater than its diameter, the tip broadly rounded. Palpi, first segment
short, subquadrate, the second with a length nearly twice its diameter, the third
one-fourth longer than the second, more slender, and the fourth a little longer
and more slender than the third. Mesonotum dark reddish brown, scutellum and
post scutellum reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown, the segments narrowly
margined posteriorly with white scales. Ovipositor with a length about half
that of the abdomen, the basal portion moderately long, the lobes narrowly oval,
with a length three times the width. sparsely haired; wings hyaline, the discal
spot small and at the basal half. Halteres whitish transparent, yellowish orange
basally. Coxae and base of femora dull yellowish orange, the distal portion
of femora, tibiae and tarsi apparently a nearly uniform dark brown. Claws
rather long, slender, unidentate. Type A 3141 N. Y. State Museum.”
On August 10, a parasite was bred from the infested stems, which was
identified by Mr. S. A. Rohwer, .through the courtesy of Dr. L. O. Howard, -
as a species of Tetrastichus.
Ammalo tenera Hubner (Lep.) .
This is one of the tiger moths and a common species in the Atlantic States,
the larva feeding on the foliage of dogbane. In the northern and middle sections
of New Jersey, the moths are most plentiful in the vicinity of dogbane about the
middle of June, at which time eggs are deposited. The larvae feed during the
night or at dusk and hide by day at the bases of the plants. Under the name
Euchaetes collaris Fitch, various references are given to this species by
Edwards (Bul. 35, U.'S. Nat. Mus.). Among these, Jewett (Can. Ent., vol. xit.,
p. 228, 1880) states that at Dayton, Ohio, the larva fed on Asclepias mcarnata
and refused A. cornuti, while Van Wagener (Can. Ent., vol ix., pp. 170-171,
1877) gives dogbane as the food plant, stating that the larvae will in confinement
feed on Asclepias, but that he never found but one larva on Asclepias in the
150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
field and this after careful search. He also states that they are solitary feeders
and that they leave their food plant during the day and hide. Jewett (loc. cit.)
states that there are from three to four broods a year, each one requiring from
37 to 39 days, the fall brood hibernating as pupae.
Jewett (loc. cit.) describes the egg and Van Wagenen (loc. cit.) gives a
description of the larva, which was drawn up for him by Lintner. Edwards
(Papilio, vol. iii, pp. 145-8, 1883) under the name £. collaris gives brief
descriptions of the larvae after each moult, beginning with the second. The
adult was described by Hubner in 1818 (Zutr. exot. Schmett., i. 7, f. 3, 4,).
Barnes and McDunnough in their Check List of Lep. of Bor. Amer., 1917, give
collaris Fitch and antica Wik. as synonyms.
Haemorrhagia diffinis Boisd. (Lep.)
Under the generic name Hemaris, Edwards (Bul. 35, U. S. Nat. Mus.)
lists dogbane as a food plant of this species and gives several references to the
larva. Mead (Can. Ent., vol. ii., p. 157) gives a brief description of the larva
and lists snowberry as the food plant. Lintner (24th Rept. N. Y. St. Mus.
Nat. His., pp. 109-11, 1870) gives a description of the larva and cocoon and
states that the larva was taken on bush honeysuckle Diervilla trifida. We have
not noted this insect on dogbane in New Jersey, although Smith (Ins. N. J.,
p. 425) records it as not rare, larva on Apocynum and Symphoricarpus.
Pyrausta futilalis Led. (Lep.)
On several different occasions, the yellowish, black spotted larvae of this
species were abundant on dogbane, notably at New Brunswick, N.J., July 25,
Oct. 2, and Princeton Junction, N.J., July 28. They were found in colonies
webbing up the foliage and tips, feeding thereon and destroying everything except
the larger veins of some leaves. They hide by day in the curled up partly eaten
leaves and feed at dusk and during the night. At the approach of cool weather,
larvae under observation constructed rather loosely built cocoons within curled
and pulled-together partly eaten leaves. Dormant larvae were found in such
situations in November, and from this it appears that pupation may occur in
the spring. Most of the larvae under observation were parasitized. The adult
was described in 1863 by Lederer (Wien. ent. Mon., vii., 467). Dar in his Check
List (Bul. 52, U. S. Nat. Mus.) gives erectalis Grote as a synonym and the
distribution as the Atlantic States.
A good account of this species by Dr. E. P. Felt is found in Lintner’s
11th Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York
(49th Rept. N. Y. St. Mus., 1896, pp 138-142). This paper includes notes on
the habits of the larvae, descriptions of the larval stages, number of generations,
etc., together with a bibliography of the literature up to 1896.
MIscELLANEOUS SPECIES FouNp AssocrIATED WitH DOGBANE.
Very little opportunity was afforded to collect the insect visitors and
the following list is recognized as woefully incomplete.
HOMOPTERA.
Aphis asclepiadis Fitch. New Brunswick, N.J., June 14, on leaves and stems.
(det. -C.. P. Gillette).
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 151
HEMIPTERA.
Lopidea confluenta Say. Monmouth Jc., N.J., July 14, on leaves. (det. H. G.
Barber).
Poecilocystus basalis Reut. New Brunswick, N.J., July 4, on leaves.
COLEOPTERA.
Typophorus canellus Fab. var. aterrimus Oliv. Monmouth Jc., N.J., July 14,
on leaves. (det. C. A. Frost).
Monachus ater Hald. Monmouth Jc., N.J., July 14, on leaves. (det. C. A.
Frost). sis y ©
Chauliognathus marginatus Fab. New Brunswick, N.J., June 26, at flowers.
Nodonota puncticollis Say. New Brunswick, N.J., June 26, feeding on leaves.
(det. C. A. Frost).
LEPIDOPTERA.
Ammalo tenera Hbn. Monmouth Jec., N.J., June 15, resting on leaves. (det.
F. E. Watson).
Ectypia clio Pack. Under the name Scirarctia clio, Dr. H. Behr (Papilio, vol. 2,
p- 187) records the occurrence of this species on Apocynum androsaemi-
folium in the larval stage and the rearing of several moths from larvae
collected before May 20. On May 20 a cocoon was started and on July
~ 12 adults. were secured.
Archips rosaceana Harr. Elizabeth, N.J., August 4, larvae feeding at tips of
leaves.
Tortrix clemensiana Fernald: Bound Brook, N.J., pupa taken from rolled up
leaf. — (det. ~A.; Busck).
Eulia velutinana Walker. Bound Brook, N.J., Sept. 7. Bred from larva found in
August webbing up several leaves and feeding therein. (det. A. Busck).
Poanes massasoit Scud. Monmouth Jc., N.J., July 14, visiting flowers. (det.
F. E. Watson).
DIPTERA.
Chrysomyia macellaria Fab. New Brunswick, N.J., July 4, visiting flowers.
(det. J. R. Malloch).
Lucilia sylvarum Mg. New Brunswick, N.J., July 4, visiting flowers. (det.
J. R. Malloch).
Mr. Raymond C. Osburn writing in the Ohio Journal of Science (vol. xx.,
No. 7, May, 1920, under the title “The Syrphid Fly, Mesogramma marginata
and the Flowers of Apocynum,” gives an interesting account of his observa-
tions on the relation between the flowers of dogbane and their insect visitors,
special attention being paid to M. marginata Say, of which numerous specimens
were noted as having been captured, each being held fast by the proboscis.
Mr. Osburn states that some of the flies were not held between the edges of
the anthers, but were stuck fast on the outer surface of the anther, and in one
‘case on the inner surface of the corolla. He also calls attention to a hitherto
neglected factor in the process of entrapment, namely the adhesive nectar.
Mesogrammas coming to a flower cluster were noted as entering and emerging
without difficulty several times, but upon watching individual flies it was found
that they were eventually caught. Mr. Osburn explains this by saying that the
flies are not held until the proboscis becomes sufficiently gummed-up with the
152 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
sticky secretion. In the same paper will be found a list of flower visitors not
caught and summaries of other papers dealing with Apocynum insect visitors:
A REVISION OF SYRPHUS SPECIES BELONGING TO THE ~
RIBESIT GROUP @DiPT.)
BY C. HOWARD ‘CURRAN,
Orillia, Ontario.’
With the recognition of three European species of Syrphus in Canada,:
viz. S. vitripennis Meig., nitidicollis Meig., and ochrostomus Zett.,.and the dis-
covery of some species which are evidently undescribed, the need of a revised)
synopsis of those species with the disc of the thoracal squame hairy seems:
desirable. Several of the species are very closely related and often. separable
only after considerable study. Without going into minute detail, the author
hopes, by means of the present paper, to render the identification of the various.
species less difficult than it is at present owing to the scattered nature of the
descriptions.
uy
\
The chief characteristics of the members of this group lie in the presence
of three principal yellow or reddish yellow abdominal bands, the first of which
is interrupted, the two following entire, and reaching the lateral margins of the
segments, except in S. opinator O.S. Nine species have the squame pilose above
and eight bare, although if S. inselitus Osb., which belongs to this group,’ is
included, nine species belong to each section.
Syrphus xanthostomus Will., recognized from S. grossulariae by its
yellow antennz and yellow scutellar pile and S. imsolitus, which has a black face,
are not dealt with in this paper.
TABLE. OF SPECIES.
it Dise of thoracal squame: ay 2.0 200. is tae oes cpa te san oon
Misciet:thoracalsquame pilose 05.4. noun beer ess oie: dove ak
BiB aa spiboseer Or Eke ee ee ots Lee ay | 4G: taranieoes
yest bare Ve Aon sek, Mirae chadeia se its RM me enatens: ekcaee me a
3.. Hind femora of female black at-base .......-... 8 virions Mg:
lind temoza of female yellowsat base. vs ea ei ge a Ree ee
4. Second and third bands do not reach abdominal margins. g 9 o pinator O. D.
Second. and. thicd Wands treach-marouts ?aijcs- ait -pokcew -eeos mielee foe
5. Abdominal bands extend over margins in their full width; bee bright
| yellow except dark band on hind femora; middle basitarsi with all)
yellow small spines below. 11-12mm.... ... ... @ knabi Shannon
Bands usually attenuated laterally; middle basitarsi with black spines’
below awh... fou 2a8 ity) ator Siuihceatiae eee
6. Hind fecattcablaiictaisieaeaee s2e%: 24'S Stee eka e Bape a aie eS eae
Hind femora yellow lat habe 2&0, stag wes TAs ago Mie eet, Sxl
7. Femora wholly yellow in both sexes; antennae reddish; cheeks often
narrowly blackish below the eyes ... ... -o 9 protritus OS.
Femora not wholly yellow; antenne chiefly binelcish a3. RE 8
8. Abdomen with the sides strongly reflexed downwards; apical secstatcuad
all visible from above»... ..0 v0. Jo200 0.3 vi...) Qtramsvecsalis:n.:spll
10.
11.
12.
hey
1k
DS.
16.
lft
18.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 153
Abdomen not so shaped ... ... .. . Shi: - ieee
Face with a median aa or blacleict eee bes - ee legs with
brownish band; ae with alternate black and yellow bands ...
: me .. 9 ribesii vittafrons Shan.
Face with Bieuian ante ak Dare? < eee eee Seer
Venter unicolorous; abdominal ae not eG et Ata laterals and
seldom notched posteriorly; the spots on the second segment reach
the margin in almost the full width of one spot; smaller, seldom
OVER Gumi. 52. .«< AEN =F se Lo . 9 rectus 0.5:
Venter usually with Sternate Oellens and ace bands, ath ie. sometimes
very faint or represented by isolated spots; spots on second segment
reach the margin in not more than half the width of the spot ; abdominal
bands always distinctly notched posteriorly and attenuated laterally ..
ids ers 2 ribesti L.
Antenne red; hind femora with about the apical third yellow; tiny black
bristles on end of femora sparse, sometimes they are almost all pale;
hind tibiz with a moderately narrow, more or less obscure postmedian.
band darker 229°... Se) GVO Reon. BY pin perme Mgt
Flies without all these cudeaefees Fe SPE Re ee ES pitts ee
Face with a median blackish or brownish stripe .. ¢ ribesii vittafrons Shan.
Saeetiviralevevgretltagyen shes ee ae es Oe eg Raved a Sryerd baer eae ae
Venter unicolorous; first band or spots reach the lateral margin of the
segment in at least half the width of the spots; pile of vertex more
tawny; fewer small black bristles on hind femora (about 9) .
eee eats : : .. 6 rectus O.S
Venter as in “sari 10-2: Hise abdontinal bast rhdaiite the sides very
narrowly; pile of vertex pale yellow (about 11 or 12 mm.)..¢ ribesti L.
Antenne black; abdominal bands extended over side margins in their full
Wee eyesimsaierss rainy eu SAIL Ee ne . 6 grossulariae Mg.
Ariens daG reise leks reddish’ OM Onn Ob ES eS
Eyes pilose; face with median black BLA EH Siel ciel ct 9 Leflablinonites n. sp.
Eyes bare; face sometimes with median black stripe... ... .. ... 16
Face with median dark stripe ... ... .. TO IORI Ee PSE Re Lye
Face without median dark stripe; antenne eye te el TS ee LS aes
Female bands reach the margins in their full width; base and tip of hind
femora yellow (Eastern species) ... ... ... .-. ... 2 genualis Will.
Female bands attenuated laterally and moderately biconvex posteriorly ;
hind femora yellow, with brownish band on apical half; male very
similar to S. rectus (Western species) ... ... ... .. rectoides Nn. sp.
Scutellum yellow haired ... ...... Joncas QWDEY. OS ochrostomissLeta
Scutellum, bladk haired :.. ... ... ..2 s+. aes a. -.. nitidicollig Me:
Note: S. ranthostomus Will. differs from S. ochrostomus in having the abdominal
bands very wide and not at all metallic.
_Verrall (Brit. Fl., vol. viii.) states that the venter of S. ribesti is usually
unicolorous. I have an English specimen in which it is as described
above; other Canadian specimens show very light markings, but |
think there are always sufficient darker markings present to readily
154. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
distinguish the species from S. rectus; S. knabi and ribesii vittafrons
show the character very strongly, as do most of the North American
specimens which I have examined.
Syrphus protritus O. S.
Legs in both sexes wholly reddish yellow, the tarsi somewhat darker.
Antenne reddish. From S. rectus it is distinguished by the wholly yellow femora,
reddish antennze and posteriorly notched abdominal bands. ‘There are fewer
black bristles on the apical half of the hind femora than in S. ribesii.
Five specimens from Manitoba (Dr. A. J. Hunter) and one specimen,
Orillia, Ontario (Curran).
Syrphus knabi Shannon.
A large and distinct species with bright yellow bands which extend over
the margins in practically their full width, except in occasional males. Squame
pilose above. Face wholly yellow. Legs reddish yellow, the hind femora in both
sexes with a brown or blackish post median band. Middle basitarsi with wholly
yellow bristles below, thus differing from all other species with pilose squame.
Scutellum chiefly black haired. Sides of thorax distinctly yellowish.
Length 11—12 mm.
A common species in Ontario, where the larve live upon aphids on elm
(Lanigera sp. on Ulmus). I have found two and three larve in a single curled
leaf. I have also specimens from Manitoba collected by Dr. A. J. Hunter at
Winnipeg and Teulon. The species was originally described from Maryland
and Virginia.
Syrphus ribesii L.
Large, 11 to 12 mm. Antenne usually largely brownish, but sometimes
mostly reddish. Abdominal venter usually with alternate yellow and blackish
bands, sometimes obscure or represented by isolated spots. Legs in female
mostly yellow, sometimes with an indistinct post median brownish band on
posterior femora; legs of male black on basal third of front four femora, the
hind femora black except the tip of apical sixth; hind femora on apical half are
thickly black bristly and their tibiz bear prominent black pile on the outer side.
The bare eyes distinguish it at once from S. torvus; the black spines below the
middle basitarsi from S. knabi; the darker antenne and more numerous spines
on femora as well as the more extensively black hind femora from S. vitripennis ;
the darker legs, antenne and larger size from S. protritus; and the fasciate
venter from S. rectus.
S. ribestt is not common in Ontario, although it is met with occasionally.
In five years I have taken only eight specimens. It seems to be much more
common in Manitoba, where Dr. Hunter captured some twelve specimens in
September.
Syrphus ribesii vittafrons Shannon.
Very similar to the typical ribesti but with a median brownish facial
stripe and the pile of the vertex more fulvous. The ventral abdominal markings
are very distinct so this variety can hardly be confused with other species. The
hind femora of the female always bear a brownish post median band. (Com-
mon, Ont., Man.)
\
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 155
| Syrphus rectus O..S.
This species which has long been confused with S. ribesii is undoubtedly
distinct, but specimens occur which can only be distinguished with certainty
from that species by an examination of the genitalia, unless the characters I
have indicated, viz. practically unicolorous venter, will apply to all specimens
from various localities as it does to all I have examined. Another very good
character for separating the two species lies in the more broadly yellow sides of
the second abdominal segment in rectus. The more sparse tiny black bristles on
the end of the hind femora, the distinct bluish metallic reflection of the thorax,
as well as the more sparse pubescence of the scutéllum are also important char-
acters, but difficult to use except by a specialist. In most specimens of S. ribesii
the venter bears the bands described, while in most specimens of rectus there
are seldom even isolated spots in the male, and never in the female. I cannot sat-
isfy myself that the spots on the venter of S. rectus males are really ventral spots,
as they appear on the sides of the ventral segments and apparently are the darker
bands ‘of the dorsum seen through the venter, while in ribesti there are always
spots in the middle of the segments. The hind femora of the female always bear
a blackish post median band as in ribesii vittafrons, but in the typical ribesii the
bands are never more than brownish. The face is wholly yellow and there is
no spot below the eyes.
_ This is the most common species of the genus in Ontario. I have counted
thirty-seven specimens on a single bloom of Elder, and during early July of
last year a large field of Elder bushes had the blooms literally covered with
specimens. In fact this was the only species present. While Syrphus ribesti has
been frequently recorded and figured ‘from Ontario, it seems that the majority
of ‘records refer to this present species. Hunter took twenty-five specimens at
the Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, on August 17th and 21st, but I
have only seen one specimen: from Teulon (near Lake Winnipeg).
Syrphus transversalis, new species.
Sides of the abdomen strongly reflexed downwards beyond the second
segment; otherwise moderately like S. rectus.
Length, 8 to9 mm. Female. Face yellow, with white pile. Front black,
black pilose, clothed with yellowish pollen in front of the ocelli, except for a
large triangular, shining black area in the middle. Pile of the posterior orbits
yellow; eyes bare. Antenne yellow, tips of the first two segments and the
upper quarter and end of the third segment, brown or black.
Thorax shining greenish’ black, with yellowish pile. Scutellum yellow,
with black pile. ;
Abdomen opaque black; a pair of broadly separated triangular yellow
spots on the middle of the second segment, their inner ends rounded, the outer
ends extending narrowly forward along the sides to the base of the segment.
Third segment with an entire, basal, straight, moderately broad yellow band,
which reaches the margins in practically its full width. Band on fourth segment
similar, but slightly narrower. Broad apex of fourth segment, and tips of
following segments, yellowish. Pile on basal quarter and on the yellow bands,
yellowish, elsewhere short, sub-appressed, black.
Legs yellow; hind femora with a broad blackish ring beyond the middle; a
156 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
broad preapical ring on the hind tibiae and the hind tarsi piceous. Legs with
whitish pile, but the hind tibiae and tarsi black pilose.
Holotype, Female, Orillia Ont., June 26, 1914 (Curran) and two para-
types, same locality, in the author’s collection.
The shape of the abdomen in living specimens is remarkable; the abdomen
is rather broad, and truncate at the apex, and all the terminal segments are
visible from above, due to the apex of the fifth segment being strongly curved
upwards. The species is found in deep woods.
Syrphus vitripennis Meigen.
Habitat : Manitoba.
Length, 9mm. Male. Face yellow, with a bluish opalescence and whitish
pile, except on the upper angles; tubercle, margin narrowly and the cheeks, more
reddish; anterior tip of oral margin brown. Cheeks brownish below the eyes.
Frontal triangle black, with a bluish reflection, its sides amd apex moderately
yellowish gray pollinose; entirely black pilose; above the antenne the front is
reddish yellow on the antennal prominence. Antenne reddish; end of third
joint evenly rounded. Posterior orbits wholly gray pollinose, with grayish pile
below, yellowish above. Vertical triangle broader than in ribesiw or rectus;
wholly black pilose. Thorax greenish blue, very strongly metallic, with irregular
dull cupreous areas; pleure blackish beneath the grayish pollen. A yellowish
spot above the root of the wing. Postalar callosities piceous-black. Pile yellow ;
above the wings reddish; on the pleurze more whitish. Scutellum yellow, scarcely
shining, with sparse black pile except on the base and angles, where it is
yellowish. Abdomen opaque black; tip of the second, apical half of third except
the tip, and the following segments wholly shining. First segment
obscurely reddish on the sides. Second segment with a pair of moder-
ate sized, broadly separated yellow spots which are produced forward
to the anterior margin; the black on the posterior half of the segment extends
forward along the margin to beyond the middle of the segment. Second band
moderately separated from the anterior margin of the segment, except at the
sides where it reaches the antero-lateral angle. In front it is almost straight,
with sometimes a small median yellow triangle extending forward; posteriorly
it is biconvex and reaches the margin In over one-third its width. Third band
similar. Tip of the fourth and the fifth segment except the base, reddish. Pile
on basal one and one-half segments cinereous, on the yellow spots on the second
segment, long, bright yellow; on the remaining yellow bands blacktsh medially,
pallid laterally; elsewhere, rather long, black. Legs reddish-yellow; basal third
of the fourth anterior and two-thirds of the posterior femora, an obscure band
beyond the middle of the hind tibiz and the hind tarsi brownish in the middle.
Wings hyaline, the base, costal cell and stigma yellowish. Squamz yellowish,
pilose above, fringed with yellowish hairs. All the abdominal bands are some-
what reddish.
Female. Antennze sometimes brownish above; arista brownish apically ;
front shining blackish above the antennz, the reddish color more restricted ;
above this a moderately large triangular bronzed area whitch connects above
with the shining greenish and bronzed upper third of the frons; pile entirely
black. First pair of abdominal spots more oval; sides of first segment yellow ;
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST VAT
fifth segment with yellow triangles at anterior angles; pile slightly shorter
throughout; cheeks without distinct black spots, and pallidly yellow. Oherwise
similar to the male.
Six specimens, Teulon, Man., May to Sept. (Dr. A. J. Hunter).
From ribesu it differs in having the antenne red; thorax darker, antenne
less pointed ; spot below the eyes; femora of female, black at base; the first pair of
spots reach the margins in mtch greater width than in rvibesi. From rectus it
differs in the color of the antenne, legs, and narrower abdominal bands. From
protritus, to which it is closely related, in having the legs in both sexes largely
black.
Syrphus opinator O. S.
Easily recognized. Squame pilose above; first abdominal band reaches
the margin, the two following narrowly separated from margin; venter of female
usually without black markings, venter of male with an elongate transverse black
spot on second ventral and two broad complete black bands on following
segments.
A western species which occurs west of the Rockies and as far east as
Alberta in Canada. Five specimens frony California (Davidson), B.C. (C. B. D.
Garrett), and Alta. (Walsh).
Syrphus torvus O. 8.
Readily distinguished by the presence of pile on the disc of the squame
and pilose eyes. The species may be recognized at a glance by the elongate brown
stigma and the presence of blackish spots on the venter, which are quite different
‘from those in other species. The first spot.is roundish, the second triangular,
‘and the third usually extends. wholly across the posterior margin of the third
ventral. The base of the hind femora of the female is. black.
A widely distributed and common species. I have specimens from Cal.,
BC... Man., Ont. and N.H.
The above species constitute an unusually interesting group im the genus
Syrphus and so far as I am aware there are no other European or North
American species which have the disc of the thoracal squame hairy. Three of
the species, S. torvus, vitripennis and. ribesii, are common to Europe and North
America. The species which follow all lack the pile on the disc of the squamez
but several are closely related to those above described.
Syrphus grossulariae Meigen.
A large beautiful species in which the abdominal bands extend over the
‘side margins in their full width, including the basal spots. The wholly black
antenne and absence of pile on the disc of the squame and the black haired
scutellum will readily distimguish this species.
I have a melanic female from Orillia in which the bands are shining
metallic greenish with a reddish color distinguishable in some lights.
Syrphus xanthostomus Will. has the abdominal bands broader, the
‘antenne reddish and the scutellum yellow pilose.
Syrphus reflectipennis new species.
Eyes pilose; face with rather broad median black stripe; thorax metallic
‘blackish blue, the scutellum similar, with a yellowish translucent reflection;
158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ,
abdominal bands reach the margins in their full width. Squame not pilose above.
Length, 11.5 mm. Female. Face yellowish; cheeks, oral margin and a
broad facial stripe, ending below the antennz, blackish. Front shining black,
with a metallic blue reflection, the sides opposite the antenne narrowly dusted
with yellowish pollen, expanding in the middle of the front, but leaving a broad
shining stripe. Pile of the front black, of the posterior orbits and cheeks,
whitish; of the eyes, whitish, sparse, not very, conspicuous. Antenne reddish,
third joint above, and the arista, piceous. i,
Thorax with a strong metallic bluish reflection, pleure obscurely piceous,
especially the sutures; scutellum metallic blue, translucent; pile of dorsum
yellowish, of the pleure, longer, whitish, of the scutellum, longer, yellowish.
Abdomen, sub-opaque, moderately shining, the first and apical segments
shining bluish black. Abdominal bands as’ in, Syrphus torvus, but slightly nar-
rower, deeply notched medially posteriorly, and extending over the margins in
their full width. Pile yellowish on the two hasal, segments and the yellow
bands, elsewhere, shorter, black.
Legs yellow; basal half of the front four and two-thirds of the te
femora, black; a band beyond the middle of the hind tibiz and the apical joints
of the hind tarsi, piceous. atl
Wings pellucid hyaline; stigma faintly se ioutey
Holotype, female, Orillia, Ont., May 26, 1913 (Curran), in’ the author’s
collection.
Syrphus ochrostomus Zett.
Antenne red; differs from ribesit, protritus, etc., in the squame nat bene
hairy above; from Giosomonae in having red antenne and legs, and narrower
bands. Face yellow, with whitish pollen on the sides. Cheeks more reddish,
with a large black spot below the eyes and the border of the eyes black from this
spot to the posterior orbits. Thorax shining metallic greenish black, the pleure
covered with whitish dust and almost white pile. Scutellum wholly yellow pilose.
The abdomen is more shining than opaque. First pair of spots reach the margin
in full width and the yellow extends forward along the margin, narrowly, to the
slightly yellowish sides of the first segment. The two following bands are
moderately attenuated laterally, and slightly notched in the middle posteriorly.
The bands have a slight metallic greenish lustre, but are distinctly yellowish red.
One specimen, Orillia, Ontario, 1914 (Curran).
This species is very similar to S. nitidicollis, but the latter lacks the black
orbital stripe below the eyes and the scutellum is black haired, except the base.
The specimen described above agrees very well with a var. of S. nitidicollis
mentioned by Verrall, but differs in the abdominal bands being attenuated laterally
and in having the black stripe below the eyes. It may be distinct from
ochrostomus.
Syrphus nitidicollis Meigen.
This species is moderately’ like the specimen I have described under
S. ochrostomus. It is readily distinguished from other North American species
by its red antenne and metallic greenish reddish cross-bands, which are
scarcely notched medially and extend over the margins in their full width,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 159
entirely yellow anterior tarsi and black haired scutellum.
One specimen, Orillia, Ontario, 1914 (Curran).
Syrphus genualis Williston.
Face with oral margin, cheeks and median stripe shining black. Second
and third abdominal bands narrow, straight, and not attenuated laterally, but
extending over the margin in practically their full width. Hind legs blackish
or brownish, except the base and tip of the femora and base of the tibiz.
Williston described this species from a female taken at the base of Mount
Washington, N.H. I believe that specimens recorded as this species from British
Columbia must belong to the following species.
' Syrphus rectoides new species.
Eyes bare, median facial stripe and cheeks black or brownish black;
squame not pilose above.
Length 8 to9 mm. Male. Face honey yellow, a broad median stripe,
reaching to above the middle, the cheeks and the oral margin broadly, black or
brown ; face a little retreating ; tubercle rather long, more conspicuous below ;
pile black; frontal triangle shining black, thickly covered with yellow
pollen except just above the base of the antenna, the pile black. Antenne black,
third joint yellow on lower half, almost as broad as long, the end evenly
rounded. Vertical triangle black, with black pile.
Thorax cupreous or bluish-black, with yellowish or yellowish brown pile,
pleure with white pile. Scutellum yellow with black pile.
Abdomen opaque or sub-opaque black, the first segment, sides of the
second, sides and apices of the third and fourth, and the fifth segment wholly,
shining black. Second segment with a pair of. moderately broadly separated sub-
oval yellow spots, their inner ends rounded, their outer ends produced forward
to the antero-lateral angles. Third segment. with a sub-basal fascia, with a
small median anterior triangular projection, almost evenly bi-convex posteriorly,
and narrowly or not quite reaching the lateral margins. Yellow band on the
fourth segment similar, but slightly narrower, apical margins of fourth and fifth
segments and basal angles of the fifth, yellow. Pile of abdomen yellowish on
basal corners, and the yellow spots, elsewhere, shorter, black.
Legs yellow; basal half of anterior four femora, and the hind legs, except
the bases of the tibiz, brown.
Wings hyaline or slightly darkened; stigma and sub-costal cell pallidly
luteous.
Female. Abdominal bands narrower; pile shorter ; legs yellow ; hind
femora with sub-apical band, and the hind tibiz and tarsi, except the basal
quarter of the tibize, reddish brown. Otherwise similar to the male.
Holotype, male, Cranbrook, B.C., May 22, 1919, about 3,400 ft.; Allotype,
Bull River, B.C., May 20, 1919, 3,500 ft.; Paratypes, two females, Cranbrook,
B.C., collected by C. B. D. Garrett. Types in Mr. Garrett’s collection, paratype
in the author’s collection.
Very similar to S. rectus Osten Sacken, but readily distinguished by the
facial stripe and bare squame; allied to S. quinquilimbatus, but the legs of the
female are yellow basally and the scutellum is, lighter; differs from S. genualis
160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
in that the bands are attenuated laterally; differs from S. vitripennis-in the black
facial stripe.
TWO NEW CANADIAN CRAMBID MOTHS. (LEPID.)
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PED; .
Entomological Branch, Ottawa.* |
Crambus tutillus sp. nov.
Primaries deep brown, costa with a faint white line at base of wing only; a
rather narrow white stripe subcostally from base of wing to end of cell, broad-
est near apex and with lower margin toothed on vein 2 ; veins between apex
of white stripe and subterminal line outlined in blackish with a distinct metallic
tinge; beyond and just below stripe is an obsolescent white rectangular patch and
above it on costa a small white patch preceding the subterminal line; this line
metallic, arising from small white costal spot, edged inwardly by a dark shade
line and obtusely angled on vein 6; a small' white triangular spot below apex
of wing and five black dots on outer margin at termination of veins; fringe white
at apex and anal angle, metallic in central portion, slightly tinged with brownish
outwardly. Secondaries dark smoky with pale fringes. Beneath smoky, paler
terminally, with the black terminal dots of upper side of primaries repeated.
Expanse 20 mm.
Holotype 1 @, Victoria B. C. (May 23rd,) (W. Downes) in canteen Matanal
Collection.
Deane as 5 g’s from same locality, collected between 12th, and 28th, May; in
same collection.
The species has been passing under the name dissectus Grt., but differs
from this species in the reduction of the white stripe and rectangular white patch
and -the entire lack of white shading along the inner margin. It is probably
closest to dumetellus Hbn., differing in the much shorter and less distinct white
costal line. .
Crambus awemellus sp. nov.
| Primaries light yellowish brown, paler above inner margin; a narrow white
costal stripe, extending two thirds the length of the wing; below aa and separated
by a brown.area a broader and slightly longer white stripe, edged above distally by
a dark line and with bluntly pointed apex, terminating shortly before subterminal
line; a white rectangular patch extending from just below apex of stripe to outer
margin and crossed by subterminal line; veins in postmedian area outlined in
white with narrow dark border lines; an oblique white costal streak separated
from s. t. line by a small smoky patch; subterminal line white, slightly metallic
and rounded outwardly opposite cell, edged inwardly by brown, costa at apex
white and a white subapical triangular patch on outer margin; the usual terminal
black dots preceded by short white stripes; fringes whitish, especially below apex,
metallic outwardly. Secondaries pale smoky with white fringes. -Expanse
19-20 mm. 1h
Holotype 1 3, Aweme, Man. (Aug. 8th) (N. Criddle) in Canadian National
Collection.
-*Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | 161
Paratypes 3 f’s, Aweme, Man. (Aug. 12th, 15th, 18th) (N. Criddle) in Cana-
dian National Collection and Collection Barnes. |
“The species resembles considerably a miniature agitatellus Clem. but the
white stripe is narrower and has no tooth on lower margin; the coloration shows
less of the ochreous shades found in this latter species. A specimen from South
Park, Colo., (Oslar) in the Barnes Collection appears to belong to this species.
Worn specimens tend to show a general diffusion of the white areas.
A METHOD OF MAKING PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS OF
INSECT WINGS.
BY R. P. GORHAM,
Assistant Entomologist, Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
In some work with Diptera it was found desirable to obtain a series of
photographs of wing venation in a number of different families. A very con-
venient, inexpensive and rapid method of making these was found, and, as it
seems possible that it may be of use to others, it is herewith described. In brief,
it consists of using the insect wing itself as a negative and making an enlarged
print. . .
In making the prints the first step is to mount one, or a number of
wings, between two sheets of glass so they may be held flat. Glass miscroscope
slides are found to be of a desirable size. For quick work the wing or. wings
are placed in position on one slide and another similar slide placed over them
and held in place by rubber bands. For a permanent mount to be kept for
future use, the wing is mounted in balsam. The slide is then placed in a
printing frame at the back of a camera and the latter set up in the window
of a dark room in the ordinary way for enlarging. The image is projected on
a white screen, which is moved toward or away from the camera until the
desired size of wing is obtained. Then the shutter is closed and a sheet of
bromide paper pinned on the screen and exposed in the usual way to the light
rays passing through the wing and camera lens. With very bright sunlight
out-of-doors and using enameled paper, one-half minute to one and one-half
minutes has been found sufficient time with the smallest of shutter openings.
The’ time will vary with the intensity of the light and the density of the wing.
For ordinary use a print showing a wing length of three inches is found
sufficiently large. All details can be clearly seen in a print of that size, and four
such prints can be made on one sheet of 5 in. x 7 in. paper. Prints can be made
“of any desired size up to the limit of the paper available. In the case of the
Culicide large prints show the scales on the wing veins clearly.
The method seems well adapted for the study of wing venation in those
orders of insects having hyaline wings, as the photo-print is more accurate than
an ordinary drawing. All parts are enlarged to such size that they can be
distinctly seen without the use of a lens, and the exact position of picture spots
and shadings of the membrane is also shown. Another advantage is that a
number of wings of different species can be printed together at one time on one
sheet of paper for comparison by the eye or by measure—all being enlarged the
same number of times.
A few test prints made from lepidopterous wings mounted in Xylol-
162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Balsam have shown that fairly satisfactory results can be obtained with moth
wings which have distinctly dark-colored veins. Since the prints are really
negative in character the formation of a clear image of the wing vein is
dependent on interference with the free passage of light rays. For this reason
the wings of Ctenucha virginica, even though covered with dark scales, give
excellent wing prints, due to the very opaque structure of the veins.
The use of the wing print in the classroom has been tried on a very
small scale, but with good results. Students of systematic entomology had before
them specimens of the particular insect they were trying to identify and also an
enlarged print of the wing. On the print they were able to see distinctly the
particular features of wing venation which the instructor wished them to note
and then to locate them by the aid of a lens on the wing of the insect. In
cases where a particular feature of wing venation has to be determined, in
order to successfully usé a systematic key, the enlarged print is useful to both
instructor and student. When the particular feature has been once located a
marked print can be kept at hand for quick comparison with the wings of other
insects which the student is tracing through the systematic key, and in this way
the time often wasted in searching for negative characters can be saved and
doubtful determinations to some extent avoided.
UNDESCRIBED ERIOPTERINE CRANE-FLIES FROM ARGENTINA
(TIPULIDAE, DIPTERA)
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER,
Urbana, Illinois.
The following species of crane-flies belong to the extensive tribe
Eriopterini. They were included in material collected by Dr. Charles Bruch
and Engineer V. Weiser and sent to the writer for determination. The writer
would express his gratitude to Dr. Bruch and Senor Weiser for the privilege
of examining this interesting series of crane-flies.
Erioptera (Erioptera) cladophoroides, sp. n.
Similar to E. cladophora Alexander (Brazil); size much larger; body
and legs darker colored. .
Male—Length about 4.2 mm.; wing 4.3—4.5 mm.
Female—Length 4.3—4.5 mm.; wing 4.5—5.3 mm.
Rostrum reddish brown; palpi dark brown. Antenne brown; flagellar
segments in the male with elongate verticils. Head buffy, dark gray pruinose.
Mesonotal praescutum light gray with a broad brownish fulvous median
stripe, the lateral margins of which are bordered with a series of dark brown
setigerous punctures; tuberculate pits large, shiny black, separated by a distance
a little greater than the diametcr of one, situated entirely within the brown-~
median stripe; pseudo-sutural foveae elongate, brownish black; a conspicuous
subquadrate brown spot on the lateral margins of praescutum before suture;
scutum light gray, the centres of the lobes light brown; scutellum light gray
with a narrow brown median line; postnotum gray. Pleural region gray with
a broad silvery gray longitudinal stripe, delimited ventrally and more broadly
dorsally by narrow brown stripes. Halteres testaceous. Legs with the coxae
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 163
gray pruinose; trocanters testaceous; femora dark brown, pale basally, with
three narrow white annuli; tibiae with four black and four white annuli arranged
alternately, the latter a little narrower than the former, the apical band white;
metatarsi black, the intermediate third white; second tarsal segment white, the
apex and remainder of tarsi black. Wings whitish subhyaline, the basal third
more grayish; a faint gray suffusion beyond the cord; a narrow dark brown
seam along the cord, small brown clouds at #4, arculus, origin of Rs, Sc. Sci, ,
tips of the longitudinal veins at the wing-margins; a brown cloud at the fork
of M, plus Cu,, and a conspicuous mark near the wing-base behind vein Cu;
veins pale, darkened in the infuscated areas. Venation: as in the annulipes group;
a conspicuous spur near the tip of the strongly sinuous vein 2md A as in
E. cladophora.
Abdomen brown, the sternites paler. Male hypopygium with two pleural
appendages, the outermost profoundly bifid, the outer arm similar to the inner
arm but a little shorter, both arms acicular; inner pleural appendage a slender
chitinized arm that narrows to the acute blackened point. Gonapophyses slender,
the tips blackened and slightly incurved.
Habitat—Argentina.
Holotype, 3, La Plata, October 13, 1920 (C. Bruch).
Allotopotype, .
Paratopotypes,, 7 & 2, October 13-18, 1920.
Type in the collection of the author.
Molophilus cladocerus, sp. n.
Related to M. honestus Alexander; pleural appendage of the male
hypopygium heavily chitinized, slightly beyond midlength forking into two
subequal acutely pointed branches.
Male—Length 4—4.2 mm.; wing 4.5—5 mm.
Female—tLength 5 mm.; wing 5.5 mm.
Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae comparatively short, brown. Head
light yellow.
Mesonotum light yellowish brown, unmarked with darker; lateral mar-
gins almost white; postnotum darker brown. Pleura testaceous, the dorsal
region dark brown, continued to the postnotum. Halteres yellow. Legs with the
coxae and trochanters yellow; remainder of the legs dark brown, the femoral
bases yellow. Wings with a strong yellowish tinge; veins pale brown, those in
the costal region more yellowish.
Abdomen pale brown; hypopygium yellow. Male hypopygium with the
apparent ventral appendage heavily chitinized, at a little beyond midlength
branched, the inner branch only a little shorter than the outer or principal
branch, both branches gradually narrowed to the smooth, acute points; remainder
of the hypopygium almost as in M. honestus.
Habitat —Argentina.
Holotype, g, Arroyo Famailla, Tucuman, altitude 400 meters, October
18. 1920 (V. Weiser).
Allotopotype, 2, October 12, 1920.
Paratopotypes, & 9.
Type in the collection of the author.
164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Gonomyia (Gonomyella) thiosema, sp. n.
General coloration yellow; centre’ of the vertex dark brown; mesonotal
praescutum with three broad stripes; median sclerite of ‘postnotum broadly
dark brownish black; pleura yellow with a narrow dark brown stripe; legs
dark brown, the femoral bases paler; wings with a faint brownish tinge ; male
hypopygium with’ two flattened pale pleural appendages.
Male—Length 5 mm.; wing, 4.8 mm.
Rostrum. brown; palpi dark brown. Antennal scape sulphur-yellow;
flagellum dark brown. Head obscure yellow, the centre of the vertex largely
dark brown.
Pronotal scutum brown, yellowish laterally; scutellum sulphur-yellow.
Mesonotal praescutum light brown, the lateral margins and ‘humeral: region
yellow; a small brown spot on the lateral margin of sclerite; three broad dark
brown stripes; scutum obscure brownish yellow, the lobes dark brown; scutellum
brown, broadly margined with yellow ; postnotum broadly brownish black medially,
the anterior lateral regions yellow; lateral sclerites of postnotum yellow, the
caudal margins brownish black, these areas lying immediately .before the
halteres. Pleura sulphur-yellow, narrowly striped ‘longitudinally ‘with dark
brown; sternites reddish brown. WHalteres dark brown, the basal half of the
stem paler. Legs with the coxae yellow, the basal half of the fore coxae dark
brown; trochanters yellow; remainder of legs dark brown, the femoral bases
obscure yellow. Wings with a faint brownish tinge; veins dark brown. Vena-
tion; Sc long, Sc,, ending just beyond midlength of Rs, Sc, some distance from
the tip of Sc,, the latter alone about equal to r-m,; [vs long, very gently arcuated ;
ron. is A Aad two-fifths its length; R, oblique, parallel to ultimate section
of R,, shorter than RX, ; petiole of cell 2nd Mz about equal to cell; basal deflection
of Cu, a short distance beyond the fork of M. |
Abdomen dark brown; sternites obscure brownish yellow. Male
hypopygium with the pleurites stout; the proximal face densely set with a
cushion of slender setiferous tubercles; apex of pleurite tipped with a short
cylindrical lobe that is provided with a pencil of stiff yellow bristles. Two
pleural appendages, the outer one very pale and flattened, the apex directed
proximad; inner appendage shorter, more chitinized, flattened, on the face with
two setiferous tubercles. Penis-guard stout, the apex simple.
Habitat—Argentina.
Holotype, 8, Famailla, Tucuman, October, 1920 (V. Weiser).
Type in the collection of the La Plata Museum. —
Gonomyia (Leiponeura) misera, sp. n.
Rostrum reddish; antennae black, the enlarged second scapal segment a
little reddish basally; general coloration. pale brownish testaceous; pleura
testaceous yellow ; wings subhyaline, unmarked; male hypopygium with the outer
angles of the pleurites produced into stout pale spines, the tips blackened and
densely covered with short, appressed hairs; penis-guard stout, pale, longer than
the remaining elements of the hypopygium.
Male —Length 3.5—3.6 mm.; wing 3.84 mm.
Female —Length 3.5—3.8 mm.; wing 4—4.1 mm.
Rostrum reddish; palpi dark brown. Antennae black, the enlarged
.THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 165
globular second scapal segment reddish brown basally; flagellar segments with
very long verticils in the: male. Head with front and anterior part of vertex
reddish ; ‘remainder of vertex brown; genae and occiput obscure yellow.
Thoracic praescutum testaceous brown, unmarked; posterior sclerites of
mesonotum: obscure yellow. Pleura testaceous yellow. Halteres pale, the knobs
obscure yellow. Legs with 'coxae and trochanters obscure yellow; remainder
of the legs pale brown. Wings. subhyaline, unmarked; veins pale brown.
Venation: Sc, ending far before origin of Rs, the distance from three-fourths
to equal to length of Rs; Sc, some distance from tip of Sc,; Rs rather long,
nearly straight; cell lst M, closed; basal deflection of Cu, at or before the
fork of M.
Abdomen light brown, the sternites and hypopygium a little paler. Male
hypopygium with the ninth tergite conspicuous, semi-cylindrical, the caudal
margin truncated or feebly concave, the lateral, margins and angles with
numerous short appressed spines; outer angle of the pleurite produced caudad
into’a stout pale spine which gradually narrows to the acute blackened point, this
blackened tip covered with abundant tiny appressed hairs; pleural appendage
shorter than this spine, its tip provided with several powerful bristles. Penis-
guard pale, very stout at base, tapering to the pale flattened tip; penis-guard
exceeding all other elements of hypopygium.
Habitat—Argentina.
_ Holotype, 8, Arroyo Famailla, Tucuman, altitude 400 meters, October
hip 1920. (V.) Weiser ).
Allotopotype, §.
Paratopotypes, 8 & 9.
‘Type in the collection of the author.
Paratropeza xystophanes, sp. n.
Head and antennae black; mesonotal praescutum yellow with three black
stripes; postnotum with the cephalic half obscure yellow; pleura black with a
narrow yellowish longitudinal stripe; wings faintly brownish yellow, stigma
triangular, dark brown; r near the end of Rs; abdominal tergites brownish
yellow ‘with a narrow, median brown longitudinal line.
‘Male —Length 7mm.; wing 8.6 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black. Head shiny black.
Pronotal scutum: obscure yellow. indistinctly blackened anteriorly, scu-
tellum yellow. Mesonotal praescutum shiny yellow with three broad shiny black
stripes; scutum yellow, the lobes marked with black; scutellum light yellow;
postnotum obscure yellow, the caudal half dark brown. Pleura black; a narrow
yellowish longitudinal stripe extending above the coxae; a small patch of whitish
appressed pubescence above the middle coxae and an extensive area on the
metapleura. Halteres dark brown, the knobs conspicuously yellow. Legs with
the foré coxae and trochanters obscure chestnut, the remaining coxae and
trochanters more yellowish; fore femora brownish black with about the basal
third more yellowish; remaining femora more uniformly brownish tes-
taceous; tibiae brown, the tips a little darker; tarsi dark brown. Wings with a
faint brownish yellow tinge; stigma triangular, dark brown, surrounding the
radial crossvein; a very narrow and indistinct brown seam along the cord and
166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
the outer end of cell lst M, ; veins dark brown. Venation: Generally similar to
P. jactans Alexander (Brazil) ; Rs more arcuated; r close to the fork of Rs;
basal deflection of Cw, a short distance beyond the fork of M.
Abdomen shiny brownish yellow, the tergites with a narrow black
median line; sternites clearer yellow; hypopygium darkened.
Habitat —Argentina.
Holotype &, Quebrada Famailla, Tucuman, altitude 1,600 meters, October
16, 1920 (V. Weiser).
Type in the collection of the LaPlata Museum.
Teucholabis omissa, sp. n.
Mesonotum obscure yellowish brown with three brownish black stripes;
pleura black with a broad yellowish testaceous longitudinal stripe; wings faintly
brown; stigma darker brown, subcircular; cell lst M, open by the atrophy of
the outer deflection of M,.
Female—Length 5 mm.; wing 5.2 mm.
Head broken.
Pronotum yellow. Mesonotal praescutum obscure yellowish brown with
three interrupted shiny brownish black stripes, the median stripe indicated only
on the cephalic margin of the sclerite as a shiny area; lateral stripes narrower
and less distinct; scutum obscure brownish yellow, the lobes marked with black;
scutellum and postnotum obscure brown, covered with a short white pubescence.
Pleura black with a broad yellowish testaceous longitudinal ventral stripe, passing
beneath the root of the halteres; pleura with a short white pubescence. Halteres
brown, the knobs obscure yellowish brown. Legs with the fore coxae dark brown;
middle and hind coxae pale brown, whitish pubescent; trochanters obscure
yellow; femora obscure yellow, the tips darkened; tibiae brown, the tips darker
brown; tarsi dark brown. Wings comparatively narrow, with a faint brownish
tinge; stigma darker brown, subcircular veins dark brown. Venation: Sc
moderately long, Sc, ending at about two-fifths the length of Rs; Sc, lacking;
Rs long, gently arcuated; r a short distance beyond the fork of Rs; petiole of
cell 2nd M,, about one-half of this cell; cell lst M, open by the atrophy of the
outer deflection of M, ; basal deflection of Cu, a short distance beyond the
fork of M. :
Abdomen dark brown, the basal sternites obscure yellow. Ovipositor
with the basal shield black; valves of the ovipositor yellowish horn-color,
strongly upcurved.
Habitat—Argentina.
Holotype, 2, Arroyo Famailla, Tucuman, altitude 400 meters, ‘October,
1920 (V. Weiser).
Type in the collection of the La Plata Museum.
Teucholabis omissa is readily told from all described species of the
genus, with the exception of T. omissinervis Alexander (Peru) by the open
cell lst M, .
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 167
NOTE ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF TWO CANADIAN : -
ARCTIIDS WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW
SPEBOIRS.. (La,PIDs)
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D.,
Entomological /Branch, Ottawa.*
In our latest lists following Dyar (1903, List N. Am. Lepid. 87), yarrozwi
Stretch has been placed in the genus Neoarctia N. & D. Hampson included it
in his genus Phragmatobia Steph. (1901, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. III., 242),
but the species was evidently unknown to him. An examination of specimens of
this rare species in the Canadian National Collection shows that it falls into
Hyphoraia Hbn. as defined by Hampson, the eyes being hairy and veins 7, 8, 9
and 10 stalked.
