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OTTAWA NATURALIST.
GRAS Et
TRANSACTIONS
Or THE
OTTAWA FIELD-NATGRALISTS’ CLUB.
Wi Olas, se vA
(Organized March 1879, Incorporated March 1884.)
OTTAWA:
THE CITIZEN PRINTING AND PUBLISHING Co., QUEEN STREET,
1888.
Patron :
HIS EXCELLENCY THE MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE,
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA.
President :
ROBY WEY TE,
Vice- Presidents :
Ist, Rey. Pror. MARSAN, | 2np, Dr. R. W. ELLS,
Seeretarp:
T. J. MacLAUGHLIN.
Creusurer :
JAMES FLETCHER.
Pibrarian:
W. H. HARRINGTON.
Committee :
Dee 5. SMALL, | H.M. AMI. | J. BALLANTYNE,
Standing Committees of Council :
Publishing——T. J. MacLaueuuin, J. Ftercuer, W. H. Harrrneron.
Excursions—J. FietcHer, H. M. Amt, J. BALLANTYNE,
Soirées—Rev. Pror. Marsan, Dr. Enis, Dr. SmaAtu.
Headers ;
Geoloyy—Dr. Fuus, Rev. Pror. Marsan, H. M. Amt.
Botuny—Pror. Macouy, J. Ftetcuer, Dr. SMA.
Conchology—F. R. Larcurorp.
Entomology—J. Fuercuer, W. H. Harrineton, T. J. MacLaueutiy.
Ornithology—Pror. Macoun, G. R. Wuire,
Zoology—Hi. B. Smityt, J BaLLanryne.
Editor:
W. H. HARRINGTON.
3
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Adams, F. D., B. App. Se.
Allan, W. A.
Ami, H. M., .4., F-C.S.
Anderson, F. B. B.A. (Winnipeg.)
Anderson, W. P., CL.
Anderson, Mrs. W. P.
Armstrong, John R.
Armstrong, Rev. Wm. U/.A., Ph.D.
Ashworth, John.
Balland, Rev. J. B., O.MT., D.D.
Ballantyne, J.
Ballantyne, Norman F.
Baptie, Geo., A/.A., A.D.
Barlow, A. E., B.A.
Bate, C. Percy.
Bate, H. Gerald.
Bate, H. N.
Beddoe, Chas. H.
Bell, Be@.-A., WA.
Bell, E. B.
Bennetts, F. K.
Billings, B. B.
Billings, W. R.
Boardman, Wm. F.
Bolton, Miss Eliza.
Bourinot, J. G., LL.D., F.R:C.T.,
F-.S.S., Hon. Sec. RSC.
Boville, T. C., B.A.
Bowen, Miss Alice. (Quebec.)
Bowerman, J. T.
Bowman, Amos.
Bristow, A. A.
Bristow, Mrs. A. A.
Broadbent, Ralph L.
Brodie, W,, Z.D.S. (Toronto.)
Brough, James 8.
Brumell, H. Pareth.
Burgess, T. J. W., of.D., F.R.S.C.
(London, Ont.)
Butterworth, C. A.
Butterworth, Miss Maria E.
Campbell, A. M., J/.A. (Perth.)
Campbell, R. H.
Campbell, Wm. Woods.
Casey, M. W.
Chalmers, Robert.
Chamberlin, Mrs‘ B.
Christie, A. J., Q.C.
Clarke, James. (Renfrew.)
Code, R. G.
Cornu, Felix, I/.D. (Angers.)
Coste, E.
Cousens, W. C., A.D.
Cowley, R. H.
Craig, Wm. ( Russell.)
Creighton, J. G.. B.A., B.C_L.
Davy, R. A., CL.
Dawson, G.M., D.Sc., Assoc. 2.S.M.,
PUGS, FLAS,
Devlin, R. J.
Dimcck, W. D., B.A.
Dixon, F. A.
Donaldson, B.
Ells, R. W., #.4., LL.D.
Elwes, R. Gervase, UZ. Lust. C.E.
Elwes, Mrs. R. G.
Evans, John, D., C.#. (Trenton.)
Ewart, D.
Faribault, E. R.
Fleming, Sandford, C.IL.G., C.Z.,
PRC 1, RSs
Fletcher, James, /.L.8., F.R.S.C.
Fletcher, Mrs. J.
Fortescue, L.
Fortescue, Mrs. L.
Forward, Arthur J.
Fowler, Miss Annie M.
Fuller, Thos., 2.C.A.
Gansby, Robert. (Guelph. )
Garvock, W. B. ;
Gemmill, J. A.
Gilmour, T.
Glashan, J. C.
Gordon, F. A.
Grant, Miss Isabel L.
Grant, Siz J. A., UD., Pas
Edin., F.RS.C., F.GS., RCM,
Grant, Miss Jessie,
4
Grant, Miss Mary.
Grifin, W. H.
Grist, Henry.
Grist, Miss Mary L.
Hardie, John.
Harmer, Miss G. (Hintonburgh.)
Harmon, Miss A. Maria.
Harrington, W. H.
Harrington, Mrs. W. H.
Harrison, Edward.
Hay, George.
Hayter, F., B.A.
Herridge, tev. W. T., D.D.
Hilbourn, W. W.
Ingall, E D.. Assoc. R.S.M.
Ireland, Re SW 5
Jarvis, s.
J viacane Geo.
Johnson, E. V., C.£.
Johnston, Robt. A. A., B.A.
Jolliffe, O. J., JA.
Jones, C. J.
Kearns, J. C.
Keefer, Thos. C., C.E.
Keeley, D. H.
Kilgannon, A. P., C.£.
Lambart, Hon. O. H.
Lambe, L. M.
Lampman, A., B.A.
Lampey, Wm. G., JZ.
Latchford, F. R., B.A.
Lawless, W. T. (Hull.)
Lawson, A. C., M/A.
Lawson, Prof. G., LL.D., Ph. D.
FRC S., FRSC. (Halifax.)
Lee, Miss Katharine.
Lees, W. A. D.
LeSueur, W. D., B.A.
Le~ueur, Mrs. W. D.
Lett, W. P.
Lindsay. A.
Loux, Wm., M.). (Russell.)
Doew,-A. P., B. Ap. Se.
Lowe, John.
MacCraken, John I.
MacLaughlin, T. J.
5
McConnell, R. G., B.A.
McGill, A., B,A.Se.
McElhinney, M. P.
McInnes, Wm., 2.4.
McJanet, J.
McLaughlin, Miss Emma.
McLaughlin, 8.
McLean, J. D.
McMillan, John,
McNab, Chas.
Macoun, Prof. John, 1/.A., F.L.S.,
FRSC:
Macoun, J. M.
Macoun, W.
Magee, Charles.
Magee, F. A.
Marsan, Rev. C. F., O.M.1., M.A.
Martin, E. D.
Matheson, D.
Mills, Miss Margaret A.
Munro, John.
Panet, Maurice.
Parris, Miss Oriana.
Perley, Henry F., C.#.
Phillips, J. A.
Poirier, Hon. P. 8.
Pratt; H. O}; B.
Rauscher, Rudolf.
Reed, E. Baynes. (London.)
Reid, pits Annie M.
Reveler, 8. 8.
Robert. ie A., B.Se.
Ross, Judge W. A.
Rothwel', Miss Lina.
Saunders, Prof. W., F.L.S.,F.R.S.C.
Scott, ColinsA.
Scott, D. C.
Scott, Wallace C.
Scott, Wm.
Scott, Prof. W.
Scott, W. L., B.A.
Selwyn, A. R.C., C.4.G., LL.
WW. BS. ERS OS BGs:
Shaw, James F.
Schenick, Miss A., B.Se.
Small, H. Beaumont, ./.D,
M.A.
D.z
Small H. B.
Smith, D. E.
Smith, H. R., Lieut.-Col.
Stewart, J. C.
Stewart, John.
Summerby, Wm. J., M/.A.(Russell)
Symes, Miss E.
Symes, P. B., 4.X.C.
Taylor, Zev. G.W. (Victoria, B.C.)
Thayne, E. Stewart.
Thompson, Miss M.
Thorburn, John, .4., L.L.D.
Tyrrell, J. B., B.A., F.G.S.
Verner, J. W. D.
Watters, Henry.
Watts, J. W. H., RCA.
Warwick, F. W. (Buckingham.)
6
Weston, T. C.
Wheeler, A. O., D.7.S.
White, Geo. R. '
White, Liewt.-Col. Wm.
White, W. R. (Pembroke.)
Whiteaves, J. F., F.G.8., F.R.S.C.
Wilson, C. W.. 4/.D.
Whyte, Miss Ethel.
Whyte, Miss Isabella.
White, Miss Marion.
Whyte, R. B.
Whyte, Mrs. R. B.
Wicksteed R. J., B.0.L., LL.D.
‘Willimott, Chas. W.
Wright, W. R.
Young, Fev. C. J., IA. (Renfrew.)
Young, James,
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Epwarbs, Henry, 185 East 116th Street, New York, U.S.
Hitz, AuBert J., C.E., New Westminster, B. C.
Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, Department Agriculture, Washington, U. 8.
Ormerop, Miss E. A., Torrington House, Holywell Hill, St. Albans,
England.
ProvancHer, ABBE, Cap Rouge, Que.
Smita, JoHn B., National Museum, Washington, U. S.
i>
fl
SOIREES.
——
Firra:—On Thursday, Ist March, the fifth Soiree was held. Mr.
T. W. E. Sowter read an excellent paper on the Chazy formations at
Ottawa, preliminary to a more complete discussion of these measures
at a future time. The paper showed that much valuable work had
been accomplished, and that important discoveries had been made.
Mr. Billings expressed his pleasure in listening to Mr. Sowter’s con-
tribution to the paleontology of the Chazy, which very interesting
formation had not hitherto received the attention it merited. Mr. Ami
also attested the value of the paper, and hoped that might not be very
long before further information would be given by the writer.
Mr. J. Ballantyne then read a paper on “Our Squirrels,” giving
many interesting facts regarding the species of these pretty little
rodents which had come under his observation. Through the kindness
of Dr. Selwyn, Director of the Geological Survey, the Club was
enabled to exhibit beautifully mounted specimens of the different
species. Mr. Stewart gave an account of a squirrel taking to the
water and swimming across a lake. Prof. Macoun spoke in high terms
of the paper and gave some of his own observations on several species.
The searcity of the larger forms about Ottawa was due to the lack of
of the nut-bearing trees, from which their food is obtained.
Mr. Fletcher gave an account of a flying-squirrel which he had
kept for some time asa pet. He a'so explained the habit of a British
Columbia species hanging up fungi in the branches of the pine trees
(P. ponderosa) as observed by Prof. Saunders. Prof. Macoun, in con-
neztion with the sqnirrel’s custom of storing up food, stated that in
the Rocky Mountains there were small rodents which were actual hay-
makers, cutting grass and herbs in small bundles and leaving it until
dried before storing it away. Mr. MacLaughlin described the manner
in which he hat observed squirrels storing butternuts in angles of the
branches and crevices of the bark of the large trees upon which they
grew.
Sixta.—The last Soiree of the winter course of 1887-88 was held
on Thursday, the 15th March. Mr. A. O. Wheeler read an exceedingly
interesting paper entitled “Autumn on the Ottawa,” describing in a
8
vivid and graphic manner the scenery and incidents of a canoe-trip
from Lake Nipissing, by way of the Mattawa, to the Ottawa River,
and down that magnificent stream t» Ottawa. This papery with those
above mentioned, will duly appear in the Orrawa Naturauist. Prof.
Macoun movel a vote of thinks to the lecturer, stating that in his
opinion the paper had been one of the most interesting read before the
Club, and was of a character that shoull be encourageJ, as giving more
pleasure to those members who were not specially interested in
scientific investigations. The motion was seconded by Rev. Prof.
Marsan, who was able to bear testimony to the skil and truthfulness
with which the various scenes had been depicted. Remarks were made
by other members, and the President, in tendering the thanks of the
meeting to Mr. Wheeler, congratulated the Sviree Committee in having
been able during the cours? of lectures just closed to introluce so many
new contributors of valuable papers to the Transactions.
10;
AFTERNOON LECTURES.
SrxtH.—On Monday, the 15th February, Mr. James Fletcher dis-
cussed the importance of the study of entomology, and gave an outline
of the classification and structure of insects which was readily compre-
hended by all present. He showed the necessity of the use of scientific
terms, constructed from the Latin and Greek, that students in all par.s
of the world might be able to comprehend the writings of naturalists in
other countries. The economic aspect of entomology was then briefly
stated, and a few instances were given to show the enormous loss
inflicted annually upon man by certain species, many of which by the
intelligent use of the proper remedies might be greatly reduced in
numbers. Some groups of the Lepidoptera were referred to and their
distinguishing features explained. The necessity of studying entomology
in a systematic manner was pointed out, and the careful preparation
and preservation of specimens urged. A brief but useful discussion
followed in which Prof. Macoun, Mr. Whyte, the lecturer and others
participated.
9
Seventu.—On Monday, the 20th February, the subject of ente-
mology was again discussed by Mr. Harrington. After briefly consid-
ering the position of inseets in the general plan of animal life, he
explained why certain common insects, such as a butterfly, grasshopper
etc., were placed in certain orders. The habits of certain species, as
Corydilus cornutus, the ant-lions (Myrmeleon), Belastoma Americana,
etc., were mentioned, after which an outline was given of the order
Hymenoptera, which has been specially studied by Mr. Harrington for
several years. The bees, wasps, ants, ichneumons, sawflies and other
principal groups received such brief explanation as the limited timo
permitted. Allusion was made to the great number of species which
occur in the neighbourhood of Ottawa, and to the want ef a greater
number of entomological students to work up the various orders, several
of which have been yet untouched. Several diagvams, giving the struc-
ture of a bee, the nervous system, etc., were shown. An interesting
discussion followed, in which the necessity of the Club having a typical
local collection was strongly urged by Prof. Macoun. Among other
speakers were Messrs. Ballantyne, Whyte, Ami, Stewart and Fletcher.
EientH.—On Monday, the 27th February, the President, Mr. R.
B. Whyte, gave a very interesting address on the growth of plants, and
the importance of the functions exercised by them as regards tha
welfare of mankind. After briefly considering the various parts of the
plant essential to its growth, he showed how it was able to subsist on
inorganic matter, and to lay up a store of food suitable for the support
of animal life. The atmosphere was continually being purified by the
decomposition by plants of the carbonic acid gas, and the carbon thus
laid up served as fuel for man. Thus man was indebted to plant life
for his fuel, his food and much of his clothing, while the plants were
useful to him also ina great variety ot ways. The reproductive organs,
or flowers, were then briefly examined, after which some valuable
information was given as to the best methods of studying botany. An
interesting discussion followed, in which Prof. Macoun, Mr. Ami, Mr.
Ballantyne and others participated.
Nintuo—On Monday, the 5th March, Prof. Macoun treated in a
very plain and instructive way of mosses, using that term in its wider
10
sense, as it is popularly understood, so as to include the lichens, ete.
To give an idea of the great number of these forms, he mentioned that
there were found in Canada, in round numbers, about 1,250 species of
mosses, lichens and liverworts. Of fungi and alge there would be about
1,000 more species, so that of the lower forms of plant l.fe there were
as many species as of the higher, or flowering forms. He clearly
explained the differences between the modes of growth of the different
groups, and then give an oxtline of the reproductive organs and of the
structural features of which use was made in classifying. The value of
certain forms as producers of peat, of food for animals, etc., was illus-
trated, and in this connection the Professar showed how a little
knowledge of botany might often be found very useful. The study of
mosses was advocated, as material was everywhere so abundant that
no one need be at a loss for objects of investigation. The usual dis-
cussion followed the address, and was joined in by Messrs. Whyte,
Fletcher, Ballantyne, Stewart and others.
TentH.—Cn Monday, the 12th March, the final Afternoon Lee-
ture for the year 1887-88 was given by Prof. Macoun. His subject
was ths Classification of Plants, which he introduced and discussed in a
most attractive and instructive manner. Commencing with the system
adopted by Linnus he showed how modifications had steadily been
fond necessary as additional knowlelge of p'ants were obtained. He
demonstrated the simplicity of the classification now in use by botanists,
and how readily every plant could be placed in its position there-
under. The structural characteristics of well-known species were
considered in connection with their places in the various orders, ang
the reasons for the species being placed therein were most clearly
pointed out. This lecture was, in the opinion of those present, the
best of a very successful series, and gave a vast amount of valuable in-
formation in a concise and interesting manner. It was followed by
the usual discussion.
Tt
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE CHAZY FORMATION AT
AYLMER, P. Q.
T. W. EDWIN SOWTER.
(Read 1st Murch, 1888.)
Until the past season of 1887, comparatively little has been known
relative to the paleontology of that part of the Chazy formation oceur-
ring along the north shore of the Ottawa River, at and in the vicinity
of Aylmer, P. Q. Indeed these interesting exposures have hitherto
been regarded, by some members of the Club, as being for the most part
only of geological interest. This view, however, will now require to be
somewhat modified. During the season already referred to, the writer,
together with Mr. W. R. Billings and Mr. John Stewart, visited, ex-
amined and collected fossils from some twenty different exposures in that
locality. The information thus obtained, although it has been deemed
inadequate for the preparation of a final report upon the local strati-
graphical features of this formation,—this having been left for the
work of another season or seasons—yet,as a contribution to the
paleontology of this district, it may be regarded as eminently satis-
factory. Although several ontlying fossiliferous exposures at Remon’s
Point, Snake Island Bay, &c., &c., on the Ontario shore were examined
and noted as being places of interest for subsequent investigation, still
the tract of country to which these notes more particularly relate is
embraced by that part of the Township of Hull, which extends along
the shore of the Ottawa River, from the site of the old H. B. Co’s post
at Blueberry Point, north-westward to the town line of Eardley; and
from the river shore northward to where Chazy comes in contact with
overlying beds of dark limestone, holding in abundance TJetradium
fibratum and several other forms which would appear to characterize it
as the lower part of the Black River formation.
One of the most notable features in the geology of this part of the
Township, is the sharp contrast occurring at their junction between the
Chazy, and what we will term provisionally the Black River formation.
Thus far the evidence in our possession goes to show that the dividing
line between the two, and at the same time the uppermost bed of the
12
first named formation, is represented by a continuous band of light grey
calcareous sandstone, holding in great abundance Orlhogeris Antenor,
Modiolopsis parviuscula and several undescribed species of Clenodonta.
This band has been traced a distance of about five miles, extending
from the second milestone on the Aylmer Road, in a westerly direction,
to where it outcrops on the Eardley Road opposite the residence of Mr.
F. Parker. In descending order, there occurs next to this a consider-
able thickness of shale, which immediately overlies another heavy
dark colored bed of calcareous sandstone, which appears to be composed
for the most part of fucoidal remains, no other organic matter having
been found therein. These two strata, with their intervening shales,
have been identified at about a dozen different exposures, and have been
found to preserve invariably the same stratigraphical order. It might
here be observed, that beds similar to these occur at Hog’s Back, on the
Rideau River, with the exception that the upper bed, at that place,
contains fewer and more poorly preserved fossils, and is a good deal
thicker than its equivalent at Aylmer.
As a general rule the Aylmer shales have yielded very fair speci-
mens of characteristic Lingula, together with fragments of /sotelus canalis
and probably an undescribed species of the same genus; but, where
they are deficient in well preserved specimens of the first mentioned
forms, they have been found, in many cases, to be crowded with the
comminuted remains of these delicate organisms.
While the foregoing remarks, relative to the finding at Aylmer of
typical chazy forms, are applicable in a great measure to the shales at
Hog’s Back, an important exception was met with at the latter place
in the discovery of Lingula Mantelli, a member of the Lrachiopoda,
the upward range of which has hitherto been limited to the Calciferous
formation.
It might here be be observed that, in a paper read before the Club,
March 4th, 1885, Mr. H. M. Ami alludes to the occurrence, in one of
the fossiliferous beds at Hog’s Back, of “numerous black phosphatic
nodules, probably coprolites,” associated with Lingula Belli (Billings)
and Cyrtodonta breviuseula (Billings). During the past season these
“nodules” have been examined and reeognized as very diminutive
13
members of the Prachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata, as yet unclassified.*
A short distance to the north of Taylor’s Point, in a light grey and
very coarse grained sandstone, a Lingula was obtained, somewhat
resembling L. Lyelli and L. Nympha, but probably distinct specifically
from either of them. ‘This will be an interesting form for future study.
In front of the dwelling house of Mr. Baillie, at high water mark,
there occurs another band of coarse granular sandstone, which is com-
posed almost altogether of the detached valves of brachiopods. In the
majority of cases the specimens show only the internal casts, good ones
showing the external markings being difficult to obtain. A sufficiently
complete series of these forms has, however, been collected for the iden-
tification of Rhynchonslla orientalis, Orthis imperator, O. platys and a
species of Orthis, which may eventually turn out to be O. peiveta. Mr.
Baillie informs us that this bed was met with in the excavation of a
well, a short distance from here, and the fossils found to be in an excel-
cellent state of preservation.
The most important finds of the season, however, are referable
to a very heavy bed of brownish weathering sandstone about 10 feet
above the level of the band already indicated as occurring at high water
mark. This bed has furnished us with a larger, more varied, and more
interesting set of associated forms than any that has hitherto been met
with in this district; but, until it can be thoroughly worked up, it
would be premature to attempt to give anything more than a rough
preliminary sketch of the fossils it contains, some of which are the
following :—
Rhynchonella orientalis, Ctenolonta (three specie) undetermined).
Murchisonia n. sp.—This form is allied to M. dicincta or to VM.
ventricost, and resembles some of the specimens from the Mingan
Islands which are referred, in the Geological Survey eollection, to the
former species. .
*These forms, which are probably those referred to in the Geological Survey
Report of 1863, have been met with at Aylmer in a bed of very impure shale, asso-
ciated with Lzngula Belli, In the same band there also occurs a number of large
circular flattened nodules, from 1 to 24 inches in width, not unlike, in general
appearance, Pasceolus globosus. So far they have yielded no evidence of structure,
but it is not at all unlikely that, as additional light is brought to bear upon them,
they may ultimately prove to be—like those observed by Mr, Ami—of organic
origin.
14
EHuomphalus sp.?—This very closely resembles F. cirewm-
liratus (Whitfield) described from the rocks at Fort Cassin, Lake
Champlain.
Pleurotomaria n. sp.—This dogs not appear to be allied to any
known species.
Pleurotomaria (Scalites) n. sp.—In some respects this form is
allied to P. docens (Billings), but differs from it it in the flatness of the
spire and the formation of the upper surfaces of the whorls. So far
there appears to be no important relation between the obscurely carin-
ated margin of this species and the peculiaily furrowed spiral band
which is so characteristic of P. docens. In one instance an interesting
feature was observed in this form in the presence of an inner or pillar
lip which folds over and completely cioses up the umbilicus.
Pleurotomaria supracingulata.—As this form is represented by
only one imperfect and very poorly preservel specimen, it is doubtful
whether more complete information will confirm its reference to this
species,
Metoptoma n. sp.—This has some slight resemblance to M. instablis
from the Quebec Group, but differs from it in the form of the anterior
margin and the shape and position of the apex.
At the Elm tree, Pointe au Pin, in a bed of magnesian limestone,
Pleurotomaria gregaria was found associated with some Crustacea which
have not as yet been fully worked out. This species, described from
the Calciferous of St. Annes, P.Q, differs from the characteristic Plewro-
tomaria of the Trenton, being one of the group to which P. Laurentina,
1. normani, ete., etc., belong. The finding of two more undoubted
Calciferous species (P. gregaria and Lingula Mantelli) in the Chazy
supplies an additional argument in favor of attaching the Calciferous to
the Silurian. The predominance of large Orthocerata, Gusteropoda
(Murchisonia, Ophileta, Raphistoma), etce., together with tribolites
resembling those of the Trenton group rather than the Cambrian, are
arguments in favor of separating it from the Cambrian.
The above notes must be regarded as merely of a preliminary
nature, for as the actual time devoted to field work amounted to only a
few days, it is obvious that so short a period must have heen altogether
a ae
—_—_ —_—
15
inadequate for exhausting the paleontological possibilities of so large a
district as the one under consideration. Added to this, the writer has
not had sufficient time at his disposal to thoroughly work out the
material in his possession. Such of the species, as may ultimately
prove new to science, will be treated in a subsequent paper, in which
they will be figured and duly described. The following is a list of the
forms collected during the past summer, and, although it is a very im-
perfect one, it is to be hoped it may be of service as a basis for future
work in this part of the Chazy formation :—
BRacHIOPODA.
Lingula Belli. Orthis platys.
«“ — Huronensis. ‘¢ _perveta ?
« Mantelli. Rhynchonella plena.
IN 8p: gg orientalis.
Orthis imperator. fe ——- sp?
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Modiolopsis parviuscula. Modiolopsis -——— sp?
Utenodonta 3 ——— sp?
GASTEROPODA.
Pleurotomaria gregaria. Murchisonia N. sp.
e supracingulata. Enomphalus ———— sp ?
ee (Scalites) N. sp. Metoptoma N. sp.
Pleurotomaria N. sp.
CEPHALOPODA.
Orthoceras Antenor. O.thoceras ———— sp?
CRUSTACEA.
Tsotelus canalis. Leperditia Canadensis.
He N.sp Beyrichia ———— sp}
ANNELIDA.
Serpulites ——— sp?
INCERT# SEvIs.
Scolithus ———— sp ?
In connection with the above, it is but just that mention should
be made of the kind and generous manner in which Mr. J. F.
Whiteaves, of the Geological Survey, rendered his valuable assistance
in the determination of critical species, for which, however, it must be
distinctly understood, he is in no way responsible.
16
ANNUAL MEETING.
The tenth annual meeting of the Club was held on the 20th March,
1888 (the third Tuesday in the month), in the Museum of the Ottawa
Literary and Scientific Society, commencing at 4.15 p.m. The Presi-
dent, Mr. R. B. Whyte, occupied the chair, and the following members
were present :—Prof. Macoun, Dr. H. B. Small, W. H. Harrington,
. J. MacLaughlin, H. M. Ami, J. Fletcher, Dr. R. W. Ells, W. R.
Billings, J. Stewart, E. B. Bell, W. A. D. Lees, S. McLaughlin, H. B.
Small, A. A. Bristow, N. Ballantyne, W. L. Scott, Rev. C. F. Marsan,
W. P. Anderson, R. H. Campbell, A. J. Forward, H. P. Brumell, 8.
Jarvis, J. M. Macoun. The minutes of the previous annual meeting
having been read and approved, the secretary, Mr. W. H. Harrington,
presented the Annual Report of the Council. The members were
gratified to learn from this report that the affairs of the Club were in a
prosperous condition, and that the membership had been largely
increased during the year. The Report was unanimously adopted,
after expressions of satisfaction from several of those present. The
Treasurer, Mr. James Fletcher, then submitted his Report and Balance
Sheet, showing that, notwithstanding the exceptional expenditure
consequent on the monthly publication of the Orrawa NaTurRAList,
there remained in his hands a of $20.76 surplus over all expenses of the
year. This statement was very satisfactory, insomuch that many of
the members had been dubious as to the result of increasing the cost of
publication. The Librarian reported that many valuable publications
had been received during the year.
Prof. Macoun gave notice that at the next general meeting of the
Club he will move, that the Executive Committee of the Council
shall consist of six members, three of whom shall be ladies,
The elect’on of officers was then proceeded with, Messrs. E. B. Bell
and N. Ballantyne being appointed scrutineers, and the following
Gounci! was elected :—President, R. B. Whyte; 1st Vice-President,
2ey. Prof. ©. F. Marsan; 2nd Vice-President, Dr. R. W. Ells;
Secretary, T. J. MacLanghlin ; Treasurer, J. Fletcher ; Librarian, W.
H. Harrington; Committee, Dr. H. B. Small, H. M. Ami, J. Ballantyne,
The meeting adjourned at 5.45 p.m,
EDITORAL.
Owing to unforeseen circumstances which necessitate the absence
of Mr. Harrington from Ottawa for some months, he has been obliged
temporarily to discontinue the editorship of this journal. Until he is
again able to resume his duties, the Orrawa Naturatist will be edited
by the undersigned as Chairman of the Publishing Committee. All
communications intended for the editor should therefore, until further
notice, be sent to the address given below.
The opening of Spring and with it the beginning of the collecting
season make it fitting that members should at once prepare themselves
to take up vigorously their studies
and it may not be amiss to suggest
that all apparatus should be at once got into order or procured. In
this connection I consider it but right to direct the attention of mem-
bers to those merchants who assist us by advertising in the NaTurRALIs?.
I would further remind them that al! the apparatus and books neces-
sary for the. collection, preservation and study of specimens in all
branches, may be procured from the firms whose names appear on our
covers.
Beginning with the present number some pages each month will
be devoted to the publication of an annotated list of the Flora of the
locality. This list will not only be a record of all the species so far
observed in the neighbourhood of Ottawa, but the habitat, and, in the
case of uncommon species, the exact localities where they have been
found will be given, together with the date, approximately, when they
may be expected to blossom.
The plan adopted in the past will be continued as heretofore.
Notice will be given beforehand of all excursions aud sub-excursions of
the Club, and short descriptions of such excursions will appear in the
following number of the journal.
JAMES FLETCHER,
Editor (pro tem),
Central Experimental Farm.
18
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
+
To the Menbers of the Oltawa Field-Naturalists’ Club:
The Couucil has much pleasure in reporting that the present con-
dition of the Club is very satisfactory, and that during the year just
closed its work was carried on with increased success.
At the commencement of the year there were 170 members, and
these have increased to 200; the number of new members elected
having been 48.
No additions have been made to the list of corresponding members,
of whom there are at present six.
The Excursions held during the summer were very enjoyable and
were Isrgely attended. They were five in number, and the following
places were visited : - Kingsmere, Aylmer, Buckingham, Britannia and
Kirk’s Ferry.
Sub-Excursions were held every Saturday afternoon throughout
the season and numbered twenty-one. They were well attended, and
proved very pleasant and profitable to all present.
The winter course of meetings comprised six Soirées and ten After-
noon Lectures; the former being held on alternate Thursdays and
the latter every Monday, commencing 9th January. At the Soirées the
following Papers and Reports were read :—Dec. 8th, “ President’s Inau-
gural Address,” Mr. R. B. Whyte; Jan. 5th, “Testimony of Ottawa Clays
and Gravels to the expansion of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Canadian
Lakes within the Human Period,” Mr Amos Bowman ; Report of the
Geological Branch ; January 19th, “ Gur Forest Trees,” Prof. Macoun ;
** Notes on Geological Work during the Summer of 1887,” Mr. John
Stewart ; “On Utica Fossils from Rideau,” Mr. H. M. Ami; February
2nd, ‘ Vegetable Parasites,” Mr. James Fletcher; Report of the Ento-
mological Branch ; March Ist, “ Preliminary Notes on the Chazy at
Aylmer, Que ,” Mr. T. W. E. Sowter ; “ Our Squirrels,” Mr. J. Ballan-
tyne ; Report of the Ornithological Branch ; March 16th, ‘‘ Autumn on
the Ottawa,” Mr. A. O. Wheeler; ‘On the Sequence of Strata about
Ottawa,” Mr. H. M. Ami; Report of the Conchological Branch.
19
The Council here desires to thank the Leaders of the several
Branches for their efforts to make the Outings instructive and interest-
ing, and aiso those members who read Papers at the Soirées or gave
Afternoon Lectures, especially Prof. Macoun, who, in addition to the
work originally undertaken by him, kindly and ably supplied the place
of two members who were unable to deliver their lectures.
The Library has been enriched by many valuable exchanges and
donations, lists of which have been published from time to time.
In accordance with the resolution passed at the last Annual
Meeting, the Transactions and Proceedings of the Club have been
published monthly, under the title of Tue OrrawA Naturauist, form-
ing a volume of 180 pages, and containing reports of all Excursions
and Meetings, as well as the Papers and Reports which formerly were
alone published.
As members have been thus kept fully informed as to the work of
the Club, it is unecessary to further enlarge this Report.
Signed on behalf of the Council,
We Hy HAR RENGION:
20th March, 1888. Secretary.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.
The Seventh Annual Meeting of the Royal Sociaty will be held at
Ottawa, commencing on 22nd May next.
There are upon the Programme several papers of interest to the
members of this Club, all of whom have been invited to attend the
meetings. The Club will be represented by the President, who, as
Delegate, will report on the progress we have made during the past
year.
20
TREASURER’S REPORT.
To the Council of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club:
GENTLEMEN,—Herewith I beg to submit a Statement of the
Receipts and Expenditure during the past year. It will be observed,
with regard to the Excursions, that merely the balances have been
extended, This, | think, gives a clearer idea of the results of this
important part of the Club’s work.
I would suggest to the Council that some means should be adopted
to draw the attention of the members of the Club to those firms who
a sist us by advertising in “* The Ottawa Naturalist.” They area great
help to us,and I think it only right that the members should do
Luciness with them whenever possible.
I am, Gentlemen,
Yours truly,
JAMES FLETCHER,
Treasurer.
TREASURER’S BALANCE Soa
Dr. The Treasurer in account with the Ottawa Field-Noturalists’ Club. Cr.
RECEIPTS. | EXPENDITURE.
10 Balance, 1886-87.........- S$ 34 92 || By Nos.1 to12 * Ottawa Natur-
Membership EES aso cteie oe 152 00 alist” ...'00 «« 25s eeteeee $238 66
PAT TCATS Wettolotete 20 00 Miscellaneous printing..... 3 75
Profit on Excursions ...... 14 60 | Postage....< <sis.5m> sepia sige 6 65
Sale of Transactions....... 17 05 || Stationery BOGS 4d: os = 40
MNdvertiseMentses 2). 33 00 | Loss on Excursion No. 5. 1 05
Soirée Receipts.....- +s. ee LO 1 Balance ...» <= <seeee ee 20 16
21
=
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH FOR THE
YEAR 1887-1888.
To the Council of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club :—
The past season has probably been the most active for the Ento-
mological Branch since the organization of the Club. Special effurts
were made by the Leaders to bring this important study before the
members and to gain their assistance and sympathy, Every exertion
was made to have a+ least one Leader present at each Excursion or
Sub-Excursion, so that beginners might always have someone to con-
sult with reference to any insects captured or observed during the
outing.
No opportunity was lost on such occasions tu give information
both by means of conversation during the outing, and by elementary
addresses when the party had re-assembled preparatory to the return
home. The activity thus forced upen the Leaders in striving to carry
out the wishes of the Council helped them materially in building up
their collections, and combined with their work at other times, resulted,
as in former years, in adding largely to the knowledge of our local
insect fauna.
Particular attention was given to the study of gall-forming insccts
and of the small Hymenoptera belonging to the families Cynipide,
Chaleididee and Proctotrupidie, regarding the Canadian species of which
but little was previously known. The results have been very satis-
factory, but show that very much work will be yet required before eur
knowledge of these interesting forms will be in any degree complete.
Tn last year’s report mention was made of the fact that this locality
had already yielded 100 new species of Hymenoptera, and it can now
be recorded that the number has been raised to fully 200, while
undoubtedly many others are still in our ccllections awaiting study and
description. Jn addition, very many rare species not hitherto recorded
from Canada have been captured.
Among injurivus insects the only ones demanding special attention
were the two species of Clisiocampa, or Tent-caterpillars, which appeared
in greater numbers than for inany years previously ; forest trees for
bo
2
many miles being seriously disfigured. Pieris apie, tle cabbage
butterfly, was a most troublesome pest in gardens, butyhad its numbers
greatly reduced towards the end of the season by the fungous disease
known under the name of flacherie. Another butterfly, Colias Phi-
lodice, the sulphur yellow butterfly mentioned in last year’s report as
having been extremely scarce, this year appeared in almost unpre-
cedented numbers, and committed considerable depredations upon
various leguminous plants. It was found to be parasitized by a small
ichneumon named Apanteles congregatus, Say.
Among beetles a small brownish species, Byturus wnicolor, was
very troublesome from destroying the flowers of garden raspberries.
Systena frontalis, an elongate, black “ flea-beetle” attacked many plants
in gardens.
The larve of a saw-fly, Emphytus pallipes, Prov., was found to
severely attack pansies, while another species of the same genus Lmphytus
maculatus, the strawberry saw-fly, was unusually abundant. The larch
saw-flies, Vematus Lrichsonii, were numerous in the early summer,
depositing their eggs, but the larve were not correspondingly abundant,
and it is probable that the increase of this destructive species has
attained its maximum in this locality.
An event of great interest to our students of Entomology was the
holding in this city last October of the Annual Meeting of the Ento-
mological Society of Ontario, an account of which was duly published
in the Orrawa NATURALIST.
The object of this Report being merely to show what work this
Branch lias been accomplishing, it is not deemed necessary to go into
further details either of an economic or scientific character.
W. H. HARRINGTON;
J. FLETCHER,
T. J. MacLAUGHLIN,
February, 1888. Leaders.
23
REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL BRANCH FOR THE SEASON
OF 1887.
To the Council of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists Club:
The leaders of the Botanical Branch are pleased to report that the
interest in their department continues to increase, and that this has
been the means of adding several new members to the Club.
A feature of the past year has been the regularity with which the
sub-excursions have been kept up during the whole season. Tie
Botanical and Entomological branches have in most cases joined their
forces and worked together. The leaders in Botany wish especially to
thank the President for the assistance he has given, in enabling them
to carry out the plan decided upon at the beginning of the season, of
having at each of these sub-excursions a short popular lecture upon the
specimens collected during the afternoon. Upon some occasions it was
impossible for any of us to be present, when he always undertook this
important duty and performed it to the universal satisfaction of the
numerous members of the Club and their friends who attended these
pleasant open air classes.
During the past season several fresh students have begun to
collect and preserve our local plants, and we trust that they may be
the means of adding many species, as yet unrecorded, to the “ Flora
Ottawaensis.”
The general excursions of the Club were well attended by
Botanical workers. The last of the season to Kirk’s Ferry, on the
Gatineau River, has introduced us to a new field, on the northern slope
of the Laurentian Mountaims. ‘This district had been hitherto un-
worked by us. At the time of our visit (Sept. 17) it was too late in
the season for most of the flowering plants; but, from what was then
seen of the locality, the leaders are under the impression that it would
well repay a visit earlier in the summer.
Notwithstanding that this district has now been worked carefully
for nine years, the steady investigation carried on during the past season
has resulted, as in every preceding year, in the addition of several
new names to the list of plants. T.ese, 24 in number, will be found at
the end of this report,
24
Perhaps the most interesting of these were those found at the
Kirk’s Ferry excursion, which were of a much more northern
character than the rest. a
Tilia Americana, L. var. pubescens, Loud, was found near the St.
Louis Dam as well as Solidago juncea, Ait.
Geranium pratense, L., a European garden-escape has been observed
by Mr. R. B. Whyte at Aylmer, P.Q., for some years, and is for that
reason introduced into the list as an adventitious plant.
A specimen of Cerastium arvense, L., sent in by Mrs. Chamberlin,
found at New Edinburgh by Miss Lewis, was probably introlaced
from Europe amongst grass-seed.
A beautiful albino form of Habentria psychozes, Gray, was collected
during the past summer near Ironsides by Mr. H. M. Ami. It was.
growing amongst a number of plants of the ordinary colour and was of
vigorous growth.
Pterospora andromedea, a rare ericaceous plant, up to the present
year only found in one place in this locality, viz: under the pines over
the Gatineau Rapids was found in July, at Rockcliffe, by Mr. A. J.
Forward.
The Rey. C. J. Young sent in several specimens of the rare orchid
Corallorhiza striata, Benth, which he had collected at Renfrew, and he
also reports that he has found it at Perth.
It is to be regretted that in our last report “The May-Apple”
(Podophyilum peltatum, Li.) was stated to have been found by Mr. R. B.
Whyte at Perth. It should have been “ Claytonia Virginica.” The
leaders are responsible for this error, the name having been inserted
in the report from memory instead of from Mr, Whyte’s note.
On the 15th October a sub-excursion was made to Beechwood
with the special object of collecting roots of the rare orchid Aplectrum
hiemale, Nutt, and a fine patch of seven roots was found by Mr, Fred.
Magee, three of which were removed for study under cultivation. The
leaders wish especially to direct the attention of the Botanists to the value
of studying plants while growing. This can only be done by transplant-
ing them to some cenvenient place where their gradual development
q
|
can be watched. Another subject of vital importance is the growth,
development, prolificacy, and time of maturity of introduced plants,
especially those which are classed as weeds. Observations upon any of
these points are valuable and may be useful in finding a remedy for
the extermination of noxious species.
The leaders are pleased to hear that the Council has requested Mr.
¥letcher to prepare a new and revised edition of the “ Flora Ottawa-
ensis,” and-they believe that it will be a great assistance to those who
wish to study the Botany of the district. They would again suggest
the advisability of some of the members of the Club taking up the
study of Cryptogamic Botany—a wide field as yet barely touched upon
by Canadians. Our respected member, Prof. Macoun, has shown what
may be done by one man working alone, and during the past season he
has added eight more species to our list of mosses, six ot which are
new to science and the other two had not before been found in America.
He has rendered valuable assistance on several occasions, but the leaders
are particularly grateful to him for his two admirable lectures upon
the way to study and collect mosses, lichens and liverworts. The first
of these orders has reccived some attention from our members, but the
latter interesting subjects are as yet, we regret to say, almost virgin
fields of study.
Towards the end of October a curious botanical phenomenon was
observed, many of the willows coming into full flower. This
was probably due to the excessive drought of the summer by which a
season of forced rest was given the plants, and, as will often happen
after trees have been defoliated by insects, as soon as rain came they
burst into blossom. When the first snow fell some of the willows
were covered with flowers.
Fine specimens of the parasitic fungi Doassansia oceulta, Hoffm.,
(D. Farlowii, Cornu.) and D. alismatis, Cornu, were collected on Kettle
Island in October. The former on Potamogeton gramineus, var,
maximus, Morong, a new host plant for this parasite.
JAMES FLETCHER,
H. BEAUMONT SMALL, M.D.
GEORGE BAPTIE;
March, 1888, Leaders,
26
FLORA OTTAWAENSIS.
(Additions made in 1887.) -
Barbarvea vulgaris, R. Br. var. stricta
goal 2 te.-cny pee ......McKay’s Woods. Mr. Fletcher.
Cerastium arvense, Ji............New Edinburgh. Mrs. Chamberlin.
Tilia Americana, L., var pubescens,
eG Aiki den oalceo Lda «ns DS NORI a Mr. Fletcher.
Geranium pratense, L.............Aylmer. Mr. Whyte.
Impatiens fulva, Nutt. (unspotted
SRM ON bs celal tie su \aealebgieee> «; St. Louis Dam. Mr. Fletcher.
Rosa, Sayi, Schwein: . \«..)4.. 4456). -..dill, BeQ, x
Cornus paniculata, L’'Her........ Hull and Aylmer. y
Aster corymbosus, Ait.... ......Rockeliffe. Ny
Solidago arguta, Ait..........-...»Kirk’s Ferry.
6) ve meen ACLS. reiatioeag eee ethan OTS Dean cs
Vaccinium cespitosum, Mx.. ....Kirk’s Ferry. e
& corymbosum, L. var. pal-
Lidl Gb s a > some ninco iene a pe
Spiranthes gracilis, Big.... .....Aylmer. 4
Juncus pelocarpus, E. Meyer..... Brivannia. Prof. Macoun.
Orizopsis Canadensis, Torr...,...Aylmer. Mr. Fletcher.
Andropogon scoparins, Mx........Kirk’s Ferry. es
Leskea nigrescens, Kindb .......McKay’s Woods Prof. Macoun.
Platygyrium repens, Drid., var.
orthocladon, Kindb......... sf “
Pylaisia Selwyni, Kindb..... .... 5s es
Homalothecium corticola, Kindb.. +g
Hypnum adnatum, Sul. var. den-
tabu, Kind by).¢ ese apo) se re %
“ ce
Hypuum brevinerve, Kindb.......
Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw. var.
immarginatus, Led...... ....Dow’s Swamp.
Fissidens pusillus, Wils ......... Beechwood, a
27
LIBRARIAN’S RECORD.
The following donations have been received since our last issue:
U.S. Geological Survey: Bulletin No. 37 ; Types of the Laramie
Fauna; Annual Report, 1884-5; Geology and Mining Industry of
Leadville, Col. ; Mineral Resources of the U. S.
American Association for the Advancement of Science: Procee-
dings, Vol. XXXIV.
Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesselschaft, Konigsberg: Schrif-
tender, 1886, etc.
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society : Journal, 1886-7.
North Staffordshire Naturalists’ Field Club : Annual Report, 1887.
Entomological Society of Ontario: Canadian Entomologist, Vol.
RX We: 12, Vol. XX, Nos. 1=3.
Cambridge Entomological Society: Psyche, Vol. V, Nos. 141-2.
Montague Chamberlain: Catalogue of Canadian Birds.
Dr. W. A. Kellerman: Journal of Mycology, Vol. IIT, Nos. 11
and 12, Vol. IV, No. 1.
Dr. Geo. Vasey: Report of U.S. Botanist, 1886.
Kansas Academy of Sciences: Transactions, Vol. X.
California Academy of Sciences: Bulletin, Vol. IT, Nos. 6 and 7.
American Ornithologists’ Union: The Auk, Vol. V, No. 1.
F. H. Carpenter: The Ornithologist and Odlogist, Vol. XTI,
Nos. 7-12, Vol. XIII, No. 1.
Chas. M. Bell: Our Northern Waters.
Montieal Natural History Society: The Canadian Reed of
Science, Vol; III, No. 1.
Cincinnati Society of Natural History: Journal, Vol. X, No. 4,
Torrey Botanical Club: Bulletin, Vol. XIV, Nos. 11 and 12, Vol.
XV, Nos. 1 and 2.
The Editor: Botanical Gazette, Vol. XII, Nos. 7-12, Vol. XIII,
Nos. 1 and 2.
Brooklyn Entomological Society : Entomologica Americana, Vol.
IV, Nos. 7-12.
New York Microscopical Society: Journal, Vol, IV, No. 1,
28
FLORA OTTAWAENSIS.
By James Fietcuer, F. R. 8. C., F. L. S.
It is.now eight years since my first list of the plants of this
distriet was prepared for the members of the club. This was merely a
bare list of the names of 810 species collected ‘by the writer during the
summer of 1879. ‘“ This district” was then unilerstood to mean a
radius of about twelve miles from the City of Ottawa, and was defined
as the eountry lying between the following points :—Meech’s Lake in
the Cl elsea Mountains on the one side, and the Mer Bleue on the other.
Down the Ottawa River, Kast Templeton and Green’s Creek were
include], and up the river, Britannia and the islands above Aylmer.
Latterly, however, by general consent of the botanists of the club, this
radius has been extended to about 50 miles, so as to include Casselman
on the one side, and Wakefield on the other ; and up the river as far as
the Chats Rapids and dewn to Buckingham.
Previous to the appearance of the above-mentioned list, there had
been printed by the Ottawa Natural History Society a “ List of plants
collected by Mr. B. Billings in the vicinity of the City of Ottawa
during the summer of 1866.” This contained the names of 404 species,
with the dates of their inflorescence, which appear in the present list
marked (B).
The following collections had also been made previous to 1879 :—
By Mr. B. Billings, (1866-7) which is now in the museum of the
Ottawa Literary and Svientifie Society ; by Mr. A. H. Moore, an
energetic collector, and one who added largely to our knowledge of the
flora of the vicinity (1870-78). Through the generosity of the last
named gentleman, tliis collection now forms part of my own herbarium ;
by Mr. Robert Whyte and Dr. H. B. Small, who began to collect about
1875, and are still active members of the Botanical Branch of the
Club. The present list contains every species up to this time
found in the district and identified with certainty ; fursher additions
will be published annually, as they are recorded. It has been prepare
at the request of the Council, more especially as an aid for those
beginning to study our flora,
a9
The 1879 list gave merely the names of all species at that time
known to have been found at Ottawa ; but gave no information upon
some of the most important points the local botanist requires to know
about, such as the prevalence of any species in the locality, whether it
be indigenous or introduced, plentiful or scarce.
Certain plants common in some localities are rave here, and vice
versa ; again, plants indigenous to Canada, but not to the Ottawa
district, have been introduced either by accident or have escaped from
cultivation. All of these facts should be made known to students, or
they may fall into error. It was therefore thought well, this time, to
add short notes under each species, giving the general habitat special
localities and approximately the date in the vear when collectors may
expect to find the different species in flower.
With the exception of two or three species, all have been found by
the writer in the localities mentioned, and in every case the actual
specimens recorded have been carefully examined by him.
A general habitat is given for each species, and in the case of
rarities, exact localities are mentioned. When no special locality is
given, it is intended to show that the species is of common oceurrence.
When no collector’s name is given after a locality, or the initials
(J. F.) appear, the writer is responsible for the record. When a plant
of interest is recorded from other localities than those where the
writer has found it, the name of the collector is given in parentheses.
In instances where a person’s name is followed by an asterisk, (*) it is
to show that this was the first record of the plant having been discovered
in the Ottawa district.
In indicating the time of the year when the plant may be looked
for in flower, the months have been divided into four quarters, so that
when the name of a month is followed by the numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4, it
shows that the plant may be expected to flower in the Ist, 2nd, 3rd or
4th quarter of the month.
Synonyms have been, for the most part, omitted, except in cases
where plants appear in the list under other names than those given in
Dr. Gray’s “ Manual.” These, as well as introduced plants, (whether
into this district or into Canada) are printed in Italics.
30
In compiling this new list, Prof. Maeoun’s catalogue, issued by
the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, 1883, ef seq.
has been followed, and as Canadian votanists now arrange their collec-
tions by that excellent catalogue, I have thought it well to give lefore
each species Prof. Macoun’s number.
POUVYPETALOUS ER AGC as
RANUNCULACEZ.—Crow-foot Family.
CLEMATIS, L. Traveller’s Joy. Virgin’s Bower.
1. ©. verticitiarts, D C., (Mauve-flowered Clematis).
Atragene Americana. Sims.
Creeping over rocks and low shrubs. King’s and other moun-
tains, Chelsea, P.Q. Not uncommon. May—4.
2. C. Virerniana. (Common Virgin’s-Bower).
Borders of streams. Aug.—l.
ANEMONE, L. Wind Flower.
12. A. cytinprica, Gray, (Long-fruited Anemone). Dry pastures.
Ju.—2.
13. VirGiniana, L.
Rocky, open woods. There 2re two forms of this plant, (i) with
greenish flowers like the preceding, but always with much shorter
heads of fruit; and (ii) with white flowers almost as large as
those of No. 15, From this latter, however, it is easily distin-
guished by the woolly seeds. (i) Common, (ii) on the rocks
round Lake Flora, Hull, P.Q. Ju.—2. (B).
15. A. picuotoma, L., (Round-headed Anemone).
A. Pennsylvanica, L.
Along river margins and in low meadows. Ju.~-2. (B).
17. A. Hepatica, L. (Liverwort. Blue May-flower).
Hepatica triloba, Chaix.
Dry, rocky, woods. One of our earliest flowers ; not quite as
common as No, 18. Ap.—3. (B).
dl
18. A. acuTILOBA, Lawson, (‘‘ May-flower.”)
Dry, shady, woods. Ap.—3, (B).
THALICTRUM. Tourn, (Meadow-rue).
20. T. piorcum, L. (Early Meadow rue).
River banks and low woods. Ju.—l. (B).
21. T. purPpURASCENS. (Purplish Meadow-rue).
Templeton and along the Ottawa below the city, (H. M. Ami’),
Hull, (J. F). This species is distinguishable from 7. Cornuti
by having the anthers drooping on capillary filaments, and the
flowers greenish purple. On the other hand, 7. Cornuti has
white flowers, short filaments and anthers not drooping.
22. T. Cornoti, L. (White-flowered Meadow-rue).
Islands and wet meadows and swamps; a tall handsome plant.
July—l. (B).
RANUNCULUS, L. (Crow-foot. Buttercup).
28. R. aquatinis, L. », TRICIOPHYLLUS, Chaix, (White Water-Crow-
foot).
Stagnant and slow-flowing waters. Ju.—l.
29. R. muntiripus, Pursh. (Yellow Water-Crow-foot).
In shallow water, and creeping over mud, Mallock’s Bay, Dow’s
Swamp and Kettle Island, (J. F.) Billing’s Bridge. (R. B.
Whyte). Ju.—2.
Var. y. REPENS, Watson.
Leaves all round-reniform, palmately, 3—8 cleft ; stems creeping in
mud, Casselman and Gatineau Point, (Prof. Macoun). Ju.—2.
31. R. rvamMuta, L. var. Reprans, Meyer, (Smaller Creeping Crow-
foot).
Mud-flats and river margins. July—1.
32. R. Cympataria, Pursh, (Salt-water Crowfoot).
In a low wet meadow, at Thurso, P. Q. Ju.—2.
37. R. agortivus, L. var. MICRANTHUS, Gray, (Small-flowered
Buttercup).
Woods and Meadows. From Macoun’s Catalogue, Part IIL, p.
480. It would appear that our Ottawa plant is not the type of 2.
abortivus, L. May—2. .(B).
32
30. RK. recurvatus, Poir, (Downy Wood-Buttercup)
Woods. An attractive species with large leaves and small flowers.
May—2. (B). .
45. R. acris, L. Meadow Buttercup.
Introduced from Europe. Very abundant in meadows. June. (B).
47. KR. pennsytyanicus, L. (Bristly Buttercup).
River flats and swampy woods. July—2. (B).
48. A. Repens, L. (Creeping Crowfoot),
Introduced from Europe. Governor-General’s Bay, New Edin-
burgh. I have not succeeded in finding the native form of this
species at Ottawa.
CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold.
54. C. patusrris, L. (Water-Cowslip).
Margins of streams and in swamps. May—2. (B).
COPTIS. Salisb. Gold-thread.
57. C. rriroia, Salish, (Three-leaved Gold-thread).
Low woods and on hummocks in swamps. A lovely little plant
with shining leaves and white starry flowers. May—l. (B).
AQUILEGIA,Tourn, Columbine.
59. A. Canavensis, L. (Wild Columbine “ Honey-suckle.”)
Rocky woods. A beautiful plant well worth cultivation for its red
and yellow flowers. May—3. (B).
DELPHINIUM, Tourn, Larkspur.
65. D. Consolida, L. (Blue Field Larkspur).
Introduced from Europe in seed grain, and escaped from gardens.
Flowers sometimes pink or white. June—+4.
ACTA, L. Baneberry.
73. A. ALBA, Bigelow, (White-berried Cohosh).
Woods and river banks. The spikes of flowers longer and bloom-
ing a week later than those of No. 74. The conspicuous waxy
white beriies on their thick red pedicels, render this one of our
most notable berry-bearing plants. May—4. (B).
74, A. spicata, L. var. rubra, Ait. (Red-berried Cohosh).
Rich woods. ‘The flowers in a more compact head than the pre-
ceding, on longer pedicels and of a clearer white. A white-
berried variety of this species frequently occurs ; but it mty be
33
OUR SQUIRRELS.
By J. BALLANTYNE.
(Read 1st March, 1888.)
As has already been announced, I have undertaken to read a short
paper concerning the squirrels which are to be seen, more or less
frequently, in the neighborhood of Ottawa. When I undertook to do
so I was well aware of the fact that the Ottawa Field Naturalists’
Club held in its membership a number of persons who were, perhaps,
better acquainted with the subject than I was myself, and were conse-
quently better fitted to speak about it. From an anatomical point of
view, [ know very little about them. My observations have been of a
verd casual kind, and have been restricted to their outward appearance
and some of their habits. As, however, what I have to say is from
personal observation, it may possibly be of some interest to those
persons who, for want of opportunities or from other causes, have paid
even less attention to the study of the wild animals existing rcund
about us than I have myself. From my own experience I am sure that
much can be added to the enjoyment of life by cultivating the acquaint-
ance and getting ourselves on a friendly footing with many of our wild
neighbors. Most of them quickly respond to kind treatment and
manifest their confidence and trust in various ways ; among some of our
birds this pleasing trait is very marked. As an instance, I may say
that we have had three different kinds of wild birds build their nests
and bring out their young, at the same time. within a few feet of each
other all under our verandah, and almost within reach from a door which
we were constantly using. Some of them came into the house quite
frequently, and showed very little fear. We took a great deal of
pleasure in watching them in their nest-building and rearing of their
young. The birds were not the only animals whose company we enjoyed.
We derived no little pleasure from seeing about, the clean, active and
graceful little rodents which are the subject of this paper.
Before attempting to describe the different Squirrels seen in this
vicinity, it may be well in the first place to outline, in a general way
c
34
and in as few words as J can, how we may know a Squirrel when we
see it, and in what respects it differs from other animals.
* * * ** ” x * + *
A concise sketch was here given of the classification of the animal
kingdom, and the Squirrels were traced down step by step to the
Rodentia.
% * % # * * * % *
By an examination of the little animal in question we learn at
once that it belongs to the order of rodents. The animals of this
order are easily distinguished by the arrangement of their teeth.
They have no canine teeth, the incisors or cutting teeth being for
the most part only two in each jaw, large and strong, and a vacant
space between them and the molars or grinders. The front teeth have
a plate of hard enamel on the outside which wears more slowly than
the substance of which the rest of the teeth is composed, for this reason
the teeth always remain sharp, acquiring a chisel like form, well adapted
for cutting or gnawing; and unlike the teeth of most other animals,
they are always growing from a fleshy pulp at the base so that com-
pensation is made for wear at the cutting ends. Something over six
hundred different kinds of rodents have been described and are to be
found in nearly every part of the globe; about one hundred species
have been described as belonging to North America.
Having located our little friend among the /todentia, it is neces-
sary to follow him just a little furtber in order to find out who he is.
The divisions in the order are called families, each family having some
peculiarity common to itself. Among the first of the family names we
find that of Sctwride, deriving their name from a corruption of two
Greek words, skia, a shade, and oura,a tail, from a habit they have
of curling their tails over and along their backs so as to form a kind of
shade. They are described as animals of rather small size with great
variation in color, their bodies being longish, eyes large and bright,
ears erect, upper lip always divided, the posterior limbs longer than
the anterior, the former have five toes and the latter only four
with a tubercle covered with an obtuse nail in place of a thnmb,
tail long with bushy hair and generally distichous or divided laterally
having somewhat the appearance of a thick feather, All the species of
|
|
35
this family live mostly on trees, their long flexible toes with acute
nai's enabling them to leap from tree to tree, and they very rarely miss
their held. They feed principally on vegetable productions, such as
nuts, seed, grain, etc. We cannot but know from the above descrip-
tion that our little rodent is a member of the Sciwrid@ or Squirrel
family.
The family of Squirrels is widely disseminated, Australia, Mada-
gascar, New Zealand and the West India Islands being almost the only
places where they are not found. According to Bachman about forty
different species have been described, eighteen of which are natives of
North America. Other Naturalists put the number of species at a
much higher figure. Jordan, in his ‘“ Vertebrates of North America,”
states that the number of species is not so great as was at first sup-
posed, many of the so called species being simply varieties. The Black
and Gray Squirrels are now considered to be the same species.
In the neighborhood of Ottawa five different kinds of Squirrels
have been seen; only two of these are very common, namely, the
Common Red Squirrel (Sctwrus Hudsonius) and the Chipmunk or
Ground Squirrel (Zamias striatus).
The Red Squirrel is of a dark brownish red along the back
gradually turning lighter as we approach the sides; the cheeks
are grey and all beneath is white. In some individua's a black
line runs from the shoulders along the flank immediately above the
white, the tailis of a rusty brown with black hairs on the borders, on
the under side it is lighter in color along the middle and grows darker
on the outer edges. The length of the head and body is about eight
inches and the bony part of the tail about five inches, and including the
fur it is between six and seven inches.
The Red Squirrel is a noisy little animal, and makes several
distinct sounds expressive of its likes and dislikes. When hunted, so
long as it feels that there is danger, it keeps very quiet, but the moment it
feels that a place of safety has been reached it makes a quick, short and
squeaky bark as much as to say the danger is past. If the supposed place
of safety should be a tree it will ascend high enough to be fairly out of
the reach of its pursuers, and perching itself upon a branch with its tail
36
turned up along its back with the point turned outwards, will open
out upon its pursuers with a continuous volley of barking defiance.
“¢ Ascends the neighboring beech, then whisks his brush and perks
His ears, and stamps and scolds aloud, with all the prettiness
Of feign’d alarm, and anger insignificantly fierce.”
Its note of call or endearment isa kind of prolonged “ chirr.’»
When this sound is made it is immediately answered by its mate, if
within hearing distance. Squirrels choose their mates early in life, and
so far as known remain faithful to their first love. The mother gives
birth to three or four young ones about the beginning of June, and
watches over them with great solicitude. The first nest of young
squirrels which came under my notice was in a hollow stump at the
edge of a pine woodland. ‘he mother would not leave the nest at my
approach, nor could I make her do so without resorting to forcible
‘means which I never did. If often disturbed, the mother will remove
her young carrying them in her mouth, after the manner of a cat, to
another place of safety or concealment. A family of four squirrels
took up their residence at our place in the early part of the summer of
1886, and remained with us nearly a year. The young ones were at
the time rather more than half grown and were very playful, often
playing a game which resembled a popular one with young children
called ‘‘tag.” From the time the apples in our garden were fit to eat
until late in the fall they seemed to live on them almost exclusively.
They not only pulled what they wanted for present use, but they stored
away a great many ina pile of wood which we had near the house.
They also carried off hundreds of crab apples depositing them on trees
wherever they could find a forked branch which would hold one securely.
They were very particular in selecting such places, and would not leave
an apple until they were fully satisfied that it would remain where
they put it. They also gathered up a great many plum stones deposit-
ing them in hollows made in the ground, and covering them over with
an inch or so of leaves or earth ; they had dozens of these little hoards
scattered about with no great quantity in any of them. Asthe cold weather
approached they began house building ; selecting a place between the
wall plate and the roof of an outbuilding. The nest consisted princi-
pally of cedar bark torn into fine shreds ; it was completely covered
”
37
over, there being only a small hole at one side for getting in and out.
There was no appearance of their having eaten or stored any food in
the nest. In the late fall and early winter months when the ordinary
supply of food had failed they had recourse to their elevated accumula-
tions, and could be seen every day going from branch to branch or from
tree to tree eating up the withered and decayed fruit. ‘They may have
eaten only the seeds. In the cold and stormy time of winter they
sometimes would not be seen for several days, but on sunshiny days
they always came out and would sit for hours on our wooed pile basking
in the sun. We fed them frequently and they became so tame that
they would come at our call and take food from our hands, of course it
took some time to gain their confidence. After their supply of apples
had failed they began eating the terminal buds on the balsam spruce
trees, of which we have several in our garden. They next began eating
flower buds of the red maple. The buds on those trees swell out very
early in spring and are sometimes in full flower early in April. We
have one tree of the Americau Larch in our garden, more commonly
known hereabouts by the name of Tamarac; when the Squirrels found
it they seemed to prefer it to any of the other trees, and made sad havoe
among the small branches. When eating the buds of the balsam and
maple they did so without cutting off any of the small branches, but
when they began at the tamarac they first cut off the little branches,
varying in length from a few inches up to one or two feet, and sitting
upon their haunches and holding the little branches with their fore-
paws, moved them along, eating off the buds as they did so, much in the
same way as we have seen some members of the genus homo do in eating
green corn from the cob. In the spring, when the snow began to go
away, the remains of numerous runways were to be seen made by the
Squirrels under the snow in search of the deposits made by them the
previous autumn. Later in the season dense clumps of young plum
trees came up in places where the Squirrels had previously buried the
plum stones and had failed to find them in winter. It is highly probable
that our fruit and nut bearing trees are often taken into new localities
in this’way. The food of Squirrels, as already mentioned, consists
principally of vegetable productions, but they can live and thrive on
animal food. A gentleman living in this vicinity informed me lately that
38
he kept a Red Squirrel in confinement for upwards of two years and fed
it exclusively on animal food, and that it became quite fafand glossy in
its coat, and showed every sign of perfect health. I have frequently
seen them eating the eggs of birds in my own place. This habit is a
serious one, as no nests are safe if Squirrels areabout. I must say that
I like the feathered songsters of the spring so well that if it comes to a
matter of choice between them and the Squirrels, I think the latter
will have to go. My attention has been called to an article in ‘‘ Science
Gossip” for the year 1873, where it is stated that in one of the large
parks in the City of Philadelphia the Squirrels became so destructive
of the eggs of the wild birds (there nesting) that, in order to save the
birds, it was found necessary to destioy the Squirrels.
Many people suppose that Squirrels are very much averse to water
and will never voluntarily take to it. It is not uncommon to read ot
them—when compelled to cross a stream—making rafts of chips or
pieces of bark and getting on board, hoi-t their tails so that they will
catch the wind, and so manage to secure a dry passage across ; of course
they select a time when the wind is blowing from the right direction.
These are pretty stories and quite complimentary to the intelligence of
the little navigators. J am afraid, however, that the important element
of truth is a missing factor. At one of the Club excursions to Meech’s
Lake as I was sitting on a rock near its outlet, about fifty or sixty feet
from where a bridge spans it, a Red Squirrel came jumping along, and,
without a moment’s hesitation, plunged into the water and swam across.
It was evidently a matter of choice as it could easily have crossed by
the bridge.
The Chipmunk or Ground Squirrel is not of the same genus as
the Red Squirrel, but as it is far more common in the Ottawa district
than the others which are to follow, I will take it up before them. The
Chipmunk is smaller in size than the Red Squirrel, a full grown one
being about seven inches long, including the head and body ; the tail,
without the fur, is wbout four inches long. It is easily distinguished
from the other Squirrels inhabiting this part of Canada by the markings
along its body, there being always five dark longitudinal and parallel
stripes extending from the head to the rump, the spaces between being
of a lightish grey. The rump is of a bright tawny color ; all the under
39
parts are white. The tail is not so long nor bushy as in the last named
species, the part or dividing line of the fur is well marked. The Chip-
munk rarely ascends trees. [f its retreat is cut off from its hiding place
it will do so, but it will not remain for any length of time on a tree,
even if it has to face its enemy in coming down, particularly if the tree
is shaken or beaten with a stick or other weapon. It is usually seen
running along fences, and, if there are piles of stones about, will
invariably become attached to such places as affording him a ready
retreat. Under thes? he makes his burrow, in which he lays up his
store of food. Its food is the same as that of the other Squirrels, A
Chipmunk took up its abode at our place four years ago and remained
with us for upwards of two years. It had apparently lost its mate ;
it became quite tame, and would come at our call, expecting to get
something to eat, nor was it often disappointed. When working about
the garden or sitting down on the grass, Dick (we called him by that
name) would frequently come and make quite familiar with us, investi-
gating our hands and pockets to ascertain if anything eatable was to be
had. Dick had always an eye to business, and displaxed much intelli-
gence in his line. One Sunday morning as we were sitting on our
verandah, Dick came along on his usual mission, one of the boys
brought out a box with a sliding cover containing beech nuts, and set
it down for him, with the cover just far enough back to allow him
to get into it. In a moment he was in the box filling his cheeks with
the nuts. When he had done so, he immediately hurried off to his
storehouse, which was in a burrow under the verandah. Knowing that
he would be back in a minute or two, we nearly closed the box, leaving
a space of less than one-fourth of an inch. When he came he jumped
on the box and putting one of his paws in the small opening
pushed the cover back as easily and as quickly a; if he understood
the thing exactly. When he was away the second time we closed the
box tight, on coming back he jumped on the box, and, finding it
closed, tried to push the cover back from one end, bunt finding that it
would not work, being the wrong end, he quickly went to the opposite
end, and, taking hold of the cover with his paws; pulled it back without
any difficulty, and in a trice was at the beech nuts again. It is well
known that Chipmunks lay up large stores of food in the fall to serve
40
as a winter’s supply, and it has very generally been supposed that they
remained active during the cold and stormy season, consuming the food
previously gathered. In a book entitled “ A Naturalist’s Rambles
about Home,” by Charles C. Abbott, we learn from his personal obser-
vations that they become quite trepid in cold weather. Speaking of a
pair which he watched, he says: “ Until the weather became fairly
settled and really spring-like in character, these little Chipmunks did
not often show themselves, and when they did it was only in the middle
of the day. They appeared to foresee the occurrence of a cold rain storm
twenty-four hours in advance and resumed their hibernating slumbers,
becoming lethargic and very difficult to arouse. A pair that I had dug
out in March, having two days before re-entered their winter quarters
and become quite torpid, were apparently lifeless when first taken into
the hands, and it was not until after several hours’ warming that they
became lively and altogether like themselves. This seemed to me the
more curious, in that they can respond to a favorable change in the
weather in a short time, even when the thermometric change is really
but a few degrees.” In another place he says: ‘‘ The food gathered,
usually nuts and corn, is, I believe, partly consumed when they go into
winter quarters, and before they begin their hibernating sleep, which
may not be for some time. This impression is based on the result of
digging out a nest as late as the 3rd of November, I found four Chip-
munks very cozily fixed for winter in a roomy compartment and all of
them thoroughly wiee awake. Their store of provisions was in a smaller
room or storehouse immediately adjoining. How long this underground
life lasts before hibernation really commences it is difficult to determine ;
but as the torpid state does not continue until their food supply is
again obtainable outdoors, the Chipmunks, no doubt, store away
sufficient food for their needs throughout the early spring.”
I well remember my first sight of a Chipmunk. I had then
reached the inquisitive age of five years. Our family had just arrived
at Smith’s Falls direct from Scotland, and were on their way to the
house of a relative who nad come to this country some years before.
The little animal was seen running along a fence, and some of my
brothers who were older than myself immediately gave chase with the
intention of capturing it, being under the impression that it was an
4]
American mouse. We had heard so many wonderful things about the
new country that we were quite prepared to believe that even mice
might have taken the form and appearance of Chipmunks. Our
paternal grandfather, to whom we owed allegiance at the time, being a
Presbyterian of the old school, stern and strict, with a high sense of
duty and the maintenance of law and order, and not being fully con-
versant with the game laws of America, immediately ordered a cessation
of hostilities, which was reluctantly obeyed, and our American mouse
was allowed to pursue its way in peace and quietness.
The Black Squirrel (Sciwrus niger) is se\dom seen in the vicinity
of Ottawa and they do not appear to have established themselves here-
abouts. I have only seen two or three individuals altogther and they
were in the neighborhood of Beechwood Cemetery. J have been in-
formed that they are never seen in the Provinces of Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick and very rarely in the adjoining Province of Quebec.
A few years ago they were very plentiful around Smith’s Falls, which is
about 40 miles from here. As the country became cleared of its forests
they gradually disappeared until at the present time they are seldom
seen at all. The Black Squirrel is the largest in size of any of our
Canadian Squirrels, the head and body being about 13 inches long and
the tail, without the fur, about 10 inches, The color on the back and
sides is of a glossy black ; on the under parts it is not so glossy and is
often dark brown rather than black. Its habits and ways of life are
much the same as those of the Red Squirrel. It is not so active in its
movements and is more afraid of the presence of man, probably owing
to the fact that it has been more presistently hunted on account of its
greater value. In common with the Red Squirrel it has the habit of
dodging around a tree when approached and keeping on the side, so
that it is not easy for the hunter who is alone to get a shot at it. They
will, if no other way of escape presents itself, stretch themselves along
the upper side of a branch, pressing their bodies so closely to the bark
that they can scarcely be seen, and then remain absolutely motionless
I well remember when I was a boy having a race with a Black
Squirrel which ended with results which remain in the form of a scar
to this day. The Squirrel was first seen on a small hickory tree
gathering nuts. The tree stood by itself, and was, perhaps, one
42
hundred and fifty yards away from a neighboring forest. Another boy,
who was with me, and J, immediately made an attaek upon it; the
Squirrel seeing that its only safety lay in reaching the other larger
trees jumped to the ground and set off at full speed in that direction,
we pursued and after a hard race overtook it; I then threw my hat
over it and then held it fast, and taking hold of its tail, which pro-
truded beyond the rim of my hat, held it out at arm’s length by its
tip, thinking it could not bite me when held in that position. I
was, however, deceived, for in less time than it takes to say it, the teeth
of the Squirrel had met in the fleshy part of my hand; you may well
believe I did not hang on to the tail very much longer.
The Grey Squirrel, which for a long time was held to be a distinet
species, is now generally classed as the same species as the Black
Squirrel. Jordan, in his “ Vertebrates of North America,” states
that the color of this species varies from almost pure white through
various shades to jet black; the lighter colors prevailing north and
westward and the darker ones southward. The grey variety is certainly
a rare visitor in Central Canada. The late Mr. Billings states in the
Canadian Naturalist that it had never been seen in the Ottawa district
at all. I have seen one individual of this color which I shot a few
years ago on a small tributary stream of the Ridean which empties
some miles this side of Smith Falls. I have been informed by Mr.
Lees (a member of this Club) that he saw one a very short distanca
from where he lives—about one mile from this place. In size the Grey
Squirrel is about the same as his black kinsman. It is said that they
do net lay up a hoard of winter provisions. They are known to feed
on the larve of various species of insects, but their principal food
consists of grain, nuts, etc.
The Flying Squirrel (Sciuropte us volucella) is the fifth and
last which I have seen in this part of the country. While
occupying a place in the family of squirrels, having some of
the common characteristics, it differs in some important points,
and is in consequence placed in another genus Sctwropterus, which
simply meats winged squirrels. It is particularly marked by an
expansion of the skin extending between the fore and hind legs which,
when spread out, forms a sort of parachute which enables it to make
43
short flights from place to place. Nine or ten different species have
been named, only two of which are found in North America, one in
Northern Europe and the remainder in Java. The small American
flying squirrel being the only one I have seen in this neighborhood. It
is smaller in size than any of our other squirrels. The extreme length
of a full grown one being about ten inches, the head and body being a
little more than five inches. The head and body are often of a mouse
grey celor, sides of the nose and all beneath white. On the upper side
of the flying membrane the predominating color is brown which on the
edge is bordered with white. Its fur is very dense, short and srnooth,
much finer in texture than the other squirrels. I have seen it stated
that these squirrels could fly as far as fifty yards at a time; perhaps
they might do so if their starting point were high enough. I never
saw them fly more than half that distance, their ordinary flights
being twen'y or thirty feet. Owing to the fact that flying squirrels
are largely nocturnal in their habits they are less frequently seen than
they otherwise might be, as they are not so scarce as many people sup-
pose. They are easily tamed and become very amusing little pets. A
member of the club informed me lately that he had a tame one for
sometime which showed some strange peculiarities, one was, that only
at certain hours of the night did it show any activity, namely from
about two to four o’clock, a.m. Another, was its simulation of death
when it thought itself in danger or when suddenly cornered, keeping at
the same time a sharp look out for a way to escape, and the moment
the way appeared to be clear it would suddenly come to life again and
dart away as quick as thought. Mr. Abbott, whom I have already
quoted, states that years of familiar acquaintance with these squirrels
have not enabled him to detect much in their habits indicative of
intelligence, he continues, ‘I feel sorry to have so poor an account to
give of the beautiful creatures, but Iam compelled to say it of them,
they are not “smart.” Notwithstanding all their vivacity in their
native haunts and their eminently gregarious habits, they do not
suggest by any of their movements so far as I was able to detect any
decided indication of that sociability characteristic of some of the other
squirrels. Each on the contrary jumps, runs and flies solely on his
own account, associated together indeed but never acting in concert.”
44
The order Rodentia as a whole does not stand high in point of
intelligence from an anatomical aspect, the brain being proportionally
small in size and with few convolutions. Some notable exceptions to
this ruling will occur to most of us. As an instance, our common rat
displays a wonderful amount of ingenuity in applying means to an end.
A case illustrative of its resources came to my knowledge a short time
ago. The occurrence took place this winter. One of my neighbors
having placed a basket containing eggs on a shelf at the head of a stair-
way leading down to a cellar, went the following morning to get some
of them ; to her astonishment they had all disappeared without a trace
of the remover. Knowing that there were a few rats about, suspicion
fell on them and justly so. An investigation having been made the
eggs were all found sound and whole under the cellar floor fifteen or
twenty feet away. How the rats managed with the resources at their
command to take the eggs out of a basket and carry them down a stair-way
without breaking even one, certainly points to the fact that their reasoning
faculties were exercised to some purpose. Another illustration and I
ain done. Iam indebted to a friend for it. He does not vouch for its
authenticity as he did not see it himself. One Mr. Cobb, a respectable
gentleman of Lusty Mills, Kentucky, says he saw a Squirrel acting in a
very peculiar manner on the top of a tree, and it caused him to stop
and watch its actions. Pretty soon it came down the tree bearing a
bunch of something in its mouth and went directly to the creek.
When it got to the edge of the water it turned around and backed into
the creek until the water covered it entirely except the tip of its nose,
when it let go the bunch which floated off down the creek, In gratify-
ing his curiosity Mr. Cobb went down and got the bunch and found, he
says, a million fleas on it.
It is very doubtful if we, who claim to be the lords of creation,
with all our boasted intelligence, could devise a better plan for persuad-
ing undesirable and unwelcome visitors to so quietly take their
departure.
Nee eee EEE Eee
_
45
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF «“ PHOSPHATIC NODULES ”
IN THE CHAZY FORMATION ABOUT OTTAWA,
CANADA.
By Henry M. Ami, M.A., F.G.S.
In the April number of the Orrawa Naturatist Mr. Sowter has
an interesting article on the Chazy formation at Aylmer, Que., in
which he records some valuable discoveries made respecting its strati-
graphy and paleontology. One statement made in this paper, however
(p. 21), requires a few words of explanation, and that is, regarding the
occurrence of those “ phosphatic nodules” at Hog’s Back, in Nepean,
Ont., which I had observed in the summer of 1884, and described
March 4th, 1885, at one of the Club’s winter Soirées.
Mr. Sowter remarks that ‘‘ during the past season these ‘ nodules’
have been examined and recognized as very diminutive members of the
Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiate, as yet unclassified,” adding a foot-
note regarding certain organic-like forms which he compares with
Pasceolus globosus of the Trenton.
I am quite astonished indeed at Mr. Sowter’s conclusions resulting
from an examination made of the nodules which I discovered in 1884,
at Hog’s Back, in the Chazy formation. To begin, lam not aware that
Mr. Sowter has ever even seen a single one of the “ phosphatic nodules ”
which I described, and had that gentleman desired or asked to see them,
he would never have arrived at bis conclusion. Moreover, in order to
ascertain definitely the minute structure and characters of these
“ nodules,” which were in the cabinets of the Geological Museum, Mr.
Weston very kindly prepared careful microscopic slides of them, and the
sections soon revealed that they were truly ‘“ phosphatic nodules,” and
very akin to those described and figured in the ‘‘ Report of Progress of
the Geological Survey of Canada” for 1876 (page 433). Mr. Weston
recognised them as such immediately, having already prepared a great
number of such from different formations.
As to the occurrence of ‘‘ diminutive Brachiopoda and Lamelli-
branchiata,” these have been observed at several localities before.
In further corroboration of the fact that ‘ phosphatic nodules ” are
met with in the Chazy formation, the following extracts from the
46
“Report of Progress” of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1851-52,
by Sir Wm. Logan, are here given .—
On page 28, this eminent authority says: ‘“Smallgblack phospha-
tic nodules are mentioned by Mr. Murray as occurring at the base of the
Chazy limestone. On the 33rd lot of the 7th concession of Lochiel,
where they are sparingly disseminated in they rock, they occur in pre-
cisely the same stratigraphical] place, on the rear of the 10th lot of the
lst concession of West Hawkesbury, where they are rather larger, but
still in sparing quantity. As the nodules, however, when separated
from the rock, hold, according the analysis of Dr. Hunt, a large
amount of the phosphate, they would probably render the limestone
beds in which they occur of more than ordinary value, to be burnt for
agricultural application when lime is required, as the phosphate can
scarcely fail to be of additional service, Small black phosphatic nodules
exist also in thin sandstone beds interstratitying green slates at Gren-
ville. * 3 ‘4 * * ¥ *
«“ Brown nodules of the same description, but larger in size, occur
in a conglomerate, supposed to be of the same age as the Grenville beds,
at Allumette Falls on the Ottawa.”
Tt will be clearly seen, then, that phosphatic nodules are eminently
characteristic of the Chazy throughout the entire length of the Ottawa
Valley. I have observed them, not only in the calcareo-argillaceous
and partly arenaceous shales of Hog’s Back, in Nepean, to the west,
but also in strata of the age at the lower Gatineau ferry’s wharf.
The most practical question now seems to be the use to which the
shales might be put in affording a fertilizer. Perhaps the Central Ex-
perimental Farm authorities might be induced to take the matter up
and ascertain the practical value of the beds which hold these phos-
phatic nodules along with Lingule. A fair trial on a small scale
would be of considerable interest, and the result on the crops would be
looked forward to with much interest. An analysis of the Hawkes-
bury nodules gave Dr. Hunt the following result :—
Phosphate of lime (bone earth)........... 44°70
Carb: OF (IIe ..o2 cic a,c: cosinor mani eee 6°60
“ Thagnesia.( Pat P28 Olen, Mae 4-76
Per ox. of iron and trace of alumina......- 8-60
Insoluble silicious residue. 3..../......0.. 27-90
Volatile: matter’... «amused ts cine ee 5:00
97°56
For further information respecting the minute descriptions given
by Dr. Hunt, the reader is referred to the same “ Report of Progress,”
pages 110, &e.
Orrawa, June 21st, 1888,
|
47
SUB-EXCU RSIONS.
No. 1.—The first Sub-Excursion of the season was held on Satur-
day, 5th May, and was under the direction of the President. The
lateness of the present spring affected the attendance, scarcely a dozen
members appearing at the appointed hour.
The place chosen for investigation was Beechwood, always one of
the first localities to reward those seeking for early spring flowers.
Eleven species only were collected, which were named and described by
Mr. Whyte. The Liliacece being specially examined and explained.
No. 2 was held to the Beaver Meadow, Hull, on 12th May. It
was a lovely warm afternoon, and the botanists turned out well. When
the party reassembled to hear the addresses of the leaders 23 were found
to be present. The baskets were well filled and provided ample material
for the leaders’ addresses.
Mr. Robert Whyte gave an interesting address upon the plants
collected and drew particular attention to the Cruci/ere or Cress
family, all of which might be easily recognized. These plants are all
characterized by their cross-shaped flowers, and many of them have a
pungent taste. All are edible and wholesome. Prof. Macoun also
spoke at request of the leaders upon the best way to study the willows.
The different divisions and groups of the Salices were explained, and
the best way to collect and study these different plants was explained
in a simple and attractive manner. The Mosses and Liverworts were
also referred to, and the members were urged to collect them.
Mr. Fletcher then followed as Entomological Leader, and spoke at
some length upon some of the malformations found upon plants
known as Galls. These, he explained, were formed by an interesting
group of insects, of which Mr. Harrington and he had made a special
study. He also advised the members to decide at once whai line of
study they were going to take up, and get their apparatus in order.
Frequently valuable specimens in all branches of natural history were
lost or destroyed from the collector not having ai hand the proper
apparatus for preserving them. Speaking of the branches in which he
was a leader, he said that bottles, boxes and cyanide bottles could be pro-
cured, by those wishing to study insects, of Mr. Henry Watters,
Sparks St.; gauze for nets from Messrs. Crawford Ross & Co., and
48
botanical collecting cases and Trowels of Messrs. H. Meadows & Co.
Before leaving for home the President requested Prof. Macoun
to speak about some of the spring birds. This he did, making this
always interesting topic more charming by the manner in which he
described the habits of some of the specimens he had collected. He
urged the members never to kill one they did not actually require for
study, and pointed out how much pleasure and knowledge might be
acquired without this destruction, although occasionally it was essen-
tially necessary for scientific accuracy.
No. 3 (19th May).—Only a few members appeared at the Post
Office on this occasion, as the weather was excessively hot. The
botanists, led by Mr. Whyte, and entomologists, led by Mr. MacLanghlin,
visited the north shore of the Ottawa west of Hull, Que., and obtained
some interesting specimens. The geological party, led by Mr. Ami,
went to the “ Siphonotreta bed,” opposite the Rideau Rifle Range, and
interesting forms were obtained.
No. 4, May 26th (Geological Section).—The geological measures
which crop out at and below the mouth of the Rideau River along the
Ottawa River front, forming so conscpicuous a physical feature in the
delineation of the shores of that river were examined as far as the
Lower Gatineau ferry. Two great dislocations were noticed ; the first
and westerly one affecting the measures of the Trenton, bringing what
appear to be the lower beds of that formation in contact with the
uppermost strata of the same. The second and more easterly, a fault
of more importance, which causes the Chazy formation to abut against
the lower Trenton beds last mentioned. The district visited was
particularly interesting, and fossils were collected at all the localities.
Specimens of Rusichnites (Dawson) were detected in the lower measures
of the Chazy near the ferry wharf, and fine specimens of JJodiolopsis
parviuscula (Billings) obtained in a calcareous band in the upper beds
exposed along with Khynchonella plena (Hall), &c. Notes on the leading
stratigraphical and paleontological features observed were taken for
future use and reference by one of the leaders.
(Botanical Section.) —A small party led by the President visited
Rockcliffe. The plants specially studied were the Liliazee. The
threatening appearance of the weather made it advisable to return
home sooner than would otherwise have been tiie case; but some col-
lections were made and the time of opening of many kinds of flowers
was recorded.
a
eEeESEEEeEeeEeEeEe—EeEeEeee
49
REPORT CF THE ORNITHOLOGICAL AND OOLOGICAL
BRANCH FOR 1887.
GENTLEMEN,—In presenting the Annual Report of the Ornitho-
logical and Oological Branch for the season of 1887, the undersigned
beg leave to state that during the past season a considerable amount of
work has been done but with very little result in the way of obtaining
new specimens, only two having been procured. One a specimen of
the Common Brant, Branta bernicla, which was shot by Mr. P. Thomp-
son (of this city) last fall on a sand bar some 30 miles down the
Ottawa River. This bird, Mr. Thompson informs us, he compared with
the colored plate in Audubon’s great work on Birds and found it to
agree in every particular. The other was a fine female specimen of
Swainson’s Hawk, Buteo Swainsoni, shot by Mr. G. White flying over
a swamp some three miles from the city. A pair of ‘“‘ Cacuwees”
(Harelda giacialis) in the breeding or summer plumage was obtained
last spring for a slight consideration by Mr. FE. White from a person
who had just shot them in the Rideau River. We might say, for the
information of those who are unacquainted with the bird, that in the
winter plumage the head and neck «re white and the long narrowly
lanceolated scapulars pearl gray ; in the suminer plumage these parts
are black. As this species breeds in the north and is seldom found
here except in the fall and early spring, it is very nusual to see the
birds in the breeding plumage. On the Ist of November a small flock
of White-wing Crossbills was observed feeding on some pine cones
near the city.
On the 4th August several of the Common or Red Crossbills were
noticed. As these are supposed to be winter birds it is rather sur-
prising that they should be found here during the summer months, and
the question naturally arises what are they doing here, and why do
they leave the delightful climate of the North Pole?
Several specimens of the beautiful and rare “ Cape May Warbler”
have been obtained and also of the Mourning Warbler, which leads us
to believe that they are not so rare here as had been snpposed.
On the 27th August a specimen of the Common Tern was obtained
on the Ottawa River, making the second found here within two years.
50
The following is a list showing the date on which the birds were
first seen in the spring and the date when last observed in the fall.
JOHN»sMACOUN.
GEO. WHITE.