The species alpina Ques., listed by Hampson as a synonym of Hyphoraia
lapponica Thun. (festiva Bork.) has already been shown to be a distinct species
By Mr. ‘Gibson: (1920, Rep. Can. Arct. Kxp. 101., Pt.-J, 31.).. A further exam-
ination shows that it is not even associated generically with lapponica, the eyes
being non-hairy and there being a distinct areole present in the venation of
primaries with veins 7, 8 and 9 stalked from its apex. According to Hampson’s
keys, alpina would fall into Arctia Schrank along with caia and villica; according
to maculation it has more similarity with Platyprepia guttata Bdv. The genus
Platyprepia was separated by Dyar from Arctia (1897, Can. Ent., XXIX., 212)
on the strength of the areole being wanting; this 1s, however, scarcely correct,
for in a majority of specimens of guttata examined by me the areole was present
and the lack*of same is decidedly an aberrant character which cannot be used
for generic separation; the smooth thoracic squammation is probably a better
means of separation of the two genera. More recently Dyar, in a criticism of
the Barnes & McDunnough “Check List” (Ins. Ins. Menst. v. 43), claims that
Platyprepia should be transferred to the Hypsidae, an Indo-australian group
separable from the Arctiidae, according to Hampson (Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus.,
I., 17), by the fact that vein 8 of the secondaries is not anastomosed: with 7,
but connected by a cross-bar. The venation of guttata Bdv. does not bear out
this contention; it is practically identical with that of caia L., vein 8 being fused
to 7 for almost half the length of the cell. The general type of male genitalia is
quite similar in the two species and the larvae also bear a great resemblance to
each other. Unless the conception of the family Hypsidae has been changed
since the publication of Hampson’s work, I see no reason why Platyprepia should
not be retained in its present position in the Arctiide and should strongly incline,
on account of the great similarity of genitalia, to place alpina Ques. along with
guttata Bdv. in this genus.
In the Canadian National Collection is a single 2 collected a number of
years ago at Banff, which appears to represent a new species of Neoarctia, prob-
ably closest to cervina Fall. from the Alps. The description is as follows :—
Neoarctia sordida sp. nov.
Q. Palpi pale ochreous; head and front with short black Hair, mixed
with pale ochreous; legs ochreous; tegulae ochreous with two distinct central
black spots; thorax and patagia black, the latter faintly bordered with ochreous ;
*Contribution from Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
abdomen lacking. Primaries thinly scaled, black; costa and fringes pale ochreous ;
traces of ochreous along cubitus and vein 1; t.a. line broad, pale ochreous,
strongly outwardly oblique from costa to below cubitus, then angled inwardly
and oblique to inner margin a little over 1-3 from base. Tp. line broad,
ochreous, rounded outwardly below costa and then parallel to outer margin; s. t.
line ochreous, rather indistinct; inwardly oblique from costa to vein 6, then
forming a prominent W mark, touching t.p. line below veins 4 and 2, and the
outer margin at veins 1, 2 and 5. On one side only a small costal spot just
beyond t.a. line. Secondaries almost uniformly dark smoky, slightly paler sub-
terminally. Beneath paler than above with costa of both wings scaled with
ochreous and a sprinkling of pale scales over entire surface; primaries with
maculation of upper side faintly reproduced; secondaries with two fairly evident
dark subterminal round spots on vein 2 and between 5 and 6. Expanse 30 mm.
Holotype, 1 9, Banff, Alta. (June 13, 1914) (N. B..Sanson), in Canadian
National Collection.
The species is much less hairy in the vestiture of head and thorax than
either brucei Edw. or beani Neum., but by venational characters seems best
placed in the above genus.
COSYMBIA LUMENARIA HUB: A CORRECTION.
BY E. H. BLACKMORE,
Victoria, B.C.
In a recent letter from Mr. L. B. Prout of London, England, commenting
on some geomitrid notes in Ann. Report Prov. Mus. Nat. His. B.C., 1919, he
asks me not to use the name Cosymbia lumenaria for C. pendulinaria, as it is a
gross misidentification on the part of the late Dr. Hulst.
Wishing this to be corrected in North American Check Lists, he has given
me some notes on the subject which | present in the following form:
1832. Geyer in his continuation of Hubner’s Zutr. Exot: Schmett. fig- |
ured as lumenaria a species which he erroneously believed to be
from North America but which is really East Indian.
1895. Hulst in working up the old literature came across this figure and
making a guess at identifying it with some North American
species, picked on pendulinaria as being the same.
1896. Hampson (Moths of India, IV., p. 556) found the correct deter-
mination of lumenaria, sinking his own Rambara ochreicostalis in
the synonymy.
American authors have, not unnaturally, overlooked this and continued to per-
petuate Hulst’s error.
In the meantime our American Cosymbia had been named pendulinaria
by Guenée (1857) and this is the oldest name belonging to it.
On looking up Genera. Ins. Fasc. 104, p. 73, I find that Jwmenaria Geyer
is placed in the genus Derambila Walk. and its distribution is given as India
to Malaysia. The apparent discrepancy of authorship is attributable to the fact
that Geyer was editor of Hubner’s works for a long time and continued them in
Hubner’s name after the death of the latter. This has given rise to a lot of
inconsistencies in citation.
The name of lumenaria Hub. will have to be dropped from our North
American Lists and pendulinaria Gn. will now takes its place.
‘Mailed Sept. 30th, 1921.
Che Canadian Entomulagist
VoL. LIII. GUELPH, AUGUST, 1921. No. &
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
THe CABBAGE SEED STALK WEEVIL (CEUTORHYNCHUS QUADRIDENS PANZER)
AN ImMporTANT PEst OF CABBAGE SEED PLANTS ON Lone ISLAND.
BY I. H. VOGEL,*
Cornell University, Ithaca, IN. Y.
The cabbage seed stalk weevil is a European insect. Panzer (1796)? first
described the species. Goureau (1866)* found the larvae living within the roots
of rape. Perris (1877)* reported water cress and mustard as host plants for
the larvae. Lind et al (1914)*% found it occurring comparatively common in seed
cauliflower and turnip in Denmark. According to Redtenbacher® it occurs on
rape in Austria and Bargagli® reports it on the flowers of horse radish and
cabbage.
Slingerland (1894)’ reported it first in the United States as infesting
cabbage seed stalks on Long Island. It was later reported? from Nantuckett,
>tasscchusetts. Sirrine (1895)* observed it on seed plants of kale, cabbage and
turnip on Long Island. Specimens were sent to Dietz who described it as a new
species (Ceutorhynchus seriesetosus). Chittenden (1901) identified specimens
for Slingerland as C. quadridens Panzer. - Schwartz later confirmed this iden-
tification.
There is little information in literature regarding the life history of this
insect.. Slingerland (1894)* reared adults from larvae found in cabbage seed
stalks. These adults are the same as were later identified by Chittenden (Pre-
served in Cornell University Entomological Collection).
During the season of 1920 the author had the opportunity to observe
this seed stalk weevil in the cabbage fields in the vicinity of Mattituck, Long
Island, N.Y. Eggs were found first in the field on May 18th. They were
deposited on the under side of the mid-rib of young and old cabbage leaves. Nearly
every plant contained eggs. No larvae were found at this time. Although
egg laying continued until May 26th the method of oviposition was not observed.
The eggs were laid in punctures, the number in each puncture varying from
three to seven. The tissue surrounding the puncture makes very rapid growth,
thus forming a very conspicuous scar. The eggs are white, elliptical and
about one millimeter in length. Each egg has at one end a slender pedicel which
is about one-half millimeter in length. This attachment of the egg is very
1Faunae Germanicae, Heft 36, p. 13, 1796. 7
2 Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Vol. vi., p. 171-172, 1866.
3{Larves de Coleopteres, 1877, p. 408.
479 Beretning fra Staten Forsogsvirksamdid i Plantkulture Copenhagen, No. 30,
1914.
5 Fauna Austriaca, Vol. 11, p. 344.
6 Ibid, page 264.
1Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bylletin 78, 1894.
2 Transactions of American Entomological Society 1896, p 422.
3 New York Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept. 1896, p. 603.
4 Notes of Slingerland. Cornell University Exp. No. 455.
*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, Cornell University.
170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
fragile. Observations made on material collected showed the eggs hatched in
about four days. According to this observation the egg laying period doubtless
began at least by May 16th.
The larvae enter the mid-rib through the puncture. They burrow in the
mid-ribs and extend their work down to the pith of the branches and main
stalk. Instances were observed where more than thirty larvae were found in a
leaf mid-rib two and one-half inches in length and one hundred and fifty in a
single plant. The larval period occupied about ten days» after which they
emerge from the stalk by boring small holes in the side of the stalk or branch:
Doubtless each hole serves as a means of escape for several larvae as there
are apparently more larvae in a stalk than holes. The larvae drop to the
ground and pupate.
The mature larva measures 4-5 mm., legless, white. Head lemon yellow
with dark brown tipped mandibles. The body is composed of 12 easily recognized
segments, each . segment, especially those of the abdomen, is marked with
distinct ridges.
Pupation occurs near the surface of the soil in brown, fragile pupal cells
made of earthen material. Each cell measures 5mm. in length. The pupal
period occupies about ten days. The pupa measures 3mm; white; scattered over
the thorax, head, beak and tip of femora are prominent brown spines. ‘These
spines serve to keep the delicate pupa from touching the roughened surface of
the pupal cell. Shortly after pupation the eyes become jet black. As the pupa
grows older it gradually becomes darker.
The adults of the seed stalk weevil were found in the field from June 16 to
July 10th. They are rather difficult to observe, due to the minuteness, color
and habit of “playing possum” upon the least disturbance. They can be readily
observed during the fore part of a still, warm day on the upper branches and in
the axils of the leaves of the seed stalks.
Blatchley and Leng give a good description of the cabbage seed stalk weevil
in “Rhyncophora of North America” p. 443.
The insect undoubtedly hibernates as an adult although no trace of it could
be found after it had disappeared from the fields in July.
In general the cabbage seed growers on Long Island either failed to recog-
nize this insect or confused it with the larval stage of the common cabbage mag-
got (Phorbia brassicae Bouche). It is due to this confusion that little informa-
tion has been secured concerning its distribution and destructiveness in the
past.
The distribution of this weevil in the cabbage seed field in the vicinity of
Mattituck seemed quite general during the past season. The information collected
was taken from a comparatively few fields although characteristic signs of the
presence of the insect were seen in nearly every field in that vicinity.
The losses to the cabbage seed grower are due to the larvae burrowing in the
pith of the main stalks and branches thus weakening the plant and causing it to
break over or die prematurely. In either case the quantity and quality of seed
produced by an infested plant is inferior to that of a plant not infested.
In order to learn to what extent the weevil occurs and to determine the losses
caused by it, counts were made in five fields. It was found that forty-seven
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ilgal
percent of the plants were injured to some degree. At harvest time one hundred
normal plants and an equal number of plants attacked by the insect were threshed.
The amounts of seed secured, both before and after cleaning, are given in the fol-
lowing table:
One hundred Weight of seed Weight of seed Percent of seed lost
plants each before cleaning after cleaning in cleaning
Not infested 109.2 oz. 97.4 oz. ial
Infested 74.3 02. 64.8 oz. 13
Loss due to insect 32.6 OZ.
Plants not attacked by the insect therefore yielded _ practically thirty-three
and one-half per cent. more seed than the attacked plants. Since there were
forty-seven per cent. of the plants attacked by the insect the loss would be sixteen
per cent of the crop. The seed yield was approximately two hundred and fifty
pounds per acre this year, and consequently the loss occasioned by the weevil was
forty pounds per acre valued at fifty dollars (1920). Even greater losses have
doubtless occurred since a cabbage seed contractor and some growers have cited
instances where in previous years this insect has occasioned the loss of entire
crops.
NEW SPECIES OF SYRPHIDAE (DIPTERA)
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Orillia, Ont.
Syrphus invigorus, new species.
Eyes bare ; face yellow, cheeks and oral margin black ; no facial stripe ;
first and third abdominal bands interrupted, the second entire. Length 10-11
mm.
Male. Face and sides of front reddish yellow ; cheeks, oral margin and
sides of the face, reaching to the tubercle, brownish black, posterior oral border
reddish yellow ; face finely white pilose and more or less whitish pubescent ;
tubercle rather large, the epistoma not at all produced ; front black in the middle;
frontal pile yellowish or sometimes brownish, of the vertex, black, of posterior
orbits, white; eyes bare. Antennae reddish yellow or orange, more or less
brownish above; arista reddish brown.
Thorax shining greenish black, with pallid yellowish white pile, more
~ellaw along the lateral margins before the suture, and almost white on the
pleurae. Scutellum translucent pale yellowish brown the base and sides black ;
pile whitish.
' Abdomen opaque black, the first segment and complete borders of the
following segments, the lateral margins more narrowly, shining black, sometimes
with a greenish tinge. Second segment with a large triangular spot in the
iniddle on each side; third segment with an abbreviated yellow band moderately
separated from the anterior margin, deeply incised posteriorly( about half
through) and usually with a small triangular projection in the middle anteriorly ;
the band is broadest laterally and is narrowly separated from the lateral mar-
gins. Band on fourth segment similar, but moderately interrupted in the middle,
the inner ends of the spots formed being almost evenly rounded posteriorly to
the lateral fourth; apex of third <egment in the middle and base of fourth at
the sides, narrowly yellow; apex of fourth segment and triangles on the basal
Gee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
corners of the fifth more broadly reddish yellow. None of the bands reach
the lateral margins. Pile yellowish white or white on base of abdomen, rather
long; dusky along the margins, the apical half of third to fifth segments with
blackish pile laterally; opaque areas, except the base, with shorter black pile;
yellow bands with yellow pile. Abdomen rather slender; only a little oval.
Legs reddish yellow; basal half of the front four femora, and three-
fourths of the hind femora, an obscure ring on the apical third of the hind tibiae,
and the hind tarsi apically, reddish brown. Wings slightly tinged with luteous ;
stigma and sub-costal cells luteous, and base of wings more or less so. Squame
bare.
Holotype, male, Orillia, Ontario, May 30, 1920, two paratypes, same
date, taken by the author, poising above small maple tree in opening in deep
woods. ‘Types in author’s collection.
Syrphus americanus var. vinelandi n. var.
Length 9-10mm. Differs from typical S. americanus as follows:
The yellow bands in both sexes are narrower, being not wider than the
black. .
Female: Hind femora black at the base; front more broadly shining
black in the middle, and the width at the vertex apparently slightly less; fifth
abdominal segment more black.
Male: ‘The spots above the roots of the antenne are larger and darker
than in most specimens of americanus; the black of the cheeks is usually con-
nected to the black facial stripe along the oral margin by a brown or black
stripe.
This variety seems to approach S. nitens much more closely than typical
americanus, as the bands are usually more emarginate behind.
30 specimens from Ontario and four from Wisconsin. Types in the
Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.
_ The great difference in the larve of the typical species and the variety
would seem to indicate two distinct species, but it is impossible to distinguish
many males, and even some females have the base of the hind femora only
brownish. The larve are green with an irregular brownish blotch on the dor-
sum, while in typical americanus they are yellowish brown or grayish brown
with very much more numerous small spines.
Syrphus americanus var. pomus n. var.
This variety is very similar to the above, but the size is only 7 to 8mm.
and the color is darker throughout. The abdominal bands are slightly narrower,
the oral margin is more broadly darker and the legs are darker. I can tind no
good characters for separating the two varieties, but the larve are very different.
Larve pale grayish yellow, the dorsum more brownish and with somewhat
fewer small spines than in typical americanus. The larve are the only ones
I have observed living exposed to the sun. They feed upon Aphis pomi but are
not abundant.
Holotype and allotype in the author’s collection.
Syrphus rubrip!euralis, new species.
Habitat, California.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 173
Eyes bare: abdomen with only two crossbands, situated on third and
fourth segments; sides of abdomen nearly parallel,
Length, 8.5mm. Female. Face dull yellow, the tubercle, oral margin and
cheeks reddish brown; in profile gently concave below the antennal prominence
to the tip of the prominent tubercle thence somewhat triangularly excavated to
the tip of the slightly prominent epistoma; pile fine, sparse, whitish. Antenne
reddish ferruginous, brownish above; arista reddish, rather stout. Front dull
black, above, and a central longitudinal area, shining; above the antennae with
an arch similar in color to the face and connecting at the sides with the facial
’ ground color; immediately above the antennae, piceous; pile black, rather dense;
posterior orbits silvery pollinose. The width at the vertex is about one-third
the width at the antennae.
Thorax shining black, the mesopleure obscurely reddish posteriorly ; pile
white, long and silvery on the pleure. Scutellum yellow, its base and margin
narrowly black, its pile black, and longer than on the thorax.
Abdomen more slender than the thorax, elongate, opaque black, the first
segment, anterior third of the second, and the lateral margins of the whole
abdomen, shining greenish black; pile long and silvery on the basal two seg-
ments, on the lateral margins sparse, whitish or grayish, on the yellow bands
yellowish, elsewhere, black, shorter. Third and fourth segments with a narrow,
yellowish red band, separated from the anterior margin by about the width of
the band, and narrowly separated from the lateral margins; the bands are nar-
rowest in the middle, gradually increasing in width to their ends. !n some
lights the lateral margins of the apical half of the abdomen appear reddish and
the sides of the first segment luteous.
Legs brownish red; base of: the front four femora, tips of the tarsi, and
the hind legs chiefly, more reddish brown.
Wings hyaline, stigma luteous; spurious vein unusually well developed,
rising from the second vein just before the base of the third longitudinal vein
and almost united at its apical end with the fourth vein just before the junction
of the fourth and fifth veins. Anterior cross-vein almost rectangular and placed
about one fourth the distance from the base of the discal cell. Subcostal cell
yellow-luteous. :
Holotype, female, Mt. Wilson, Cal., Oct. 18, 1917, (E. P. VanDuzee),
in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.
This species is rather striking and reminds one of Melanostoma. If
Matsumari’s classification were accepted, it would form a new genus near
Syrphus, because of the position of the anterior cross-vein, and the slender
abdomen. Matsumari’s genera seem much too artificial to be accepted and I
cannot agree with him, therefore I leave the present species in the genus
Syrphus.
Sphaerophoria cranbrookensis, new species.
Swollen portion of the hypopygium almost circular in outline when viewed
from above; terminal plates very short, about four times broader than long,
the apical pile not dense, directed forwards, rather long, yellow. Abdomen
deep shining black, with reddish yellow bands.
174. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Length, 10mm. Male. Face and front creamy yellow, the middle of the
face and oral margin translucent: face with inconspicuous pile, front with short,
sparse, pallid pile. Antennae yellow: third joint above, and the arista, black.
Vertical triangle with long black pile. Cheeks blackish, a yellow spot below the
eyes. Posterior orbits blackish, with grayish pollen and silvery pile on the lower
half, yellow pollen and black and yellow pile intermixed on the upper half.
Thorax metallic greenish black, with tawny pile; lateral stripes broad,
whitish, to the suture, thence indistinct to the post alar callosities. A spot above
the front coxae, a large mesopleural spot and a smaller one below it, and the
sterno-pleurae, yellowish white. Scutellum pale yellow, with black pile.
Abdomen shining black, its lateral margins narrowly yellow; second seg-
ment with a moderately narrow arched band about the middle, the ends narrowed
slightly towards the margin, where it connects with the yellow margin, a small
triangular notch in the middle of the yellow band. ‘Third segment with similar,
but slightly broader band, except that there is a slight projection posteriorly on
each side of the median notch. The third band is much narrower on the lateral
quarter, more deeply notched medially, and more produced posteriorly on each
side of the notch. Fifth segment yellowish red, with a small median triangular
black dash and a large black spot on each side, reaching nearly to the hind mar-
gin. Hypopygium as described above.
Legs pale yellowish, with appressed black pile; tarsi reddish.
Wings hyaline. Squamee yellowish with a blackish or reddish border and
short reddish pile.
Holotype, male, Cranbrook. B. C., May 25, 1919, collected by C. B. D.
Garrett, in the collection of Mr. Garrett.
Ceria ontarioensis, new species.
Very much like C. abbreviata superficially but without the antennal
pedicel, and with U’s on the third and fourth abdominal segments; differs from
C. signifera in having black legs and different arrangement of yellow on the
face, etc.
Female. Length, about 10.5mm. Face black, with a broad obtusely
conical spot on each side below the antennae connecting broadly on the sides
with an elongate spot at the orbits which runs downwards towards the oral
margin about four-fifths of the distance, the two stripes converging below;
above these, small round orbital spots opposite the antennae, an obscure median
facial stripe and an obscure arcuate spot on the cheeks, its rounded side towards
the front, yellow. Face almost perpendicular in profile, a little convex above
the oral margin. Front black, with an interrupted abbreviated, yellow arcuate
spot above the antennz in a reddish brown field. Eyes separated by the width
of one eye. Posterior orbits black with yellowish pollen bordering the eyes.
Pile short, sparse, pale whitish, confined to the cheeks and posterior orbits.
Antennae black, the first joint luteous on the basal half. Antennal process oval,
very short, luteous about the antennal base.
Thorax dull black, finely scrobiculate, with inconspicuous short black
hairs; the humeri, a cordate spot in front of the suture at the sides, a vitula
running from the post alar callosities to the suture and curving inwards about
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1745
the middle, a small spot inside its anterior end, an elongate spot on the meso-
pleura and a small roundish one below, yellow, pleure shining. Scutellum yellow,
its base and sides black.
Abdomen shining black, with short inconspicuous black pile, the fourth
segment with yellow pile, and longer yellowish pile on the sides of the basal
two segments. Second segment much narrowed basally, forming a rounded
sub-carinate swollen area at the base above; on each side with an elongate basal
spot. Second to fourth segments with the apices yellow, the anterior yellow
band broadest, that on the fourth segment narrowest; in addition, on each
side of the third and fourth segments a yellow U, the convexity behind, those
on the third segment with the inner arm obsolete.
Legs black; trochanters and base of femora, ends of femora and broad
bases of the tibiz and their apices, and the first two or three joints of the front
four tarsi, yellow or luteous; femora with double rows of small spines on apical
half or quarter.
Wings hyaline, brown in front, more yellowish basally, third vein with
a long stump of vein into the first posterior cell about its middle; the brown
color extends further into the first posterior cell beyond this stump of vein.
Holotype, female, Orillia, Ontario, May 30, 1920, collected by the author
and in his collection.
Ceria cylindrica, new species.
Length, 15mm. Male. Eyes over twice as high as wide; abdomen black,
with broad yellow segmental apices and elongate yellow triangular spot on each
side of the second segment, reaching almost to the yellow apex.
Male. Face and front yellow, the former separated from the latter by
a slightly darker curved line reaching from antennal base to the eyes. Face
with a median brown stripe enclosing a narrow yellow line, and the antennal
process brown; cheeks shining black, narrowly connected along oral margin
with median brown stripe. Face in profile conically produced downwards, very
gently convex; the apex of the oral margin is almost as far below the lower
border of the eyes as the antennal process is above. Antennal peduncle broad-
est at apex when viewed dorsally, with a shallow longitudinal median line and a
sub-apical depression or groove; not as long as broad; viewed laterally it is slight-
ly longer than broad, being compressed, so that it is about one-third as thick
when viewed laterally as dorsally. Antennae opaque brown, third joint opaque
black, style yellow, with silvery pubescence, first joint obscurely luteous basally,
longer than the second, third joint slightly shorter than the second. Vertical
triangle yellow, the ocellar tubercle black; posterior orbits black with yellow
pollen along the eyes; pile, only on cheeks and posterior orbits, sparse, yellow,
shorter above.
Thorax finely scrobiculate, with extremely short black pile, slightly shin-
ing black; the humeri, a spot at each end of the suture, a small, indistinct spot
on each side of the middle of the suture; a stripe running from the post alar
callosities almost to the suture, the mesopleura and a spot below, yellow, post
alar callosities reddish, with yellow pile; pleurae with inconspicuous yellow pile.
176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Scutellum yellow with a complete border of black, slightly over twice as wide as
jong.
Abdomen slightly shining black, finely scrobiculate; first and second seg-
ments fused, with short black pile on the disc and yellowish pile on the sides;
on the sides with an elongate yellow triangle reaching almost to the yellow hind
margin, the inner points well separated. Apices of the two following segments
increasingly broadly yellow, the yellow on the fourth segment occupying nearly
one-third the segment, its anterior angle being bi-convex on each side of the
median notch; pile vellow; on each side of the third and fourth segments a mod-
erately prominent gray pollinose stripe reaching from near the median anterior
portion of the segment to a point about one-third from the apex and one-fourth
from the lateral margins. Hypopygium black, with black pile. In outline the
abdomen is slightly narrowed to the apex of the first segment, thence gradually
widened to the apex of the fourth, where it is about the same width as at the
base. The fifth segment and hypopygium are almost concealed by the fourth
:egment.
Legs reddish yellow, the last two or three tarsi joints brownish; apical half
of hind femora and a broad pre-apical band on the hind tibiae brownish. Wings
dale brownish anteriorly, hyaline posteriorly.
Holotype, male, “Faller: 1.eat;—L. Tahoe, Cal., {uly 15, 1915,” (BE. C
Van Dyke,) in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.
THE CANADIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS ANOMOGYNA (LEPID.)
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D.,
Entomological Branch, Ottawa.*
Omitting the two North American species infimatis Grt. and vernilis Grt.,
which may in any case prove to be not strictly congeneric, the genus Anomogyna
Staud. has been employed by Hampson (1903, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV.,
588) for a few subarctic European species of Agrotine of considerable rarity.
Two of these species, laetabilis Zett. and sincera H.S., have long been
placed on our North American lists as occurring in Labrador, presumably on
the strength of H. B. Moeschler’s identification, who in his time was in receipt
of large collections from this region. ‘To North American lepidopterists, how-
ever, the species have remained practically unknown until of quite recent years.
The examination of a series of specimens of this group from the Barnes
Collection and that of Mr. K. Bowman of Edmonton, together with specimens
contained in the Wolley-Dod and the Canadian National Collections, shows
conclusively that there are more species belonging to the group in North America
than has been supposed and that these species can be very readily separated from
one another by the terminal portion of the claspers (valve) of the male genitalia.
As defined by Hampson Anomogyna Staud. (type laetabilis Zett.) differs
from Aplectoides Butl. (type condita Gn.) in the absence of spines on the fore
tibiae. According to the male genitalia there is evidently a close relationship
between the species of Anomogyna and certain ones included by Hampson in
Aplectoides, notably speciosa Hbn. and imperita Hbn., and it is a matter of
considerable doubt to me whether in these cases the generic separation will hold;
*Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
THE UANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST nar A
in this connection I might mention that while the fore-tibial spines are quite
clearly seen mm European specimens of speciosa and its race arctica, in several
North American specimens from Mt. Washington, N.H., before me I have been
quite unable to detect them although the genitalia present no differences which
would indicate specific distinctness.
It is further of interest to note that Aplectoides Butl. may possibly fall
to Pteroscia Morr. (1874, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII., 155). This
genus was based on the single species atrata Morr. from Mt. Washington, N.H.,
a species omitted by Hampson in his catalogue and wrongly included under
Agrotis in the Barnes and McDunnough Check List, 1917, on account of the
superficial resemblance to the unimacula group. An MSS. note by Dod, who
carefully examined the British Museum specimen, states that the species looks
like an Alpine Aplectoides and is closely related to speciosa; this reference I
thoroughly agree with after an examination of a 2 specimen recently received
by the National Collection from Larder Lake, Ontario, and which seems to be
an undoubted atrata. If condita and atrata, the types of the two genera in
question, prove congeneric, Pteroscia will have priority. The correct generic
relationships of the entire Agrotid group require however a much more detailed
study than I now am able to give and I shall confine myself in the present paper
to a few remarks on the various species.
Terminal portion of right claspers of (1) A. partita n. sp. (2) A. sincera HS.
(3) A. homogena n. sp. (4) A. laetabilis Zett. (5) P. ywkona n sp.
A. sincera H. S.
I have recently recorded (Can. Ent. liii., 84) the receipt of a very fine male
specimen from Hopedale, Labrador, which is now in the National Collection,
through the kindness of Dr. E. M. Walker. It matches so excellently the figure
given in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera, Fauna Palaearctica, Vol. III., Pl. XIII. k, that
even without European material for comparison I feel reasonably sure of the
identification. A single worn specimen labelled Labrador is in the Barnes
Collection ex. Coll. J. Doll, and very possibly was the one examined by J. B. Smith
in his Agrotid revision, as it is evidently from a German collector and has
had a portion of the left clasper removed, as was Smith’s custom. Mr. Bowman
178 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
possesses a very fine specimen from Nordegg, Alta., and a worn one captured at
Pocahontas, Alta.; the species may therefore be expected to occur throughout
the entire northern portion of Canada. ‘The terminal dorsal portion of the
left clasper is narrow and rounded; the ventral edge is terminated by a long,
sharp spine (fig. 2).
A. laetabilis Zett.
Of late years the species has not been rare. It was first reported from
Atlin, B.C., by E. M. Anderson, who collected in this region in 1914 (Rep. Prov.
Mids... B:C.-for 1915; 47;. Ph: IX.. figs. 195,10)e
Since then numerous specimens have been received by Dr. Wm. Barnes
from Okak, Hopedale and Nain, Labrador, and several specimens were collected
by Mr. J. B. Wallis, of Winnipeg, in 1917 on the Piquitenay River, Mile 214,
Hudson Bay R. R. A very large specimen, rather browner than usual, is
contained in the Dod collection from St. Anthony, Newfoundland. Messrs.
Bowman and Whitehouse have each taken single specimens in tamarack swamps
at Nordegg and Reddeer, Alta., the latter specimen being similar to the New-
foundland one.
These specimens all agree in genitalic characters with a Lapland specimen
in the Dod Collection; the distal portion of the clasper is bifid (fig. 4), each
prong being bluntly rounded terminally ; the ventral prong is generally somewhat
shorter and broader than the dorsal one, but there is some variation in this
respect.
A. homogena n. sp.
Primaries rather even gray-brown with a slight purplish tinge; a distinct
black basal dash reaching 2/3 to t. a. line; basal half-line geminate, filled with
pale gray, indistinct except at costa; t. a. line geminate, gray-filled, outwardly
oblique and prominent from costa to proximal end of orbicular, bent inward at
cell and then forming two prominent outcurves in submedian fold and above
inner margin with inward angle on vein 1; orbicular large, oval, recumbent,
filled with pale gray and partially outlined in black in ¢ sex, preceded and
followed by black shades in cell; reniform moderate, outlined in black, centrally
filled with same shade as the ground color of wing, outwardly with paler ring
of color; claviform outlined in black, not prominent; a faint median shade line
passing between reniform and orbicular and then bent slightly inward; t. p. line
geminate, dentate, pale filled, arising from dark spot on costa above reniform,
well rounded outwardly opposite cell and then rigidly oblique to inner margin;
s. t. line pale, angled outwardly below costa, then slightly sinuous, preceded
below costa by several blackish dashes; similar dashes occur between veins 4
and 6 and slightly below 2; considerable pale gray shading in subterminal area
and at apex of wing; broken blackish terminal line. Secondaries deep smoky,
paler basally, with large discal spot and traces of curved median line; fringes
paler. Beneath smoky with discal spot and curved median line on both wings.
Expanse 38-40 mm.
aA
Holotype, 1 %, Banff, Alberta, (Sanson), September 5, 1911, in Canadian
National Collection.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 179
Allotype, 1 9, Pocahontas, Alberta (K. Bowman), August 24, 1918, in
Coll. Barnes.
Paratype, 1 8, Pocahontas, Alberta (K. Bowman), August 17, 1916, in
Coll. Barnes.
A series of five specimens from Nordegg, Alta., is contained in the Bowman
collection.
This species has been doubtfully recorded by Wolley-Dod (Can. Ent.
XLVII., 7, 1915) under the name gelida var. mevesi Auriv. I have seen no
authentic specimens of this race, but judging by existing figures hardly \believe
that the two forms are identical. The ¢ genitalia (fig. 3) are quite distinct from
those of the two preceding species and closest superficially to those of
Aplectoides speciosa; the clasper is broad and rounded distally and on the ventral
surface a short distance anterior to the apex bears a thumb-like projection
considerably larger than the similar projection found in speciosa.
Anomogyna (Aplectoides) beddeki Hamp.
Through the kindness of Mr. W. H. Tams of the British Museum I have
received a sketch of the clasper of the ¢ type of this species; the terminal portion
ends in a rather blunt point with a thumb-like projection on the ventral margin
near apex; between this and the end of the clasper there are several irregular
projections.
The unique type came from Doyles Cadroy valley, Newfoundland, and
it is quite possible that the name beddeki will fall to livalis Sm. (1910, Jour.
N.Y. Ent. Soc., XVIII, 86), also described from Newfoundland. Smith’s
species is, however, entirely unknown to me and until an opportunity of studying
the type is presented it would be unsafe to cite the two names as synonyms.
Judging by genitalia I believe I have found a specimen of beddeki mixed in with
a small series of speciosa in the Dod Collection from Grand Gulf, Mt. Wash-
ington, N.H. (Swett). The specimen is considerably worn, but shows the small
orbicular mentioned by Hampson, which, apart from genitalia, seems the best
means of separation from the very similar speciosa form of the White Mts.
Five specimens before me from the Rocky Mts. are evidently very closely
allied to beddeki Hamp. ‘They differ, however, in the lack of any definite white
shading on the primaries, especially in the terminal area, being rather uniformly
dark olivaceous-gray with the filling of the ordinary spots slightly paler in color
than the surrounding area; there is also no evident black basal streak. It is
quite possible that these represent merely a western race of beddeki, as
the type of genitalia is essentially similar, the claspers only differing in the
minute detail of the apical margin, which is apparently by no means constant.
Until more material is available for study I shall regard the above characters
as being of good specific value.
A. partita n. sp.
Squammation rough, hairy. Primaries deep smoky, heavily overlaid,
especially in median area, with pale olivaceous scaling amongst which are
scattered black scales. Basal half line indistinct, black, bordered outwardly
with pale olivaceous; t. a. line black, outwardly oblique and rather irregular
from costa to submedian fold, then bent inward and forming a prominent
inward angle on vein 1, broadly edged inwardly with pale color; orbicular small,
120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
round, edged with black, pale-filled; reniform semilunate, edged’ with black,
pale-filled; claviform a minute black loop; t. p. line strong, dentate, black, edged
outwardly by pale color, bent outward below costa, then rather rigidly oblique to
inner margin; s. t. line defined by paler terminal shading and preceded by dark
dashes which form opposite cell a distinct dark patch; broken dark terminal
line and checkered fringes. Secondaries smoky, paler basally with dark discal
dot and traces of curved median line; terminal dark line, slightly broken; fringes
pale. Beneath dull smoky with indistinct broad curved median shade on both
wings as well as discal dots. Expanse 36-38 mm.
Holotype, 1 g, Banff, Alberta (J. B. Wallis), July 4th, in Canadian
National Collection.
Paratypes, 2 8's, Kaslo, B. C., July 24th, Aug. 7th (J. W. Cockle), in
Canadian National Collection and Collection of Mr. Cockle. 2 ¢’s, Nordegg,
Alta., June 23rd, July 20th (J. McDunnough), in Canadian National Collection.
Several other specimens from Nordegg are in the Bowman Collection.
The species is superficially similar to speciosa Hbn., but quite distinct in
genitalia; in the holotype the distal end of the clasper (fig. 1) is drawn out to
four points, of which the dorsal one is longest, and on the ventral margin a
short distance from apex the clasper is furnished with a blunt curved projection
somewhat similar to that of the preceding species; in the paratypes the middle
teeth are reduced to mere knobs and the apical margin is shorter and more
oblique, much closer in general appearance to the clasper of beddeki Hamp. The
tore tibiae show only one or two spines in the distal area.
Among the specimens sent by Dr. Wm. Barnes were two specimens from
Upper Ramparts, Yukon Territory, which are quite obviously allied to atrata
Morr, and which apparently represent a paler, northern race of this species as
I can detect no differences in the shape of the terminal portion of the clasper
of the two forms.
Pteroscia atrata yukona n. var.
Fore tibiae spined. Thorax an admixture of brown and gray scaling.
Primaries rather light purplish-brown, distinctly shiny; maculation rather in-
distinct; t. a. line slightly darker than ground color, defined inwardly by pale
ochreous shading, most prominent as a pale costal patch, slightly dentate in cell,
well outcurved in submedian fold, angled inwardly on vein 1; orbicular minute,
indistinct, pale-filled; reniform small, narrow, lunate, pale-filled; t. p. line
prominently dentate, edged outwardly with pale ochreous, well rounded opposite
cell and bent inward in submedian fold, approaching t. a. line closely at
inner margin. Several pale dashes on costa between t. p. line and apex of wing
and pale terminal dots on outer margin at extremity of veins; fringes con-
colorous. Secondaries pale smoky with faint discal dot and dark terminal line.
Beneath pale smoky, primaries with noticeably darker fringes broken by pale
dots, secondaries with dark terminal line; traces of discal dots and bent median
line on all wings. Expanse 37 mm.
Holotype, 1 8, Upper Ramparts, Yukon Terr. (June 8th, 1917), in
Collection Barnes.
Paratype, 1 3, Upper .Ramparts, Yukon Terr., (July 17, 1917), tn
Canadian National Collection, through courtesy of Dr. Barnes.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 181
The variety is much paler than the type form, which is purplish-black in
color. The ¢@ clasper (fig. 5) narrows rapidly at its distal end and bears a
strong spine-like projection on its ventral side shortly before apex.
NOTES ON THE MORDELLIDAE OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
BY EMIL LILJEBLAD,
Chicago, II.
Note on sexual dimorphism in the Mordellidae—Not only in Tomazia, as
described by Mr. C. A. Frost,* but also in many ( and probably all) the species
of Mordella and Mordellistena, a comb-like series of coarse setae is developed 11
each anterior femur of the male only. In all Mordellidae studied by the writer
in this regard, the males are somewhat smaller and notably slenderer than the
females. In at least two species of Mordellistena (M. syntaenia and M. pulchra,
as described below), there exists a sexual difference in the number of tibial
ridges. In some species of the family, for example Mordellistena pulchra (q.v.),
the sexes further differ in color.
1. Dieclidia inyoensis, sp. nov.
Body elongate, nearly parallel in the male, more robust in the female; finely
transversely-strigate. Head dark reddish-brown, mouth-parts fusco-testaceous,
dark brown palpi excepted; eyes black; antennae reddish-brown, a little lighter
toward the base; prothorax and elytra dark reddish-brown; under surfaces dark
brown, except the prosternum in the male, which is much lighter in color; legs
testaceous in male, fusco-testaceous in female. Eyes granulate and_ rather
deeply emarginate. Antennae with the first and second joints about equal in
length, each one-fourth shorter than the third, which is a little shorter than the
fourth, in the male; the third and fourth joints equal in the female, of about the
same length as the second; sixth to tenth joints in both sexes about equal, each
widening toward apex, and each shorter than the fifth; eleventh joint pointed at
tip, twice as long as the tenth. Prothorax one-third wider than long, widest at
base, its sides rapidly converging to apex, mesosternum compressed and slightly
elevated; elytra as wide as thorax at base, rather abruptly rounded at apex,
especially in the male; sixth ventral segment visible. The males have on each
side of the oedeagus: a rather long flattened, triangular appendage, rounded at
apex, and with several setae (this, however, can only be seen if the genital organ is
extruded). Length of male , 2mm.; of female, 2.25 mm. Breadth of male,
0.75 mm.; of female, 1.0
Eight specimens examined, all from the Inyo Mountains, California, at an
elevation of 7,000-9,000 feet; collected on July 7-11 by Prof. H. F. Wickham.
The male holotype and female allotype are deposited in the writer’s collection ;
paratypes in the collection of Prof. H. F. Wickham, from whom the specimens
were received.
This species somewhat resembles Anthobates fuscilus Lec., but the antennae
are longer and the third and fourth joints are about equal in length, the fourth
not being reduced in size as it is in Anthobates.
*Bnt. News, XXIV., 1913, p. 127.
182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
2. Dieclidia gilva, sp. nov.
Body subcuneate, nearly parallel; color entirely fulvous, except on the
black eyes and the fuscous abdomen, finely transversely-strigate. Head com-
paratively large; eyes coarsely granulate and rather deeply emarginate. Anten-
nae with the second joint a little shorter than the first; the third and fourth
equal in length, each about as long as the first and second together; the fifth one-
third shorter than the fourth; the sixth a little shorter and wider than the fifth;
the eleventh joint twice as long as the tenth. Prothorax about one-third wider
than long, as wide as the elytra at base; its sides converging toward the apex;
mesosternum compressed and much elevated; elytra slightly tapering toward the
apex and rounded at tip; sixth ventral segment visible, nearly truncate, or very
slightly emarginate at apex. Two short and narrow appendages, pointed at tip,
and covered with comparatively long setae, developed at tip of abdomen, pre-
sumably part of the oedeagus, as in Diclidia inyoensis. Length 2.5mm., breadth
1 mm.
Two specimens examined, both males, collected on the Inyo Mountains,
California, at an elevation of 7,000-9,000 feet, on July 7-11, by Prof. H. F. Wick-
ham.
The type is in the possession of the writer, the paratype is in the collection
of Prof. H. F. Wickham.
This species is most closely related to Diclidia greent Liljeblad,’. from
whcih it differs slightly in size and color, and notably in the shape of the abdom-
inal appendages.
3. Mordella pubescens, sp. nov.
Body moderately elongate, very slightly cuneiform; entirely covered with
rather coarse, stiff, sericeous-cinereous pubescence. Ground color mostly black,
but the elytra with a double whitish spot, located at one-third the distance from
apex to base. Head very finely punctate. Antennae short, not reaching middle
of prothorax; third joint one-fifth longer than the fourth; the fifth, one-fifth
longer than the fourth, but nearly twice as broad at apex, being strongly clavate ;
the sixth to tenth joints about equal in length, each being one-fourth shorter than
the fifth, and strongly clavate; the eleventh joint one-third longer than the tenth,
its sides slightly converging toward the apex. Last joint of maxillary palpi an
isosceles triangle. Prothorax one-third broader than long, a little broader than
the elytra at base; evenly rounded from base to apex, its hind angles obtuse,
finely punctured, slightly canaliculate in the middle near the apex and with a
very faint fovea each side of it; its base in front of scutellum very broadly
rounded; scutellum triangular; under surfaces finely punctured. Anal style
very short, comparatively broad, and blunt at tip. Length to end of the elytra
6 mm., to tip of the anal style 7 mm.
One specimen only, presumably a male, from Littleton, Colorado, collected
on June 4 by Mr. C. A. Frost.
This species is most nearly allied to Mordella quadri-punctata Say., from
which it differs markedly, in the much shorter form, and in the color of the
elytral pubescence, which is brownish in M, quadri-punctata.
1Can. Ent. L, 1918, p. 153.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 183
4. Mordella obliqua Lec.
The writer is of the opinion that this species, being valid, was wrongly
placed by Smith? in the synonymy of M. lunulata. Three specimens agreeing
closely with the original description ® have been examined; two of these are
topotypes, collected by Mr. H. Dietrich at Odenton, Maryland, on June 16;
the third was collected by Mr. T. H. Hubbell at Sawyer Dunes, Berrien County,
Michigan, on July 9. These three differ from specimens typical of Helmuth’s
lunulata,’ in the form of the body, and of the anal style; in the relative lengths
of the antennal segments; in the character of the pubescence, and in the marking
of the elytra. As originally stated, M. obliqua bears considerable resemblance
to M. marginata.
Mordella obliqua may be redescribed, on the basis of the material at hand, as
follows:
Body short, elongate-oval in form. Color as originally described, except
that the pubescence of the under surfaces is cinereous, and that the pubescence
at the sides of the abdominal segments and of the pygidium is silvery; antennae
and palpi, dark brown, palpi the lighter of the two. Antennae with third joint
very little shorter than the fourth, and less dilated at apex; fifth joint one-third
longer than the fourth and twice as broad at apex; sixth to tenth joints each
about one-fourth shorter than the fifth, all moderately serrate. Last joint of
maxillary palpi with the inner and outer sides nearly equal in length, the basal
side one-half shorter.
5. Mordellistena quadrinotata, sp. nov.
Hind tibia with two oblique parallel ridges, the anterior one extending en-
tirely across the outer face of the tibia; first joint of hind tarsus with three, second
with two ridges; all ridges strongly marked.
Form nearly linear. Head testaceous, sparsely covered with cinereous pu-
bescence; antennae testaceous, becoming a little fuscous on ‘the four terminal
joints; palpi a little darker than the head; eyes black; prothorax black with long
flavo-testaceous pubescence, and a small ferruginous spot at the apical angle on
each side; elytra black, with an oblique, oblong oval testaceous spot, extending
from the humeral angle one-third of the distance to tip of elytra, but not reaching
the suture, and one small pale spot, located in the middle of each elytron, one-
third of the distance from its apex to base; surface of elytra covered with long
stiff flavo-testaceous pubescence; under surfaces black, except on the two last
segments of the abdomen (which are testaceous), with pubescence like that of
the elytra; anterior legs testaceous, femora and tibia of posterior legs black, the
tarsi fuscous; anal style testaceous. Head a little narrower than the prothorax,
finely punctured Antennae filiform; covered with bristle-like hairs; the first
—
pad second joints equal in length, rather robust; the third and fourth joints
each one-third shorter and a little narrower than the second; the fifth to tenth
joints about equal in length, each one-third longer and wider than the fourth;
eleventh joint oval, longer than the tenth. Palpi with the last joint nearly oval.
Prothorax finely and sparsely punctured; about as long as wide, widest a little in
advance of the base, which is truncate in front of scutellum; its sides slightly
2Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. X, 1882, pp. 81, 88.
3 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. XVII., 1878, p. 428.
4 Specimens examined from Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Maryland, New Jersey, New
York and Massachusetts.
184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
converging toward the apex. Elytra nearly parallel on anterior two-thirds,
tapering thence to apex; rather coarsely scabrose over the entire surface; ana
style 3 mm.
A single specimen, presumably a female, collected by the writer at Miller,
style long and slender. Length to end of the elytra, 2.5 mm., to end of the anal!
Indiana, on August 29, retained in the writer’s collection.
This species seems most nearly allied to Mordellistena semiusta Lec., differ-
ing in having the prothorax black, with a small ferruginous spot on the apical
angle; in having the humeral spot on the elytra distinct, and in the development
of a subapical pale spot. It should be listed immediately following Mordellistena
ustulata..
_. . 6. Mordellistena syntaenia, sp. nov.
Hind tibia with two ridges in male, with three in female; first joint of hind
tarsus with three, the second with two ridges in both sexes; all ridges short and
somewhat indistinct.
Body linear. Head black, with rather long and coarse sericeous-cinereous
pubescence; antennae black, with the four basal joints fusco-ferruginous ; mouth-
parts fusco-ferruginous ; prothorax black, with rather long coarse sericeous pu-
bescence; elytra black, each elytron with two sericeous-cinereous stripes or vittae;
one located near the suture, widening basally and there dividing to enclose a nar-
row black streak in the center; the other vitta narrow, located near the margin,
connected with the first at the base and apex, enclosing a broad black space on
the disc, and leaving the suture and lateral margin black; under surfaces black,
covered with cinereous pubescence ; anterior legs ferruginous, becoming fuscous on
apex of the femora and tarsi; middle legs a little darker; posterior legs black,
becoming ferruginous on the tibial spurs. Head a little narrower than thorax,
closely and finely punctured. Antennae filiform, reaching nearly to base of
thorax; the first and second joints equal in length; the third a little shorter than
the second; the fourth one-third longer and a little broader than the third; the
fifth one-third longer and a little broader than the fourth; the sixth to tenth
joints about equal in length; the eleventh longer than the tenth. Apical joint
of maxillary palpi securiform; prothorax about as long as wide, its base as wide
as that of the elytra, widest at middle, its sides evenly rounded and slightly
converging to apex; base truncate or very slightly emarginate at middle; elytra
widest at middle and slightly tapering to apex, finely and closely punctured. The
inner edges of the femora and tibiae of the anterior legs bear long erect setae
in the male, but only fine hairs in the female; inner spur of posterior legs one-
third longer than the other. Anal style long and slender. Length to end of
the elytra 3 mm., to end of the anal style 4 mm.
Twenty-three specimens examined: nine from Duxbury, Mass., June 27;
four from Framingham, Mass., June 3 to July 4; six from Sherborn, Mass.,
May 25 to June 22; one from Natick, Mass, June 20; two from Southboro,
Mass., June 9, and one from Dummerston, Vt., July 14, all collected by Mr.
C. A. Frost. The male holotype and female allotype, from Duxbury, Massa-
chusetts, are placed in the writer’s collection; paratypes in the collection of
Mr. C. A. Frost.
The species is unlike all other North American forms of the genus, being
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST “485
readily distinguishable by the elytral markings and the ferruginous anterior legs.
The ridges on the posterior legs vary much in size, in many specimens being
small and faintly indicated; some specimens show slight indications of rudi-
mentary additional ridges. A
On account of the sexual difference in the number of ridges, the writer
suggests that this species be placed in taxonomic sequence after Mordellistena
inornata.
_,. ¢. Mordellistena incommunis, sp. nov.
Hind tibia with three rather strongly marked oblique ridges; first joint
of hind tarsi with four, the second with three, small oblique ridges.
. Body linear, slightly cuneiform. Color black, showing in certain lights a
blueish-green iridescent lustre; head and prothorax rather sparsely covered
with yellowish-brown pubescence; antennae black; elytra with golden-yellow
pubescence along the suture, and on a rather broad vitta on each elytron,
extending from near the humeral angle to a little beyond the middle; under
surfaces black, with sparse yellowish-brown pubescence; legs black. Head a
little narrower than prothorax, finely punctured; eyes small. Antennae filiform,
or slightly serrate; third joint one-fourth shorter and a little narrower than the
fourth, fifth to tenth joints nearly equal in length and width, each being very
little longer than the fourth; eleventh joint elongate ovate, one-fourth longer
than the tenth. Maxillary palpi scalene-triangular. Prothorax finely punctured,
as broad as long; widest one-fourth the distance from base to apex; slightly
rounded and converging toward apex; the base at middle (in front of scutellum),
truncate; scutellum triangular; elytra very little wider than the prothorax,
widest at middle, and slightly tapering toward apex; moderately punctured.
Inner edge of femora and tibiae of anterior legs with long setae in the male,
finely pubescent in the female. Anal style long and very slender, with cinerous
pubescence at base. Length to end of the elytra, 3.5 to 4 mm., to end of the
anal style 4 to 5 mm.
Four specimens examined: one from Riverside, near Chicago, Illinois,
collected on June 27 by Mr. C. Sellinger; one from Sawyer Dunes, Berrien
County, Mieshigan, collected by Mr. T. H. Hubbell, and two from Aweme,
Manitoba, Canada, collected on June 19 Mr. Norman Criddle. The male
holotype from Riverside, Ill, is deposited in writer’s collection; the female
allotype from Sawyer Dunes, Berrien Co., Mich., will be placed in the Museum
of Zoology, University of Michigan; a paratype in Mr. Criddle’s collection.
This species somewhat resembles Mordellistena suturella Hel., but differs
in having the fourth to tenth antennal joints much shorter, and slightly serrate,
rather than elongate-parallel, and in coloration suturella shows no trace'of a
vitta on the disc of the elytra. It should be placed after Mordellistena aequalis,
M. conformis or M. pulchra, all of which have same number of ridges on
hind legs.
8. Mordellistena pulehra Liljeblad.
Since the publication of the original description’ of this species, the writer
has collected twenty-five additional specimens, including males, which have not
been described.
~sCan. Ent. XLIX., 1917, p. 12.
186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
These specimens were taken from flowers of Helianthus, on August 17
and September 6, at Edgebrook, Illinois, near the type-locality of the species.
The two sexes differ very markedly in several respects. The tidges are
alike in the two sexes, except that the second joint of the hind tarsus bears
two, rather than three, oblique ridges; in some males a rudiment of the third
ridge can be distinguished. The males are somewhat darker in color than the
females; the prothorax is ferruginous rather than rufous; the median black
line is shorter, being restricted to the posterior half of the prothorax; the elytral
vitta is narrower and fainter, in some specimens being apparent only at base
of the elytra. The inner edge of the anterior femora in the male only bears
setae. ‘The males are somewhat shorter and notably slenderer than the females.
—
NOTES ON THE GENUS GARYPUS IN NORTH AMERICA.
(PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA—CHELIFERIDAE.)
BY JOSEPH C, CHAMBERLIN,
Stanford University, California.
In studying a small collection of these interesting arachnids from the
California Academy of Sciences, kindly loaned through the courtesy of Dr.
E. P. Van Duzee, I discovered a large Garypus from Lower California: which
is apparently undescribed. There were also representatives of Chelifer and
Chelanops which I believe likewise to be new and will describe in a latex paper.
To Mr. G. F. Ferris of Stanford University, for h‘s always willing,
kindly criticism and help in Preparing this description I wish to extend my
sincerest thanks.
Garypus giganteus, sp. nov. .
Female—(Fig. A) Measurements. A large species measuring 7.5 mm.
in length, including chelicerae. Other measurements may be tabulated:
Anterior marein of cephalothorax, SD. AY We E Rye ee
Posterior margin of cephalothorax .. .. shew Qeentcte gate PAs ae a heme eles OMA
Length of cephalothorax (exclusive of chalicetay OP HAR kale ne ata
Pemipalps: (itcluding ‘coxay 2 OSs Ie A Pe Ot nan
cst deo" Thelidtis toxay if. 0 ek ad, Te LA ae Ee Oe Sec ee
Sueutid Jeo (incline Cosa) 2.32.0. TM a AR ee ae ae ee eed
besd lee? (anchuidine tosca AAS U.S, tiie eat OAR as Ae ae
Fourth leg (including sia a ttt atin LT tat Sty et he 5.10 mm.
The length of the individual palpal ae are: coxa, .) mm. oWechantes .o nM}
femur, 1.75 mm.; tibia, 1.5 mm., and claw, 3.3 mm.
Color. (Alcoholic)—Generally light brownish. Fingers reddish brown;
hand light reddish yellow. Remainder of palpi and also legs, light pale brownish.
Cephalothorax brown. Abdominal scutae light brown with central darker spot.
Ventral abdominal plates light brown; only last seven pairs being visible as the
rest are unchitinized and soft. Intersegmental parts and areas surrounding
the operculum, very pale brownish.
Morphological characters. Pedipalpi moderately long and_ slender,
sparsely clothed with minute simple hairs; fingers distinctly curved, terminated
by a stout tooth and provided along their length with a row of minute teeth or
serrations. Hand very convex on the inner margin and shorter than the fingers.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 187
Can.Ent.Vol. LIII. Plate VII
GARYPUS GIGANTEUS, NEW SPECIES
(See Page 191)
188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Tibia about half the width of the hand, convex on its inner edge, but with a
gentle concavity at its distal end. Femur not quite so wide as tibia and about
the same length, the inner margin being almost straight. Trochanter almost
globular.
Chelicerae—(Fig. E, G). Spinnerets long and almost conical in shape,
apparently unbranched, although owing to the method of mounting such
branching may have been lost. There appears to be a slight constriction or
suture near the base. In the type there may be seen running up the movable
finger into the spinneret two and possibly three slender ducts, which are pre-
sumably from the silk glands. At the base of, and slightly anterior to, each
spinneret is an alveolus from which a seta originally arose but which is lost in
the type. The serrula consists of about thirty teeth of which the proximal are
longest. Fixed finger with nine small teeth exclusive of the hard chitinized tip.
The “fixed finger serrula’” is present but rather inconspicuous. On each side
of the base appears a prominent “‘stoma.’’ (See remarks).
Cephalothorax—Rather small, sub-triangular, cephalic border emarginate
with an indistinct suture or furrow behind the eyes, which are very bright and
prominent. Carapace very finely granulate, sparsely covered with minute hairs
and bearing a number of small stomata. On either side of the labium is an
irregular group of five good sized bristles or setae. The legs are each composed
of seven segments; coxa, first and second trochanters, femur, tibia, metatarsus
and tarsus. All segments of the legs except the last three are in each case
sparingly clothed with fine hairs, but on the last three segments occur numerous
stout setae which are more or less regularly arranged. ‘The claws are long and
simple and the empodium prominent. (Fig., B.)
Abdomen—Large and evenly rounded. The scutae, with the exception of
the first and last are widely divided by a longitudinal median strip and broad
intersegmental areas. The last scuta is not only entire but is continuous with
the last ventral scuta as well. All these plates are more or less unevenly
chitinized and it is due to this fact that their characteristic patterning appears;
the areas of heavier chitinization appearing darker than the rest. (See dotted
areas of hexvier chitinization in fig. A.) The posterior border of each scuta
bears a row of from three to eight short, simple setae and anterior to, and roughly -
parallel with them occurs a row of from three to eight small stomata. The
ventral plates are generally smaller and more weakly chitinized than the dorsal
ones and the patterning is also different. Only the last seven pairs are visible,
the others being indicated by the rows of setae and the very prominent spiracles.
Plainly visible at the anterior distal corner of each ventral scuta except the last
are the vestigial stigmata. Just inside the anal opening are two pair of small
setae.
Skin—(Fig. D). The structure of the skin forming the scutae is very
distinct and gives a very characteristic reticulated appearance.
O perculum—(Fig. C.). Just anterior to the genital slit are three rows of
short simple setae which probably indicate the first two abdominal segments.
Posterior to the opening is a very long narrow chitinized area, then two separate
rows of setae and finally the first of the visible plates. The most distinctive
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 189
character of this area is, however, the presence of the well marked “cribriform
plates; (Fig A).
Cribriform Plates—(Fig. F). In this species the cribriform plates are
roughly oval or diamond shaped, with about thirty-four “pores” and in addition
a small stoma on the posterior edge.
Affinities. This species is rather close to G. californicus from which it
may readily be separated by its larger size as well as numerous other characters
as may be seen by comparing with the brief redescription of the latter species.
Material. A single adult female from Turtle Bay, Lower California,
Mexico, collected by the U.S.5. Albatross, April 20, 1906, and deposited in the
collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.
Remarks. The type is mounted on a slide in canada balsam and was
first boiled in KOH and stained. Mounting specimens in this way is apt to
destroy the shape of the spinnerets, but the numerous characters which are
gained more than offset this handicap. Many of the features noted in the
preceding description are invisible or practically so in any other form of mount.
In the above description I have used several terms which it might be
well to explain. The “fixed finger serrula” referred to is a serrula-like set of
transparent teeth or serrations extending from the large seta at the junction
of the two fingers along the keel of the fixed finger almost to the basal tooth.
I have been unable to find any former mention of this character. It also appears
in G. californicus where it is very prominent. Its occurrence is very probably
generic as is also the characteristic arrangement of the five large dorsal setae.
(Figs. E. G and text fig. D).
Garypus californicus (Banks). Female.
A—Third leg. B—Cribriform plate. C—Pedipalp. D—Dorsal aspect of chelicera.
At the base of the fixed finger of the chelicerae on both dorsal and ventral
sides, is a long slit-like opening, which, from its resemblance to a superficially
similar structure in plants, I have termed a “stoma.’’ These stomata are char-
acteristic of all the species of the order which I have studied and are to be
found almost anywhere on the chitinized areas of the body, but more particularly
on the abdominal scutae. What they really are I have been unable to discover,
190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
but possibly the openings of lyriform organs or, perhaps, glands. While char-
acteristic of all the species they vary greatly in size, number and position
according to the species. They are very probably variable within certain limits
in the species also, at least | would suspect so judging from studies of Chelifer
scabriculus and C. fuscipes.
The structures which I have referred to under the term ‘“cribriform
plates” are small chitinized plates which are apparently perforated with numerous
pores. They occur near the genital slit of the females of various species in the
family Cheliferidae and vary greatly in size, shape and degree of chitinization.
I have found them most prominent in Chelifer scabriculus where they are almost
perfectly round and rather close together. Whether they occur in other families
I cannot say as I have not seen enough material to judge.
Garypus californicus (Banks).
1909—Garypus californicus (Banks), Can. Ent. 41:305.
1911—Garypus californicus (Banks), Pom. Jour. Ent., 3:635 :£210-B.
1917—Garypus californicus (Banks), Moore. Jour. Ent. Zool., 9:26:1.
Pedipalps—(Text fig. C). Palpi have almost same proportions as in
G. giganteus, but the inner margin of the hand is not so swollen, the inner
margin of the tibia is straight as is also the inner margin of the femur.
Chelicerae—('Text fig. D). The spinnerets are long conical and as in
G. giganteus apparently unbranched, the serrula has about twenty-five teeth, the
fixed finger is very strongly curved, and the fixed finger serrula is very pro-
minent, having about twelve or thirteen teeth.
Cephalothorax and legs—(Text fig. A). Cephalothorax sub-triangular
with anterior border emarginate. Legs as in G. gigantcus all composed of seven
segments. In this species the tarsal bristles are arranged in regular rows. . The
change from sparsely scattered fine hairs to these tarsal setae takes place at
the metatarsus, unlike G. giganteus where the transition is at the tibia.
Abdomen—Much the same shape as in G. giganteus except that all the
ventral scutae are slightly more chitinized. ‘The cribriform plates (Fig. B)
are oval in shape, with about twenty-three pores and no stoma.
Material. An adult female from the type locality; Santa Clara County,
California.
Remarks. In several places I have noticed descriptions of species in this
genus where the fact is mentioned that the second trochanter is present in the
posterior pair of legs, inferring that they were missing in the two anterior pair.
I think this is a mistake as in both these species the number of segments is the
same in all the legs.
OTHER NortH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Two other species of this genus are described from North America.
These are Garypus floridensis and G. granulatus, both of which were described
by Dr. Nathan Banks. The four North American species may be separated by
the following key, which is based in part upon the literature.
1. Anterior margin of cephalothorax emarginate, fingers as long or longer
than’ hand; length’ 4: mrh:or preater)..)- iii. ws Pee ee
Anterior margin of the cephalothorax not emarginate, fingers shorter than
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 191
hand; length 1-7 mim... . - +. 02 ¢s granulatus (Banks)
2. Fingers about as long as sid en 4 mm... .. .. floridensis (Banks)
Fingers distinctly longer than hand, Pacific Coast Speeiestc unis. 8. TASS
3. Inner margin of tibia straight, fixed finger of chelicera strongly curved,
fixed finger serrula very prominent, cribriform plate of female oval in
shape and lacking a stomata, length 4.5 mm... .. .. californicus (Banks)
Inner margin of tibia convex, fixed finger of chelicera almost straight,
fixed finger serrula inconspicuous, cribriform plate of female roughly
angular with a small stoma present, length 7.5 mm. From Lower
RS MEG et ie cnanarrat «ele wo dig\ <> «tase ie 0:0 0)6 AEN IRREUE sp. nov.
Garypus floridensis (Banks).
1895—Garypus floridensis (Banks), Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 3:9.
This species was described from near St. Lucie, Indian rarer Florida,
where it was collected under drift-wood on the ocean beach.
Garypus granulatus (Banks).
1891—Garypus granulatus (Banks), Can. Ent., 23:163.
1895—Garypus granulatus (Banks), Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 3:9.
This small species was discovered in the crevices of a cliff at Ithaca, N.Y.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
A—Left half dorsal; right half ventral.
B—Dorsal aspect of tarsus of second leg.
C—Operculum.
D—Distal corner of third dorsal scuta.
E—Dorsal aspect of chelicera.
F—Cribriform plate.
G—Ventral aspect of chelicera.
SAMIA EURYALUS BDV., THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE
CALIFORNIAN SILK. WORM MOTH.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D.,*
Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
A curious error has crept into the synonymy of the well-known Samia
species of California and the Pacific Coast which, for the past fifteen years, has
been generally known as Samia rubra Behr.
The species was first mentioned by Dr. Behr at the meeting of the
California Academy of Sciences held April 30th, 1855, and is reported in the
Proceedings of that Society, Vol. I., p. 47 (Edition of 1873, p. 46) as follows :—
“Dr. Behr presented a drawing of a native silk-worm of California with a
specimen of the cocoon and the following description: Saturnia rubra, collare
album, etc... . . It is found on the Ceanothus thrysiflorus . . . .” Owing
to an oversight of the author or of the printer, no actual name for the species
was proposed, the adjective “rubra” being merely part of the Latin diagnosis
(as can be readily seen by the difference in type) and by no means to be em-
ployed as the name of the species. Dr. Behr several times expressed himself
to this effect in letters to contemporary entomologists.
*Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agr., Ottawa.
192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
On pages 68-69 (72 of Edition II.) of the same Proceedings, we find
this note under date of Aug. 27th, 1855:—‘‘Donations to the Cabinet. From
Dr. Behr a specimen of the Cal. silk-worm (Saturnia ceanotht Behr).” ‘There
is no doubt as to the application of the name nor, | think, to its validity; the
name ceanothi Behr cannot, however, under the most favorable conditions, be
considered to have been published prior to the first week of September, 1855.
Meanwhile, in the Bulletin Soc. Ent. France for 1855, p. XXXII., we
find recorded that Dr. Boisduval exhibited certain Californian Lepidoptera
which he proposed describing at a later date; the name of each species, together
with a very short diagnosis, was given, sufficient, however, I believe, to establish
the validity of the names. Among the species mentioned was Saturnia euryalus,
which is obviously the same species to which Behr applied the name ceanothi, in
fact in Lep. de la Californie, p. 83, 1869, Boisduval mentions this fact, giving
erroneously priority to ceanothi Behr. ;
Page XXXII. of the Bulletin Soc. Ent. France was issued with the first
part of the Annales for that year and deals with the meetings held from January
to March. Dr. N. Banks, who has kindly examined some of the current publi-
cations with a view to ascertaining the date on which Part I. of the Annales
was published writes me that unfortunately no record of its reception is to be
found either in the Transactions Ent. Soc. London or the Stettiner Entom.
Zeitschrift. However, in the Proceedings of the meeting of the London Ento-
mological Society, held Sept. 3rd, 1855, the receipt of a reprint entitled “Lettre
addressée a M. Jacquelin du Val, etc.,” is recorded; this reprint is from p. XX VI.
of the same Bulletin and was read at the same meeting at which Boisduval
presented his specimens. It must have been received by the Society
between Aug. 6th and Sept. 3rd. It seems reasonable therefore to suppose that
Part I. of the Annales for 1855 must, at the very latest, have appeared some
time in August; as a matter of fact it probably was issued several months earlier.
Euryalus Bdy. will therefore clearly take priority over ceanothi Behr as
the name for the Californian Silk-worm Moth, the name rubra, as used by later
entomologists, having no valid standing.
CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK.
Cornell University has just issued Part Il. of “The Crane-Flies of New
York” by Charles Paul Alexander. This part, which is published as Memoir
38 of the University Agricultural Experiment, Station, deals with the biology
and phylogeny of the crane-flies and gives representative crane-fly life histories,
external and internal morphology, and concludes with keys and descriptions.
The monograph contains about 450 pages.
To persons interested in research in the field covered by the Memoir,
copies will be sent as long as the supply lasts. Ask for M-38, and address
requests to Office of Publication, College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York.
Dr. C. L. Metcalf, for the past seven years Professor of Entomology in
Ohio State University, has resigned to accept the position of Professor of
Entomology and Head of the Department of Entomology in the University of
Illinois. He should be addressed in care of the university at Urbana, Illinois,
after September first.
Mailed, Oct. 31st, 1921.
Che Canadian Cutomologist
¥YourLitt. GUELPH, SEPTEMBER, 1921. Non
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
_THE LiFe History of A Hopsy Horse.
BY FRANCIS J. A. MORRIS,
Peterborough, Ont.
Part III.—Srconp CuitpHoop—THE TREE’s INCLINE.
I suppose one reason why people do not transplant well in middle life is
that they never cease to miss the common sights and sounds of their native land ;
snatched away from daily contact with the environment in which they have
grown and spread until they come to fill every nook and cranny of it, they sud-
denly find themselves wrenched from a thousand rootlets that ministered unseen
to their life needs ;_ starved of their sap from root to stem, they lose their lusty
vigour, languish along their branches, and pine away in leaf and flower and
fruit. It is impossible to feel at home anywhere until you have become thor-
oughly familiar with your surroundings ; this power of adaptation, shared by
us with all things living, is strictly limited, and 1f the change is too violent or the
organism too far set in maturity, acclimatization becomes impossible.
Not the faintest idea had I when I came to Canada at twenty-five years
of age that my comfort and happiness depended mainly on familiarity with a
whole little world of natural objects, to which I had grown so used as to be quite
unconscious of their presence. The web that at infinite pains and with pro-
longed effort I had woven for myself, at whose centre | swung cradled in con-
tent was suddenly swept away by the rough.hand of circumstance ; ! was flung
bodily to an infinite distance, to find myself sprawling hopelessly on the groun? ;
instinctively I set all my spinnerets franctically to work rebuilding the orb without
which life itself was impossible, and groping feverishly for fresh points of
attachment.
All the years I had lived in Great Britain, I had never approached Nature
by way of Science ; though roughly familiar with the broader distinctions of
family, | knew next to nothing of genus and species, and had never studied the
classification of either Flowers, Insects, or Birds ; my knowledge was purely
empirical, and for the most part I was quite unconscious of the points of distinc-
tion in form and structure that must surely underlie our recognition of individual
forms. I was therefore powerless to identify what I saw, unless by good luck
it happened to have a next of kin among my acquaintance in Great Britain ;
with every stranger I met aleng tne roadside, I must turn (so like your stiff
Englishman!) ts my companions for anintroduction, and then hunt him up in
Burke’s Peerage or some other book of celebrities ; and I found to my sorrow
on enquiry that such popular guides and illustrations of the Ontario flora and
fauna were unprocurable. In little old Ergland, which you could set afloat in
Lake Superior, for a century or better, authorities more numerous almost than
the entire population of Canada had been publishing descriptions as accurate as
those of Scotland Yard, portraits as lifelike as Madame Tussaud’s, that must
infallibly lead to the apprehension of every flower, fern, insect and bird in the
194. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
british Isles, no matter how securely hidden it might fancy itself from the long
arm of the Naturalist.
I was as helpless as a child, and as full of curiosity, for I had just entered
a new world full of novelties ; hundreds of flowers and insects thatd had never
seen before, flaunted their beauty in front of me at every turn ;_ scores of birds
with strange plumage and unfamiliar cries met my gaze on every walk in the
country ;-and like a child, too, I wanted at first to know just their names, to
have a simple label that I could attach to them, some definite word that I could
hunt up in a book, and so round out my field, observations.
It is not given to all to enter second childhood thus wide-eyed and men:
tally alert, and for the sake of others who may be similarly placed or may want
in adult life to enter on the study of Natural History, I wish here to record
some of my early experiences as a stranger in a strange environment to which
the senses of his neighbours had grown dulled from boyhood. And let me tell
you, I found it far harder to learn the secret of the sights and sounds that met
me than 1f I had been a child. The world of childhood and boyhood was for-
ever shut to me, and often I found myself envying the youngsters who were pen-
etrating such mysteries day by day, without conscious effort, by companionship
with their fellows and the traditions of their kind. I was herded with the
grown-ups and found most of them sadly ignorant and careless of the Natural
life about them.
It was when summer was already sinking into the lap of autumn, and
within a fortnight of my setting foot in Canada, that I took up my quarters in
Toronto preparatory to a 3-term session at the School of Pedagogy. Almost
the first things that had struck me were the wonderful clarity of the air, and
the lavish way of the sun in spilling whole weeks of blue unclouded summer
days over the land. As we steamed up the St. Lawrence, I had noted with as-
tonishment the sharp outlines and bright colours of the houses along the dis-
tant shore, so different from the hazy indistinctness of an English landscape.
On landing at the docks I had been taken through Montreal on a sight-seeing
tour ; I can’t remember now what “Notre Dame” looked like either inside or
out, but I know that the streets and sidewalks of the city were literally covered
with grasshoppers, almost in the heart of the business section. About Toronto
when you walked in the fields, every step you took squirted showers of these
insects, as well as crickets and locusts, up at your face. It was as hard to steer
a conversation safely through such elements as for a swimmer to breathe in a
choppy sea,—you never knew when you were going to get a mouthful ; and
often it was impossible to be quite sure whether your last ejaculation had been
a word or an insect. After a little experience one learned to wade along in
silence, glasses jammed close up to one’s eyes and mouth tight shut, like a ship
running through heavy seas with port holes closed and hatches battened down.
Ontario had been in the grip of a drought for five or six weeks, a very excep-
tional thing, I was told ; but most of the twenty-five years passed in Ontario
since 1894 have only gone to prove the rule of this exception.
My walks that Fall were mostly in the direction of Rosedale, and all of
them alive with wonders; chipmunks and groundhogs, severally after their kind,
came chattering and frisking forward with eager curiosity to meet the tender-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 195
foot, went scurrying in shortlegged rippling bulk across the fields or stood
stock still and bolt upright, “frozen” at the mouth of their burrow, the living
counterpart of a neighbouring stump; acres of goldenrod and asters rioted
beside the path ; goldenrod of the most beautiful curving~plumes in place of
the stiff homely spikes of the British species; asters of every size and shade,
from white and pale lilac to the rich violet and blue of the Michaelmas Daisy;
butterflies that fairly made one’s mouth water, Swallow Tails and Fritillaries
(Silver Spots), Camberwell Beauties (Mourning Cloaks), Tortoiseshells and
Painted Ladies, fluttered and sailed and flew, a bevy of beauty; and mingling with
them strangers of unmistakably royal blood (to judge from their robes), Em-
perors and Viceroys worthy of a front page in Burke’s Peerage; and then
the birds! In place of a single Green Woodpecker—rare ana local—lI saw
four or five kinds, all painted as gay as the Tropics, the Flicker, the Red Head,
the Downy, the Hairy, and these, mind you, for all their gorgeous plumage, as
common as sparrows, or poppies in a cornfield. To cap it all, my ears were
filled from every side in the woods with myriads of strange sounds, tapping,
creaking, chirping voices, call-notes and songs, as mysterious as Echo, and all
clamoring for me to join their game of “I spy” and track them to their secret
lair; the very heavens were full of sound, showers of soft twittering notes
and sweet music fell about me in the open; Puck in the woods and Ariel in
the sky, what a royal hide-and-seek they had with me that Fall!
As we were were returning from Rosedale on one of these early trips,
I called my companion’s attention to the barking of a foxterrier in the dis-
tance; after locating the sound, he stared at me incredulously for a moment
and then remarked scathingly : “A nice one you are in the country, and not
know a crow when you hear it! ” And a crow it proved to be, but how
different, with its short, sharp, staccato challenge, of “ca, ca,” from the English
rook and its lazy drawl of “‘caa, caa!”
Two other birds I met that Fall for the first time in my life, the lovely
Bluebird (a close kinsman of the English Redbreast) and the American Robin.
This last I had looked eagerly forward to seeing for over a year; ever since
the day when I had joined in the laugh that went round my uncle’s dinner-
table one Christmas at the expense of a cousin newly home from British
Columbia. He had been regaling us with travellers’ tales of the strange land
beyond the seas, and we had all been devouring them with relish and perhaps
a pinch of salt; till he came to this outrageous whopper, no more to be swal-
lowed than Gulliver’s reported linnets from Brobdingnag as big as swans: “In
Canada,” remarked my cousin with some pride, “our robins are as large as
blackbirds.” “Yes,” countered my uncle drily, “and how large are your tur-
keys, my boy?” It was only when I became a resident of Ontario that I discov-
ered the robins were a red-breasted thrush ; and in the Spring it soon gréw to be
an exquisite pleasure to note the bird’s song, so characteristic of the thrushes,
with its tell-tale bars “sung twice over,” as Aristophanes observed more than
twenty-three centuries ago and Robert Browning somewhat later ;—and if you
aad no ears to hear, behold ! the dumpy fledglings, with the speckled breasts
they bore, and the way they had with the garden worms, the quick little run
over the lawn and the head cocked on one side to listen, thrushes every inch
‘
196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
of them, from the tip of the bill to the toes.
During the winter I had made the acquaintance of Dr. Brodie and he had
promised to take me out with him in the Spring ; unfortunately I was too busy
between April and June to steal much time for Natural History. I was able,
however, to make three or four trips in the doctor’s company and learn some-
thing about the environs of Toronto. About the time of the Spring flights of
warblers, we had a day at Victoria Park ; and later he took me over the Don
flats to a wooded hill-side beyond the C.P.R. The trip I recall most vividly
was my first visit to High Park. It was in June and our way led past the
Grenadier Pond, and then west and north. I was greatly struck with the beauty
of the scenery, the rolling downs, with their deep ravines, the groves of oak and
pine, the underbrush and the richness of the vegetation, interspersed with bar-
ren tracts of drifting sand. High Park became a favorite resort of mine and I
came in later days to wander all over the district from Parkdale to Humberside
and Lambton.
We had taken insect nets with us, and in a heathy space dotted here and
there with oaks I captured several butterflies; they were nearly all quite strange,
and it was then, I think, that there first came home to me the hopelessness of
identifying species without good illustrated popular books of entomology ; it
was all plain sailing as long as the doctor was with me, but I fully realised how
helpless I should be alone. On our way back in the late afternoon, we heard
a bird singing in a near-by oak, and stopped to listen. I had rarely heard more
delicious music, though obviously of less range and richness than a nightin-
gale’s ; it was certainly finer than the English thrush, I thought, and wilder
like the Missel thrush’s, the bars often repeated in true throstle fashion, and
with many interludes of those wonderful soft undertones when you knew the
bird’s throat feathers would be gently ruffling above the breast ; the doctor
thought it was a Hermit thrush ; it was certainly of the thrush family, for I
caught a glimpse of it, Jarge, brown, and with speckled breast ; I have since
identified the bird from my recollection of the song, as the Brown Thrasher,
and its choice of perch confirms this, almost at the top of a large oak, proclaim-
ing itself to the world.
Without either musical ear or knowledge of musical terms, I wish to put
it on record that except from the English nightingale I have rarely heard more
delightful music than this bird’s. It is quite a mistake to suppose that because
poets have sung more wonderfully about the English skylark, the thrush and the
nightingale, these bird-songs themselves must be far grander than those of On-
tario ; the Brown Thrasher and the Rose-breasted Grosbeak are a match any
day for their British cousins, and the Hermit Thrush is declared by such mas-
ters as John Burroughs and Schuyler Matthews to be more than the peer of the
Nightingale ; it isn’t the Bird that is wanting, it is the Wordsworth, the Shelley
and the Keats ; given the human soul whose chords respond to the birds’ in-
effable sweetness, their tender melancholy, their world-old pathos and ecstasy
of passion, and they too will be among the immortals.
Another fallacy the faithful observer must expose, in spite of poets’ pro-
test, is what Ruskin calls “the pathetic fallacy,”’—to which we are all peculiarly
prone in listening to the songs of birds ; we know, if we reason it out, that
ee
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 197
there can be none of the rich content of human thought and the depth of human
emotion behind those warblings ; yet as we listen the heart aches with infinite
yearning, we are under the spell of enchantment and it sways our whole being.
It is recorded somewhere how Shelley was rudely awakened from a dream of
love once by the sight of his inamorata’s healthy zest over a mutton chop ;_ he
would have had the same revulsion of feeling in a Cambridge lane with me while
listening to the Nightingale on a sunny day of June ; in the very midst of one
of its divinest passages, its throat feathers stirring to the liquid melody, the
bird stopped short and darted down to gobble a big grub, like the greediest
fowl on wings—a prima donna and a glutton !
Soon after this trip to High Park, I went to spend the summer on Centre
Island with some city friends, and at the close of the year was appointed to the
staff of the Smith’s Falls High School, on the Rideau River, some fifty miles
south of Ottawa.
This was my first year in a country district and I hugely enjoyed meet-
ing the natural conditions of an Ontario winter. Many a time as children in
Scotland we had battled our way to school through blizzards of snow, had
eagerly consulted the glass to see if ‘the black frost” was going to make the
ponds bear, and one winter had twice seen with bulging eyes’ the mercury fall
below zero. Sledges and skates had long vanished away, but again and again
I found the experiences of this first real winter in Canada send my thoughts hark-
ing back over fifteen years and more to the Perthshire home.
It may have been this that made me more than usually homesick on the
approach of Spring. I hungered for the sight of English hedgerows with sweet
violets, primroses, hyacinths and half a hundred other familiar sights. I had
forgotten for the moment all the novelties that had come in their stead, and
this nostalgia lasted on all through the dreary days of March and early April,
when nothing seems to be alive, and all the highways and byways stick up their
effective “No Trespass” sign, daubed in inches of mud and slush. Another
torture of Tantalus that aggravated my hunger later on was to be sent on some
wild goose chase of eager anticipation, as when I was told of a bed of -cowslips
and found marsh marigolds, honeysuckle that proved to be columbine, Yellow-
hammers that were Flickers ; I had even a childish disappointment over the
“Daddy-long-legs” when it turned out a spider instead of a crane-fly.
Our school had only three assistants, and it was practically Hobson’s
choice for companionship ; the only man on the staff besides myself was the
teacher of Science, and we had already fallen into the daily habit. of walks to-
gether long before the winter ended.
The course of work for Science then in the Junior School was almost
entirely Botany, and I watched with considerable interest his preparations for
identifying flowers, an art till then wholly unintelligible to me. Half in a spirit
of fun I rigged myself out with a little linen-tester for a magnifying-glass, a pair
of small needles sunk over head and ears (if they had them) in the pith core of
a lilac twig, and a copy of Spotton’s High School Botany; in three days I had
outstripped even the most eager of his pupils ; in a week the jest was deadly
earnest, and in a month the zealot became a hopeless monomaniac. [I still
hated to pick the flowers to pieces, and the tedium of working out some of the
198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
less attractive genera and families, like the Crucifers and the Composites, came
near to damping my ardour. Still I persevered, even resisting as a rule the
terrible temptation to guess at the plant’s identity a priori, instead of working it
out honestly by the key. I think my progress surprised even my foster parent
the Science master, for I took to Rotany as a duck takes to the water ; he
hadn’t allowed enough for some of the main factors in the problem ; I had
spent years in the English lanes and knew the household names of most of the
familiar flowers ; Greek and Latin had become almost a mother tongue to me
and a second nature, so that the botanical terms were full of meaning ; and,
more than all, I burned with desire to gain “the freedom of the realm” ; ahead
of me I could see summers full of glorious discovery in Ontario ; and when I
had discovered America (botanically). I was determined to go over and discover
Great Britain ; and never did Highlander with the gift of second sight see the
vision of his own future more truly than I did that first Spring in Smith’s Falls.
It wes a case of Archimedes and his lever over again; given Spotton (or
Gray), I could move the universe—or at least stick labels all over it ; if an
Afrite had dropped me into the heart of some equatorial forest, I'd have wel-
comed the chance and, bar cannibals, crocodiles and the tsetse fly, been as happy
as a clam.
That plants like animals had sex was a piece of common knowledge, but
the analysis of a flower and the names and relations of its different parts were
quite new to me. My first lessons were in this, and by taking a few leading
types and separating their parts, identifying each of these and studying their
mutual relations, I soon got the hang of the system.
The very heart and centre of every perfect flower was an elongate hol-
low body (the pistil) of complex nature, comprising below a vessel (the ovary)
in which the unripe seeds (ovules) developed ; at the upper end of the ovary
was a vertical extension in the form of a slender tube or hollow stalk (style)
whose widened apex (stigma) served as a receptacle for the pollen-grains,
which then passed down the style-tube into the ovary ; round this procreant
cradle of the flower were grouped, like a body guard round their queen, a set of
tiny stalks (stamens), each surmounted by a pair of little boat-shaped vessels
(anthers) of pollen to quicken the ovules ; in turn about these two essential
parts—the queen and her consorts (pistil and stamens), were grouped usually
two sets of leaf-like protective lobes known as the floral envelope ;_ the inner
ring (corolla) of brightly colored lobes (the petals), and the outer ring (calyx)
of green lobes (the sepals); if only one of these two rings occurred, whether
green or brightly colored. it was called the calyx of sepals.
According to the form of the pistil and the number and arrangement of
stamens, petals and sepals, all flowering plants were arranged into two great
divisions: I. those whose seeds in germinating sprouted into a single leaf (Mono-
cotyledons), and II. those whose seeds sprouted into a pair of leaves (Dicotyle-
dons.) The first class had nearly always straight or parallel veins in the
leaves, and their flower parts in 3’s ; it included (a) Arrowheads, (b) Grasses,
(c) Sedges, (d) Arums, (e) Rushes, (f) Lilies, (g) Irids, (h) Orchids. The
second class had net-veined leaves and the parts of the flowers in 5’s and 4’s,
occasionally 2’s. Of this class a small sub-division bore the seeds naked (i.e.
a
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 193
“not enclosed in a capsule), like the pines ; but the vast bulk of them possessed
Ovaries or seed cases. These were arranged in three divisions (1) those with
one or both of the outer rings (corolla and calyx) wanting (Apetalous) ; (2)
those whose petals were not united to one another (Polypetalous) ; (3) those
whose petals were united, whether altogether or only at the base (Gamopetalous).
In the first few weeks of Spring it was easy to keep pace with the pro-
cession of flowers and assimilate the principles of the new science at the same
time ; but in June and July the different kinds of habitat became so numerous
and so crowded that one could not visit them all often enough to exhaust their
denizens. However, in the course of two years, I knew nearly all in the neigh-
bourhood, and it was only by going to a distance that I could add to my ac-
‘quaintance ; but by a happy provision of Nature, when novelties ran out, the
pleasure of renewing old acquaintance out-beggared the joys of fresh discovery.
: (To be continued.)
& REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC: SPECIES OF THE TACHINID
GENUS ERNESTIA R. D. (DIPTERA).
BY JOHN D. TOTHILL,
In Charge of Natural Control Investigations, Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
While in Washington, D.C., in March, 1921, Dr. Aldrich suggested that a
revision of the nearctic species of the genus Ernestia would be a profitable
undertaking. The rich collection in the.U. S. National Museum was placed at
my disposal, and I had with me some material belonging to the Entomological
Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture and some Californta
material belonging to Mr. E. P. VanDuzee. It was soon found-that the male
genitalia afforded an excellent series of characters for separating out the species,
and the revision was consequently based largely upon a study of males. When
the males had been sorted out into sixteen species, it was found that the females
could be sorted out into fourteen species. It was not possible in all cases to
assign a male and female to each species, and as the male characters are more
readily seen than the female ones, it seemed better to base the descriptions of
new species upon males. Descriptions of twelve new species have been drawn
up and also of such of the existing species that seemed to require a more ample
description than has been published. Well known and easily recognizable species
have not been redescribed. ;
It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the cordial assistance given me by
Dr. J. M. Aldrich, and also to express my sense of appreciation to Mr. Arthur
Gibson, the Dominion Entomologist; Dr. L. O. Howard, the Chief of the U. S.
Bureau of Entomology; and to Mr. A. F. Burgess of the U. S. Bureau of
Entomology, for making the study in Washington possible. Mr. Charles T.
Greene has been kind enough to make the drawings for this paper.
THE GENUS ErNeEsTIA R.D.
Erigone R.D. Myod. 65, 1830.
Mericia R-D. Myod. 64, 1830.
Platychira Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prod. 1859.
Varichaeta Speiser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1903.
Panzeria R.D. Myod., 69, 1830.
200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Okanagania Tn. Can. Ent. 289, 1915.
Melinocera Tn. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XXVIII., 22, 1915.
The genus Ernestia was proposed in 1830 by Robineau Desvoidy for the
reception of a single species that he called microcera. According to Bezzi (Kat.
Pal. Dipt. 1907) the species microcera R.D. is a synonym of rudis Fall. de-
scribed in 1810 as a Tachina. As the species rudis Fall. does not properly
belong in the genus Tachina, it therefore becomes the type species of the genus
Ernestia.
The genus Fausta was proposed in 1830 by Robineau Desvoidy for the
reception of five species. In 1863 the same author designated nemorum Meig.
as the type species of the genus. For reasons that will appear later, it seems.
that in spite of the wide parafacials, this species is closely related to the general-
ized Ernestias, such as rudis Fall. and radicum Fab. In order to preserve the
sense of relationship with Ernestia and yet to bring out the difference between
the two series, it seems advisable to treat Fausta as a subgenus of the genus
Ernestia.
The species described by Coquillett as Meriania chalybea is undoubtedly
congeneric with puparum Fab. of Europe, a male and female of which—deter-
mined by Bezzi—I have seen. ‘The genus was proposed for species having the
sides of the face hairy and otherwise resembling Ernestia s. str. Hairiness of
the facialia in this group is, however, of questionable generic value because
Ernestia flavicornis Br. exhibits a marked tendency in this direction, especially
in some specimens. Furthermore, the male genitalia in chalybea Coq. and in
puparum Fab. also exhibit the same generalized features as do those of &. flavi-
cornis. The best way to express this clear relationship seems to be to treat
Meriania as a subgenus of the genus Ernestia for the inclusion of puparum
Fab., chalybea Coq., flavicornis Br., and nigrocornea sp. n.
These two subgenera, Fausta and Meriania, are evidently closely related,
as shown by the generalized genitalia. In the known species they can be separ-
ated by the presence of discal bristles on the second abdominal segment in
Fausta and by their absence in Meriania; and by the presence of hairs on the
parafacials in Meriania and by their absence in Fausta. An undetermined
female Ernestia from Armstrong, B.C., in the National Collection at Ottawa
has both hairy parafacials and discal abdominal bristles; if, when the male be-
comes known, this proves to belong to the Fausta-Meriania group, it would
show that these two subgenera could be treated more naturally as a single sub-
genus.
The genus Metaphyto was proposed by Coquillett in 1897 for the recep-
tion of a single species, genalis Coq. This species has wide parafacials as in
Fausta and genitalia that relate it to Ernestia arcuata et al. (See the discussion
of this point later). The relationships will be fairly well expressed by treat-
ing Metaphyto as a subgenus of the genus Ernestia.
An examination of the type of Okanagania hirta Tn. shows the fly to be
E. (Metaphyto) genalis Coq.
Xanthophyto labis Tn. may prove to be an Ernestia when more 1s known
about its habits. The yellow third segment of the antenna, the cloud over the
radio medial cross vein, and the generalized condition of the male genitalia all
, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 201
suggest a close affinity with &. flavicornis Br. Until the male is known, how-
ever, and until the reproduction.habit is established, there is not sufficient justifi-
cation for linking the genus with that of Ernestia. In X. labis the chaetotaxy
of the scutellum differs from that of all the known species of Ernestia.
Pyraustomyia penitalis Coq. exhibits the same peculiar scutellum chaeto-
taxy found in X. Jabis, and is probably not congeneric with Ernestia.
In so far as is known, all the members of the genus Ernestia have the
habit of depositing living maggots in the path of their host.
INTERRELATIONS OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES
The nearctic species of the genus Ernestia differ from one another
chiefly in the structure of the male genitalia—most of the species are in fact in-
separable without reference to these organs. Arranging them in a series ac-
cording to the degree of specialization of the genitalia, one can therefore gain
some idea as to their immediate ancestry. The most generalized condition of
the genitalia is found in E. flavicornis Br., E. nigrocornea sp. n., E. chalybea
Cogq., and E£. frontalis sp. n., where the base of the inner forceps has developed
no median keel-like projection. In arcuata sp. n., johnsoni sp. n., nigropalpis
sp. n., and imcisa sp. n. there is a well-developed keel-like projection. | More
highly specialized again are E. aldrichi Tn. and E. longicarina sp. n. in which the
keel-like projection has become longer than in any other known nearctic species.
In E. platycarina sp. n. one margin of the carina has become flattened. In
sulcocarina sp. n. the same margin has become grooved. In bicarina sp. n. the
groove in the carina has developed to such an extent that a splitting has oc-
ee pt th be xe
frontalis arcuactarina. nigropalpis- aldrich» longicarina, wes bicarina. ampelus.
cured so that there are two keel-like projections instead of one. Finally, in
E. ampelus Walk., and in E. fissicarina sp: n., the two keel-like projections have
become reduced into a pair of knob-like structures. From these facts the
group would appear to be monophyletic. With the evolution of the keel-like
projection in mind, it is possible to test the validity of the genus Fausta proposed
for the reception of forms having the sides of the face abnormally wide. In
the type species E. nemorum Meig., the keel-like structure is in the generalized
condition found in E£. flavicornis Br., E. frontalis sp. n., E. nigrocornea sp. n
FE. rudis Fall. and E. radicum Fab. In the nearctic species genalis Coq., on the
other hand, there is a well-developed unsplit median keel-like projection as in
E. arcuata. It would seem, therefore, that Fausta is not a natural genus, as
the species are less closely related to one another than to species in the genus
Ernestia.-An explanation that suggests itself is that in the evolution of the
Ernestia group a widening of the sides of the face has taken place twice; first
when the genitalia were still generalized, and secondly when a keel-like process
had been developed. Such a relationship can be expressed by retaining
202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Fausta as a subgenus for the inclusion of the generalized nemorum Meig. and by
retaining Metaphyto Coq. as a subgenus for the inclusion of genalis Coq.
RELATIONSHIPS OF THE NEARCTIC AND PALAEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE GENUS
ERNESTIA S. STR.
From an examination of five palaearctic species it would appear that
while some of the nearctic species are very closely related to palaearctic species,
yet there are perhaps no two species.common to the two land masses: A more
extensive study of the European material may, of course, serve to modify this
statement. It may be of interest to point out the difference between the
European species I have examined and their nearctic relatives.
A male specimen of E. rudis Fall., so determined by Bezzi, has no keel-
like "ee on the basal part of the inner forceps, and in this respect re-
sembles E. flavicornis of Brauer and my E&. frontalis. It differs from the for-
mer in not having a bright yellow third antennal segment and from the latter in
having the width of the front at the narrowest place equal to less than the
length of the second antennal segment.
A male specimen of E. radicum, so named by Brunetti, has a keel-like
projection on the basal part of the inner forceps in such a rudimentary condi-
tion that it can only be seen by careful scrutiny. It differs from E. flavicornis
Br. in the color of the third antennal segment; from £. frontalis in the notably
shorter inner forceps of the male genitalia and from E. nigrocornea in the
narrower facialia.
A male specimen of £. connivens Zett., so named by Bezzi, is tec
very closely related to my nigropalpis and arcuata In nigropalpis, however,
the tips of the outer forceps are laterally compressed so as to be bayonet-like in
shape; and in arcuata the fifth tergum is much longer and more clearly defined.
A male specimen, named E. consobrina Meig. by Bezzi, has a median
keel-like projection on the base of the inner forceps that is split longitudinally
into two halves, very much as in the case of my bicarina. In the latter species,
however, the splitting process has been carried considerably further; and also
each prong of the fifth sternite terminates in a short spine, which is not the case
in consobrina.
There is a male specimen from Shirmer, labelled “Berlin, Germany,”
that has not been identified. It runs in my key to section 10 but it can be read-
ily separated from all the nearctic species on account of the extraordinary
length of the median keel-like projection. on the base of the inner forceps.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS ERNESTIA.
Our knowledge of the distribution of the genus Ernestia in the Southern
Hemisphere is too meagre to warrant any conclusion concerning the origin
and development of the group for the whole world. For the Northern Hemis-
phere, however, our knowledge of the distribution of the group is at least fairly
complete. In his catalog of palaearctic Diptera, Kertesz lists twenty-three
species, while for North America we now have sixteen species;, consequently,
palaearctic rather than a nearctic origin is indicated, although, of course, by
no means proven.
Further light is thrown upon this question by reference to the degree
of specialization of the species in the respective regions. We have already
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 203
seen that the condition of a split keel-like process on the base of the inner for-
ceps represents almost the highest achievement in the specialization of these
flies. This condition is reached by E. consobrina Meig. in Europe and by &.
bicarina sp. n. in America. It therefore seems certain that the split keel was
achieved when a land bridge connected the two great land masses. It also fol-
lows that the group achieved its greatest development during the period of the
last land bridge. Indeed, the only development of any importance that appears
to have taken place since the land bridge days is the reduction of the split keel
found in the two American species, ampelus Walk., and fissicarina sp. n.; and
further studies of the palaearctic species may show even this slight specialization
to have been an ancient rather than a modern achievement.
As there are reasons for supposing that very few, and perhaps none, of
the now extant species are common to the two land masses, it seems to follow
that although the nearctic and the palaearctic species have had a common origin
during the land bridge period, yet a slight further development has been
achieved in each of the now separated land masses during the recent period of
isolation.
Synopsis oF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES IN THE GENUS ERNeEsTIA R. D.
Subgenus Meriania.
chalybea Coq.
flavicornis Br.
nigrocorned sp. n.
Subgenus Fausta.
No nearctic species known.
Snbgenus Ernestia.
frontalis sp. n
johnsoni sp. n.
nigropalpis sp. n.
arcuata sp. n
imcisa sp. n.
aldrichi ‘Town.
longicarina sp. n.
platycarina sp. n.
_sulcocarina sp. n.
bicarina sp. n
ampelus Walk.
fissicarina sp. n
Subgenus Metaphyto.
genalis Coq.
KeEY TO THE SUBGENERA OF THE GENUS ERNESTIA.
1. No discal macrochaetae on the second abdominal segment; parafacials
hairy, at least in the females, especially on the upper part..........
FER oe LS MOC A PRR en a ee oe Subg. Meriania
Discal macrochaetae present on the second abdominal segment; third an-
tennal segment black; parafacials never hairy, even on the upper part
2. Width of the parafacials not nearly equal to the lepoth ot the third anten-
204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Haltseotivet.!. <<... (a°.). .eheceeeeereees {evhecte gp aes pene Ernestia s. str.
Width of the parafacials equal to the length of the third antennal segment,
1:¢5qparafacials - -ustusuabhys wide Soca. ees Be pe olde ol keene 3
3. A median keel-like projection at the base of the inner forceps of the male
genitalia, -i.¢.; genitalia specialized. ieeee a>: ik peepee Subg. Metaphyto
No such projection, i.e., genitalia generalized............... Subg. Fausta
Key To THE NEARCTIC SPECIES IN THE SUBGENUS MERIANIA.
ie Tintdiantennal‘segment: blicki eager ore oe: oo E. nigrocornea sp. n.
Third antennal segment! yellow” or reddish., ....44 01... eee eee 2
2. Width of front in male equal to less than the length of the second antennal
segment; parafacials very hairy in the male........ E. chalybea Coq.
Width of front in male equal to the length of the second antennal segment ;
parafacials in the male hairy on only the upper part and the hairs very
thimy< isel aati, tai eee E. (Meriania) flavicornis Br.
Kry To THE MALEs OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE GENUS ERNESTIA S. STR.
i “Genttaliay yellow “or rufous... s.. 2c come oe ee eS eben lee eae eee 2
Genitalia dark or blacks 2.44. 6s he) oman 9 ere ee Ae oe 3
2. Width of the front at narrowest place less than the length of the second
antennal segment ; inner forceps with a short keel flattened on one
COE caso wor ee on aio pte eee ene Ieee tae ele pee eee platycarina sp. n.
Width of the front at narrowest point equal to or greater than the length
of the second antennal segment; inner forceps without a keel and with
two conspicuous projections placed side by side........ ampelus Walk.
3. Width of front at narrowest point fully twice as long as the second anten-
Mal: SEGMENT ...\0 oF zac s dee wesienee Sen etehe Resie 2 Ie & hee ee +
Width of front at narrowest point less than twice the length of the second
antennal. segment 2. 0. ete cae eee eee oe ae ae ee ae ee 6
4. Inner forceps with’ a conspictous keel!..).......20-2.,005.0 aldricht Tn.
Inmer forceps without a keel. 0 s5(a1.0 0 svete |e se Sree 5
5. Base of inner forceps with two conspicuous projections placed side by
SIE. agtix hin Paves See eee ae ee ee ..fissicarina sp. Nn.