March 18th, 1888.
March 3—Crow, Corvus americanus.
rs 3—Winter Duck, Giaucionetta clangula americana.
yo 5—Horned Lark, Otocoris alpestris.
a 19—Mealey Red-Poll, Acanthis hornemannii exilipes.
~ 20—Sharp-Shinned Hawk, Accipiter velox,
4 21—Redbellied Nuthatch, Sitta canadensis.
3 21—Cedar Bird, Ampelis cedrorum.
April 2—Common Red-Poll, Acanthis linaria.
ef 4—-Blue Heron, Ardea herodias.
# 6—Song Sparrow, Melospiza fusciata.
6—Wilson’s Snowbird, Junco hyemalis.
- 6—Pigeon Falcon, Fulco columbarius.
Fe 7—Sparrow Falcon, Falco sparverius.
+ 8—Robin, Merula migratoria.
a 9—Marsh Hawk, Circus hudsonius.
= 9—Purple Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula aeneus.
ss 9—Peewee, Sayornis phebe.
ge 10—Baywing Bunting, Poocetes gramineus.
oe 10—Whitebreasted Martin, Zachycineta bicolor.
“ 10—Bluebird, Sialia sialis.
Re 11—Golden Crested Kinglet, Regulus satrapa.
Fs 11—Cowbird, Molothrus ater.
11—Broadwirg Buzzard, Buteo latissimus.
2 11—Herring Gull, Larus argentatus smithsonianus.
ae 14—Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Sphyrapicus varius.
z 14—Purple Martin, Progne subis.
4 16—Hermit Thrush, Z'urdus aonalaschke pallasit.
xe 16—Redwing Blackbird, Agelaius pheniceus.
- 16—Meadow Lark, Sturnella magna.
a 16—Rusty Grackle, Scolecophagus carolinus.
‘i 18—-Goldenwing Woodpecker, Colaptes auratus.
ee 19—Swamp Sparrow, Melospiza georgiana.
19—Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpureus.
- 20—Downy Woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens.
cc 20—Kingfisher, Ceryle aleyon.
« 20—Whitethroated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis.
ce 21—Hooded Merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus.
51
21—Goosander, Merganser americanus.
21—Greater Yellow Legs, Totanus melanoleucus
22— House Wren, Jroglodytes azdon.
23—Tree Sparrow, Spizella monticola.
26—Wood Duck, Aix sponsa.
26—Fox Sparrow, Passerella tliaca.
28—Dusky Duck, anas obscura.
28—Chipping Sparrow, Spizella socialis.
30—Fish Hawk, Pandion haliactus carolmensis.
1—Bittern, Botaurus lentigirosus.
‘2—Black and White Creeper, WMniotilta varia.
2—Chimney Swift, Cheturu pelagica.
2—Rough-legged Buzzard, Archibuteo lagopus sanctijohannis.
3—Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla.
3—Summer Warbler, Dendroica estiva.
3—Spotted Sandpiper, Actitis macularia.
3—Barn Swallow, Chelidon erythrogaster
3—Canada Goose, Pranta canadensis.
3—Ruby Crowned Kinglet, Regulus calendula.
3—Golden Crowned Thrush, Sevurus aurocapillus.
4—Yellowrump Warbler, Dendroica coronata.
5—Great-Crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus.
5—Least Flycatcher, Lmpidonax minimus.
5—Red Headed Woodpecker, MJelanerpes erythrocephalns. .
8—Blue Yellow-back Warbler, Compsothlypis americana.
8—Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens.
8—Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica cerulescens.
&8—Night Hawk, Chordeiles virginianus.
9—King-bird, 7yrannus tyrannus.
10—-Cat-bird, Galeoscoptes carolinensis.
11—Cape May Warbler, Dendroica tigrina.
11—Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica blackburnie.
13—Goldfinch, Spinus tristis.
13—Baltimore Oriole, Jeterus galbula.
15—Baybreasted Warbler, Dendroica castanea.
16—Surf Duck, Oidemia perspicillata.
16—Long-tailed Duck, Clungula hyemalis.
16—Pied Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps.
16—Least Sandpiper, Zringa minutilla.
16—Chestnut Sided Warbler, Dendroica pennsylvanica.
16—White-headed Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys.
17—Ruby Hummingbird, Zrochilus colubris.
17—Maryland Yellow-throat, Geothlypis trichas.
18—Black and Yellow Warbler, Dendroica maculosa.
18 —Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus.
18—Sand Martin, Clivicola riparia.
6c
52
18—Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
20—Canadian Fly-catching Warbler, Sy/vania canadensis.
24—Black-cap Warbler, Sylvania pusilla.
24—Mourning Warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia. »
24—Black Poll Warbler, Dendroica striata.
24—-Scarlet Tanager, Piranga er,thromelas.
24—Blue Jay, Cyanocitta cristata.
24—-Rose breasted Grosbeak, //abia ludoviciana.
4—Red Crossbill, Lowia curvirostra minor.
9—Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Z7’rochilus colubris.
10—Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica pennsylvanica.
12—Swift, Chetura pelagica.
15—Wilson’s Thrush, 7'urdus fuscescens.
18—Solitary Sandpiper, Totanus solitarius.
18—Least as Tringa minutilla.
18—Night Hawk, Chordeiles virginianus.
21—Water Thrush, Sevwrus noveboracensis.
22—Fish Hawk, Pandion halidetus carolinensis.
22—Baltimore Uriole, /eterus galbula.
23— Purple Martin, /’rogne subis (Linn).
23—Sand Martin, Clivicola riparia.
24—_Brown Thrush, Harporhynchus rufus.
24—Bonaparte’s Gull, Larus phaladelphia.
Septemb'r 1—Bobolink, Dolichonyat or yzvvorus.
1—Barn Swallow, Chelidon erythrogaster.
2—Sparrow Hawk, Falco spur verius.
2— Killdeer Plover: Aigialitis vocifera.
3—Wild Pigeon, Hetopistes mtgratorius.
5—Red-headed Woodpecker, Jelunerpes erythrocephalus.
6 —Meadow Lark, Sturnella magna.
6—White-breasted Martin, Zuchycineta bicolor.
7—Savannah Sparrow, Ammodramus sand wichensis savanna.
7—Bay Wing Bunting, Poocetes gramineus.
S8— Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Lmpidonax flaviventris.
10—Blue Bird, Sialia sialis.
10—Whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus.
11—Pewee, Sayornis phabe.
12—Indigo Bird, Passerina cyanea.
12—Rose-breasted Grosbeak, abia ludoviciana.
12—Searlet Tanager, (irunga erythromelas.
12—Cedar-lird, Ampelis cedrorwm.
13— Black-poll Warbler, Dendroica striata.
14—Golden crowned Thrush, Seiwrus aurocapillus.
17—Yellow bellied Woodpecker, Sphyrapicus varius.
20—Broad-wing Hawk, Luteo latissimus.
21—Black and While Creeper, Miiotilta varia.
53
Sept’mb’r21—Bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus.
Gs 21—Scoter Duck, Oidemia americana.
21—Semi-palmated Sandpiper, Hrewnetes pusillus.
= 23—Pine Warbler, Dendroica vigorsii.
26— Red-eye Vireo, Vireo olivaceus,
27—Common ern, Sterna hirundo.
27—Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla.
27—Olive-back Thiush, Zurdus ustulatus swainsonii.
29—Catbird, Galeoscoptes carolinensis,
30—Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica caerulescens.
SY 30-—Surf Duck, Oidemia perspicillata.
October 3—Spotted Sandpiper, Actitis macularia.
at 6—Sora Rail, Porzana carolina.
8—Common Buzzard, Buteo swainsont.
8—Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens.
10—Chipping Sparrow, Spizella socialis.
11—Pectoral Sandpiper, Zringa maculata.
14—Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Regulus calendula.
15—Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpureus.
16—Kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon.
18—Great Northern Shrike, Zanius borealis.
20 —Song Sparrow, JMelospiza fascrata.
20—Yellow-rump Warbler, Dendroica coronata.
21—Biue Heron, Ardea herodias.
21—Night Heron, Vycticorax nevius.
21—Shoveller Duck, Spatula clypeata.
21—Tidark, Anthus pennsylvanicus.
22—Sanderling, Calidris arenaria.
22—Golden Plover, Charadrius dominicus.
22—Marsh Hawk, Circus hudsonius.
22—Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo borealis.
23—Acadian Owl, Vyctala acadica.
23—Fox Sparrow, Passerella tliaca.
23—Sharp-Shioned Hawk, Aceipiter velox.
27—White-throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis.
31—Common Red-Poll, Acanthis linaria.
Novemb’r 1—Hermit Thrush, Z’wrdus aonalaschkae pallasii.
ie 1—Whitewing Crossbill, Lowia leucoptera.
1—Cowbird, Molothrus ater.
x 2—Goldenwing Woodpecker, Colaptes auratus.
3—Greater Yellow-legs, Totanus melanoleucus.
s 3—Wood Duck, Aix sponsa.
3—Rusty Grackle, Scolecophagus carolinus.
4—White-headed Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys.
5—Red-treastad Nuthatch, Sitla canadensis.
7—Goldfinch, Spinus tristis,
cc
“e
D4
Novem’r 10—Junco, Junco hyemalis.
si 12—Pigeon Falcon, “alco columbarius.
x 12—Golden-crown Kinglet, Regulus satrapa.
x 12—Purple Grackle, Quiscalus quiseula @neus.~
as 17—Tree Sparrow, Spizella monticola.
tc 17—Pine Finch, Spinus pinus.
ee 17—Blue Jay, Cyanocilta cristata.
ae 17—White-bellied Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis.
oa 25—Robin, Merula migratoria.
REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGICAL BRANCH FOR
SPRING OF 1888.
In making vp the Report of the proceedings and researches of this
branch during the past spring, the leaders have decided to adopt the
example set by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D.C.,
that is, to make a report of the spring work in time to be published in
the July number of the Orrawa NatTuRAList, and to make a separate
report for the work done in the fall. The leaders are able to repoat the
capture of several specimens of the “ Wydrochelidon nigra surina-
mensis,” a species that has not yet been reported in this vicinity.
Among the rarer birds captured are several ‘* White Wing Crossbills,”
-a species which is becoming rather scarce near the eity; also a fine
specimen of the “ Tennesee warbler.” On the 21st of March a Bald
Eagle was seen flying low over the Rifle Range, the white head and
tail giving it a very conspicuous appearance in the bright sun light.
JOHN MACOUN.
- Ottawa, June 30th 1888. _ GEO. WHITE:
January 28— Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus.
ey, 7—Goshawk, Aceipiter atricupulus.
18—Pine Gosbeak, Pinicola enucleator.
ef 18—White-wing Crosshill, Loxia leucoptera.
FF 21—Sharp-shinned Hawk, Accipiter velow.
= 22—Crow, Corvus americanus.
es 22—Horned Lark, Otocaris alpestris.
March 6—Common Red-poll, Acanthis linaria.
&—Hoary Red-poll, Acanthis hornemannii exilipes.
10—Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpurens.
as 11—Red Crossbill, Zowta curvirostra minor.
——— ee
dd
March 21—Bald Eagle, Hulidetus lewcocephalus.
Us 28—-Junco, Junco hyemalis.
April 4—Robin, Merula migratoria.
- 5—Bronzed Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula aeneus.
o 5—Song Sparrow, Melospiza fasciata.
we 5-—Bluebird, Sialia sialis.
ch 8—Golden-eye Duck, Glaucionetta clangula americana.
a 10—Kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon.
be 10—Tree Sparrow, Spizella monticola.
a 10—Fish Hawk, Pandion halidetus carolinensis.
“ 10—Vesper Sparrow, Pooceies yramineus.
es ‘10—Golden-crowned Kinglet, Kegulus satrapa.
Ls 11—Redwing Blackbird, Agelatus phceniceus.
ci 11—Cowbird, JMolothrus ater.
12—Wood Duck, dix sponsa.
e 12—Pewee Flycatcher, Sayornis phebe.
ss 13—Rusty Grackle, Scolecophagus corolinus.
a: 13—White-breasted Martin, Tachycineta bicolor.
ee 14—Pigeon Faleon, Falco columbarws.
ee 14—Chipping Sparrow, Spizella socialis.
Ci 16—Sparrow Hawk, Falco sparvertus.
‘ 16—Meadow Lark, Sturnella magna.
st 18—Goldenwing Woodpecker, Colapies auratus.
oa 18-—Yellowbellied Woodpecker, Sphyrapicus varius.
es 20—Herring Gull, Zarus argentatus smithsonianus.
21—Purple Martin, Progne subis.
es 21—Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon lunifrons.
vs 25—Hermit Thrush, Zurdus aonalaschkae pallassir.
a 26—Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Regulus calendula.
ae 26—American Bittern, Botawrus lentiginosus.
es 27—White-throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis.
re 28—Chimney Swift, Chetura pelagica.
ne 28—Broadwing Buzzard, Sutzo latissimus.
cl -29—Blue Heron, Ardea herodias.
May 1—Bluebill Duck, Aythya marila nearctica.
ce 1—Spotted Sandpiper, Actitis macularia.
ts 1—Barn Swallow, Chelidon erythrogaster.
a 1—Bank Swallow, Clivicola riparia.
on 1—Yellow Palm Warbler, Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea.
a 2—Pintail Duck, Dajila acuta.
s 2—Black Duck, Anas obscura.
Ji 2—Mallard Duck, Anas boschas.
= 3—Summer Warbler, Dendroica estiva.
gs 3—Fox Sparrow, Passerella iliaca.
Bf 4—_Lesser Yellow-leg Plover, Z'otanus flavipes.
4 4—Goosander, JJerganser americanus.
56
May 5—Buftle-headed Duck, Charitonetta albeola.
r 7—House Wren, 7'roglodytes edon.
% 7—Black and White Creeper, Mniotilta varia.
a 7—Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens.
ae 7—Wilson’s Snipe, Gallinago delicata.
Hs 7—Solitary Sandpiper, Votanus solitarius.
x 7—Tyrant Flycatcher, Tyrannus tyrannus.
at 10-—Least Sandpiper, 7'ringa minutilla.
& 10—Goldfinch, Spinus tristis.
as 10—White-headed Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys.
“3 10—Baltimore Oriole, [cterus galLula.
= 10—Great Northern Diver, Urinator imber.
x 10—Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Habia ludoviciana.
se 11—Black-billed Cuckoo, Coceyzus erythrophthalmus.
Rf 11—Catbird, Galeoscoptes carolinensis.
11—Wood 'Thrush, Zurdus mustelinus.
a 11—Golden-crowned Thrush, Seiwrus aurocapillus.
as 11—Wilson’s Thrush, Turdus fuscescens.
2 11—Redeyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus.
- 11—Black and Yellow Warbler, Dendroica maculosa.
e 11—Wilson’s Warbler, Sylvania pusilla.
ae 12—Brotherly-love Vireo, Vireo philadelphicus.
Ke 13—Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica pennsylvanica.
44 13—Solitary Vireo, Vireo solitarius.
a 14—Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla.
“3 14—Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica blackburniae.
ee 15—Cape May Warbler, Dendroica tigrina.
ae 15—Black-poll Warbler, Dendroica striata.
ff 15—Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica c@rulescens.
e 15—Great Crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus.
Ke 15—Canadian Warbler, Sylvania canadensis.
e 15—Maryland Yellow-throat, Geoth/ypis trichas.
sh 16—Tennessee Warbler, Helminthophila peregrina.
16—Least Flycatcher, Hmpidonax minimus.
& 18—Night Hawk, Chordeiles virginianus.
a 18—Whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus.
ki 19—Bebolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus. ;
ee 20—Marsh Hawk, Cireus hudsonius.
~ 27—Ruby-throated Hummingbird, 7rochilus colubris.
= 28—Black Tern, Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis.
EXCURSION NO. 1 TO KIRK’S FERRY
What might have proved to be the most successful excursion ever .
held under the auspices of the Orrawa FreLD Natura.ists’ CLUB since
57
it was organized, proved to be rather disappointing ; it was held on June
2nd. This excursion was to have been held on 19th of May but was post-
poned on account of the weather. No less than one hundred and
thirty-one members and friends of the Club left the city in six
vans, and went via Hull and Chelsea to Kirk’s ferry, one of the prettiest
and most enchanting spots on the Gatineau River. The weather bulletin
gave as probabilities for the day, higher temperture with bright and
clear weather for the Lakes and Lower St. Lawrence districts. But
this report was entirely out and the day was characterized by a series
of showers finally culminating in asteady downpour. The excursionists
determined despite the weather to make the best of it. The country
traversed was really enchanting and on all sides the sights were charming,
ag the tender green foliage of the forest and of the farm crops covered
the ground everywhere with a verdure of the purest hue. \ The different
terraces were ascended in order and when the last plateau was reached
there followed the picturesque scenery peculiar to the Laurentide hills,
the line of demarcation between the two being very sharply defined and
marking clearly the boundary of cultivated land. Many beautiful
flowering plants were observed and collected on the way and a number
of geological specimens was obtained from a small opening or mine for
phosphate of lime on the west side of the road, about ten miles from the
city.
-
The vans reached Kirk’s ferry about 12.30 p.m. and from that time
until the return, rain fell steadily, much to the disappointment of all.
This did not deter the Naturalists however from enjoying the mid-day
meal and the various parties sought shelter in different quarters of the
woods near the river bank and falls, whilst others remained in the vans,
where perfect covering could be found. It was impracticable to organ-
ize the accustomed working parties of botanists, geologists, and entomolo-
gists, etc., aud accordingly not much scientific work was done. One or
two new species of plants and several insects said by the Entomologists
to be of value were collected. Tae party reached the city again at
7 o'clock in remarkably good spirits, the tedium of the drive home
having been relieved, as was attested by the frequent peals of merry
laughter, by good stories and stirring songs.
58
EXCURSION No. 2 TO AYLMER.
The second general excursion of the Club was held on Saturday June
23rd, and Aylmer was the place visited. Nearly fifty members and others
attended. The afternoon was spent in examining the botanical, ento-
mological and geological wealth of the district lying north-east of the
steamboat wharf. Immediately upon arriving at the pine grove near
Mr. Richard Haycock’s residence, the President announced that Messrs
Fletcher and McLaughlin would be leaders in entomology, Mr. Ami in
geology, and that he himself would guide the botanical section in the
absence of some of the leaders. After nearly two hours’ search the
party reassembled at the rendezvous and addresses were then made by
the leaders in the different sections of the club’s work.
Mr. James Fletcher addressed the members present, and
spoke more particularly regarding the Ichnewmons describing carefally
and systematically the various organs peculiar to these insects and
mentioning the function which each had to perform. Mr. Fletcher
also called the attention of his hearers to a large specimen of a grub
which proved very destructive to pine trees especially when they were
cut and left over one season in the bush. The depredations caused by
a number of insects and the remedies to be applied were next given.
Mr. Henry M. Ami was then called upon to address the audience
on behalf of geplogy. Taking a specimen of the calcareo-arenaceous
shales of the Chazy formation which was before him, he sketched in a
few words the history of the origin, mode of deposition and structure
of such a specimen and referred to the remote period in geological
history when it was formed. It was a portion of the Chazy formation
of which three distinct series occured in the vicinity and had been
observed during the day, each of which yielded organic remains.
Cyrtodonta breviuscula, Billings; Leperditia Canadensis, Jones ;
Pleurotomaria pauperc, Billings and Orthis platys, Billings were found’
in the uppermost or limestone series in an exposure on the North side
of the Aylmer road east of the town.
In the middle series of the Chazy which consists chiefly of purplish
coloured chocolate brown arenaceous shales often purely argillaceous,
there were observed a large number of fossil shells mo.t of which were
to}
a
59
referable to the genus Lingula, a class of shells containing a large
percentage of phospate of lime in their composition, Lingula Huronensis,
B. a new species of Lingula and Khynchonella plena, Hall, were found
in these shales along the railroad track, about 250 yards north of
Mr. R. Haycock’s residence. Along the lake shore, the lower series is .
met with and specimens of a Scolitus resembling S. Canadensis was
found close to Mr. Haycock’s boat-house ina stratum some two inches
in thickness. The relations of the Ontario and Quebec shores were
also discussed and referer.ce was made to the formations crossed over along
the route taken.
Mr. R. B. Whyte then spoke on behalf of Botany and drew the
attention of the audience especially to the order Ltosacee ; the Rose
family. There were several representatives of this most interesting
and useful order that were met with during the day and these
were briefly described and the most salient characteristics delineated.
Reference was also made to several rare forms observed during the
afternoon amongst which may be ranked foremost Liliwm Philadel-
phicum which was found only in bud as the season was still very
backward. Numerous specimens of this beautiful lily had been
collected on a previous occasion, and at the same time of the year in
full flower.
MONTREAL NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S EXCURSION
TO MONTEBELLO.
The annual excursion of the above Society was held on 16th
June. [In answer to an invitation, Mr. and Miss Whiteaves
and Mr. Ami attended the meeting. The Hon. J. L. Papineau, with
his characteristic courtesy, threw open his beautiful grounds and
museum, and gave the excursionists a hearty welcome.
The meeting was largely attended and very successful in every
way. Good collections were made in all branches. The following is a
list of the prize winners :—
NAMED COLLECTIONS.
In Botany.
MHSGt PI IZC nccseye). Sue 2 Joye SLSS) Baylis, with6g, species:
S)E 21010 Hale aly ee, ne Pee ducted Pur D Fare rae DE ga
60
Ln Geology.
Pita Eee en, ose 52S 5 ee Miss Blanche Evans, B.A.
ECON ees tak ss ss dey bie MI ey oe ee
In Entomology.
PSG rige 7. Fs ees Mr. A. F. Winn, with 37 Species.
mecond si ....0. dee. Med, BS eusen, oa
UNNAMED COLLECTIONS.
First Prize................Mr. E. F. Baynes, with 41 Species.
Second “ .... 5.2.2. ..... Min WiC: Adams, *"" 40aare
Honorable Mention. Mr. E. C. Trenholme, “ 34 “*
In the above competitions Messrs. Whiteaves and Ami, of our
Club, were requested to act as judges in entomology and botany
respectively.
OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB.
Sus-Excursion No. 5, June 9th, 1888.
The geological section on this occasion visited the lower measures
of the Utica formation as they are exposed along the right bank of the
Rideau River, where the “ Siphonotreta band ” crops out at the head of
the rapids, opposite the Rifle Range.
Several interesting finds were made :—Three specimens of the
Canadian variety of Siphonotreta Scotica, a new Leperditia ( Prinietia ),
Platystrophia biforata var lynx, Eichw, besides a fine example of
Conularia Trentonensis, now in the museum of the Geological Survey,
and specimens of Zygospira Headi, Billings.
On the same date the Botanical Branch paid a visit to woods
lying to the south of the railway track at Hull. Large collections of
spring flowers were secured, and a most enjoyable afternoon was spent,
but no species of special rarity were discovered.
61
(FLORA OTTAWAENSIS.— Continued from page 32.)
readily distinguished from the preceding not only by the shape
of the raceme, but by the slender pedicels. May—3.
MENISPERMACEAi.—Moonseed Family.
MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseed.
81. M. Canavense, L. (Canada Moonseed.)
River banks and along streams, generally in woods or thickets.
July—2. (B).
BERBERIDACEAs —Barberry Family.
BERBERIS, L. Barberry.
82. B. Vuuearis, L. (Common Barberry.)
Introduced from Europe. Occasionally found in woods, as at New
Edinburgh, where the seeds were probably dropped by birds.
CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh.
86, C. THALICTROIDES, Michx. (Papoose Root.)
Rich woods. An interesting plant with the parts of the flowers in
sixes and of the same colour as the purplish foliage. These are
followed by large dry berries with a beautiful blue bloom upon
then. May—l. (B).
All our plants are of a dull purple, not yellowish green, as they
ave stated to be west of Lake Erie.
NYMPH AACE A.—Water-lily Family.
BRASENTA, Schreber.
91. B. pevrata, Pursh, (Water-shield).
In lakes and rocky pools. |
Rideau River at Black Rapids and McLaurin’s Bay, Fast Temple-
ton (J. F.), Lake Windeago, (Dr. H. B. Small.)
NYMPH ASA, Tourn. Water-lily.
93. N. ruBerosa, Paine, (Tuber-bearing Water-lily.)
Rivers and Lakes. This is the common white water-lily of this
locality. The flowers are less double and hive much less scent
than the next. July.
62
94. N. oporata, Ait. (Sweet-scented Water-lily.)
Slow streams and lakes. Rideau River. Meech’s Lake.
Flowers generally smaller than in No. 93. Rare. July (B).
NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-lily.
95. N. apvena, Ait. (Common Yellow Pond-lily.)
Streams and lakes. Ju.—l. (B).
97. N. ADVENA + KALMIANA, Caspary.
N. rubrodiscum, Morong.
This is a very beautiful hybrid between WV. advena and WN.
Kalmiana. It is intermediate in size and appearance between
advena and Kalmiana. The floating leaves are purple beneath
with slender petioles. ‘The submerged membranaceous leaves
very freely produced and like those of V. Kalmiana. The
flowers expand 1} inches, have 6 sepals and a bright velvety
crimson—10-15 rayed stigmatic disk. The perfect fruit, which
is seldom produced, bears a closer resemblance to that of
NV. Kalmiana than to that of Y. advena, being almost globose
with a constriction beneath the stigma.
Leamy’s Lake and Gilmonr’s Piling-grounds. July—1.
98. N. Kaumrana, Ait. (Least Yellow Pond-lily.)
NV. luteum, var pumilum. Gray’s Manual, 57.
Streams and lakes. Leamy’s Lake, Gilmour’s Piling-grounds (J.F.),
Green’s Creek. (B. Billings.) July—1l. (B).
A charming little species. Quite distinct, I believe, from the
European JV. luteum, var pumilum.
SARRACENIACEZ.—Pitcher-Plants
SARRACENTA, Tourn.
99. S. purpurea, L. (Side-saddle Flower.)
Peat bogs. Lake Flora, Hull, and Mer Bleue, abundant. A few
plants in the Race-course Swamp, Bank Street Road. One of
our most interesting Canadian plants. Ju.—2.
Used in Lower Canada as a remedy for small-pox.
var HETEROPHYLLA, Torrey.
This, I think, is merely an albino form of S. purpurea. I have
63
found three plants at Lake Flora, Hull. The leaves are pale
green without red veins and the flowers yellowish white
Ju.—2.
PAPAVERACEAS.—Poppy Family.
PAPAVER, L. Poppy.
100. P. somniferum, L. Opium Poppy.
An escape from cultivation occasionally found in wheat-fields and
upon rubbish heaps. July—2.
101. P. Rheas, L.
Introduced with seed wheat at Billings Bridge. Occasionally
found by roadsides, but nowhere permanently introduced.
July.
SANGUINARIA, L. Blood-root.
104. S. canapensis, L. (Blood-root.)
Roads and clearings. One of our earliest and most beautiful
spring flowers. Largely used by the Indians both as a dye-
plant and medicinally. April—d.
CHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine.
105. C. majus, L. Celandine.
Introduced. Occasionally found by way.sides as at Stewarton and
New Edinburgh. June.
FUMARIACE,—Fumitory Family.
ADLUMIA, Raf. Climbing Fumitory.
106. A. crrruosa, Raf. (Cypress Vine.)
Rocky woods. Common. A most beautiful creeper with delicate
foliage and a profusion of pink pendent blossoms, flowering all
the summer. Sometimes creeping over bushes 10 or 12 feet
high. Ju.—2.
DICENTRA, Bork.
107. D. Cucuntarta, DC. (Dutchman’s Breeches.)
Rich woods. May—l. (B.)
108. D. Canapensis, DC. (Squirrel Corn, ‘“‘ Wood Hyacinth.”)
Rich woods. May—2. (B.)
CORYDALIS, Vent.
110. C. Gtauca, Pursh. (Pale Corydalis.)
Hill sides and amongst rocks. May—2. Flowering all the
summer. (B.)
G4
111. C. aurea, Willd. (Golden Coryda'is.)
Hill sides and rocky woods. May—2. (B.)
CRUCIFERA.—Mustard Family. ,
NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Cress.
114. .. officinale, R. Br. (Water-cress.)
Springsand brooks. Billings Bridge, Chelsea, New Edinburgh &e.
June. (B.)
215, N. patustrE, DC. (Marsh-cress. )
Low ground. A smooth species with »ods more than twice as
long as broad. Ju.—2. (B.)
var. HISPIDUM, Fisch. & Mey.
Low ground. A rougher plant than the above with round. pods,
Ju.—2.
116. N. ampuipium, R. Br.
Low ground. A coarser and larger plant than the above, the
stem generally decumbent and 1ooting at the base, Biennial or
perennial with pods shaped like those of V. palustre. Ju.—2
119. N. LacustrE, Gray. (River-cress.)
Margins of rivers. Malloch’s Bay, Ottawa, and abundant in the
Nation river at Casselman. An interesting plant with the
submerged leaves much laciniated. The flowers and fruit are
not very freely produced ; but when mature the leaves fall off,
throw out roots and become new plants. Ju.—2.
120. N. Armoracia, Fries. (Horse Radish.)
An escape from cultivation. Occasionally found on waste places
in the suburbs of the city.
DENTARIA, L. Tooth-wort.
121. D. pipHyLia, Michx. (Crinkle-root.)
Rich woods. May—2. (B.)
122. D. tacrntatTa, Muhl. (Cut-leaved Tooth-wort.)
Rich woods. A very local species, so far only tound at Beech-
wood, near the S.W. corner of the cemetery. May—l. (B.)
CARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress.
124. C. rtromBoipEa, DC.
River bank, Hull, P.Q. May—2. The plant I have referred
liere is an erect species with almost sessile leaves up the stem.
65
SUB-EXCURSION NO. 7, l4taH JULY.
A VISIT TO THE GOVERNMENT EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
Undoubtedly one of the most successful sub-excursions which has
ever been held under the auspices of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club
took place on Saturday afternoon, when, through the kindness of Prof.
‘Wm. Saunders, director, the Central Experimental Farm, in connection
with the Department of Agriculture, was visited and examined. A large
gathering of members of the club and their friends met at the city Post-
office, and taking the busses provided by the excursion committee, soon
reached the place of interest which was to form the rendezvous for the
afternoon. On their arrival the naturalists were cordially greeted by
the genial professor, who, on invitation by the president of the club,
Mr. R. B. Whyte, addressed the members, and in a clear manner
sketched a general outline of the work performed, and gave interesting
details regarding the distribution of the crops, ete., on the farm, Pro-
fessor Saunders, in company with Mr. Fletcher, the Entomologist
and Botanist, and Mr. Hilborn, the Horticulturist, then most
courteously piloted the party through the more interesting paris of
the farm, pointing out some of the manifold species of plants of
especial interest which are being grown and tested. With eagerness
and pleasure the various groups of naturalists listened to every word
which fell from the lips of these gentlemen. Seed crops from various
countries were seen growing in great abundance, and _ boreal species
were particularly noted, as such forms are likely to be best adapted for
cultivation in the more northerly regions of Canada. The different
varieties of beans, potatoes (seedlings and otherwise), wheat, barley,
oats, peas and many other agricultural products, were pointed out and
noted, as were also the various kinds of apple, cherry and plum trees.
The “shade” or ‘“‘covering” for pine and other coniferous seedlings was
also examined, and the tiny ‘‘monarchs of the forest” seen growing in
great profusion and doing splendidly. Inthe garden proper many varieties
of small fruits and flowers were seen, as wellas many kinds of shrubs
and trees. With the kind permission of the director and horticulturist,
the excursionists had an opportunity of testing some of the new varieties
E
66
and seedlings of small fruits, which were gieatly enjoyed, and many
pronounced “excellent” by everyone.
This done, the party re-assembled at Professor Saunders’s house,
where refreshments had been generously prepared by ‘Mrs. Saunders.
A very pleasant and social hour was then spent by all, after which a
series of addresses was given, in the course of which the aims and
purposes of the farm, its horticultural, botanical and entomological,
as well as geological aspects were considered.
Professor Saunders being called upon, said that it was not a
difficult task for him to speak about the farm when he was surrounded
on every hand by so many interesting objects. He referred to the
progress made in every department of the work, and indicated many
ways in which the Experimental Farms were being made practically
useful to agriculture in Canada. Referring to the club’s visit last year
and the warm reception which greeted them at the hands of the
mosquitoes on that occasion, Mr. Saunders recalled to mind the ignomin-
ious retreat of some of the naturalists, caused by the violent onslaught of
vast multitudes of those fearless, winged creatures. There was then
a thirty-eight acre swamp in the southwestern portion of the farm
where no drainage system existed, and where from one to two feet of
water lay over the greater part of the surface of that area all the year
round—a perfect paradise and breeding ground for mosquitoes. On the
farm to-day there are already six miles of main drains through the
swamp, and now we can sit in peace without being disturbed by the
melody of these swamp-dwellers. The work on the farm is many-sided.
The old snake fences with the boulders alongside have been done away
with ; the large boulders which strewed the fields and covered a large
area of land have been blown up with dynamite and the fragments
utilized as road-metal ; many of them contained rare and interesting
fossils. Several roads have been built, consisting of the large boulders
at the bottom, smaller ones above, broken macadam above that, and the
Leda clays found on the farm capping all. These roads are dry and
substantially built, and will be a permanent benefit to the farm. Several
buildings have been built since last year, including a large barn, pro-
bably the finest barn in the Dominion, and five houses for the staff.
Besides this work there were 150 acres of stumpy land, covered with
67
second growth poplar and birch, which have been cleared. The second
growth trees have been pulled up bodily with chains, and dynamite
used for removing the stumps, and the land thus cleared is now yield-
ing grain, ploughing having been done early in the season. Last
season’s work might be styled the period of foundation, and it is hoped
rapid improvements will follow. The newly cleared land referred to
will afford excellent opportunities of experimenting with fertilizers.
In the use and application of fertilizers many errors have been made.
In this virgin soil the Professor hoped to elucidate this important
question, eliminating as much as possible the errors which have crept
in on account of applying the fertilizers to partially or wholly
exhausted lands, or to lands already highly manured. We shall be able,
he added, to test the different fertilizers and combinations of fertilizers,
by continuous experiment year after year on the same soil and with the
same crops until some definite conclusions are reached regarding their
relative merits in bringing about an increased yield. Fertilizers will
necessarily be much more used in the future than in the past, especially
on the more or less exhausted lands in the older Provinces where the
three important elements required, viz., phosphoric acid, nitrogen and
potash are becoming rapidly exhausted. Those portions of Canada
which had been under cultivation for a long period needed fertilizers
most, while such lands as those of Manitoba and the great North-West
had little need of fertilizers at present. Professor Saunders then briefly
referred to the able work performed by Mr. Fletcher, the Entomologist
and Botanist, and by Mr. Hilborn, the Horticulturist to the farm.
These gentlemen would speak each on his particular branch. He con_
tinued, and said that if they succeeded in introducing from time to time
such new varieties of wheat, barley and oats as would be useful to the
country, the good resulting from this alone would be found of inestimable
value. Much had been done in procuring trees, shrubs and fruit trees from
various parts of the world. Directors of botanical gardens in various
countries had given handsome donations and had promised to send more.
Perhaps the most interesting received were those which came from the
Agricultural College in Japan, where they grow many varieties of
grain, shrubs, trees and vines peculiar to that country. He had
received a letter from Japan this week in which the Canadian Experi-
68
mental Farm authorities received the thanks of the Japanese Govern-
ment for exchanges sent from Canada. Many varieties had been sent,
which, it was expected, would be of much use in the northern
provines of that country. Hitherto the Japanese had done very little
in the way of cattle-raising, but were now devoting more attention to
this important branch ot industry. Prof. Sargent, of the Arnold
Arboretum, Boston, had been kind in sending seeds to the Experi-
mental Farm, and more had been received from Kew and St. Peters-
burg, so that quite a large number of useful trees and shrubs had been
added to the stock on the Central Experimental Farm, Collections of
these and other useful trees and shrubs are being sent to the different
Experimental Farms of Canada, in Nova Scotia, Manitoba, the North-
West Territories and in British Columbia, so that these would soon be
stocked in this way with valuable material for experimental work.
Prof. Saunders then thanked the members present, said he was glad to
see them all, and hoped they would meet there again at some future
time. Mr. Hilborn, the next speaker, was introduced by Mr. Whyte,
who, in doing so, described the various parts of a flower, and the func-
tions which each was called upon to perform, On rising, Mr. Hilborn
said that he was highly pleased to meet with the club on this occasion, it
being the first excursion at which he had been present, although he had
been a member for some time past. He dwelt at length upon the
various methods and devices used in cross-fertilization so as to produce
hybrids, and therefrom obtain hardy varieties. In his department of
the farm work, considerable attention had been given to fruit trees, etc.,
and the following would serve to illustrate the work done. There
had been planted 300 varieties of apples, 110 varieties of
pears, 80 varieties of cherries, 90 varieties of plums, 150
varieties of grapes, 110 of strawberries, 50 or 60 of rasp-
berries, and 50 varieties of currants and gooseberries. There were
some very fine fruits amongst these which were well adapted to the
climate of this country. There were experiments being made to test
which of these varieties would stand best, and a careful selection of
such would be employed in cross-fertilizing ; thus he hoped to get
useful and hardy fruits. It was done in this way: Select a hardy
variety for the female parent and get stamens from another—the male
.
fa
OU
paréent—which ate ready to open, ard dust the pollen over the pistils.
Cover the flower with a close fitting paper bag, which is left on four or
five days so as to leave no chance for fertilization by wind or insects.
Gauze bags are then placed over the young fruit, and retained there
until the fruit ripens. The seed is then carefully washed out and
planted, and every seedling produces some fruit, possibly each one dif-
ferent. Perhaps only one in a thousand will produce a good hardy variety
but one such occasionally amply repays for the trouble, and no limit
can be definitely placed in this line of research, time alone on tell
what can be done in that direction. The past and present easons- -
were both very dry, and the fruit trees and vines did not present se
good an appearance as he would have desired.
Mr. James Fletcher was then called upon to say a few words.
He was particularly engaged, in connection with his office at the farm,
in entomological and botanical researches. Whilst, for accuracy’s sake,
the scientific aspect of the question was never lost sight of, he hoped
to be able to show that the work done was pre-eminently of an economic
nature. Besides the numerous problems of great interest to the
student of nature, the practical requirements of a great country with
agricultural capabilities such as Canada possessed, were the first to -
engage the attention. Science now-a-days no longer meant theory and-
speculation, but that word should be taken in its true semse as syhony-
mous with knowledge. Whilst his researches in plant and insect life
were closely related to each other in many respects, in some points
they were quite different. An area of 65 acres had been appropriated
on the farm for the purpose of laying out a Botanical Garden. This
would be an object of special interest to the members of the club. He
hoped by next year to have some work done on it to show scientific
visitors. The land was being prepared and material was being
gathered together. Large collections of seeds and plants had
been sent to the Experimental Farm from all parts of the world,
including many excellent things which would be of use in many parts.
of this country. Collections of young forest trees had been received
and planted, France and Russia having contributed a large number, last
autumn he had collected and had planted vast numbers of seeds of our
most useful native trees. I+ was already necessary to replace
70
the wood removed by the farmer or lumberman, so as to
produce not only new timber, but also to preserve important
and beneficial results affecting the climatic conditions of a dis-
trict. Fodder plants were receiving special attention and collec-
tions of our native Canadian grasses were being tested with a view of
obtaining such a mixture as would make a good and “ permanent
pasture.” This was greatly needed in Canada. Farmers in this
country were in the habit of importing their grass seed from Europe,
but this did not always prove satisfactory. Seeds of certain plants
grown in northern countries were better and produced more
vigorous plants than when grown in more southerly regions. Clover
seed grown in Canada realiz:?d a much higher figure and was sought
for more eagerly in the American markets than that grown in-
the United States. During his visit to the North-West last summer
Prof. Saunders had obtained seeds of several species of grasses, and
others had been obtained from correspondents. Expsriments were now
being tried with them, and it was hoped that good results would follow
the testing of some of the more promising sorts. It was strange that
there should be so few of our native grasses kaown to farmers and
utilized by them. Many meadows needed to be replenished, as they
were qnite worn out. Regarding his duties as entomologist, Mr.
Fletcher said everybody will see that they area nevessity this year.
Ravages by insects are reported in all quarters, from the Atlantic to the
Pacific. In Europe the same troubles are felt this year as we feel in
Canada. In Canada farmers had applied readily for remedies, and it
had been a great pleasure to him on many occasions to be able to advise
them how to cope successfully with their enemies. There were two
leading modes of treatment, depending upon the nature of the insect
injury. Injurious insects might be divided into two classes.
(1). Those which took their nourishment by means of masticating jaws,
or (2) by sucking with a tube—for the first a poisonous substance had
to be applied over the surface of the plant likely to be destroyed—
whilst for the other, a substance which gives off volatile matter (like
pyrethrum) was applied. Pyrethrum or “Insect Powder” was a most
useful substance, and its properties were graphically illustrated from an
experience he had recently had in the Nepigon district—a place
noted (1) for its trout, (2) for the abundance and variety of repre-
sentatives of the mosquito tribe. ‘Insect powder,” or pyrethrum, was used
with great advantage, and the simple act of burning a s‘nall pile of this
substance in the room quieted every mosquito and afforded an excellent
opportunity of enjoying a good sleep, which it would otherwise have
been impossible to obtain. He had just returned from an expedition
to the locality mentioned with the eminent American entomologist, Mr.
S. H. Scudder. They had gone to collect the eggs of some rare butterflies
and had been very successful, having secured eggs of no less than 14
species. An important investigation now being carried on was with
reference to the timber-boring beetles. ‘The life-history of these insect
enemies, which destroy annually a large quantity of timber, especially
that which has to remain in the woods after being cut for a season or
two, was not yet fully known, and a link was necessary to complete the
chain of our knowledge regarding them. He was of the opinion that if
the time and manner in which the beetles laid their eggs, whether on the
surface or in crevices and holes of the bark, or in other ways, as had been
variously stated, were accurately determined, a remedy might then be
found. If the beetle as is supposed by seme, gnaws a hole in the bark
in which she lays her eggs, it is possible that the old reliable poison,
Paris green,’as had been suggested to him by Mr. J. M. Irwin, of
Peterboro, might be useful in poisoning or deterring the insects from
depositing eggs on logs protected by this substance. In a knowledge of
the life history of an insect lies the secret of success in the work of an
economic entomologist.
At the request of Professor Saunders, Mr. Henry M. Ami,
of the Geological Survey staff, and leader in geology of the O.F.N.C.,
was called upon to givean account of the geological features which
characterized the farm, a subject which had engaged his attention for
some time past. Mr. Ami began by stating that the rocks which were
found on the farm belonged to two great periods or systems in geology,
widely separated in time and differing in many characters. The older
and underlying series had been deposited in paleeozoic times, a period
long anterior to the advent of man or even of mammalia upon the earth.
The limestones which were seen to crop out in various places contained
many remains of fossils entombed in them, such as trilobites, encrinites
72
and numerous varieties of shells. These served to tell the age of the
rocks in which they were found. There were fossils found whiclt
belonged to the Trenton formation, and many rocks, especially those
around Prof. Saunders’s house, showed evidence of the Black River age.
The outcrop last referred to, had been puzzling for a long time, as the
dips in the strata exposed, varied very much and went in every direction:
A large shell belonging to the genus Maclura had been observed that
afternoon and other genera which showed that Black River limestone
occurred there. Reference was then made to the newer series of rocks,
namely, those belonging to the latest periods in the history of this
continent. Overlying the old Trenton and Black River rocks could be
seen large accumulations of boulders of all sizes, rounded, smooth and
polished pebbles, which show indubitable evidence of theaction of glaciers,
which were prevalent at that period in the world’s history. The
‘‘ creat ice age” then prevailed over this part of the continent, and was
followed by a great submergence of the continent on account of the
superincumbent weight of the great ice sheet. The sea encroached
upon the land, and marine deposits were made. Several species of
marine shells had been found by the speaker on the farm, which were
easily recognized as being quite similar to others now found living in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along the Labrador, Newfoundland and
Greenland coasts, as well as elsewhere. This period of submergence,
or flood, was followel by another of elevation, and the marine condition
of affairs, which at one time prevailed on the farm, were changed and
dry land appeared—the deposits of this post-tertiary sea—forming
the soil, which is now under cultivation. The continent was still rising,
as far as could be judged, along the shores of the St. Lawrence. The
presence of raised beaches was a good proof of it. The most recently
formed beds were caused by the wind and overlaid all the others.