Base of inner forceps without such projections............ frontalis sp. 0
6. The fifth sternite with a deep incision on the lateral margin of each of the
tWO< prongs jcesc 0 Vase en fess eh oe Nee ee mcisa sp. Nn.
The ith sternite normal’, :\.... ....«2ces. ofl =r
7. The inner forceps with a pair of short keels placed side by side........
eee re ire bin Sin Waar et Mbt re bicarina sp. n.
The inner forceps with a single keel... .<.2.. 72.7 ue ee 8
8. The width of front as great or greater than the length of the second anten-
fal Segment... -,nsee gery whee + ow cee fat cis eee johnsoni sp. n.
The width of front less than the length of the second antennal seg-
TWEE ee areas ee ee av ee ble gee te 2
9. Palpi black; the fifth tergum scarcely distinguishable from the first genital
Segment cwith..which itis United. .,.-5>.: .ce ae nigropalpis sp. n.
Palpi reddish, at least at tip; the fifth tergum clearly marked off, at least
laterally ‘by,.a stiture from “the sixth. 7. 1.2. ose. ee eee 10
10. Keel-like portion of the base of the inner forceps of unusual length, its dor-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 205
sal edge not concave; the apical portions of the outer forceps laterally
compressed and each terminating in a pair of hooks. .longicarina sp. n.
Keel-like portion not of remarkable length, its dorsal edge strongly concave;
the apical portions of the outer forceps cylindrical and each termin-
SEEMED Ae E MOOI 6. feces ss owt R Mud. eoee se ee arcuata sp. n.
KEY TO THE FEMALES OF THE NEarcTIC SPECIES IN THE GENUS ERNESTIA.
Third antennal segment yellow..................00ce0ee. Subg. Meriania
iiird amiennal ‘sepmient black)! .{: 0.5.0... eee Subg. Ernestia 2
Pourpepaniomingl segment rufous s!./. 600) 2... PO ea 3
Peouitisandominelsenment black.) 2.) ).). 57's. 2. PEP Se 4
second? antennal segment. rufous)... >. 2.0..8.% 1) Ls ampelus Walk.
pecond. amieninal. ssement-)black . ... 00 290m. mS ents platycarina sp. n.
Sceaidautenual septiemi™ yellow, 0: RSE SMS pees Moa Salers. < 5
peeubdeantetina)-semiment black {22154 SPOR gis oo eee eee me 8
10.
i
Fifth sternite without a longitudinal groove or depression; tarsal segments
of front legs cylindrical; bend of fourth vein with a well-marked
Life SLi Be fay Sede RE Sie RR Mie apartment eA he eR EN ter yh, sp. a
Fifth sternite with a longitudinal groove or depression; tarsal segments of
front pairs of legs flattened dorsoventrally; bend of fourth vein with
avery indefinite or with ‘no appendage: (2i) Pallets. JAM COIs. 6
Pitth steroite with a.deep! longitidmal depression... 6.0002.) s daw sabes 7
Fifth sternite with a very shallow longitudinal depression............. Sp. t-
The depression in the fifth sternite extending through the posterior mar-
gin, i.e.; the posterior margin concave; a short but distinct carina run-
mip tue full lengthiot the depression 0! uth. rae Bic eA gry sp: 0.
The depression in the fifth sternite not extending through the posterior
margin, ie.; the pocterior margin straight ; no carina in the depres-
Front at the vertex as wide as either eye; the second, third and fourth but
not the fifth abdominal sternites each with a group of strong, blunt,
downwardly directed macrochaetae seen best in profile............ 5
Sao Us cae lg oh Sona Pretest pein d 2 a a re nigropalpis sp. n.
Paipinelow..de least de Pertcme teens Saat. sen gy omens mate
The fifth abdominal sternite with two parallel longitudinal grooves separ-
ated by a shallow alien we ee ORO, OP edie bicarina sp. n.
The fifth abdominal sternite with only a single longitudinal groove or de-
SSE A Rt ont 8 ORE 2a A can a Se 1 A Ae ee Lg
The fifth’ sternite longer than the fourth.............. sulcocarina sp. n.
The fifth sternite shorter than the fourth.......... probably johnsoni sp. n.
(To be continued)
NEW SPECIES OF CRANE-FLIES FROM NORTH QUEENSLAND
(TIPOEADAK, DIPTERA Y.
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER,
Urbana, III.
The undescribed species of crane-flies that are characterized herewith
were kindly sent to me by Dr. James F. Illingworth. Most of the material was
206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
collected along the Babinda Creek, North Queensland. The difficulties in the
way of collecting these insects in Queensland are well shown by the following
paragraph from one of Dr. Illingworth’s letters:
“Sweeping along streams is almost out of the question here in the
tropics, where every bush is provided with recurved hooks to hold one up. I
have torn a number of nets full of holes trying to do it and seldom make a
catch. Most of the specimens I found either singly on the vegetation, in the
scrub, or in caverns under the iarge rocks along the streams.”
A few additional specimens were secured by Mr. Alan P. Dodd. I would
express my indebtedness to Dr. Illingworth and Mr. Dodd for this interesting
material. The types of the new species will be preserved in the writer’s
collection.
Genus Dicranomyia, Stephens.
Subgenus Thrypticomyia, Skuse.
The type of the subgenus is D. (7.) aureipennis (Skuse) (Australia).
Other species belonging to this group are D. arcuata (Alexander) (Japan),
longivena (Edwards) (India), seychellensis (Edwards) (Seychelles Islands) and
probably saltens (Doleschall) (Oriental Region). Two additional undescribed
species were included in the present material.
Dicranomyia (Thrypticomyia) doddi, sp. n.
General coloration dark brown; thoracic pleura obscure brownish yellow;
tarsi largely white; wings with a distinct brown suffusion that is uniformly
distributed over the wing surface; stigma large; supernumerary crossvein in
cell Sc, only a short distance before r.
Male—Length 6 mm.; wane 5.8 mm.
Female —Length 5.5 mm.; wing 6 mm.
Rostrum obscure yellow; palpi dark brown. Antennae dark brown.
Head greyish brown.
Mesonotum dark brown. Pleura obscure brownish yellow. Halteres long
and slender, dark brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters dark brown;
femora dark brown, slightly paler basally; tibiae and about the basal one-half
or slightly more of the metatarsi dark brown; remainder of the tarsi white or
faintly reddish white. Wings with a uniform brownish suffusion; stigma large,
elongate-oval, dark brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc _ ending opposite
the origin of Rs; Sc, pale, removed from the tip of Sc,, the latter being about
equal to the deflection of R , ; supernumerary crossvein in cell Sc a little
more than the length of r before this latter crossvein; extreme tip of R,
atrophied ;; inner end of cell lst M, slightly arcuated; cell Ist M, about equal
to vein M, beyond it; basal deflection of Cu, near midlength of cell Ist M,.
Abdomen dark brown.
Habitat—North Queensland.
Holotype, &, Gordonvale, June, 1920 (A. P. Dodd).
Allotopotype, &.
Paratopotype, &.
This crane-fly is dedicated to its collector, Mr. Alan P. Dodd. Its closest
relative is apparently D. seychellensis (Edwards) which differs mainly ‘n the
coloration of the wings.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 207
Dicranomyia (Thrypticomyia) fumidapicalis, sp. n.
General coloration dark brown; thoracic pleura yellow; legs dark brown,
the tarsi largely white; wings hyaline basally, with about the apical fifth strongiy
infuscated.
Male—tLength 6—6.5 mm.; wing 6.7 mm.
Female —tLength about 5.5 mm.
Described from alcoholic specimens.
Rostrum and base of palpus obscure brownish yellow; terminal palpal
segments dark brown. Antennae dark brown, the flagellar segments with a
short basal pedical and with long, unilaterally arranged verticils as in the males
of this group. Head dark.
Mesonotum dark brown, the median area of the scutum and the postno-
tum paler. Pleura obscure yellow, the mesosternum infuscated. Halteres elon-
gate, brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellowish; only the fore legs
remain attached to the body; femora, tibiae and about the basal third of meta-
tarsi dark brown; remainder of the tarsi except the terminal segment white;
fore metatarsi with a small tubercle near the base. Wings hyaline with about
the apical fifth strongly infuscated, this including almost all the wing beyond the
level of the cord; stigma oval, still darker brown; veins dark brown. Venation:
Sc, before the origin of Rs, Ss, ending just beyond the origin of Rs, Sc, alone
being a little longer than the basal deflection of Cu,; Rs long, arcuated at
origin; r near tip of R,; cell Ist M, long and narrow, longer than vein M, be-
yond it; basal deflection of Cu, beyond midlength of cell Ist M,.
Abdomen of male long and slender, dark brown; sternites a little paler.
Habitat-—North Queensland.
Holotype, 3, Babinda, August 7, 1920 (J. F. Illingworth).
Allotopotype, 9.
Paratopotypes, 2 Q's.
The apically darkened wings are very conspicuous.
Subgenus Idioglochina, subgen. n.
Flagellar segments with the inner face strongly produced into flattened
disks, giving a subserrate appearance to the antennae, the periphery of each disk
with a series of about six spinous bristles. Wings with costa and radius greatly
mcrassated; r long, arcuated; cell R, very large, due to the strong bending
of R,,, toward R,,, near its ‘origin.
_ Type of the subgenus——Rhipidia tusitala Alexander (Samoa).
Dicranomyia de beauforti de Meijere (Papuan subregion) is also a mem-
ber of this subgenus.
Subgenus Euglochina, subgen. n.
_ Wings very long and narrow, cuneiform, entirely without an anal angle;
Rs very short, about equal to the basal deflection of R,, , originating far out
toward the wing-tip, the cord lying beyond five-sixths of the wing-length; cells
beyond the cord unusually short and crowded; vein 2nd A running parallel to Cu,
at the margin separate or fused with the tip of Cu,,.
Type of the subgenus.—Dicranomyia cunciformis de Meijere.. (India
to Java).
Dicranomyia connectans Alexander (Tropical - Africa)" is also a
208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
member of this subgenus. Edwards (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol: 8, pp.
58, 59; 1911) has determined the Limnobia saltens of Doleschall as falling in
this group of species. Almost coincidentally, De Meijere (Tijdsch, v. Ent., vol.
54, p. 22; 1911) determined saltcns as being a typical member of Thrypticomyia
Skuse. The habitus of the species of Euglochina is very distinct from that of
Thrypticomyta.
Genus Libnotes, Westwood.
Subgenus Pseudoglochina, subgen. n.
Tarsal claws simple, the basal enlargements provided with ‘two acute
bristles. Wings long and narrow, cuneiform, entirely without an anal angle;
Rs short, straight; no supernumerary crossvein in cell sci ; cell Ist"M> « open*By
the atrophy of M,
Type of the subgenus—Libnotes pulchripes Alexander.
Dicronomyia kobusi de Meijere and D. bicinctipes Brunetti of the Oriental
region are likewise members of this group. In the opinion of the writer, the
group is closer to Libnotes than to Dicranomyia but this whole series of genera
and subgenera are very closely allied.
Genus Geranomyia, Haliday.
Geranomyia (Geranomyia) sagittifer, sp. n.
Rostrum and antennae black; vertex silvery grey; general coloration of
the thorax shining orange, the mesonotal praescutum with a median arrow-
shaped black mark; legs pale yellowish brown; wings pale grey with five rather
small brown costal markings, vein Sc long.
Female-—tlLength (excluding rostrum) 6.5 mm.; wing 6 mm.; rostrum
alone 2.9 mm.
Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black. Antennae black. Head above
silvery grey.
Mesonotum shiny orange, the praescutum with a single arrow-shaped
median black mark, t' “ ad end behind, a short distance before the suture, the
narrow end terminating slightly anterior to the level of the pseudosutural foveae.
Thoracic pleura dull ochreous. Halteres orange, the knobs a little infuscated.
Legs with the coxae and trochanters orange; femora brownish yellow; tibiae
and tarsi light’. brown. Wings pale grey, the costal and subcostal cells a little
more yellowish; five comparatively small brown markings in the costal region,
arranged as follows: at the supernumerary crossvein in cell Sc; at origin of Rs;
at tip of Sc, ; at tip of R, and r, and at the end of the vein R,,,; cord and
outer end of cell lst M, very narrowly and indistinctly seamed with grey; veins
brown. Venation: Sc long, Sc, extending to just beyond the end of Rs, Sc.
at the tip of Sc, ; Rs long, angulated at origin, thence straight; cell lst M,
pentagonally rectangular, widened distally, about as long as vein M,,, beyond
t ; basal deflection of Cu just beyond the fork of M.
Abdomen dull orange-yellow.
Habitat—North Queensland.
Holotype, 2, Gordonvale, June, 1920 (A. P. Dodd).
Paratypes, 3 g’s, Babinda, October, 1920 (J. F. Illingsworth).
Geranomyia (Geranomyia) nigronitida, sp. n.
Head dark; mesonotum shiny black, the pleura yellowish; wings nearly
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 209
hyaline; stigma small, brown; Sc long, basal deflection of Cu, before midlength
of cell lst M,; abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites light yellow.
Male—Length (excluding rostrum) 6—6.4 mm.; wing Sere mm.
rostrum alone about 3 mm.
Female—Length (excluding rostrum) 7.5 — 7.8 mm.; wing 65 mm. ;
rostrum alone about 3.5 mm.
Described from alcoholic specimens.
Rostrum elongate, dark brown; palpi dark brown. Antennae dark
brownish black. Head dark, grayish pruinose.
Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotum shiny black, the humeral regions
of the praescutum paler; in dried specimens the lateral margins of the prae-
scutum may be slightly pruinose. Pleura obscure yellow. Halteres pale yellow-
ish white. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow; remainder of the legs
broken. Wings nearly hyaline; stigma small, brown; veins dark brown: ° Vena-
tion: a supernumerary crossvein in cell Sc; Sc long, Sc, extending to just before
the end of Rs, Sc,a short distance from the tip of Sc, , the latter about equal to
n ; Rs comparatively short, straight, about twice the deflection of R,,, ; inner
end of cell Ist M, slightly arcuated ; outer deflection of M, a little longer
than m ; basal deflection of Cu, before midlength of cell Ist M, , much longer
than Cu, alone. ik
Abdominal tergites dark brown, especially in the female ; sternites light
yellow.
Habitat—North Queensland.
Holotype, , Babinda, August 7, 1920 (J. F. Illingworth);
Allotopotype, 2 .
Paratopotypes, 4 bd Q.
Genus Molophilus, Curtis.
Molophilus unispinosus, sp. n.
General coloration sulphur-yellow ; vertex with a brown spot ;’mesonotum
light chestnut; male hypopygium with three pleural appendages on either side,
the longest a cylindrical curved arm with the apex enlarged and provided with a
powerful blackened spine, surrounded by numerous yellow hairs.
Male—Length about 3.5 mm.; wing about 3.7 mm.
Described from an alcoholic specimen.
Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennal scape light sulphur-yellow, the
flagellum broken. Head sulphur-yellow above with a conspicuous circular dark
brown spot on the vertex; genae slightly infuscated.
Mesonotum with ie praescutum light chestnut, the lateral margins dark
brown; scutal lobes similar, the posterior lateral angles slightly produced laterad,
light yellow ; scutellum chestnut yellow ; postnotum obscure yellow. Pleura
brownish yellow, the dorso-pleural region light sulphur-yellow. Halteres pale,
the knobs light sulphur-yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters pale brown-
ish yellow; remainder of the legs broken. Wings greyish yellow, the veins
yellowish. ina
Abdomen brownish yellow, the lateral margins of the tergites paler. Male _
hypopygium with three pleural appendages on either side, the longest a cylindri-
cal curved arm that is expanded into a collar at the end, armed with a single
210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
powerful chitinized spine, surrounded by numerous golden-yellow hairs.
Ffabitat—North Queensland.
Holotype, 6, Babinda, August 7, 1920 (J. F. Hlingworth).
Molophilus longioricornis, sp. n.
General coloration dark brown; antennae of the male elongated; pleural
appendages of the male hypopygium a chitinized horn with a long, slender spine
on the proximal face beyond midlength.
Male.—Length about 3.2 mm.; wing, about 3.6 mm.
Described from an alcoholic specimen.
Rostrum and palpi pale brown. Antennae dark brown ; the flagellar seg-
ments are broken beyond the base but the antennae are very long, probably only
a little shorter than the body. Head dark.
Thorax dark brown, only the pleural membranes paler. MHalteres pale,
the knobs a little darker. Legs with the coxae pale brownish yellow ; troch-
anters yellow ; remainder of the legs broken. Wings with a strong grayish suf-
fusion ; veins dark brown.
Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium with each pleural appendage
appearing as a cylindrical chitinized horn, the bent apex suddenly narrowed into
a chitinized spine that is directed proximad ; beyond midlength of the append-
age on the proximal face is a long, slender, slightly bent spine; the outer face of
the appendage is provided with several small appressed spines.
Habitat—North Queensland.
Holotype, &, Babinda, August 7, 1920 (J. F. Ilingworth).
Genus Limnophila, Macquart.
Limnophila illingworthi, sp. n.
Antennae dark brown, the first flagellar segment light yellow; mesonotal
praescutum and pleura brownish yellow, narrowly striped longitudinally with
brown ; legs dark brown, femora with a narrow yellowish subterminal ring ;
tibiae with a narrow yellowish ring just beyond the base; wing light gray, the
costal margin strongly yellowish; a series of dark brown costal spots; all cells of
the wing dotted with gray ; costal fringe conspicuous.
Male —tLength about 8 mm.; wing about 8.5 m.
Described from an alcoholic specimen.
Rostrum brown ; palpi dark brown. Antennae dark brown, the first
flagellar segment conspicuously light yellow ; antennae short, the first scapal
segment elongate. Head brown, paler between the eyes.
' » Mesonotal praescutum brownish yellow, indistinctly striped longitudinally
with brown, there being a more conspicuous median stripe that becomes obliterated
before the suture and two sub-lateral stripes on either side ; lateral margins of
the praescutum darker brown; scutum obscure brownish yellow, each lobe
encircled by brown, this circle darker anteriorly and laterally; scutellum pale
brownish yellow with a narrow brown median line ; postnotum pale brownish
yellow with the median line darker brown and with two transverse bars, one
near midlength, the other at the posterior margin. Pleura yellow, striped lon-
gitudinally with pale brown, there being two or three more or less complete
brown stripes that are a little narrower than the pale stripes between. Halteres
yellow, the knobs slightly darker. Legs with the coxae yellow, traversed by nar-
row brown lines, there being two such lines on the fore and middle coxae;
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST eel
trochanters yellow ; femora dark brown, with a narrow light yellow ring before
the broad (2 mm.) tips ;_ tibiae dark brown with a narrow light ring immedi-
ately beyond the base, this a little broader than the pale femoral ring ; tarsi pale
brown. Wings light gray, the costal margin strongly yellow; wings heavily
spotted with dark brown and gray; a series of dark brown spots along the costa,
there being about ten before the larger one at the tip of Sc; three additional
large spots situated at the ends of veins R,,R,, and R,; a large pale brown
area at the origin of Rs and as seams along the cord and outer end of cell Ist
M,; all cells of the wings with rather abundant gray dots, a little larger and
heavier at the ends of the longitudinal veins ; veins brown, costa, subcosta and
radius more yellowish. Venation: Sc long, Sc, extending some distance be-
yond the fork of R,,,, Sc, nearly three times as long as Sc, alone ; indistinct
supernumerary crossveins in the last three brown spots in the costal cell; Rs
long, almost square at origin ; R,,, short, shorter than the basal deflection of
Cu, ; rat the tip of R, and beyond midlength of R, ; inner ends of cells R,,
R , and Ist M, in oblique alignment; cell Ist M, long and narrow, the outer
end widened ; petiole of cell M_ short, about equal to the basal deflection of
Cu,, the latter inserted just before midlength of cell 1st M, ; costal fringe
conspicuous.
Abdominal tergites brown, darker brown laterally ; sternites a little paler,
especially on the caudal half of the segment.
Habitat—North Queensland.
Holotype, 8, Babinda, August 7, 1920 (J. F. Illingworth).
Paratopotype, &, October, 1920, (J. F. Illingworth).
This handsome crane-fly is dedicated to its collector, my friend, Dr. James
F. Illingworth. It is possible that it is more correctly referable to Epiphragma
but the supernumerary crossveins in the costal cell are very faint and three in
number.
ANNOTATED CHECK LIST OF THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF
. ALBERTA—ADDITIONS, 1920
BY KENNETH BOWMAN,
Edmonton, Alberta.
I record below the additions to my “Check List of the Macrolepidoptera
of Alberta, published by the Alberta Natural History Society (Red Deer, 1919),
which were made during the season of 1920.
The numbers before the names are those of Messrs. Barnes and McDun-
nough’s “Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, 1917.” The num-
bers after the names indicate the month in which the insects were taken. The
capital letters are abbreviations of localities, as follows: B, Banff ; Bm, Blair-
more; C, Calgary ; Cd, Cadomin ; E, Edmonton; L, Laggan; N, Nor-
degg; P, Pocohontas.
The insects were identified by Messrs. Barnes & Lindsay, Mr. L. W.
Swett and Dr. J. McDunnough, as shown by the initials in brackets following
each insect. I wish to express my great indebtedness to them for their kindness
in identifying these insects.
ie THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
57 Eurymus hecla pallida Skin..& Men. .. .: .. 0.6. .. 6 N. (B& L)
205: -Buphydryas* colon. Edw. io. 40 00% ils b0A0R.. - a) 2. (GSB CBee I)
957 Isia isabella A.& S Fh hAcetats. «ae OIC RG eae
987 Apantesis blakei sexes Sheed ffi wil... ar ch A GB ei
1310 Eusvoerairopulweria: Snel le eel iw OT Bae GB Sea)
1567 Rhynchagrotis morrisonistigma Grt. Sih ss )a 8). Rit, GAIN aes
2302. Eremovia. alticola Smiyi:. . 1... A aki te. ahaots net Oyeds arene
45/6; Lomanaltes eductalts Wik. <5 s\sc6 ania oy ba 3 6.) sok By eGR pe)
3945..Corsia, paludata,."Thtin. .. 4 120%. osyett “|, Oey GB 1)
N.S. Lobophora simsata Swett .. .. 2: .. We E. WiaHasleas River: (L.W.S.)
a0// -lyous diversiimedta, ibn, .. 2) x2ci ait? teayei¥itpes *- 2 21a ahape ghey pag ee
SO/sebygris propulsata Wk. os), ~ <i! epamertnare tO EL Ae.1Cde. AGh Mei)
N.S. Hydriomena mcdunnought Swett... «. .0...,..).5 5 N. Cd. .GL.W.S:)
Neo: Xanthorhoe dodata Swett... 52... cs ste sack ow EAT am 1G, Leng > yee WW oon)
Nes. Manthorhoe rechipisata Swett... 235 6a osu Meee ati eo ee
N.S. Xanthorhoe incursata lagganata Swett_.,............ 71. N. (L.W.S.)
4156 Eupithecia palpata Pack... .. . «at et OEE Coe oa)
4374 Phasiane hebetata Hlst. (demac Hoe B&McD) 67 q ae N. P. C Bm, (Le Wess
gl. tame occidwatia Pack. 21". av cy. oN deissie whe as eed AO .c en eee
wigs hiame decorate Elst... es messy tee eae oe, wt eae eae Oe eemin
4644 Sicya macularia agyllaria Wik... .. .. .. .. .. 8N.Cd. B. (J-McD.)
a720 Metanema .quercivoraria (Gis. 5 see pa ve te =e ut ep RIE a)
ere ero occidentalis TANS. A cc Wt. ee cae ss cine Sy ae OE Oe ee eae
5097 Phlyctaenia indistinctalis Warr. . sig Mewes og: ace AY eet fae Nard Cla ce.
Ri02 sn yctaentasteriialis Gms ids once. wee des Ge Mee kde el)
5253 Pyralis farinalis Linn. e. SE
6751 Paranthrene polistiformis Eaneet SC. Ch Mep3
A NEW SPECIES OF OAK GALL AND ITS MAKER.
BY B. W. WELLS AND z. P. METCALF,
North Carolina State College and Experiment Station.
The gall described below was discovered on Quercus marylandica
Muench., near Raleigh, North Carolina, by the senior author who was impressed
by its unique characters. The specimens were brought into the laboratory and
the adults reared. ‘These adults may not belong to the genus Aindricus but await-
ing a thorough revision of the Cynipid genera they may De placed there provision-
ally.
The gall is very different from any other North American cynipid cecid-
ium in the possession of the curious peltate bract-like appendages, which are
borne on and constitute a part of the gall proper; in the usual ‘situation with
bracted galls the bracts are borne beneath the larval cell or cells, representing
aborted leaves. "The adult insects emerged about June Ist.
Andricus peltatus, n. sp.
Female.—Black, with legs and antennae testaceous yellow. Poatit black,
mouth parts testaceous yellow, surface uniformly but finely punctate and sparsely
covered with rather long whitish pubescence; cheeks rather narrow, but more
than one-fourth of the length of the long diameter of the eye. Antennae four-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 213
teen-segmented; first and second segments enlarged, third segment one-half
again as long as the fourth; segments five to thirteen nearly equal in size, seg-
ment fourteen conically attenuated, all the segments with rather heavy yellowish
pubescence; segments one and two yellow testaceous, the others blackish.
Thorax: black; pronotum rather coarsely punctulate with rather uniform yellow-
ish white pubescence; mesonotum smooth, polished, parapsidal grooves deep,
rather close together at the scutellum widely divergent anteriorly; scutellum
coarsely and irregular rugulose, very sparsely pubescent. Legs: yellowish tes-
taceous rather uniformly covered with paler pubescence ; basal, tarsal segment
shorter than 2 to 5 ; wings transparent, veins brownish, areolet small. Abdo-
men: highly polished, second segment about as long as the rest of the abdominal
segments united, second segment with a few sparse hairs laterally. Length
average 2.4 mm.
Holotype. Female, bred from galls on Quercus marylandica Muench.,
Raleigh, North Carolina deposited in the United States National Museum.
Paratypes. ‘Three females and one gall in the collection of the United
States National Museum, bred from similar galls.
Fig. 2, 1. Andricus peltatus, Antenna...2: Andricus peltatus, portion of wing show-
ing radial vein (R) marginal cell (M. C.) and areolet (A), 38. Dithalamous
gall (x 1). 4. Median vertical section of preceding (x 1). 5. Two bract-like
appendages from gall showing peltate character (x 2).
Andricus peltatus Wells and Metcalf, Cecidium nov.
On Quercus marylandica Muench., sessile on stem at nodes (originates
from apical meristem of lateral bud) on branch portions from 1-5 years old;
prosoplasma, concentric type with up-walled superstructure; flask-shaped, the
neck bearing numerous, sparsely hairy bract-like appendages which are reflexed
and overlap shingle fashion. Appendages greenish with red-tinged hairy tips,
peltate, lanceolate, stalk short. When young very thickly covered with acicular
trichomes some of which are of the compound stellate type ; 8-14 mm. high,
14-22 mm. wide at base including appendages ; 1 or sometimes 2 larval cells in
proximal half (Fig. 4), distal false chambers corresponding, walls thick, thin
sclerotic layer differentiated around nutritive layer lining the chamber; rare,
Raleigh, North Carolina. Types in collection of B. W. Wells. The above de-
scription is based on six mature and four immature specimens.
214. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE ANTHOMYIID GENUS
HEBECNEMA SCHNABL (DIPTERA).
BY J. R. MALLOCH,
Urbana, IIl.
This genus differs from Helina R.-D., to which it is most closely allied, in
having the prealar bristle absent, arista invariably plumose, fifth abdominal
sternite in male with a deep U-shaped posterior excision, and the female genitalia
without a pair of long slender apical processes.
KEY TO SPECIES.
bp ispecies: entirely - fulvous yellow =2 Rie Se ie ee fulva —
Species with thorax and abdomen entirely black . :
2., All femora and -tibiae reddish yellow: .>...9.:.s22.03.. Sallines et
Mid and hind femora and all tibiae reddish oa .. .. .. nigricolor Fallen
mi femora: atid usually titiae-also blacker PPue ae ae Seno ae name
3. Abdomen without a dorsal central black vitta, sometimes Silk one or two
pairs of very indistinct blackish spots’... .. .. .. .. .. fumosa Meigen
Abdomen with a very distinct dorsocentral black vitta .. ..... .. .. .. 4
4. Halteres with black knobs; abdomen in female entirely glossy black with-
out pruinescence <5 2. Se ra RO ee 288 ce tw We eT ee
Halteres with yellow knobs; abdomen in ee with distinct gray
prainescerce he. svn niet <5 Gk easrae te 5
5. Male abdomen broadly ovate, “aie Ase ce gray pruinescence, mide an
almost linear black dorsocentral vitta; mid femur with a few long fine
bristles at base on Lesehiae a surface; head hardly flattened above;
eyes uibattny “haw ate : .. .. .. umbratica Meigen
Male au leieas narrowly ovate, cath donmnish gray pruinescence, and a
broad black dorsocentral vitta which tapers posteriorly; mid femur
without distinct bristles basally on race surface; head of male
distinctly flattened above; eyés bare... .. .. £5 SG MIS, Spams
I have included fumosa and nigricolor though so far they have not been
recorded from this country. It is, however, not improbable that they will ulti-
mately be found to occur either in New England or the northwest.
Hebecnema affinis, sp. n.
Male.—Black, almost glossy. Thorax and abdomen with brownish gray
pruinescence, the former very indistinctly vittate, the latter with a broad, black,
dorsocentral vitta which tapers posteriorly. Legs black, the tibiae paler. Wings
infuscated, more conspicuously so basally and anteriorly. Calyptrae whitish
yellow. Halteres yellow.
Head rather conspicuously flattened above; eyes bare, separated at
narrowest part of frons by a distance equal to width across anterior ocellus; each
orbit with three or four bristles and some weak hairs anteriorly; parafacials
almost invisible from the side; third antennal segment over twice as long as
second; longest hairs on arista longer than width of third antennal segment.
Thorax normal. Abdomen narrowly ovate; basal sternite in type with a few
hairs, in other specimens bare; fifth sternite normal. Legs as in vespertina,
except that the mid femora lack distinct bristles basally, and there are two antero-
ventral bristles on hind tibia.
Female.—Very similar to the female of uwmbratica, but the eyes are bare
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 215
and the abdomen more distinctly speckled.
Length, 5 mm.
Type, male, Rutland, Vt., August 1-15, 1916.
Allotype, Auburndale, Mass., June 22.
Paratypes, one male, Mt. Greylock, Mass., June 15, 1906; one female,
Bar Harbor, Me., July 30, 1919.
Type in collection of Boston Society of Natural History.
I have no doubt whatever that this species occurs in Europe, where it is
confused with vespertina, as Stein in one of his recent papers on European
Anthomyiidae states that vespertina varies in the colour of the halteres, having
them sometimes black and sometimes yellow, and in the number of bristles on
the anteroventral surface of the hind tibia. I have found only one male of
vespertina which had two anteroventral hind tibial bristles and that was on one
tibia only. The colour of the halteres in both sexes of vespertina is black while
in the new species they are yellow in both sexes.
BOOK REVIEW.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NaturAL History oF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF NortTH
AMErIcA, Vou. IV., No. 4.
—The Pterophoridae of North America—by Wm. Barnes, M.D., and A. W.
Lindsay, Ph.D.
The final number of Volume IV. of the well-known “Contributions” con-
tains a noteworthy monographic revision of the North American ‘plume-moths’.
This interesting family has been much neglected by American entomologists dur-
ing the past twenty years; in fact since the publication of the Fernald monograph
in 1898 only a few sporadic descriptions of new species have appeared and with -
each year the difficulties connected with the correct determination of material in
this group have become greater and greater. The present paper should obviate
all this for besides 170 pages of text there are included 7 plates containing most
excellent enlarged photographic reproductions of the primaries (and in some
cases of the secondaries) of all the North American species, and in addition 7
plates dealing with structural details (wing venation and male genitalia).
Great care has been taken to establish the correct synonymy of each species.
A large proportion of the existing type material has been personally examined
and in cases where this was not possible, careful comparisons have been made
by well-known specialists with material sent from the Barnes Collection. <A
number of changes in specific synonymy—some of them quite startling—have
resulted, but these appear to be thoroughly well authenticated and must be ac-
cepted.
The greatest changes, however, are to be found in the generic nomencla-
ture. Following what we believe to be the only course, if stability of nomen-
clature is ever to be attained, the authors have adhered strictly to the Interna-
tional Rules of Nomenclature and the opinions rendered by the International
Commission on Nomenclature. According to these rules a genotype is not fixed
until one of the originally included species in the genus in question has been
definitely cited—either at the time the genus was created or at a later date—as
216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
the type, all so-called ‘restrictions’ previous to such a time being invalid (vide
Opinion 46). This latter clause has been the subject of much adverse criticism
and is even now not observed by numerous Lepidopterists ; for a very able dis-
cussion of this point we would refer the reader to a recent paper by Dr. J. C.
Bradley in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for 1919,
page 51.
As a result of a strict application of the above rules for the first time to
the Pterophoridae we find Oxyptilus Zell. superceded by Pterophorus Geoff.
(type, didactyla Linn.) and in place of Pterophorus, as generally used, following
Walsingham, Fernald and Meyrick, we have the term Oidaematophorus Wllgn.
Platyptilia Hbn. is used in its old established sense but Alucita Linn. is cor-
rectly referred to hexadactyla Linn., supplanting Orneodes Latr. The four
species included under it in the Barnes and McDunnough Check List are
distributed in the genera Aciptilia Hbn., Pselnophorus Wlshm. and Adaina Tutt.,
to which latter genus are also referred several species formerly included in
Pterophorus.
The only adverse criticism of the above changes that could possibly be
made is that Lamarck’s Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres (1801) has not
been accepted by the authors as fixing genotypes. The point is still a mooted
one and has been touched upon by Dr. Bradley in the above mentioned paper. |
It is a great pity that the Secretary of the International Committee, Dr. C. W.
Stiles of Washington, connot be prevailed upon to secure an early vote on this
subject, as until this matter and the one concerning the validity of Hubner’s
‘Tentamen’ are definitely settled, no stability in the generic conceptions of the
Lepidoptera is possible. In the present instance, if Lamarck had been recognized
as fixing genotypes, it would have been permissible to employ both O-ryptilus
Zell. and Pterophorus Linn. in the generally accepted way.
The monograph deals with 117 species of which 31 are new to science, the
greater proportion of these new species being from the southwestern states and
referable to the genus Oidaematophorus. Keys to the genera and to the species
are included and a full bibliography is given. The authors are to be highly com-
plimented on the thoroughness of the work and it is to be hoped that through
its means a fresh impetus will be given to the study of these interesting forms, the
biology of which in so many cases is still completely unknown.—J.McD.
CORRECTIONS.
Page 152—Table of Species, couplet I, second section, change to read “Dise of
Thoracal squamae not pilose.”
Page 153—Couplet 9, second section, change to. read, “Face without median
black stripes.”
sc bb)
Page 152.—Syrphus ribesii, sixth line, change “of” to “or” and read “tip, “Or
apical sixth.’
" C. H. Curran.
Mailed Dec. 8th, 1921.
Che Canadian Cnrtomalagist
Vor, LU. GUELPH, OCTOBER, 1921. No. 10
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
Tue Lire History oF A Hopsy Horse.
BY FRANCIS J. A. MORRIS,
Peterborough, Ont.
Part III. Srconp CHILDHOOD—THE TREE’s* INCLINE.
(Continued from Page 199.)
In spite of considerable study in the Science of Botany, I remained an
incorrigible amateur, loving the wild flowers for their beauty, and to a great
extent ignoring unsightly or inconspicuous weeds. But wherever a genus or a
family of plants had any attractive species among them, it kindled one’s
eagerness to run to earth as many members of the family as possible.
The very first flower of the season opened up half a hundred avenues
rich with surprising discoveries. This was the charming little Hepatica, pride
and prime of Ontario’s spring—the true Canadian primrose. The flower in
itself is beautiful, of a delicate mauve, sometimes almost pure white, sometimes
as pure pink or blue. and ranging through all the shades of purple or lilac
between these extremes; it is true that during its short blossoming season, the
plant can show only last year’s leaves, darkened in the weather; but the little
communities of blossom are so closely clustered, and their stems so dainty with
soft silk, that the absence of foliage is hardly noticed, and before the bloom falls
the new young leaves have already pushed up their 3-lobed fans all clothed
with silver down; sometimes the blossoms are fragrant; they are always beau-
tiful; like the May Flower or Trailing Arbutus of the Atlantic Provinces, well
worthy to be a national: emblem; it is common everywhere in the Dominion
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and—surest test of all—a prime favorite with
the children. With me it was a clear case of love at first sight; but then I was
always just as eager as any child to race to the woods after school and make
friends with the Spring flowers.
About half a mile from the town, just east of the Brockville road, was
a steep wooded ridge with a southern slope, and beyond it a spacious hardwood
bush. It was on my first trip to this place that I received my initiation at the
hands of the Science teacher; and evidently the news of this spread, for the
pupils greeted me next day with grins broad or shy according to their nature.
It was only a small piece of Indian turnip that I was given to chew, and at
first—such is the diabolical cunning of the fiend that dwells in the corm—the
flavor was soft and cool like a parsnip; I had, in fact, already spat the gobbet
out before the burning began; but once the poisoning (for it is nothing less)
first showed its symptoms, it grew at deadly pace to an intolerable burning;
even next day there were still countless little crimson specks on my tongue. I
cannot describe the sensations better than by saying that it brought back vividly
to my mind the red horror of a far-off day in the nursery when I purloined
from a cupboard half a small salt-spoonful of Cayenne pepper and ate it in
218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
pleased anticipation based on its pretty colour. I must have been very small
at the time, for | made my way down the backstairs to the kitchen, clambered
onto a chair and so into the sink, where I was found presently by the cook,
sitting with my tongue out under the cold tap, trying in vain to put out the fires.
Hepatica was still cropping up everywhere on this slope and among the
leaves in the wood, when J discovered my first Bloodroot and Dog Tooth
Violets. And here began a new chapter in the romance, for the Bloodroot I
found was a “poppy” and the so-called violet or Yellow Adder’s Tongue no
less than a wild “lily.” This path of botanical kinship was full of surprising
turns, you never knew what you'd find just round the corner. It had all the
comicality of a 3-legged race, with its dot-and-carry-one of incongruous pairs,
columbine and kingcup, leek and orange lily, wood-nettle and elm, linking it
along together. The day of the dog-tooth violet was also the day of my first
real violet, the little white fragrant kind of the swamp; and in a few days I
had found three or four species, each in turn more beautiful than its fellows,
all with the same sweet wistfulness in the face of them and delicate pencilling
of eyelashes. It was while I was still bending over the violets, as it seems to
me, that I suddenly noticed the woods were full of fairy troops; they had stolen
a march upon me; really the best way to see the fairies is to pretend you’re not
looking for them; then they peep out from under the leaves and creep from
the hollows. They were all round me—‘Jack-in-the-pulpit,’ the ‘“Steeple-
chimes” of New York’s Governor (Clintonia), Bellwort, Wild Lily-of-the-
Valley, Trilliums, Wake-robin, Twist-stalk, Solomon’s Seal, Indian Cucumber,
Ladies’ Slippers, Wild Ginger, Goldthread, Baneberry, Crinkleroot, Dutchman’s
Breeches, Squirrel Corn, Bishop’s Cap, Foamflower, Cranesbill, Milkwort, Shin-
leaf, Starflower, Lousewort, Twinflower; what magic names and forms to
conjure with, and bring the whole rout of Titania’s court abroad among the
maples! ‘A wood near Athens,” or a sugar bush in old Ontario—what. odds
to the little folk? . .
It was from these beginnings that I swung down the great avenues of
Flowering Plants; the way of Arrowhead and Arum, of Lily and Orchid; the
way of Sweetgale, Sandalwood and Birthwort; the way of Crowfoot, Pink and
Poppy, Sundew and Saxifrage, Rose, Jewelweed and Mallow, Enchanter’s
Nightshade and Bunchberry, all flowers with petals kept apart; and last, the
way of the flowers with welded petals; and these, after the Lilies and Orchids,
were my favorite flowers; fortunately, their prime was after midsummer, some-
what later than the hey-day of the Polypetalous tribe, so that I could dally
awhile with the latter, before I need devote all my time, as sooner or later I
must, to the beautiful Heaths, the Primulas and Gentians, Bluebells and
Qobelias; but perhaps above all, to the great phalanx from Borage to Bladder-
wort, headed by the incomparable Figworts; in this family with its Speedwells,
Turtleheads, Beardtongue, Monkey Flower, Hedge Hyssop and Gerardias,
cousins of the lovely English Foxglove, I was never tired of working; adding
species to species, and genus after genus, till every gap was filled.
The countless paths of marvel revealed to me along the way have: served
to fill a score of summers to the brim with beauty, and still no sign of exhaustion ;
they have made the addition of Ferns and Club-mosses to the Flowering Plants,
é THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 219
the visits to a new district, the tramps in England and Wales, the trips to Ire-
land and Scotland, one long revel of delight; and what began it all? A few
hours of drudgery with a botanical key and half a mile of common dusty road,
trodden casually one April afternoon at the end of a day in school.
After two years in Smith’s Falls 1 accepted a private tutorship in the
neighbouring town of Perth, with headquarters at the Rideau Lakes from April
to October. My pupil was as ardent a nature lover as I was myself and there
grew up between us a close friendship of the give-and-take kind. His paradise
was bird land, and if I taught him half as much about flowers in our long sum-
mer rambles as I learned about birds, we have both good cause to be grateful.
No one can haunt the countryside for flowers so constantly as I did
without storing up quite a fund of mental notes, conscious or unconscious,
about their fellows, furred and feathered. Where I had missed at first the
Skylark from the meadows, I came to look for the Horned Lark, the Meadow
Lark, the Song Sparrow, the Vesper and the Bobolink; if I could no longer
hear the Blackbird and the Thrush, I could listen to the Bluebird and the
Robin, and train my ear to tell apart the notes of the Catbird and the Oriole;
while, in the woods themselves, I learned to trace to their source a score of
mysterious notes from Cuckoos, Flycatchers, Thrushes, Vireos and Warblers
—the Wetfoot, the Wood Pewee, the Veery, the Oven Bird, the Redeye and
the Yellowbird. About the swamps and marshes of the Rideau abounded
Grackles and Soldier-birds, Mudhens, Grebes, Bitterns and Herons: sometimes
we flushed a Woodcock or caught a rare glimpse of Gallinule, Green Heron or
Least Bittern. It was here that I first met the Great Northern Diver, the im-
mortal Loon, and learned to admire its mastery of the watery element. One-
day, too, on the Lower Rideau, I had a unique experience; I was trolling slowly
round a small island within a few yards of its wooded shore when I surprised
a loon on its nest; in a flash it scrambled down the bank and made a running
dive for the open, actually passing just under the bow of my little skiff; I
could see the bird so distinctly as to note the powerful oarage of its great black
webs, but what astonished me most was to see that its wings were not closed
tight to the sides, but thrust partly forward and out, so that the water streamed
away in greenish bubbles over the edge of the pinion; the wings must of course
be used like fins to keep the bird on an even keel and plane up or down when
submerged in its limpid depths.
Soon after dusk the loon.suffers disembodiment and all night long you
may hear from some abode of lost souls its wild cries and shouts of maniacal
laughter. Sound is the strangest of all our bodily sensations; objects of sight
have nething mysterious about them; there they are before us plain to the view,
and easily verified 1f we choose by touching or handling; but sounds are a
thing apart, unsubstantial, the ghosts and wraiths of the ear. Ever since the
race was in its infancy men have broken their hearts over an echo, and pined
away with infinite yearning; we have peopled the night with all kinds of
fabulous beings to be known only by their cries; the cuckoo, the white throat,
and even the nightingale owe their charm to being hidden; to see the singer
is to touch the magician and his virtue departs. When night or the leafy screen
of the forest seals up the eyes, what a dance the imagination is led through that
220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
other channel of sense, the ears! From earliest childhood, the voices of the
night minister in each of us to the race’s instincts of superstition and awe; the
wind whistling in the chimney or rattling at the window, sighing and sobbing
like some lost spirit; the weird music of the Whip-poor-Will or the Night Jar,
the boding cry of the owl, the demoniac laugh of the loon, have all the power
to call up ghoulish forms of primitive animism in our minds, out of the long
dormant paganism of our past; come dawn and the sunrise, we chase them away
for empty phantasms with a single sweep of the eye.
I remember, one autumn, a boy called in to ask my pupil over to his
father’s farm; a wild cat had been heard in the neighborhood, and he had better
bring his gun. The next hour or two I spent in rapt attention to story after
story about wild cats, lynxes and wolverines; their cunning, their daring and
ferocity. Late at night the huntsman returned after a fruitless chase: several 3
times he had heard the animal. but always at a distance, and nothing could be
seen. Night after night the cries were repeated and gradually the thing grew
bolder; till at last its cries were heard quite near our own cottage proceeding
from a little orchard; my pupil stole out with the gun, and presently we
heard a shot; the wild cat was dead; it was a little grey Screech Owl, one of
the most beautiful creatures I have ever seen. Its cry is a long quavering
whistle that comes rippling down the scale through several notes, quaintly sug-
gestive of a pony’s whinny; like so many of the owl-cries it is curiously deep, —
full and liquid, as though born of hollow wood and issuing from a vault more
spacious than channelled reed-pipe.
About a mile away through field and wood lay a small lake famed afar
for its bass. In stormy weather gulls came up the Rideau from the St. Lawrence,
and on “Bass” Lake at such times we used to see a very beautiful bird from the
coast known locally as the Sea-swallow; much smaller than the common Gulls,
very graceful in flight, and with long narrow wings, perhaps the Least Tern.
In the height of the summer as we came home late at the end of a day’s
fishing, the groves seemed fairly alive with Whip-poor-Wills flogging the night
with their strange whip-lash of a cry. It is not nearly so common a sight as
its cousin, the Night Hawk, being more shy and seeking the seclusion of the
woods both for feeding and nesting. The Night Hawk lays its eggs right in
the open; often, in the city, its eggs may be found on the flat roofs, over which
it flies hawking all the evening, or even in broad daylight when skies are grey.
Both birds, though utterly defenceless, if surprised on their nest, will fly in the
face and flutter threateningly just like the partridge. I remember the first time
I went to the village of Lanark, in a search for orchids, what crowds of Night
Hawks were in sight feeding over the swampy woods. Just outside the village
was a high rocky ridge overhanging a great swamp of spruce, cedar and tamarac.
After sundown at the end of my day’s botany I would take up a position on
the top of the slope to watch these birds; there were often two or three score
of them in sight at once; they usually hunted in couples, though sometimes a
string of five or six would go together (perhaps all of one sex) in zig-zag
flight and with sharp cheeping cries; on a calm evening they seemed never to
tire of their favorite game of diving; sometimes one of a pair (probably the
male) would climb high up and then drop like a plummet past its mate in a
S THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 221
nose dive almost to the ground, when out shot the pinions and the tail seemed
(y flatten back as the daring aeronaut giided into the horizontal with a booming
whirr of air through its feathers. If the game never palls on the bird, it cer-
tainly never palls on the human spectator, let him once contrast the clumsy
barging movements of his own earth-bound body with the airy grace and swift
power of living wings.
The finest spectacle of flight I ever watched was a game of just this
kind played by a pair of bald-headed eagles on the Rideau. Here the birds took
turns in soaring and diving, one bird floating almost motionless in mid-air
while its mate soared in a bold spiral of immense sweep; suddenly from the
dizzy top of ‘ts staircase the climber stooped, and p!inged sheer down throhgh
the walls of space, apparently almost grazing the still form of the other in its
descent; then with a faint bark or two of enjoyment it would flap and glide
its way up into position to sleep outspread in mid-air, the floating target for
its fellow’s plunge.. At first, as I have said, they took turns in this daring
sport, and the game seemed to develop fresh variations in the very practice
of it; sometimes there was a skirmish in mid-air, one dashing at the other on
the level as though lunging out from the shoulder with a full-face blow; this
the other would avoid by a sudden side-step or an upward leap; once the bird
on guard stood its ground, aad at the very instant of the fearful impact, sud-
denly the pair of them shot up in a double-headed geyser, rising rampant face
to face, like game-birds at a cocking main, in the heat of their fierce encounter.
(To be Continued.)
THE NYMPH AND BREEDING PLACE OF AESHNA SITCHENSIS
HAGEN (ODONATA).
BY E. M. WALKER,
Biological Dept., Toronto University.
Aeshna sitchensis Hagen, one of the two smallest and most northern
species of the genus in North America, has been known since 1861, but though
it has been taken in a number of localities since then, from Atlantic to Pacific,
almost nothing has been recorded concerning its habits and haunts.
The first time I came upon this species in numbers was on June 29, 1913,
at Banff, Alberta (4,500 ft.). They were flying over a partly cleared area on
the side of Sulphur Mountain below the Upper Hot Springs, probably not more
than 500-600 feet above the town. All were young individuals with the colours
not yet quite mature, so that I felt reasonably certain that if I could find their
breeding place, the exuviae weuld be present and perhaps nymphs would be
obtainable. Accordingly I searched all the likely looking ponds, lakes and
streams I could find in the neighbourhood; but, although Aeshna nymphs and
exuviae were found, they all belonged to A. palmata and A. interrupta.
During succeeding years, although I spent some time in northern locali-
ties, where this species is regional, I found no trace of it until the season of
1921. In July of that year I was again collecting in Banff, but spent two weeks
there without seeing Ae. sitchensis at all. After visiting the Pacific Coast, how-
ever, I returned to Banff, spending a day and a half (Aug. 5 and 6) on the
way at Field, B.C. (4,072 ft.).
222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
About two miles west of the station, on the north side of the river, I
found, at the foot of a mountain, a small mossy bog, fed by springs and by
the seepage from a small cold mountain brook. The bog was partly enclosed
by spruce forest and supported a scattered growth of stunted white spruce and
willows, shrubby cinquefoil, and a few other swamp plants, but, excepting the
_moss, which was partly submerged, there was practically no aquatic vegetation,
neither standing nor floating. Here were two species of dragonflies flying and
ovipositing. One was Somatochlora franklini Selys, the other Aeshna sitchensis.
The latter was the commoner of the two, but was far from numerous, the bog
often appearing for many minutes at a time to be devoid of dragonfly life.
The males of A. sitchensis flew low, as a rule, only a foot or two from
the ground, sometimes apparently at random over the. bog, sometimes following
the stream for some distance, but not covering a definite beat. They flew less
swiftly than most Aeshnas and frequently dropped to the surface of the water
for an instant, in a manner somewhat suggestive of an ovipositing female.
The females were frequently observed ovipositing in the wet moss about
the edges of the small puddles in the bog, many of which were less than a
square foot in area. ‘he manner of oviposition was quite like that of other
Aeshnas. The insect would light on the moss and thrust the abdomen into it
in various directions, following no regular plan. Usually she remained at one
spot less than half a minute, then flew on a few yards and repeated the operation.
Once or twice copulating pairs were seen to rise from the bog and fly to the
neighbouring trees.
A prolonged search was made for nymphs and exuviae, but although
Somatochlora exuviae and a few young nymphs were found, no trace of the
early stages of sitchensis appeared.
I was now, however, on the right track. I had at last penetrated the
mystery of this strange dragonfly’s haunts, which proved to be the same as
those of the equally little-known Somatochlora franklini. It may be recalled,
however, that the correct solution of this puzzle was already hinted at by Mr.
F. C. Whitehouse (Can. Ent., XLIX, 1917, p. 100), who says: “I incline
strongly to the opinion that the true breeding of this northern insect is muskeg,
which may account for the nymph being still unknown.”
On August 5 I left Field and arrived at Banff on the same day. I told
my friend, Mr. N. B. Sanson, Curator of the Rocky Mountain Park Museum,
of my experience at Field, whereupon he kindly offered to conduct me to a
bog which he thought might prove interesting in a similar way. This bog,
which we visited on August 9, is at the foot of Mount Rundle, and proved to
be very like the one at Field, but much larger and in every way more pro-
ductive. It appeared to be fed by seepage from a cold mountain stream. At
the lower end of the bog there were two or three small ponds around which
cat-tails and other standing aquatic plants grew, but the water was very cold
and no dragonflies were seen in this part. The upper and middle parts of the
bog were mossy and practically without standing aquatic plants and the open
areas of water were mere puddles like those at Field. The water here was
also warmer. One could walk through it without sinking more than a foot or
so, if careful to pick out the firmer-looking moss hummocks.
THE CANADIAN CNTOMOLOGIST 222
As in the case of the bog at Field, there were very few dragonflies here,
but I soon observed A. sitchensis flying and ovipositing as before, and soon
afterwards a Somatochlora was seen and captured. It was not, however,
franklini, but a species which at present has no published name. Somatochlora
extiviae were rather common and I obtained a full grown nymph, but for some
time I found no trace of Aeshnas. After further search I found an exuvia,
but was disappointed in recognizing it as juncea, a species that is abundant here
about the small ponds in. the marsh along the railway track, where | found many
of the exuviae. At length, however, I found four small] Aeshna exuviae of the
penultimate stage, to judge by their wing-length, and one slightly larger exuvia
of the final moult. These, which from their small size I had no doubt were
Sitchensis, were supplemented by three others on the following day. Males and
females are represented by both stages.
These nymphs look like miniatures of J. interrupta or eremita, but
resemble still more closely that of A. coerulea Strom, which was described
recently by F. Ris (Mitteilungen- der Schweizerischen Entomologischen
Gesellschait, Bd. X1T, pp. 348-354, Taf. XIX, 1916).- This was to be expected,
as these two species are very nearly related and together form a distinct section
of the genus Aeshna. The haunts of coerulea in Switzerland, as described by
Ris, are also strikingly similar to those of sitchensis, as indicated by the fol-
lowing passages:—“es war an sehr missig ansteigender ‘Talflanke eine kleine.
- flache, ganz von Quellen ausgefiillte Mulde, ohne grissere Wasseransammlung,
teilweise torfig, hauptsachlich aber tiber schieferigem Geroll mit massenhafter
Vegetation von Saxifraga aizoides.” (Op. cit., p. 350); and again, concerning
another locality: “Sie flug nicht am See selbst, sondern auf quelligem und
torhgem Gelande in seiner unmittelbaren Umgebung.”
Aeshna coerulea is a circumpolar species, occurring in. North America
as the race septentrionalis. I took a single specimen of this form at Banff, in
1913, flying with sitchensis, and it is very probable that it breeds in the same
places as the latter, though apparently very rare here.
DESCRIPTION OF THE NYMPH.
Nymph small and rather slender. Head as in juncea and interrupta,
broadest across the middle of the eyes, which are a shade more prominent than
in mterrupta. Lateral margins of head short. passing through well-rounded
angles into the posterior margin, which is straight or feebly excavated when
viewed directly from above. Mentum of labium reaching back to middle of
mesocoxae, very like that of eremita in form, basal breadth about three-fifths
of the apical, greatest breadth four-fifths of the length; the sides nearly straight
and feebly divergent from base to a point just beyond the middle, distad of
which they are strongly arcuate. Middle lobe prominent, narrow and obtus-
angulate, resembling that of juncea closely. Lateral lobes broad, the terminal
parts subequal, squarely truncate, outer angle scarcely rounded, inner angle
with a minute tooth. Supra-coxal processes rather short and blunt, subequal
in length, the posterior slightly the stouter, the interval nearly rectangular.
Abdomen broadest at segments 6 and 7, a little slenderer than in interrupta;
lateral spines present on segments 7 to 9 only, those of 7 minute rudiments,
those of 8 extending half way to the base of seg. 9, those of 9 as far as the
924 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Can. Bate Vol Lil. Plate VIII
THE NYMPH OF AESHNA SITCHENSIS HAGEN
(See Page 226)
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 9925
-_
’
proximal fourth of 10. Inferior appendages scarcely longer than segs. 9 and i0
together, their apices distinctly incurved; median superior appendage about
one-fourth shorter, the basal tubercle in the male triangular, with a blunt,
rounded apex, about three-fourths as long as the paired superior appendages
(lateral appendages), which in the male are rather more, in the female barely
less, than half as long as the inferior appendages. Ovipositor extending over
about one-fourth to one-third of seg. 10, the lateral gonapophyses (genital
valves) a little shorter, just about reaching to the base of that segment.
Colour Pattern. Head almost uniform brownish, thorax with traces of
paler mottlings in some specimens. Legs nearly uniform, with more or less
distinct traces of two or three pale femoral bands, a median, an anteapical and
sometimes a basal band. Abdomen brownish with pale markings almost exactly
as in eremita and interrupta. Extending practically the entire length is an ill-
defined brown median band, which tends to deepen in front of the dorsal punctae,
typically forming paired submedian, , -shaped spots at the front margins of
most of the segments. This band is bordered laterally by a pair of pale bands,
which are most distinct on the anterior segments, and on the anterior part of
each segment, forming in dark specimens a subcontinuous series of pale spots.
Laterad of these bands is a series of subcrescentic pale spots and a broad
marginal pale area, just enclosing the lateral scars, which are outlined in brown.
Punctae all dark brown.
Length of body 31.5 to 32.5 mm.; mentum of labium 4.5 to 5.0 mm. ;
hind wing-pads 7.5 mm.; hind femora 5.5 mm.; inf. apps. 3.0 to 3.25 mm. ;
ovipositor 2.25 to 2.5 mm.; width of head 7 mm.; width of abdomen 6 mm.
The immature exuviae are similar to the full-grown examples, except
in size and length of wing-pads and genitalia. The paired superior appendages
of the males are only about three-eighths the length of the inferior pair, and
the ovipositor does not quite reach to the posterior margin of seg. 9. The colour
pattern is similar but darker, and with more distinct markings than in most of
the full-grown exuviae. All are of about the same size and the measurements
are as follows :—
Length of body 29 mm.; mentum of labium 3.5 mm.; hind wing-pad
3.5 mm.; hind femora 4.5 mm.; inferior appendages 2.75 mm.; ovipositor
6.0 mm.; width of head 6.0 mm.; width of abdomen 5.5 mm.
As these exuviae evidently belong to the penultimate stage and as the
period of emergence was long-over when they were taken, it is evident that
the nymph of Aeshna sitchensis enters the last stage during the season before
that in which it emerges. This appears to be the usual habit in boreal Odonata.
As compared with Ris’s description and excellent photographs of the
female exuvia of 4. coerulea, that of sitchensis is seen to differ very little
except in the form of the labium and the somewhat shorter caudal appendages.
The body of sitchensis is somewhat more slender, as is also true of the adults,
and the head is a little wider than the thorax, whereas in coerulea it appears
to be of about the same width. The mentum of the labium is distinctly broader
in sitchensis, its greatest breadth being equal to fully four-fifths of its length,
while in coerulea it is equal to about two-thirds of its length. The inferior
paired appendages, besides being shorter, appear to be more strongly incurved
2296 HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
at the apices than in coerulea, though the curving is quite noticeable in the
figure of coerulea. ‘The lateral spines on segments 8 and 9 of the abdomen
appear to be a trifle shorter in sitchensis.
The nymphs of these two related species are readily distinguished from
all other known nymphs of North American species of Aeshna by the entire
lack of lateral spines on the 6th abdominal segment. The nymph of sitchensis,
like the adult, is on the whole the smallest of North American species, though
coerulea septentrionalis is often no larger. A. californica is the only other
species that is comparable to these two in its small size.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Aeshna sitchensis Hagen.
Fig. 1. Exuvia of full-grown male nymph. ‘The head is slightly bent
forward.
Fig. 2. Head of same, direct dorsal view.
Fig. 3. Labium (closed), ventral view:
Fig. 4. Left supra-coxal process.
Fig. 5. Caudal appendages of male, dorsal view.
Fig. 6. Terminal abdominal segments of female nymph, ventral view.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE TACHINID
GENUS ERNESTIA R.D. (DIPTERA).
BYeaiO EON: TOTHILL,
In charge of Natural Control Investigations, Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
(Continued from Page 205.)
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.
Ernestia (Meriania) flavicornis Brauer. _
Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of antennae; vibrissae well
above the oral margin. Palpi yellow. Eyes hairy, cheeks (below the eyes)
white pollinose on a black ground, subshining on the lower hairy part, a row
of stouter hairs or bristles at the oral margin. Distance from the oral margin
to base of eye equal to about one-third the eye height; sides of face covered
with silvery pollen; with some weak hairs on the upper part; narrowest width
equal to or slightly greater than the length of the second antennal segment.
Facial ridges bristly on the lowest fourth. Facial depression silvery pollinose,
without any carina. Antennae reaching the lowest fourth of the face, all three
segments rufous; third segment about one and one-fourth times as long as. the
second. Arista thickened on basal two-fifths to three-fifths, the penultimate
segment slightly longer than broad. Width of front in male equal to the
length of, in the female equal to two and a half times the length of, the
second antennal segment; the front silvery pollinose; frontal vitta dull, dark-
brown, at narrowest point equal in male and twice in female the width of either
side of front just cephalad of the ocellar triangle. Orbital bristles present in
female, absent in male. Ocellar bristles absent in male, present and proclinate
in female; the single row of frontal bristles descending nearly to the base of
the third antennal segment.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST PAT
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray
pollinose on a black ground that becomes faintly rufous toward the apex. ‘Three
sternopleural macrochaetae and typically four dorsocentrals, although both sets
are subject to considerable variation; scutellum with four marginal pairs of
macrochaetae and with an apical cruciate pair. Legs black, the middle tibiae
with two or more bristles on the front side near the middle, the hind tibiae
without a comb-like row of bristles on the outer side. Wings hyaline. R,,;
(third vein) with a group of two to five hairs both above and below at the
junction with R,,,. Bend of M,,. destitute of an appendage. Radio-medial
cross vein cloudy. ‘Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground. No discal
macrochaetae present on the second abdominal segment, but a pair on each of
the following segments; marginals present on the second, third and fourth.
The hind margin. of the third tergite not arcuate even in the male. The fifth
tergum in the male marked off distinctly by a suture from the fourth and
about one-fifth as long as the fourth. The sixth and seventh abdominal seg-
ments forming genital segments that are noticeably smaller than in E. ampelus
Walker and the other species described in this paper.
Genital segments of the male black. The basal part of the outer forceps
not covered by a leaf-like expansion. The basal part of the inner forceps
without a median keel-like projection; the distal part forming a straight,
bayonet-shaped blade.
The indenture in the last sternite of the male extends to the base of
the sternite so that the sternite is split longitudinally into two halves.
Redescribed from six males and four females in the U.S.N.M. collection
and in the Canadian National collection. Collected from the White Mountains,
Franconia, N.H.; Mandan, N.D.; Cranbrook, B.C.; and Lillooet, B.C.
Ernestia (Meriania) nigrocornea sp. n.
Description of Male. Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of
antennae, vibrissae far above the oral margin. Palpi reddish. Eyes hairy.
Cheeks (below the eyes) white pollinose on a black ground with black hairs
on the subshining part, coming nearly up to the eyes and with a row of stouter
hairs at the oral margin. Distance from the oral margin to base of eye equal
to about one-half the eye height. Sides of face silvery pollinose; bare, except
for a few sparse hairs, particularly at the upper part; narrowest width equal
to about twice the length of the>second antennal segment. Facial ridges bristly
on lowest third. Facial depression silvery pollinose without any carina. An-
tennae reaching lowest three-fourths of the face, all three segments black or
very dark-brown in color; third segment about twice as long as the second. |
Arista thickened on basal half; the penultimate segment scarcely longer than
broad; width of front at narrowest point measuring about twice the length
of the second antennal segment; silvery pollinose; frontal vitta dull, dark-
reddish brown, at narrowest point measuring almost half the width of front
at vertex. No orbital bristles; the frontal bristles extending nearly to the
base of the third antennal segment. Ocellar bristles well-developed and
proclinate..
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray
228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
pollinose on a black ground, tinged reddish at the apex. ‘Three sternopleural
bristles and four pairs of dorsocentrals; scutellum with four pairs of marginal
bristles and an apical pair that may, or may not, be cruciate. (These are
broken off in the type specimen). Legs black, the middle tibiae with two or
more bristles on the front side near the middle, the hind tibiae without a
comb-like row of bristles on the outer side. Wings hyaline; R,,; (third vein)
with a group of two to five hairs at the base on both the upper and lower
surface. M,,, with a distinct appendage at the bend. Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground, the lateral
parts of the first three segments somewhat rufous. Discal bristles absent on
segments one, two and three, a pair of median marginal macrochaetae on
segments two, three and four. The fifth tergum distinctly marked off from
the sixth; the greatest width of the fifth equal to about one-fifth the narrowest
width of the fourth segment. The sixth abdominal segment about three-
fourths the length of the fourth and forming a conspicuous genital segment.
The black-colored genitalia are characterized by the absence of a keel-
like projection at the base of the inner forceps, by the extraordinary length of
the apical blade-like portion of the inner forceps and by the unusual degree of
lateral compression of each of the apical portions of the outer forceps. The
broad, leaf-like expansion covering the base of the outer forceps in so many
of the Ernestia species is lacking in this species.
The indenture of the fifth sternite extends nearly to its base.
Described from a single male taken by Mr. E. C. Van Dyke at Lake
Tahoe, California, on September 15th.
Type in the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa.
Ernestia frontalis sp. n.
Description of Male. Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of
antennae; vibrissae close to the oral margin. Palpi yellowish at tip, infuscate
below. Eyes hairy. Cheeks (below the eyes) white pollinose on a_ black
ground, subshining on the lower hairy part, a row of stouter hairs or bristles
at the oral margin. Distance from the oral margin to base of eye equal to
about one-third the eye height. Sides of face covered with silvery pollen;
bare; narrowest width slightly less than the length of the second antennal
segment. Facial ridges bristly on lowest fourth. Facial depression silvery
pollinose, without any carina. Antennae reaching the lowest fourth of the
face, all three segments black; third segment about one and one-fourth times
as long as the second. Arista thickened on basal half, the penultimate seg-
ment slightly longer than broad. Width of front at narrowest point measuring
about three-fourths the width of an eye and about twice the length of the
second antennal segment; the front silvery pollinose; fro: tal vitta dull, dark-
brown, at narrowest point fully twice as wide as either side of front just
cephalad of the ocellar triangle. No orbital bristles, the proclinate ocellars
somewhat weak; the single row of frontal bristles descending to the base of
the third antennal segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen, scutellum gray
pollinose on a black ground that becomes rufous toward the apex. Three
sternopleural bristles and typically four dorsocentrals; scutellum with three
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 229
marginal pairs of macrochaetae and an apical cruciate pair. Legs black, the
middle tibiae with two or more bristles on the front side near the middle, the
hind tibiae without a comb-like row of bristles on the outer side. Wings
hyaline. Ry,,; (third vein) with a group of two to five hairs both above and
below at the junction with R,,,. Bend of M,,, with an appendage. An un-
usually long costal spine. Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground. Discal and mar-
ginal macrochaetae present on the second, third and fourth abdominal segment.
The hind margin of the third abdominal segment not arcuate. The fifth tergum
marked off distinctly from the shining sixth, and at the lateral part being about
one-fifth the length of the lateral part of the fourth. The sixth and seventh
abdominal segments forming the not very prominent genital segments.
Genitalia black. The basal part of the outer forceps without a leaf-like
expansion. The basal part of the inner forceps without a median keel-like
portion.
The horseshoe-like indenture extends almost to the base of the last
sternite.
Described from two males from Yukon River, Alaska, and Cranbrook,
B.C., taken by Messrs. Harrington and C. Garrett.
Type Number 24,352 in the U.S.N.M., Washington, D.C.,. the paratype
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
Ernestia johnsoni sp. n. .
Description of Male. Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of
antennae; vibrissae far above the oral margin. Palpi yellow in the type
material. Eyes hairy. Cheeks (below the eyes) white pollinose on a black
ground with black hairs coming nearly up to the eyes and with a row of
stouter hairs at the oral margin. Distance from the oral margin to base of the
eye equal to about one-third the eye height. Sides of face silvery pollinose;
bare; narrowest width of the front slightly greater than the length of the
second antennal segment. Facial ridges bristly on lowest fourth. Facial de-
pression silvery pollinose without any carina. Antennae reaching the lowest
fourth of face, all three segments black; third segment about one and one-half
times as long as the second. Arista thickened on basal two-fifths, the penulti-
mate segment scarcely longer than broad. Width of front at narrowest point
measuring a little more than the length of the second antennal segment; the
front silvery pollinose; frontal vitta dull, dark-brown; at narrowest point about
twice as wide as either side of the front immediately cephalad of the ocellar
triangle. No orbital bristles, the proclinate ccellars somewhat weak; the single
row of frontal bristles descending nearly to the base of the third antennal
segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray
pollinose on a black ground, in most specimens tinged reddish, especially at
the apex. Typically three sternopleural bristles, but they are variable; typically
four dorsocentral macrochaetae, some specimens with only three; scutellum
with three marginal pairs of macrochaetae and with an apical cruciate pair.
Legs black, the middle tibiae with two or more bristles on the front side near
the middle, the hind tibiae without a comb-like row of bristles on the outer
230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
side; wings hyaline; R,,; (third vein) with a group of two to five hairs both
above and below at the junction with R,,,. Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground. Discal
macrochaetae present on the second, third and fourth abdominal segments;
median marginals present on the same segments. The hind margin of the
third tergum strongly arcuate. The fifth tergum pollinose and marked off from
the shining sixth tergum by a somewhat faint suture. The greatest length
of this segment is about one-fifth the lateral length of the fourth tergite. The
sixth and seventh abdominal segments forming somewhat distended genital
segments. Genitalia black. The basal part of the outer forceps is expanded
into a broad, leaf-like portion. The basal part of the inner forceps is equipped
with a short, median, keel-like projection, the two edges of which are almost
straight in profile.
The horseshoe-like indenture extends very slightly more than halfway
to the base of the fifth sternite.
Described from four males from Wellesley, Mass., (type locality) Mel-
rose Highlands, Mass.; North Saugus, Mass., and Fry Creek, B.C.
One specimen bred from Hyphantria cunea Drury. This species should
not be confused, however, with E. ampelus Walk., which is a major parasite
of Hyphantria.
Type number 24,353 in the U.S.N.M., Washington, D.C. A- paratype
from Fry Creek, B.C., in the Canadian Wananel Collection, Ottawa.
This species is named in honor of Mr. C. W. Johnson, whose name is
inseparably associated with the Dipterology of the Atlantic seaboard.
(To be Continued.)
ON SOME CHILOPODS AND DIPLOPODS. FROM KNOX CO.,
TENNESSEE.
BY. RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN,
Cambridge, Mass.
The chilopods and diplopods here listed compose a collection made in
Knox Co., Tenn., during Jan. and Feb., 1921, by Mr. Geo. G. Ainslie, by whom
they were transmitted to the writer for study.
CHILOPODA.
1. Cryptops hyalinus (Say).
One specimen of this widespread southern form.
2. Otocryptops sexspinosus (Say).
One specimen.
3. Linotaenia fulva: (Sager).
One specimen.
4. Sonibius rex (Bollman)
Lithobius rex Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 11, p. 350.
One male of this species was taken at Elkmont, elevation 3,500 feet, on
Feb. 15. .It was previously known only from the type, which is a female.
DIPLOPODA. |
5. Platydesmus lecontet (Wood).
One specimen.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 231
Can. Hat: Vol. LIT. Plate IX
CHILOPODS AND DIPLOPODS FROM TENNESSEE.
Apheloria ainsliei, sp. n., right gonopod, anterior view.
Apheloria montana (‘Bollman) right gonopod, anterior view.
Pachydesmus retrosus sp. n., right gonopod, anterior view.
The same, ectal view. All x 16.
Hm oo bo
232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
6. Callipus lactarius (Say).
One specimen of this common and widespread form.
7. Euryurus erythropygus (Brandt).
A number of specimens, mostly not in full color.
8. Pachydesmus retrorsus, new species.
Above, light brown or fulvous to fuscous when in full color, with keels a
lighter brown.
No processes from sternite between third or fourth legs or from any
others. First joint of legs also unarmed.
The gonopods are of the same general type as in crassicutis (Wood), but
are at once differentiated in having the spur toward distal end of outer (anterior)
branch of telopodite much longer and retrorse, as well as in other details. See
Plo ix, figs. 3 and. 4. ;
Length, about 65 mm.; width, 12.75 mm.
Locality—Tennessee, Knox Co., Geo. G. Ainslie, collector.
Type—M. C. Z., No. 5028.
Apheloria, new genus.
Erected for a group of species, heretofore included in Fontaria, in which
the telopodite of the gonopod of male is a simiple, coiled blade with a small spur
at base.
Genotype—Fontaria montana Bollman.
9. Apheloria montana (Bollman).
Fontaria montana Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., 1887, 10, p. 622.
Six specimens. The gonopod as shown in PI. 1x, fig. 2.
10. Apheloria ainsliei, new species.
The dorsum is black or nearly so but with a broad band across caudal
border and forward over keels of each segment fulvous brown to light olive, the
latter being more typical; the median part of cross band sometimes obscure, but
the keels always of the lighter,color. Antennae dark brown. Legs fulvous.
Second joints of legs with the usual long spine ; the first joints with a
low conical eminence but this not at all spiniform.
This species is characterized by having the telopodite of gonopod bent in-
to a complete circle, or a little more, and by the form of the basal spur which pre-
sents a main branch appressed to base of telopodite with apex distad and a flat.
dentate branch extended mesad as shown in Pl. ix, fig. 1.
Length; about 45 mm.; width, 13 mm.
Locality,—Tennessee: Knox Co. Geo. G, Ainslie, coll. Several specimens.
Type,—M.C.Z.,.No, 5,027.
~ess 11. Polydesmus branneri Bollman.
Two males taken at Knoxville in Jan., and two females taken Feb. 15.
12. Scytonotus granulatus (Say).
A male and two females.
13. Parajulus inpressus (Say).
Many immature females taken 24 Feb.
14. Parajulus pennsylvanicus (Brandt),
Two males taken in Jan.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 233
15. Parajulus annectans, new species.
Closely related to P. nigrans Chamberlin, described from near Nashville,
which it much resembles in its small size, though more slender, and in its dark
coloration. The dorsum above the repugnatorial pores, however, is lighter,
having a reddish tinge, and is marked with a median longitudinal dark line.
In the original description of nigrans the anal tergite is said not to exceed
the valves, but reexamination shows this to be due to the fact that the valves are
not fully closed. In the present species the anal tergite is acutely produced well
beyond the valves, the mucro straight.
/
1 2 ed
Fig. 1.—1. Parajulus annectans sp. n. Anterior gonopod of left. side, ectal view, x72.
2. Tip of telopodite of right posterior gonopod, ectal view, x115. 3. Parajulus
nigrans Chamb. Tip of telopodite of left posterior gonopod, ectal view, x115.
The two species are clearly distinct in the structure of the gonopods of
male, although in this closer to each other than to any other known species. In
annectans the posterior division of the anterior gonopods is broader and shorter
relatively to the anterior division, distally broadly rounded, not distally narrowed
and bent in mesad. he principal blade of the posterior gonopod is covered in
lateral view by the anterior gonopod, whereas in nigrans it descends well below
the level of the anterior member; distal end in annectans with distoventral corner
angled and extended ventrad as shown in fig. 1, 2 instead of being rounded as
it is in nigrans. (See fig. 1,3). Anterior gonopod as shown in fig.-1,-1. Spine
from base of posterior gonopod long and acute, extending ventrad.
Number of segments, forty-eight.
‘Locality—Tennessee: Knox Co. One male.
Type,—M.C.Z., No. 5,024.
16. Spirobolus marginatus (Say).
Two large specimens taken at Elkmont, el. 3,500 ft., and one at Knoxville.
NEW ENGLAND HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.
New Recorps. IT.
BY H. M. PARSHLEY,
Smith College, Northampton, Mass.
During the four years which have elapsed since the publication of my
New England List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera? I have made an effort to keep
track of all additions to this fauna which have come to light. In 1919 I published
1Contributions from the Department of Zoology, Smith College, No. 82.
2Occas. Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History. VII. Fauna of New
England. 14. List of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera, August, 1917. ;
234. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
a formal supplement,’ and later some other papers! with new data, while sev-
eral works (cited hereinafter) have appeared, in which new species from our
region are described. The examination of various collections has also afforded
additional information on our fauna. All the new data thus gathered since the
first supplement are collected here, bringing the New England enumeration down
to date.
In the original list 419 species were recorded, one of which has since
been removed as a synonym.’ In the first supplement 15 species’ were added,
and in the present paper 39 more, which brings the total number of Heteroptera
now known to inhabit New England to 472. It is worthy of note that of these
newly recorded members of our fauna 31 are species described since the publi-
cation of the original List in August, 1917, especially in revisions of Aradus and
Phytocoris, genera which previously had been little studied, and that the other
additions number only 22, or about 5% of the first enumeration.
In the following pages the species given in bold-face type are recorded as
additions to the New England fauna, while the others are in almost all cases new
to the various’ State lists. For collectors’ names see the original paper.
PENTATOMIDAE
Sciocoris microphthalmus Flor.
Me.—Cumberland County, 1916 (A. Nicolav).
Peribalus limbolarius Stal.
Mr.—Peaks Island, 3 Aug. ’18 (G. A. Moore).
Euschistus politus Uhler.
Conn.—Portland, 20 July 719 (B.H.W.).
Mineus strigipes (Herrich-Schaeffer ).
Conn.—New Canaan, 12 Sept. 718 (M.P.Z.).
ARADIDAE.
ARADINAE
Aradus robustus Uhler.
N.H.—Three Mile Island, 27 May, ’08 (F.B.)
Aradus duzeei Bergroth.
Mass.—Northampton, 17 May °19 (Dorothy Merchant).
Aradus proboscideus Walker. (=A. hubbardi Heid. of the List.)
N.H.—Mt. Washington, Summit (4.T.S.).
Aradus basalis Parshley. .
‘rans. Am: Kot, i50e, XV il54 1920
- ME.—Holden, 20 June ’02 (F.A.E£.); Mt. Katahdin, 9 Aug. 02 (H.G.B.).
N.H.—Mt. Washington, Summit (A.7.S.): Temple, 26 May ’00 (F.B.)
Aradus consors Parshley.
Oh acitop.. 50:
Mass.—(S.7.).
3N.B. [Hem -Het. New Records, Can. Ent., L1:70-72, 1919.
4Hem, Peaks Island, Maine, (Can. Ent., LII:80_87, 1920.
Hem. Western N.E., Psyche, XX ViI1I:1389-143, 1920.
5 Melanorhopala obscura Parsh.—WM. clavata ‘Stal.
6 Corythucha pallipes Parsh, now includes (. cyrta Parsh. and C. betulae Drake.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 235
Aradus similis Say.
N.H.—Durham, 19 Apr. ’06 (C. S. Spooner).
Aradus shermani Heidemann.
Mer.—Orono, 22 May ’14 (H.M-P.).
Aradus inornatus Uhler.
Mr.—Orono, 1 May 14 (H.M-P.).
N.H.—Claremont, June-Oct.; Hanover (C.M.W.); Merrimack, 11 May
OO. CEB).
Mass.
Aradus approximatus Parshley.
Op. cit.,.p 72.
Mr.—Mt. Katahdin, 26 Aug. ’02 (H.G.B.).
Aradus borealis Heidemann.
Mr.—Mt. Katahdin, 5215 ft., 19 Aug. ’02 (H.G.B.).
Aradus insignitus Parshley.
Cp ucis pr 5.
Mass.—(F. G.Sanborn).
Aradus abbas Bergroth.
N.H.—Mt. Washington ; Three Mile Island, 23 May ’08 (F.B.)
Aradus falleni Stal.
R.I.—Providence (C.A.D.).
Conn.—New Haven, 18 June ’19 (M.P.Z.).
Aradus cinnamomeus Panzer.
Mass.
Aradus niger Stal.
Mer.—S. W. Harbor, 11 July 718 (C.W.J.).
Mass.—Northampton, 8 Oct. ’19 (Ottilie Meiner); Pelham, 28 Aug.
49 (HEMP).
- MEZIRINAE.
Neuroctenus simplex Uhler.
Conn.—Branford, 6 April ’21 (M-P.Z.).
NEIDIDAE.
Neides muticus (Say). :
Vt.—Haystack Mt., 5 Sept. 719 (H.M.P.).
LYGAEIDAE.
Geocoris uliginosus (Say).
Conn.—New Haven, 11 July ’20 (B.H.W.).
Perigenes constrictus (Say).
Conn.—Salem, 12 July ’14 (H.W-.F.).
Zeridoneus costalis (Van Duzee).
Barber has recently proposed’ the new genus Zeridoneus for Perigenes
costalis (List, page 49). The Boston record pertains to P. constrictus.
7 Concerning Lygaeidae, No. 1, Jour. New York Ent. Soc., XXVII:45, 1918. Synop,
Keys Lyg. II., Psyche, XXV:76, 1918.
236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Ptochiomera clavigera Uhler.
Mass.—Dracut.
Conn.
Pseudocnemodus canadensis (Provancher).
Conn.—Salem, 22 July 14 (H.W.F.).
Kolenetrus plenus (Distant).
Mr.—Peaks Island, 26 July °18 (G. A. Moore).
Stygnocoris rusticus (Fallén).
Mr.—Peaks Island, 31 July ’18, 8 Aug. 719 (G. A. Moore).
Emblethis vicarius Horvath.
Mass.—Northampton, 7 Oct. ’20 (H.M.P.)
Microtoma atrata (Goeze).
Barber, Concerning Lyg., No. 2, Jour. New York Ent. Soc.; XXVI:61,’18.
R.I.—(Uhler collection; locality possibly incorrect).
TINGIDAE.
Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott).
Conn.—New Canaan, 20 Sept. 19 (P. Garman).
Corythucha pyriformis Parshley.
Can.'Ent.; LIT -81, 1920.
Mr.—Peaks Island, 31 July 19 (G. A. Moore).
N.H.—Franconia (A.T.S.).
Corythucha heidemanni Drake.
Vt.— Woodford, 5 Sept. 719 (H.M.P.)
Corythucha ulmi Osborn and Drake.
N.H.—Durham (C.M.W. and W.F.F.),
Corythucha mollicula Osborn and Drake. (—C. salicis O.&D., List, p. 119.)
Drake, Notes Am. Ting., Florida Ent., March, 1921, p. 53.
Mr.—Orono, 16 July ’06.
Leptoypha mutica (Say).
Mass.—Lexington, 25 June ’20 (G. W. Barber).
Physatocheila brevirostris Osborn and Drake.
Conn.—New Haven, 5 July ’20 (B.H.W.).
Aiveotingis grossocerata Osborn and Drake.
Conn.—New Haven, 5 July ’20 (B.H.W.)
NABIDAE.
,
Nabis sordidus Reuter.
Conn.—Guilford, 13 July 20 (B.H.W.)
Nabis roseipennis Reuter.
Vi.—Haystack Mt., Sept. 719 CHM EPs).
Metatropiphorus belfragu Reuter.
Conn.—Pleasant Valley, Litchfield Co. 1 Aue 45 €CP2S
ANTHOCORIDAE.
Tetraphleps americana Parshley.
Can-Bat.- oli O70. . ;
Me.—Peaks Island, 3 Aug. 19° (C. A. Moore).
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 237
Tetraphleps uniformis Parshley.
Opes pe 83
N.H=—Mt. Washington (A.T.S.).
MIRIDAE
Phytocoris pallidicornis Reuter.’
V1r.—Haystack Mt., 5 Sept. 19 (H.M.P.).
Phytocoris eximius Reuter.
Knight, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., XV :51, 1920.
Mr.—Casco Bay, 27 Sept. (G.P.E.).
Mass.—Northampton, 27 Sept. 18 (H.M.P.). ‘
Phytocoris negleetus Knight.
Op. cit., p. 54. :
Mr.—N.E. Harbor, 26 July (C.W.J.).
Mass.—Boston, 13 Oct. 15 (H.M.P.), and nearby stations; Woods Hole,
15 July-6 Aug. (C.E.0O.). ,
Phytocoris onustus Van Duzee.
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., (4) IX :344, 1920.
Knight, Op. cit., p. 54.
Mer.—Machias, 22 July 09 (C.W.J.) ; Mt. Katahdin, 650 ft., 22 Aug., 713
(CPA).
N.H.—Glen House, 24 July °15 (C.W.J,)
V1r.—Haystack Mt., 5 Sept. 19 (H.M.P.) (Det. ? by Knight).
Phytocoris spicatus Knight. :
Op. ctl... p75.
Me.—Machias, 19 July 09 (C.W.J.).
Mass.—Lunenburg, 15 July °16 (H.W. Allen).
Phytoecoris cortitectus Knight.
OP: cit; ps9.
N.H.—Glen House, 24 July °15 (C.W.J.).
Phytocoris salicis Knight.
Me.—Machias, 26 July °15 (C.W.J.).
N.H.—Hanover, 3 July ’15 (C.W.J.).
Mass.—Beach Bluff, 11 Aug. 715 (H ne ; Lunenburg, 22 July 716
(H.W. Allen) ; Sunderland, Mt. Toby, 6 July 18 (H.M.P.) ; Woods Hole,
6 Aug. (C.E.0.)..
Conn.—Branford, 15 July-(H.V.W.).
Phytocoris buenoi Knight.
Op. cts p: SF.
Mass.—Marblehead, 24 July 114 .(H.M.P.) ; Woods Hole, 6 Aug.
(6.L.0;).
Conn.—New Haven, 27 June (W.E.B.)
Phytoecoris erectus Van Duzee.
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., (4) IX'345, 1920.
Knight, Op. cit., p. 57. .
-8 This species and P. onustus Van Duzee, 9, (?) are incorrectly recorded as P.
jasionverua and P. eximius on page 142 of the second paper cited on p. 234, foot note 4,
through a clerical oversight. ites
238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Mr.—Ft. Kent, 19 Aug., 10 (C.W.J.) ; Penobscot Co.; 1 Aig AOAC
N.Hi—Crawtords, 28; Sept-16 {Hf ILP 9.
Mass.—Brookline, 25 Sept. (C.W.J.); Chester, 3 Aue e12 (CW Fe
Plymouth, 28 July (C.W.J.).
Phytocoris penipecten Knight.
Op. cit., p. 58 (P. penipectus, laps. cal.)
Mass.--—-Amherst.
Conn.—Fast River (C.R.£.); New Britain, Sept. (W.E-.B.).
Phytocoris fulvus Knight.
Op: ct p: 59: :
Mr.—Peaks Island, 31 July ’18 (G. A. Moore).
Phytocoris econspersipes subsp. diversus Knight.
Op. cits p. 60.
Mer.—Liberty, 16 Sept. ’13 (J.A.C.).
Ni Franconia (A. .9: je .
Mass.—Northampton, 1 Oct. ’20 (H.M.P.).
Phytocoris quercicola Knight.
Op. €it:, p: 60:
Mass.—Beach Bluff, 27 Aug. 714 (H.M.P.).
Phytocoris conspureatus Knight.
Op. cit.spo ol:
Mass.—Beach Bluff, 24 Aug. °16 (H.M.P.), at light ; Boston, 9 Aug.
(H-M.P:)
Conn.—Hartford, 12 Sept. (W.E-B.) ;Wallingford, 3 Aug. ’12 (D.J.C.).
Phytocoris corticevivens Knight.
OP. cli, p. G3.
Mr.—Orono, July 712.
_ Conn.—Lyme, 4 July (H.B.K.) ; New Haven, 20 June 11 (4-B.C.)
Phytocoris suleatus Knight.
Op. cit., p. 64.
Mass.—Boston, 20 July (H.M.P.).
Conn.—Branford, 22 Aug. (H.W.W.).
Phytocoris tibialis Reuter.
Mer.—Peaks Island, 3 Aug. 719 (C. A. Moore).
Paracalocoris hawleyi var. ancora Knight and var. pallidulus McAtee.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IX :378, 1916.
Mass.—Sunderland, Mt. Toby, 6 July *18(H.M.P.)
Lygus apicalis Fieber.
Mass.—Edgartown, 22 Aug. 12 (C.W.J.) ; Provincetown, 8 Sept. ’90.
Camptobrochis borealis Van Duzee.
Proc. Calif. Acv Sci. (4Y 1X 2354, 1920.
Mr.—Portland, 4 July ’09 (E.P.V.D.).
Alepidia gracilis (Uhler).
Mass.—Arlington, 30 July ’20 (G. W. Barber).
Orthocephalus mutabilis (Fallén).
Mer.—Southwest Harbor, 14 July 18 (C.W.J.).
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 239
Macrotylus sexguttatus (Provancher).
Mass.—Lexington, 25 June ’20 (G. W. Barber).
GERRIDAE.
Gerris marginatus Say.
Vt.—Woodford, 5 Sept. 719 (H.M.P.).
Rheumatobates rileyi Bergroth.
Mass.—Northampton, 22 Aug. 19 (H.M.P.).
Vt.—Woodford, 5 Sept. ’19 (H.M.P.).
VELIIDAE.
Microvelia buenoi Drake.
Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., XV :20, 1920.
Mer.—Orono, 3 May ’14 (H.M.P.).
Mass.—Northampton, 22 April ’21 (H.M.P.); Saugus, 27 August "17
(H.M-P.). .
This minute species, recently described from the Adirondacks, has just
been found in large numbers in a small campus pond, where no Microvelia has
previously occurred. Nymphal and adult stages were present. It may be readily
distinguished from the equally small M. borealis Torre-Bueno by its shorter and
thicker third antennal segment, which is clavate, not linear, the straight posterior
tibiae in the male, and the conspicuous tufts of long silvery pubescence which
ornament the abdomen in the apterous form. The Maine record in the List, page
108, pertains to M. buenoi, not to M. borealis, according to material now in my
collection.
Microvelia hinei Drake.
Ohio Jour. Sci. XX :207, 1920.
Mass.—Northampton, 22 June ’21, 3 Oct. ’21 (H.M.P.).
In antennal structure this species resembles the preceding, but it is still
smaller, shows little sexual dimorphism, and in the apterous condition is very
brightly colored, though without dorsal silvery pubescence on the abdomen.
Microvelia albonotata Champion. ‘
Mass.—Northampton 22 June ’21 (H.M-P.).
HEBRIDAE.
Hebrus burmeisteri Lethierry & Severin.
Mass.—Northampton, 22 June ’21 (H.MP:).
I am not certain of the proper application of the names, H. burmeistert
and H. concinnus Uhl., and they may be synonymous as the published distribution
would seem to indicate ; or itis possible that concinnus is in reality a West
Indian species, distinct from the one common in the eastern United States. At
any rate I have found but one form in the latter region.
- Merragata foveata Drake.
Ohio Jour. Sci., XVII:103, 1917.
Mass.—Sunderland, Mt. Toby, 28 May ’21 (Priscilla Butler).
’ BELOSTOMATIDAE.
Lethocerus americanus (Leidy).
Mass.—-Northampton, 7 Oct. 19 (H.M.P.).
Covered with a bright green alga, which changed to gray in drying.
Lethocerus obscurus (Dufour).
Mass.—-Northampton, 26 Sept. 19 (H.M-P.).
ip
240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
OBITUARY.
F. W. L. SLADEN.
Canadian Entomologists were shocked to learn of the accidental death
by drowning of Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, Dominion Apiarist, which occurred off
Duck Island in Lake Ontario on September 10th, 1921.
For several years he had been conducting important experiments in the
rearing of bees. On August last he left Ottawa for the above island, which is
about 20 miles distant from Kingston, Ont. He had been in the habit of
bathing in the shallow water close to the shore; unfortunately he could not
swim. On the above date he went in bathing as usual and it is assumed that
his heart, which had troubled him: for several years, failed to function, thus
causing his death. The body, which was recovered about seventy feet from
the shore, was partially floating, unswollen, and no water was found in the lungs.
In the death of Mr. Sladen, entomology in Canada loses a very careful
worker. Other than the reputation he had gained as a successful apiarist and
student of bee rearing, he was well known in Canada, as also in the United
States and England, as a close, systematic student of the aculeate hymenoptera.
He had a wide knowledge of the wild bees. and his writings indicate a careful
taxonomic acquaintance with the various characters of the groups he studied.
The collections he brought together not only indicate keen powers of
observation, but also the intense pleasure he derived in gathering series of
interesting species collected while afield in various parts of Canada, particularly”
in the West.
The late Mr. Sladen came to Canada in 1912 to join the staff of the
old Divisiow of Entomology, as Assistant Entomologist for Apiculture. . When
the Division of Entomology was separated from the Experimental Farms
Branch in 1914 and raised to the status of a Branch of the Department of
Agriculture, Mr. Sladen was retained by the Experimental Farms Branch as
Apiarist. More recently his title was changed to Dominion Apiarist. Since
1914, however, he has always had a close connection with the Entomological
Branch, having been, in fact, largely responsible for the identification and
arrangement of the aculeate hymenoptera in the National Collection of Insects.
He was a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London, member of
the Entomological Society of- America, Entomological Society of Ontario,
Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, etc.
As an author he was best known as the writer of “Queen Rearing in
England” and “The Humble Bee,” both excellent treatises. He was a frequent
contributor of the Canadian Entomologist, Canadian Field Naturalist and other
scientific journals. One of his most recent papers was the report he prepared
on the Wasps and Bees collected by members of the Canadian Arctic Expedi-
tion of 1913-1918.
ARTHUR GIBSON.
Mailed February 3, 1922.
Che Canadian Cutomalogist
Vor th ELL: ORILLIA, NOVEMBER, 1921. No. 11.
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Tue Lire History or A Hopsy Horse
BY FRANCIS J A. MORRIS,
Peterborough, Ont.
PART HI.—SECOND CHILDHOOD—THE TREE’s INCLINE.
(Continued from Page 221)
So long as they held the middle space I had thought them a pair of ospreys,
but presently, when they had already reached the greatest height I have ever
seen these fish hawks flying at, one of the birds rose leisurely up in spiral upon
spiral till it appeared little bigger than a skylark “ at the last point of vision’;
then down it shot in that fearful dive so closely past the outspread form of its
floating mate that she seemed to rock where she slept; “she,” for I am almost
certain it was the male that made this supreme plunge from empyrean heights;
the other, more passive, maintained the middle space, only now and then
stooping, in turn, directly over him, or sweeping aslant with a downward glide
to meet him in the common highway of the lesser fowls before he had fully
recovered and soared once again into the unchallenged void of his eagle’s realm.
For nearly an hour from the little row-boat in which I was fishing I watched
this royal pair at play.
At the end of August, there used to be a great routing out of guns,
cleaning and oiling, ready for Black Duck; then came Wood-duck and ‘Teal
both the Blue- and the Green-winged, and later still Blue-bills, Saw-bills,
Whistlers and several others. The only bird guide available in those days was -
Mcllwraith’s “Birds of Ontario,” and I remember hours of puzzling one even-
ing over a couple of strangers in the day’s bag, that turned out to be two dis-
tinct species of Scoter, a surf duck from the Atlantic coast seldom seen in the
neighborhood. And once my pupil returned from near the Mississippi Lake
with a Cormorant that had fallen to some lucky gun.
These hunting trips were often the means of enriching our knowledge
of Nature by curious observations. One day when my pupil and two others
had carefully ensconced themselves in a lonely piece of swamp, each at a
different station and in good time for the incoming ducks at sundown, they
discovered to their surprise a fourth sportsman had anticipated their calcula-
tions and slipped into a “hide” in front of them. All three were watching the
first black duck of the evening come whirring towards them, and not yet
certain which of the three the duck would select to pass over, when suddenly
a large hawk rose from ambush before their eyes, clutched the duck from
below, and drew it down again out of sight in the drowned lands. The whole
thing was done in a second and apparently with consummate ease; it looked as
simple as the movements of a gymnast where the art of concealing art blinds
one to all the nicety. of adjustment, the hair’s breadth balance of time and
242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
space; only those who know the weight of a black duck and the terrific speed
of its flight across a danger zone in mid-September, when plunging towards
its nightly roost, can have the slightest idea of what this piece of falconry
meant. | : !
The tables were turned when one of these “duck hawks’ suddenly
seized a wooden decoy we had put out in a small bay and tried to drag it
from its moorings. ‘The savage anger of its blows with the beak and repeated
clutchings of claw, made a deeper impression on us than they did on the per-
fidious piece of basswood itself; though this too showed plainly by dint and
score where mandibles had glanced and talons slipped in their stroke.
I remember one day when my pupil and I went up the lake with a batch
of decoys in search of wood duck and teal. On the way up I landed a couple
of bass with a trolling rod, and then we drew our boats into cover of the reeds
and entered the “hide”. We hadn’t been there many minutes when we heard a
scrambling sound from my boat, and I was just in time to see a mink drop one
of the bass over the gunwale and make off through the cat-tails on “safety
first” principles. They are astonishingly bold and will steal bait from a min-
now pail almost under one’s nose. While waiting patiently in the hide, we
heard the whistling of wings as from an approaching flock of wood duck. But
nothing appeared and the sound lasted on and on without perceptibly waxing
or waning; I could make nothing of it; it might have been a phantom flock
tethered in a nightmare, beating the air but making no progress. My compan-
ion’s ears were better trained than mine and he soon solved the riddle; a vast
phalanx of wild geese strung across the sky on their southward march, with
leaders and outriders all in order; they appeared almost as specks so high were
they flying, yet the sound was plainly audible for many minutes.
In 1899, the year before I settled in Port Hope, it was my good fortune to
spend spring and early summer in Toronto. My best finds were botanical, and
the only bird record I made was very early in May towards the west of High
Park. I had just discovered a great colony of Skunk Cabbage in a small willow
swamp, when almost over my head I heard some full sweet tones of bird music ;
they came from a nearby poplar just leafing out, and by tip-toeing cautiously up
I was able to spy the singer and watch him through his song,. As soon as I de-
scribed the bird to Dr. Brodie he proclaimed it the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. I
had never seen or heard of it before, and though I often saw it afterwards at
Port Hope, I never heard it in full song: until I came to Peterborough; now,
whenever I hear it, I am carried back in spirit to High Park and the revelation
of twenty years ago. The plant treasures were far more numerous, and so inter-
esting as to fill the whole season with delightful surprises; east of the city I dis-
covered the little Rue Anemone, which Dr. Brodie assured me he had never
found except west of Toronto; up north I found the handsome Orange Lily and
the nodding heads of the Woodlily ; the Turk’s Cap, also, I found at Scarborough
Heights; in Rosedale, too, I first found the “wooden enemies” of my Scottish
home (Anemone nemorosa), the most delicate and charming of all their kind—
the true “wind-flower ;” to the west I found the lovely blue Lupine, the Orange
Milkweed, the Beard-tongue, the Feverwort and the Painted Cup. By the fol-
lowing April I had settled in Port Hope.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 243
That Natural History takes firmer hold in a community of boys than
anywhere else, was amply borne out at my new home of Trinity College School.
For years its Head Master had been Dr. Bethune, an entomologist of continental
reputation, Though athletics held a high place of esteem, there was always an
awkward squad of a minority poor at games and forming a kind of Stalkey & Co.
in the school. Such boys have often a natural trend in the direction of birds’
nesting; and there had always been a good deal of surreptitious egg-collecting
done by the pupils; this was “taboo” among the masters, and In order to make
the ban effective, some wise-head of earlier days had instituted an annual prize
for wild flowers; a rule of the competition was that each collection of plants
must be the work of two boys in partnership. This incentive of a prize largely
explains why there were usually at least four or five pairs of partners working
quite enthusiastically through the summer term at their collecting, mounting,
and naming’of specimens. Almost as soon as I[ joined the staff my room became
the resort of the plant collectors, and when they organized into a Field Club, they
asked me to be their Honorary President.
My first two seasons were spent in active pursuit of Botany and Ornithol-
ogy. I had cleared the way, I thought, enough to run both hobbies concurrently.