These were still going on. The light sandy soil or loam so widely dis-
tributed on the farm seemed to contain a good deal of vegetable matter,
whilst the underlying clays afforded heavier soi]. The geology of the
farm was interesting and many points were well worthy of careful
study. Mr. Ami thanked the members for listening to him so atten-
tively, after which Mr. Boardman arose and proposed a hearty vote of
thanks to Prof. and Mrs. Saunders for their hospitality and kindness,
73
which was ably seconded by Mr. T. J. MacLaughlin. ‘The first speaker
bore testimony to and spoke in very flattering terms of the grand work
which it was apparent to all was being accomplished by this institution
—the Central Experimental Farm —and anticipated illimitable benefits
to such members of the farming profession as availed themselves of its:
advantages.
Mr. T. J. MacLaughlin, the secretary of the club, in seconding the
vote of thanks, said he was sure that all present had enjoyed them-
selves very much. That new and comparatively unfinished as the Ex~-
perimental Farm was, compared with what it would be in the near
future, and immature as its aims and objects must yet necessarily be,
all present must have been surprised at what they had seen and heard
in connection with it. The vast improvement wrought in so short
a time was astonishing, and the director and his assistants had every
reason to be gratified at the results of their labours. In pointing
to the benefits to be derived from such an enterprise, he said that
the farmers readily admitted that they were sorely in need of
scientific knowledge as to the best methods of cultivating and _pre-
serving their crops. Such information this institution would be the
means’ of disseminating amongst them, and he hoped, when the
time came for them to do so, they would show their keen appreciation
of the Hon. Mr. Carling and the Government he represented, for pro-
pounding and carrying into effect this important system, which was, as
he understood it, designed to raise the standard of the agricultural pro-
fession, the most important of all our industries, from a state of
ignorance and drudgery to one of enlightenment and ease. From what
they had seen and heard at this excursion, and from what they knew
of the energy and ability of Prof. Saunders and _ his able assistants, he
had the utmost confidence that under his supervision and with their
assistance the designs of the Experimental Farm system would be fully
carried out, and the benefits anticipated by the country at large fully
realized.
The yote of thanks was presented by Mr. Whyte, the President of
the Club, and passed unanimously.
The party then took the vans and returned to the city delighted
with all the interesting objects witnessed as well as grateful for the
opportunity which had been afforded them of seeing the farm under
such faveurable auspices.
74
SUB-EXCURSION NO. 7, 30ra JUNE.
In answer to an invitation received from Mr. G. C. Holland, a
member of the club, a visit was paid to a tract of country not pre-
viously examined, lying near Hintonburgh.
Upon arriving at the Holland Farm, the party struck down
towards the Ottawa River, where there is a piece of marshy land. Here
many marsh plants and aquatics were collected.
The Geological Branch, under the able guidance of Mr. H. M.
Ami, turned up the river towards Skead’s Mills to examine an outcrop
of the Chazy formation, which there oceurs. Specimens ot Stromatocerium
rugosum, Hall, were obtained from the calcareous strata.
At 4.30 the whole party re-assembled at Mr. Holland’s residence,
“The Elms,” where they were made heartily welcome and hospitably
entertained by Mrs. Holland.
The usual addresses were then delivered. Mr. Ami was the first
speaker. He gave a concise account of the geology of the locality, and
illustrated his remarks with specimens collected during the afternoon,
The President, Mr. R. B. Whyte, then spoke for the botanical leaders,
and drew attention to the most interesting species of plants collected
and especially explained the structure, character and uses of the
“ Crucifere,” or Cress family.
The hearty welcome accorded the naturalists, the rich locality, the
fine weather, and the good addresses, all combined to make a successful
aud enjoyable outing. The vans reached the city again a few minutes
after six o'clock.
<O:
EXCURSION NO. 3—TO THE “ MER BLEUE.”
The third regular excursion of the season took place on Saturday,
July 21st, when Eastman’s Springs and the Mer Bleue were visited.
Through the kindness of Mr. Ebbs, of the Canada Atlantic Railway,
arrangem2nts were made by which a special car was placed at the
disposal of the club. This car was attached to the Boston express, and
dropped at Eastman’s. The run down was soon and very comfortably
made, the naturalists enjoying fully the pleasure of travelling over a
75
‘road in splendid condition, in a beautifully clean car, and with polite
officials who seemed to de everything in their power to make the
journey agreeable.
On arriving, the President, Mr. R. B. Whyte, addressed the
members, giving out the programme ‘o be followed during the after-
noon. First of all the various springs of mineral water and gas were
examined. The proprietor had kindly thrown open the springs and
the picturesque grounds surrounding them, so that those who desired
to taste the medicinal waters or to rest in the shade, were enabled to do
-so. A party was then formed to visit the Mer Bleue, a very extensive
and interesting peat bog. This lies about a mile distant. Owing to
the excessive drought, which has now lasted for nearly two years, the
ladies and children were all able to go anywhere over the bog without wet-
ting their feet. The gas spring was first visited, where Utricutaria cornuta,
Mx., Triglochin maritimum, L. var. elatum, Nutt., and the two beauti-
ful little sundews (D. rotundifolia, L., and D. longifolia, Mx.), as well
as several grasses and sedges, were collected by the eager botanists.
After investigating thoroughly the treasures of the gas spring, small
parties branched off in different directions over the swamp. One party
visited the gravel ridge or island running down the middie of the bog,
a few even going beyond.
The soft, elastic covering of Sphagnum moss, with which the
whole surface of the Mer Bieue is covered, made walking pleasant for
a short way, but it-soon became very tiring, and at 4.30, the time for
returning to the Springs, all were ready to start.
At 5 p.m. the party re-assembled at the Springs, and having par-
taken of the contents of their baskets, met together for the usual
addresses.
The President first called upon Mr. James Fletcher, the leader in
Entor ology, to address the meeting. Mr. Fletcher spoke of the interest
which attaches itself to the study of the science with which he was
particularly connected, and showed what great advantages might be
derived from these investigations. He described the captures which
had been made during the day in such a manner as to interest those
who were present. Some of the most convenient forms of collecting
apparatus were described, and taking from his bottle some specimens
they were exhibited and their habits given. Beneficial predaceous
beetles, protective mimicry amongst spilers, and wood-boring beetles
were treated of.
Dr. Baptie was then invited by the President to speak on
“Natural Gas,” a subject occupying the public mind at Ottawa very
much just now. The speaker entered into the origin, formation,
-composition and mode of occurrence of gas, pointing out some of the
results which had already been accomplished. He spoke also of the
wossibility of finding gas about Ottawa, and held that the fact
could only be ascertained by boring.
ah
if?
Mr. Henry M. Anti then followed, giving a general sketch of thé
geological formations which would be likely to be met with by boring
at this locality, as also along the line of the Canada Atlantic Railway.
The approximate thickness of various formations was given, and
valuable data for those who might wish to bore for gas. Mr. Ami
pointed out that in strata of precisely the same age as along the line of
this railway between Ottawa and Eastman’s, gas had been struck with
a considerable pressure, such as would be of great value for manufac-
turing and other purposes.
As the time for the train was approaching, after the above
addresses, it was thought best to move to the station and have Mr.
Robert Whyte’s address on the botanical treasures there. Accordingly,
upon reaching the station the party re-assembled around the President.
and listened to an eloquent address upon the plants collected. Mr..
Whyte spoke of his subject only as those can who love it and under-
stand it thoroughly. All listened intently as he took each plant im
its turn and explained its points of interest. Amongst the plants.
specially treated of were some rare and local orchids. Habenaria.
blephariglottis, Hook, the beautiful White Fringed Orchis, which had:
been found in some profusion, was shown, as well as Calopogon pul-.
chellus, the Beautiful Bearded Orchis. All too soon the whistle of the
train put a stop to his agreeable disquisition.
The city was reached in guvod time after a most enjoyable andi
profitable day’s outing, the naturalists bringing home with. them many
treasures.
0:
ANNOUNCEMENTS.
Excursion No. 4 ror Aucust.—The next excursion will be to
the Victoria Sulphur Spring, Montreal Road, cn Saturday, the 18th.
The vans will leave the Post Office at 1.30 p.m., and it is hoped to
reach the city again by 7 o'clock. Tickets, members, 25c. ; non-
members, 30c. ; children, 15c.
Sus-Excurstons.—It has been decided to hold no sub-excursions
duriug the month of August.
10:
CENTRAL CANADA EXHIBITION ASSOCTATION,
The attention of the members is called to the prize list issued by
the above association. Every effort is being made to render the exhi-
bition, which is to be held here from Sept. 24th to 29th, a success.
The club has been particularly requested to make exhibits of natural
history objects. It is to be hoped that exhibits may be made by us in
all the classes, as this will show better than anything else the activity
of our members. A liberal appropriation has.been made for prizes in-
this department.
7
(FLORA OTTAWAENSIS.— Continued from page 64.)
125. C. RoTUNDIFOLIA, Michx.
Springy wood. Billings Bridge. This is a weak-stemmed few-
flowered plant with angular root leaves upon long petioles-
Stem fleshy at the base. May—3.
129. C. pratensis, L. (Ladies’ smock. ‘ Cuckoo-pint.”)
Peat-bogs and wet meadows. . Dow’s swamp, Billings Bridge,
Beechwood, Lake Flora, (J. F.); Janeville, (R. B. Whyte).
The Canadian plant, as noticed in Macoun’s catalogue is more
slender than the European, and always white-flowered. Young
plants are produced in great abundance from the leaflets which
fall off and float on the top of the water. May—2. (B.)
130. C. mrrsuta, L. (Small Bitter-cress.)
Low ground and springy woods. An inconspicuous plant with a
very inappropriate name, being almost glabrous. June—2.
ARABIS, L. Rock-Cress.
135, A. uirsuTa, Scot. (Hairy Rock-cress.)
Rocky open woods and pastures. Little Chaudiere, Britannia,
Hull, Aylmer, Chelsea, &c. May—4.
138. A. DrummMonpi, Gray. (Tower-mustard.)
Rocky pastures. A large distinct species. May—4. (B.)
140. A. PERFoLIATA, Law. (Smooth Tower-mustard.)
Sandy woods and pastures. A tall slender plant with yellowish
flowers and leaves only apparently, not really, perfoliate. June
14], A. L&vieara, Poir.
Mountain side. King’s Mountain, Chelsea, P.Q. June.
BARBARALA, R. Br. Winter-cress.
145. B. vurearis, R. Br. (Yellow Rocket).
On rocks and by waysides. Lovers’ Walk, New Edinburgh,
Billings Bridge. Ju.—3.
var. STRICTA, Regel (Native winter-cress).
Swampy woods. Beechwood. A much less conspicuous plant
than the type, with slender stem and small flowers. Ju.—2.
78
ERYSIMUM. L. Treacle Mustard. i
146. E. cHerrantHorpes, L. (Worm-seed' Mustard ) ;
Everywhere. June (B).
SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge Mustard.
150. S. officinale, Scop.
Roadsides. Jnuly—l. (B.)
BRASSICA. Tourn. Cabbage. Mustard.
159. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. (Wild Mustard, ‘‘Charlock.”)
Cultivated ground. A most troublesome and persistent weed im
many parts of Canada. Pods knotty, smooth, one-third con-
sisting of a stovt two-edged and one-seeded beak. Seeds-reddish.
black. June. (B).
160. B. alba, Gray. (Garden Mustard.)
A garden escape. Easily known by its. bristly pods, more than,
half of which consist of the one-seeded beak. Seeds yellow.
July—l.
161. B. nigra, Koch. (Black Mustard.)
Roadsides. Scarce at Ottawa. Pods smooth, fonr-cornered, erect:
on appressed pedicels. Seeds dark brown. June.
CAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax.
191. C. sativa, Crantz.
An occasional weed in fields.of grain. Ju.—2:
NESLIA, L.
2107. N. paniculata, L.
Rarely introduced with bird-seed. A small plant with sparse
stellate-pubescence, small bright yellow flowers and round.
pods. Ju.—s3. |
CAPSELLA, Vent. Shepherd’s Purse.
197. C. Bursa-pastoris, Meench.
Everywhere around inhabited localities. May. (B.).
THLASPI, Tourn. Penny-cress.
199. 7. arvense, L. (Mithridate Mustard.)
Waste places. Ju—l.
LEPIDIUM, L. Pepper-wort.
202. L. sativum, L. (Garden-cress.)
A garden. escape frequently found in waste places: Ju—2.
79
207. L. Vireinicum, L.
Rocky pastures. Ju—l. (B.)
RAPHANUS, L. Radish.
213. R. sativus, L. Garden Radish.
Introduced borders of fields and way-sides. Ju—l1.
VIOLACEA—Violet Family.
VIOLA, L. Heart’s-Ease. Pansy.
229. V. BLanpa, Willd. (Small Sweet White Violet.)
Damp woods. May—l. (B.)
230. V. RENIFOLIA, Gray. (Kidney-leaved Violet.)
Damp woods and swamps. Sometimes confounded with the
above. The leaves, however, are pubescent and mure or less
kidney-shaped one always decidedly so, and the flowers are
scentless. May—2.
234. V. Sevkirki, Pursh. lLarge-spurred Violet.
Damp shaded rocks. Our earliest Blue Violet. A very distinct
species, easily recognized by the leaves being smooth boneath
and sparsely hairy above, and by the large blunt spur. Hemlock
Lake, Beechwood, Chelsea. May-——l.
235. V. cucuLtiata, Ait. Hooded Violet.
Damp woods or meadows. A mest variable species both as to
flowers and foliage. There are, however, two very distinct
forms. (1.) <A large plant with blue flowers and very pubes.
cent leaves, and (2.) a smaller plant growing in meadows or
beside water with larger violet flowers, and almost smooth
leaves. May—3. (B.)
240. V. canna, L., var. SYLVESTRIS, Regel. (Dog Violet.)
Woods and pastures. May—2. (B.)
211. V. rostrata, Muhl. (Long-spurred Violet.)
Governor-General’s Bay, New Edinburgh. Ju.—1.
242, V. Canavensis, L. (Canada Violet.)
Rich woods. A charming species, flowering in May and Novem-
bers (Ba)
243. V. PUBESCENS, Ait. (Downy Yellow Violet.)
Rich woods. <A lovely pliant, with golden yellow flowers and fine
foliage. There are two forms,
qD
0
Var. eriocarpa, Nutt, has the pods covered with woolly white
pubescence. This is probably the type of the species. May
—3. (B.)
var. SCABRIUSCULA, T. & G.
In this the pods are perfectiy smooth and the leaves almost so.
Some forms of this variety resemble closely the western V.
glabella, Nutt. May—3.
247. V. tricolor, L., var., arvensis, Ging. (Wild Pansy.)
Cultivated ground. Billings Bridge, Hintonburgh. Ju.—l.
POLYGALACEA.—Milk-wort Family.
POLYGALA. Milk-wort.
251. P. seneca, L. (Seneca Snake-root.)
Rocky banks. Not uncommon. Ju.—l. (B.)
253. P. pauciFotta, Willd. (Fringed Polygala.)
Dry open woods. A lovely little flower. Ironsides (J. ¥.)
Near St. Louis Dam. (H. MW. Ami.) May—3. (B.)
CARYOPHYLLACEA.—Pink Family.
SILENE, L. Catchfly. Campion.
255. S. inflata, Smith. (Bladder Campion.)
Introduced. Waysides and grain-fields. July—2. (B.)
258. S. antirrHiInA, L. (Sleepy Catchfly.)
Sandy and rocky banks. Ju.—l.
260. S. Armeria, L. (Sweet-William Catchfly.)
A garden escape. Billings Bridge, and occasional in waste
places. July. (B.)
261. S. noctiflora, L. (Night-flowering Catchfly.)
Introduced. An abundant weed in fields and gardens. Ju.—3,
(B.)
LYCHNIS, Tourn. Lychnis, Cockle.
268. L. Githago, Lam. Corn-cockle.
Introduced. Grain fields. July—2.
269. L. vespertina, Sibth. Evening Lychnis.
Introduced with grass seed. July.
gl
AUTUMN ON THE UPPER OTTAWA.
By A. O. WHEELER.
(Read April, 1888. )
The following is an account of a canoe trip taken by myself and
three friends last autumn. And now as to how we came to make this
especial trip. Did you ever ona bright warm day go up to the sum-
mer-house on Parliament Hill and see the sun glistening on the river
away beyond the Chaudiere Falls in a broad band of gold, lighting up
the dark green of the cedars and balsams until they became a bright
yellow, and giving to the distance a far away and enticing look that
mak:s you wish you were there.
The result of thoughts such as these was a determination to
make the trip between Ottawa and Nipissing by canoe, and the fact
that some years ago I had been over a lar,e portion of Champlain’s
route, viz., the Georgian Bay, the French River and Lake Nipissing,
as tar as South East Bay, only increased the desire and added to the
determination to travel this other part of his journey.
In the Canoe Club I happened on a kindred spirit who had had
similar longings and come te a similar determination. We soon found
two others who were easily inspired with the desire for the delights and
experiences o' such a trip, and on the evening of the 10th of Septem-
ver last we left Ottawa for North Bay by the night train with two
basswood canoes, the best part of three weeks’ provisions, ammunition,
fishing tackle, and all the rest of a sportsman’s paraphernalia As we
had only three weeks’ holiday we decided to make the trip down stream
and our starting point Lake Nipissing.
We arrived at North Bay the next morning, and on stepping cut
of the car we stood spel] bound for a few minutes and tried to take in
the view. A vast sheet of water stretched away before us, all dotted with
islands and indented with bays, and shaded blue, brown or slate colour
according as the lake was deep or shoal, or as the clouds cast their
reflection upon it; while away to the north could be seen the line
where sky and water met. Truly Lake Nipissing is a’ beautiful sheet.
tis surrounded at this end by gentle slopes covered in many places
with large tracts of hardwood,
82
But time was precious and we could not stay to enjoy the beauties
of Lake Nipissing.
It had been decided that the canoes should be launched at the
head of Trout Lake or Turtle Lake as it is sometimes called, and in a
short time they were packed on a waggon with the rest of the outfit
and en route for that point. The usual course taken from Lake Nipis-
sing by voyageurs is by way of the Vase River, but this distance is five
miles with three portages—one round a fall of twenty feet—while by
the waggon road from North Bay the distance is not much over three
miles. ¢
Arrived at the head of Trout Lake, Camp No. 1 was soon pitched
and we proceeded to take in the surroundings.
Upper Trout Lake looked a charming little sheet of glass, eight
anda half miles long, with an average breadth of about one mile,
dotted with heavily timbered islands. It is hidden away among hills
covered with semi-hardwood bush, chiefly maple, birch and hemlock,
the light and dark shades of which patched here and there with the
bright crimson of autumn’s paint brush looked very pretty. The lake
about two miles from its head a narrow
has three peculiar features
peninsula juts out from the north shore and practically divides it into
two parts. This peninsula is four miles long, and is so narrow in
places that you can see either sheet of water from the other.
The second feature that I allude to, is situated at the lower
extremity of the lake near its exit. Here the width is about a quarter
of a mile and at regular intervals across this space, with the exception.
of about forty or fifty yards near the south shore, nature has placed
large boulders, whose tops jutting out above the water create the im.
pression that in olden days they were used by giants for the purpose of
crossing from one side to the other with, as is generally the case, a big
jump at the last, and this appearance has no doubt suggested the name
they bear—‘ The Stepping Stones.” The third peculiarity is the exit
of the lake, or rather the channel that connects it with Lower Trout
Lake. This channel is at the highest water no wider than twenty-five
or thirty feet, but at the time we passed through was only three feet in
width, and so shallow that it was found necessary to remove some
stones to let the canoes pass, To return to camp. The first afternoon
83
was spent in getting weapons offensive and defensive in order, getting
grub into handy and easily got-at packages, and sundry other details.
After a while the genius of the place—one Jessup—appeared. He
looks after the greenhorns who occasionally frequent Trout Lake ; this
lake having very undeservedly a great name among nimrods and
fishermen ; he rows them around and shows them where good sport is
not to be found. The genius of course began after his kind to spin
yarns and tell about the big fish to be found in the lake and the difii-
culties of hauling them in when hooked, etc., etc., and soon made us
regret having left our landing nets and gaffs at home. ‘“ But,” said he
patronizingly, ‘‘ Of course you have a revolver.” ‘ Well! when you
catch your big fish just fire a shot or two close to his head, and the
concussion will stun and enable you to lift him in without trouble.”
This idea was stored away for future use, and it was not necessary to
wait very long for a trial of its value, for that very evening two of our
party hooked a twenty pound maskinongé and found that concussion
was very useless, but that pistol bullets used in the ordinary manner
were very effective, for the first big fish was landed, but not until he
had had three shots put into him.
While camped here we received a visit from Mr. Gilbert, an
American geologist, who lives in Washington, D.C. Mr. Gilbert said
that his object, in this part of the world, was to trace a connection
between the waters of Trout Lake and Lake Nipissing, and to find
proof that in days gone by the flow of water had not been separated by
a height of land as now, but had all passed out towards the south-west
through the channel of the French River. He stated that as far as he
could judge the waters of Trout Lake are twenty-five feet higher than
those of Lake Nipissing, also that he had found an old water line
twenty-five feet above the then head of Trout Lake, and another old
water line fifty feet above the waters of Lake Nipissing, showing that
at one time they were united.
Our next camp ground was in the prettiest spot on the whole lake,
viz.: in a grove of pines on “ Big Island.” I mention this camp ground
on account of an incident that occurred, and was recalled to my mind
by readiug in the December number of the Orrawa NATURALIsT a most
interesting paper by W. P. Lett. During the night I was awakened
84
by one of the most blood curdling screams I ever heard, and as it seemed
quite close to the tent I sprang into a sitting posture my hair standing
on end and every nerve strained to hear more, but, as vo further sound
followed I came to the conclusion that our big maskinongé must have
been too much for me, and was soon again asleep.
Next morning the scream was brought to my mind by one of the
party asking if anyone knew what sort of a noise a panther made, and
a little conversation developed the fact that all had heard the hideous
yell of the night before. There can be nodoubt as to itshaving been a pan- _
ther and as we were camped on an island, the brute was probably on the
mainland, for I don’t think they take kindly to the water, although
their smaller brethern, catamounts, swim very well and have been known
to cross a river two miles in width. Probably the quiet of night made
the sound seem closer than it really was. I had heard this cry once
before south of Lake Nipissing and was then told by indians what it
was. It is difficult to describe it and I think the nearest approach is
the shriek of a locomotive as it enters a tunnel and scares you from
your first nap. There was little attraction to remain long on Trout
Lake for sport was poor. Our only fishing apparatus was the ordinary
trolling line and spoon bait, and for some reason the fish would not
take it readily. Old residents along the route said that the water was
too cold and that it was too late in the year. J am not much of an
authority on matters relating to angling nor am I aware ot the thoughts
and imaginations of the fish tribe, but have been told that the spoon
bait spinning at the end of a trolling line resembles an injured fish of.
small size making its uncertain way through the water, and hence the
voracity with which it is gobbled by members of the pike family, bass
and other fish that prey upon their weaker brethren. If this be the
case I fail to see why the lateness of the season should affect the appetite,
or why the unlucky one should not be just as acceptable to the palate
of a hungry gourmand of the finny tribe, in the fa]] as in the spring.
Major W. Ross King the author of ‘‘ Campaigning in Kaffirland,”
says that the spoon bait resembles nothing in nature and is devoid of
taste or smell, but appears, for some reason difficult to imagine, to be
perfectly irresistible to pike as to many other fish.
On the afternoon of Tuesday, 13th September, it was “Eastward Ho!”
85
again, and we had just passed the stepping stones when with a familiar
whir-r-r a partridge flew across followed by another and another and
another to the number of nine. A couple of these birds was secured for
supper, and while preparing them for the pan I found in the crop of one,
four fresh clover leaves. This, I think, shows why partridge are to be
found most plentifully along the roads leading to the shanties of lumber-
men, for experience has proved that you can always get a better day’s
sport by keeping on these roads than by going into the thick bush. The
reason is clear as it is only along these roads, over which the hay for the
horses of the lumbermen is drawn during the winter, that clover is to
be found. Speaking about shanties I would like to know why almost
invariably an old shanty is surrounded by a raspberry patch? Why
should raspberries grow on these open spots to the exclusion of hazel,
dogroses and other und rgrowth? To return to the partridge. There
are two kinds very common in our woods. The ordinary wood partridge
or ruffed grouse and the spruce partridge or Canadian grouse.
They are especially noted for two attributes, both truly feminine ;
their affectionate care of their young and their great curiosity.
When a stranger approaches a brood the old ones with dis-
cordant cries flutter along through the bush only just out of reach, as
though wounded, in order to draw attention from the young ones, and
then when you have followed them some distance and they consider
their young safe, they throw off the wounded appearance and fly away.
A story is told of a brood of little partridge being attacked by a carrion
crow and the old birds made such a good fight that they not only beat
the crow but held him there until he was taken from them by a spec-
tator. As to their curiosity, if you come upon them in the woods and
imitate the barking of a dog, or whistle, they will strut along the log or
remain quiet on the branch, moving their heads from side to side until
you approach quite close or throw something at them.
On passing through the narrow exit I have before spoken of and
entering Lower Trout Lake we found ourselves in quite a different coun_
try. All the rounded hills of hardwood with their autumnal tints were
gone and in their place the jagged and rocky heights were covered with
the light green of second growth poplar and birch, turned in many
places to bright yellow, while here and there the tall stems of red and
86
white pine, rose like so many giants, swaying to and fro and wagging
their heads mournfully over tke rising generation. Tbis was the coun-
try of the rampikes. What are rampikes? Well, I'll tell you. A
good many years ago, but well within the present century, tremendous
bush fires raged all along the country on both sides of the Ottawa, and
thousands and thousands of acres of the best pine country on this con-_
tinent were totally destroyed, and now the former monarchs of the
forest raise their scarred and bleached limbs towards the sky —a mute
protest against a cruel and undeserved fate— mute did I say ; not alto-
gether so, for on a windy night they may be seen waving their ghostly
limbs and heard mourning to each other with many a dismal groan.
Lower Trout Lake is four miles long and very narrow. Its great-
est width not being over half a mile. It is surrounded by bold and
rocky shores clad with second growth poplar and birch and the ghastly
and skeleton rampikes I have just spoken of. While paddling down
this stretch we caught another large maskinongé, twenty-five pounds
in weight. This one also was despatched by pistol bullets, not concus-
sion. There is a considerable difference among authors as to the correct
name for this fish. I have seen no less than eight different methods of
spelling it. Among them may be mentioned ‘“ Masqu’ allongé,”
“* Maskinonge,” ‘‘ Muskellunge,” ‘‘ Muscalinga,” ‘ Masquinongy,”
and ‘‘ Muscanonga,” the most likely one is Masqu’ allongé, meaning
long face, it is a French translation of the Indian words Masca-nonga,
Jong snout. Masqu’ allongé (Hsox estor) of twenty pounds weight are
common and they have been known to attain a weight of seventy
pounds with a length of six feet. They prey upou other fish and it is
not uncommon to find one of several pounds weight inside them. In
fact in the first one we caught was found a brook trout about twelve
inches long and ? of a pound weight.
Lower Trout Lake makes its exit into Lake Talon by way of the
“Lost River” but as this road is four miles long with five rapids in the
first two miles, it is easier and shorter to get into Pine Lake by way of
the Portage de Ja Mauvaise Musique and from Pine Lake to Lake Talon
by Portage des Pins. Lake Talon (or Tallow, as the natives call it) is
31 feet below Lower Trout | ake, and is an uninteresting lake some
seven miles long with an average breadth of a little over half a mile.
With the exception of parts of the northern shore where slopes of semi-
hardwood are to be found, it is surrounded on all sides by bold rocky
shores, covered with second growth poplar and birch and the everlasting
rampike. Along the south shore the blueberry grows in the greatest
profusion and to a very large size. Champlain in his voyave of 1615
makes mention of this profusion of blueberries. The chief feature of
the Lake, however, as far as we were concerned, was the homestead of
an English gentleman named Grasswell who has settled on a narrow
strip of land about the centre ot the north side, and who gave us a kind
invitation to visit his establishment.
Mr, Grasswell gave us some kind information about the Mattawa
eee
87
River, over which he had travelled a couple of times. His information
was Job-like and comforting. He said that the Portage du Talon, the
first portage we should come to, was the very worst he had ever en-
countered, and that Le Grand Parreseux, further on was not quite so
good.
It had rained in the morning, but about noon the sky cleared, the
sun came out and all nature seemed to smile as we glided between the
steep banks of the Mattawa River, the outlet of Lake Talon. The
scene had changed with a vengence. We were now slowly moving
between high rocky bluffs 150 to 200 feet high. The warm color of the
cliffs, the dark green of the pines, the bright green and yellow of the
birch and poplar mingled with autumnal tints, formed a picture all
light and colour, while the bold jagged rocks and complete silence all
around made the scene very grand.
Halfa mile brought us to Talon Chute, the largest fall on the
river, which drops at this point forty-two feet. Here all was life and
activity for a large gang of men was at work building a timber slide—
not a small affair like you see by the side of the Gatineau, but one
large enough to accommodate whole logs of any size.
With fear and trembling the canoes were unloaded and this terrible
portage commenced, but as is usually the case the old proverb “ The
Devil is not so black as he is painted” held good, for though rough and
rocky and up and down hill, an hour saw us safely on the other side.
Crossing Pimisee Lake, a sunny expansion, we descended without
trouble the Pimisee Rapids, being merely shoals, the water rippling
between the stones with no more force than ina brook. That night
we camped at the head of the Boileaux Rapids. On the portage here is
a grave with a rude cross at its head, carved roughly, with the inscrip-
tion “ Antoine Joli, drowned 1870.” We afterwards learned that he
was foreman of a gang of river-drivers, and that similar graves might
be found on almost all the other portages along the Mattawa River.
To proceed, passing the Boileaux and Petit Paresseux Rapids you
arrive at the Grand Paresseux, where, according to Mr. Grasswell, the
portage was not quite so good as the worst he had ever met in his life.
Tt was all our friend had described it, but by this time no obstacle
could stop us, and soon we were across with all our goods and chattels.
Le Grand Paresseux is a very pretty fall of some thirty-four feet, almost
perpendicular. The Mille Roches Rapids and mouth of the Amable du
Fons River were next passed and the stream began to get wider and the
rapids wicked.
In the Rose Rapids we escaped with a few pails of water and the
breakage of a paddle, and in the next—the Epines Rapids—sad to re-
late one of the canoes came to grief entirely. These rapids are shallow
and the boulders and rocks in them very close together. In order to
get down with loaded canoes it is necessary to get out into the water
and pilot your canoe between the boulders. Sometimes you are up to
your knees in water, sometimes you are up to you neck ; you stub your
88
toes ; you skin your knuckles and almost break vour neck as you stum-
ble along—all the while the roar is sounding in your ears and confusing
your senses, and the rush of water is doing its best to carry you off your
feet, and finally if you do.’t look out you are into a hole and then you
have to swim forit. This was just what happened, the Yhan in front
took a header, the man behind lost control, the water caught the canoe,
turned it sideways, poured in and then chaos. ‘ext morning’s sun
shone serenely on articles of clothing, tea, fish-hooks, rice, matches,
sugar, ammunition, oatmeal, blankets, pepper, books, salt, ete., ete.,
with which the sur:ounding rocks and bushes in all directions were
covered. Memo. ot loss—1 boat, 1 stocking, 1 surveyor’s compass, |
pipe, 1 sponge, 1 paddle, | set of maps and 2 letters from Mr. Grasswell
to his daughter at Mattawa.
The balance of the river between the the Epines Rapids and its
junction with the Ottawa, some seven miles, lies for the most part
beween high rocky banks and is very pretty, especially in the neigh-
bourhood of Boom Lake, a small expansion a mile long. Well;
anyway, one fine afternoon about five o’clock, we ran the rapids
beneath the little wooden bridge that spans the Mattawa
at its mouth, much to the amusement of a crowd of loafers
on the bridge, who had seldom, if ever before, seen such dainty little
craft on their waters—for our blue and green Peterboroughs, with their
flags gaily flying, showed to considerable advantage over the dull
coloured and squat birch-barks of those regions, and almost before we
were aware of the fact we were swiftly flying down the Flat and the
first dip of the Burritt’s Rapids, and had camped on the right bank of
the “Grand River” just Lelow the little village of Mattawa.
How changed everything was now, and into what insignificance the
little Mattawa had shrunk | Looking ahead the shining water might
be seen for a mile or two, lying in a deep valley that ended abruptly in
a towering hill, as the river bed turned south, and was lost to sight.
Everything was on a grander and more magnificent scale than any-
thing we had yet seen, while about half a mile away a streak of white
foam showed where the second dip of the Burritt’s Rapids stretched
across the river.
Did you ever runa rapid? No? ‘Then you have never experienced
the most intense excitement and keenest enjoyment that ean be
obtained in this ordinary every-day world. To prove my statement,
you know what a stolid unmoveable being the North American Indian
is; how phegmatic, how indifferent under the most unusual and
trying circumstances. Now in a rapid I have seen Indians’ eyes dance
With excitement, and heard them shout like very children ; and these
were men whom no other circumstance could move in the slightest
degree. Nor is it to be wondered at, for there is always an uncer-
tainty about it that makes the run exciting. You see ahead the white
foam extending in a line across the river, marking the beginning of the
fall. If you don’t know the vapid and are wise you will go ashore and
89
take a look at it, picking out a course and impressing it well upon your
memory. At the place you have chosen for your entrance the smooth
water runs into the broken in the shape of a V, and you point the bow
of the canoe for its apex. Very little steering is required; the
slightest turn of the paddle in the swiftly rushing water and the
canoe answers the demaid. All is motionless; not a breath is
stirring ; you seem to be standing still. But take a glance at the
shore. See how the trees and rocks and ground are flying by in one
continuous streak.
And now you have reached the apex. One moment all is steady as
arock; the next, wild confusion reigns supreme. Currents here ;
eddies there ; disorder everywhere. And see! you are rushing right
on a boulder—you strike! Butno! A quick turn of the paddle, a
long drawn breadth, and it flies by—a narrow shave; but in a rapid a
miss is as good aS a mile. And now yon are in the surges near the
foot, the water is boiling and bubbling on every side—spray is flying
in the air like myriads of diamonds as it glitters in the sunlight ; the
roar is sounding in your ears, you feel like a hero, ready to do or dare
anything, only tor one moment, the next you are quietly floating up.
the eddy below, waiting to see your comrades take the run, and feeling
that it is over, but that in the last few moments you have had a life-
time of pleasure.
Passing without difficulty Timmon’s Current and the Rocky Farm
Rapids, a stretch of ten miles lays between the last mentioned and the
Levier Rapids. Certainly at no other season of the year could we have
made the trip to such advantage from a picturesque point of view. The
banks on either hand were high, rising on the north side to an eleva-
tion of between three and four hundred feet. Not a ripple stirred the
glassy sheet of water between them. The whole scene represented a
most wondrous wealth of colouring. The bright yellow of the poplars,
the dark red and green of the scrub oak and tall pine, the bright
erimson of the bush maple, the light green of the untouched poplar,
the dull brown of the ground, and slaty grey of the rocks, streaked with
the white stems of the silver birch—above a blue sky fleeced with white
—below an almost identical reflection of it—presented such a brilliant
and many-coloured picture as to be almost bewildering, and yet the whole
was blended in such perfect harmony that one could not help crying men-
tally, ‘“ Oh, nature, where is the artist who can compare unto thee ?”
Often while paddling along I have striven to remember where I
had ever seen any resemblance to it, and my mind has gone back to
old times in the Wicklow Mountains, where ona bright hazy day almost
every shade of blue might be seen, from the darkest slate to the bright-
est azure, tinged here and there with pink from the thick growth of
heather; and yet, though I am truly loyal to my native land, and main-
tain that Ireland can hold its own with any country in the world for
scenery, | am fain to confess that autumn on the Upper Ottawa has
been a great blow to my pride in that respect.
90
The Levier, Trou and Deux Riviéres Rapids are all within a short
distance of one another but by means of tracking and portaging were
safely passed. Tracking in this case means lowering the canoe down
along the edge of the rapid by means of a rope
The Trou Rapids, so named because here part of the*river rushes
with tremendous volocity through a narrow cleft in the rock resembling
a trough, gives a splendid idea of the gigantic power of water. You
have doubtless seen the Chelsea hk: apids. at flood tide on the Gatineau.
The Deux Riviéres Rapids at low water bear a striking resemblance to
these. I asked a river driver if they ever ran them in their big buns,
“ No” he replied “ not unless they get into them and can’t help it.”
At the head and foot of all the Ottawa rapids the waters are per-
fectly alive with fish—a species of whitefish, I believ . Up there they
call them shiners, They rise at flies in ali directions but cannot be
caught by bait or spoon. You see a faint ripple on the water, a fin and
tail appear for an instant and disappear without the slightest noise or
splash. ‘They make one think of sharks with their smooth, noiseless
movements. A few yards of fine netting and the larder could be
stocked in a few minutes.
Between the Deux Riviéres Rapids and the Roche Capitaine the
most gloriously coloured scenery was passed through—seen in a paint-
ing it would be called extravagant, ridiculous, absurd.
It was marvellous. All around was one panorama of red of every
conceivable shade, from deep maroon to delicate salmon—yellow, from
deep orange to pale chrome, and green from dark myrtle to bright
emerald. It was like being in fairy land, and each turn of the river
brought it before us more vividly.
The Roche Capitaine is the ugliest rapid between Mattawa and
Ottawa and took an entire day to traverse. To quote from Sir William
Logan’s report: “ The river with a strong current above presents in
middle distance and lower down, a fierce, violent and crooked rapid
which obstructing ledges at the elbow split into several narrow chan-
nels, driving the main body round a great cauldron-shaped space where
the rocks on the right are swept clean of nearly all loose materi#l.” At
the elbow spoken of by Sir Wm. Logan is a great rock called the Cap-
tain’s Rock. Lower down these rapids are known as the Maribou
Rapids. There are eight dips in all and the distance covered between
three and four miles.
As we advanced the scenery became still more worthy of rapture,
and we were fairly struck dumb with admiration and wonder that any-
thing could be so lovely. I cannot begin to describe it. Every bend
of the river seemed more beautiful and the colour brighter and more
varied than the last, and the view behind still more worthy of ecstasy
than the one in front.
Three miles beyond the Village of Rockcliff the Riviere du Moins
joins the Ottawa from the north. “The entrance looked very grand. On
the right hand side is an immense hill, four or five hunderd “feet high.
91
The Joachim Rapids passed, chiefly by portaging, we found ourselves
in the part of the Ottawa known as the Deep River. While paddling
down this stretch an animal of some sort was seen swimming ahead,
and at first was taken to be an otter; closer inspection, however,
showed it to be a squirrel boldly striking out for the north shore: there
was quite choppy water on the river at the time, and what must have
been to him great waves. The little chap showed great judgment, for
instead of striking directiy across, by far the shortest road, he was
swimming diagonally with the wind and waves.
The river here is fully a quarter of a mile wide, and the course
taken by the squirrel much longer. It was the first time I had seen a
squirrel swim, and was much surprised. Some years ago, at Colling-
wood, on the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, we had an inundation of
squirrels. There is a good deal of lumbering done in that part of the
country, and with certain winds the Bay is covered with edgings and
pine chips, which are, in the general order of things, thrown on the
shore. At the time [ aliude to, every edging and chip had its occupant
and some times two or three. The whole place was overrun with them,
and you could not pass a bush or a stump without startling two or
three. But though they proved such fearless little voyageurs, I never
saw one of them swimming before.
Misfortune again; another boom, and on the wrong side, of
course. In this case, however, misfortune was good fortune, for a good
natured boom-keeper not only opened a gap to let the canoes through,
but also presented us with a couple of fish—a pike and a sturgeon,
caught the night before with a jack lantern and spear. The average
weight of pike (Zsox lucius) is from five to ten pounds, but in the big
lakes this fish reaches a much larger size. It is not a good fish to eat, as
it frequently has an earthy flavor. It is most easily caught with the
troll. The pike is noted for its voracity. Jt will gulp down almost
anything it can.
The sturgeons are inhabitants of the ocean, Mediterranean, Red,
Black and Caspian seas. ‘The species found in the Canadian Lakes, and
in the spring time in the larger rivers flowing into these lakes is
Acipenser rubicundus. The Mouth is situated beneath the snout, is
small, retractile and without teeth. There are several fleshy barbels
beneath the snout. The body is defended by hard, bony plates. I have
been told by Indians on the Mississaga River, north of Lake Huron, that
they have been caught there with the spear as much as five and six feet
in length. In the Black and Caspian seas sturgeon attain the length of
twenty-five feet, and a weight of over two thousand pounds. The roe
constitutes the caviar of commerce. The flesh is strong tasting unless
the fish are quite young, when it is very palatable. Jn former days it
was considered a great delicacy at any time.
After a while the deep river opened out into Allumette Lake,
and a beautiful sheet of water it is. Near the Upper end is situated
the old Hudson Bay Post of Fort William, at the present time a small
92
collection of white houses, with the deep, old-fashioned Hudson Bay
Company roof, showing up in a most striking manner against the dark
back-ground of a pine grove.
The largest portion of Allumette Lake is taken up by Allumette
Island—the island of the Algonquins, for it was here that in olden
days Champlain found several tribes of that nation, who had come
there to be safe from their enemies, as here they were protected by the
dangers and difficulties of the Calumet rapids further on. This island
was the furthest point reached by Champlain in his first voyage up the
Ottawa in 1613. He was induced to make the trip by the representa-
tions of one Nicholas de Vignan, who had spent the winter of 1611
with the tribes on Allumette Island. At the foot of Allumette Lake
are the Allumette Rapids.
The Pauquette Rapids, at the foot of Allumette Island and the
entrance to Lake Coulonge, are over a very curious formation. The
river here rushes over an immense limestone slab full of deep holes
and crevices. The surface of the rock has been worn by erosion to a
state very much resembling brain coral, and is very uncomfortable to
walk on in bare feet as we found to our cost. I should say that this
was a very paradise for fossil hunters, but Messrs. Stewart and Sowter
can tell you more about that than I can, as I understand they were in
that neighbourhood last summer.
Coulonge Lake, in fact, I may say the remaining distance to Chats
Rapids, was made in a thick shroud of fog and wood smoke combined,
and the greater part of the way, as far as scenery was concerned, was a
blank, progress being made by groping along the shores.
The Chats !’apids, or rather Falls, divide Chats Lake from Lake
Deschenes. They are so called on account of the abundance of wild
cats that in days gone by frequented the Falls and vicinity.
To my mind, with the exception of the “ Big Kettle,” the Chats is
the grandest fall on the river. The main body of water pours into
Deschenes Lake with a drop of some 37 feet, which may be seen from
a distance of several miles down the lake like a white wall.
The most interesting part of the fall, however, is the left near the
portage. Here the Ottawa River Improvement Company have blasted
out a channel sixty feet in width, through which the water rushes with
tremendous force. The whole is a seething, boiling, bubbling mass,
and woe betide the unlucky one who should ever get into it. It is
very grand to look at, and as the surroundings are jagged rocks, capped
with cedar wnd spruce, the whole has a wildly picturesque look that is
very fascinating. Looking at this raging torrent one can quite realize
how the big logs seen on the quiet river below the Chaudiere come by
their bruises.