It was now that I began to fill two shelves with books on Natural History, one
devoted to plants and the other to birds, the nucleus of a whole case now num-
bering some 400 volumes. I never felt quite the same need of books, for pur-
poses of identification, in Botany as in Birds. When I came to the school first
TI had nothing on Ornithology but a copy of MclIilwraith; besides that, I knew of a
periodic publication called “Birds”, afterwards “Birds and All Nature’. But
almost coincident with my settling in Port Hope there began to appear a number of
popular books, with colored illustrations, on various branches of Natural History.
The pictures were nearly all photographic by the three-colour process. My first
purchase was Chapman’s Bird Life and this was followed by the volumes of Neltje
Blanchan on “Bird Neighbors” and “Birds that Hunt and are Hunted’, Dug-
more’s “Bird Homes”, Chester Reed’s “Color Key to North American Birds”
and “Key to the North American Birds’ Eggs ;” more recently still were added the
invaluable little pocket books of bird pictures, description and classification ; be-
sides these I purchased (on a hint from one of John Burroughs’ essays) a pair
of field glasses, and always carried notebook and pencil to the woods with me;
11 this way I formed the habit of complex observations, attempting to jot down
the syllables of a bird’s song or to describe it in words, to watch its coloring
in different parts, wings, tail, body, head, throat and breast, its perch and
manner of flight, and generally its habits; my first volumes on Birds were too
large to carry to the woods, but on returning to my study I always made a bee
line for the book shelf. At first my trips were primarily botanical and only in-
cluded bird notes on the side. But I made a number of most interesting obser-
vations, and in my almost daily excursions saw a great many out of the way birds
and bird homes. I never took an egg, even the rarest, and never (I am happy to
add) had the slightest desire to.
While busy with bird observations, I found it a great pleasure to note
the birds seen in the winter and the early spring arrivals till the flights of warblers.
Among the birds that I saw occasionally all winter were robins; these appeared
244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
to go into winter quarters in thickets of cedar about the golf links, and in mild
Decembers and Januaries I have often seen them hopping about in the open;
two mild years I saw Kingfishers on the running water below Corbett’s pond
and noted them every month from October to April; one more proof that it is
want of food, not cold, that drives them south; I have also seen Meadow Larks
in December. Among regular winter residents (besides Chickadees and \Vrens)
were noted Snow-birds, Horned Larks, Siskins, Goldfinches, Purple Finches,
Red-polls, Wax-wings, Pine Grosbeaks and the Evening Grosbeak. In spring,
favorites were the Ruby- and Golden-Crowned Kinglets, the American Red-
start, the Black and White Warbler, the Blackburnian, the Chestnut-sided, the
Bay-breasted, the Canadian and the Black-throated Blue Warblers.
A season or two’s rambling about the neighborhood soon led to the selec-
tion of some five favorite haunts for my leisure hours :—Monkey Mountain on
the outskirts of the town; Choate’s Wood, the North Wood and ‘The Rocky
Mountains”, all three in line for a single round trip; and last the Newtonville
swamp about ten miles west. At Monkey Mountain I discovered a favorite
haunt of the Brown Thrasher, and spent hours listening to its masterful music.
It was here, too, that I first discovered (to my surprise) the double personality
of the Chickadee; the bird I was watching at its trapeze work suddenly passing
from the familiar scolding prattle to a soft deliciously sweet and plaintive
“’Tee-hee”’; different from the Phoebe’s cry, which is not nearly so musical
nor plaintive at all. The most attractive of all the Flycatcher calls in my exper-
ience is the Olive-sided Flycatcher’s “Whip-whee-eu’’, loud, clear, and command-
ing, but no way harsh (the common fault of the Flycatchers) ; next to it I place
the Crested Flycatcher’s, more imperious and slightly harsh, but not to the
point of disagreeable. The Crested Flycatcher is quite common about Port
Hope and once I had a curious experience. I was working in my room about
supper time when there came to my door a shuffling of feet and then a hesi-
tating knock. In came two boys who explained that they wanted to show me
something, if I would promise not to forfeit it; they had been bird’s nesting
and had found a strange egg in a nest built over an old Highholder’s in a hollow
apple tree. Reference to Chester Reed’s book soon brought the discovery that
it vas a Crested Flycatcher’s. Knowing the peculiar instinct of this bird to weave a
snake’s skin into its building material I asked the boys if they had noticed any-
thing peculiar about the nest. ‘They hadn’t, but would go and look carefully
over it next day; on their coming to report I was to tell them the name of the
egg. In they came, full of excitement, with what, do you suppose, in their
hands? Not the slough of a snake, but a mighty good substitute they had found
in the material of the nest—five or six crumpled pieces of oil-paper candy-
wrappers! John Burroughs records having seen onion-peel and the scales of
shadfish in their nests where the birds had failed to find snake skins. It seems
possible, too, that the Flycatcher does his own fishing for shad; not long ago
a Flycatcher was seen, by a good observer, to play the Kingfisher and pick a live
shad out of the water, on the shore of Lake Ontario. This curious habit of the
Crested Flycatcher is apparently inherited from tropical ancestors and is shared
with it (so I have read) by one of the common Flycatchers of Brazil.
The whole course of my round from Choate’s to the North Wood and
“The Rockies” was soon dotted with discoveries. Near Mitchell’s Gardens I
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 245
saw my first Orchard Oriole; and a few rods further on, the larder of a Northern
Shrike; the bird was fluttering at the top of a barb wire fence and on my ap-
proach flew heavily away with what looked like a sparrow; on examining the
fence I found the two top strands of wire, all the way along between two posts,
had been used for killing and hanging the butcher’s meat, the barbs having
remains of beetles, birds and mice smeared about them.
(To be Continued.)
ON SOME ARACHNIDS FROM SOUTHERN UTAH
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN,
Cambridge, Mass.
In a small collection of spiders and scorpions from St. George, Utah,
sent me for identification, are representatives of two new species which are
here described. The other species in the lot are also listed. The material
was collected by Mr. V. L. Tanner.
ARANEINA.
Dictyna volucripes Keyserling.
One female of this widespread species, which is common in central and
northern Utah.
Psilochorus utahensis Chamberlin.
One female apparently this species, which is common in Millard Co.,
from where described.
Physocyclus tanneri, sp. nov.
Female—As compared with P. globosus Tacz. this is a larger species
with much longer and stouter legs. It may at once be distinguished by lacking’
the caudal process at caudal end of cephalothorax and the opposing chitinous
spot on abdomen which are characteristic of globosus. The abdomen is ob-
viously less elevated and more flattened above, and in front protrades farther
over the cephalothorax; its anterior end somewhat bigibbous (cf. fig. 1.) The
epigynum has the anterior processes larger as compared with the posterior
portion and much more widely separated, posterior portion less protuberant ;
the fold just back of genital furrow stronger, on a level with contiguous part
of epigynum, dark and chitinous. The epigynum more resembling that of
P. cornutus of Lower California. Cf. Plate X, figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Length 4.5 mm.; length of. leg, 1.33 mm.
Two females.
Philodromus virescens Thorell.
Philodromus clarus Keyserling, Die Spinnen Amerika, 1880, I, p. 214.
One male of this form, which is common farther north on sage-brush.
Philodromus utus, sp. nov.
In alcohol the carapace is greyish fulvous, with a lighter greyish median
longitudinal stripe more or less evident. Legs colored similarly to carapace.
Abdomen grey, without distinct markings. Venter pale. Posterior median
eyes a little more than twice their diameter apart, about half as far from the
laterals, or a little more. Anterior lateral eyes nearer to the posterior medians
than to the posterior laterals. Tibiae I and II with three pairs of long, over-
lapping spines beneath. Spines of metatarsi I and II similarly three pairs be-
CAN. ENT., VoL. Lr.
PLATE X
{7 es; ty
- ~CWYAZG LE
~ SG
\ = SL 7
a
|
\N
ARACHNIDS FROM §. UTAH.
(See Page 247)
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 247
neath and overlapping. Abdomen depressed, somewhat bigibbous in front.
Characterized more particularly by the form of the epigynum. (cf. Plate X,
fig. 6.).
Length, 5 mm,
Several females.
Tibellus duttonii Hentz.
One female apparently this species.
Olios fasciculatus Simon.
Two females.
Pardosa sternalis Thorell.
Several females and males. This is one of he commonest spiders found
in the intermountain region.
Lycosa apicata Banks.
One male. The species has not previously been taken in the region.
Oxyopes salticus Hentz.
One female.
Phidippus workmanii Peckham.
Three females. |
Phidippus formosus Peckham.
One female. ;
. Salticus albocinctus Peckham.
A male and female. Previously known from Arizona and Mexico.
Eurypelma steindachneri (Ausserer).
One female.
SCORPIONIDA.
Hadrurus hirsutus (Wood).
One specimen-of this large form.
Velovis mexicanus (Ixoch).
One. specimen.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Fig. 1.—Physocyclus tanneri, sp..n., lateral view of body. x 10, 2.—The
same, epigynum, ventral view. x 33. 3—The same, ectal view of epigynum.
x 33. 4—Physocyclus globosus~Tacz., epigynum, ectal view. x 33. 5.—Physo-
evclus cornutus Bks., epigynum, ectal view. x 33. 6.—Philodromus utus, sp.-n.,
epigynum, ventral view. x 38.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE TACHINID
GENUS ERNESTIA R. D. (DIPTERA)
BY DR. JOHN D. TOTHILL
In Charge of Natural Control Investigations, Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
(Continued from Page 230)
Ernestia nigropalpis sp. n.
Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of antennae; vibrissae far
above the oral margin. Palpi black. Eyes hairy. Cheeks (below the eyes)
white pollinose on a black ground with black hairs coming nearly up to. the
248 ' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
eyes and with a row of stouter hairs at the oral margin. Distance from the
oral margin to base of eye equal to about one-third the eye height. Sides of
face covered with silvery pollen; bare; narrowest width slightly less than the
length of the second antennal segment and equal to about one-third the dis-
tance between the vibrissae. Facial ridges bristly on lowest fifth. Facial de-
pression silvery pollinose, without any carina. Antenna in male reaching
Jowest three-fourths of the face, all three segments black; third segment in
male almost twice as long as the second. Arista thickened on basal two-fifths ;
the penultimate segment no longer than broad; width of front in male at nar-
rowest point measuring slightly less than the length of the second antennal
segment, silvery pollinose becoming black at vertex; frontal vitta dull, dark-
brown, at narrowest point slightly wider than either side of front. No orbital
bristles in male; the frontal bristles extending to base of third antennal segment.
Ocellar bristles present in male, directed forward.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with grey pollen; scutellum grey pol-
linose on a black ground tinged faintly reddish at apex. Three sternopleural
bristles and three to four post suturals; scutellum with three marginal pairs of
machrochaetae and a terminal cruciate pair. Legs black, the middle tibiae with
two or more bristles on the front side near the middle, the hind tibiae without
a comb-like row of bristles on the outer side. Wings hyaline; R,,; (third
vein) with a group of three to five bristles at the base on both the upper and
lower surface. Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground. Discal bris-
tles present on the second, third and fourth abdominal segments; a pair of
median marginal machrochaetae also present on each of these segments. The
fifth tergum very narrow and rather indistinctly marked off by a suture from
the sixth tergum with which it is united. Sixth abdominal segment almost
as long as the fourth and forming a conspicuous genital segment.
The black genitalia of the male are characterized by there being a short
median keel situated on the basal part of the inner forceps (valvae internae),
and by the fact that this keel is not concave in profile on either of its two mar-
gins.
The horseshoe-like indenture of the fifth sternite extends rather less
than half way into the sternite.
Described from eleven males taken at Franconia N.H., Stickeen River,
B. C. (type locality), and Savary Island, B. C., by Messrs. C. H. T. Townsend,
Wickham and R. 8S. Sherman. .
Type in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. The paratype, No.
24354, from Franconia in the U. S. N. M., Washington, D.C.
Ernestia arcuata sp. n.
Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of antennae; vibrissae far
above the oral margin. Palpi usually yellow at the tip and infuscated basally,
occasionally black. Eyes hairy, cheeks (below the eyes) white pollinose on a
black ground, subshining on the lower part that is covered with black hairs, a
row of stouter hairs at the oral margin. Distance from the oral margin to base
of eye equal to about one-third the eye height. Sides of face covered with
silvery pollen; bare; narrowest width in male slightly less than the length of
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249
the second antennal segment and equal to about two-fifths the distance between
the vibrissae. Facial ridges bristly on lowest fourth. Facial depression silvery
pollinose, without any carina. Antennae in male reaching the lowest fourth of
the face, all three segments black; third segment in male about one and one-
half times as long as the second. Arista thickened on basal two-fifths to one-
half, the penultimate segment scarcely longer than broad. Width of front in
male at narrowest point measuring slightly less than the length of the second
antennal segment; the front silvery pollinose; frontal vitta dull, dark brown, at
narrowest point—in male—slightly wider than either side of front just cephalad
of the ocellar triangle. No orbital bristles in male, the proclinate ocellars
somewhat weak and reduced in cases to mere hairs; the single row ot frontal
bristles decending nearly to the base of the third antennal segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray
pollinose on a black ground in most specimens tinged reddish, especially at the
apex. Typically three sternopleural bristles but considerable variation notice-
able in the type material; typically four dorsocentral bristles, but these like-
wise vary considerably in the type material; scutellum with three marginal
pairs of machrochaetae and an apical cruciate pair. Legs black, the middle
tibiae with two or more bristles on the front side near the middle, the hind
tibiae without a comb-like row of bristles on the outer side. Wings hyaline;
R,,, (third vein) with a group of two to five hairs both above and below at
the junction with R,,,. Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground that occasion-
ally becomes reddish, particularly on the lateral parts of the first three segments.
Discal machrochaetae present on the second, third and fourth abdominal seg-
ments; median marginals present on the same segments. The hind mar-
gin of the third tergum strongly arcuate. The fifth tergum distinctly
marked off by a suture from the sixth or first genital segment and
laterally being a third as long as the lateral part of the fourth abdominal
segment. The sixth and seventh abdominal segments forming somewhat dis-
tended genital segments.
Male genitalia black. The basal part of the outer forceps is expanded
into a broad, leaf-like portion. ‘The basal part of the inner forceps is equipped
with a short median, keel-like projection, the basal edge of which is concave in
profile.
The horseshoe-like indenture extends rather more than half way to the
base of the fifth sternite.
Described from ten males taken at Great Falls, Va., (type locality),
Mount Vernon, Va., Cabin John Bridge, Maryland, Bladensburg, Md., Plum-
mers Island, Md., Hartford, Conn., Malden, Mass., and North Saugus, Mass.
Material collected in April and May.
Type No. 24355 in the U. S. N. M., Washington, D.C. A paratype
in the National Collection at Ottawa.
Ernestia incisa sp. n.
Description of male. Head at vibrissae nearly as thick as at base of
antennae, vibrissae far above the oral margin. Palpi in the single type speci-
250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
men black. Eyes hairy. Cheeks (below the eyes) white pollinose on a black
ground, subshining on the lower part that is covered with black hairs, a row
of stouter hairs or bristles at the oral margin. Distance from the oral margin
to the base of eye equal to about one-third the eye height. Sides of face covered
with silvery pollen; bare; narrowest width equal to the length of the second
antennal segment. Facial ridges bristly on the lowest fourth. Facial
depression silvery pollinose, without any carina. Antennae reaching the
lowest fourth of the face, all three segments black; third segment about
one and one-half times as long as the second. Arista thickened on
basal two-fifths, the penultimate section scarcely longer than broad. Width
of front at narrowest point measuring slightly greater than the length
of the second antennal segment, the front silvery pollinose; frontal vitta
dull, dark-brown, at narrowest point slightly wider than either side of front
just cephalad of the ocellar triangle. No orbital bristles, the ocellars proclinate ;
the single row of frontal bristles extending nearly to the base of the third an-
tennal segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray
pollinose on a black ground that is very slightly reddened at the apex. Three
sternopleural bristles and four pairs of dorso-centrals. Scutellum witn three
pairs of marginal macrochaetae and an apical cruciate pair. Legs black, the
middle tibiae with two or more bristles on the front side near the middle; the
hind tibiae without a comb-like row of bristles on the outer side. Wings
hyaline; R,,, (third vein) with a group of five to ten hairs both above and be-
‘low at the junction with R,,,. Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground. Discal and
median marginal macrochaetae on segments two, three and four. The hind mar-
gin of the third tergum slightly arcuate. The fifth tergum which is pollinose,
clearly marked off from the sixth which is shining; the fifth tergum is at its
greatest length about one-fifth the length of the lateral part of the fourth. The
sixth and seventh abdominal segments form the somewhat distended genital
segments.
Male genitalia black. The basal part of the outer forceps is expanded
into a broad, leaf-like portion. ‘The basal part of the inner forceps is equipped
with a short median, keel-like projection, the basal edge of which is very slightly
concave in profile.
The horseshoe-like indenture extends a little less than half way to the
base of the fifth sternite. ‘The outer edges of the prongs are deeply incised,
thus affording a character that serves to separate the species from any other
North American species.
Described from a single male taken at Carlisle Junction, Pa., by W. R.
Walton.
Type No. 24356 in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Ernestia aldrichi Town.
Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of antennae; vibrrssae well
above the oral margin. Palpi dusky yellow to almost black.. Eyes hairy.
Cheeks (below the eyes) white pollinose on a black ground, subshining on
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 251
the lower hairy part, a row of bristles at the oral margin. Distance from the
oral margin to base of eye equal to about one-third the eye height; sides of
face covered with silvery pollen; bare; narrowest width not quite equal to
the length of the second antennal segment. Facial ridges bristly on the lowest
fourth. Facial depression silvery pollinose, without any carina. Antennae
reaching the lowest fourth of face, all three segments black; third segment
about one and one-fourth times as long as the second. Arista thickened on
basal two-fifths to one-half, the penultimate segment slightly longer than broad.
Width of front in both sexes about twice the length of the second antennal
segment; the front silvery pollinose; frontal vitta dull, dark-brown, at narrowest
_ point one and one-half to twice as wide as either side of front just cephalad of
the ocellar triangle. One pair of orbital bristles in the male, two pairs in the
female. Ocellar bristles present in both sexes and proclinate, the single row
of frontal bristles descending almost to the base of the third antennal segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray pol-
linose on a black ground. ‘Typically three sternopleural and four dorsocentral
macrochaetae but both sets are quite variable; scutellum usually with three pairs
of marginal and one pair of cruciate apical bristles. Legs black, the middle tibiae
with two or more bristles on the front side near the middle, the hind tibiae with-
out a comb-like row of bristles on outer side. Wings hyaline. R,,; (third vein)
with a group of two to five hairs both above and below at the junction with
R,,,. Bend of M,,, with a very short appendage in a few of the males, other-
wise destitute of an appendage. Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground. Discal and
marginal macrochaetae present on the second, third and fourth abdominal seg-
ments. ‘The hind margin of the third tergite somewhat arcuate in the male.
The fifth tergum in the male marked off from the shining sixth by a suture,
longer laterally than medially, laterally about one-fifth the length of the lateral
part of the fourth tergum. ‘The sixth and seventh abdominal segments in the
male forming the somewhat prominent genital segments.
Genital segments of the male black. The basal part of the outer forceps
covered by a leaflike expansion. ‘The basal part of the inner forceps with a
long median, keel-like projection.
The indenture in the last sternite of the male extending half the dis-
tance toward the base of the sternite.
Redescribed from the type material consisting of three males and four
females, from Brookings, S. D., in the U. S. N. M., Washington, D. C. One
paratype transferred by courtesy. of the collector, Dr. J. M. Aldrich, to the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
Ernestia longicarina sp. n.
Description of male. Head at vibrissae almost as thick as at base of
antennae ; vibrissae far above the oral margin. Palpi yellow. Eyes hairy. Cheeks
(below the eyes) pale golden pollinose on a black ground, subshining on the
lower hairy part, a row of bristles at the oral margin. Distance from oral mar-
gin to base of eye equal to about one-third the eye height. Sides of face pale
golden pollinose; bare; narrowest width slightly less than the length of the
second antennal segment. Facial ridges bristly on the lowest fourth. Facial.
252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
depression pale golden pollirose without any carina. Antennae reaching lowest
fourth of face, all three segments black; the third segment about one and one-
fourth times as long as the second. Arista thickened on basal half, the pen-
ultimate segment scarcely longer than broad. Width of front at narrowest point
equal to about three-fourths the length of the second antennal segment; the
front silvery pollinose; frontal vitta reddish brown, the narrowest width equal
to about one-half the width of front at vertex. No orbital bristles, the pro-
clinate ocellar bristles fairly well developed; the single row of frontal
bristles descending to about the middle of the second antennal segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen, scutellum gray pol-
linose on a black ground and showing no red coloration even at the extreme
tip. Typically three sternopleural bristles and three pairs of dorsocentrals;
scutellum with three strong pairs of marginal macrochaetae, with an apical
cruciate weaker pair and without any discals. Legs black, -the middle tibiae
with two or more bristles on the front side near the middle, the hind tibiae with-
out a comb-like row of bristles on the outer side. Wings hyaline; R,,, (third
vein) with a group of two to five hairs both above and below at the junction of -
R,,,; the bend of M,,, destitute of an appendage. Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; very lightly silvery pollinose on a black ground.
Discal and marginal macrochaetae present on the second, third and fourth ab-
dominal segments. The hind margin of the third tergum very strongly arcuate ;
the fifth tergum readily marked off from the sixth at the lateral part but medial-
ly indistinguishable from it. The lateral width of the fifth tergum equal to
about one-third the lateral width of the fourth abdominal segment; the sixth
and seventh abdominal segments forming the somewhat distended genital seg-
ments.
Genitalia black; differing from all other known nearctic species in having
an exceedingly long keel-like portion at the base of the inner forceps (named
on account of this unusually long keel). The basal part of the outer forceps
covered over by a broad, leaf-like portion.
The horseshoe-shaped indenture of the last sternite extending slightly
more than half the distance to the base of the blade.
Described from four males collected by Mr. E. C. Van Dyke at Lake
Tahoe, California on September 2oth.
Type and one paratype in the Cal. Acad. Sci. One paratype in the Can-
anadian National Collection, Ottawa. One paratype in the U. S. N. M.
(To pe Continued.)
A REVIEW OF THE GENUS MONOCHAMUS SERV.
(CERAMBYCIDAE, COLEOPTERA)
BY RALPH HOPPING,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
A study of long series of the different species of this genus has made
it evident that a few changes in the synonomy are necessary. The writer's
interpretation of the North American species is expressed in the accompanying
key.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 253
Leng and Hamilton* place obtusus Casey and oregonensis Lec. as syn-
enyms of scutellatus; but all three of them appear to be distinct. Col. Casey
has transferred oregonensis** Lec. to the dentiform group, but the writer feels
he must have mistaken a black form of maculosus for that species: this would
account for the description of monticola Casey, which appears to be the
true oregonensis Lec.
7
The most.strongly maculated species are titillator, maculosus, obtusus
and marmorator. M. maculosus may be densely black or reddish brown, al-
though the red-brown individuals are probably newly emerged.
The length of the antennae varies greatly within the limits of each
species and appears to the writer to be of little specific importance. The sexes,
however, can be separated by antennal characters, since the females of all
species have the antennae but little longer than the body, often with the seg-
ments bicolored, while the males have the antennae much longer than the
body and the segments as a rule unicolorous.
The size varies greatly in each species apparently according to the con-
dition of the food supply. Individuals are generally smaller in arid sections
where the recently fallen or cut timber dries rapidly.
The key to the species herein submitted is based upon an examination of
the material in the Oregon Agricultural College, very kindly loaned by Profes-
sor Lovett. the material in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences,
that in the private collection of Dr. F. E. Blaisdell and Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, the
Ottawa collection of the Entomological Branch and that of the author.
M. angusticollis is known only from the description. Of the species in-
cluded in the table the writer has examined the following number of adults :—
12 marmorator, 17 obtusus, 85 maculosus, 50 titillator, 102 oregonensis, more
than 200 notatus and over 500 scutellatus.
KEY TO SPECIES.
A. Apices of elytra produced into an acute spine or blunt process.
B. Process of elytral apex arising from sutural angle.
C. Process of elytral apex slender, acute or subacute; body and antennae
comparatively slender; punctation of elytra sparse and fine, ashy ves-
titure in more or less definite areas; general color reddish titillator Fab.
CC. Process of elytral apex blunt; body comparatively short and robust;
punctation of elytra dense and coarse, ashy vestiture more or less
diffused; general color black or rufous .......... ‘maculosus Hald.
BB. Process of elytral apex not arising from sutural angle.
C. Process of elytral apex arising from the rounded apices, spinous
angusticollis Casey
CC. Process of elytral apex arising from the obliquely prolonged apices ;
vestiture of elytra often in definite patches; general color yellowish
LS OPYEU emer NS SOS ane. Ls orn ee Sa a es marmorator Kirby
*Transactions Am. Wnt. Soc., 1896, XXIII, p. 109.
**Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV, 1913.
Can Env., VoL. Ll. PLATE SE
THE GENUS MONOCHAMUS
Fig. 1—W. titillator, g ; 2.—M. notatus 9; 3.—WM. notatus, $3; 4-—M.-titillator, 9;
5.—M maculosus, 9; 6—M. maculosus g¢. (All figures enlarged one-half.)
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
bo
on
on
AA. Apices of elytra not produced into a spine or process.
B. Elytral apex obtusely angulated at the suture.
C. Elytra without raised linear elevations.
D. Scutellum generally covered with ashy scales, posterior margin round-
ed; elytra with a vague bronze lustre, maculation often entirely
aheeee. coneral color black) :.. > s'aiiiaeomia. Oa... scutellatus Say
DD. Scutellum bilobed or V-shaped with only the lobes covered with
ashy scales and separated by a minute triangular glabrous area;
maculation of elytra absent or sparse; general color densely black.
oregonensis Lec.
CC. Elytra with raised linear elevations.
Scutellum sparsely clothed except towards the margins; elytra densely,
finely punctured with scattered, raised, often linear, glabrous areas;
: General cele @reyisn DIOWMY oo ia 6 Oe See ag See notatus Drury
BB. Elytral apex not angulated at the suture, evenly rounded; punctation
sparse and fine, scutellum glabrous and rufous; general color rufous.
obtusus Casey
M. titillator Fab. (Lamia), 1775, Syst. Ent. p. 279.
caroline*:sis Oliv.; minor Lec.; dentator Fab.
Col. Casey has resurrected carolinensis Oliv. from the synonymy of this
species. Leng and others treat the name as a synonym. In long series every
variation in size, maculation and reduction of the spine into a blunt form may
be found.
I have a specimen of titillator from the southern Sierras of California,
which I collected over twenty-five years ago. I have, however, a strong suspi-
cion that my California specimen came from lumber shipped from the east.
Former reports of the capture of this species from California probably refer
to M. obtusus Casey:
The slender antennae and the sparse punctation in the cinereous areas
will always serve to separate this species from maculosus, besides the differences
enumerated in the key; the vestiture consists of light brown or yellowish tomen-
tose areas separated by cinereous areas, sparsely punctured. Specimens from
the far north have only indications of the ashy areas, and seem narrower in
form; however, I cannot separate them from titillator by any definite charac-
ters. Length, 13 to 25 mm.
Host—Pinus palustris, P. strobus and probably all pines and Abies bal-
samed.
Habitat—Eastern North America, extending west to Alabama in the
south and possibly to British Columbia and Alaska.
M. maculosus Hald., 1874, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., X, p. 51
strenuus oe oregonensis Lec. (Casey); clamator Lec.
Col. Casey’s interpretation of M. oregonensis Lec. as well as his strenuus
seem to belong here. Occasional specimens of maculosus in a series from the
same tree show all variations of “rusty brown tomentum”. The length of the
antennae is very variable in all species and series. The rugosities of the elytra
are irregular in form, the vestiture consisting of dark brown, rusty brown or
250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
black tomentum separated by cinereous areas of scales arranged in minute sep-
arated groups. , Length, 16 to 26 mm.
Hosts.—Breeds more commonly in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) than
in yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa).
Habitat—Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Wash-
ington, Nevada, Idaho and British Columbia.
M. angusticollis Casey, 1913, Mem. on the Coleop. IV, p. 292.
I have not seen this species nor can I find that it exists in any collection
other than that of Col. Casey, which, since it comes from Texas, is not strange.
Material from that state, in the Cerambycidae, seems to be notably absent in
collections. The position of the apical spine would separate it from any other
species. Length, 18.5 mm.
Host—Unknown.
Habitat.—Texas.
M. marmorator Kirby, 1837, Faun. Bor. Am. IV, p. 169.
fautor Lec.; acutus Lacord.
The characters given in the key are amply sufficient to distinguish this
species, which is still rare in collections. The vestiture of the elytra is ochra- —
ceous white and brown or black in more or less definite patches. Length, 18
to 25 mm.
Host—Abies balsamea.
Habitat—New York, Vermont, Nova Scotia to Great Lakes Region.
M. scutellatus Say, (Cerambyx), 1824, Long’s Exp. II, p. 289.
resutor Kirby; mutator Lec.
I have this species from Alaska, Hudson’s Bay, Michigan, Ontario and
Massachusetts, and have seen specimens from all the spruce regions of Canada.
The vestiture is either wanting or consisting of a few ashy, irregularly placed
scales. Some females, however, are fairly well covered with ashy vestiture of
no particular design.
Alaskan specimens generally have the femora red but do not seem to
differ otherwise. The antennae, especially the scape, seem to be brownish
and seldom black as in M. oregonensis, and have the elytra vaguely bronzed.
The 2 @ are generally smaller than the ¢ ¢. Length, 13 to 24 mm.
Hosts —Pinus strobus, P. banksiana, P. resinosa, Picea canadensis, and
Abies balsamea.
Habitat—New England, Canada (except British Columbia), Alaska.
M. oregonensis Lec., 1873, Smiths. Mise. Coll., XI, No. 264, p. 231.
monticola Casey.
Mr. Lawrence Reynolds very kindly examined Le Conte’s type for meé.
It was found to agree with what has always been called oregonensis in the west.
The large stout form, dense black color, and the scutellum distinguish this
species. The vestiture is much as in scutellatus. The 9 2 are as large as or
larger than the ¢ ¢. WM. oregonensis is distributed throughout the west where
Pseudotsuga taxifolia and Abies concolor are found, although it attacks other
coniferous species within the area. Length, 13 to 30 mm.
Hosts.—Abies concolor, Abies magnifica, Pseudotsuga taxifoha, Pinus
Can. En’t., Vou. Litt. PLATE XII.
THE GENUS MONOCHAMUS
Fig. 1—M. marmorator, 9; 2.—WM. oregonensis, 9; 3.—M. scutellatus, 9; 4.—M.
obtusus, ¢; 5.—M. scutellatus, ¢; 6-—M. oregonensis, 9; 1.—M. ob-
tusus, 9; 8-—M. marmorator, 4.
258 ~ HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
contorta. Specimens from Pinus contorta are usually smaller, with the elytra
of the males more densely maculate.
Habitat——British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada,
Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico.
M. notatus Drury, 1773, Ills. of Nat. Hist. II, p. 65.
*confusor Kirby. .
This species can be readily distinguished by the smoky grey color. Oc-
casionally the glabrous rugosities become obsolete, or may be rounded. It
averages larger than any other species and is a good illustration of the tremen-
dous variation in size, the minimum being .50 inch and the maximum 1.50 inch,
an extreme variation of one inch. Length, 16 to.40 mm.
Hosts—Pinus strobus, P. banksiana, P. resinosa, P. ponderosa, Picea
canadensis.
Habitat.—Northeastern part of the U.S. and Canada, including British
Columbia.
M. obtusus Casey, 1913, Mem. on the Coleop. IV, p. 293.
This is a very good species, breeding in pines of north central California,
where the cross ranges connect the coast mountains with those of the interior.
In maculation and punctation it is much nearer titillator than any other
species, but has a remarkably short, robust form. ‘The sutural length of the
elytra is seldom more than twice the basal width, whereas in all other species
it is much more than twice the basal width. The characters given in the key
and enumerated by Col. Casey make it impossible to confuse this species with
any other. Besides the specimens in my cabinet, I have seen a much larger
series in the collection of the Academy of Sciences in San Francisco taken by
Dr. E. P. Van Duzee. Length 19 to 23 mm.
Hosts.—Pinus ponderosa, P. contorta.
Habitat.—California (Lassen and Siskiyou Cos.)
A NEW WESTERN SYRPHID (DIPTERA).
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Orillia, Ont.
Toxomerus occidentalis n. sp.
Mesogramma geminata Williston (in part).
Differs from 7. geminatus Say in the shape of the process on the hind
femora, which is shorter and bears a shorter and stouter arm; the front is wider
in the female, the vertical triangle slightly wider in the male; band on first seg-
ment always interrupted in both sexes.
Length, 6.5 to8 mm. 4% Face yellow, below and at the sides finely sil-
very pubescent; cheeks black behind. Antennae reddish yellow, arista black;
vertical triangle long, narrow, black, in front and at the vertex with yellowish
pollen, in the middle very shining; eyes less distinctly touching than in T.
geminatus, especially dorsally. Pile of the front whitish, a few blackish hairs
immediately above the antennae, and entirely black on ‘the vertical’ triangle.
*It is a little doubtful if Drury’s species notatus, from Norway is our confusor and
the latter name may haye to be re-established,
HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 259
Posterior orbits greyish pollinose, becoming more yellowish above.
Thorax shining greenish, somewhat bronzed black, with three broad,
subcontiguous opaque brownish bronzed stripes; median cinereous line distinct
on the anterior half. Yellow lateral margins complete. Pleurae bluish black,
the mesopleura with oblong-oval yellow spot, and a white pubescent spot below
it. Scutellum shining olivaceous black with yellow border. Pile of thorax and
scutellum obscurely yellowish, the latter with a fringe of long black hairs;
pleurae with sparse whitish pile.
Abdomen deep shining black; first segment with only the antero-sides
or with a very narrow anterior border yellow. Second segment with a narrow
median, slightly arcuate or straight, interrupted yellow band, the lateral mar-
gins in front of this narrowly yellow; or with the band almost obsolete and
the: margins black. Third segment with a median longitudinal yellowish line
abbreviated at both ends, the black in front forming more or less of a circle; at
each side with a basal, broad yellow band, with an oval production posteriorly
at the inner end. Fourth segment with five yellow spots, the median one similar
to the median line on the third segment; two elongate broad, longitudinal spots,
their posterior ends rounded, situated each side of the median spot, and two
sub-square spots, longer laterally, on the anterior angles. Fifth segment with
the sides yellow, more narrowly so posteriorly. Apical margins of second to
fifth segments yellow or reddish. In darker specimens the median lines are
almost obsolete and the spots all smaller, those on the posterior angles of the
fourth segment triangular and the apex of the fifth segment black. The spots
on the third segment occupy not more than the anterior half of the segment
where they are longest. (In geminatus they always oceupy considerably more
than half, even in very dark specimens.) -
Legs yellow, including the hind coxae; posterior femora black, except
the ends; tibiae with a black band near the end; hind tarsi brown, anterior
tarsi reddish apically; the hind femora sometimes with only a black band sub-
apically in the female. In the male the hind tibiae broadly produced at the
apical end, and arcuate; hind femora strongly arcuate, the process near the
base stouter and with shorter arm projecting posteriorly than in geminatus.
Wings hyaline, stigma yellowish brown.
g. Antennae with the “third joint broadly brownish above; face
distinctly white pilose below; front shining black, black pilose; not as much
narrowed above as in geminatus and the yellow on the sides also seems to be
slightly narrower; abdomen, second pair of basal spots moderately broad, a
little broader medially and laterally, interrupted medially by a roundish black
circle with a dibber-shaped yellow spot in its middle, spots not reaching the
margin; spots on the fourth segment enlarged postero-medially; fifth seg-
ment with triangular spots on the basal corners and a smaller anterior spot in
the middle; in other respects as in the male.
Holotype. 6, Victoria, B.C., May 5, 1919, (W. Downes).
Allotype. 2, Saanich Dist., B.C., May 17, 1909 (Downes).
Types, in the Canadian National Collection. Paratypes, 40 specimens
of both sexes from California, Oregon and British Columbia.
260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
This species is very distinct from 7. geminatus Say and may be dis-.
tinguished readily by its very dark shining appearance, and definitely distin-
guished in specimens which approach geminatus in color by the basal process on
the hind femora. TJ. geminatus does not appear to be common west of the
mountains, but I have specimens from British Columbia. I have seen no speci-.
mens of occidentalis from east of the Rockies. An occasional specimen has the
first band only slightly interrupted.
A GENUS AND SPECIES OF SYRPHIDAE NEW TO CANADA
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Orillia, Ont.
The type species of the genus Chalcomyia, C. area Loew, was taken in
Illinois. A second species, which is herein described, was taken by the writer
on May 8th, 1921, at Orillia, on the common wild black or pin cherry. Two
specimens were taken late in the afternoon, which was sunny, but a cold wind
was blowing. Both specimens were resting upon flowers and resembled a
small Muscid. ‘They were a good ten feet from the ground. The legs in this
species are entirely deep steely black, as is the general color. C. area has the
legs considerably pale. .
\ Chalcomyia calcitrans n. sp.
Habitat Ontario: early spring; edge of woods.
é. Length, 6 to 6.5 mm. Eyes bare, moderately separated. Face and
front shining deep black, the face, except a broad median stripe, silvery pubes-
cent; cheeks shining; facial pits long, almost as in Chilosia. Face wihout pile,
in profile strongly convex, with small but conspicuous tubercle below the middle ;
oral margin projecting as far forward as the antennal base and produced mod-
erately downward. Vertical triangle with sparse, long black and white pile
behind the anterior ocellus; front bare. Posterior orbits with long gray pile be-
low, becoming shorter and more whitish above. First antennal joint black,
second brownish yellow, third reddish yellow; arista black, bare.
Thorax, scutellum, abdomen and legs deep shining bluish or greenish
black. ‘Thorax with short yellow pile, with some longer black hairs around
the sides of the dorsum; pleurae almost bare. Scutellum short yellow pilose,
with some longer black hairs apically. Abdomen with short, inconspicuous
whitish pile, wholly shining. All the femora somewhat thickened; hind tibiae
slightly arcuate, tarsi with pads of golden pubescence beneath.
Wings sub-hyaline, slightly tinged with luteous; stigma luteous.
The abdomen is almost triangular in shape, the hypopygium large and in-.
clined to the right. The color appears bluish black to the naked eye, but slightly
greenish black under the microscope. ‘The fly is very shining.
Holotype.— 6, Orillia, Ontario, May 8, 1921 (Curran), in the Canadian
National Collection, Ottawa. Paratype, ¢, same place and date, in the author’s
collection. ;
Since the above description was prepared two further specimens, both
males, have been identified. They were taken at McDiarmid, Ont., by N. K.
Bigelow, of the Ontario Museum, Toronto. ‘The species is evidently northern
in distribution.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 261
BOOK REVIEW é
APPLIED EKNToMoLocGy, AN INTRODUCTORY TEX’?T-BOooK OF INSECTS IN
THEIR RELATION TO MAN, by H. ‘TT. Fernald, New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc. p. I-X1V, 1-386, 388 text figures, 1921.
This book, as stated by the author, is intended primarily as a.classroom
text for students in Agricultural colleges who do not intend to specialize in
Entomology but “need it as a part of their agricultural education and particularly
as a tool which they can use wherever insects are related to their special lines
of work.”
In attacking this problem of writing a combined text book of systematic
and economic entomology, even for the class of students referred to, the author
has undertaken a very difficult task and one which many teachers of the subject
feel cannot be done satisfactorily. However, there are many teachers who
hold the opposite view. But, whatever the view, this new book will be welcome
to all as a valuable contribution to entomology and, whether it is used as a text
book or not, it will often be consulted by teachers and students; for it is written
in a very readable and interesting style and presents most of the essential facts
of elementary systematic entomology in a new and attractive manner and also
gives a fairly full account of most of our insect pests and of the methods of
their control.
The first 58 pages are devoted almost entirely to an account of the ex-
ternal and internal structures of insects, their development, losses caused by
them, nature’s method of control, insecticides, fungicides and fumigation. Each
of these topics is treated briefly and yet with sufficient fullness to give a good
general knowledge of the subject.
The main part of the book, or a little more than 300 pages, is composed
of a description of the characteristics and peculiarities of the different orders
and of the chief families under these orders, together with a description of the
chief insects of economic importance under each family, their habits, life
histories and methods of control. Much attention is paid to this economic as-
pect and in consequence most of the very destructive insects of North America
are discussed at considerable length.
There are many good illustrations and a few that are somewhat poor. A
few more illustrations, especially of the immature stages of- insects in certain
orders, would have been an improvement and also the addition of a host index.
The life histories and control measures of the various insects discussed
are, with a few exceptions, up-to-date and sufficiently full for the purpose.
There are a few typographical errors and inaccuracies here and there
throughout the text but not sufficient to mar the value appreciably.
The book should be very welcome, not only to teachers and to wumder-
graduates in agricultural colleges but also to many others who are interesfed in
entomology.—lL,. Caesar.
262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
OBITUARY.
Tue Rev. THomas W. FYLES, D. C. L., F. L. S.
The Entomological Society of Ontario has lost its most aged. member
and one of its most devoted friends and supporters through the death of the
Rev. Dr. Fyles, which took place at Ottawa on Tuesday, August oth, 1921,
after an operation for some internal trouble; his remains were interred in the
Beechwood cemetery on the following Thursday. Born at ‘The Hermitage”,
Enfield, Chase, England, on the first of June, 1832, he had entered upon his
goth year when he died. After completing his education in London he: came.
to Canada in 1861 and took up his residence in Montreal. In 1864 he was_.or-
dained by Bishop Fulford in Christ Church Cathedral and was appointed to
the charge of the parish of Ironhill in the Eastern Townships where he was
instrumental in building a church and parsonage. After an incumbency of
eight years he was transferred to Nelsonville, where also he succeeded in building
a rectory; there he remained for eleven years doing faithful work among his
parishioners, whose love and esteem he speedily won. In those days the Eastern
Townships, lying south of Montreal and the other side of the St. Lawrence
were inhabited by English-speaking farmers and others, mostly from “the old
country”, who were Protestant in their religion and largely members of the
Church of England. Now very few of their descendants are to be found in
that beautiful and fertile region of country, their places having been filled by
French-speaking Roman Catholics.
With his inborn love of nature in all its aspects, Dr. Fyles enjoyed to
the utmost the rural scenes and varied life of animals and plants with which he
was surrounded. Mountains and hills, lakes, rivers and ponds, woodland streams
and swamps, forest glades, flower-spangled meadows, orchard and garden, all
were to him full of charm and interest, and gave him the utmost delight. While
all nature was full of “the glory of God” and appealed to his heart’s deepest
emotions, he was devoted especially to the study of the manifold forms of in-
sect life which were everywhere to be found about him. It thus came about
that in the course of time he gradually formed a large and beautiful collection,
of butterflies, moths and other insects. The results of: his observation. and.
studies are to be found in many admirable papers which are published in the
Annual Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and which he read
at its meetings.
In 1883, after spending nearly a score of happy years amid country scenes
and kindly people, he removed to Levis, opposite the City of Quebec, and was
employed by the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge (London,
England) as immigration Chaplain. For twenty-five years he filled this post,
meeting all the incoming ships with their varied crowds of new settlers. To
them, bewildered often by their new surroundings he was a veritable friend in
need, and did much to relieve their difficulties and cheer them on their way.
The work was sometimes very arduous when a number of large ships arrived
fully loaded with passengers coming to the new lands of this vast Dominion.
During the winter months, when navigation. was closed and the port of
Quebec securely ice-bound, Dr. Fyles had time to devote to his favourite study
HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 263
of Entomology. In 1897 he succeeded in the formation of the Quebec Branch
of our’ Society, acting as its President and in fact its mainstay, as after his de-
parture in 1909, the Branch, in spite of heroic efforts on the part of some of its
members, gradually died out through having lost its inspiration and its guide.
In recognition of his learning and ability, he was appointed Honorary Professor
of Biology in Morrin College, Quebec; Fellow of the Linnean Society of Lon-
don; and given:the honorary Degree of D. C. L. by the University of Bishops’
College, Lennoxville, Quebec. From 1899 to 1901 he was President of ‘the
Entomological Society of Ontario, and its delegate to the Royal Society ‘of
Canada in 1890, 1894 and 1895; he was also for many years a’member ofthe
Council of the Society and of the Editing Committee of the “Canadian Ento-
mologist.”
In 1909 he gave up his work at the Port of Quebec owing in some
measure to an accident which had injured his foot and impaired his powers of
walking and former activity. Before leaving, his fine collections were trans-
ferred to the Museum in the Quebec Parliament Buildings, where, no doubt, they
are well looked after and carefully preserved. On his retirement and resignation
of active work, at the age of 77 years, he had well earned a period of rest. He
spent three years at Hull and in 1912 removed across the river to Ottawa, where
he remained until the hour of his death.
Dr. Fyles was a constant contributor during a long series of years, to
the publications of the Entomological Society of Ontario. His first papers in
the “Canadian Entomologist” were “Notes on a Gall-mite of the Nettle-Tree
(Celtis occidentalis)” in October, 1882, and “A Description of a Dipterous Para-
site of Phylloxera vastatrix, Diplosis grassator, new species” in December, 1882.
The latter was also published, as his first contribution to the Annual Reports,
in the Fourteenth, for 1883. Many papers of a descriptive or systematic char-
acter appeared in the magazine, but his most characteristic articles were those
read at the meetings of the Society and published in the Reports. His inimitable
manner of reading and the keen humour that pervaded many of them charmed
his audience and will not soon be forgotten by those who had the privilege and
opportunity of hearing them.
For thirty-four years he never failed to furnish a paper for our meet-
ings; the last, in 1916 on “The Naturalist in the City”, describing various incidents
that came under his observation while living in Ottawa. Among the seventy-
six papers that appeared in the Reports were many that showed his extensive
knowledge of Entomology in most of its orders, as may be learnt from the fol-
lowing titles: “Certain Forms of Neuroptera in their Relation to the Fishing
Interests” ; ‘Butterflies’ with tables for the determination of the species found
in the Province of Quebec; “The Sphingidae of Quebec Province”, with similar
useful tables; ““Dragon-flies of Quebec”; “Crickets”; ‘“Paper-making Wasps” ;
“Food-habits of Hymenopterous Larvae”; “Hemiptera”; “’T'wo-winged Flies” ;
“Forest Insects” ; “The Tussock Moths”; ‘““Notodontidae” and several others.
His most delightful papers, however, were of a different character and in
his Own wonderful style that charmed those who heard or read them. The fol-
lowing series may be mentioned especially : “Voices of the Night”, “The Pool”,
204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
“The Stream”, “Green Lanes and Byways”, and “Mountains and Hills’. In
these papers are depicted not only varied forms of insect life, but also observa-
tions of other living creatures in air and water and on earth. All living things
among animals and plants were of engrossing interest to this keen-eyed lover of
‘nature in all its aspects.
A few other remarkable papers may be mentioned as examples of his
literary tastes and skill: “ Visit to the Canadian Haunts of Philip Henry Gosse”
(author of the “Canadian Naturalist”); “How the Forest of Bedford was
Swept Away”; “The Entomology of Shakespeare”; and “Entomological Mis-
takes of Authors”.
Dr. Fyles was no mean artist, as the original illustrations in many of his
papers plainly show. He was also in the habit of presenting large colored dia-
grams of the insects that he referred to in his lectures and addresses. He pre-
sented a large, handsomely bound folio volume of these diagrams to the Society’s
library as an expression of his gratitude for all the Society had been to him
during a long series of years.
He was a notable example of an old-time naturalist, a class of nature-
lovers now almost extinct in these: days of specialization and devotion on some
single family or group of insects. His innate interest found scope in his boyish
days when, after his father’s early death, he spent many summer holidays at the
country home of his grandmother, and together with his uncle, Edwin Tearle,
at that time a boy of about the same age, roamed the woods and hills in search
of birds and butterflies. .To this friend and companion he was much devoted and
after coming to Canada kept up a long correspondence with the exchange of
verses. In the two volumes of poems that he published are references to this
friend of earlier days.
The writer may conclude this sketch of a beloved and revered friend
with a quotation from a letter received from him a few years ago :—
“T look back and I thank God for the brightening of my life that my
connection with the Entomological Society of Ontario has been to me, and yet
a feeling of sadness comes over me when I think of the good old friends who
have passed “the Great Divide’, and every change seems to say—the days dark-
en round us and the years, among new men, strange faces, other minds—and
the remembrance of our departed friends calls for thankfullness, for it is a
pleasant remembrance, yes, and I am thankful”. Charles J. S. Bethune.
CORRECTIONS AND EMENDATIONS
P. 184. ‘Transpose line 5 to follow line 2.
Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell has called my attention to the fact that the
genus Vitrinella, proposed by me for a Geometrid genus (1920, Studies in N.
Am, Cleorini, 27) is preoccupied by Vitrinella Adams (1850) in Mollusca. ‘The
name Anavitrinella may be used to replace it
I might also note that in the above mentioned paper the species agrestaria
Grossb. was omitted, by oversight, from the genus Pterotaea, although: figured
under this generic name on Plate VI, fig. 11. J. McDunnough.
Che Canadian Cutomalogist
Note LE, ORIELIA, DECEMBER, 1921; No. 12.
POPULAR AND: PRACTICAL BENTOMOLOGY
Tur Lire History or 4 Hosppy Horse
BY FRANCIS J A. MORRIS,
Peterborough, Ont.
Part ilf.—Skconpd Cri_pHoop—THr ‘TrieE’s INCLINE.
(Continued from Page 245).