Ag the tract between Deschenes Falls and Ottawa lies within the
jurisdiction of the Field Naturalist Club, I do not intend to speak of
it. Suffice it to say that, having combated rain, wind, and rough weather
for two days, we found ourselves at last camped in the Grove at Britannia,
93
At the conclusion of his most interesting paper, Mr. Wheeler was
loudly applauded. As given above, it is much curtailed from the
original, many historical references having to be omitted for want of
space.
ON THE SEQUENCE OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS
ABOUT OTTAWA, WITH REFERENCE TO THE
NATURAL GAS QUESTION.
By Henry M. Ami, M.A., F.GS.
(Read February 2nd, 1588.)
In geology, as well as in other branches of physical research, it is
often advisable and useful to look back for a moment and sum up the
evidence and facts which naturally accumulate in the work of investi-
gation carried on in a particular district.
Much has already bee. published respecting the leading geological
features of Ottawa. As far back as 1851 we find that Mr. Alex.
Murray, assistant-geologist to Sir Wm. Logan, at that time carrie. on
his geological explorations in this very district.
The results which were obtained by Mr. Murray, and in subse-
quent years by Sir William himself, as well as by others on his staff,
were embodied in the adinirable Report for 1863, entitled “ Geology of
Canada,” and the various geological formations noted were indicated on
the ‘“ Geological Map of Canada” for 1866. This map gave the geo-
graphical distribution of the geological formations of the Ottawa
district, with their boundaries, and with such accuracy of detail as the
facts at their disposal then allowed.
In the ‘“‘ Canadian Naturalist and Geologist,” first published and
edited in Ottawa by the famous late Mr. E. Billings, that eminent
writer described in classic la: guage the various features which his
hammier and mind revealed tv the scientific world. His researches in
paleontology are eminently well known in every portion of the globe,
and are a Jasting monument to the progress of science in Canada during
that part of this century in which he flourished. The ‘“ Decades of the
b)
Canadian Geological Survey, ” and the “ Paleozoic Fossils, ” contain in-
numerable descriptions of fossil species which Mr. Billings had dis-
94
covered in this very district and elsewhere, from which an exact idea of
the fauna which characterized the old Silurian seas about Ottawa could
be had. The researches about Ottawa have, since the demise of that
excellent paleontologist, been followed up with marked success by his
nephew, Mr. Walter R. Billings, of our Club, and from that time, when
the O. F. N. C. was organized, new and interesting results have been
obtained regarding the completion of the geologic history of this district,
a number of active workers having arisen, in whose hands there is a
large store of work to be done as yet.
One of the first contributions to the geology of Ottawa, in the
transactions of the Club, was the timely and interesting address deliver-
ed by Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, the able director of the Geological Survey,
on the “ Geology of the Ottawa Paleozoic Basin” (see Trans. O.F.N.C.,
Vol. IIL, page 34, et seg). There is there given a graphic and instruc-
tive account of the various formations existing in the basin in question,
which were deposited under such favourable circumstances on the shores
and in the greater depths of those old paleozoic seas.
During the past nine years, the writer has had many opportunities,
both as a member and leader in the geological section of the Club’s
work, to examine the geological formations of the district and enter into
numerous details of structure, more interesting and instructive perhaps,
than remunerative, nevertheless of considerable value in working out
the geological history of Ottawa. With a view of giving in a concise
and practical manner the result already obtained, it has been thought
that a table or schedule might better illustrate the same than a detailed
description.
The question of natural gas occurring or not occurring in the strata
of the Ottawa district has been and is still being freely discussed—a
question of considerable import from an economic standpoint and one
which has given rise to this paper. written with a view of giving those
interested in the matter a general idea of the succession of the rock
formations as they are known in this vicinity. There are many
problems involved in discussing the likelihood of gas occurring in a
certain district. The characters of the strata, its thickness, composi-
tion, mode of occurrence and its distribution have everything to do
with the occurrence of gas. The result of experiments made in other
parts of the world, and especially in the United States, show thit gas
occurs in rocks of almost any age in the history of the earth, and in
comparing the rocks of the Ottawa district with those of similar age
95
and origin in the States which are known to afford natural gas, even
there do we find questions of detail and structure coming in which pre-
vent anyone from making the rash statement that it does or does not
occur here. For example, whilst it is well known that the Trenton
formation in several places yields natural gas—nevertheless, it does so
when the limestones of that rock-formation are dolomitic (Prof. Orton),
which character we know does not apply to the Trenton as it is de-
veloped about Ottawa. It is also a remarkable fact that, besides the
three great faults or dislocations indicated by Sir Wm. Logan (“‘ Geology
of Canada, 1863”) which affect the geological structure of the rocks here,
there are large numbers of smaller ones which constitute a more or less
parallel series of breaks of great importance in working out the geo-
logical structure of the country, and which act as so many chimneys or
openings whence natural gas may have been escaping for ages past, had
the strata ever been impregnated with this substance. Whilst the
writer would be pleased to see natural gas occurring in large quantity
and easy of access for manufacturing and other purposes, and whilst
there are many points occurring in the geology of Ottawa which make
it desirable that borings be made to ascertain if gas really does occur
in paying quantities ; nevertheless, the result of his researches lead
him to conclude that there are undeniable evidences which point to
the likelihood of gas not occurring in quantity about Ottawa. A bore
sunk through the Hudson River, Utica and Trenton formations would
soon reveal the fact of its occurrence, yes or no.
Should natural gas be struck however, the formations which would,
from their peculiar composition, be most likely to afford that useful
material—are the Utica and Trenton formations. These two are highly
bituminous. (See table.)
The following table has been prepared witha view of giving at aglance
and in chronological order the different rock formations met with. It
does not by any means profess to be exactly accurate, still 1t has been
drawn up from the evidence obtained in the field at the excursions and
sub-excursions of this Club.
These rock-formations divide themselves into three grand natural
divisions as they may be seen in the field, belonging to three different
ages or epochs of the earth’s history :
I. Post-Tertiary or Post-Pliocene.
If. Cambro-Silurian or Ordovician.
Ill. Laurentian or Archean.
The local development of the second division, viz., Cambro-Silurian
system include a series of formations which succeed one another in per-
fect unbroken sequence from the Hudson River formation above to the
Potsdam s ndstone below. For reasons, paleontological and stratigra-
phical, which it is not within the province of this paper here to discuss,
the writer has placed the Potsdam and Calciferous formations along
with the other overlying series into the Cambro-Silurian System, rather
than class them along with the Cambrian System.
96
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97
EXCURSION No. 4.
The fourth general Excursion was held on Saturday, 15th Sep-
tember, to King’s Mountain, Chelsea, P.Q.
The weather was exceedingly favourable, being bright and warm :
consequently a large number of members and their friends turned up
in good time at the usual rendezvous, the corner of Sparks and Bank
streets. A start would have been made at the appointed hour, 9 o'clock,
had it not been that one of the vans, previously engaged, failed to put
in an appearance, and considerable time was lost in procuring another
conveyance to take its place.
Soon after 10 o'clock, the party, consisting of about seventy, in
four well filled vans, moved quickly out of the city, and the drivers
being apparently as anxious as the excursionists to get to their jour-
ney’s end, much of the time lost in starting was made ap on the way
out—the foot of the mountain was reached at 1.15 p.m. The road
chosen on this occasion was the “lower road” past the Hon. R. W.
Scott’s house. This road is far more picturesque than the one usually
taken through Chelsea. The van drivers, however, seem to have a
great objection to go this way, and for the last two or three years have
succeeded in persuading the Council to take the other road. For this
occasion, however, the President was determined that the excursion-
ists should enjoy the full beauty of the lovely drive. As the mountains
were approached the glorious autumn tints of the forest elicited fre-
quent expressions of surprise and delight. The Stag’s-horn Sumach
was a conspicuous object in the landscape, the sombre colours of the
Laurentian rocks being rendered magnificent by its gorgeous livery of
crimson and gold. Not less marvellous were the hues of the forest,
where the deep green of the foliage bad changed to varying tints of
yellow, white, red and purple. The maples being, particularly, objects
of great beauty. The basswood and poplar contributed many shades of
yellow and tender green, while the white ash had in many places
changed its summer robe of green to one of deep purple. All this
colour mixed with the deep green of the conifers—pine, spruce, and
balsam fir,—which were dotted here and there up the mountain side,
conspired to produce a general effect of wondrous beauty. Such a
G
98
landscape, in fact, as can only be found in its perfection beneath the
clear skies and in the pure air of Canada.
Upon reaching the foot of King’s Mountain, the van8 were stopped
and the party alighted. ‘The President, Mr. R. B. Whyte, then an-
nounced what the programme was for the day, and gave out the names
of those who were}to act as leaders.
After an hour had been spent profitably and pleasantly in dis-
cussing the contents of the luncheon baskets, the work of the day began.
Upon invitation by the president, most of the party decided to ac-
company him to the summit of the mountain. The majority followed
the beaten path and worked their way up quietly and easily, but a few
venturesome spirits determined to find their way straight up the face of
the rocks and it was only after a long and tedious climb that they suc-
ceeded in gaining the top. Tne time at the disposal of the excursionists
would only ailow them a short while to gaze on the wide panorama
s»read out for many miles beneath them. Looking out through the tops
of the trees in the foreground away to the right lay the Chats Lake and
rapids connected with Lake Deschenes by the Ottawa River, which like
a band of silver marked the mid-distance and extended across the
picture until it was lost sight of on the horizon to the extreme left.
Immediately in front twelve miles distant lay the cities of Ottawa and
Hull, with Aylmer to the right and Gatineau Point to the left. Deep
down in the valley at the feet of the spectators lay the smooth surface
of King’s Mere, reflecting like a mirror the pretty residences on its
shores. In every direction could be seen fertile farms with their snug
and well kept buildings peeping through the luxuriant forest growth,
truly a beautiful picture, speaking of quiet, peace, and happiness.
Both on the way up and in the descent the naturalists were busily
engaged in collecting specimens for study. The botanists returned with
well filled boxes. Michaelmas Daisies, Golden Rods and various berry-
bearing plants were now in perfection and were eagerly gathered by the
collectors. As the bottom of the slope was reached the sharp click !
click! click! of the mineralogists’ hammers kore testimony that they
were not Josing their opportunities. At 4 9o’clock the party re-assem-
bled. It had been announced at the beginning of the day that the return
journey would be by the upper road and it was therefore arranged that
99
the usual addresses by leaders should be given at the top of the hill
near the summer residence of the late Lt.-Col. Dennis.
Some of the leaders were unfortunately prevented from attend-
ing the excursion, and there were consequently only two addresses.
The presiden® speaking for the botanical leaders delivered an ad-
mirable address upon the various plants collected during the day, ex-
plaining how the different species of Aster and Solidago might be disting-
uished, and drawing attention to their medicinal properties and various
uses.
Mr. H. M. Ami, the leader in geology then followed with a sketch
of the geological features of the locality, explaining how the Laurentian
mountains were formed and enumerating the most important minerals
contained therein.
This pleasant day was brought to an end by an enjoyable drive
home, the city being reached by 7.30.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.
The annual meeting of the above Society is to be held in this city
upon the 5th and 6th October. The president for the year is Mr.
James Fletcher of this Club. A cordial invitation has been extended
to our members to attend the various meetings. The President’s ad-
dress upon Insects Injurious to Crops, will be delivered in the Council
Chamber of the City Hall on Friday evening (5th) at 8 o’clock, and
there will also be several addresses by prominent men.
THE WINTER MEETINGS.
The Soiree Committee beg to inform the members of the club that
they are now preparing the programme for the winter course of lectures.
They will feel much obliged if such members as are desirous of reading
papers before the club during the ensuing season will send in the titles as
100
soon as possible and at the same time indicate whether they have any pre-
ference as to the date of reading their papers. The inaugural meeting
will probably be held in the beginning of December, Titles of papers
must be sent in before the 15th November, after which date the com-
wnittee will take steps to fill up any vacancies which may then exist in
the programme.
AN IMPORTANT WORK.
‘‘ENTOMOLOGY FOR BecinNers” for the use of young folks, fruit-
growers, farmers and gardeners, by A. 8. Packard, M.D.,
Ph.D.
We have received from Dr. Packard’s publishers a copy of his
new work bearing the above caption. This little book is undoubtedly
an important one and its appearance very well-timed. At the present
day when the necessity is acknowledged for knowing something of the
life-histories of the many injurious insects which annually destroy a
large proportion of our crops, it is a rather remarkable fact that there
was not until Dr. Packard’s book appeared, any small manual to be had
at a low price, such as those who were not entomologists would care to
buy and have on their shelves ‘“‘in case they might require it.” More-
over, undoubtedly, one of the greatest hindrances to a beginner when
anxious to make a collection of insects and to learn something of their
habits, was the fact that there was no small, systematic work from
which he could obtain the necessary information which he required at
the very start—such as the way to collect, kill, mount, preserve, and
classify his specimens.
This drawback which has existed for so long is, we believe, now
supplied by the above mentioned work.
The want of a convenient hand-book was particularly felt by those
educationists who were wide-awake enough to appreciate the value of
entomological studies as a means of training the mind of youth in a
way which, at the same time that it sharpens the faculties of observation
and memory, gives the power to think—from the fact that it deals with
real things which actually exist and which the students can find and
101
examine for themselves—presents its details to those willing to learn
in such an attractive manner as to induce attention. Further, above
and beyond all this, when it has served its end as a successful educa-
tional means of training the mind, the recipient is possessed of a stock
of useful knowledge which, no matter what his occupation may be, he
will have frequent opportunities to make use of for his own good and
yhe benefit of his neighbours.
It is. perhaps open to discussion whetber the different sections of
“Entomology for Beginners” might not advantageously have been
arranged rather differently, or whether indeed it may not be better for
the beginner to study some of the last chapters first. Tnis, hcwever,
is a trifling matter. and the student will soon learn where each of the
sections is situated. As arranged at present, we find first of all, in
what may be called Section I, chapters on the structure, metamor-
phoses and classification of insects. This last is not in strict
accordance with the accepted systems, some of the older orders
having been subdivided, until instead of 8 orders we now have 16.
Dr. Packard has spent many years in close study and careful
thought on systematic entomology. He says of the present system :
“The classification presented is in accordance with recent studies. and
“the conviction that certain of the lower so-called ‘orders’ of insects,
“such as the ‘ Orthoptera, Pseudoneuroptera,’ are heterogeneous, un-
“natural groups, which for the sake of clearness and truth to nature
“ should be broken up into distinct orders.” The reasons are given for
the changes and the points are well sustained. We have no hesitation
in saying that the new classification is a good one, and anticipate its
ready acceptance by scientific entomologists.
There are only two defects which strike us. One is that it is per-
haps too much condensed ; the other that the degree of amplification
is not given of all the figures.
Chapter 4 gives a short account of some of the interesting types of
insect architecture.
Chapter 5, consisting of 34 pages, gives an excellent account of
injurious and benelicial insects, and enumerates the leading remedies.
The remainder of the work is devoted to a careful and most intelli-
gible treatise on collecting and preserving specimens for the cabinet, also
102
what will be invaluable to beginners, a Bibliographical list of works on
entomology and a very complete glossary of terms.
The whole comprised in a compact 8vo. vol. of 367 pages, clearly
written, well printed and copiously illustrated. It is published by
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., of New York for $2, and can be ordered
through Messrs. J. Durie & Son, of this city, we trust ere long it will
be in the hands of many of our members.
CENTRAL CANADA EXHIBITION ASSOCIATION.
The first annual exhibition held at Ottawa under the auspices of
the above-named association opened upon Monday, 24th Septem ber,
and closed Saturday, 29th idem. It was on the whole a most decided
success, although in some lines the exhibits were fewer than had been
anticipated. The Natural History exhibits were displayed in the Art
Gallery, and attracted much attention. It was satisfactory to notice
that with one exception the whole of this exhibit was sent in by mem-
bers of our club. As pointed out in a previous issue, it was a matter
of some importance that we should make a good exhibit, not only to
show that the club was actively and successfully pushing on the inves-
tigation of the natural resources of the Jocality, but also to show our
sympathy with an institution which must have a most beneficial effect
upon the prosperity and advancement of the city of Ottawa and the
surrounding district. Amongst the exhibits which attracted special
attention were a most extensive and valuable collection of the economic
minerals and ores of Canada, exhibited by Mr. B. T. A. Bell, the editor
of the Canadian Mining Review.
In See. 1 the first prize for a collection of native stuffed birds was
taken by Mr. Edwards. His well mounted and naturally set-up speci
mens were an attractive feature of the exhibition.
Mr. George R. White took second prize with a large collection of
beautiful unmounted skins, well prepared and nicely arranged.
Mr. Edwards’s exhibit of stuffed fish was the only one sent in.
103
There were only a few specimens, but they were sufficient to show
his skill as a taxidermist.
Sees. 3, 4, 5 were collections of insects. In Sec. 3 there were two
collections, the larger made by Mr. Fletcher, which was a complete
collection of all the different species of butterflies ever taken in the
locality, systematically arranged and named. The other a general col-
lection of insects of various orders made by Mr. Fred. Magee. Mr.
Fletcher’s were the only collections of injurious insects and foreign
insects. These were contained in 15 cases, and made a fine display.
Sec. 7, a collection of native reptiles in spirits, was exhibited by
the curator of the Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society.
Sec. 8, collections of native plants. There were three very fine
collections exhibited under this head. Mr. Robert Whyte sent his
fine collection of local plants, which are all arranged, named and
mounted on white cartridge paper.
The second prize was awarded to Miss Isabel Grant. This was
a smaller collection than the last, but shewed great care and industry
on the part of the collector.
Mr. Whyte also exhibited an extensive collection of Australian
ferns of great beauty.
Perhaps one of the most interesting exhibits as well for the beauty
of the specimens as for the tasteful manner in which they were dis-
played was Mr. F. A. Latchtford’s eollection of land and fresh water
shells.
‘“ How To Stupy Borany,” by T. J. W. Burgess, M.B., F.R.S.C.
We have much pleasure in noticing an excellent essay bearing the
above modest title, which was read by our fellow member, Dr. Burgess,
before the Hamilton Association on 10th May, 1888. It is a charm-
ingly expressed and succinctly written statement of the advantages,
difficulties and pleasures to be derived from a study of the science of
botany. ‘he manner in which the author considers a beginner can
hest acquire a knowledge of this branch of science is put forward in a
clear and simple manner. Those who have had the pleasure of work-
104
ing with Dr. Burgess or of examining his collection, know how well
qualified he is to instruct others, as well in the science of accurately
identifying his material as in the art of making, preparing and mount-
ing beautiful specimens for the cabinet. The only thing to be regretted
is that the edition is a small one, and consequently it cannot come into
the hands of many who would like to see it. We have received twe
copies for the club library, a perusal of which we highly recommend to
our botanical members.
FLORA OTTAWAENSIS.
Tt has been decided by the Council to reprint the 13 pages of the
«© Blora Ottawaensis ”
which have so far appeared, and for the future
to keep a separate pagination for that part of the Orrawa N ATURALIST.
This is done to meet the wishes of several of the members who have
expressed a desire to have these pages printed in such a manner that
they may be separated from the monthly numbers without injuring the
rest of the volume.
105
OUR PATRON.
We have much pleasure in announcing that His Excellency the
-Governor-General, Lord Stanley of Preston, has graciously consented
to become the patron of the Club in the place of the Marquis of
Lansdowne.
THE PROGRAMME FOR THE WINTER OF 1888-89.
Acting upon the recommendation of the Soiree Committee, the
Council has decided that during the coming winter, instead of having
one long paper read at each soiree, as has been the custom in the past,
a number of short papers and interesting notes should be substituted.
This change is suggested for the purpose of making the discussions
more general and of a conversational nature.
Each evening will be devoted, as much as possible, to the considera-
tion of one branch of science only, and will be under the joint manage-
ment of the leaders and the Soiree Committee. This has been thought
advisable as the leaders are most tamiliar with the work that has been
done in their several branches during the season. The leaders’ reports
will also be read upon the evening bearing the name of their branch.
An ample supply of papers upon each subject has been promised.
The admission fee will be the same as in past years, viz., free to all
members of the Club and of the Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society,
and 10c. each to non-members.
The Monday afternoon course of Popular Elementary Lectures will
be free to all comers as heretofore and it is hoped that they wil! be
well attended.
106
PROGRAMME.
SOTREES.
Dec. 13. President’s Inaugural Address .. .. Mr. R. B. Whyte.
Jan. 17. Geological Evening
ee St: Botanical Evening
Feb. 14. Entomological Evening
ete Conchological and Ornithological Evening.
Mar. -f. General Zoology Evening
MONDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES.
1889.
PMBer 9s, MOTMMRMOOLY, ean i cae Ne aE ee eee Prof. Macoun
« 14. Conchology,.. .. . ie, ue oe eee ADE ae
ae 2 Geology, - erie siete tiers) ite me dae ieee dee
4/198. iGedlogyyeniow ogi 2a letovel od Oo iene
Feb’y. 4. Entomology, . ee ee te ED. nee ee
« 11. Entomology,. .....-,.-- «. «»~ .«» Mi Hippo
6 A Zoology, ‘agen secg eves {; melo ay tan ckiew. (Gein
96.9) Botanyy) roc pecan! paloers.ols. soll iene
Mar. ’'4."' Botany, (0 0 OTS PE SO ee
“« 1. Botany, .. .¢, -* > @- » 2.) a ee
The above meetings will be held as usual in the museum of the
Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society, 25 Sparks street. The soirees
will begin at 8 p.m. punctually. The Monday afternoon lectures will
begin at 4.15 p.m. and close at 5.30 p.m. punctually.
107
THE PRESIDENTS INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
DELIVERED THURSDAY Eveninc, DECEMBER 12, 1888.
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club.
Though very much averse to taking the responsible position to
which you elected me for the second time last March, I cannot but feel
proud of the honor conferred upon me when made President of such an
active working society of students of nature as the Ottawa Field
Naturalist’s Club, and am much gratified to be again able to congratulate
you upon the general prosperity of the Club, and that in the face of
difficulties greater than usual, which will be reterred to hereafter.
Though our membership has not been increased so largely as last
year, still we have added the respectable number of 19 to our list, and
the very gratifying attendance at the general excursions shows that there
has been no falling off of interest in the Club work. These excursions
were four in number. The first to Kirk’s Ferry on June 2nd. This, the
largest excursion yet held by the Club, and which promised to be our
most successful one, was unfortunately spoiled by the rain, which fell
from midday till evening. Many of the party never left the vans, and
only a few—the happy possessors of waterproofs—were able to explore
the woods in the vicinity of the falls. But very little collecting was
done, and an early start was made for home.
On June 23rd we visited the shores of Lake Duchesne, near Ayl-
mer, for the second time, and had a very enjoyable excursion. Though
held in the same week as last year, the extreme lateness of the season
interfered very much with the expected collections, as plants found in
full bloom the previous year were yet only in bud.
On July 2nd we visited Eastman’s Springs and the Mer Bleue,
probably the most interesting locality to the naturalist visited by the
Club. After testing the more or less nasty-tasted water of the different
springs, the bog was visited and large collections made of the many
interesting and beautiful plants for which it is famous, including the
insect-eating sundews, the bearded orchis, the horned bladderwort, and
a great profusion of the lovely white fringed orchis, collected by many
of our botanists for the first time,
108
The fourth and last of the season, on September 15th, was our
eighth trip to King’s Mountain, visited this year for the first time in
the autumn, and I think the general verdict was that the locality lst
nothing by the change. If there was not such a profusion of flowers
as in the spring, neither was there of mosquitoes, and the’clear beauti-
ful day made the view the finest on record.
Another excursion was advertised to Sulphur Springs, but owing
to the continued wet weather, after being postponed two weeks, had
to be dropped altogether.
You will no doubt have noticed in the July Naruratuist a brief
account of the Montreal Natural History Society’s excursion to Monte-
bello. They kindly sent an invitation to any of our Club able to go to
meet them there. Unfortunately we did not receive it in time to
organize a party, and I very much regret that a business engagement
prevented my being able to represent the Club; but I am glad to know
that we were most efficiently represented by Messrs. Whiteaves and
Ami, who gave a most glowing account of the kindly treatment they
received from our Montreal friends.
I notice in the account given in the NatTuratist a feature that I
have often thought we might adopt with great advantage at our own
excursions, that is, the giving of prizes for the best collections made
during the day. I well remember, on the two occasions when I had
the pleasure of meeting our Montreal friends—at Calumet in 1879 and
Montebello in 1881—the great interest taken in these competitions not
only by the competitors and their friends but by everyone present.
Prizes are given in botany, geology and entomology, for unnamed as
well as named collections, thus making them interesting to the juniors
and more advanced students alike. I would like to draw the attention
of our lady members to the fact that at Montebello all the prizes in
botany and geology were carried off by ladies, and that the large num-
ber of specimens collected show that the fair prize-winners deserved
their honors. I have several times urged the advisability of giving
prizes at our outings, but have not been able to persuade the Council to
see the advantages of it as I do; but if I should be on the Couneil next
season I will certainly try again, as the more [| think over the matter
the more convinced I am that the effects would be in every way beneficial,
109
Our Saturday afternoon sub-excursions were not nearly so numer-
ous as last year, owing to the very large number of wet Saturdays in
the early part of the season, and in the latter part to the absence from
the city of the leaders who take charge of these outings ; but though
few in number, they included two of the most successful yet held by
the Club. One, that to the Beaver Meadow, Hull, though not very
largely attended, was in every other way so satisfactory that it mizht
be taken as a model of what the Council aim at in their Saturday after-
noon trips, therefore a brief sketch of it will not be out of place here.
The meadow, a favorite resort of our botanists, is about a mile
from the street car terminus north of the Aylmer Road. The party of
about 25 explored the north side without much success, but on crossing
over to the south side we beheld the most magnificent display of spring
flowers | ever saw— Bel] worts, Trilliums, Squirrel corn, and many sthers
in the greatest profusion—a sight well worth the walk to see. After
making large collections the party reassembled to hear the usual ad-
dresses. ‘The most notable plants collected were exhibited and their
principal characteristics and properties explained as simply as possible
by your President, special attention being directed to the Crucifere.
Prof. Macoun, by special request, gave a most admirable address
on the willows, many of which were then in flower, explaining the dif-
ferent groups into which this most difficult order is divided, and the
best way to collect and study them. Mosses and allied forms were also
referred to. Mr. Fletcher, on behalf of the entumological leaders, spoke
of the principal insects capturel, with special reterence to gall forma-
tion, and also gave some valuable advice on how to begin the study of
insect life, what apparatus was necessary, and where it could be pro-
eured. Prof. Macoun then gave a short address on some birds he had
observed, illustrating his remarks with specimens he had collected for
the museum, and by others flying overhead, making altogether a com-
bination of pleasure and instruction that ought to be attractive not
only to students of natural history but to every thinking person who
desires to become acquainted with the beauties of the world around him.
The other excursion referred to was that to the Experimental
Farm on July 14, which was the largest sub-excursion on record, over
60 members taking part in it. As a full account of it was published in
110
ugust Naturalist it will not be necessary to repeat it here, but I
would strongly advise any one wishing to see the farm under the best
auspices to go with the club on our next visit. The only important
innovation attempted in the mode of conducting these sub-excursions
during the past summer was, in addition to the usual talk on the
plants collected, the giving of a simple lecture on some one of the
botanical families, explaining the distinguishing features of the family,
and in what it differed from allied families, drawing attention to the
members of it that were of most value and interest to man. Iam
sorry that the plan was not carried out as thoroughly as I would have
liked, the irregularity of our excursions and frequent absence from the
city of the botanical leaders interfering very materially with the suc-
cess of the scheme, but | am quite satisfied, from our short experience
this year, that if properly conducted it would prove a most instructive
and attractive feature of our afternoon outiugs, aud 1 would most
strongly commend the idea to the favourable consideration of the
leaders for next season.
Our little magazine has been published with more or less regu-
larity during the past season. If any of you thought that it some-
times appeared rather late in the month I wouid beg of you to make al-
lowance tor the difficulties our publishing committee have had to contend
with ; the absence of our editor for two months, the assumption of his
duties by the other members of the committee and the moving of our
printers led to delays which were quite unavoidable. In addition to
the usual reports and papers read at our soirees, reports of excursions,
&e., it contains four instalments of Mr. Fletcher’s revised Flora Ottawa-
ensis, a work of verry great value to every botanical student. As
originally published in 1880 it was merely a list of all flowering plants
anid ferns found here, but as revised it gives the usual habitat and
special localities for the rarer plants, the time of flowering, and in
many cases the points of difference between allied species, making it
immensely more valuable than as first printed. I need hardly say that
all this must have entailed a great deal of labour on Mr. Fletcher, and,
though I am sure a labour of love, must have been a severe tax on the
time of such a busy man as we know him to be, and he deserves the
thanks of the club and of every botanical student in the country.
111
The club contribution to the exhibition last summer was not as
full an exhibit of the club work as [ would have liked. Several mem-
bers on whom the committee relied for assistance were absent from the
city, and their collections were not available. Notwithstanding this
drawback, the space allotted to us was a great centre of attraction to
visitors. Mr. Fletcher’s magnificent collection of foreign butterflies,
injurious insects, and Ottawa butterflies, Mr. Latchford’s cases of shells,
Mr. G. R. White’s birds, Mr. Bell’s great mineral display, along with
the botanical collections, made a display of which we have every reason
to be proud.
It has often occurred to me while observing the working of the
Club during the last three or four years, that in some respects it has
become too mechanical for the best results, not only as far as the effects
on our members is concerned, but for the cause we all have at heart,
the study and cultivation of a love for natural history. To confine
myself to the section I know most about, that of botany. As you are
aware, the Council at its first meeting after election appoints two or
three members to be leaders in each department, whose duties are to
arrange excursions, look after the interest of the branch, and make a
report at the end of the year of the work done—duties which, as a rule,
are performed with most commendable zeal and efficiency. But though
most valuable results have flowed from the system since its inauguration
eight years ago, I cannot but think some serious drawbacks attend it,
the principal being the tendency to weaken the spontaneous work of
the other members. I think I see a disposition to lean too much on
the leaders. At our excursions, for instance, many of our young bot-
anists who make collections are too ready to get the whole work of
naming their specimens done for them by the leaders—a plan which I
need hardly say will never make them botanists. There is ull the
difference in the world between the knowledge one has of a plant he
has got named by some one else and one that he has ferreted out for
himself ; and it is only when he fails to find it out that he should call
on the leaders for assistance. Others carry this dependence still further,
and do not collect at all, expecting that the leaders will have done so,
and that they will get the names of the plants they have seen at the
close of the outing; and the knowledge that this assistance can so
112
easily be got tends to prevent individual work. One is very apt to say
“What is the use of bothering about this? I'll ask the leaders.” About
things that, if it were not so easy to get their information second hand,
they would have got first hand by investigating the matter for them-
selves. Whether you agree with me or not as to the evils of the pre-
sent system, I hope the scheme I have to propose to counteract what
seems to me its drawbacks will have advantages enough, apart frou its
main object, to commend it to your favorable consideration.
It is this: That during the active collecting season—say from May
to September--a course of weekly meetings should be held in some
convenient place—one another’s houses would do very well—open to
all the botanical students of the Club, to compare notes and talk over
the week’s work. Though such meetings would be necessarily under
the control of the leaders. everyone should be expected to contribute
something they have observed during the week—a new locality for a
rare species, any abnormal specimens th»y have observed, any species
new to our list—in short any fact of interest to them, or which they
think would be of interest to other members. And I may say here
that young students are very apt to undervalue the importance of their
own observations. I am sure much valuable information is lost be-
cause the observer did not think it of any consequence, or that it would
be sure to have been seen by some one before him. Such meetings as
I propose would he of great value not only to the juniors by bringing
before them the results of the work done by the more advanced students,
but also to the leaders, who would have in this way brought under
their notiee all the work done by all the members of the branch,
instead of as at present, when they draw up their report having to de-
pend almost entirely on their own note-books. Were this done,
any new fact observed would become common property when of most
value and interest—that is, when fresh and capable of verification.
Indeed there is no end to the advantages that would be derived from
such meetings in furthering the educational work of the Club, and that,
as [ have always maintained, is the most important phase of our work,
that in which there is the greatest field for well directed effort.
But in order that our efforts in that direction may bear full fruit
we have first to disabuse people’s minds of the very common delu-
113
sion that peculiar difficulties beset the study of natural history, only to
be overcome by a favored few. Many a time I have heard the remark
*T would like to know something about botany, but it would take too
much time, and I never could remember the long names;” to which
my answer has been: “If you are only anxious to learn it is not
nearly so difficult as, say, Latin, or German, or algebra, or half a
dozen other subjects that an average boy or girl is expected to master
during their school life.” ‘To show what can be done by anyone who
is in earnest about it I will ask your attention to what has been done
by some members of our own club, leaving out of consideration our
professional naturalists and confining myself to those who study nature
for the love of it, first apologizing to the gentlemen concerned for
mentioning their names without permission. In the (in our club)
somewhat neglected subject of conchology, one of our members while
a student at college occupied his few leisure moments in the study of
our shells, to such purpose that he is now, as I was told the other day on
good authority, one of the first amateur conchologists in the Dominion.
Those of you who were present at our afternoon lecture on conchology
last winter will know to whom [ refer. To those who were not I
would say come to the lecture on that subject in this winter’s course,
and see what a master of his subject Mr. Latchford is. Another
student at the same University of Ottawa, Mr. W. L. Scott, devoted
himself so assiduously to the study of birds as to be a thorough orni-
thologist before he left college. In the same department we have
another member (Mr. Lees) who uses his eyes to such good effect that,
as Prof. Macoun tells me, his list of bird arrivals sent in to the leaders
last spring was as complete as his own or that of Mr. G. R. White, the
two recognized heads of the department, and [ may say that Mr, Lees
has acquired his knowledge without taking the life of a single bird, and
all in the last two years.
One more example for the last in the most important branch of
entomology. It would be hard to name an amateur naturalist more
widely known over the whole Dominion, and through the pages of the
Canadian Entomologist, to which he is a frequent contributor, over the
world, than our friend Mr. Harrington. I have selected these names
from among many others because they are all alike very busy men, and
114
acquired their knowledge of nature in the hours that others wasted or
worse than waste.
I often grieve to think of the hundreds of young men and women
in this city who aimlessly walk our streets because “ theyshave nothing
else to do.” To all such I say, turn over a new leaf and join the Field
Naturalists’ Club. You have no idaa how much happier and healthier
you will be if you earnestly devote yourself to the study of some branch
of natural history ; and you cannot fail to learn one of the most valu-
able lessons—bow to use your eyes, how to observe and compare.
You have no conception of how much of the beauty of this lovely
world of ours is lost to you because you don’t know how to use your
faculties. In conclusion let me quote from an essay on “ How to
Study Botany” by our member, Dr. T. J. W. Burgess, F.R.S.C., of
London, Ont. In’ speaking of the study of botany as a means of
teaching us how to observe and compare, he says :—‘ Do this honestly,
and you cannot fail to become lovers of nature, and, being lovers of
nature, better and happier men and women, men and women in some
degree approaching that illustrions scientist of whom it was said :
* And Nature, the old nurse, took
The child upon her knee,
Saying: ‘ Here is a story book
Thy Father has written for Thee.’
‘Come, wander with me,’ she said,
‘Into regions yet untro:l,
And read what is still unread
In the manuscripts of God.’
** And he wandered away and away
With Nature, the dear old nurse,
Who sang to him night and day-
The rhymes of the universe.”
“And whenever the way seemed long,
Or his heart began to fail,
She would sing a more wonderful song
Or tell a more marvellous tale.”
115
DISCUSSION,
Mr. J. Ballantyne had listened with much pleasure to the Presi-
dent’s concise report of the Club’s progress. He particularly agreed
with what was said about the advantages of beginners relying on them-
selves instead of going to the leaders upon every occasion for assistance.
He was of the opinion that if the President’s suggestions were carried
out much better results would be secured. Not only would the indi-
vidual students find a far greater interest in their work, but they would
impart it to others, and thus the influence and utility of the Club would
be widened and felt by a larger number,
Mr. Fletcher endorsed what Mr. Ballantyne had said, but thought
it possible to carrv that spirit too far. There were certain difficulties
at the outset in studying any science which, although surmountable by
close application, were much more advantageously overcome and valu-
able time was to be saved by applying for help from those better in-
formed. It must, however, be only for help, not to have the work
done for them. He had heard with extreme pleasure of the good work
in ornithology which had been done by Mr. Lees. It was remarkable
that such results could have been obtained without having recourse to
what was the greatest objection to ornithology, the necessity for killing
the specimens, particularly in the breeding season. He did not con.
sider that killing insects was such an objection to entomology. The
specimens were killed outright very rapidly, and were seldom allowed
to escape in a wounded and mutilated condition. Moreover, it was
certain that insects had not the higher feelings, as birds have, of affee-
tion for their mates and their young, and he considered it pretty well
established that they could not feel pain in the same way either. He
would be pleased to hear sumething more from Mr. Lees of the plan he
had followed.
Mr. Lees said the plan was very simple, and consisted merely of
going to the woods very early in the morning with a good field Abe
and note-book and sitting quietly watching the birds and making notes
on their habits. He could not allow all the credit to be given to him-
self for the work recorded; an equal amount had been done by his
constant companion on these excursions, Mr. Norman Ballantyne.
116
Dr. Ells cited some experiments which seemed to prove that fish
could not feel pain in the same way as higher animals.
Mr. J. Ballantyne could not agree either with Dr. Ells or Mr.
Fletcher that the lower animals could not feel pain. He thought that
worms when impaled on the hook of the angler showed unmistakable
signs of pain.
Mr. H. B. Small, President of the Ottawa Literary and Scientific
Society, agreed heartily with the President in his remarks on the value
of students depending on their own researches for the identification of
specimens, as much of the value to be gained by personal examination
of a plant depended on such a plan for fixing its name in the memory.
If they were simply told by someone else what a certain plant was,
they would probably have to ask again the next day, unless committed
to writing. A very good evidence of tle value of this method of study
came to his notice some years ago, when he was connected with one of
the United States preparatory military schools in New York State. At
the botany lecture a bunch of wild flowers was laid on the table,
gathered at haphazard for the occasion, and one or more pupils took
one to analyse and explain before the class, whilst at its close each
student took a specimen away for examination, a report thereon in
detail to be handed in at the next weekly lecture. So ardentiy did the
pupils vie with each other in this, that some of the reports were full
enough of matter to have made magazine articles, and the knowledge
thus gained was lasting in its after effects.
Mr. Small strongly urged on the Club extending their summer
rambles to points accessible by railway, as the older fields ot research
round the city had been well gone over, and he recommended each
meiber of the Club to bear in mind the fact that if they would only
take the trouble of getting even one friend to accompany them or to
attend the meetings, it would be the best manner they could adopt to
advertise the society, and aid the workers in it by countenancing their
efforts with their personal support.
117
ELEMENTARY LECTURE ON GEOLOGY.
BY R. W. ELLS, LL.D., F.G.S.A.
Delivered on Monday Afternoon, January 21, 1889.
In attempting to prepare a paper for this Society on the subject of
Geology, I must confess [ have found myself at a considerable loss to
know how best to discuss it—for such is its greatness and so limited
the time at my disposal that the utmost economy of material must be
exercised in order to touch even upon the leading points. I have
thought however that possibly a brief sketch of the views held from time
time as to the origin and early history of our earth might be of interest
first of all, and then we might present a brief outline of the several
systems into which the science is generally divided.
Strictly speaking, Geology is the science which tells us about the
earth. It investigates the many changes which have taken place on
its surface, both in relation to organic and inorganic matter as well as
the causes which have produced these changes and the influence which
they have exercised. It may for the sake of convenience be considered
under three heads, structural. dynamical and historical, though some
authors make a much more elaborate division of the subject. Of these the
first, Structural geology, deals with the general form and structure of the
earth, the kinds of rock, whether sedimentary or stratified or igneous and
unstratified with their mode of occurrence, either plutonic or deepseated,
not reaching the surface, or eruptive, volcanic and reaching the surface.
It takes cognizance also of the metamorphic rocks and the manner in
which the metamorphism has been effected, as well as the general condi-
tion of the earth’s crust, as affected by faults, joints, veins, etc. It also
considers the origin and structure of mountains and many similar sub-
jects connected with the earth’s architecture.
The second, Dynamical geology, treats of the forces or agencies by
which the several changes have been effected, whether aqueous, igneous
or organic. Among the first of these, the agueous, may be classed
rivers, seas, glaciers, kc. The 2nd, or igneous, refers to the agency of
the internal heat of the earth, as voleanoes and their resulting effects,
geysers, etc. ; whilst the 3rd, or organic, includes, 1st, vegetable accu-
J
118
mulation as peat-bogs, etc., and, 2nd, animal agencies, such as coral
reefs and other subjects of that nature.
The third division, Zistorical geology, or as some call it ‘“Stati-
graphical geology, treats of the rocks in the order of their formation with
the contemporaneous events in their geological history, and inclades
both stratigraphical and paleontological geology, the latter being
regarded by some, however, as a distinct branch, with a review of the
laws or systems of progress in the globe and in its kingdoms of life.
While in this place we can only consider the science of geology
properly so called, we may say that its relation to many other
physical sciences is exceedingly intimate. Among these may be
specially mentioned astronomy, chemistry, mineralogy, zoology and
botany, with all of which, and with others, the elucidation of the
many geological problems which constantly arise requires an acquaint-
ance more or less profound. In the present stage of the svience
each of these subjects is frequently assigned to a specialist in that
particular branch, in so far at least as it applies to the science of
geology. Thus the chemist and lithologist study the composition and
peculiarities of the several kinds of rock structure. The paleontologist
studies the remains of organic life, in which now paleontological botany
forms a special branch. The mineralogist works out the peculiar
properties of the several varieties of minerals which are encountered,
and this division of study is carried on almost indefinitely in certain
lines ; thus one person devotes his time to studying the peculiarities of
special forms of life, as, for instance, the graptolites, the trilovites, the
extinct mummalia, and so on.
With the early history of our planet, or that part of its history
which precedes the appearance of solid land, known in geological
language as the Laurentian time, geology proper is supposed to have
nothing to do, its strict province being confined to the study of the rocks
of the earth’s crust itself. So intimately, however, are the rocks of the
Laurentian time connected with the original crust of the earth that the
consideration of the agencies which led to the deposition or formation
of that crust is by many regarded as strictly within the province of
geological investigation, and in most works on the science we find a
chapter devoted to the early history of the earth, viz.: that portion of it
119
preceding the commencement of the geological record as we consider it.
This portion of the earth’s history is generally known under the term
cosmogony, and under this head we consider the many changes which
have transpired previous to the formation of the first solid crust.
While of necessity this portion of the earth’s history must be treated
almost entirely from a theoretical standpoint, it has always been en-
dowed with peculiar interest and the theories connected therewith can
be traced back for many hundreds and even thousands of years. Any-
one who has ever read that great work ‘ Lyell’s Principles” must have
been astonished and interested in the many curious and diverse views as
to the early stages of the earth’s history there presented. To enumerate
these would form material for many hours talk alone. Thus we learn
that the earliest Indian and Egyptian schools of philosophy ascribed
the first creation of the world to an omnipotent and infinite Being who
had existed from all eternity and by whom the earth and its inhabi-
tants had been repeatedly destroyed and reproduced. The frequent
submergence of land beneath the waters of the universal ocean was
also held by them, and the act of creation of life was ascribed to that
person of the Hindoo Trinity called Bramah, thus: “In the beginning
of things the first sole cause created with a thought the waters, and
then moved upon their surface in the form of Bramah the creator,
by whose agency the dry land was produced and the earth peopled
The Egyptian phil-
?
with plants, animals, celestial beings and men.’
osophy also held the theory of recurrent creations ; the returns of the
great catastrophes by which the surface of the earth was destroyed
were determined by the period of the Annus Magnus or Great Year, a
cycle composed of the revolutions of the sun, moon and planets, and
terminating when these returned to the same sign from which they set
out at some remote epoch, the duration of which cycle was estimated
at from 120,000 to 350,000 years.
While it would be of great interest to examine the many theories
propounded for the creation of the world by such men as Pythagoras.
Strabo, Aristotle and other early philosophers, lack of time prevents,
The idea of repeated inundations of the globe appears to have been held
by most of them, the different relative levels of land and sea, had keen,
even so early as that time, observed. The theories for the repeopling of
120
the earth after the destruction of organic life also varied; thus the
Gerbonites, a sect of philosophers who lived some centuries B.C., held
that after every period of 36,400 years there were produced a pair of
every species of animal, both male and female, from whom other
animals might be propagated and inhabit this lower world, but when a
circulation of the heavenly orbs was completed, which was supposed to
be finished in that time, other genera and species were propagated,
as also plants and other things, the first order was destroyed, and so
on forever.
The theory of Strabo to account for the phenomena of submergence
and upheaval is worthy of much attention, and shows that even many
hundreds of years ago considerable thought had been bestowed upon
some of the most puzzling problems of science. ‘ Thus,” he says, ‘it
is not because the lands covered by the seas were originally at
different altitudes that the waters have risen or subsided or receded
from some parts and inundated others, but that the same land is some.
times raised up and sometimes depressed, and that the sea is
simultaneously raised and depressed, so that it either overflows or
returns into its own place again. We must therefore ascribe the
cause to the ground, either to that which is beneath the sea or to that
which becomes flooded by it, but rather to that which is beneath the
sea for this is more movable, and on account of its humidity can be
altered with greater celerity. It is proper, he observes, to derive our
explanations from things which are obvious and in some measure of daily
occurrence, such as deluges, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and
sudden swellings of the land beneath the sea, for the last raise up the
sea also, and when the same lands subside again they occasion the sea
to be let down, and these affect not merely the small but the large
islands and even the continents, which can be lifted up together with
ths seas.”
The cosmogony stated in the Koran is brief but of interest. Thus:
‘The Prophet declares that the earth was created in two days, and the
mountains were then placed upon it, and during these and two addi-
tional days the inhabitants of the earth were formed, and in two more
the Seven Heavens. Concerning the deluge the waters were supposed
to be poured out of an oven, and all men were drowned save Noah and
121
his family ; then God said, “O earth! swallow up thy waters, and
thou, O heavens! withhold thy rain, and immediately the waters
abated.”
But it is impossible here to follow the many curious theories of
creation and the early views as to the early condition of the earth
down to the present. For many centuries, in fact the time has
in some places scarcely yet expired, a conflict between the theologians
and the men of science concerning these points and the causes of the
various geological phenomena was waged with considerable bitterness
in which it did not always happen that the views of the former were con-
sistent either with reason, truth or common sense, ‘The chronology of the
Bible evolved by Archbishop Usher and first published in 1701 limited
the age of all things to 4004 years B.C., so that the theories necessary
to compress the history of the earth as evidenced by the succession of
strata everywhere apparent, and of which many contained the remains of
extinct animals and plants, into this limited period, were often exceed-
ingly curious. While the rival doctrines of the Neptunists, who held
that the present physical condition of the earth was due almost entirely
to aqueous agencies, and the Vulcanists, who maintained that the active
agent was principally fire, caused a wordy warfare almost if not quite
as violent as the other. As late as 1809 De Luc propounded the
hypothesis that the form and composition of the continents and their
existence above the seas must be ascribed to causes no longer in oper-
ation. These continents, he held, emerged at no very remote period
upon the sudden retreat of the ocean, the waters of which made their
way into subterranean caverns. The formation of the rocks of the
earth’s crust, he held, began with the precipitation of granite from a
primordial liquid, after which other strata containing the remains of
organized bodies were deposited, till at last the present sea remained
as the residuum of the primordial liquid and no longer continued to
produce mineral strata; while Werner, who is generally considered the
leader of the Neptunists’ philosophy, held the theory of universal for_
mations, which had been simultaneously precipitated over the whole
earth from a common menstruum or chaotic fluid, and regarded basalts
and other rocks, which we now know to be of igneous origin, as
precipitates by chemical action from water.
122
The controversy of these two factions at last reached such a pitch
that a new school gradually arose, which professed the utmost indiffer-
ence to the views of both parties and determined to devote its labors to
observation, ignoring theories entirely unless supported most strongly by
facts obtained in the field, and to this end the researches of the members
of the Geological Society of London, established in 1807, were largely
devoted, and at length became instrumental in rescuing the science
from the dangerous position into which it had been brought, largely by
visionary enthusiasts, both in science and theology. Since the formation
of this society, which forms one of the most important epochs in connec-
tion with the progress of the science, the study of geology has proceeded
without due regard to the dictates of reason. The assistance of kindred
sciences has been evoked, and while of necessity many changes have
occurred in the interpretation of the several problems, these changes
have been made after careful consideration of all the facts relating
thereto, till now geology stands on the prond pedestal as one of the
most useful and important of the sciences.
The generally accepted theory as to the earliest stages of the earth’s
history is that now known as the “ Nebulur Hypothesis.” By this it is
assumed that not only the earth but all the planets, together with the
sun, and in fact all the celestial bodies, first existed as a gaseous mass.
This in its revolution around a central axis from time te time threw off
huge rings which, partaking of the motion of the original mass, gradually
formed by condensation the planetary and stellar bodies, the remain-
ing nucleus of our system still remaining as its sun and centre. The
process of condensation and cooling proceeded gradually till in time the
first crust of the earth was formed, and became covered with water,
gradually also the first land rose from beneath the wave and from this
poirt the beginning of the Geological record must be assumed. While
therefore the discussion of this theory would be of great interest
as well as of the views regarding the condition of the earth’s interior
we must be content with this brief notice and consider the divisions
of geology proper and more particularly in reference to that branch of it
known as historical or stratigraphical geology.
For purposes of convenience it has been fonnd desirable to divide
the portion of geological time which elapsed since the formation of the
123
first rocky crust into several parts. These may be generally known as
the Azoic Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. By the first, the
Azoic, is known that portion as yet held to be devoid of organic
remains. This has, however, by some been subdivided into two,
the Azoic and Fozoic, from the discovery of certain structures
which have been regarded by some authorities as of organic origin
in certain portions of these earliest rocks, more especially of that
peculiar so-called organism known as the Dawn Animal, or Zozoon
Canadense, which has the honor of being regarded as our first known
form of life. It is but fair, however, to state that the organic nature
of this substance has been strongly combated by many scientific men,
the great defender of its organic nature at present being Sir William
Dawson, through whose efforts and researches it was first most promi-
nently brought into notice, and who has devoted more time and close
study to its history than probably any other person. Some, however,
hold that in this Azoic time, or the Eozoic part of it, evidences of
organic life are manifest in the presence of the beds of graphite or carbon,
which are claimed to represent the early presence of vegetable matter
in some form. The beds of iron ore are also regarded by some as
indicating the presence of organic agencies as well as our deposits of
Apatite. These, however, are all as yet subjects of controversy and
will probably remain so for many years. The Azoic may be said to
embrace two periods, the Laurentian and Huronian, and is followed
by the Paleozoic, a time when organic life flourished everywhere over
the world’s surface, and so generally were the species distributed that
precisely the same forms are found at points the most widely removed.
The Primary or Paleozoic time embraces several periods, or systems
so-called, including the Cambrian of our nomenclature, or the Lower
Silurian of earlier times, the Cambro-silurian or middle Silurian,the upper
Silurian or Silurian proper, the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian ;
and forms the longest and probably the most important portion, in many
ways, of the earth’s history. The succeeding time, the secondary or
Mesozoic, embraces the Triassic, Jurassic and the Cretaceous, while the
Tertiary or Cenozoic includes the Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene. The
closing period, the Post-tertiary, includes the Pleistocene, recent and
prehistoric.
124
The earliest or Laurentian rocks form what we may call the back-
bone of our continent. They are all crystalline, and consist for the
most part of gneisses, granites, limestones, schists, labradorites, quartzites
and in some places altered slates. They contain, prominently among
minerals, apatite, graphite and mica with great beds of iron ore and
many others of great interest to the mineralogist. These rocks are well
developed in the Chelsea hills and the country to the north. Geogra-
phically and roughly speaking, they may be said to extend from Labra-
bor along the north side of the St. Lawrence to Lake Superior and Lake
of the Woods, whence they trend away north-westerly and reach
almost the Arctic Ocean. Various theories as to the origin of these differ-
ent kinds of rocks nave been put forth. For many years they were
regarded by most geologists as altered sediments entirely, which had
been recomposed from the debris resulting from the disintegration of
the first existing crust of the earth, through the agency of water or
the atmosphere, as well as by the action of the ocean, by which the
sands, etc., were redistributed and formed sedimentary layers, which
subsequently became metamorphosed into the gneisses, limestones, etc,
By others it is held that a great part of these rocks was formed by de-
position from a semi-fluid magma, and that they represent the true crust
of the earth without the agency of water, while other portions are true
altered sediments. Still others again hold that all Archean rocks, by
which term is meant generally, though the phrase is somewhat ambigu-
oas, all rocks devoid of organisms, thus including Huronian as well as
Laurentian, were formed of sedimentation, and that they are origin-
ally crystalline rocks, in part at least due to chemical agencies, their
crystalline character not being a superinduced but an original property.
In such a variety of opinions it seems hard to decide which should
have the preference, and while it is scarcely possible that the old wars
vf the Neptunists and Vulcanists will ever revive in all the intensity of
early days, there is yet to be found in the statements of the advocates
of either theory plenty of food for discussion. In solving such problems
the microscopist plays an important part by the examination of thinly-
sliced rock sections, from which their characters are in many cases read-
ily deciphered and their igneous or aqueous origin easily determined.
It is probable that both agencies have been largely exerted. Certainly
125
if the organic nature of the Hozoon Canadense can be considered as
established, there can be no doubt of the sedimentary character of much
of the strata of the system. So also the beds of quartzite and slate, in
which the graphite sometimes occur, would in any other system be
classified as of aqueous origin. In certain cases of apparent sedimenta-
tion, such as the banding of gneisses, this is not so clear since this
structure might be induced by other causes, such as pressure, shearing,
etc., and we frequently find gneissic structure in true granitic rocks,
In fact, no hard and fast theory can be drawn in geological discussion
any more than in many other sciences. So much difficulty has been
found in drawing the line of division between the two groups of Archean
rocks, the Laurentian and Huronian, that very often the two are com-
prised under one head, the pre-Cambrian, in which the Cambrian is held
to constitute the lowest fossiliferous series,the underlying pre-Cambrian
being, in so far as yet known, with the possible exception mentioned
above, non-fossiliferous.
With the primary or paleozoic rocks our acquaintance with the
organic life of the globe may be said to begin, though from the ad-
vanced types of life first found it is held by many that lower and earlier
forms must have existed in earlier times, the remains of which have
completely disappeared from the record because of the great meta-
morphism to which the rocks of the preceding age have been subjected.
Thus in the lower Cambrian are found the remains of huge trilobites
with a length of 17 or 18 inches, in fact of a size unknown or unsur-
passed in subsequent periods. As we advance in Paleozoic time, how-
ever, the various species increase with great rapidity, and in some
places, judging from their remains, the shores and shallow waters must
have absolutely swarmed with life. That these shores were exposed to
the action of sun and wind, tidal currents, etc., is evidenced by the
presence of sun cracks, ripple marks and false bedding even in the
oldest Cambrian strata, while the presence of beds of conglomerates
with sandy layers indicates that the character of the sea beaches of those
early days was in many respects very similar to those observed along
the coasts at the present time. In fact, in the interpretation of geologi-
cal problems in the stratified rocks, sufficient attention is rarely paid to
the present shore phenomena, varieties of texture in rock, passage from
126
conglomerates tosandstone, limestone and shale being sometimes supy osed
to form a basis sufficient to draw well defined lines between rocks of
different systems. If, however, we traverse any of our coasts of the
present day we find in very limited space the greatest variety of beach.
Here we have a stretch of fine sand, passing speedily into grit and
soon becoming a rough shore covered with loose stones of various
sizes, while a little further on, this may possibly, especially near the
mouth of some small stream, give place to beds of soft clayey mud.
In one place we have a considerable accumulation of sea shells which
may, however, be only local, and we may traverse long stretches of
shore without observing any trace of organic life. Now precisely
similar conditions must have, toa great extent, prevailed in early times,
and the variously composed beaches of that period have now become the
hard stratified rocks which are distinguished by the terms Cambrian,
Silurian, Devonian or what not, as the case may be, the fine clay mud
becoming shale, which by alteration passes into a hard clay slate, the
fine sandy stretch will form a bed of hard sandstone or possibly a
glassy quartzite, while the pebbly beach will pass into a conglomerate
which may be interstratified, and often is, with beds of shale and lime
stone, and yet all these various kirds of rock are of precisely the same
age, notwithstanding their great diversity of character.
Although we may undoubtedly assume from the advanced type of
many of the Cambrian fossils that a long ancestry of earlier forms must
have existed, of which the traces have been removed, the fact is patent
that the increase in species is wonderfully greater as we advance to more
recent periods. From the fossils collected also from all available points
on the world’s surface we find that a wonderful uniformity in order of
life existed, so that from the strata of New Zealand or Australia pre-
cisely the same forms are obtained as are found in the rocks of Great
Britain, Norway and Canada to the Rocky Mountains.
While, however, the forms of marine life speedily increased, we do
not find indications of land plants till we reach the later portion of
the Silurian period. Of sea weeds, however, there was a great abund-
ance even in the earlier eras. But in the Devonian period plant life
assumed great proportions. The hillsides and marshes were beautiful
with the green of that earliest land vegetation. Further we know that
127
n those early forest glades insect life abounded, whose cheery um
broke the monotony of the long silence, while the rich tints displayed
by the flashing of their wings enlivened the sombre gloom. Many of
these insects were of the order Neuroptera, and in size equalled, if even
they did not far surpass, those of the present time, having a spread of
wing of eight or ten inches, and in some recently found specimens of
nearly two feet. The earliest remains of these insects have been found
in our own country, or more properly speaking in the provinces by the
sea, the fern ledges near St. John, N.B., having yielded a rich harvest
to the labors of the local geologists, and so wonderfully preserved were
they that the delicate veinings of the wings are yet perfectly distinct.
Large fishes also occupied the waters in the Devonian time, and the
visitor to the geological museum will find there a fine collection of the
same forms as those described years ago by Hugh Miller from the Old
Red Sandstone of Scotland. These also are found in New Brunswick
and along the adjacent shore of the Gaspe Peninsula, where the strata
are sometimes thickly strewed with their well-preserved forms. So
great in fact was the number of species in that period that the
Devonian has been styled the age of fishes. The distribution of these
fish rema:. sis worthy of notice, for while the Devonian rocks are well
and widely known throughout Canada, the fish localities are very few,
being mostly, in so far as yet known, confined to two areas, one at
Campbellton, N.B., and the other on the north side of the mouth of the
Restigouche, opposite Dalhousie, where they occupy a portion of the
shore about five miles in length. In these cases also the most delicate
markings of the scale are as perfect as in the living fish to-day.
I have passed over the periods of the Cambro-Silurian and
Silurian of our scale with scarcely a reference. These systems are
largely represented in Canada and everywhere abound in organic
remains, but are for the most part not conspicuous for economic
minerals. Each of the systems is divided into several formations, each
of which in turn is characterized by its own peculiar forms, but as
these pertain more particularly to the province of the Paleontologist
we will not pause longer on this portion of the subject, but pass to the
consideration of the closing portion of the paleozoic, viz.: the
Carboniferous.
128
The roeks of this period, though unknown to old Canada, have
a large development in the Lower Provinces, and are of special
interest from an economic standpoint as the source of our coal
supply. For while from time to time we may read startling reports of
the discovery of valuable seams of coal in the provinces of Quebec and
Ontario, these famous discoveries on investigaticn have invariably re-
sulted in disappointment to the discoverers. Coal is for the most part
confined to the Carboniferous formation. In New Brunswick, how-
ever, asmall seam of anthracite is found in the Devonian rocks west
of St. John, though of no economic value, and in the extremity of the
Gaspé Peninsula a small seam from two tothree inches thick is seen in the
. Devonian cliffs which front the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In the Territories
and British Columbia, however, bituminous coal, lignite and anthracite,
occur in great quantities, but for the most part in rocks much newer or
later in age than the Carboniferous, viz.: the Cretaceous. As none of
these rocks are found in Ontario or Quebec, the reason fcr the absence
of coal in these localities is easily explained. The Devonian of Western
Ontario is, however, regarded by many as the source of the oil commonly
but erroneously known as coal oil, a name given to it at first from its
supposed relation to the coal fields of Michigan and the Middle States,
a supposition afterward found to have no foundation in fact, though the
name has adhered to the material.
The Carboniferous time was especially distinguished by the presence
of vast swampy forests of tropical aspect, the decay of which afforded the
material from which the immense coal beds were derived. The extent
of these swamps and the lapse of time necessary for their growth may
to some extent be inferred from the presence of seams of coal from 20
to 40 feet thick, the supposition advanced by good authority being that
for the production of one foot of coal about eight feet of peat swamp
was requisite. In these ancient groves also we find the remains of our
first lizards, some of which, from their footprints, must have been of
large size. The earliest traces yet known of these are found in the
Lower Carboniferous of New Brunswick and in the millstone grit of
Nova Scotia.
The close of the Carboniferous, or rather of its later portion, the
Permian, marks an important geological boundary, viz., the close of the
L2g
paleozoic age, and in the ensuing period, the Triassic, we take up the
third great division of geologic time, the Mesozvic.
The development of the Triassic rocks in Eastern Canada is very
limited, certain small areas in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and
Prince Edward Island, in all of only a few square miles in extent, com-
prising all that is present known of the formation between the Atlantic
and the prairie section. Small areas have been recognized in the Rocky
Mountain district, and on the Pacific coast, in Queen Charlotte Islands
and in Vancouver, beds supposed to be of this age have been found under -
lying the Cretaceous and containing characteristic fossils.
The Cretaceous or third division of the Mesozoic is, however, largely
developed in that portion of the Dominion lying to the east of the
Rocky Mountains as well as in British Columbia. It both places it is
remarkable for the presence of immense beds of coal which at times
almost rival in thickness the greatest beds of Nova Scotia. The great
abundance and variety of fossils in these localities clearly indicate the
horizon of these beds, while the presence of such great seams of coal on
either side of the Rockies renders this formation of the greatest econ-
omic importance. The newer Tertiary formations are sparingly developed
in Canada, a few localities in the North-West Territories closely asso_
ciated with the Cretaceous and for some years almost inseparable, having
of late been judged to belong to this period of time. But the great
thickness of formations which are found in England and France, and
which there complete the geological record, are, in so far as yet known,
almost absent from this portion of the American continent.
Throughout the long interval of the many millions of years which
elapsed between the beginning of the fossiliferous rocks aud the close
of the Tertiary many eras of subsidence and elevation of the earth’s
crust must have taken place, and are evidenced very plainly by the
varying character of the sediments. Thus conglomerates and coarse
grits are supposed to represent shallow water and beach deposits, while
fine slates represent deposition of sediment under deeper and quieter
conditions. From the observation of these peculiarities some authors
have developed the theory of geological cycles, by which is meant a
regular periodical recurrence of the physical conditions of the earth’s
130
crust, as regards elevation and submergence, throughout each one of the
great systems into which the geological scale has been divided.
We have now reached in our hasty sketch that portion of the
earth’s history which is most closely related to our own time, viz., the
Post-tertiary, the phenomena of which are generally discussed under
the head of superficial geology. At the close of the Pliocene or last
of the divisions of the Cenozoic or Tertiary a great change of conditions
as regards the surface of much of the globe evidently took place, intro-
ducing what is known as the glacial epoch, a time of intense cold,
when large areas of the northern hemisphere, at least, became covered
with ice, which extended probably over the whole or greater part of
Canada. Whether similar glacial conditions occurred at earlier stages
of the earth’s history is a subject which has evoked considerable discus-
sion, some eminent authorities maintaining that the evidence of such
ice action, as seen in the presence of glaciated or striated stones in
conglomerates, are clearly visible even as far back as the Paleozoic
time. It would be out of place here, even did time permit, to discuss
the causes that led to the changes in the climate of this period, such
considerations more properly belonging to the domain of the astronomer
and physicist.
The last of the geological periods, that now under consideration,
is also styled the Quaternary or Post-pliocene. It is generally divided
into two parts, the first known as pleistocene or diluvial, in which
many of the mammals are of species now extinct, and the alluvial or
recent, in which all or nearly all the mammals are of still living species.
The indications of a change of climate at the close of the Tertiary are
seen in the character of the organic life of that time, and it affected the
higher latitudes both of the old and new worlds. The cold gradually
increased until the conditions now prevailing in Greenland reacued a
latitude of about 39° in Eastern America. Over a great part of the
hemisphere north ot this parallel it is held by many that a great ice
cap, many hundreds and even thousands of feet in thickness, covered
the surface, which, following the law of glaciers, moved steadily but
slowly forward. The effect of the movement of so vast a body of ice
was of necessity to remove the soil and superficial deposits and to
oP
-_
131
smooth and in places polish the underlying rocks. After the
culmination of this period of cold, which was probably to some
extent due to elevation of the continent, there succeeded an era of
milder climate, with partial submergence, followed again by a period of
re-elevation and increased cold, with a partial recurrence of the former
glacial conditions, after which gradually the ice retreated northward
and the present condition of surface began to be assumed. ‘Traces of
the ice age yet exist in the elevated areas of the highest mountain
ranges even in comparatively low latitudes, and glaciers of considerable
size are found in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia at the
present day.
The presence of the ice sheet is recognized by its markings upon the
exposed rock surface. Instances of this are common on the iedges
about Ottawa and even in the heart of the city itself, the grooving and
striation of the surface due to the pianing of the ice being well seen in
the quarry at the corner of Sussex and Rideau streets. In many
cases also the action of ice is recognized by the presence of smoothly-
rounded hill slopes. The direction in which the ice passed if the
exposed striated surfaces are well seen, can generally be told from the
shape or contour of the elevations. Thus the rock surfaces away from
the direction of ice-flow, called the “lee side,” are usually rough and
weather-worn, while those which face the direction of the flow are all
ice worn; hence the term stoss secte, or struck side, is applied to the
latter.
In opposition to the theory of a great universal ice cap of immense
thickness just stated is the view now entertained by many that the
most of the glacial phenomena were caused rather by a number of small
or local glaciers which had their source about the summits presumably
of every mountain range, and in their course followed the prevailing
configuration of the surface. This view is well supported by the direc-
tion of the rock striations in the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia, where the evidences in favor of a great south-easterly
moving ice sheet are very few, and where the indications evidently
point in the other direction or in favor of local glaciers.
Among the supposed indications of the presence of a great ice
sheet, besides the striation of the rock, is the presence of scattered
3 >
132
boulders of various kinds, at points far removed from their native
place, and such boulders often furnish conclusive proof of the direction
in which the glacier moved. Thus if the glacier or boulders from a
certain range of hills are found to the north of that range, the inference
is that the ice moved northward. Such evidence is not always, how-
ever, strictly conclusive as to the agency of a glacier, for though ice in
some form must have been largely instrumental in the moving of
boulders, in very many cases the active agent has been in the form of
floe or floating ice, either in bergs or huge pans, such as now float up
and down the St. Lawrence, and which have carried huge masses of
Laurentian rock from their original place on the north shore of the
river to the south side, where they can now be seen for hundreds of
miles along the beaches of the Gaspé coast.
Subsequent to the ice age we find a period of depression and sub-
mergence, during which the present surface was hundreds of feet
under water, and the arctic currents from the north carried huge trains
of bergs, with their loads of dirt, stone and gravel, just as at the
present day are seen off the coast of Newfoundland, which by their
stranding and subsequent melting deposited their debris at points now
many hundreds of feet above present sea level. The proofs of sub-
mergence are well seen in the presence of beds of clay, containing often
great quantities of marine shells of forms similar to those now found in
northern waters. These can be picked up at many points about
Ottawa and Montreal as well as elsewhere, while bones of seals have
been found in the brickyards in this vicinity. With the nodules of
Green’s Creek you are also, most of you at least, familiar.
The amount of submergence has also been a fruitful source of con-
troversy, some holding to the view that this must be determined by the
present elevation of known shell beds above the sea level, ignoring the
evidence of drift boulders, and thus limiting it to some 500 feet.
Others, again, maintain that as much of the glacial phenomena is due
to the action of ice bergs and floating ice, the submergence should be
measured by thousands instead of hundreds of feet, and in certain
places there is unmistakable evidence of the presence of old sea beaches
several thousands of feet above the present level. The various claims
of the rival schools can be found in most text books on geology, but it
133
is certain that both agencies were largely employed in sculpturing the
rock surface and fashioning the features of our landscape as we now
see them.
In addition to the more active agents of disturbance just described,
others which perform their work quite as effectually probably exist.
These are the atmosphere, rains, frosts, winds and the wash and wear of
tides and seas. The degrading action of rivers in motion, by which im-
‘™mense quantities of material are removed and carried down and de
posited at their mouths, as in the case of the Mississippi, the Nile, and
nearer home, the St. Lawrence, is well known, and from these sources
an estimate has been made of the rate of degradation of our continents
and the number of years which would elapse before these would be re-
duced to the present sea level should no further period of upheaval
occur. Some idea of the immense force of excavation exercised by
running waters can be formed by considering the great canons of the
Colorado, where huge chasms thousands of feet deep have been cut out
by the action of streams, sometimes comparatively small, till now these
present some of the most remarkable geological phenomena in the
world. It is probable also that the great rock cliffs about this city owe
their origin to a great extent to the wearing action ot the rivers in this
vicinity.
With the modified conditions of climate which succeeded tha
giacial period, the conditions of life as we now find it began or were re-
sumed. Evidences of the presence of the human race are visible at
the close of that period and even in the interglacial time, while some
observers contend that human remains have been obtained as far back
as the Miocene Tertiary. But with this phase of the subject we have
not time sufficient to deal. Gradually the slowly moving fingers of
time have fashioned and rounded our hill tops, have carved out the
water courses and hewn the basins of our lakes. The action of sun,
frost and rain have softened the hard sterile rock and produced the
soil necessary for the cultivation of those things required for man’s
existence. Many if not all of the gcological agencies which have been
so potent in past ages are in active operation today, though possibly
their action is not so marked as under the peculiar conditions of earlier
geological times, but they are going forward all tle same. The gradual
K
134
processes of submergence and elevation are still visible at many
places and even in well recorded time portions of our continent are known
to be rising from the sea while others are gradually sinking. The
latter is well observed in some portions of the coast of Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick, where the remains of forests which grew above the
sea are now found some 30 to 40 feet below high water mark. Vol-
canic agencies are still at work forming or removing mountains.
The fearful destruction and disturbances of several years ago in
one of the islands of the Java archipelago are still fresh in our
memories, when a whole mountain was blown into the sea with
such force as to send an ocean wave completely round the globe ; while
during the past summer the frightful eruption in Japan buried many
square miles of country under liquid mud, with the destruction of
hundreds of lives. Such instances enable us to realize in some slight
degree the enormous forces with which nature does her work.
I have in this sketch omitted any marked reference to the geology
of the surrounding district. This field has been ably worked by Mr.
Ami, who I am sure will at the next meeting entertain you thoroughly
with an account of the various geological features in this immediate
vicinity.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.
As announced in our September number, the annual meeting of the
Entomological Society of Ontario was held in Ottawa upon the 5th and 6th
October. The meetings were well attended, and several useful and
interesting papers were read. The President’s annual address was de-
livered in the City Hall by Mr. James Fletcher, of this Club, on the
evening of Friday, 5th, before a large audience, including Hon. Chas.
Drury, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario; Mr. John. Lowe, Deputy
Minister of Agriculture fer the Dominion; Prof. Saunders, and many
others. It treated of the practical application of the science of Entomo-
logy for keeping in check the attacks on cultivated crops by injurious
insects. A réswmé of the insect injuries of the year was also given,
and attention was drawn to new works which had been published.
Some simple apparatus used for caging and breeding insects was exhi-
bited and explained.
135
Hon. Chas. Drury spoke in high terms of the work being carried
on by the Society, an appreciation which he had shown by coming all
the way from Toronto to attend the meeting.
Sir J. A. Grant proposed a vote of thanks in his usual happy and
eloquent manner, and surprised many of the audience by his knowledge
of entomology. Some years ago Sir James possessed a very nice col-
lection of insects ; but being much engaged with his professional duties
he decided that his cases would be of more use if placed where they
could be examined more freely than in his own house, and generously
presented them to the museum of the Ottawa Literary and Scientific
Society.
Prof. Saunders, in seconding the vote of thanks, spoke of the pro-
gress of the Society, from the time it was first organized, by a few
earnest workers, down to its present influential and stable condition.
Dr. Bethune urged upon the audience the pleasures and beneficial
results obtainable from the study of insects, and particularly drew
attention to the remarkable work accomplished by Miss Eleanor A.
Ormerod, the Entomologist of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng-
land. He pointed out that ladies were in many ways better suited for
carrying out some of the delicate and tedious observations than men
were, and hoped that more would join in carrying on the work of the
Society.
The election of officers took place upon the morning of the 6th,
and resulted as follows :
President—James Fletcher, Ottawa.
Vice-President—E. Baynes Reed, London.
Secretary-Treasurer—W. KE. Saunders, London.
Librarian—E. Baynes Reed, London.
Curator—Henry 8. Saunders, London.
Council—J. M. Denton, London; J. Alston Moffatt, Hamilton ;
Gamble Geddes, Toronto; W.H. Harrington, Ottawa; Rev. T. W.
Fyles, South Quebec ; (and all former Presidents, who are ex-officio
members of the Council).
Editor of the Entomologist—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope.
Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—H. H. Lyman, Montreal.
136
CONTRIBUTION TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALAZON TOLOGY
OF THE TOWNSHIPS OF RUSSELL AND CAMBRIDGE,
IN RUSSELL, ONT.
I.—PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GENERAL GEOLOGY.
By W. Craic, (DUNCANVILLE )
The Townships of Russell and Cambridge are almost perfectly level-
The Township of Russell is bordered on the south, west and north by a
rim of slightly higher land. The main portion and all the centre of the
township is quite level and continues so into and through the Township
of Cambridge. The soil, or drift of the level land, is composed of very
fine blue and red clay, covered in some places by two to three feet of
brown loam. ‘The blue clay is of considerable thickness, from twenty-
five to one hundred feet, and there are no shells in it. It has probably
been deposited in deep water and came from the north. Ata depth of
thirty to forty feet under the clay there is generally found water-worn
gravel or hard pan. In one locality the hard pan is composed of small
water-worn pebbles and blue clay ground down to a smooth surface and
as hard as rock, When this is drilled through water is always found
aud rushes up in such quantity that wells cannot be walled up with
stone. In other places the gravel is loose and filled with small shells.
In one place, when digging a well at about eighteen feet from the sur-
face, in the clay, a bone of some animal was found, supposed to have
been a rib. It was about eighteen to twenty inches in length, about one
inch in diameter and almost round, and in the same excavation ata
depth of thirty-one feet a cedar limb about three inches in diameter was
found lying on two or three inches of smal] white shells covering the
gravel. The red clay has been deposited after the blue as it is nearer
the surface. They are both very fine and where exposed in cuttings are
found to be stratified in layers of three or four inches. They are
splendid brick clays and should be first class for the manufacture o¢
terra cotta. In the township of Cambridge the clay covers the whole
township and is covered by loam the same as in Russell ; and on the
north side of the township there is an extensive deposit of yellow sand
137
(Saxicava) overlying the clay. This sand has come from the north and
along the northern boundary of the township is almost continous, and ex-
tends into the township in ridges or bands for three or four miles. These
ridges and low spaces between follow each other in regular successioy
like waves on theocean. This wasat one time a winter paradise for the
red deer, which had shelter and food in abundance and wintered here in
thousands. In one place there are several remarkable sand hills, rising
almost round from the level swamp er at the end ot a ridge, about fifty
feet at the base and twenty to thirty feet in height ; they seem to have
been formed in eddies of water. Travelling through the woods here
some years ago I came to one of those hills and climbed to the top and
was surprised to find in the snow on the flat top, the beds of several
deer. In the south-east curner of Cambridge there is an extensive bay;
the sand has not come so far south and the depression was not filled up.
The Nation river drains the two townships into the Ottawa, and
although the table land is level, it is scarred, seamed and cut up in all
directions by streams and gullies, the soil being so very fine it washes
out very easily and cuts into gullies, some times to a great depth. The
Castor river and its branches drain the township of Russell into the
Nation above Casselman. The river follows the strike of the under-
lying rocks. The Nation at Casselman flows across a ledge of Trenton
rock northerly, then turning westerly follows the strike of the rock
for three miles and then turning suddenly eastward forms the Ox Bow,
below Casselman. The banks are very high, and every little stream
running into the river has cut down a channel to its present level.
During spring freshets the river rises between Casselman and the Ox
Bow, from twenty-five to fifty feet over summer level, and the water
piles into the gorge faster than it can get around the bow. The rock
exposure at Casselman dips to the north and the strike is east and west,
the edge of the rock is up stream and the river flows over the back of
the ledge making a considerable fall, but not perpendicular. The rock
is covered by drift to the boundary of Russell, about six miles from
Casselman, the rock here is the same as at Casselman, solid beds of
Trenton limestone, dip north and strike west. It here enters the town-
ship of Russell and is next exposed in the bed of a smali creek near the
138
Castor, where the water has cut a deep channel through the rock.
Four or five acres further west the Castor river crosses the ledge. The
river flows eastward across the rocks and has cut a channel through
them of ten or twelve feet in depth, the lower beds of rock are solid
limestone and the upper limestone and shale in alternate layers of five
or six inches, which form the top of the Trenton. About a mile to the
westward there is another exposure of Trenton rock on the south side
of the Castor river. They are tilted up at a very high angle, dipping
to the north, the southern elge in some places almost vertical. Still
further westward at Louck’s mills the rock is exposed in the river, there
is a break or fault here and the rock scems to dip under the drift on
the south side of the river to the south and on the north side to the
north, the rock exposure continues up the stream past Duncanville and
is here probably Utica. To the north the Hudson river formation is
exposed, presenting first grey sandstone, weathering brown and holding
Ambonychia radiata, further north black bituminous shale is found
overlaid by sandstone and « considerable area of red shales, the red
shales weather to red clay and are probably the source of the bands of
red clay already mentioned which has been carried to the east and south
of the red shale. There are no indications of minerals in the townships,
but on the northern border of Russell in sinking a well a vein of iron
pyrites was found. There are no mineral springs in the township of
Russell, but there is one in the township of Cambridge, on lot 18 in 5th
concession, in the bottom of a deep gully. It comes up through the
clay, and is slightly salt, but has never been analysed. The spring is
in a level dell, and on digging to clear out the outlet it was found to be
a mixture of leaves, sticks and clay. The deer had come here for ages
to drink and had tramped all together. If the drift was removed from
the two townships the general appearance would be a great central de-
pression from east to west, and along the centre of that depression the
rocks broken and tilted up as if pushed up from below. How has this
depression been formed? If it had been scooped out by glacial action
there would be boulders left behind, but we do not find any here. Then
after the rocks were broken up the clay was deposited filling up all the
inequalities in the rocks, making all level except where some of the
139
higher peaks of rock remained over the surface, when the water
commenced to dry off the streams cut their way back through the drift,
leaving the land in its present condition of elevation and gradual de-
nudation.
Il. PALZONTOLOGY.
By Henry M. AMI, M.A., F.G.S8.
(1.) At Cook’s Rapids, on the Castor River, on the 8th lot of
concession IX. in the Township of Russell there is exposed a series
of bluish-gray shaly, nodular and at times unevenly-beded lime-
stones which, from the fauna it holds, is clearly referable to the
middle porton of the Trenton formation (Ordovician), an herizon which
is met with at Ottawa. and represented in the beds which crop out in
the vicinity of the Waterworks Office and at the foot of Parliament or
old Barrack Hill. The association of fossil remains is precisely similar
here as in those localities, and amongst them were recognized the fol-
lowing species :—
1. Buthotrephis gracilis, Hall. 13. Platystrophia lynx, Eichwald.
2. Licrophycus succulens, H. (Sp.) 14. Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby.
3. Pascolus globosus, Billings. 15. Bucania bidorsata, Hall.
4. Brachiospongia digitata, Owen. 16. Cyrolites compressus, Conrad.
5. Protarea vetusta, Hall. 17. Murchisonia bellicincta, Hall.
6, Streptelasma corniculum, Hall. 18. ae Milleri, Hall.
7. Prasoporalycoperdon,Vanuxem 19. ~ gracilis, Hall.
8. Strophomena alternata, Conrad. 20. Trochonemaumbilicatum, Hall.
9. Leptena sericea, Sowerby. 21. Asaphus megistos, Locke.
10. Orthis testudinaria, Dalman. (Isotelus gigas, DeKay.)
ll. “ pectinella, Conrad. 22. Encrinurus vigilans, Hall.
12. “ occidentalis, Hall. 23. Dalmanitescallicephalus,Green
The above species were collected by Messrs. Craig and Sum-
merby in company with the writer during a sub-excursion of the
geological branch in 1884, and, as may readily be inferred from the
small list presented, the same could be greatly increased by subsequent
research in those measures which are very fossiliferous.
140
(2.) From a locality not far distant from the last one (1) Mr. W.
Craig, ex-M.P.P., has made an interesting little collection, amongst
which the following species have been recognized as not occurring in
the previons list :—
21. Lichenocrinus crateriformis, Hall.
SU
. Amplexopora Canadensis, Foord.
. Pachydictya acuta, Hall.
. Fusispira elongata, Hall.
bo tS BS 5
for)
~j
g, and differs in some
respects from its congener found near Government House, Rideau,
Of these No. 24 is particularly interestin
some six years ago. It is parasitic on a specimen of Orthis testudinaria,
Dalman, and has a portion of the column preserved.
(3.) Another exposure of what appears to be a ridge or escarpment
of Trenton limestone was observed running slightly obliquely to the
road between lot 10, con. X., Russell, and lot 30, con. V., Cambridge,
where the measures have a gentle dip N. 15° E. a few degrees, and indi-
cite the presence of a line of dislocation with the remains of an
ancient escarpment. No fossils were found in this exposure, however,
and accordingly the precise horizon to which this ridge must be referred
remains doubtful, but is most probably Trenton.
(4.) At Casselman, on the Nation River, and below the Canada
Atlantic Railway bridge, there is exposed a considerable thickness of
Trenton limestone where the Club held one of its most successful exeur-
sions in June, 1883, and amongst the species collected on that occasion
the following have been recognized :—
1. Palgophycus obscurus, Billings. 9. Rhynconella increbescens, Hall.
2. Pachydictya acuta, Hall. 10. Cyrtodonta, sp.
3, Prasopora lycoperdon, Van- 11. Murchisonia bellicincta, Hall.
uxem. (P. Selwyni, N.) (large variety.) ¢
4. Streptelasma corniculum, Hall. 12. Trochonemaumbilicatum, Hall.
5. Strophomena alternata, Conrad. 13. Asaphus platycephalus, Stokes.
6. Leptena servicea, Sowerby. (Zsotelus gigas, DeKay.)
7. Orthis testudinaria, Dalman. 14. Serpulites dissolutus, Billings.
8. Platystrophia, lyax, Eichwald.
141
SOIREES.
Third.—The third meeting was held on 3lst January, and was
devoted to the discussion of botanical subjects.
Mr. Fletcher read the report of the Botanical Section.
Mr. Ballantyne then gave an interesting account of some observa-
tions made on the duration of the leaves on our various species of ever-
green trees. With the white pine ( Pinus strobus ) he had found that as a
rule the needles remained on the tree about 18 months. Leaves produced
in the spring of one year fell in the summer of the following one, so that
the life of a pine needle was two summers and one winter.
In the Spruces the leaves remained on the trees for a much longer
period, he considered seven years to be about the length of their dura-
tion. The Canadian Balsam Fir not quite so long, four or five years ;
and the Hemlock a still shorter time, probably only three years.
The cedars were rather more difficult to understand. They seemed
to drop their foliage throughout the year and not at any special season.
In this case it was not the separate scales which fell but small twigs
dropped off. The Tamarac, another conifer, of course, is deciduous, and
drops its leaves every autumn.
Mr, Fletcher spoke of the length of life of the needles of Picea
Sitchensis, the Menzies spruce which he had found on Vancouver Island
growing to a height of not less than 40 feet, and still retaining the sharp
stiff needles on the stem, so that it was very uncomfortable to climb up
it to procure the cones.
In answer to a question he explained that the cause of the falling
of the leaves of deciduous trees was due to the gradual deposition of
matter in the passages and the lignification of the petioles so that
they could no longer perform their functions,
Mr. Ballantyne’s address was followed by the exhibition of a col-
lection of Australian ferns belonging to Mr. R. B. Whyte. Mr. Flet-
cher drew attention to several specimens belonging to genera represented
in our Canadian flora and showed the advantages of having specimens
from all parts of the world, if we wanted to thoroughly understand any
family of plants.
A paper by Mr. H. M. Ami was read upon the variety obtusilobata
of Onoclea sensibilis. The writer considered it merely an occasional form
142
of the species and unworthy of a varietal name. The antiquity of
the species was shown by the discovery by Dr. G. M. Dawson of well
preserved specimens in the rocks of the Laramie age in the North-West
Territories.
Dr. H. B. Small read an entertaining account of a volume of lec-
tures on botany which he had recently acquired. These lectures were
delivered at Harvard University in 1788 by Dr. Benj. Waterhouse and
were the first lectures delivered in America upon botany of which we
have any record.
Mr. Robert Whyte spoke for some time upon the subject of bog
plants, and illustrated his remarks by exhibiting a fine collection of the
local species. The various so called insectivorous forms were treated of
and the theories as to their powers of digesting food discussed. This
address gave rise to much animated and edifying discussion in which
many valuable items of information were brought out.
Messrs. Baptie, Harrington, Ballantyne and Fletcher took part in
the discussion. The sundews and pitcher plants were discussed and
their habits and structure explained. |
During the evening the following note by Prof. John Macoun, was
read :—
NOTE ON THE POISONOUS PROPERTIES OF THE
AGARICUS RODMANT.
+ RY JOHN MACOUN, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.8.C.
During the past autumn many edible mushrooms have been col-
lected in the vicinity of the city, some of which have had doubts thrown
upon their value by an unfortunate occurrence which took place early
in September.
A lady purchased two lots of mushrooms on the market, one from
the stalls and the other from the open market. The latter lot was
that from which the lady partook and which resulted in her death.
Late in September Mr. Martin Benson of this city also purchased
a lot on the market and when they were being cooked his wife noticed
that they had an offensive smell and the family refused to eat them.
A few were sent to the writer who advised Mr. Benson not to use them
as they were to say the least of it, unpleasant to both taste and smell.
Ee
143
A few were dried and then forwarded to Prof. Charles Peck, New
York State Botanist, who is the highest authority on Agarics in
America. He reported that the mushroom in question was related to
the edible one, that it had been found in New York State and in
France. He said that in France it was looked upon with suspicion
but for his own part he did not think it was poisonous, though owing
to its woody nature and unpleasant smell he did not set much value on
it. Its scientific name is Agaricus Rodmani, having been named after
its discover. It differs from the common mu hroom in having an un-
pleasat smell while being cooked, in being quite firm and not expanding
nearly so much, and in the stem being quite large where it joins the
cap and tapering to the point which seems to enter the soil to some
depth.
There are fully thirty species of edible mushrooms along the road-
sides, in woods, meadows, and pastures around Ottawa, yet those igno-
rant of this fact, persist in rejecting good Agarics and partaking of dele-
terious ones simply because they look like the common mushroom.