At the head of Corbett’s pond the spring after the water level was per-
manently lowered I spent several hours one Saturday observing a multitude of
Plover, Snipe, and Sandpipers feeding on the rich alluvial surface. The first
thing I saw on approaching was a flock of seven or eight Black-bellied Plover
which I had put up in the forenoon from Duck Harbour four miles away ;
then two Golden Plover, the only time to my knowledge I have ever seen this
bird. Both these kinds were very wild and flew rapidly out of sight up the
Ganeraska in a north-westerly direction. By good luck I happened on an
excellent “hide”, a hollow on the slope of the bank a few yards from the water,
screened from the cold north-west wind by the top of the bank and hidden from
view by a fringe of willow bushes, through which I could watch the birds
feeding. Most of the time my glasses were trained across a narrow arm of the
Ganeraska on to a delta of black mud dotted with sand patches, little thickets
of dead sticks, and shallow pools of water. The birds were very numerous,
the different species moving about in small flocks that often intermingled ;
sometimes three or four species feeding ‘sociably together in a single group;
for the most part they seemed strangely silent, but this was probably due to
the distance and the peculiar character of “‘tield-glass” views; birds at quite a
distance being brought right up to the eye, so that you felt almost as 1f you could
lay your spare hand on the bird by a sudden pounce down behind the glasses.
Moreover I was to windward, and when the breeze dropped I fancied | could
hear faint twitterings. It was very interesting to see the quick nervous move-
ments of the birds, almost as restless as Snowbirds in a blizzard, but with
much less use of the wings; all showed the curious “teetering” fore and aft,
that has given the Least Sandpiper its popular name, accompanied by frequent
bobbing of head and neck and flirting of tail; but prettiest sight of all was
their quick, clean step and dainty tread about the tiny sandbars and mud flats
that made the shores of their Liliputian lakes. There were at least seven
species, but I was able to identify five only with certainty: the Least Sandpiper,
the Solitary, the Spotted and the Red-backed; the last of these remarkable
for the large disk of jet on its belly which gives it the local name of “black-
heart” among the gunners; the most exquisite of all these “limicola’’ or mud-
haunters was a tiny white-throated, white-breasted and -bellied -bird, with a
black collar round the neck, a dusky head, and grey-brown back and wings;
it looked for all the world like a dwarf Killdeer, and as a flock of Willdeer
came down from the field behind me and settled on the delta, I was able to
266 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
compare the two at my leisure. ‘The stranger was the Semi-palmated Plover
and appeared surprisingly tame; three or four twice crossed the river-arm and
settled on the sand just beyond my willow screen, either never suspecting my
presence or utterly fearless.
In Choate’s Wood itself, a little way above the pond, I heard one day the
most awful racket of crows; the noise started with a few sharp caws and rising
rapidly to a deafening babel, subsided more slowly into dead silence; after a
few moments this performance was repeated. Stepping softly forward through
the aisles of beech and maple [| presently came upon scores and scores of crows
filling the tops of two large trees; at first | couldn't make head or tail of the
phenomenon, or rather it seemed to be all heads and tails, without a meaning,
though full enough of sound and fury. But presently the mystery was explained.
In one tree the crows seemed to keep pretty still, but in the other I noticed they
kept hopping and jumping downwards and athwart, gradually edging nearer
and nearer to a projecting limb; as soon as my eye rested on the limb the mystery
was cleared up. There at the end of a branch sat a large owl, apparently
wrapped in meditation and unconscious that the tide of this japbering parlia-
iment was setting 1ts way; soon, however, it began to show signs of nervousness,
blinking and turning its neck this way and that; whenever it moved as though
to fly the excitement of its persecutors broke out into sharp caws; and when it
actually took wing, the whole host of crows from both trees precipitated them-
selves upon it with deafening cries and it was forced to settle almost immediately.
Apparently no crow dared come to close quarters with it as long as it kept its
perch.
The North Wood was famous for my first Scarlet Tanager and the Indigo
Bunting; it was also a favorite resort of the Crested Flycatcher and the Oven-
bird. The fields just northeast of here were memorable for the Bartramian
Sandpiper, observed first at the end of April while at its tamest before nesting,
and beautifully vocal with its call note in an astonishingly long curve of sound;
beginning on a low almost guttural burr and rising energetically like the spirt
of a fountain to the top of its pitch, where it passes from trill or burr to a
characteristic plover wail that falls away and dies on about the note it opens
with—* Pr-r-r-r-r-ee-eep-wee-ee-ee-ee.”” During the nesting season the birds are
seldom heard even at the moment of alighting, while raising the wings over the
head and folding them slowly down to the sides; this is their favorite call moment
at other times, but while eggs and young are in the nest they forego even this,
South of the “Rockies” lies a great stretch of pasture lands, in which the Bart-
ranuan Sandpiper has lately come to breed in great numbers, and here occasion-
ally in early spring I have had the pleasure of flushing a small flock of Yellow-
legs from marshy pools; their attitudes, movements and sounds of alarm before
taking to wing, being all most interesting to note.
The Newtonville Swamp included a very rich sphagnum moss bog at its
west end, where I made finds of nearly all the orchids known to me in the
Rideau district as well as some new ones; it was also the scene of several of
my most interesting bird discoveries. I took field glasses with me on my first
trip there and while gloating over a wealth of Stemless Ladies’ Slippers growing
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 267
in the shade of pines and among bushes of huckleberry, | heard at intervals what
absent-mindedly I set down as the distant hoot of an owl, soft and plaintive ; sud-
denly, I sat up and listened attentively —an owl? at noon? on a bright June day ?
What a fool I was! By noting the direction of the sound I was soon able to
train my glasses on to a small group of trees not very far away and to my delight
discovered the singer on a high branch of white pine; from colour and shape,
especially the head and neck, it appeared to be a pigeon; taken in conjunction
with its call the evidence pointed conclusively to the Mourning Dove; the call
has great charm, being softly plaintive, suiting the lonely swamps and pine woods
where it loves to dwell. One of the prettiest sights I have ever seen was a
family of four of these birds perched side by side on a pine branch overlooking a
stretch of hazel and scrub oak in which | had been studying a colony of ground
robins (the Chewink or ‘Towhee ).
Not very long afterwards, on the edge of this Newtonville Swamp, as |
sat munching some bread and cheese on a hummock of moss, | heard almost
over my head the ineffably sweet call of the “White-throat” Sparrow (the Pea-
body or Canada bird), and with my glasses was able to detect the songster in a
tamarac almost at my side. When these birds first come back in the spring they
linger for days about the gardens and orchards, and like the Warblers on their
migration flight are-very sociable; | once saw three species of sparrows all to-
gether in the top of a spruce beside my window at the School; two of the birds
were the White-throat and the White-crowned Sparrow. ‘The bird sings all the
season and there is hardly any secluded swamp where it may not be heard; in the
Algonquin Park their call is on every side from June until August. Yet again
in this swamp while botanizing with an old college friend from Liverpooi we
were attacked by a large pair of hawks, and finally surprised two young ones
just able to fly, in the centre of a great trodden space that can best be described
as a shambles; three rabbit skulls, two pair of yellow hen’s legs, a crow, and
many gruesome tufts of fur and feathers being scattered about. One day in this
swamp while taking some boys of the school Field Club to see the Pitcher Plants,
Sundews, Orchids and Heaths, we surprised a Bittern on its nest; I do not think
we should have seen the bird at all but it betrayed its presence by an angry hiss
like a snake’s, and presently we saw the long sharp dagger of its beak with a
glittering eye behind it (the jewel in the haft) thrust up through a clump of
Black Huckleberry (Gaylussacia resinosa). Among the boys at the school was
a little Swiss from Mexico who once brought me from his home a bunch of
some tropical orchids gathered froma tree; | had these set up in a greenhouse in
sphagnum moss and two years later they thrust out a gorgeous display of blos-
soms. ‘This boy was fairly fascinated that day in the swamp by his first sight
of the insectivorous plants of the sphagnum. When the botanical collections
were handed in that July, | found among my Mexican pupil’s specimens a
beautifully pressed pair of Pitcher-plant leaves with the long-stalked nodding
flower between, and underneath, the legend—]ug-plant !”’
This Field Club had certain highly prized privileges; the boys were given
extended bounds and an occasional half holiday for an outing in June. As
birds’ nesting was,.taboo and flower hunting tame to many of the robuster
208 "HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
spirits, these last appear to have put their heads together one spring in secret
conclave.
We never know what is in the lap of the gods, and the day that followed
our Field Club’s Spring “revival” meeting, dawned much as other April days;
it was only months later that I realized how big with history it had been. Shortly
before breakfast a deputation of six boys filed into my room to know 1f | would
add to the annual prize competition of Flowers, Foliage and Ferns, by including
Insects, and admit them to the Club as bug-hunters.
After a little consideration I agreed to this, and wrote a short article on
the comparative advantages of collecting Butterflies and Moths, or beetles, which
appeared in the next issue of the School magazine. I may have emphasized the
ease of setting and preserving beetles as against the difficulty of catching and
mounting butterflies. It was fate’s irony 1f I did. At any rate about five pairs
of partners applied for membership and three of these chose beetles for their
hobby. I had already copies of Ilolland’s two books on Butterflies and on
Moths, and identification was fairly straightforward in the Lepidoptera; though
| am free to admit being greatly relieved at the end of the summer to find, in a
big collection of sixteen cases made by a pupil at Grosse Ile, Michigan, that
nearly all the specimens had been determined and named by the collector and
his sister at home during the holidays.
But Beetles were a horse of another colour altogether, and I soon found
myself in a hopeless quandary over their names. Boys came to my room morn-
ing,
of sheer desperation [ began a collection for. myself, and secured a copy of
noo and night, with specimens to be identified, and in a few weeks, out
Comstock’s “Manual for the Study of Insects’, Le Conte and Horn’s “Key to
the Generic Classification of North American Coleoptera”, and /Knobel’s Ilus-
trated Booklet on “Beetles of New England”. Ina month I was in an advanced
stage of the disease, and have suffered an annual outbreak of it ever since, just
as regular in its recurrence as ague or a dose of Poison Ivy.
The most enthusiastic pair of Beetle collectors in the Club—apart from
the President and his runningmate, a dentist in the town—were a boy from AI-
goma Mills near the Soo and his partner from New Orleans. One of these young
bug-hunters had done some reading on the subject, and by a process of reasoning
not uncommon had framed an infallible test for all possible beetle-problems ;
whenever the whoop of a new capture went up, Whitney McQuire could be
heard shouting breathlessly, as he raced to the scene of action—‘Did you count
its legs?’ I suppose his syllogism must have run like this: All insects are six-
leggers; Beetles are six-leggers; arvgal All six-leggers are beetles. I am afraid |
may have helped to clinch this Dogberry reasoning, for I ruled out two speci-
mens of sow-bugs and a flat spider-scorpion, taken by him under bark, from his
first collection of beetles on the score of an improper complement of legs. Of
course, the counting of legs has its uses, but also its limitations. It obviously
wouldn't have made any difference to the Scotch gardener who accused my
cousin once of stealing strawberries, and received the suggestion that birds had
been the thieves with a wise head-shake and the remark: “Ah! Mr. Harry, two-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209
legged birds” —an unhappy improvement on the proverbial mice. And | doubt
whether it would have helped the railway guard in his famous dispute with
Frank Buckland. We are told that Buckland was just boarding a train with a
pet monkey when he was stopped by the guard and told that he must pay for
his pet’s journey in accordance with the company’s regulations governing dogs;
to enforce his protests the naturalist drew a live tortoise out of his coat pocket
and said, “Well! what about this?” ‘The man scratched his head completely
non-plussed for a moment; then a happy thought spread across his face in a
broad grin, as he answered, “Oh! that’s all right; that’s a hinsec’, and they’re
iree.” ‘The world hasn’t moved far since Buckland’s day and I have often been
applied to for advice not strictly entomological. | remember once a hurry call
over the ‘phone from a drug store, when the following conversation took place :
“Hello! Is that Mr. Morris?’ “Yes.” “Is it you that’s interested in bugs?”
“Yes.” “Well! say, there’s a big lizard down in the cellar and we’d like you to
come and see it.”
As most of my papers in the “Intomologist” describe in detail the symp-
toms of this now familiar Colcopteritis, | shall not say more about it here. As
child, as boy and man, and in this second childhood of finding my feet in a new
world, from first to last my interest has been purely an amateur’s delight in the
beauties of Nature. All that can fairly be asked of a hobby is to give pleas-
ure; utility is a mere accident, and it would be waste of breath to recommend the
pastime where it affords neither pleasure nor interest. I suppose it is quite illog-
ical of me, therefore, to cherish as I do the memory of a rare occasion on which
my hobby was translated into terms of dollars and cents.
One summer evening as I sat in my room I heard a rig drive hastily up
to the school; in less than a minute my door was flung unceremoniously open, and
in rushed a stout man with spectacles, breathless with excitement, his arms full
of a mass of meadowgrass and weeds. As soon as he could speak he told me he
rad been calling at a farm house and while he talked at the door, his mare, a
valuable race horse, had cropped some weeds on the edge of an orchard and got
poisoned. She was lying in the stable frothing at the mouth and heaving. If I
could tell him what the poison was he thought he could save the animal. He was
a Vet. by profession and knew the common antidotes. I took the sheaf of
herbage from him and looked it carefully over. ‘There were no flowers, but I
noticed some tall, rank stems with tiny buds on them and dark divided leaves
that looked like a buttercup’s. Hastily turning up Britton and Brown I ran
through Ranunculaceac, and eureka! it was aconite. The antidote was administered
and the mare recovered :—fpost hoc, ergo propter hoc, the Vet. credited me with
the cure, and not long after I was shown an entry in the Bursar’s ledger:
Item: ‘To attending School cow during sickness—$12.00
cancelled on account of having my mare saved by a member
of the school staff.
Like Lucky Hans T had swapped my horse for a cow.
270 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
AVIREVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES “OF THE TACHIRG.
GENUS ERNESTTAR De DLE TE Rey)
BY D Rey SiON 2: TOTAL Ly.
In Charge of Natural Control Investigations, Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
(Continued from Page 252).
Ernestia platycarina s). uv.
Description of male. Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of
antennae; vibrissae far above the oral margin. Palpi ranging from yellow to
black. Eyes hairy. Cheeks (below the eyes) white pollinose on a black ground
subshining on the lower hairy part, a row of stouter hairs or bristles at the oral
margin. Distance from the oral margin to the base of the eye equal to about
one-third of the eye height. Sides of the face covered with silvery pollen;
bare; narrowest width slightly less than the length of the second antennal seg-
ment. Facial ridges bristly on the lowest fourth. Facial depression silvery
pollinose, without any carina. Antennae reaching the lowest fourth of the
face, all three segments black; third segment about one and one-half times as
long as the second. Arista thickened on basal two-fifths, the penultimate seg-
ment slightly longer than broad. Width of the front at the narrowest point
measuring a shade less than the length of the second antennal segment; the
front silvery pollinose; frontal vitta dull, darkbrown, at the narrowest point
about equal to the width of either side of the front just cephalad of the ocellar
triangle. No orbital bristles, ocellars well developed and proclinate, the single
row of frontal bristles descending nearly to the base of the third antennal
segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray pol-
linose on a black ground that becomes distinctly rufous at the apex. Three
sternopleurals; three to four dorsocentrals, these showing considerable varia-
bility; scutellum with three marginal pairs of macrochaetae and an apical
cruciate pair. Legs black, the middle tibiae with two or more bristles on the
front side near the middle, the hind tibiae without a comb-like row of bristles
on the outer side. Wings hyaline. R,,, (third vein) with a group of two to
five hairs both above and below at the junction of R.,,. Bend of M,,. without
an appendage. ‘Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground. Discal and
marginal macrochaetae present on the second, third and fourth abdominal seg-
ments. The hind margin of the third abdominal segment somewhat arcuate.
The fifth tergum marked off—especially laterally—by a suture from the sixth,
and at the lateral part being about one-fifth as long as the lateral part of the
fourth segment. The sixth and seventh abdominal segments forming the
somewhat prominent genital segments.
Genitalia rufous. The basal part of, the outer forceps with a broad,
leaf-lke expansion; the basal part of the inner forceps with a short, keel-like
median projection. ‘The edge of this projection farthest from the penis is
flattened, and this forms a ready means of distinguishing the species.
‘he horseshoe-like indenture extends about two-fifths to the base of the
filth sternite.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27 ie
Described from ten males collected by Messrs. R. S. Sherman, A. M.
Caudell, C. H. T. Townsend and William Palmer, from Savary Island, B. C.,
Bear, Lake, B. C., Franconia N. H., White Mountains, Peaks of Otter,. Va.,
and Great Falls, Va.
ype, No. 24359 in the U.S: N.:M., Washington,. D. C._ Paratypes
in the National Collection at Ottawa.
Ernestia sulcocarina sp. n.
Description of male. Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of
antennae; vibrissae well above the oral margin. Palpi yellowish at tip; infus-
cated below. Eyes hairy. Cheeks (below the eye) white pollinose on black
ground, subshining on the lower hairy part, a row of bristles at the oral mar-
gin. Distance from the oral margin to base of eye equal to about one-third
the eye height. Sides of the face covered with silvery pollen; bare; narrowest
width slightly less than the length of the second antennal segment. Facial
ridges bristly on lowest fourth. Facial depression silvery pollinose, without a
carina. Antennae reaching the lowest fourth of the face, the first and third
segments black, the second black, but usually reddish at distal end; third segment
about one and one-half times as long as the second. Arista thickened on
basal half, the penultimate segment somewhat longer than broad. Width of
front at narrowest point measuring less than the length of the second antennal
segment; the front silvery pollinose; frontal vitta dull, dark-brown, at the
narrowest point as wide as either side of front just cephalad of the ocellar
triangle. No orbital bristles; the ocellars proclinate; the single row of frontal
bristles descending nearly to the base of the third antennal segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray pol-
linose on a black ground that becomes sOmewhat rufous toward the apex.
Sternopleurals variable, sometimes three, sometimes four; four dorsocentrals ;
scutellum with three marginal pairs of macrochaetae and an apical cruciate
pair. Legs black; the middle tibiae with two or more bristles on the front side
near the middle, the hind tibiae without a comb-like row of bristles on the
outer side. Wings hyaline. R,,, (third vein) with a group of two to five hairs
both above and below at the junction of R Bend of M,,. with a minute
appendage in some cases. ‘Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground. Discal and mar-
ginal macrochaetae present on the second, third and fourth abdominal seg-
ments. ‘The hind margin of the third segment arcuate. ‘The fifth tergum
marked off from the shining sixth by a somewhat faint suture, laterally it 1s
about one-fourth as long as the neighboring part of the fourth segment. ‘The’
sixth and seventh abdominal segments forming prominent gemtal segments.
Genitalia black. ‘lhe basal part of the outer forceps with a broad, leaf-
like expansion. ‘The basal part of the inner forceps with a median keel-like
projection and the edge of this projection furthest removed from the penis is
sulcate. ; HoT EI
The horseshoe-like indenture extends about three-fourths of the dis-
tance to the base of the fifth sternite.
Described from ten males taken by Messrs. C. Garrett, A. B. Baird
272 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
and J. B. Wallis at Cranbrook, B. C., Lillooet, B. C., and Husavick, Man., also
one male taken by J. M. Aldrich at Anchorage, Alaska.
‘Type in the National Collection at Ottawa. Five paratypes, No. 24358,
in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Ernestia bicarina sp. un.
Description of male. Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of
antennae; vibrissae far above the oral margin. Palpi yellow. yes hairy
Cheeks (below the eyes) white pollinose on a black ground, subshining on
the lower hairy part, a row of bristles at the oral margin. Distance from the
oral margin to base of eye equal to about one-third the eye height. Sides of
face covered with silvery pollen; bare; narrowest width slightly less than the
length of the second antennal segment. Facial ridges bristly on lower fourth.
facial depression silvery pollinose without any carina. Antennae in male
reaching the lowest fourth of face, all three segments black; third segment
about one and one-fourth times as long as second. Arista thickened on basal
two-fifths to one-half, the penultimate segment from one and one-half times to
twice as long as the first. Width of front at narrowest point measuring less than
the length of the second antennal segment; the front silvery pollinose; frontal
vitta dull, dark-brown, at narrowest point equal to the width of either side of
front just cephalad of the ocellar triangle. No orbital bristles in male, the pro-
clinate ocellar bristles somewhat weak; the single row of frontal bristles de-
scending almost to the base of the third antennal segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray
pollinose on a black ground that is very faintly tinged reddish, especially at
the apex. Three sternopleural bristles and three pairs of dorsocentral macro-
chaetae; scutellum with three pairs of marginal macrochaetae and an apical
cruciate pair. Legs black, the middle tibiae with two or more bristles on the
front side near the middle, the hind tibiae without a comb-like row of bristles
on the outer side. Wings hyaline; R,,, (third vein) with a group of two to
five hairs both above and below at the junction with R.,,. ‘Tegulae white.
Abdomen subshining ; lightly silvery pollinose on a black ground. Dis-
cal and marginal macrochaetae present on the second, third and fourth abdom-
inal segments. The hind margin of the third tergum strongly arcuate. The
hfth tergum distinctly marked off by a suture from the shining sixth and
being a third as long laterally as the lateral part of the fourth. The sixth and
seventh abdominal segments forming somewhat distended genital segments.
Genitalia black. The basal part of the outer forceps is extended into a
broad, leaf-like portion. ‘The basal part of the inner forceps with two median
keel-like projections placed side by side and resulting evidently from the split-
ting of what was originally one median keel-like projection.
The horseshoe-shaped indenture extends about two-fifths the distance
to the base of the fifth sternite. Each prong tipped with a short spine.
Described from four males from Bear Lake, B.C., Boseman, Montana,
and ‘lennessee Pass, Colorado, taken by Messrs. R. P. Currie and R. Parker.
Type No. 24359 in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. One
paratype in the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 293
Ernestia ampelus Walk.
Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of antennae; vibrissae well
above the oral margin. Palpi yellow. Eyes hairy. Cheeks (below the eyes)
white pollinose on a black ground, subshining on the lower hairy part, a row of
bristles at the oral margin. Distance from the oral margin to the base of the
eye equal to about one-third of the eye height. Sides of the face covered with
silvery pollen; bare; narrowest width slightly less than the length of the second
antennal segment. Facial ridges bristly on lowest fourth. Facial depression
silvery pollinose without any carina. Antennae reaching the lowest fourth of
the face, in male all segments black except the distal end of the second, which
is usually reddish; in the female the first two segments reddish-yellow, the
third segment black; in both sexes the third segment about one and one-fourth
times as long as the second. Arista thickened on basal two-fifths to one-
half, the penultimate segment about twice as long as broad. Width of front
at narrowest point measuring in male about the length of, in the female about
twice the length of the second antennal segment; the front silvery pollinose ;
frontal vitta dull, dark-brown; at narrowest point as wide or slightly wider than
either side of the front just cephalad of the ocellar triangle. Orbital bristles
present in female, absent in male; ocellars well developed, especially in the fe-
male; the single row of frontal bristles descending almost to the base of the
third antennal segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray pol-
linose on a black ground that becomes rufous toward the apex. ‘Three sterno-
pleural and four dorsocentral mocrochaetae, scutellum with three pairs of mar-
ginal macrochaetae and an apical cruciate pair. Legs black,.the middle tibiae
with two or more bristles on the front side near the middle, the hind tibiae
without a comb-like row of bristles on the outer side. Wings hyaline; R,,,
(third vein) with a group of two to seven hairs both above and below at the
junction of R,...; bend of M,,. appendiculate in some of the males, destitute of
an appendage in most of the females. ‘legulae white.
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground; the fourth ab-
dominal segment in the female rufous. Discal and marginal macrochaetae pre-
sent on second, third and fourth abdominal segments. ‘The hind margin of
the third tergite not conspicuously arcuate even in the male. Fifth tergite in
male black or rufous and marked off from the sixth by a suture only on the
lateral parts, its greatest length equal to one-fifth the length ot the lateral part
of the fourth. ‘The sixth and seventh abdominal segments forming in the male
prominent genital segments.
Male genitalia rufous. ‘The basal part of the outer forceps covered by
a leaf-like expansion. The basal part of the inner forceps with two conspicu-
ous projections placed side by side, seemingly derived from forms in which a
keel-like projection had become split.
The horseshoe-like indenture in the male extends about two-fifths the
distance to the base of the last sternite.
Redescribed from a long series of males and females in the U. 5. Na-
tional Museum and the National Collection at Ottawa.
274 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
This is the principal, Tachinid parasite of Hyphantria cunea in both
castern and western Canada.
Ernestia fissicarina sp. n.
Description of male. Head at vibrissae about as thick as at base of an-
tennae. Vibrissae well above the oral margin. , Palpi yellow. Tyes hairy.
Cheeks (below the eyes) white pollinose on a black ground, subshining on the
lower hairy part, a row of stouter hairs or bristles at the oral margin. Dis-
tance from the oral margin to base of eye equal to about one-third the eye
height. Sides of face covered with silvery pollen; bare; narrowest width equal
to the length of the second antennal segment. Facial ridges bristly on the
lowest fourth. Facial depression silvery pollinose without any carina. An-
tennae reaching to the lowest fourth of the face, the first two segments yellow-
ish, the third black; third segment about one and one-half times as long as
the second. Arista thickened on basal three-fifths, the penultimate segment
about twice as long as broad. Width of front at narrowest point equal to
about one-half the width of an eye and equal to almost twice the length of
the second antennal segment; the front silvery pollinose; frontal vitta dull,
reddish brown, at narrowest point slightly more than half the width of front
at vertex, i.e; unusually broad. No orbital bristles, the proclinate ocellars well-
developed; the single row of frontal bristles descending considerably past the
insertion of the second antennal segment.
Thorax subshining, black, covered with gray pollen; scutellum gray pol-
linose on a black ground that becomes rufous toward the apex. ‘Three sterno-
pleural bristles and four pairs of dorsocentrals; scutellum with only two pairs
of marginal macrochaetae and with an apical cruciate pair; the cruciate pair
and the pair next to it are directed at right angles to the dorsum. Legs black,
the middle tibiae with two or more bristles on the front side near the middle,
the hind tibiae without a comb-like row of bristles on the outer side. Wings
hyaline; R,,, (third vein) with a group of two to five hairs both above and
below at the junction of R,
white.
3; bend of M,,, destitute of an appendage. Tegulae
Abdomen subshining; silvery pollinose on a black ground. Discal and
marginal macrochaetae present on the second, third and fourth abdominal seg-
ments. ‘The hind margin of the third abdominal segment somewhat arcuate
but not strikingly so. ‘The fifth tergum marked off rather indistinctly from the
shining sixth and at the lateral part being about one-fourth the length of the
lateral part of the fourth. ‘The sixth and seventh abdominal segments forming
fairly prominent genital segments.
Genitalia black. The basal part of the outer forceps covered by a leaf-
like expansion. ‘The basal part of the inner forceps with a median keel-like
portion that has become split, each half of it having become reduced to a mere
knob, as in the case of Hrnestia ampelus Walker.
The horseshoe-like indenture in the male extends about half the dis-
‘tance to the base of the last sternite.
Described from a single male collected by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee at
Vismo, California on April 25th.
Type in the California. Academy of Science, San Francisco.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 275
NEW SPECIES OF CANADIAN SYRPHIDAE, (DIPTERA) Pt. I.
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Orillia, Ont. _
Melanostoma squamulae, new species
Head and thorax wholly black pilose; squamae blackish or brown,
fringed with black pile.
Length, 7.5 tog mm. Male. Face a little prominent below, very little
concave between the antennal base and tip of tubercle which 1s more prominent
than, and close to the oral margin. Face greenish black, scarcely pol-
linose on the sides. Antennae black, third joint brown, its base reddish; arista
brown. Frontal triangle chiefly opaque black. Head and thorax everywhere
with rather longish black pile. Vhorax and scutellum deep greenish black, with
a bluish reflection in some lights, on the disc somewhat opaque. Abdomen opaque
black, the sides of a shining bronze color which is a little broadened on the
sides of the second segment, and produced as triangular areas on the anterior
half of the third and fourth segments; fifth segment greenish bronze colored.
Pile on the sides of the abdomen all black, with many longer, stronger black
hairs, on the disc, shorter, more or less yellowish. Legs black, knees yellow,
anterior four tibiae and tarsi brownish red, all the tibiae with a row of strong
hairs in front. \Vings distinctly brownish or blackish, stigma and_ subcostal
cell luteous. Squamae brown, the fringe of hairs black.
Female. Front broad, shining greenish black, the broad transverse de-
pression appearing opaque; black pilose. ‘Thorax chiefly yellowish white pilose,
but with longer black hairs intermixed on the dorsum and on the scutellum.
The shining portion of the abdomen is aeneous greenish, the shining bands all
wider than in the male and the opaque on the third and fourth segments is
interrupted medianly, the shining band on the fourth segment is complete; pile
whitish; legs with the tibiae and tars1 more extensively reddish yellow. Squamae
tinged with brownish, with brown fringe. Wings slightly clouded beyond the
middle. |
Holotype, 6, Allotype, 9, Victoria, B.C., April and May, in the Cana-
dian National Collection, Ottawa.
Paratypes, 32s, Victoria, B.C., in the National Collection and the writ-
er’s collection.
The male seems very distinct from any described species and is a very
dark appearing insect. ‘The almost wholly shining face is very distinctive in
both sexes, as are the brownish or blackish wings in the male, and the clouded
wing in the female, although this dense coloration may not hold good in a long
series. The female resembles M. obscurum, etc., but the shining, less prominent
face and darkened squamae at once distinguish it from other species.
Melanostoma chilosia, new species
Abdomen (2 ) wholly shining; tubercle and oral margin very prominent.
Length, 6.5 mm. al. 5.5 mm. ?. Face shining black, thinly whitish pol-
linose, leaving the tubercle and a stripe on the cheeks wholly shining; in profile
a little produced to the prominent, rather pointed tubercle, below which it is
rather moderately and shortly concave to the not quite so prominent oral tip;
face produced very slightly downwards anteriorly. Front deep shining black,
276 TE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
broad, with black pile; Pile of head, thorax and abdomen whitish, or a little
yellowish on dorsum of thorax. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen. shining
metallic bluish black. Legs black, knees reddish, anterior four tibiae and
tarsi brownish. Squamae and fringe of hairs whitish; halteres yellowish.
\Wings hyaline. Stigma pallidly yellowish.
Holotype, @, Banff, Alberta, (N. B. Sansom), in the Canadian National
Collection, Ottawa.
This species is very distinct from any other species I have seen, and
is very similar in every respect to Chilosia but lacks the facial grooves.
Melanostoma lata, new species
Large; face evenly thinly yellowish gray pollinose; otherwise very
much like MW. stegnum Say.
Length 10 mm. al.g mm. @. Face and front shining, rather greenish or
bluish black, the ground color sub-obscured, except on the tubercle and except
a median band on the front, by yellowish gray pollen. In profile the lower
part of the face is prominent, and is produced a little downwards, the tubercle
about as prominent as the oral margin. Antennae black, third joint brown,
about as long as the first two together, its apex evenly rounded; arista brown,
not much longer than third joint. Front broad, black pilose; head elsewhere
whitish or yellowish pilose. ‘Thorax and scutellum shining deep blue-black,
with short, abundant straw-colored pile, the middle of the dorsum with stouter
black pile. Abdomen opaque black, the first segment, triangular spots on the
anterior half of the second, a broad crossband on the posterior half of the third
and fourth segments shining aeneous greenish. Pile of abdomen, where dis-
cermible, pallidly straw-colored, but extremely short on the disc. Legs with the
femora, except the ends, black, tibiae brown, their bases and ends of the
femora yellow; tarsi black, hind basitarsi a little swollen, especially basally.
Wings slightly vellowish, the stigma and subcostal cell light brownish.
Holotype, 9, White Horse, Yukon Territory, July-Aug., 1920, (AUP:
Hawes), in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
This species bears a striking resemblance to M. stegnum Thoms., but is
distinct in the evenly pollinose face, dark haired thorax, darker tibiae; front
shghtly broader; the opaque crossbands on the third and fourth abdominal seg-
ments are entire.
MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
BY AUGUST BUSCK,
U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.
OKCOPHORIDAR.
Carcina quercana [abricius.
Among a large number of Microlepidoptera determined last winter for
Mr. I}. H. Blackmore of Victoria, ritish Columbia, were several specimens of
this well known European species, hitherto not recognized outside of Murope
and Asia Minor.
The species is a striking form both in structure and in color with long thick
light yellow antennae reaching beyond the tips of the bright yellow and purple
forewings. ‘The larva feeds, according to Furopean records, in a slight web on
the under side of Ouercus, Fagus and Pyrus.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 277,
The genus Carcina Hubner, of which quercana is the type and the only
known species belongs to the family Oecophoridae and has the following char-
acters: Forewings 12 veins, 7 and 8 stalked; 7 to termen; 3 and 4 stalked; 2
remote from 3. Hindwings 8 veins; 6 and 7 parallel; 3 and 4 connate. Labial
palpi long recurved. Antennae longer than forewings, thickened in the males;
basal joint with pecten.
The obvious specific identity of the American specimen with the [uro-
pean has been definitely proven by an examination of the genitalia of specimens
from both continents.
e(f(fty
AAs
Fig. 1—Male genitalia of Carcina quercana Fabr.
Agonopteryx blackmori new species.
Labial palpi light ochreous; second joint sparsely sprinkled with
black exteriorly ; terminal joint with ill defined and incomplete black annulation
helow apex; brush on second joint short, even and divided. Face light ochreous ;
head slightly darker; a pink streak below the eyes; thorax light ochreous
fuscous with divided reddish yellow posterior tuft.
Forewings light reddish ochreous with paler ochreous basal and costal
streak, this latter and the entire apical half of the wing sparsly sprinkled with
black; a single small but conspicuous black first dorsal spot; a single small
whitish second dorsal spot surrounded by brown and rust-red scales which are
continued in an longitudinal streak before the end of the cell; apical and term-
inal cilia and the extreme edge of the wing dark purple. Hindwings light
whitish ochreous. © Abdomen light ochreous fuscous; underside sprinixied with
black dots. Legs ochreous with dusky tarsal joints; anterior tibiae touched
with pink.
Alar expanse: 20 to 22 mm.
278 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Habitat: Vietoria,.B,.(E. H? Blackmore):
Type, U.S. Nat. Museum No. 23500; Cotypes in the National Collection,
Ottawa and that of . H. Blackmore.
‘This species was reared by Mr. Blackmore from leaf-rolling larvae on
Broom and is named in honor of the collector, who has added considerably to
our knowledge of British Columbian Microlepidoptera.
The species is nearest to and very close to the European Agonopteryx
costosa Haworth, which is also a broom feeder. ‘The genitalia are apparently
identical, but they are very similar throughout the genus. ‘The species is the
American representative of A. costosa but must be retained as distinct. ‘The
forewings are much more mottled with black and the rosy color of the apical
edge in 4. costosa is replaced by dark purple in A. blackmori.
TORTRICIDAT
Cacoecia victoriana new species
Labial palpi light brewn, whitish on the imner side. Face, head and
patagia light brown. ‘Thorax yellowish. T‘orewings light ochreous with dark
blackish or burnt brown markings; a large, oblique, transverse, dark fascia
from before the middle of costa to tornus broadens out triangularly on the mid-
dle of the wing to the end of the cell; a small triangular hrown costal spot at
apical fourth and the base of costal edge dark brown; the terminal veins indi-
cated by brown scales and the terminal part of the wing faintly irrorated by
transverse wavy black lines. ‘hese latter, as well as the darker scales on the
veins are easily lost in flown specimens which appear dirty ochreous on the
apical third of the wing. Hindwing very light ochreous, nearly white. Abdo-
men dark fuscous above with ochreous underside and anal tuft. Sexes nearly
the same size.
Alar expanse: 18 to 20 mm.
Habitat: Victoria and Goldstream, B.C., (EK. H. Blackmore).
Type, U.S.N.M. No. 23501; Cotypes in collection of EK. H. Blackmore.
The species is close to Cacoecia fractivittana Clemens and very similar
in coloration to the female of this species but smaller and with only slight sex-
ual differences in color and size.
GLY PILIPTERYGIDAE,
Hilarographa youngiella new species.
Labial palpi white; second joint brown exteriorly; terminal joint with
a longitudinal black line on the underside. Face light silvery fuscous. -Head
and thorax dark purplish fuscous. Forewings dark purplish brown; five out-
wardly oblique, silvery white costal streaks; edged with black scales; the two
first nearly meet two outwardly oblique dorsal white streaks; between these
latter a third less pronounced parallel white streak; before tornus two shorter
white dorsal streaks; a central longitudinal line from base of the wing and
entire apical half of the wing overlaid with golden yellow, between the apical
white streaks, which terminates in faint bluish metallic scales; just above tornus
a perpendicular row of four small black dots. Cilia bronzy black with a white
spot at apex and a white tuft below apex, giving a sinuate effect to the wing.
Hindwings dark bronzy brown. Abdomen dark brown above, underside with a
broad silvery transverse band on each segment.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 279
Alar expanse: 12 mm.
Fiabitat: Departure Bay, B:C., (C. H. Young); Victoria, B:C., (W.
Downes).
Type in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; Colype, U.S. National
Museum No. 23502.
Named in honor of my friend C. H. Young, who has added very many
new records of Microlepidoptera from Canada and whose exquisitely mounted
specimens add charm to any collection.
This is the first record of the Glyphipterygid genus Hilarographa Zeller,
trom North America, but regalis Walsingham described as a Glyphipteryx is also
referable to this genus.
The genus has been considered tropical, ranging from India to Africa
and best represented in Central and South America; one species is recorded
from Japan. ‘The food plant of Hilarographa regalis is Pinus sabiniana and |
expect the present species also feeds on conifers.
Hilarographa Zeller, of which the Central and South American H. swed-
eriana Stoll is the type, has the following characters. Labial palpi somewhat
flattened, slightly tufted; terminal joint tolerably pointed, about as long as
second. Forewing broadly triangular; 12 veins, all separate, 7 to termen, 3
from before the end of the cell, 2 before three-fourths of the cell, 1b furcate
at base. Hindwings broader than forewings, triangular rounded, 8 veins, 6
and 7 stalked, 3 and 4 connate.
Male genitalia with 8th segment strongly modified as a_ covering
for the genitalia proper; uncus sharply pointed; aedoeagus long, stout, straight ;
annulus broadly heartshaped; vinculum narrow.
The genus Sctiostoma Zeller, type -vranthobasis Zeller, which was de-
scribed in this family and which has hitherto been placed close to Hilarographa
Zeller (according to Meyrick actually a development from it) has no affiliation
whatever with this group, but belongs to the family Stenomidae, (not equal
Nyloryctidae Meyrick) constituting a typical genus of that family, amply d1f-
ferentiated generically by vein 7 of the forewing to costa, but otherwise with
every characteristic of that family. Its wing form and ornamentation indicate
that it is probably developed from forms similar to Stenoma lactis Buseck and
Stenoma orion Busck.
From the venation and oral characters alone Setiostoma may be mis-
taken for Glyphipterygid, as indeed it has been all along, though careful study
of these chatacters also clearly shows its true relations, but the genitalia give
these at once and without doubt.
The genitalia of Sectiostoma are typical Stenomid in every respect and
very different from anything in the Glyphipterygidae. ‘The evidence of the
genitalia is so clear cut and conclusive that there can be no doubt about the
position of the genus. It is one of the very many instances, where the value
of the genitalia as an aid in the systematic work becomes apparent to anyone,
who will look into the subject even superficially.
YPONOMEUTIDAE
Argyresthia monochromella new species.
Labial palpi dark fuscous. Face golden fuscous. ‘Tuft on head light
280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
reddish yellow, not metallic. ‘Thorax golden fuscous. Forewings unicolored
shining golden yellowish fuscous with a slight greenish tint. Hindwings light
fuscous with yellowish cilia. Abdomen dark fuscous with yellowish anal tuft.
Legs light silvery fuscous.
Alar expanse: 13 mm.
Habitat: Victoria, B.C., (HE. H. Blackmore).
Type and Cotype, U. S. National Museum No. 23503. Cotypes in collec-
tion Blackmore. ;
This striking species may eventually prove to be the only other described
N. A. unicolorous species, 4. altissima Chambers, which was described from
Colorado, 11,000 altitude, and the unique type of which | have studied in Cam-
bridge; but aside irom the different localities, the present species appears to
differ in the strongly yellow head and the more golden metallic color of the
forewings and it would be unwarranted to identify it as Chambers’ species from
present evidence. ‘The present species has veins 7 and 8 of the forewing stalked.
CYGNODOIDEA
Aphelosetia cygnodiella new species.
Labial palpi dark brownish fuscous. Antennae dark brown, basal joint
with strong pecten. Head and thorax dark brownish fuscous. Forewing with
basal fourth dark fuscous, rest of the wing strongly overlaid with white, the
brown appears as irregularly scattered scales; a long blackish brown spot on
the middle of the field, a smaller blackish spot at the end of the cell; cilia light
fuscous with a blackish brown transverse line near base formed by overlying
white black-tipped scales on terminal and apical edges of the wing. Hindwings
brownish fuscous with light yellowish fuscous cilia. Abdomen blackish fus-
cous with small yellowish anal tuft. Legs blackish fuscous.
Alar expanse: II mm.
Habitat: Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes).
Type, Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. Cotypes, No. 23504 in U.
». Nat. Mus.
The name Aphelosetia Stephens must, as shown by Walsingham, be em-
ployed for Elachista Auctores, type argentella Clerk. (Treitschke in part).
The genus belongs to the superfamily Cygnodoidea Busck and differs
trom Cygnodia Herr-Sch. in the absence of one dorsal vein of each wing.
Vein 7 bis (g) in the hindwing is present in cygnodiella Busck, but tends to
become obsolete in most of our American species.
TOFORE ONLY FROM THE PALAEARCTIC REGION (HETEROP:)
BY HARRY H. KNIGHT,!
University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
During the past few months the writer has been able to obtain a con-
siderable collection of Palaearctic Miridae, besides having opportunity to study
a large number of species determined by Reuter and sent to the late Mr. O.
Heidemann. ‘The material at hand for comparing Nearctic species with those
Published, with the approval of the Director, as Paper No. 264 of. the Journal Series
q of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
*References marked with an asterisk have not been verified in the original,
Wh CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS'. 281
irom the Palaearctic region makes it possible to add nine species to the list of
forms common to both regions. Dr. Horvath (1908)?, in the most important
contribution on this subject, records twenty-seven species of Miridae as common
to both Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. One of these, Lygus viridis, the pres
ent writer (1917b)* has shown to be different from viridis Fallen, and described
the form as Lygus alni.
In a previous contribution the writer (1917a)* recorded three species new
to the Nearctic region, gave definite records for two species regarded as doubt-
ful and indicated that Neobothynotus modestus \Wirtner was in reality Bothy-
notus pilosus (Boheman). ‘The latter opinion has recently been shared by Dr.
Bergroth (1920)° in a paper where N. modestus Wirtner is placed as a synonym
of Bothynotus pilosus (Boheman), and the species recorded as representing
a division of the subfamily Cylapinae.
Of the Palaearctic species recorded from North America a few appear
very doubtful and require verification. It has been possible to trace some of
the doubtful forms but others are recorded without exact records of speci-
mens, thus it is impossible at the present time to check the determinations.
Records for Cyllecoris histrionicus (Linn.), Globiceps flavomaculatus (Fabr.),
and Macrotylus herrichi (Reut.) certainly require verification. Orthotylus
diaphanus (lNirsch.) was recorded by ‘Tucker (1907)® on the authority of a
doubtful determination by. Heidemann. One of these specimens (8 June,
Lawrence, Kans. I. $. Tucker) stands in the Heidemann collection with a
determination label by that author which reads “probl. Orthotylus diaphanus
Kirsch.” ‘This form is smaller and has different genital claspers from diaph-
anus Kirschbaum, as determined and figured by Reuter (1883)7. The Tucker
specimen is most closely related to translucens Tucker, but smaller and evi-
dently undescribed.
An examination of European examples of Reuteria marqueti Puton
and comparison of the genital claspers with those of Reuteria irrorata (Say)
demonstrates that the two species are not identical. Records for Oncotylus
punctipes Reuter from North America as based on identifications by Van
Duzee and Heidmann, and examined by the writer, refer to Plagiognathus chry-
santhemi (Wolff). ‘The writer has previously shown that our records for
Mecomma ambulans (Fallén) refer to Mecomma gilvipes (Stal), and the records
for Orthocephalus saltator (Hahn) may be referred to /rbisia sp. and perhaps in
part to Orthocephalus mutabilis (Fallen).
‘The present writer is able to account for forty-eight species of Muiridae
which are common to both Nearctic and Palaearctic regions, but of this number
he has not seen Bothynotus pilosus (Boheman) and Apocremnus variabilis
(Fallén) Van Duzee.
2190S Horvath. G.. Les Relations entre les faunes Hémiptérologiques de l'Europe et
de Amérique du Nord. Jn Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., vi, pp. 1-—14.
$1917a, Can. Ent., xlix, pp. 24S—252.
41917). New York (Cornell) Agr. Exp.. Sta. Bul. 391. p. 608.
51920, Bergroth, E. List of tthe Cyllapiniae (Hem., Miridae) with descriptions of new
Philippine forms. Jn Ann, Soc. Ent. Ent. Belgique, 1x, pp. 67—83.
61907 Uniy. Kans. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 58.
71883 Hem. Gymn, Eur., ‘iii, p, 358, pl. 5, fig. 15.
282 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff).
(?)1778 Cimex femore-punctatus Goeze, Ent. Beyt., ii, p. 266.
(2)1785 Cimex femoralis Geoffroy, in Fourcroy, Ent., Paris, i. p. 204.
(?2)1788 Cimex viridescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., edn. xiii, p. 2184.
1804 Miris chrysanthemi Wolff, Icones ‘Cim., iv, p. 157, t. xv, f. 151.
1807 Lygaecus viridulus Fallen, Cim. Suec., p. 90.
1829 Phytocoris viridulus Fallen, Hemip. Suec., p. 105.
1834 Phytocoris viridulus Hahn, Wanz. Ins., ii, p. 136, f. 221.
1835 Capsus viridulus Herrich-Schaeffer, Nomen. Ent., i, p. 50.
1843 Capsus viridulus Meyer, Verz. Schw. Rhyn., p. 77. tab. vii f. 2.
1845 Phytocoris viridulus Kolenati, Melet. Ent., ii, p. 124.
1848 Oapsus viridulus F. Sahlberg, Mon. Geoc. Fenn., p. 103.
1852 Capsus viridulus Costa, Cim. Regn. Neap. Cent., iii, p. 43.*
1855 Capsus (Eurymerocoris) viridulus Kirschbaum, Jahrb. ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau, x, p.
258: (Sep.) Rhyn. v. Wiesb., Caps., p 98
1860 Capsus (Capsus) viridulus Flor, Rhyn. Livi., i. p. 595.
1861 Plagiognathus viridulus Fieber, Eur. Hemip., p. 303.
1865 Plagiognathus viridulus Douglas & Scott, Brit. Hemip., p. 401.
1871 Capsus (Plagiognathus) viridulus Thomson, Opusc. Ent., iv, p. 448.
1875 Plagiognathus viridulus Reuter, Rey. Crit. Caps., [ii], p. 180; Acta Soc. Faun. FI.
Henn, 2,p. 296.
1875 Plagiognathus viridulus Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1875, p. 307.
1878 Plagiognathus viridulus Reuter, Hem. Gymn. Eur., i, p. 74, t. 4, figs. 5 et 6.
1878. Lygus viridulus Snellen v. Vollenhoven, Hem. Het. Neerl., p. 233. .
1883 Plagiognathus Chrysanthemi Reuter, Hem. Gymn. Hur., iii, pp. 452, 511.
1886 Plagiognathus viridulus Puton, Cat. Hem. Palea., edn. 3, p. 61.
1887 +Oncotylus punctipes Provancher, Pet. Faune Ent, Can., iii, p. 149.
1888 Plagiognathus Chrysanthemi Reuter, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., xv, p. 673, No. 285.
189@ Plagiognathus chrysanthemi Atkinson, Cat. Capsidae, p. 171.
1892 Plagiognathus viridulus Saunders, Het. Brit. Isds., p. 320.
1899 Plagiognathus Chrysanthemi Puton, Cat. Hem. 'Palea., edn. 4, p. 77.
1909 Plagiognathus chrysanthemi Oshanin, Verz. Pailae, Hem. i, p. 923.
1912 Plagiognathus chrysanthemi Jensen-Haarup, Danmarks Fauna, xii, p. 276.
1912 Plagiognathus Chrysanthemi Hueber, Jahr. ver. Nat. Wurtt., Ixviii, pp. 212, 219.
1912 +Oncotylus punctipes Van Duzee, Can. Ent., xliv, p. 322.
1917 +Oncotylus punctipes Van Duzee, Cat, Hemip., p. 404.
1919 +Oncotylus punctipes Parshley, Can. Ent., li, p. 72.
1920 Plagiognathus Chrysanthemi J. Sahilberg, ‘Bidrag Kann. Finl. Nait. Folk, Ixxix
No. 2, p. 166. CE
Specimens ecamined: MAINE— 6, July 8, 1917, .Bar Harbor; ¢ 9 July.
14, 1918, South West Harbor (C. W. Johnson). MassacHusETIs—? July
8, 1918, Mt. Toby (H. M. Parshley). NEW yYorK—¢ July 26, 1916, Ithaca;
1469 June 23, 63 2° June -30, 54 2 July 5, 166 2. July 7, 1020. Tae,
306 2 July 3, McLean (H. H. Knight), breeding on Chrysanthemum leucan-
themum L. ¢ July 1, 2 July 5, 3 July 13, July 15, ¢ July 20, 1920, Cran-
berry Lake; 12¢ 9 July 15, 1920 Wanakena, (C. J.. Drake). 6 2)uly 252,
1904 McLean. ¢ July 4, Freeville. MANrropaA—@ “Winnipeg”. Nova scoTIA—
? July 19, Annapolis County; ¢ Aug. 14, 1918, Digby .County; 33 @
July 4, ¢ July 15, 56 9 Aug. 20, 1916, Smith’s Cove (W. H. Brittain).- 2¢
July 12, @ July 31, 1913, Truro (R. Matheson). onrario—@ July 14, Norway
Point, Lake of Bays (J. McDunnough). 2¢29 July 1, @ Aug. 18, Ottawa
(G. Beaulieu). ougrsec—é July 1, ¢July 3, Montreal, (G. A. Moore). 29
July 24, Chicoutimi; ¢ July 24, Montreal; ¢ July 26, Rigaud (G. Beaulieu).