If the following simple directions were followed no person need be
poisoned and much valuable food could be collected every autumn by
those desirous of doing so. At present I have fine mushrooms gathered
nearly ten years since that are just as well suited for the table now as
they were when collected. In other countries this practice of drying
mushrooms for future use is extensively practiced and there is no reason
why we should not do the same here.
Directions for testing Mushrooms or Agarics of all kinds :
(1.) Reject all that have an unpleasant smell either in a raw state
or when cooking.
(2.) If the smell is pleasant chew a small portion of the raw speci-
men and swallow the juice. If a burning sensation is felt in the mouth
or throat the mushroom is more or less poisonous and should be reject-
ed. On the other hand if the taste is pleasant the mushroom is edible.
All puff-balls are edible as long as the spores are white, when the inside
begins to turn yellow the specimens should be thrown away.
Sa
An interesting discussion on the value of mushrooms as food
followed the reading of this paper, in which Mr. Whyte, Mr. Ballan-
tyne and Mr. Harrington took place. Mr. Fletcher spoke of some of
144
the common edible fungi found in the neighbourhood of Ottawa, and
also referred to the use made of the Fly Agaric (Agaricus muscarius) by
the peasants of Northern Russia, who steep it in alcohol to produce
prolonged intoxication. ,
Dr. Baptie said that many fungi undoubtedly contained a very
powerful poison, and that people who collected or ate mushrooms ought
to examine them carefully. He also drew attention to the fact that
some species might be quite wholesome when fresh, but might become:
poisonous as soon as decomposition set in.
Fourth.—The fourth meeting of the winter course was held on the
evening of February 14th, and was made very interesting by the leaders.
of the entomological section. The report on the work of the branch
during the season of 1888 was read by Mr. Fletcher. Several new
and rare species had been added to the list of species recorded from
the locality since the last report, and much useful work in economic
entomology had been prosecuted.
Mr. W. H. Harrington delivered an admirable address upon the
Capricorn beetles, which commit such serious ravages by boring timber
after it is cut in the woods. This address was illustrated by a beautiful
collection of these beetles which had been made in the locality by Mr.
Harrington.
There was considerable discussion upon the habits of insects, and
many enquiries were made as to the best methods of meeting the
attacks of injuricus species.
THE ANNUAL MEETING.
The annual meeting for the election of officers for the coming year
will be held on Tuesday, 19th March, at 4 o’clock in the afternoon in
the usual place, the museum of the Ottawa Literary and Scientific
Society. All the members are earnestly requested to be present, as
matters of great importance to the welfare of the club are to be dis-
cussed. Any who have not already paid their subscriptions are
requested to do so before the meeting.
145
MONDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES.
The course of Elementary Moncay Afternoon Lectures has been
unusually successful during the past season, the attendance and after-
discussion being particularly satisfactory. The first of these delivered
upon January 7th was by Mr. F. R. Latchford upon Conchology.
Owing to a serious illness, Prof. Macoun was unable to deliver a lecture
on this day upon the subject of Ornithology. Mr. Latchford kindly
consented to take charge of the class and delivered a most instructive
address, in which he gave the club the benefit of his experience in
collecting shells and preserving them for the cabinet. The second
lecture, on the 21st of January, was upon the subject of Geology by
Dr. Ells. This was so highly appreciated that the publishing com-
mittee was requested to print it tn extenso, which was done in the
January number of the Orrawa NaruRAtistT.
The second lecture on Geology proved no less interesting than the
last, as Mr. Henry M. Ami dwelt with the practical side of the science,
Applied Geology. Ina clear and concise manner Mr. Ami sketched
the history of Ottawa from the earliest times up to the present, and
arranged the various formations or sub-divisions of strata into three
grand natural divisions, viz.: The Laurentian or Archean ; the Palaeo-
zoic ; the Post-Tertiary. Each of these was treated separately, and the
characters of each described in such a manner as to be easily recognized,
Specimens of the formations comprised in these three great systems
were passed round and examined. Interesting localities to visit and
study, worthy ef careful examination, were pointed out, and an earnest
appeal made on behalf of geological research and enquiry, urging the
members to devote some attention to geology, as the field was most
inviting and the work promising. Special stress was laid upon the
economic value of the several formations discussed and the occurrence
of such minerals as iron, mica, graphite, apatite, galena, and many
others in this district, besides the cement stones and marls with fine
building stones which show how important a study geology is. A
lengthy and animated discussion followed Mr. Ami’s remarks.
Mr. John Stewart thought that the long ridges of boulders, &c.,
which occurred at Hull, Que., near Lake Flora were of glacial origin,
L
146
and pointed to a second period of glaviatiun, as he had observed the
debris of these resting directly upon stratified marine deposits, which
are themselves underlaid by glacial “till” or clay.
Mr. Ami had examined the region mentioned, and believed those
deposits to be much more recent. They were correllated with the
“Ottawa gravels,” which are met with at Britannia, Rochesterville,
Lansdowne Park, Gilmour’s Mills, &c., and which mark a period of
time subsequent to the “ Leda Clay ” formation, a period of lake basins
and wide river expansion, which has since been gradually diminishing
until the present river flows.
Dr. Ells had also seen them, and believed they were formed along
the shores of rivers and pointed to similar ridges in process of formation
in the St. Lawrence below Quebec. Dr. Ells, Dr. Small, Messrs, J. Bal-
lantyne,and R. B. Whyte, besides the lecturer, took part in the discussion.
The fourth lecture, on February 4th, was by Mr. J. Fletcher upon
Entomology. The value of the study as a practical branch of agricul-
ture was shown ; the different classes of injurious and beneficial insects
were described, and the mode of application of some of the remedies for
injurious kinds was explained. The fifth lecture, on January 11th,
was given by Mr. W. H. Harrington upon the same subject. The structure
and classification of insects were dealt with and the reasons for dividing
insects into the different orders were explained in a clear and intelligible
manner. Mr. Harrington also gave some valuable suggestions as to
the best way to collect and study insects. The animated discussion at
the termination of the lecture showed the high appreciation by the
audience of Mr. Harrington’s address.
Of our Monday afternoon lectures the one looked forward to with
perhaps the most interest was that of the 18th of February, on Zoology
by the Rev. G. W. Taylor, of Billings Bridge, late of Victoria, B. C.
Mr. Taylor has been a member of the club since 1884, and although
so far beyond the field of its operations, has always taken a deep interest
in its work and welfare. He is an ardent lover of Nature and an
authority in several sciences, particularly in Entomology and Conchol-
ogy. He has lately removed to Ottawa, and the council recognizes in
him a valuable acquisition to our list of active members.
147
The lecturer began by defining the limits of his subject and by
showing the lines which separated the animal kingdom from the mineral
and vegetable kingdoms. He said that while it was an easy matter to
distinguish between animals and vegetables of the higher orders, it was
exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, when we descend to the proto-
zoic forms of animals and the correspondingly low forms of plant life.
He stated that, apart from what could be seen in the more highly
organized, the essential difference between plants and animals is that
the former absorb from the air carbonic acid and give off oxygen, while
the latter do the opposite, a most beautiful illustration of the mutual
dependence of the different orders of created beings upon one another.
The lecturer explained briefly the classifications of zoology from
the vertebrata down to the protozoa. His explanations were of the
most lucid and concise nature, and so clear that his hearers could not
fail to understand.
In conclusion he advised and urged on his hearers to take up the
study of Nature, if it was only for the benefit of their health, and
advised them, if they wanted to study any branch of natural history, to
begin with some branch of zoology, as it was impossible to acquire a
thorough knowledge of geology or any of the other branches without
some knowledge of the animal kingdom. That he knew of no place so
favorable to the study of science as Ottawa, with its free libraries,
museums, and masters of science, who were always willing to help
beginners. For anyone who wanted to study zoology he recommended
the hand book on that subject by Sir William Dawson, and closed his
excellent lecture with an appeal to the members present to undertake
some original work in some particular direction. Mr. Taylor concluded
by stating that he believed it one of our duties as well as of our privi-
lege to study the great diversity of the animal creation, and that after
the study of God’s Word should come the study of God’s works.
The president alluded animatedly to the fact that no effort had
been made on the part of any member of the club to acquire a know-
ledge or even to give a list of the vertebrate animals of this vicinity,
and thought that it was a pity that a subject which was of such
importance, as Mr. Taylor had shown this to be, should be left untouched
148
for so long a time, when so much good work was being done in almost
every other department,
Mr. Ami bore testimony to the excellence of the lecture, consider-
ing the vastness of the field it covered, and thought that the animals
of this district could be worked up with comparative ease.
Dr. Ells moved a vote of thanks, and stated that he, as a member
of the staff of the geological survey, would be glad to assist any one
who took up the study of any branch that he knew anything of, by
either taking them to the field with him or by showing them anything
he could at the museum.
The vote of thanks was seconded by Mr. Lees.
Mr. Taylor, in replying to the vote of thanks, said he had just
been reading in a scientific paper that there were only seven species of
reptiles in Canada, which showed the utter ignorance which existed on
the subject, and ventured to say that at least that number of species
could be found within a radius of one mile from where they were
standing.
The sixth lecture, on the 25th of February, was to have been upon
Botany, by Prof. Macoun, but he was much too ill to attend the
meeting. At the request of the president, Rev. G. W. Taylor delivered
a lecture upon Conchology, in which he showed himself to be a thorough
master of his subject.
The seventh lecture, on March 4th, was by Mr. J. Fletcher upon
Botany. The possibility of studying botany at all times of the year
was claimed, and the investigations which could be most advantageously
carried on during the winter months dwelt upon at some length. The
different forms of buds were referred to, and some specimens of buds of
Lilac were exhibited, which had been made to expand by placing the
twigs in water inside the house. The life of a plant was sketched and
the uses of the different organs indicated.
The eighth and last lecture of the course was delivered by the
president, Mr. Robert Whyte, upon the afternoon of,March 11th.
“The best way to study Botany” was explained in a lucid and attractive
manner. Where, when, and how to collect and preserve specimens
were described, and the delights of the study dwelt upon in such a
149
manner as to make the audience wish they could at once go to the
woods and put the president’s precepts into practice. The germination
of seeds and the important part played by the cotyledons was illustrated
by a good supply of young plants of turnips, peas and wheat, which
had all been grown specially for the purpose.
The interest shown in the subjects presented by the full attend-
ance at these afternoon lectures is a source of great encouragement to
the council, who trust that a lasting result will be shown by increased
efforts during the coming season to work up the natural history of the
district.
REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGICAL AND COLOGICAL
BRANCH FOR THE YEAR 1888.
READ ON THE EVENING OF 28TH FEBRUARY.
Vo the President and Council of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club.
GENTLEMEN,—In making up the report of this branch for the past
year the leaders have adopted a new plan, and instead of publishing
the usual list of arrivals and departures of the birds they have thought
it advisable to substitute the following synopsis of the year’s work :—
There were five observers at work who made reports of their
observations, viz. : the leaders (Prof. Macoun and Mr. Geo. R. White),
Mr. J. F. Bowerman, Mr. N. Ballantyne and Mr. W. Lees. Prof.
Macoun’s list of 106 species (most of which were shot) was made
during the months of April and May. Mr. White’s list of 98 species
extends from 28th Jan. to 28th May, and was published in the spring
report of the Club in the July number of the Narturauist. Mr.
Bowerman shot at Ottawa, between 2nd April and 19th June, 47
species, besides 20 others in Prince Edward County not included in
this report. The skins of these were, however, not preserved. The
observations of Messrs. Ballantyne and Lees, who worked together, and
whose lists of 101 each are almost identical, began with February and
150
extended over the remainder of the year. They were made altogether
without the aid of a gun, the birds being observed by means of field
glasses.
In all there were observed here during the year 142 species, of
which 33 were noted by all five observers, 39 by four of them, 25 by
three, 13 by two and 32 by one only. The result of these observations
is the addition of seven new species (two of which await further con-
firmation) to the Club list, bringing the total number recorded by the
Club up to 222. The additions are as follows :—
1. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. Black Tern ; already noted
by Mr. White in Spring Report.
2. Buteo lineatus. Red-shouldered Hawk : one shot at the Quar-
ries on the Montreal Road on 24th Sept. by Mr. White.
3. Otocoris alpestris praticola. Prairie Horned Lark: this
sub-species should have been recorded before, as it is a summer resident,
whilst O. alpestris is a winter visitor. The present sub-species is rather
common from about the beginning of March. Mr.White questions this.
4, Acanthis linaria rostrata. Greater Redpoll: Mr. White re-
ports this species as having been taken here some years since, but for
some reason it has never been recorded by the Club.
5. Geothlypis agilis. Connecticut Warbler : this species was ob-
served by Messrs. Ballantyne and Lees: by the latter in the Mer Bleue
at Eastman’s Springs, July 21, and at Clark’s Bush July 22, and by
both at Dow’s Swamps Aug. 5 and Sept. 2. As this species was only
identified with the glass it is inserted as doubtful, pending further in-
vestigation.
6. Cistothorus palustris. Long-billed Marsh Wren : one specimen
shot by Mr. Edwards, Taxidermist, on 2lst May, and now in the
Museum of the Geological Survey.
7. Turdus Alicig. Gray-cheeked Thrush: several reported shot
here and in Prince Edward County, Bowerman. We see no reason
why this bird should not have been observed here before, but as there
is also doubt as to the identification of this species, it is held under query
as in the case of No. 5.
151
Mr. Bowerman also reported Dendroica Dominica. Yellow-throat-
ed Warbler, as shot here by him on 24th May. This is a bird of the
Soutuern States, and as it was not identified by a professional ornitho-
logist and unfortunately the skin was not ‘preserved the leaders do not
feel justified in assuming the responsibility of recording it for the first
time in Canada. It may be stated that there is a specimen of this bird
in the Geological Survey Museum, but the locality of its capture is un-
known.
The following birds were observed at somewhat unexpected times :
Larus argentatus smithsonianus—American Herring Gull—June 5.
Usually appears here in April.
Corvus Americanus—American Crow—A few individuals remain
here all winter feeding on the refuse from slaughter-houses.
Acanthis linaria—Redpoll—June 3. <A winter bird, seldom ob-
served later than March.
Spinus tristis—American Goldfinch—Has remained with us all
this winter in large numbers; probably induced to do so by the unusual
abundance of white cadar cones, of the seeds of which they seem fond.
Spinus pinus—Pine Siskin—May 2. Usually appears in winter
only.
Amongst the new birds observed were :
Ectopistes migratorius— Passenger Pigeon.
Haliaétus leucocephalus—Bald Eagle.
Falco columbarius—Pigeon Hawk.
Syrnium nebulosum—Barred Owl.
Picoides arcticus — Arctic three-toed Woodpecker.
Picoides Americanus—American three-toed Woodpecker.
Empidonax pusillus Traillii—Traill’s Flycatcher.
Spizellu pusilla—Field Sparrow.
Passerina cyanea—Indigo Bunting.
Lanius Ludovicianus excubitorides—W hite-rumped Shrike.
Vireo flavifrons —Y ellow-throated Vireo.
Helininthophila peregrina—Tennessee Warbler.
Dendroica tigrina—Cape May Warbler.
# vigorsti— Pine Warbler.
e palmarum hypochrysea—Yellow Pali Warbler.
Sylvania pusilla—Wilson’s Warbler.
Parus Hudsonicus—Hudsonian Chickadee.
152
The following birds, not yet on the Club list, we think might
reasonably be expected to occur here. Our readers should therefore be
on the alert and endeavour to add them to the list during the present
year : °
Falco peregrinus anatum—Duck Hawk—Follows the migration
of water-fowl, and should be Jooked for in spring and fall. Rev. Mr.
Young reports having seen it in Renfrew Country.
Megascops Asio—Screech Owl—Should be found in barns in the
country in winter.
Calearius Lapponicus—Lapland Longspur—Said to accompany
the flocks of snow-flakes—Plectrophenax nivalis—seen here at the
beginning and end of winter.
In conclusion, the leaders think that they may fairly congratulate
the Club on the character of the work done in this branch during the
year. At the same time they would direct the attention of the mem-
bers to the great importance of having carried on by as many as pos-
sible of them during the coming summer a series of careful observations
on the migration, food, breeding and other habits of the birds of this
locality.
Joun Macoun,
GeorGcE R. WHITE,
Ottawa, 26th February, 1889. Leaders.
:0:
REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL BRANCH FOR 1888-9.
During the past season the amount of work done in this section
has been decidedly less satisfactory than in recent years.
The number of additions to the list, too, is smaller than in any
previous year. The leaders, however, do not feel discouraged, and
hope next year by extra efforts to stir up more erthusiasm amongst the
younger members. ‘The local flora now being published in the Orrawa
Natura.ist will be a great help to students, and the leaders trust that
the members will organize early in the spring and make an effort to
increase considerably the list of plants now recorded from this locality.
Special mention, however, must be made of the work done by Mr.
153
W. Scott, the Science Master of the Normal School, who has not only
collected assiduously himself right through the season, but has delivered
a series of lectures in the Normal School, in which each student was
provided with a specimen of a fresh plant—an innovation of a most
valuable character. Good results cannot but follow from this method
of teaching.
Professor Macoun still continues his unceasing labours with results
of incalculable value. His researches amongst the mosses may fairly
be said to have revolutionised our knowledge of these diflicult plants.
In connection with Dr. Kindberg of Linképing (Sweden), Mons. Cardot
of Steiny (France), and Prof. Venturi of Nice (Italy), he is making a
systematic re-examination of all the Canadian Musci, with the remark-
able results that fully fifty species will be added to the North American
moss flora, over forty of which are new to science. Seven of these have
been found in this locality and are new to science. Two of these are
named with characteristic names, 1.e., Pylaisia Selwyni, named in honor
of Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, the Director of the Geological and Natural
History Survey of Canada, who, although not himself specially a
botanist, has always given Prof. Macoun every opportunity to use to
the best advantage his great talents in this line, for the benefit both of
the Dominion of Canada and for the scientific world at large. Bryum
Ontariense, of interest from having been confounded for many years
with Brywm roseum, is named in honor of our own fair province.
An interesting re-discovery was made last spring in the form of a
parasitic fungus, which was found very effective in materially diminish-
ing the numbers of one of our injurious cutworms ( Agrotis fennica ).
This fungus was named Hmpusa (Entomophthora) virescens, by Mr.
Roland Thaxter, a high authority upon these forms. This species was
discovered at Ottawa in 1884, when it almost annihilated a remarkable
occurrence of the cutworms mentioned. A well-known example of
these fungi is the Hmpusa musce, which causes the death of house flies
in autumn, when they may be found attached to walls or windows by
their probosces and surrounded by a white cloud of the spores of the
fungus which has destroyed them. As the new additions to the local
plants will appear in the Plora Ottawaensis now being published, it
would be useless to give a list of them here. The new species of
154
mosses discovered in this locality by Prof. Macoun are described below
and appended to this report. The growing for observation and study
of rare plants from other parts of the Dominion has been continued by
the leaders, and as the Botanic Garden at the Experimental Farm is to
be begun in the spring, the leaders beg to urge upon the members of
the club the importance of assisting in the collection of native plants
from this locality. A special feature of the garden is to be the collection
and cultivaticn of as complete a series of Canadian plants as_ possible,
and they have nc doubt that important botanical results will follow
this opportunity for botanists to study in a state of nature and in large
numbers many of our rare and local plants. Already large collections
of seeds have been sent in by Prof. Macoun and Dr. Dawson, of the
Geological Survey, and donations from many others have been received
from remote and inaccessible localities. There is much that our local
botanists can do in this line to assist this important work, which will
give another opportunity for showing that the Ottawa Field-Naturalists.
Club is a practical and useful organization. In conclusion, the leaders.
have to express their great indebtedness to the president, Mr. R. B-
Whyte, for his unceasing labours on behalf of the branch. This has
been particularly the case with regard to the S.turday afternoon sub-
excursions, nearly all of which he attended, and when the leaders, as
was frequently the case, were avsent, he undertook the direction of the
party and delivered the elementary lectures which form so important a
feature of these out-door classes.
James FLeTcHer. | Lawes
H. B. Smatu, M.D. f itiel
10:
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MOSSES FOUND AT
OTTAWA.
By Nils Conrad Kindberg, Ph. D. (Linképing, Sweden.)
DICRANUM SCOPARIFORME. Kindb. N. sp.
Intermediate between D. scoparium and D. fuscescens. Dicecious.
Leaves greenish-yellow, flexuous, lanceolate, subulate with a short
and flat subula ; margins nearly flat or slightly incurved, densely
and sharply serrate to 4; cell-walls not interrupted by pores ;
upper cells oblong-ovai, lower not much narrower, inner basa
light brown ; costa thick, percurrent with two serrate ridges at
155
the back in the upper part. Capsule curved, not striate:
Pedicel red, short. Described from specimens found by Dr. G. M.
Dawson at bottom of canyon below the bridge, Elk River, Rocky
Mountains, but also found in McKay’s woods, Ottawa, at the base
of trees: also in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.
D. stenopictyoy, Kindb. N. sp.
Allied to the last species. Dicecious. Tufts very dense, blackish
brown, only the top leaves straw yellow, 2-3 ¢.m. high. Leaves
flexuous, not undulate or crispate, short ovate—lanceolate, short—
acuminate and blunt; margins flat above the middle, densely ser-
rate above, more or less denticulate below ; cell walls not porose ;
upper cells oblong, lower sublinear, alar hyaline, faintly brown ;
costa narrow, not percurrent, simply dentate at back. Barren.
The colour of the plant resembies Hypnwum sarmentosum. In
damp woods at Ironsides, P.Q. October 1884.
Bryum (Rhodobryum) OnrTariensE, Kindb. N. sp.
Intermediate between Brywm roseum and Bryum Beyrichii (Hersch.)
C. Miller.
Comal leaves very numerous, lingulate, abruptly and short-acuminate,
revolute to 2 or ?, yellow-margined above with great confluent
teeth ; costa stout, excurrent. Capsule pale, with a distinct curved
and doubly shorter collum ; teeth papillose and hyaline above ;
archegonia numerous ; lid convex, short apiculate, not oblique.
Hitherto confounded with Sryum rosewm, and quite common
throughout Ontario, generally in a barren state. On old logs in
all maple woods around Ottawa. Barren.
LESKEA NIGRESCENS, Kindb., N. sp.
Plants very small, densely tufted, blackish-green, stems short,
creeping, pinnate. Stem leaves close, appressed when dry, open
erect when moist, at base broadly ovate and scarcely reflexed,
acuminate, entire, obscurely but faintly papillose, branchlet
leaves erect, very much smaller and looser, blunt at the short
acumen; cells round-oval, costa obsolete rarely reaching to the
middle. Dicecious. Only barren specimens found.
This species ceuld possibly be referred to the genus Heterocladium
but the costa is not furcate.
156
On flat boulders in McKay’s woods. Oct. 12, 1885.
Pratycyrium repens, Bruch & Schimp.
VAR. ORTHOCLADOS, Kindb, (N. var.)
Branches elongate and not curved. All basal leaf-cells orange:
Peristome orange, segments linear, not completely free at base,
smooth or denticulate at one side, not shorter than the teeth.
The European species has the teeth of the peristome pale, ordinarily
longer than the linear subuliform, hyaline-bordered and free
segments ; the branches of the stem are shorter and curved, only
the alar leaf-cells orange. The figure given by Schimper (Lesq. &
James,) representing the peristome is not corresponding.
The description of Neckera brachyclada, C. Mill (in syn. muscor.
omn. frond.) found in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, but not
mentioned by Lesqureux & James, could be referred to our plant,
except that it is indicated as monecious. On old logs at Ottawa ;
probably common. Oct. 12, 1885.
Pyatsta SeLwynt, Kindb., n. sp.
Differs from P. intricata in the denser, darker green tufts, the leaves
broader, short-acuminate, reflexed to the acumen at one border or
at both, the short alar and marginal cells more numerous, the
capsule short oval, the segments adhering to two-thirds of the
teeth. Very abundant on old fences, Richmond Road, Ottawa.
May 15, 1885.
HOoMALOTHECIUM CorTICOLUM. Kindb. N. sp.
Monecious; tufts dense, glossy; stems radiculose, pinnate ;
branches densely crowded, curved; stem leaves ovate, abruptly
narrowed to the recurved or straight acumen; branch leaves
ovate-oblong, acute or short-acuminate, straight ; all leaves more
or less denticulate and reflexed all around ; alar cells quadrate, not
numerous ; the marginal also quadrate, the other oblong-rhom-
boidal ; perichetial leaves entire, long-acuminate ; capsule cylin-
dric-oblong, slightly curved; teeth yellow, segments with a
high basilar membrane; lid short-apiculate; pedicel rough ;
l.c.m., long. Greater than Homalotheciam subcapillatum. On
bark of trees in woods at Ottawa, Ont. Oct. 24th, 1887.
157
Cueck List or CanapiaN Pirants—By J. M. Macoun. 8vo. Ottawa,
1889. 50c.
A very useful pamphlet has just been issued by our fellow member,
Mr. J. M. Macoun, in his complete (and corrected up to date) check list of °
all the plants which have ever been found in Canada. Mr. Macoun
has had exceptional advantages in the preparation of this list. As
assistant to his father, Prof. John Macoun, he has had the magnificent
collection of the Geological Survey to examine as to doubtful species.
The museum has now acquired most of the collections of the early bot-
anists of the beginning of the century. He has also had the benefit of
his father’s assistance and advice. The use of check lists for all collect-
ors and explorers is very great. With a complete check list all that is
necessary, when a new locality is visited, is to put a tick or a date
against the name of each species observed during the day, and thus a
great labour is saved at a time when the traveller is tired out and dis-
inclined for the tedious work of writing a long list of names. We advise
every botanist in the club to secure copies while they are to be had.
:0:
A NEW CRUSTACEAN.
In the Bulletin de la Societé Zoologique de France for June, 1888,
S. A. Poppe, of Vegesack, Germany, describes a new species of Diap-
tomus, a genus of fresh-water Copepoda, under the name, D. Tyrrelli.
It isa small red crustacean, or “water-flea,” about a twentieth of an
inch in length, with large oar-like antenne and one eye in the middle
of the head in front, but unlike the genus Cyclops, to which it is closely
allied ; the female carries but one lateral egg-sac. It occurs in great
abundance in Summit Lake, near Stephen, in the Rocky Mountains,
often coloring the water around the shore a brilliant red. From this
lake it was collected by our member, Mr. Tyrrell, of the Geological and
Natural History Survey, in the summer of 1883, and in whose honour
it is named.
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He SS Oe OF SO es
Advertisers, should be patronized, 17, 47.
Afternoon Lectures, 7, 106, 145.
Agaricus Rodmani, Poisonous properties
of, 142. ;
Ami, H. M., Addresses by, 58, 71, 74.
Lecture on Geology, 145,
Palaeontology of Russell and Cam-
bridge, 139.
Phosphatic nodules in the Chazy, 45.
Sequence of Geological formations with
reference to Natural Gas, 93.
Annual Meeting, 16, 42, 144.
Annual Report of Council, 18.
Autumn on the Upper Ottawa, 81.
Balance Sheet, 1887-8, Treasurer’s, 20.
Ballantyne, J., Our Squirrels, 7, 33.
Baptie, Dr. George, on Natural Gas, 75.
On Poisonous Fungi, 144.
Birds, Spring arrivals 49; List of, 151.
Boardman, W. F., Address by, 72.
Botanical Branch, Report for 1887-8, 23.
Report for 1883-9, 152.
Botany, How to Study, 103.
Bryum Ontariense, N.S., 155.
Burgess, T.J.W., How to Study Botany,
103.
Central Canada Exhibition Association,
76, 102.
Chazy formation at Aylmer, 11, 45.
Corresponding Members, 6.
Council 1887-8, Annual Report of, 12.
Craig, W., Physiography and Geology of
Russell and Cambridge, 136.
Descriptions of new species of mosses, 154.
Diaptomus Tyrelli, N.S., 157.
Dicranum scopariforme, N.S., 154.
stenodictyon, N.S., 155.
Editor, 17.
Ells, Dr. R.W., Lecture on Geology, 117.
On Glacial Deposits, 146.
Empusa musce, 153.
virescens, N.S., 153.
Entomological Branch, Report for 1887-8,
21h
Entomological Society of Ontario, 99, 134.
Entomology for Beginners, 100.
Excursions, No. 1 to Kirk’s Ferry, 56;
No. 2 to Aylmer, 58; No. 3, to Mer
Bleue, 74; No. 4, to King’s Mountain,
97.
Fletcher, J , Address by, 58, 69.
Editorial, 17.
Lecture on Entomology, 81, 146 ; on
Botany, 148.
On Squirrels storing food, 7.
Flora Ottawaensis, 28.
Flora Ottawaensis, 17, 28, 61, 77, 104,
Additions to, 26.
Geology and Paleontology of Russell and
Cambridge, 136.
Harrington, W.H., Capricorn Beetles,
144,
Lecture on Entomology, 9, 146.
Hilborn, W. W., Address by, 68.
Homaiothecium corticolum, N. S., 156.
Inaugural address by R. B. Whyte, 107.
Kindberg, Dr. N. C. Descriptions of new
mosses.
Latchford, F. A., Lecture on Conchology,
145.
Lees, W. A. D., on Studying Birds, 115.
Leskea nigrescens, N.S., 155.
Library, Donations to, 27.
McLaughlin, T. J,, Address by, 73; on
Squirrels storing food, 7.
Macoun, Prof. J., Lecture on Classifica-
tion of Plants, 10; Lecture on Mosses,
9; on Agaricus Rodmani, 142; on Hay-
making rodents, 7; on Testing Mush-
rooms, 143.
Macoun,’J. M., Check List of Plants, 157.
Members, List of, 4; List of Correspond-
ing, 6; New Members, 18.
Monday Afternoon Lectures, see Afternoon
Lectures.
Montreal Natural History Society Excur-
sion, 59.
Mosses, New Species described, 154.
Mushrooms, as food, 143; directions for
testing, 143.
New Species of Mosses, 154.
Officers, List of, 3.
Ornithological Branch, Report for 1887-8
49; Report for Spring of 1888, 54; Re-
port for 1888-89, 149.
Our Squirrels, 33.
Packard, Dr. A. S., Entomology for Be-
ginners, 102.
Patron, Our, 105.
Phosphatic Nodules in the Chazy, 45.
Platygyrium repens var orthoclados, n.
var, 156.
President’s Inaugural Address, 107.
Programme for Winter of 1888-89.
Pylaisia Selwyni, N.8., 156.
il
Royal Society of Canada, 19.
Russell and Cambridge,
Palaeontology of, 136.
Saunders, Prof. W., Address by, 66, 135.
Small, H. B., on Studying Botany, 116.
Soirees, 7, 99, 105, 106, 141, 144.
Sowter, T. W. E., on Chazy Formation at
Aylmer, P. Q., 7, 11.
Squirrels otf Ottawa, 33.
Stewart, John, on Glacial Deposits, 145.
Sub-excursions, to Beechwood, 47; to
Beaver Meadow, 47; to Hull, 48, 60;
to ‘‘Siphonotreta Bed,” 48, 60; to New
Edinburgh, 48; to Rockcliffe, 48; to
Government Experimental Farm, 65;
to The Elms, 74.
Taylor, Rev. G. W., Lecture on Conchol-
ogy, 148; on Zoology, 146.
Treasurer’s Balance Sheet, 20.
Wheeler, A. O., Autumn on the Ottawa,
(cil
Winter Meetings. See Soirees.
Whyte, R. B., Address by, 47, 48, 59,
74, 75, 99, 107.
Lecture on Botany, 9, 148.
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RLORZ « OPPAWZ
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JAMES RLRYCHER, ERS...
FLORA OTTAWAENSIS.
BY JAMES FLETCHER, F.R.S.C., F.L.S.
It is now eight years since my first list of the plants of this dis-
trict was prepared for the members of the club. This was merely a
bare list of the names of 810 species collected by the writer during the
summer of 1879. ‘This district” was then understood to mean a
radius of about twelve miles from the City of Ottawa, and was defined
as the country lying between the following points :—Meech’s Lake, in
the Chelsea Mcuntains, on the one side, and the Mer Blene on the
other; down the Ottawa River East Templeton and Green’s Creek
were included, and up the river Britannia and the islands above
Aylmer. Latterly, however, by general consent of the botanists of
the club, this radius has been extended to about thirty miles, so as to
include Casselman on the one side and Wakefield on the other, and up
_ the river as far as the Chats Rapids and down to Buckingham.
Previous to the appearance of the above-mentioned list there had
been printed by the Ottawa Natural History Society a “ List of plants
collected by Mr. B. Billings in the vicinity of the City of Ottawa
during the summer of 1866.” This contained the names of 404 species,
with the dates of their inflorescene, which appear in the present list
marked (B).
The following collections had also been made previous to 1879 :—
By Mr. B. Billings (1866-7) which is now in the museum of the
Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society ; by Mr. A. H. Moore, an
energetic collector, and one who added largely to our knowledge of the
flora of the vicinity (1870-78.) Through the generosity of the last
named gentleman this collection now forms part of my own herbarium.
By Mr. Robert Whyte and Dr. H. B. Small, who began to collect
about 1875, and are still active members of the botanical branch of
the club. The present list contains every species up to this time
found in the district and identified with certainty. Further additions
will be published annually as they are reported. It has been prepared
at the request of the Council, more especially as an aid for those
beginning to study our flora.
The 1879 list gave merely the names of all species at that time
known to have been found at Ottawa, but gave no information upon
some of the most important points the local botanist requires to know
»
about, such as the prevalence of any species in the locality, whether it
be indigenous or introduced, plentitul or scarce.
Certain plants common in some localities are rave here, and vice
versa ; again, plants indigenous to Canada but not to the Ottawa
district have been introdaced either by accident or have escaped from
cultivation. All of these facts should be made known to students or
they may fall into error. It was therefore thought well, this time, to
add short notes under each species, giving the general habitat, special
localities and approximately the date in the year when collectors may
expect to find the different species in flower.
With the exception of two or three species, all have been found
by the writer in the localities mentioned, and in every case the actual
specimens recorded have been carefully examined by him.
A general habitat is given for each species, and in the case of
rarities exact localities are mentioned. When no special locality is
given it is intended to show that the species is of common occurrence.
When no cullector’s name is given after a locality or the initials
(J. F.) appear the writer is responsible for the record. When a plant
of interest is recorded from other localities than those where the writer
has found it the name of the coliector is given in parentheses. In
instances where a person’s name is followed by an asterisk (*) it is to
show that this was the first record of the plant having been discovered
in the Ottawa district.
In indicating the time of the year when the plant may be looked
for in flower the months have been divided into four quarters, so that
when the name of a month is followed by the numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4 it
shows that the plant may be expected to flower in the Ist, 2nd, 3rd or
4th quarter of the month.
Synonyms have been, for the most part, omitted, except in cases
where plants appear in the list under other names than those given in
Dr. Gray’s “ Manual.” These, as well as introduced plants (whether
into this district or into Canada) are printed in italics.
In compiling this new list Prof. Macoun’s Catalogue, issued by the
Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, 1883, et sey., has
been followed, and as Canadian botanists now arrange their collections
by that excellent catalogue I have thought it well to give before each
species Prof. Macoun’s number,
POLYPETALOUS EXOG@ER =
RANUNCULACEAi—Crow-foot Family.
CLEMATIS, L. Traveller’s Joy. Virgin’s Bower.
1. C. verticiiiaris, D.C. (Mauve-flowered Clematis).
Atragene Americana. Sims.
Creeping over rocks and low shrubs. King’s and other moun-
tains, Chelsea, P.Q. Not uncommon. May—4.
2. C. Vircintana. (Common Virgin’s-Bower.)
Borders of streams. Aug.—l.
ANEMONE, L. Wind Flower.
12. A. cytinprica, Gray (Long-fruited Anemone).
Dry pastures. Ju.—2.
13. Vireiniana, L.
Rocky, open woods. ‘There are two forms of this plant: (i) with
greenish flowers like the preceding, but always with much
shorter heads of fruit; and (ii) with white flowers almost as
large as those of No. 15. From this latter, however, it is easily
distinguished by the woolly seeds. (i) Common; (11) on the
rocks round Lake Flora, Hull, P.Q. Ju.—2. (B.)
15. A. picHotoma, L. (Round-headed Anemone),
A. Pennsylvanica, L.
Along river margins and in low meadows. Ju.—2. (B.)
17. A. Hepatica, L. (Liverwort. Blue May-flower).
Hepatica triloba, Chaix.
Dry, rocky woods. One of our earliest flowers ; not quite as
common as No. 18. Ap.—3_ (B.)
18. A. acuTiLoBa, Lawson (‘‘ May-flower ”).
Dry, shady woods. Ap.—3_ (B.)
THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meadow-rue.
20. T. piotcum, L. (Karly Meadow-rue).
River banks and low woods. Ju.—1l. (B.)
4
21. T. puRPURASCENS (Purplish Meadow-ru).
Templeton and along the Ottawa below the city (H. M. Ami*),
Hull (J. F.) This species is distinguishable from 7. Cornute
by having the anthers drooping on capillary filaments and the
flowers greenish purple. On the other hand, 7. Cornuti has
white flowers, short filaments and anthers not droo, ing.
22. T. Cornutt, L. (White-flowered Meadow-rue).
Islands and wet meadows and swamps; a tall, handsome plant.
July—l. (B.)
RANUNCULUS, L. Crow-foot. Buttercup.
28. R. aquatiuis, L. v. TRICHOPHYLLUS, Chaix (White Water Crow-
foot).
Stagnant and slow-flowing waters. Ju.—l.
29. R. muttiripus, Pursh (Yellow Water-Crow-foot).
In shallow water, and creeping over mud, Malloch’s Bay, Dow’s
Swamp and Kettle Island (J. F.), Billings Bridge (R. B. Whyte).
Ju.—z2. ;
Var. y. REPENS, Watson.
Leaves all round-reniform, palmately, 3—£ cleft ; stems creeping
in mud, Casselman and Gatineau Point (Prof. Macoun). Ju.—2.
31. R. rramMuta, L. var. RepTANS, Meyer (Smaller Creeping Crow-
foot).
Mud-flats and river margins. July—l.
32. R. Cympauaria, Pursh (Salt-water Crow-foot).
In a low, wet meadow at Thurso, P.Q. Ju.—-2.
37. R. aBortivus, L. var. MICRANTAUS, Gray (Small-flowered Butter-
cup).
Woods and Meadows. From “ Macoun’s Catalogue,” Part IIT.,
p. 480, it would appear that our Ottawa plant is not the type of
R. abortivus, L. May—2. (B.)
30. R. recurvatus, Poir (Downy Wood-Buttereup).
Woods. An attractive species with large leaves and small flowers.
May—2. (B.)
45. k. acris, L. (Meadow Buttercup).
Introduced from Europe. Very abundant in meadows. June (B),
i)
47. R. Pennsytvanicus, L. (Bristly Buttercup).
River flats and swampy woods. July—2. (B).
48. R. repens, L. (Creeping Crow-foot).
Introduced from Europe. Governor-General’s Bay, New Edin-
burgh. I have not succeeded in finding the native form of this
species at Ottawa.
CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold.
54. C. patustris, L, (Water-Cowslip).
Margins of streams and in swamps. May—2. (B.)
COPTIS, Salisb. Gold-thread.
57. C. TRIFOLIA, Salisb. (Three-leaved Gold-thread).
Low woods and on hummocks in swamps. A lovely little plant
with shining leaves and white, starry flowers. May-—l. (B.)
AQUILEGIA, Tourn. Columbine.
59. A. Canapensis, L. (Wild Columbine. ‘‘ Honey suckle”).
Rocky woods. A beautiful plant well worth cultivation for its red
and yellow flowers. May-—3. (B.)
DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur.
65. D. Consolida, L. (Blue Field Larkspur).
Introduced from Europe in seed grain and escaped from gardens.
Flowers sometimes pink or white. June—4.
ACTAHA, L. Baneberry.
73. A. ALBA, Bigelow (White-berried Cohosh). .
Woods and river banks. The spikes of flowers longer and bloom-
ing a week later than those of No. 74. The conspicuous waxy
white berries on their thick red pedicels render this one of our
most notable berry-bearing plants. May—4. (B.)
74. A. spicata, L. var. RUBRA, Ait. (Red-berried Cohosh).
Rich woods. The flowers in a more compact bead than the pre-
ceding, on longer pedicels and of a clearer white. A white-
berried variety of this species frequently occurs; but it may be
readily distinguished from the preceding not only by the shape
of the raceme, but by the slender pedicels. May —3,
6
MENISPERMACEAs.—Moonseed Family.
MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseed.
81. M. Canapense, L. (Canada Moonseed.)
River banks and along streams, generally in woods or thickets.
July—2. (B.)
BERBERIDACEZ.—Barberry Family.
BERBERIS, L. Barberry.
82. B. Vulgaris, L. (Common Barberry.)
Introduced from Europe. Occasionally found in woods, as at New
Edinburgh, where the seeds were probably dropped by birds.
CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh.
86. C. THALICTROIDES, Michx. (Papoose Root.)
Rich woods. An interesting plant with the parts of the flowers in
sixes and of the same colour as the purplish foliage. These are
followed by large dry berries with a beautiful blue bloom upon
them. May—l. (B.)
All our plants are of a dull purple, not yellowish green, as they
are stated to be west of Lake Erie.
NYMPHAACEA.—Water-lily Family.
BRASENTA, Schreber.
91. B. petrata, Pursh, (Water-shield.)
In lakes and rocky pools.
Rideau River at Black Rapids and McLaurin’s Bay, East Temple-
ton (J. F.), Lake Winedago, (Dr. H. 4. Small).
NYMPHAMA, Tourn. Water-lily.
93. N. ruBerosa, Paine, (Tuber-bearing Water-lily.)
Rivers and Lakes. This is the ccmmon white water-lily of this
locality. The flowers are less double and have much less scent
than the next. July.
v4. N. oporata, Ait. (Sweet-scented Water-lily.)
Slow streams and lakes. Rideau River. Meech’s Lake.
Flowers generally smaller than in No, 93. Rare. July (B.)
lod
‘
NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-lily.
95. N. apvena. Ait. (Common Yellow Pond-lily.)
Streams and lakes. Ju.—l. (B.)
97. N. ADVENA + KALMIANA, Caspary.
NV. rubrodiscum, Morong.
This is a very beautiful hybrid between NV. advena and WN.
Kualmiana. It is intermediate in size and appearance between
advena and Kalmiana. The floating leaves are purple beneath
with slender petioles. The submerged membranaceous leaves
were freely produced and like those of V. Kalmiana. The
flowers expand 1} inches, have 6 sepals and a bright velvety
crimson—10-15 rayed stigmatic disk. The perfect fruit, which
is seldom produced, bears a closer resemblance to that of
N. Kalmiana than to that of NV. advena, being almost globose
with a constriction beneath the stigma.
Leamy’s Lake and Gilmour’s Piling-grounds. July—l.
98. N. Kaumrana, Ait. (Least Yellow Pond-lily.)
N. luteum, var pumilum. Gray’s Manual, 57.
Streams and lakes. Leamy’s Lake, Gilmour’s Piling-grounds (J.F.).
Green’s Creek. (B. Billings.) Juiy—l. (B.)
A charming little species. Quite distinct, I believe, from the
European J. lutewm, var pumilum.
SARRACENIACEA.—Pitcher-Plants.
SARRACENTA, Tourn.
99. S. puRPUREA, L. (Side-saddle Flower).
Peat bogs. Lake Flora, Hull, and Mer Bleue, abundant. A few
plants in the Race-course Swamp, Bank Street Road. One of
our most interesting Canadian plants. Ju.—2,
Used in Lower Canada as a remedy for small-pox.
var HETEROPHYLLA, Torrey.
This, I think. is merely an albino form of S. purpurea. I have
found three plants at Lake Flora, Hull. The leaves are pale
green without red veins, and the flowers yellowish white,
A jrhi 2p
8
PAPAVERACE As.—Poppy Family.