The writer obtained the first clew to the identity of this species when
nymphs and adults were collected on ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthe-
mum I,.) at Ithaca, New York, 1920. On finding a Plagiognathus breeding on
this Iwropean plant the writer thought immediately of Plagiognathus chrysan-
themi \Volff, and upon returning to the laboratory, turned at once to references
of this species and confirmed the identification, More recently the writer has
VILE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 283
been able to make a comparison with European material of chrysanthemi Woltt
and finds our specimens to be identical in all respects.
Psallus alnicola Douglas & Scott.
1865 ||Psallus Alni Douglas & ‘Scott, Brit. Hemip., p. 414. (not Fabricius).
1871 Psallus alnicola Douglas & Scott, Ent. Mon. Mag., viii, p. 62.
1875 Psallus alnicola Reuter, Bihang Kongl. Sv. Akad. HandlL., ili, p. 50.
1875 Psallus (Ps.) alnicola Reuter, Rev. Crit. Caps., [ii] p. 167; Acta Soc. Faun. Fl.
Fenn., i, p. 183.
1875 Psallus alnicola Saunders, Trians. Ent. Soc. London, 1875, p. 305.
1878 Psallus alnicola Reuter, Hem. Gymn. Eur., i, p. 126.
1880 Psallus alnicola Reuter, Med. Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn., v, p. 182.
1883 Psallus alnicola Reuter, Hem. Gym. Eur., Suppl. I-III. p. 522.
1886 Psallus alnicola Puton, Cat. Hem. Palea., edn. 3, p. 60.
1890 Psallus alnicola Atkinson, Cat. Capsidae, p. 160.
1892 Psallus alnicola Saunders Het. Brit. Isds., p.. 315, pl. 29, f. 8.
1909 Psallus alnicola Oshanin, Verz. Palae. Hem., i, p. 906.
1911 Psallus almicola Hueber, Jahr. ver. Nat. Wurtt., Ixvii, pp. 406, 440.
1920 Psallus alnicola J. Sahlberg, Bidrag Kann. Finl. Nat. Folk, 1xxix, No. 2, p. 163.
Specimens examined: NEW YORK—®@ July 26, 1916, Ithaca, on Alnus
rugosa; @ July 27, 1916, McLean (H. H. Knight). mMrInNEsota—é 9 Aug. 20,
1920, Beaver Bay (H. H. Knight).
This species was first recognized from an isolated female specimen taken
at Ithaca, but in the absence of Kuropean material for comparison the writer
hesitated to publish the record. ‘Thorough collecting on the same clump of
alders at Ithaca, in 1920, failed to produce additional specimens. During the
month of August the writer made a collecting trip along the north shore of
Lake Superior, having in mind to search for Psallus alnicola on alders in that
region. ‘The effort was rewarded when the species was found breeding on
Alnus rugosa at the mouth of Beaver Creek, Beaver Bay, Minnesota, where
that small stream empties into Lake Superior. A large series of nymphs and
adults were taken, but all from one group of alders which grew at the waters
edge. Specimens were found only on branches which received little direct
sunlight, and chiefly on the tender growth at the centre of each bush. ‘This
requirement of the species indicates that it can breed only under very favorable
conditions of humidity and temperature.
Nymphs of the fifth instar are chiefly red, the wing-pads, pronotal disk,
antennae, and legs dusky, apices of wing-pads darker; wing-pads, pronotal
disk, and dorsal surface of head thickly dotted with small fuscous points and
reddish; tibial spines dark, arising from conspicuous black spots; femora dotted
with red on ventral surface, a few black points apically, a pair of larger spots
on anterior margin and a second pair on the posterior margin near apex.
Megalocoleus molliculus (Fallén).
1829 Phytocoris molliculus Fallén, Hemip. Suec., p. 82.
1835 Capsus molliculus Herrich-Schaeffer, Nomen. Ent., i, p. 49.
1842 Capsus molliculus Herrich-Schaeffer, Wanz. Ins., vi, p. 32, f. 589.
1843 Capsus molliculus Meyer, Verz. Schw. Rhyn., p. 78.
1848 Capsus molliculus F. Sahlberg, Mon. Geoc. Fenn., p. 103.
1855 Capsus (Leptomerocoris) molliculus Kirschbaum, Jahrb. Ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau,
x, p. 240; (Sep.) Rhyn. v. Wiesb., Caps., p. 80.
1860 Capsus (Capsus) molliculus Flor. Rhyn. Livl., i, p. 611.
1861 Macrocoleus molliculus Fieber, Eur. Hemiip., p. 321.
1865 Macrocoleus molliculus Douglas & Scott, Brit. Hemip., p. 387, pl. 12, f. 9.
1871 Capsus (Oncotylus) molliculus Thomson, Opusc. Ent., iv, p. 451.
1872 Macrocoleus. Hardyi--Bold, Nat: Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham Soc.
iv, p. 358*
234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
1875 Macrocoleus molliculus Reuter, Rev. Crit. Caps., [ii], p. 145; Acta Soc. Faun.
Hl Mennt,. 1,010. aluouk
1875 Macrocoleus molliculus Saunders, Trans Ent Soc. London, 1875, p. 29
1879 Macrocoleus molliculus Reuter, Hem. Gymn. Eur., ii, pp. 226, 305.
1883 Macrocoleus molliculus Reuter, Hem. Gymmn. Hur., Suppl., I—III p, 537.
1886 Macrocoleus molliculus Puton, ‘Cat. Hem. Palea., edn. 3, p. 59.
1890 Macrocoleus molliculus Atkinson, Cat. Capsidae, p. 152.
1892 Megalocoleus molliculus Saunders, Het. Birit. Isds., p. 303.
1899 Megalocoleus molliculus Puton, Cat. Hem. Fialea., edn. 4, p. 73.
1909 Megalocoleus molliculus Oshanin, Verz. Palae, Hem., i, p. 878.
1910 Megalocoleus molliculus Hueber, Jahr. ver. Nat. Wurtt., lxvi, pp. 242, 247; (Sep.)
Synop. deut. Blindw., ii, p. 282.
1912 Megalocoleus molliculus Jensen-Haarup, Danmarks Fauna, xii, p. 264.
1920 Megalocoleus molliculus J. Sahlberg, Bidrag Kann. Finl. Nat. Folk, Ixxix, No. 2,
De eLoite
Specimens examined: MASSACHUSETTS— ¢ July 16, 1916, @ July. 28,
i917, Beach Blut (HH. Ma Parshley):. <6 sjuly 16,1916, Beach Biutiat Gime:
E. Olsen).
/
“
(.
For a considerable period the writer thought this species must belong to
the genus Oncotylus and not until Huropean specimens of Megalocoleus were
examined was the identity of the species revealed. Specimens have been com-
pared with a Reuter determination of Megalocoleus molliculus and found to be
identical. Although Reuter (1883) and Oshanin (1909) separate Megalocoleus
and Oncotylus by the interposition of several genera, the present writer finds
considerable difficulty in recognizing any characters which will separate them.
Mr. Van Duzee has recently labelled this form as an undescribed species of
Oncotylus, further indicating the close relationship of these genera.
According to Reuter (1875), the species occurs on Achillea millefolia
and Yanacetum vulgare in Finland.
Orthotylus concolor (I<irschbaum).
1855 Capsus concolor Kirschbaum, Jhrb. Ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau, x, pp. 249, 315;
(Sep.) Rhyn. v. Wiesb., Caps., pp. 89, 155.
1861 Orthotylus concolor Fieber, Eur., Hemip., p. 289.
1865 Litosoma concolor Douglas & Scott, Brit. Hemilp., p. 340. (in part).
1877 Orthotylus concolor Reuter, Ent. Mon. Mag., wiv, p. 128.
1883 Orthotylus concolor Reuter, Hemip. Gymn. Eur., iii, pip. 366, 553.
)
1886 Orthotylus concolor Puton, Cat. Hem. Palea., edn. 3, p. 56.
1890 Orthotylus concolor Atkinson, Cat. Capsidae, p. 136.
1892 Orthotylus concolor Saunders, Het. Brit. Isds., p. 291.
1908 Orthotylus concolor Hueber, Jahr. ver. Nat. Wurtt, Ixiv,’p. 174; (Sep.) Synop.
deut. Blindiw., ii, p. 156.
1909 Orthotylus concolor Oshaniin, Verz. Palae. Hem., i, p. 844.
Specimens examined: MASSACHUSETTS— 26 39 July 15 to Aug. 6, 1918,
Woods Hole (Chris EF. Olsen). These specimens have been compared with
luropean material of concolor Kirschbaum and found identical.
In Van Duzee’s key® to the species of Orthotylus, concolor Kirsch. runs
to fraternus Van D., but from that species it apparently can be separated by
the genital claspers and character of the pubescence. In concolor the head and
pronotum are provided with rather long, coarse black hairs, and covered be-
tween by much shorter white silky pubescence, the latter also present to some
extent on scutellum and basally on hemelytra. Legs and antennae yellowish
green; segment 2 becoming brownish black apically, the last two segments
more nearly black. Membrane uniformly infuscated, the veins yellowish to
dusky.
8Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser, 4, vi, 1916, p. S9.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
to
oo
cyt
Blepharidopterus angulatus (Iallen).
1807 Lygaeus angulatus Fallén, Mon. Cim. Suec., p. 76.
1829 Phytocoris angulatus Fallén Hemip. Suec., p. 80.
1835 Capsus angulatus Herrich-Schaeffer, Wanz. Ins., iii, p. 75, f. 292.
1840 Phytocoris angulata Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., p. 272
1843 Capsus angulatus Meyer, Verz. Schw. Rhyn., p. 89.
1845 Polymerus (Blepharidopterus) anguiatus WKolenati, Melet. Hnt., ii, p. 108.
1848 Capsus angulatus F. Sahlberg, Mon. Geoc. Fenn., p. 97.
1855 Capsus (Cyllecoris) angulatus Kirschbaum, Jahrb. ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau, x, p
203; (Sep.) Rhyn. v. Wiesb., Caps., p. 43.
1858 Haetorhinus angulatus Fieber, Wien. Ent. Monats., ii, p. 313, tab. 6, figs. 8 et 31.
1860 Capsus angulatus Flor, Rhyn. Livl., i, p. 449.
1861 Aetorhinus angulatus Fieber, Eur. Hemip., p. 285.
1865 Aetorhinus angulatus Douglas & Scott, Brit. Hemiip., p. 347, pl. 11, f. 4.
1871 Capsus (Blepharidopterus) angulatus Thomson, Opusic. ‘Ent. iv, p. 437.
1875 Aetorhinus angulatus Reuter, Rev. Crit. Caps., [ii], p. 122; Acta Soc. Faun. Fl.
Fenn., i, p. 138.
1875 Aetorhinus angulatus Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1875, p. 281.
1883 Aetorhinus angulatus Reuter, Hem. Gymn. Eur., iii, p. 400, tab. 1, f. 12.
1886 Aetorhinus angulatus Puton, Cat. Hem. Palea., edn. 3, p. 55.
1890 Aetorhinus angulatus Atkinson, Cat. Capsidae, p. 132.
1892 Actorhinus angulatus Saunders, Het. Brit. Isds., p. 279, pl. 25, f. 10.
1906 Blepharidopterus angulatus Kirkaldy, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxxii, p. 128.
(Logotype)
1907 Aetorhinus angulatus Hueber, Jahr, ver, Niat. Wruritt., lxiii, p. 254; (Sep.) Synop.
deut. Blindw,, ii, p. 120.
1909 Aetorhinus angulatus Oshanin, Verz. Palae. Hem. i, p. 829.
1912 Aectorhinus angulatus Jensen-Haarup, Danmarks Fauna, xii, p. 248, f. 151.
1920 Aetorhinus angulatus J. Sahlberg, Bidrag Kann. Finl. Nat. Folk, Ixxix, No. 2, p.
143.
Specimens examined: NOVA SCOTIA—22 Aug. 9, 1919, Halifax, (W. H.
Brittain). These specimens have been compared with European material of
angulatus Fallen and found to be identical. Saunders (1875) records this
species as common on alders in England.
Due to some lack of agreement among systematic workers as to what
constitutes type fixation, there has been-some difficulty in deciding upon the
generic name under which angulatus Fallén should be known. — Kolenati (1845)
erected Blepharidopterus as a subgenus of Polymerus Hahn, including under
it three species, collaris Fallen, angulatus Fallén, and bimaculatus Herrich-
Schaeffer, but without indicating the type. Fieber (1858), overlooking the work
of IKKolenati, founded the genus Actorhinus for angulatus Fallen (haplotype), and
placed the species collaris Fallen_( = errans Wolff) along with pallidus Herrich-
Schaeffer in his new genus Dicyphius (type not indicated). In the same paper
Fieber also placed bimaculatus Herrich-Schaeffer, by inference along with sev-
eral other species, in his new genus Calocoris. In this disposal of the species
it appears that Fieber did not in any way restrict future type selection for
Blepharidopterus Wolenati (1845). Kirkaldy (1906) designated angulatus
Fallén as the type of Blepharidopterus Kolenati, and this appears to be the first
valid type fixation according to the generally accepted rules (Art. 30, Int. Rules
Zool. Nomen. ).
Globiceps dispar (Bolieman).
1852 Cyllecoris dispar Boheman, Ofiv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad, ix, p 72.
1860 Capsus (Capsus) dispar Flor, Rhyn. Livl., i, p. 472.
1861 Globiceps dispar Fieber, Eur. Hemip., p. 283.
1866 Globiceps dispar Douglas & Scott, Ent. Mon. Mag., ii, p. 249.
1867 Globiceps dispar Douglas & Scott, Ent. Mon. Mag., iv, p. 48, pl. 1, f. 4. male, fem,
250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
1871 Capsus (Globiceps) dispar Thomson, Opusc. Ent., iv, p. 436.
1875 Globiceps (Kelidocoris) dispar Reuter, Bihang Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., ili,
p. 29.
1875 Globiceps (K. [elidocoris|) dispar Reuter, Rev. Crit. Caps., [ii], p. 120; Acta Soc.
Faun: Fl. Fenn., i, p. 136
1875 Globiceps dispar Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1875, p. 280.
1883 Globiceps dispar Reuter, Hem. Gymn. Eur., iii, pp. 397, 557, pl. 3, f. 1, ¢@
1890 Globiceps dispar Atkinson, Cat. Capsidae, p. 132.
1892 Globiceps dispar Saunders, Het. Brit. Isds., p. 281, pl. 26, f. 2.
1899 Globiceps dispar Puton, Cat. Hem. Palea., edn. 4, p. 69.
1900 Globiceps subalpinus Strobl, Mitth. Nat. ver. Steiermark, xxxvi (1899), p. 193.
1908 Globiceps dispar Hueber, Jahr. ver. nat. Wurtt., Ixiv, p..118; (Sep.) Synop. deut.
Blindw.,; ii, p. 140. :
1909 Globiceps dispar Oshanin, Verz. Palae. Hem., i, p..833.
1920 Globiceps dispar J. Sahlberg, Bidrag Kann. Finl. Nat. Folk, Ixxix, No. 2, p. 144.
Specimens exvamined: COLORADD—2 6 July 16, 1898, Little Beaver (KE.
D. Ball). NEW WAMPSHIRE—@ (brachyp.) July 20, Glen House, .(C.. W.
Johnson). onvTARro-——Q (macr.) Aug. 7, Parry Sound (H. $. Parish).
The present material has been compared with identifications by Reuter
and found to be identical. Uhler’s description of angustatus fits the male of
dispar in all particulars except one statement: “eallosities 2. ..2 6... 22. with a
groove between, which is partly occupied by a blunt carina that runs back to
posterior lobe.” In so far as the writer can learn, angustatus Uhler has not
been recognized since the description of the species was published.
Douglas and Scott (1867) record dispar as occurring at the roots of
grasses in damp places.
Teratocoris paludum .J. Sahlberg.
1860 +Z'eratocoris antennatus Flor, Rhyn. Livl, i, p. 433. (in part, not Boheman).
1871 Teratocoris paludum J. Sahlberg, Not. Sallsk. Fauna Fl. Fenn. Forh., xi, (1870)
De eagles
1875 Teratocoris paludum Reuter, Rev. Crit. Caps., [ii], p. 12; Acta Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn.,
p. 28.
1881 Teratocoris paludum J Sahlberg, Meddel. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn., vii, p. 46.
1890 Teratocoris paludum Atkinson, Cat. Capsidae, p. 38.
1909 Teratocoris paludum Oshanin, Verz. Palae. Hem., i, p. 777.
1920 Teratocoris paludum J. Sahlberg, Bidrag Kann. Finl. Nat. Folk, Ixxix, No. 2, p. 135.
Specimens examined: ITLLINOIS—.@ June 13, 3? June 23, Chicago (Wm.
j. Gerhard), collected at light. minnEsota—é Aug. 8, 1oro, Koochiching
County. 106 9 July 6, 29 July 9, 1921, University Farm, St. Paul (HH. H.
Knight), collected at light. NEw yorK—@ July 22, 1920, Conifer (H. Osborn).
The writer has identified paludum by description alone but all other
Palearctic species of the genus are at hand for comparison. In general it is
certainly poor policy to record Palearctic species from North America with-
out having the necessary exotic material for comparison, but in the case of
paludum the structures and color characters are so distinctive there seems to
fo be little doubt regarding the identity.
According to Reuter (1875), Teratocoris paludum lives on Carex vesi-
caria in Finland.
Megaloceraea recticornis Geoffroy in Fourcroy
1775 ||Cimex linearis Fuessly, Verz. Schw. Ins., p. 519.* (not Fabricius).
1785 Cimex recticornis Geoffroy in Fourcroy, Ent. Paris., i, p. 209.
1807 Miris longicornis Fallen, Mon. Cim. Suec., p. 108.
1813 Cimex linearis Tigny, Hist. Nat. des Ins., iv, p. 287.*
1829 Miris longicornis Fallen, Hemip. Suec., p. 129.
1835..
1835
1845
1852
1852
1855
1858
1860
1861
1865
1869
1871
1875
1875
1888
1890
1890
1892
1896
1899
1906
1909
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 287.
Miris longicornis Herrich-Schaetfer, Nomen. Ent., i, p. 47.
Miris longicornis Herrich-Schaeffer, Wanz. Ins., iii, p. 43, f. 258.
Miris longicornis Meyer, Verz. Schw. Rhyn., p. 37.
Miris longicornis Costa, Cim. Regn. Neap. Cent., ii, p. 32.*
Miris-megatoma. Mulsant et Rey, Opusc. ent., p. 126.
Miris longicornis Kirschbaum, Jalhrb. ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau, x, p. 192; (Sep.)
Rhyn. v. Wiesb. Caps., p. 32.
Megaloceraea longicornis Fieber, Wien. Bnt. Monats., ii, p. 301. (Hiaplotype).
Miris longicornis Flor, Rhyn. Livl., i, p. 434.
Megaloceraea longicornis Fieber, Eur. Hemip., p. 245.
Miris longicornis Douglas & Scott, Brit. Hemip., p. 289.
Megaloceraea longicornis Puton, Cat. Hemip., p. 21.
Miris (Megaloceraea) longicornis Thomson, Opusc. Ent., iv, p. 415.
‘Megaloceraea. (M. [egaloceraea]) longicornis Reuter, Rev. Crit. Caps., [li], DoF
Acta Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn., i, p. 22.
Megaloceraea longicornis Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1875, p. 260.
Megaloceraea recticornis Reuter, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., xv, p. 611, No. 207.
Megaloceraeca recticornis Atkinson, Cat. Capsidae, p. 36.
_Megaloceraea linearis Bergroth, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., for 1890, Bul. p. LXVI.
Megaloceraea longicornis Saunders, Het. Brit. Isds., p. 223, pl. 20, f. 6.
Megaloceraea recticornis Hueber, Jalirb. ver. Nat. Wurtt., 1, p. 56; (Sep.) Synop:
deut. Blindw., i, p. 52. ,
Megaloceraea linearis Puton, Cat. Hem. Palea., edn. 4, p. 57.
Nostostira (Megaloceraea) longicornis Kirkaldy, Trans. \Am. Ent. 'Soc., xxxii, p. 144.
Megaloceraea linearis Oshanin, Verz. Palae. Hem., i, p. 772.
Specimens examined: WISCONSIN—2@ June 27, 1914, Madison, (S. B.
Fracker), on “foxtail”. Probably on Setaria viridis, a plant which has been
introduced from Europe. ‘These specimens have been compared with European
material determined by Reuter and found to be identical.
Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze).
Cimex lineolatus Goeze, Ent. Beytr., ii, p. 267.
Cimez albinus Geoffroy in Fourcroy, Ent. Paris, i, p. 208.
Miris laevigatus Wolff, Icones Cim., i, p. 36, tab. iv, f. 36. (not Linnaeus).
Miris laevigatus Panzer, Faun. Germ., fasc. xcili, f. 21. (not Linnaeus).
Lygaeus chenopodii Fallen, Mon. Cim. Suec., p. 74.
Phytocoris Chenopodii Fallén, Hemip. Suec., p. 77.
33 Phytocoris binotatus Hahn, Wanz. Ins., i, p. 202, f: 103.
Capsus chenopodii Herrich-Schaeffer, Nomen. Ent., i, p.. 50.
Phytocoris bipunctatus Burmeister, Handb. Ent., ii, p. 270.
Phytocoris binotatus Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins., p. 137, pl. 5, f. 7.
ff
(?) Capsus brevicollis Meyer, Verz. Schw. Rhyn., p. 47, t. I, 4.
.Capsus chenopodii Meyer, Verz. Schw. Rhyn., p. 51.
Phytocoris Chenopodii Kolenati, Melet. Ent., ii, p. 113.
Capsus Chenopodii F. Sahlberg, Mon. Geoc. Fenn., p. 100.
‘Phytocoris bipunctatus Costa, Cim. Regn. Neap. Cent., iii, p. 260.*
_Capsus (Deraeocoris) Chenopodii Kirschbaum, Jahrb. ver. Nat. Herz. Nassau, x,
p. 217; (Sep.) Rhyn. v. Wiesb., Caps., p. 57.
Capsus (Capsus) Chenopodii Flor, Rhyn. Livl., i, p. 501.
Calocoris chenopodii Fieber, Eur. Hemip., p. 255. e
Deraeocoris Chenopodii Douglas & Scott, Brit. Hemip., p. 325.
Capsus Chenopodii Thomson, Opuse. Ent., iv, p. 420.
Calocoris Chenopodii Reuter, Bihang Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., ili,p. 13.
‘Calocoris Chenopodii Reuter, Rev. Crit. Caps., [ii], p. 38; Acta Soc. Faun. Fl.
Fenn., i, p. 54.
Calocoris chenopodii Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1875, p. 270.
Lygus Chenopodii Snellen tv. Vollenhoven, Hem. Het. Neerl., p. 189, pl. 13, f. 7.
Calocoris chenopodii Distant, Sec. Yark. Miss., Rhyn., p. 10.
Calocoris chenopodii var. implagiatus Westhoff, Jahresb. Westfal. Proy.-Versamml.
Kunet., ix, p. 74.*
Calocoris Chenopodii Puton, Cat. Hem. Palea., edn. 3, p. 48.
288 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST:
1887 Calocoris Chenopodii Reuter, in Imp. Soc. Nat, Sci., xxxix,-Turkestan zool. Inves-
tig., ii, pt. v, Hemip. pt. I, p. 6. ;
1888 Calocoris lineolatus Reuter, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., xv, p. 632, No. 234.
1890 Calocoris lineolatus Atkinson, Cat. Capsidae, p. 73.
1891 Calocoris lineolatus var. bisbipunctatus Reuter, Ofv. F. Vet..Soc. Forh., xxxdii, p. 189
1892 Calocoris chenopodii Saunders, Het. Brit. Isds., p. 243.
1896 Adelphocoris lineolatus Reuter, Hemip. Gymn. Eur., v, p. 222 et 379.
1899 Adelphocoris lineolatus Puton, Hem. ‘Palea., edn. 4, p. 60.
1899 Adelphocoris lineolatus Hueber, Jahrb. ver. Nat. Wurtt., lv, p. 358.
1904 Calocoris lineolatus Distant, Fauna Brit. Ind., ii, p. 451, f. 291.
1906 Adelphocoris lineolatus Reuter, Ann. Mus. zool. St. Pet., x, p. 10 et 20.
1909 Adelphocoris lineolatus Oshanin, Verz. Palae. Hem. i, p. 681.
1912 Adelphocoris lineolatus Jensen-Haarup, Danmarks Fauna, xii, p. 214.
1920 Adelphocoris lineolatus J. Sahlberg, Bidrag Kann. Finl. Nat. Folk, Ixxix, No. 2,
p. 116.
Specimens examined: CAPE BRETON ISLAND-—-3 6 22 August 1917, Cheti-
camp, (F. Johansen). The writer has compared the present material with
Reuter determinations of lineolatus Goeze, finds that the specimens are structur-
ally identical but pertain to variety binotatus Hahn.
Stenodema virens (Iinnaeus).
1767 Cimeaw virens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., edn. 12, i, p. 730.*
1908 Stenodema virens Horvath, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hung., vi, p. 4.
1917 Stenodema virens Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip., p. 304.
This species was first recorded from America by Horvath (1go8) but
without definite locality. Wan Duzee (1917) was unable to add anything re-
garding the distribution. Since receiving European specimens of virens for
comparison, the writer has gone over the available material in the genus Steno-
dema and desires to record the following observations. Both the typical virens
and the variety testaceum are represented.
Specimens examined: ALASKA—?, “Alaska”. COLORADO--@ June 24,
9 July 10, 1900, Fort Collins. @ July 13, 1901, Palmer Lake. & Sept 19,
Buena Vista. 6 Sept. 20, Gunnison. 26 July 27, Arapahoe Peak, alt. 9,856
ft. (A. C. Burrill). 29, “Colorado” (Popenoe). MOoNTANA—® . June 20,
1906, Bozeman. 23102 July 18, Park County; ¢ July 31, Missoula (A. A.
Nichol). NEvApA-——@ July; Ormsby County (C. F. Baker). ormcon— 9
September, Corvallis. ¢ @ Aug. 17, 1920, Portland, (A. A. Nichol). wyom-
ING— 3 62 July 20-25, 1920, Yellowstone Park (A. A. Nichol).
The writer is quite convinced that Afiris instabilis Uhler (1875) should
be referred to virens Linnaeus rather than to Stenodema vtcinum (Provan-
cher). This view is supported by the fact that the original description and. figure
given by Uhler, fit virens Linnaeus more closely than is true of vicinum Prov-_—
ancher. ‘To this it may be added that no specimens of Stenodema vicinum
(Provancher) have been seen which came from Colorado, while virens 1s ap-
parently rather common.
Orthocephalus mutabilis (Fallén)—At Ithaca, New York, during the
last week of June and the first week of July, 1920. the writer took several
more specimens of this species, finding them on ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum) in company with Plagiognathus chrysanthemi Woltt. Mutabilis
was found most abundant on the Cornell University campus and farm land
belonging to the College of Agriculture. Mr. J. L. Frank took one specimen
July 4, at Owego, New York,
Mailed Saturday, March 25th, 1922.
Index to Volume LIIL
Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze, 287.
Acidalia ‘frigidaria Moesch., 85.
Aedes aldrichi, The larva and breeding
place of, 48.
Aeshna canadensis Wik., 7.
Aeshna sitchensis, Nymph and _ Breed-
ling place, 221.
Affinis Group of the Genus Tabanus, A
Revision of the Canadian Species,
139.
Agapostemon viridulus Fab., 66.
“5 radiatus Say, 67.
texanus Cress., 67.
x splendens Lep., 68.
Agonopleryx blackmori nvsp., 277.
Agrilus, Addition to Bibliography, 72.
Agrilus subtropicus Schaeffer, 72.
Ue huachucae Schaeffer, 72.
4 dolli ‘Schaeffer, 72.
ee quercus ‘Schaeffer, 72.
ALRXANDER, C.P. articles ‘by, 132, 162,
205.
Ammalo tenera Hub., 149.
Anarta richardsoni Curt., 84.
Anavitrinella nm., 264.
Andricus peliatus nsp., 213.
Androloma mac-cullochi Kby., 83.
Anisota species, A New, 75.
Anisola manitobensis, n.sp., 75.
Anomogyna, Canadian Species of Genus,
176.
"3 sineera H. S., 84, 177.
a jJaetabilis Zett.
< homogena n. Sp., 178.
ss beddeki Hamp., 179.
cs partita n. sp., 179.
Anteoninae, ‘New Parasitic Hymenoptera
of Subfamily, 70.
Anthomyia, key to species, 77.
Anthomytid ‘Genera Mydaea, Ophyra,
Phyilogasier and (iuclemonophora,
Synopsis of, 9.
Anthomyiidae, Synopsiis of some N.
‘Am., 76.
Apheloria n. gen., 232.
if montana iBollm., 232.
4s ainsliei n. sp., 232.
Aphelosetia cygnodiella n. sp., 280.
Apple Leaf-Crumpler, a ‘Pest of ~Coton-
easter, 73.
Arachnids from S. Utah, 245.
Arctiids, Notes on the Generic Position
of Two Canadian, 167.
Arctobolus marginatus Say, 88.
Argia moesta putrida Hag., 6.
Argynnis bischoffi, Edw, 13.
* leto Behr, 13.
Argyresthia monochromella n. sp., 279.
Aspilates orciferaria labradoriata
‘Moesch., 86.
Augochlora confusa Rob., 68.
Autographa arctica Moesch., 84.
“s diversigna Ottol., 14.
¢ interahia Ottol., 14.
Baetis intercalaris n. sp., 128.
Ss flavistriga n. sp., 120.
Baker. A. C., article by, 95.
Barner, G. W., article by, 145.
Basiaeschna janata Say, 7.
BrcKwitTH, C. S., article by, 44.
Bees, Panurgine & Halictine, Further
Notes on, 65.
Bird, HEeNry, articles ‘by, 79, 137.
BiackMore. E. H., article by, 168.
BLAISDELL, FRANK, E., articles by, 15,
129.
Blepharidopterus angulatus Falten, 285.
Book REVIEWS:
Barnes & Lindsay’s Pterophoridae
of N. America, 215.
H.T. Fernald’s Applied Entomology,
261.
Macgillivray’s, The Coccidae, 57, 91.
Bowman, KENNETH, articles by, 13, 2111.
Brenthis aphirape triclaris Hbn., 82.
. chariclea boisduvali Dup., 82.
se freija Thun., 82.
wes polaris Bdy., 82.
Buseck, A., article by, 276.
Cabbage Seed Stalk Weevil on Long
Island, 169.
Cacotcia victoriana n. sp. 278.
Callipus lactarius Say, 232.
Callopistria floridensis Gn., (Nervous
System). 33. :
Carabistes scoticus n. sp., 22.
Carcina quercana Falbr., 276, :
Caripeta divisata Wik., 14.
Ceratomia amyntor Hbn.,
System), 31.
Ceria cylindrica n. sp., 175.
Chalcomyia calcitrans n. sp., 260.
CHAMBERLIN, J. C. article by, 186.
CITAMBERLIN, R. W. articles by, 69, 230,
245.
Chilopods & Diplopods from Knox (Co.
Tenn., 230.
(Nervous
. Chrysochus auratus Fab., 147.
Chromagrion conditum Hag., 7.
Cnephasia osseana Scop., 87.
Coccidae, Notes on, VII. A Review of
Macgillivray’s “The Coccidae” 57.
Coccidae, Notes on, VIII. Review of
Macgillivray’s “The Coccidae’, 91.
CocKERELL, T. 'D. A., article by, 22.
Coleoptera, ‘Miscellaneous Studiesin the,
No. L, 129.
Collecting about Walden Pond, 145.
Coptodisica, (New Species of, 44.
Coptodisca kalmiella nm. sp., 44.
Coptodisca ‘Kallmiella, Notes on, 44.
Cordulia shurtleffi Seud., 8.
Coryphista meadi Pack., 14.
Cosymbia lumenaria Hub., A Correction,
168.
Crane Flies of New York, 192.
Crane Flies from Argenitina, Undescri-
bed. Eriopterine, 162.
200 » ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
“Crane Flies, New Nearctic, Part XI,
(1/3'2.
Crane Flies from N. Queensiand, 205.
Crampton, G. C., articles by, 72, 110.
Crambid Moths, Two New Canadian,
(1160. - .
“Crambus tutilins n. 'sp., 160.
es awemellus, n. sp., 160.-
Cryptops hyalinus Say., 230.
CuRRAN,. H., articles ‘by, 1152, 171, 258,
2160, 2'7'5.
Dasyuris polata Dup., 86. F
-Datana ministra (Drury (Nervous Sy-
stem), 32.
Diasemia plumbosignalis - Fern., 14.
Diclidia inyoensis n. sip., 181.
nf gilva n. sp., 182. :
Dicranomyia doddi n. sp., 206.
mye! fumidapicalis n. sp., - 207.
-Dicranata rogersi Mm. Bp., 136.
Dictyna volucripes Keys., 245.
Didymops transyersa.. Say, Wee
Dietz, Wim. G.. article: by, -44
Dinotoperla, n. gen., 43.
Dragonflies from the Ottawa Region,
Additional Records, 14.
Dragonflies of the Lake of Bays Re-
gion, 9.
Dysstroma citrata Linn., 85.
“Dysstroma cervinifascia Wik., 14.
_Eacles ‘imperialis Drury (Nervous Sy-
stem), 32.
Hgle, key to species, 77.
Eleodes extricata var. ‘utahensis n. Sip.,
131.
vandykei var. modificata n. sip.,
11.
Knallagma aspersum Hag., 7.
os calverti Moree, 7.
cyathigerum ‘Charp., 7.
et hageni Wialsh., 6.
Tnitomiologilcal Society of
Annual Meeting, 23.
Epigonatopus americanus m. sp., 70.
Epipsilia okalkensis Pack., 83.
ns quadrangula Zett., 83.
Eremobia maillardi exulis Lef., 84
Eremomyoides, key to species, 76.
Hrioptera cladophoroides n. sp., 162.
Ernestia, Revision of Nearctic Species,
199, 226, 247, 270.
Hrnestia nigropalpis n. sp., 247.
= arcuata n. sp., 248.
incisa n. sp., 249.
as aldrichi Towns., 250.
longicarina n. sip., 251.
flavicornis Brauer, 226.
nigrocornea nN. sp., 227.
frontalis.n. sip., 228.
johnsoni n. sp., 229.
platycarina n. sp., 270.
sulcocarina n. sp., 271.
bicarina n. gp., 272.
meee ampelus Walk., 273:
ve fissicarina. ni sp., "274.
Eschatocrepis nigripes i. 'sip.; 15.
“cs
“c
Ontario
.———_
Eudasytes reynoldsi n. sip., 16.
4 grandicollis n. sp., 17.
hirsutus n. sp., 18.
EBuglochina n. subg., PAN (rer 2
Eulimnophora, key to species, i eA
Eulype hastiata Linn., 86,
EHuphydryas nubigena ‘peani Skin. iS).
Euphyia luctuata obductata Moesch., 86.
Eupithecia albicapitata Pack., 14.-
Euryurus erythropygus Brandt, 939.
Eurypelma:.steindachneri Auss., -247.
Eurymus christina gigantea Stkr., (13.
- “¢ pallida Ckill., 13.
es eriphyle autumnatlis Ckil., 13°
= hecla gilacialis McLach., 18.
Euxoa campestris (Grt., 14.
4 infracta Morr., eee ,
« —_ quinquelinea lutulenta Sm... 14.
sf ochrogaster Gn. (Ner vous Sy-
stem), 33
“ee
Feit, E. P.. article by, 96.
Fenton, F. A., article by, 70.
Ferris, G. F. articles by, 57, 91.
Fontaria virginiensis Drury, 88.
Fossil Insects, British,..22.
Friesea, New. Species of, 126.
Firiesea: sublimis, n..Sp., 128.
Frison, T. H. article by, 100..
Frost, C. A. article by,. 72.
Garypus in North America, Notes on,
(186. J
Garypus giganteus n..sp., 186.
iS californicus ‘Banks., (191.
oe floridensis Banks., 1911.
os granulatus Banks., 191.
Gelechia continuella Zell., 86:
Geometridae (Nervous System), “33. °
Geranomyia sagittifer n. sp., 208.
ae nigronitida n. sp., 208.
Gipson, A. article ‘by, 25.
Globiceps dispar Bioh., 285.
Gnophaela vermiculata G. & R., Notes
on the Preparatory ‘Stages, 101.
Gomphus exilis \Selys, 7.
a gpicatus Hag., 7.
Gonatopus agropyrus n. sip., 71.
i similis n. sp., 71.
Gonomyia thiosema n. sp., 164.
Ss misera nn. bip., 164.
Gornam, R. P. article by, Sie
Graptolitha (ferrealis Grt.,
GUNTHORPE, HORACE, el ty, 87.
Gynaephora rossi Curt., 85.
Heodes dorcas Kby., 83.
Hesperia centaureae Ramb., 88..
Hadrurus hirsutus Wood, 247. .
Haemorrhagia diffinis' Boliisd., 150.
Halictus texanus Cress., - 68.
a oenotherae Stevens, 68.
a aberrans Crawford, 68.
Hammomyia, key to species, 78.
Hayes, (Wm. P.: article ‘by, 121.
Hebecnema -affinis n. sp., 214.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 291
Hebecnema, N. Am. species of, 214.
Hearte, E., article by, 48.
Helina, A “Synopsis | of the N. American
Species of, 103.
Helina hannai n. sip., 109.
Hcemerocampa pseudotsugata n. sp., 54.
Hemiptera-Heteroptevra, ‘New England
* (Records, 233. Site
Heodes helloides florus Ediw. 13.°°
Hesperapis carinata Stevens, (65. °° ~
‘Hilarographa youngiella n. sp. 278. :
Hobby Horse, Life History of, Pt ue
mn *IEBi5 > 49°
Hobby Horse, Life History of, Pt. III,
193, 217, 241, 265.
Horpine, RSS. article by, 252.
Hydriomena renunciata Wik., 14.
Hyppa xylinoides Gn., 84.
Tdioglochina n. pube., 207.
Insects of the Spreading Dogbane, 146.
Insect Wings, A.-Method of Making
(Photographic. Prints of, 161,
Ischnura vertilcalis Say, 7.
Johnsonomyia, Observations on, 96.
Jolnsonomyia alexanderi n. 'sp., 96.
Joxes, F. M., article by, 137.
Knienr, H.-H. article cby, 281. nde
Laodamia fusca Haiw., 86.
Lasioptera apocyni n. sp., 149.
Leptodesmus pplacidus Wood, 88...
Lepidoptera of Labrador, Notes .on 81. :
Lestes disjunctus Selys, 6.
‘© curinus..'Say, 6
rectangularis Say, 6
Leucorrhinia frigida Hag., 8.
i glacialis. Hag., 8.
“ce
“«.«. jntacta Hag.,.8.
= proxima ‘Cal., 8
Libellula exusta julia Ulhl., 8
+ incesta Hag., 8.
oes quadrimaculata WLinn., 8.
LizgEBLAD, Emin, article by, 181.
Limnophila illingworthi n. sp., 210.
“5 bifida n. sp., 138.
-. shannoni n. Sp., 132 u
Limnophora, key to species, 64. +
Linotaenia fulva sager, 230.
Listrus provincidlis, n. sp., 129.
‘Lithobius. forficatus Linn., "89.
Loxostege albertalis, B. and ‘McD., 14.
Loxostege commixtalis Wik., 14.
Luperina -passer conspicua:Morr., 14.
Lycosa apicata Banks, 247..
Lysiopetalum lactarium Say, 88.
MAcCNAMARA, CHAs., article by, 126.
Macaria purcellata Tayl., 14.
Malcrolepidoptera of Alberta, Additions
to check {list, 1919, 13.
Additions to check jist, 1920, 211
sa a J.R., articles."by 9, 61, 76,
103,
. May ees ae New Canadian, 117.
= Macaria granitata sexmaculata Pack., 86.
McDunnovucu, J. articles by, 6, 14, 47,
153, 67, 75, 81, 7; 139. 1160, 176, 191.
Megaloceraea recticornis Geott., 286.
Megalocoleus miolliculus Faillen, 283.
Melanochelia & Limnophora, Synopsis of
N. Am. sipecies, 61.
Melanochelia, key to species, 61.
Meclanostoma squamulae n. sp., 275.
i chilosia n. sp., 275.
s lata DD. Sp.; 2162
Melaporphyria immortua Grt., 13.
Melyridae, Four New Species of, 15.
Merolonche ursina Sm., 14. -
METCALFE, Z: P., article by, ‘212.
Microlepidoptera from B. C., 276.
Micropterygidae, Nervous System, 34.
Midge, A new Dogbane, 148.
Miridae, Nearctic Records for Palaeartic
species, 281.
Molophilus unispinosus n. sp., 209.
as longioricornis n. sp., 210.
cladocerus nN. sp., 163.
Monochamus, Review of Genus, 252.
titillator Fab., 255.
“cc
i maculosus Hald. «= 255.
7 angusticollis Casey, 256.
4 (marmorator Kiby., 256.
S scutellatus Say, 2516.
ye oregonensis Lec., 256:
- notatus Drury, © 258. -
SS obtusus Casey, 258.
Monopis biflavimaculella Clem., 87.
Mordellidae of U: S. with Description of
(‘New Species, Notes on, 181.
Mordella pubescens, n. sp., 182.
obliqua Lec. 183.
Mordellistena quadrinotata n. sp., 183.
syntaenia, n. sip., 184.
incommunis n. sp., 185.
AS pulchra Liljeblad, 185.
Morris, F: J. A., articles by, 1, 25, 49,
193, 2117, 241, 265.
Mydaea, key to species, 9. ;
Myriapoda, ‘Cragins’ Collection of Kan-
gas, 87.
se
Nehallenia irene Hag., 7.
Neoaurctia sordida n. sip. 167.
New England Hemiptera/Heteroptera,
iNew Records, 233.
Nomophila noctuella Schiff., 86.
Oak Gall, New species of, 212.
OBITUARY :
F'yLps, (Rev. THOMAS, W., 262.
SLADEN, F&F. W. L., 240.
Oenelis jutta Hibn., 82.
+ taygete Hbn., 82.
“ oeno Bdv., 82.
Olene willingi B. & McD., 14
Olios fasciculatus ‘Simon, 247.
Olethreutes intermistana Clem., 87.
Ophyra, key to species, 9.
Orthocephalus mutabilis Fallen, 288.
Orthotylus concolor Kirsich., 284.
Otocryptops sexspinosus Say, 89,;. 230.
Oxyopes salticus Hentz., . 247,
292 THI CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISY.
Pachydesmus retrorsus n. sp., 232.
Pachypsylia Celtidis-Gemma, iNotes on
Life History, 19.
Paipaipema nebris Gn., 80.
a placida n, sp., 81.
Ss insulidens Bird, 79.
araliae n. sip., 187.
Papaipema from Delaware, A new, 137.
Papaipema, New Species and Life His-
tories in, 79.
Papilio polyxenes, Fabr. (Nervous Sys-
tem), 31.
Parajulus imipressus Say, 232.
ss pennsylvanicus Brandt, 252.
ee annectans n. sp., 233.
Paratropeza rystophanes n. sp., 165.
Pardosa sternalis Thor., 247.
ParsuHiry H. M. article ‘by, 233.
Parajulus venustus Wood, 88.
Perdita tridentata Stevens, 66.
Perlaria, New Classification of Order, 35.
Phidippus workmanii Peck., 247.
ss formosus Peck., 247.
Philobia ulsterata Pears., 14.
Philodromus utus n. sp., 245.
es virescens Thior., 245.
Phlyctaenia ferrugailis Hibn., 14.
Phrurolithus parallelus n. sp., 70.
Phruronellus n. gen., 69.
Phyllogaster, key ito species, 11.
Phyusocyclus tanneri n. sp., 245.
Pieris napi frigida Scud., 81.
a occidentalis calyce Edw., 13.
Plagiognathus chrysanthemi Wolff, 282.
Platydesmus lecontei Wood, 230.
Platyptilia carduidactyla Riley, 86.
Plebeius scudderi Edw., 83.
= aquilo Bdv., 83.
Pogonomyza, key to species, 78.
Polia pulverulenta Sm., 84.
Polydesmus pinetorum Bollman, 88.
s serratus Say, 88.
Polydesmus !branneri Bollm., 232.
Popular and Praictical Entomology, 1, 25,
49, 73, 97, 121, 145, 169, 193, 217,
241, 265.
Prionoxystus Bs: Peck.
System ),
Psallus cate we Doug. & Scoitt., 283.
Psithyrus laboriosus Fabr. in the Nests
of Bumblebees, 100.
Pscudoglochina n. subg., 208.
Psilochorus utahensis Cham., 245.
Pseudohazis eglanterina Bdv., 13.
Pseudomacromia Natalensis and Meruen-
sis, 46.
Pteroscia atrata yukiona n. var., 180.
Pygmaena simplex Dyar, 14.
Pyrausta fumoferalis Hist., 14.
‘t futilalis Led., 150.
“
(Nervous
Rancora brucei Sm., 14.
Ricn, '‘S. G. article by, 46.
Rhaphilolabis reducta, n. sip., 135.
subsessilis n, sp., 134.
Salticus albocinctus .Peck., 247.
Samia euryalus Bdy., 191.
Schizura concinna S. & ‘A. (Nervous
System), 32. :
Scoparia centuriela Schiff, 86.
Scolopendra heros Gerard, 89,
as polymorpha Wood, 90.
Scutigera forceps, Ra'f., 89.
Seytonotus granulatus Say, 282.
Silkworm Moth, Correct ‘Name for Cali-
fornian, 191.
Sonibius rex (Bollm., 230.
Sphaerophoria cranbrookensis, n. ‘sp.,
173.
Sphinx drupiferarum S. & A. (Nervous
System), 31
Sphinx kalmiae S. & A. (iNervous Sys-
tem), 31
Spiders, a new Genus and Species of, 69.
Spirobolus marginatus Say, 233.
Stenodema virens (Linn,, 288.
Sthenopis thule, Nervous System of
(Larva, 29.
STEVENS, O. A. article by, 65.
STRICKLAND, E. H., article by, 97.
Strigoderma .Arboricola Fab., Its Life
Cyicle, 121.
Str ymon melinus, A new Race of, 47.
atrofasciata var.
nov., 47.
Swaine, J. M., articte by, 29.
Sympetrum cbtrusum Hag., 8.
Sympistis melaleuca Thun., 84.
Syneda alleni saxea Hy. ‘Hdw., 14
Syrphid, A New Western, 258.
Syrphidae, new species of, 171.
Syrphidae, Genus and Species new to
Canada, 260.
Syrphidae, New species of Canadian, Pt.
1 21D:
Syrphus species belonging to Ribesii
Group, Revision of, 152.
Sur phus reflectipennis n. sip., 157.
ochrostomus Zett., 158.
as nitidicollis Meig., 158.
a genualis Will., 159.
i recloides n. sp., 159.
es invigorus, n. sip., 171.
“¢ americanus var. vinelandii, 0.
Var., “172:
a americanus var. pomus n. ¥ar.
172.
ss rubripleuralis, n. sp., 172.
= protritus O. S., 154.
Ce knabi Shan., 154.
ef ribesii iL., 154.
a ribesii vittafrons Shann., 154.
“ rectus O. S., 155.
ae transversalis, n. sp., 155.
4 vitripennis Meig., 156.
oH opinator O. S., 157.
o torvus O. S., 157.
grossulariae Meig., 157.
Tabanus atrobasis n. sp., 144.
- rupestris nu. Sp., 143.
# phaenops O. 8., 143.
- sonomensis O. S., 143.
te NUAdUS ND. Sp., 143.
" epistates O. S., 142.
‘eh
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 293
—*
Tabanus minusculus Hine, 142.
x trepidus n. sp., 142.
lasiophthalmus Macquart, 142.
es captonis Marten, 141.
7 haemaphorus Marten, 141.
californicus Marten, 141.
ve affinis Kirby, 141.
Tasmanoperla n. g., 40.
Tasmanoperla diversipes, n. sp., 41.
Teratoctoris paludum Sahil, 286.
Terminal Abdominal Structures of Male
Insects, Correction of Sitatement, 72.
Tetragoneuria cynosura simulans Muttk.,
8.
Tetramerinx, key to species, 11.
Teucholabis omissa, n. sp., 166.
Thrypticomyia Skuse, 206.
TibeHlus duttoni Hentz, 247.
FILtyanrpd, R. J., article by, 35.
Totruity, J. D., articles by, 199, 226, 247.
270.
Toxomerus occidentalis n. sp., 258.
Trichoptera (Nervous System), 34.
Tropea luna L., (Nervous System), 32.
Trichoplexia exornata Moesch., S84.
Tortrix moesichleriana Wocke., 87.
Tussock-Moth, A new British Columbian,
Do.
Tylobolus uncigerus Wood., 88.
Vanessa vinginiensis Dru., 13.
Velovis mexicanus Koch., 247.
VoGEL, I. H., article by, 169.
WALKER, E. M., article by, 221.
Weiss, H. |B., articles by, 19, 44, 72, 73,
146.
West. 'E., article by, 146.
WILLS, B. W., article iby, 212.
WHITEHOUSE, F. C., article by, 101.
Wings of Zoraptera, Psocids and Aphids
from the standpoints of Phylogeny.,
110.
Xanithorhoe designata Hutn., 86.
algidata Moesch., 86.
lfferrugata Clerck, 86.
Xenocoensia, key to species, 12.
se
Zclandobius n. gen., 43.
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