PAPAVER, L. Poppy.
100. P. somniferum, L. Opium Poppy.
An escape frem cultivation occasionally found in wheat-fields and
upon rubbish heaps, July—2,
101. P. Rheas, L.
Introduced with seed wheat at Billings Bridge. Occasionally
found by road-sides, but nowhere permanently introduced.
July.
SANGUINARIA, L. Blood-root.
104. 8. canapensis, L. (Blood-root.)
Roads and clearings. One of our earliest and most beautiful
spring flowers. Largely used by the Indians both as a dye-
plant and medicinally. April—4.
CHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine.
105. C. majus, L. (Celandine.)
Introduced. Occasionally found by way-sides as at Stewarton and
New Edinburg. June.
FUMARIACEA.—Fumitory Family.
ADLUMIA, Raf. Climbing Fumitory.
106. A. crrrHosa, Raf. (Cypress Vine.)
Rocky woods. Common. A most beautiful creeper with delicate
foliage and a profusion of pink pendent blossoms, flowering all
the summer. Sometimes creeping over bushes 10 or 12 feet
high. Ju.—2.
DICENTRA, Bork.
107. D. CucunLaria, DC. (Dutchman’s Breeches.)
Rich woods. May—l. (B.)
108. D. Canadensis, DC. (Squirrel Corn, “ Wood Hyacinth.”)
Rich woods. May—2. (B.)
CORYDALIS, Vent.
110. C. @uauca, Pursh. (Pale Corydalis.)
Hill sides and amongst rocks. May—2. Flowering all the
summer, B,
9
111. C. aurea, Willd. (Golden Corydalis.)
Hill sides and rocky woods. May—2. (B.)
CRUCIFERA.—Mustard Family.
NASTURTIUM, R. Br, Cress.
114. WV. officinale, R. Br. (Water cress.)
Springs and brooks. Billings Bridge. Chelsea. New Edinburgh,
&e. June. (B.)
115. N. patustre, DC. (Marsh-cress,)
Low ground. A smooth species with pods more than twice as
long as broad. Ju.—2. (B.)
var. HISPIDUM, Fisch. & Mey.
Low ground. A rougher plant than the above with round pods.
Ju.—2.
116. N. ampuipium, R. Br.
Low ground. A coarser and larger plant than the above, the
stem generally decumbent and rooting at the base, Biennial or
perennial with pods shaped like those of JV. palustre. © Ju.—2.
119. N. nacustre, Gray. (River-cress.)
Margins of rivers. Malloch’s Bay, Ottawa, and abundant in the
Nation river at Casselman. An interesting plant with the
submerged leaves much laciniated. The flowers and fruit are
not very freely produced ; but when mature the leaves fall off,
throw out roots and become new plants. Ju.—2.
120. N. Armoraciu, Fries. (Horse Radish.)
An escape from cultivation. Occasionally found on waste places
in the suburbs of the city.
DENTARIA, L. Tooth-wort.
121. D. pipaytiia, Michx. (Crinkle-root.)
Rich woods. May—2. (B.)
122. D. vaciytata, Muhl. (Cut-leaved Tooth-wort.)
Rich woods. A very local species, so far only found at Beech-
wood, near the S.W. corner of the cemetery. May- 1. (B.)
CARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress.
124. C. rHomBoIbEA, DC.
River bank, Hull, P.Q. May—2. The plant I have referred
here is an erect species with almost sessile leaves up the stem
10
125. C. rorunprFoLia, Michx.
Springy wood. Billings Bridge. This is a weak-stemmed few-
flowered plant with angular root leaves upon long petioles.
3.
129. C. pratensis, L. (Ladies’ smock. ‘‘ Cuckoo-pint.”)
Stem fleshy at the base. May
Peat-bogs and wet meadows. Dow’s swamp. Billings Bridge.
Beechwood. Lake Flora, (J. F.) ; Janeville, (R. B. Whyte).
The Canadian plant, as noticed in Macoun’s catalogue, is more
slender than the European, and also white-flowered. Young
plants are produced in great abundance from the leaflets which
fall off and float on the top of the water. May—2. (B.)
130. C. urrsuta, L. (Small Bitter cress.)
Low ground and springy woods. An inconspicuous plant with a
very inappropriate name, being almost glabrous. June—2.
ARABIS, L. Rock-Cress.
135. A uirsuTa, Scot. (Hairy Rock-cress.)
Rocky open woods and pastures, Little Chaudiere. Brittannia.
Hull. Aylmer. Chelsea, &c. May—4.
138. A. DrumMonpi, Gray. (Tower-mustard.)
Rocky pastures. <A large distinct species. May—4. (B.)
140. A. perroniaTa, Law. (Smooth Tower-mustard.)
Sandy woods and pastures. A tall slender plant with yellowish
flowers and leaves only apparently, not really, perfoliate.
June —2.
141. A La&vieata, Poir.
Mountain side. King’s Mountain, Chelsea, P.Q. June.
BARBARA, R. Br. Winter-cress.
145. B. vutearis, R. Br. (Yellow Rocket.)
On rocks and by waysides. Lovers’ Walk. New Edinburgh.
Billings Bridge. Ju.—3.
— var. stRIcTA, Regel (Native winter-cress.)
Swampy woods. Beechwood. A much less conspicuous plant
than the type, with slender stem and small flowers. Ju.—2,
ERYSIMUM, L. Treacle Mustard.
146. E. cHEIRANTHOIDES, L. (Worm-seed Mustard.)
Everywhere. June. (B.)
11
SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge Mustard.
150. S. officinale, Scop.
Roadsides. July—l. (B.)
BRASSICA. Tourn. Cabbage. Mustard.
159. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. (Wild Mustard, ‘“ Charloclk.”)
Cultivated ground. A most troublesome and persistent weed in
many parts of Canada. Pods knotty, smooth, one-third con-
sisting of a stout two-edged and one-seeded beak. Seeds reddish
black. June. (B.)
160. B. alba, Gray. (Garden Mustard.)
A garden escape. Easily known by its bristly pods, more than
half of which consist of the one-seeded beak. Seeds yellow.
July—l.
161. B. nigra, Koch. (Black Mustard.)
Roadsides. Scarce at Ottawa. Pods smooth, four-cornered, erect
on appressed pedicels. Seeds dark brown. June.
CAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax.
191. C. sativa, Crantz.
An occasional weed in fields of grain. Ju.—2.
NESLIA, L.
2107. WV. paniculata, L.
Rarely introduced with bird seed. A small plant with sparse
stellate-pubescence, small bright yellow flowers and round
pods. Ju.—s.
CAPSELLA, Vent. Shepherd’s Purse.
197. C. Bursa-pastoris, Meench.
Everywhere around inhabited localities, May. (B.)
THLASPI, Tourn. Penny-cress.
199. 7. arvense, L. (Mithridate Mustard.)
Waste places. Ju.-—l.
LEPIDIUM, L. Pepper-wort.
202. L. sativum, L. (Garden-cress.)
A garden escape frequently found in waste places.. Ju.—2.
207. L. Vireinicum, L.
Rocky pastures. Ju.—l. (B.)
RAPHANUS, L. Radish.
213. R. sativus, L. (Garden Radish.)
Introduced. Borders of fields and way sides. Ju.--l.
VIOLACEAi—Violet Family.
VIOLA, L. Heart’s-Ease. Pansy.
229. V. BuanpDA, Willd. (Small Sweet White Violet )
Damp woods. May—l. (B.)
230. V. RENIFOLIA, Gray. (Kidney-leaved Violet.)
Damp woods and swamps. Sometimes confounded with the
above. The leaves, however are pubescent and more or less
kidney-shaped, one always decidedly so, and the flowers are
scentless. May—2.
234. V. Sevkirkil, Pursh. (Large-spurred Violet.)
Damp, shaded rocks. Our earliest Blue Violet. A very distinct
species, easily recognized by the leaves being smooth beneath
and sparsely hairy above, and by the large blunt spar. Hemlock
Lake, Beechwood, Chelsea. May—1.
235. V. cucuuuata, Ait. (Hooded Violet.)
Damp woods or meadows. A most variable species, both as to
flowers and foliage. There are, however, two veay distinct
forms: (1) A large plant with blue flowers and very pubes-
cent leaves; and (2) a smaller plant growing in meadows or
beside water, with large violet flowers and almost smooth
leaves. May—3. (B.)
240. V. CANINA, L,, var. SYLVESTRIS, Regel. (Dog Violet.)
Woods and pastures. May—2. (B.)
241. V. rostrata, Muhl. (Long-spurred Violet.)
Governor-General’s Bay, New Edinburgh. Ju.—l.
242. V. Canapensis, L. (Canada Violet.)
Rich woods. A charming species, flowering in May and Novem-
ber. (B.)
243. V. PUBESCENS, Ait. (Down Yellow Violet.)
Rich woods. <A lovely plant, with golden yellow flowers and fine
foliage. There are two forms.
13
var. ertocarpa, Nutt, has the pods covered with woolly white pubes-
cence. This is probably the type of the species. May—3. (B.)
var. SCABRIUSCULA, T. & G.
In this the pods are perfectly smooth and the leaves almost so.
Some forms of this variety resemble closely the western VJ.
glabella, Nutt. May—3.
247. V. tricolor, L., var. arvensis, Ging. (Wild Pansy.)
Cultivated ground. Billings Bridge. Hinlonburgh. Ju.—l.
POLYGALACE Ai—Milk-wort Family.
POLYGAUA. Milk-wort.
251. P.seneca, L. (Seneca Snake-root.)
Rocky banks. Not uncommon. Ju.—l.
253. P. paucrrotia, Willd. (Fringed Polygala.)
Dry, open woods. A lovely little flower. Ironsides (J. F.), near
St. Louis Dam (H. M. Ami*). May—3. (B.)
CARYOPHYLLACE Ai—Pink Family.
SILENE, L. Catchfly. Campion.
255. S. inflata, Smith. (Bladder Campion.)
Introduced. Waysides and grain fields.
258. S. antirrHina, L. (Sleepy Catchfly.)
Sandy and rocky banks. Ju.—l.
(Sweet-William Catchfly.)
Billings Bridge, and occasional in waste places.
(B.)
July—2. (B.)
560. S. Armeria, L.
A garden escape.
July. (B.)
261. S. noctifora, L. (Night-flowering Cathfly.)
Introduced. An abundant weed in fields and gardens. Ju.—3.
(B.)
LYCHNIS, Tourn. Lychnis, Cockle.
268. L. Githago, Lam. (Corn-Cockle.)
Introduced. Grain fields. July—2.
269. L. Vespertina, Sibth. Evening Lychnis.
Introduced with grass seed. July.
14
SAPONARIA, L. Soapwort.
275. S. officinalis, L. (Bouncing Bet.)
A garden escape. Roadsides and waste places. Billings Bridge,
Hull, &. July—3, (B.)
276. S. Vaccaria, L. (Common Cow-herb.)
Introduced. Grain fields and waysides. July—2.
ARENARIA, L. Sandwort.
284. A. Micnauxir, Hook.
A. stricta, Mx. Gray’s Manual.
Dry rocks. Nepean Point, Rockcliffe. July—1.
288. A. serpyllifolia, L. (Thyme-leaved Sandwort.)
Introduced (?) Dry rocky banks. Rockcliffe, Hull and Aylmer.
Ju.—4. (B.)
289. A. LATERIFLORA. (Broad-leaved Sandwort.)
Merhingia lateriflora, Fenzl.
Gravelly banks. Green’s Creek, Chelsea, Aylmer. Ju.—2. (B.)
STELLARIA, L. Chickweed. Star-wort.
293. S. media, Smith. (Chickweed.)
Introduced. In cultivated ground, everywhere.
294. S. tonerForia, Muh]. (Long-leaved Stitch-wort.)
Low woods and fields. Ju.—l. (B.)
2113. S. graminea, L. (Narrow-leaved Stitch-wort.)
Introduced. This species, which is abundant in Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick, has only been found here once. Casselman.
(Miss I. Grant.) Aug.—3.
295. S. BorEALIS, Bigel. (Northern Stitch-wort.)
Swamps and low woods. Ju.—1. (B.)
CERASTIUM, L.
306. C. viscosum, L. (Mouse-ear Chickweed.)
C. vulgatum. Gray’s Manual, p. 94.
Cultivated ground. Introduced. Annual. Nearly erect,
15
307. C. vuteatum, L. (Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.)
C. viscosum. Gray’s Manual, p. 94.
Perennial, spreading, a larger plant than the preceding. (B.)
308. C. nutans, Raf. (Nodding Cerastium.)
Damp places amongst rocks. Hull, Little Chaudiére. Ju.—z2.
309. C. arvense, L. Field Chickweed.
Rocky pastures. New Edinburgh (Mrs. Chamberlin), Janeville
(R. B. Whyte). Ju.—2.
SPERGULA, L. Spurrey.
322. S. arvensis, L. Corn Spurrey.
Introduced. Grain fields. Billings Bridge, Bell’s Corners.
Ju.—2.
PORTULACACEZ.—Purslane Family.
PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane.
326. P. oleracea, L. (Pusley.) .
Introduced. Cultivated ground. Cultivated in France as a
vegetable. Ju.—2. (B.)
CLAYTONIA, L.
331. C. Caroninrana, Mx. (Broad-leaved Spring-beauty.)
Rich woods. One of our earliest floweis, and sometimes called
“ May-flower.” May—l. (B.)
C. Virginica, common in Western Ontario, was collected at Perth
by Mr. R. B. Whyte, but has not yet been detected in this locality.
HYPERICACEZ:.—St. John’s-wort Family.
HYPERICUM, L. St. John’s Wort.
343. H. pyramiIpatum, Ait. (Great St. John’s-wort.)
H. Ascyvon, UL.
River side. Casselman. Aug.—l.
345. H. evuipticum, Hook.
Low ground, river banks. A small pretty species. July—s. (B.)
346. H. perforatum, L. Common St. John’s-wort.
Introduced. Abundant in dry pastures. July—2. (B.)
347. H. corymBosum, Mubl. (Spotted St. John’s-wort.)
H, maculatum, Walt.
River banks. Janeville, St. Louis Dam, Aylmer, Hull. July—4.
16
348. H. mutitum, L. (Small Swamp St. John’s-wort.)
Low ground. Ju.—4. (B.)
349. H. Canapense, L.
Low ground. July—l.
ELODES, Adns. Marsh St. John’s-wort.
353. E. Virernica, Nutt.
H. Virginicum, L.
Swamps and margins of streams. July—2. (B.)
MALVACEA.—Mallow Family.
MALVA. Common Mallow.
354. M. rotundifolia, L. (Round-leaved Mallow.)
Introduced. TRoadsides and waste-places. Ju.—2. (B.)
355. M. sylvestris, L. (High Mallow.)
Introduced. Gatineau Point. Eastman’s Springs. Bank St.
Road. July—2.
356. M. crispa, L. (Curled Mallow.)
A garden escape. Billings Bridge, Hull. Aug.—l.
357. M. moschata, L. (Musk Mallow).
Introduced. Roadsides and pastures. Flowers both pink and
white. July—2.
ABUTILON. Indian Mallow.
362. A. Avicenne, Gertn. (Velvet-leat).
Introduced. Waste-places. Aug.-—2.
HIBISCUS, L. Rose Mallow.
364. H. Trionum, L. (Bladder Ketmia.)
A garden escape. Aug.—l.
Flowers open between 9 o’clock and noon.
TILIACEA.— Linden Family.
TILIA, L. Basswood.
366. T. Americana, L. (Basswood.)
Woods and pastures. Ju.—2. (B.)
var. PUBESCENS, Loud. (Downy-leaved Basswood.)
Near St. Louis Dam, Ju.—2.
17
LINACE #i.—Flax Family.
LINUM, L. Flax.
373. L. usitatissimum, L. (Common Flax, Linseed)
Introduced with seed grain. July—2.
GERANIACEA}—Geranium Family.
GERANIUM.
379. G. pratense, L. (Meadow Crane’s-bill.)
A garden escape at Aylmer, P.Q. Ju—2. (2. B. Whyte.)
380. G. CAROLINIANUM, L.
Rocky woods and sandy fields. Ju.—2. (B.)
381. G. Ropertrianum, L. (Herb Robert.)
Rocky Woods. Little Chaudiere, Hull, and Chelsea. Ju.—l.
ERODIUM, L’Her. Storks-bill.
384. £. cicutarium, L’ Her.
Introduced. Waste-places. Rare. July—l.
385. E. moschatum, Willd. Musky Storks-bill.
A garden escape. Stewarton. Not uncommon. July—l.
IMPATIENS, L. Balsam, Jewel-weed.
387. I. ruLvA, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not).
Low ground. July—2. (B.)
A variety with yellow unspotted flowers is found along the
St. Louis Dam.
OXALIS, L. Wood Sorrel.
389. O. AceTosELLa, L. (Wood Sorrel.)
Shady swamps and damp woods. Ju.—2.
391. O. cornicuLaTa, L. var. stricta, Sav. (Yellow Wood Sorrel.) »
O. stricta, lL.
Common in low ground and gravelly places. Ju.—2. (B.)
This I think is probably a distinct species, and not a variety of
0. corniculata, L.
RUTACEA).—Rue Family.
XANTHOXYLUM, Colden. Prickly; Ash.
399. X. Americano, Mill. (Northern Prickly Ash.)
River banks. May —2.
i8
CELASTRACEA.—Staff-tree Family.
ILEX, L. Holly.
395. I. vERTICILLATA, Gray. (Canadian Holly, Black Alder.)
Swamps and river margins. Ju.—2.
A beautiful shrub bearing heavy clusters of scarlet berries.
NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Mountain Holly.
396. N. Canapensis, DC.
Peat bogs. Ju.—l.
A shapely shrub of even greater beauty than the preceding with
slender branches which bear a profusion of delicate light-green
foliage and purplish-red berries on slender pedicels.
CELASTRUS, L.
397. C. scanpens, L. (Wax-work, ‘“ Climbing Bitter-sweet.”)
Rocky woods. Ju.—1l (B.)
RHAMNACEAi.—Buckthorn Family.
CEANOTHUS, L. Red-root.
401. C. Americanus, L. (New Jersey Tea).
Rockcliffe. Very rare. July—l.
RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthorn.
405. R. atnirouta, L’ Her.
Peat bogs. May—4.
VITACEA.—Vine Family.
VITIS, Tourn. Grape Vine.
409. V. niparta, Mx. (Frost Grape).
V. cordifolia, Mx. Gray’s Manual, p. 112.
River-sides. Ju.—2. (B.)
AMPELOPSIS, Mx.
411. A. QuinquErouia, Mx. (Virginian Creeper, American Ivy.)
Low woods. July—l.
SAPINDACEZE.
STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut.
412. S. rrirouia. L. (American Bladder-nut.)
River-side at Billings Bridge. Rare. May—-2. (B.)
/
19
ZESCULUS, L. Horse Chestnut.
413. £4. Hippocastanum, L.
Introduced. Cultivated for its beauty; but not so successfully
here as in Western Ontario. :
ACER, Tourn. Maple.
414. A. PENNsyLvANiIcuM, L. (Striped Maple.)
Rocky and sandy woods. May—3.
415. A. spicatum, Lam. (Mountain Maple.)
Wet wuods. Ju.—3.
419. A. saccHARINUM, Wang. (Sugar Maple, Hard Maple.)
Rocky and sandy woods. May—2.
var. NIGRUM, T. & G. (Downy Maple.)
Easily distinguishable from the type with which it occurs by the
foliage, which is dull dark green, pubescent beneath, turning
to yellow in the autumn. The leaves are generally recurved
at the sides, which gives them a rounded appearance. |
420. A. pasycarpuM, Ehrh. (Silver, or White Maple.)
Islands and river banks. Apl.—3.
One of the first plants to flower in the spring.
421. A. RuBRUM, L. (Red, or Soft Maple.)
River banks and low woods. May—l. (B)
NEGUNDO. Ash-leaved Maple.
422. N. acerorpes, Meench. (Manitoba Maple, Box Elder.)
Introduced. Now largely cultivated as a shade tree from its rapid
growth. It is not, however, well suited for this purpose.
May—2.
ANACARDIACA—Sumach Family.
RHUS, L. Sumach.
423. R. typHina, L. (Stag’s-horn Sumach.)
Rocky woods and fields. July—l. (B)
427. R. ToxtcopENDRoN, L. (Poison Ivy.)
Rocky woods and fields, Ju.—2. (B)
429, R. aromatica, Ait. (Scented Sumach.)
In arocky field near Lake Flora, Hull, P.Q., is a large straggling
patch of this species. It is evidently all one plant many years
old ; but as it only bears staminate flowers there are no seed-
lings. (H. M. Ami.) May—2.
20
LEGUMINOS Ai—Pea Family.
TRIFOLIUM. Clover.
450. T. arvense, L. (Rabbit-foot Clover.)
Introduced. In a field at Billings Bridge. Rare. Ju.—4.
451. 7. pratense, L. (Red Clover.)
Introduced. Ju.—l. (B)
453. T. repens, L. (White or Dutch Clover.)
Introduced. Ju.—l. (B)
460. 7. agrarium, L. (Hop Clover.)
Introduced. An erect, handsome plant, sometimes 18 inches high,
with showy flowers. Eastman’s Springs, Aylmer. (J. £.)
Beechwood. (hk. 4. Whyte.)
461. 7. procumbens, L. (Low Hop Clover.)
Introduced. Billings Bridge (J. #7.) Near St. Louis Dam (2.
B. Whyte). Daly street (J. 7. McLaughlin). Ju.—2.
462. T. hybridum, L. (Alsike Clover.)
Introduced. Ju. 2.
MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot.
465. M. alba, Lam. (Sweet Clover.)
Introduced. Waysides. July—2. (B)
466. M. officinalis, Willd. (Yellow Melilot.)
Introduced. Waysides and waste places. July—2.
MEDICAGO, L. Medick.
467. M. lupulina, L. (Black Medick, Hop Trefoil.)
Introduced. Fields and waysides. Ju.—l. (B)
ROBINIA, L. Locust Tree.
486. R. Pseudacacia, L.
Introduced. Growing spontaneously from seeds. Rockcliffe,
Beechwood, Hull. Ju.—2.
ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk Vetch.
491. A. Canapensis, L.
River banks. Hull, Rockcliffe, Billings Bridge. Ju.—3.
504. A. CoopErt, Gray.
Rocky woods. Rockcliffe, Hull. Ju.—l. (B.)
As compared with A. Canadensis, with which it may be con-
founded, this is a smaller and smoother plant, with thin one-
celled pods, and leaflets from 11-21 in number and opens its
21
flowers in the beginning of June, whilst A. Canadensis has thick
completely two-celled pods in long close spikes, leaflets 21-27 in
number and flowers late in July.
DESMODIUM, DC. Tick Trefoil.
536. D. acuminatum, DC.
Rich woods. Meech’s Lake, Patterson’s Creek and Billings
Bridge. July—1.
543. D. CanapbEnseE, DC.
Dry banks and in thickets. Billings Bridge, St. Louis Dam
(J. F.) ; East Templeton (Rk. B. Whyte). July—3. (B.)
VICIA. Vetch, Tare.
549. V. sativa, L. (Common Tare.)
Introduced. Appearing in all cultivated lands. July—l. (B.)
550. V. tetrasperma, Loisel.
Introduced. Bank street road, 1871 (A. H. Moore.)
551. V. hirsuta, Koch.
Introduced. A garden weed (/?, &. Whyte) ; Billings Bridge in
a wheat field (J. F.) Aug.—2.
552. V. Cracca, L.
Introdueed. Railway banks and in hay fields. Ju.—3.
LATHYRUS.
558. L. ocHro.teucus, Hook.
Rocky woods. Hull, Chelsea, Rockcliffe, Little Chaudieére.
July—2. (B.)
559. L. PALUSTRIS, L.
River sides and damp meadows. Ju.—2. (B.)
——— var. MYRTIFOLIUS, Gray.
With the above, and perhaps hardly worthy of a varietal name,
intermediate forms occurring all the way from the extreme form
back to the type.
APIOS. Ground Nut.
561. A. TUBEROSA, Meench.
River banks. A most interesting perennial, with handsome
foliage and dense racemes of beautiful brown-purple, violet-
scented flowers, and bearing edible tubers at short distances
along underground stems. Aug.—l. (B.)
29
AMPHICARPAHA, Ell. Hog Pea-nut.
563. A. monoica, Ell.
River banks and islands. Aug.—l. (B.) A graceful creeper,
with pretty trifoliate foliage, slender twining stems and delicate
parplish flowers ; bearing, as well as the thin scymetar-shaped
pods which follow the upper flowers, large fleshy reniform sub-
terranean pods which are generally one-seeded.
ROSACEZ:.—-Rose Family.
PRUNUS, Tourn. Plum, Cherry.
568. P. Americana, Marshall. (Wild Red Plum.)
Thickets. May—3. (B)
The fruit of this species varies very much upon different trees,
both in size and colour, and also in quality. Many varieties
are cultivated, and form a valuable fruit for domestic purposes.
var. MOLLIS, T. & G. FI. I. 407.
In Prof. Macoun’s Catalogue this variety is recorded as follows :
“ Chaudiére Falls, Ottawa (2) (Pursh.) This is the black
“fruited variety of our wild plum, and is to be looked for
“throughout Ontario. It is probable we have two species in
“our territory.” I have never succeeded in finding it here.
570. P. pumina, L. (Dwarf Cherry.)
Growing in crevices and trailing over rocks. Chaudiére Islands
and Rockcliffe. Rare. Ju.—1l. This is possibly the plant
recorded as P. maritima from the “borders of the Ottawa” by
Pursh.
571. P. Pennsytvanica, L. (Bird Cherry, Red Cherry.)
Sandy and rocky woods. A graceful tree, sometimes 30 feet high.
Well suited for lawns. May—2. (B)
573. P. Viretntana, L. (Choke Cherry.)
River banks and thickets. An ornamental shrub bearing a pro-
fusion of racemes of white flowers. Fruit, dark purplish red ;
very astringent. May—3. (B)
23
575. P. serotina, Ehrh. (Black Cherry.)
Woods. An uncommon tree in this locality. King’s Mountain,
Chelsea. Billings Bridge. Beechwood. Fruit in long racemes,
black, slightly astringent. May—4. (B)
SPIKAA, L. Meadow Sweet.
577. S. saticrrotia, L. (Willow-leaved Meadow Sweet.)
Low ground. July—2. (B.)
578. S. romentosa, L. (Hardhack, Pink Spirea.)
Low ground. Aug.—l. (B.) .
NEILLIA, Don.
584. N. oputrrouia, Benth & Hook. (Nine-bark.)
Spirea opulifolia, L.
Rocky river banks. An ornamental shrub with bright foliage and
bearing a profusion of white flowers, which are followed by
corymbs of pinkish, membranaceous, inflated pods. Ju.—3. (B)
RUBUS, Tourn. Bramble. Raspberry.
586. R.oporatus, L. (Purple Flowering Raspberry, “Mulberry.”)
Thickets and rocky fields. Ju.—2. (B.)
590. R. Datiparpa, L. (Barren Raspberry.)
Dalibarda repens, L. F
In a low swampy wood at Eastman’s Springs (J. #.). Damp
wood at Casselman (Prof. Macoun). Very local, only de
tected in the above localities. July—-2.
592. R. rrirtorus, Rich. (Swamp-berry.)
Swamps and peat bogs. May—3 (B.)
594. R. srricosus, Mx. (Red Raspberry.)
Rocky woods and borders of fields. Ju.—2. (B.)
595. R. occrpenTauis, L. (Black Raspberry.)
Rocky woods. A useful fruit, ripening between the last and the
next. A variety with yellow fruit has twice been found in this
district. Ju.—3. (B.)
24
600. R. vittosus, Ait. (Blackberry, Thimbleberry.)
Rocky and sandy woods. What I take to be the type of this
species is found at Kingsmere. The whole plant is more glan-
dular than the ordinary form, and although the lower bracts
are generally leafy the description answers,as to inflorescence, &c.
var. FRONDOSUS, Tor.
Woods and thickets. The common form. Ju.—2. (B.)
var. HuMIFusus, T. & G.
Low ground and shady river banks. This is a very distinct
variety, which seems worthy of a specific name. Stems low (1
to 2 feet) and trailing, with weak prickles. Flowers few in
number, fine and large. Patterson’s Creek. Hull. Aylmer.
Ju.—s3.
601. R. Canapensts, L. (Low Blackberry.)
Rocky woods and sandy fields. Montreal Road. (f. B. Whyte)
King’s Mountain and Aylmer (J. 7.) Ju.—2.
602. R. nispipus, 1. (Swamp Blackberry.)
Borders of peat-bogs. Mer Bleue. Race-course swamp, Bank
Street Road. Aylmer. Ju.—2.
GEUM, L. Avens.
607. G. aLBpum, Gmelin. (White Avens.)
Low woods. July—l. (B.)
609. G. macropHyLium, Willd. (Large-leaved Avens.)
ie
Rocky woods. Little Chaudiere. Hull. Chelsea. July
610. G, srrictum, Ait. (Yellow Avens.)
Woods and thickets. July—l. (B.)
612. G. rivatE, L. (Nodding or Purple Avens.)
Swamps. Lake Flora. Buckingham. Dow’s Swamp. Stewarton.
g i i
use
WALDSTEINIA, Willd.
616. W. FRAGARIOIDES, Tratt. (Barren Strawberry.)
Woods and thickets, May—3. (B.)
25
FRAGARIA, Tourn. Strawberry.
620. F. Vrrernrana, Duchesne. (Round-fruited Strawberry.)
Woods and fields. May—-3. (B.)
621. F. vesca, L. (Wood Strawberry.)
Woods and rocky fields. Fruit pointed and seldom more than 2
ripe at once upon a scape, while 7. Virginiana frequently has 5
or 6. The whole plant of /. vesca is villous downy. Ma.—l
(B.)
POTENTILLA, L. Five Fingers.
623. P. areuta, Pursh.
Rocky banks. A tall coarse plant with cream-coloured flowers.
Rare. Britannia (FR. B. Whyte.). King’s Mountain (J.F.)
Ju.—2.
625. P. Norvecica, L.
Fields. Ju.—2. (B.)
637. P. argentea, L, (Silvery Potentilla.)
Introduced. Fields and waysides. Very much commoner than a
few years ago. Stewarton abundant. New Edinburgh. Theo-
dore street. July—l.
645. P. paLusTRis, Scop. (Marsh Five-finger.)
Comarum palustre, L.
Peat-bogs and Marshes. July—1.
649. P. Anserina, L. (Silver Weed.)
Sandy margins of rivers. July—l. (B.)
650. P. Canapensis, L.
Pine woods at Aylmer. Rare in this district. Some of the speci-
mens in open dry spots taking the form of the var. simplex
T&G. Ju—tl.
AGRIMONTIA, Tourn. Agrimony.
654. A. Euparorra, L. (Common Agrimony.)
Borders of woods. July—l. (B)
ROSA, Tourn. Rose.
660. R. Carouina, L, (Swamp Rose.)
Borders of swamps. Rare. Hull. Aylmer (J...) Meech’s Lake
(H. M. Am). July—2.
662. R. Buanpa, Ait. (Early Wild Rose.)
Rocky islands and fields. Ju.—l. (B.)
2135. R. Savi, Schwein. (Prickly Wild Rose.)
ft, blanda, Ait. var. setigera, Crépin.
A pretty species somewhat like &. blanda ; but with very prickly
stems and glaucous pinkish-tinged round, oval, or almost pear
shaped fruit. Hull. Kingsmere. Ju.—1.
670. R. micrantha, Smith. (Sweet Brier.)
Introduced. A few bushes of this rose are to be found growing
wild as at Hull and near the St. Louis Dam; but they do not
increase here as they do in Western Ontario. Ju.—1.
PIRUS, L. Pear.
672. P. malus, L. (Cultivated Apple.)
Introduced. Trees which have grown from seed of cultivated
apples are occasionally found in thickets and by waysides. The
native crab, P. coronaria, L. has never yet been found in this
district.
673. P. arButirouia, L. (Choke-berry.)
P. arbutifolia, L. var. erythrocarpa, G.
Peat-bogs. Pedicels and leaves beneath pubescent. Fruit purple.
Ju.—l.
var. MELANOCARPA, Hook.
Peat-bogs. With the above, but much more abundant. Leaves
and pedicels almost smooth, and the somewhat smaller berrie$
much blacker. Ju.—1.
674. P. Americana, DC. (American Mountain Ash.)
Rocky woods. King’s Mountain and other places near Chelsea.
Ju.—2. The buas of this species are covered with a resinous gum.
var. MICROCARPA, T. & G.
Rocky woods. Fruit much smaller. Trees of this variety brought
from King’s Mountain are now growing in the two gardens on
the N.E. and N.W, corners of Metcalfe and Cooper streets,
I
27
675. P. sampuctFotia, Cham & Schlecht.
Peat-bog. A shrub closely resembling P, Americana, but with
downy buds, is growing in the Lake Flora bog, Hull, This
species and the preceding appear to run so close together as to
suggest that ahey are, as Michaux thought, only varieties of one
species. Ju,—2.
——. P Aucuparia, Meyer. (Rowan Tree.)
Introduced, Extensively cultivated as an ornamental tree, and
naturalized from seed in many of our woods,
CRATAGUS, L. Hawthorn,
678. C. cocctnga, L. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.
Thickets and fields) May—4.
Leaves thin, pedicels glabrous or nearly so.
var, MACRANTHA, Lodd.
C. tomentosa, LL, of Gray’s Manual and other authors.
Thickets. May—4. (B.)
Leaves thicker, pedicels calyx, and leaves when young villous-
pubescent.
Prof. Macoum tells me that what has up to this time been taken
as U. tomentosa, from this locality is not tliat species, but merely
a pubescent variety of (C. coccinea, as is also the var. pyrifolia
of his catalogue.
The working up of the Thorns of this locality is a simple matter.
We have only detected the above mentioned forms, and these
seem to vary very little. ‘They require more study, however»
and careful search should be made for the true C. tomentosa. which
is described in ‘‘ Garden and Forest,” 1888, p. 249, as flowering
some weeks later than the forms of C’. coccinea, with pale gray
branches almost destitute of thorns, leaves thicker and more
pubescent, without glands, gradually contracted into a stout
margined petiole, densely pubescent on the under side as are the
calyx and stems of the inflorescence, corymbs broader and looser,
fruit smoother, We have none of the yellow-fruited varieties
of Western Ontario at Outawa.
28
AMELANCHIER, Medic. Jumne-berry. Service-berry.
685. A. Canavensis, I. & G. (Shad-bush.)
A. Canadensis, T. & G. var. Botryapium, Gray.
Thickets and woods, May—3. (B.)
This is a most variable species,4 and it is sometimes difficult to
refer specimens to the characterised varieties, Those referred
to the type have pointed, sharply serrate, glabrous leaves (vary-
ing, however, to villous-pubescent when young), flowers large,
in pendulous racemes. Here, too, must come a beautiful variety
found upon King’s Mountain, recorded in the 1887 list as var.
alnifolia. The leaves are large, oblong, coarsely-serrate and
glabrous, The flowers larger than those of the type. In fact it
resembles A. alnifolia of the West very closely, and only differs
in the leaves, which in the Ottawa plant are thin and toothed
much lower down to the base. I have never seen the fruit.
var. (?) opLonerrotia, T. & G.
Rocky banks. Parliament Hill. Little Chaudiere. Hull. May—4.
A small shrub. Ifa variety of A. Canadensis, a very distinct one
with erect racemes of smal] creamy-white flowers and the leaves
beneath, & branchlets thickly covered with yellowish-white down.
SAXIFRAGACE A.—Saxifrage Family.
SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage.
699. S. Vireinensis, Mx. (Spring Saxifrage.)
Rocks. Rockcliffe. Chelsea Hills.) May—3.
TIARELLA, L. False Mitre-wort.
720, T. corpironia, L. (‘4 Weod Mignonette.”)
Rich woods. A charming spring flower. May—2. (B.)
MITELLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort.
723. M. pipHytua, L.
Rich woods. May—2. (B.)
724. M. nupa, L.
Cold swampy woods. May—2. (B.)
This is one of the gems of our woods. The inconspicuous green
flowers are of exquisite beauty when examined, and have a most
powerful odour for such small flowers,
99
CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tf’t. Golden Saxifrage.
735. C. AMERICANUM, Schwein.
In brooks and swampy woods. May—3. (B.)
RIBES, L. Gooseberry. Currant.
747. R. oxyacanTHorpEs, L. (Smooth Gooseberry.)
R. hirtellum, Mx.
Swamps. May—3.
The fruit, although small, is very pleasant.
749. R. Cynossati, L. (Prickly Gooseberry.)
Rocky banks. May—3. (B.)
750. R. tacustre, Poir: (Bristly Gooseberry.)
Wet woods. May—4. (B.)
Young stems thickly beset with slender prickles. Fruit bristly
and growing in a raceme, almost tasteless.
752. R. RuBRuM, L. (Red Currant.)
Cool woods. May—2.
Fruit sparsely produced, astringent.
753. R. prostratum, L’Her. (Fetid Currant, Skunk Currant.)
Swamps and cool woods. May—3.
Stems prostrate. Fruit red, bristly, and very unpleasant
757. R. rrorrpum, L’Her. (Wild Black Currant.)
River banks and thickets. May—3. (B.)
A useful shrub bearing a profusion of greenish yellow flowers fol-
lowed by quantities of palatable ovoid fruit of the same character
as the cultivated Black Currant.
CRASSULACE A:.—Orpine Family.
PENTHORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stone-crop.
762. P. seporpes, L.
Ditches. July—l. (B.)
SEDUM, Tourn. Stone Crop.
763. S. acre, L. (Mountain Moss. Stone Crop.)
Introduced. On limestone rocks. Richmond Road, New Edinburgh,
Mount Sherwood. June—3,
30
768. S. Telephium, L. (Live for ever. Orpine.)
Introduced. On the rocks round Parliament Hill. Near St.
Louis Dam. July—1l.
DROSERACEAi—Sundew Family.
DROSERA, L. Sundew.
771. D. rorunprrouia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew.)
Peat bogs. June—4.
773. D. tnTERMEDIA, Drev & Hayne, var. Amerteana, DC.
D. longifolia, Mx.
Peat bogs, with the last. Mer Bleue. Dow’s Swamp, &e. Ju.—4.
HAMAMELACE Ai— Witch Hazei Family.
HAMAMELIS, L. Witch Hazel.
775, H. Vireriana, L.
H. Virginica, L.
Thickets. Very rare at Ottawa. Tie only locality being on the
Chelsea Road about 2 miles from Hull, where there are a few
bushes. An interesting shrub, flowering after the leaves have
fallen. Oct.—3.
HALORAGEA\—Water Milfoil Family.
MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. (Water Milfoil.)
776. M. sprcatum, L
In ponds and slow-running streams. July—l.
PROSERPINACA, L. (Mermaid Weed.)
780. P. pauusrris, L.
In shallow water. ‘‘ Banks of the Nation River at the crossing of
the Ottawa & Prescott Railway,” (Bb. Sillings.) July—l.
Not since found. To be looked for at Casselman and at the
Mer Bleue.
HIPPURIS, L. Mare’s Tail.
781. H. vuxearis, L.
In mud on the banks of rivers. Rare. Malloch’s Bay. Hull.
New Edinburgh. |
S|
ONAGRACE Ai—Evening-P.imrose Family.
LUDWIGIA, L.
784. L. pauustris, Ell. (Water Purslane.) e
Isnardia palustris, L.
Ditches and borders of rivers. July.
EPILOBIUM, L. Willow Herb.
786. E. spicatum, L. (Fire Weed. Great Willow-herb.)
LE. angustifolium, L.
Low ground in woods, especialiy after fires have run over them.
July—l. (B)
792. E. cotoratum, Muhl.
Low ground. July—l. (B)
794. K. paLustRE, L. var. LINEARE, L.
Swamps. July—l. (B)
796. KE. Motus, Torrey.
Swamps. Lake Flora (J. A. Guiynard). Upon a small island in
the Rideau Canal near C. A. Railway station. Mer Bleue. (J.P.)
Uncommon. Leaves wider and the rose-coloured flowers larger
than those of 794. Whole plant villous-pubescent. July.
CGENOTHERA, L. Evening Primrose.
800. CE. BreNNIS, L. (Common Evening Primrose.)
Fields and waste places. July—l. (B)
An exceedingly variable species. What I have considered as ‘the
type has green stems and pods without tubercles or bristles
and petals almost the length of the stamens. This almost
answers to Gray’s var. parviflora, but the flowers are too large.
var. MURICATA, Lindl.
This is the commonest form at Uttawa, with stems and pods
rough with red bristle-bearing tubercles. Petals rather longer
than the stamens.
var, GRANDIFLORA, J.indl.
A distinct variety with large showy flowers. Stems and pods
without bristles. Malloch’s Bay. Hull. Stewarton.
32
CH. srennts, L. var. OAKESIANA, Gr.
Leaves and stems apparently glabrous, but with a minute ap-
pressed pubescence. On the rocks above the Locks going up to
Major’s Hill Park.
803. CH. pumina, L. (Dwarf Evening Primrose.)
River banks. July—1l. (B) When growing in damp places
almost glabrous. When on dry sandy banks the stems are more
slender and the whole plant more pubescent, it is then @.
chrysantha, Mx.
CIRCAMA. Enchanter’s Nightshade.
817. C. aupina, L.
Low shady woods and swamps. July—l. (B)
818. C. Luretrana, L.
C. Lutetiana, var. Canadensis, L.
Woods. July—2. (B)
Linné considered our Canadian plant a distinct variety. It cer-
tainly seems to me to be different from the European form.
LYTHRACEA:—Loosestrife Family.
LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife.
822. L. SanicariA, L. (Spiked Loosestrife.)
Introduced here. Railway bank. Found along the line of the
Canada Atlantic Railway, a quarter of a mile from the Elgin
street station (W. Scott, B.A.) Aug.—2.
NESA“A, Juss. Swamp Loosestrife.
823. N. verticintatTa, HBK.
Borders of ponds and rivers, Aug.—l.
CUCURBITACE4:—Gourd Family.
SICYOS, L. Star Cucumber.
827. S. ancuLatus, L.
Not indigenous in this locality. Frequently found on waste heaps,
but always as a garden escape. Ju.—2.
ECHINOCYSTIS, T. & G.
828. E. ropata, T. & G. (Wild Cucumber.)
Introduced from the North-West, where it grows along streams.
Extensively cultivated as a creeper for its rapid growth, as
well as its showy flowers and fruit. Ju.—2.
UMBELLIFERAi—Parsley Family.
HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. Water Penny-wort.
834. H. Americana, L.
Borders of swamps and damp places. July—l1.
SANICULA, Tourn. Black Snake-root.
835. S. CaAnaDENsIs, L. (Canada Sanicle.)
Rich woods. Rare. Billings Bridge. Hull. Ju.—2.
836. S. Marivanpica, L.
Rich woods. Common. Ju.—l. (B)
Easily distinguished from the Jast by the long styles, which are
much longer than the prickles of the fruit, and are recurved.
The leaves are all 5-7-parted, whilst those of S. Canadensis are
3-5-parted (the upper only 3-).
CONIUM.
840. C. maculatum, L. (Poison Hemlock.)
Introduced. Uncommon. July—2.
APIUM, L. Parsley,
844, A. Petroselinum, L. Parsley.
Introduced. Occasionally spontaneous and living over the winter
to produce seed ; but of uncertain tenure.
CORIANDRUM, L. Coriander Seed.
C. sativum, L.
Introduced. Ju.—3.
CARUM, Koch. Carraway.
845. C. Caruwi, L.
Introduced, Waste heaps. Not uncommon. Ju.—3.
34
THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow Parsnip.
849. ‘I. aureum, Nutt.
Rocky river bank. Casselman. Aug.—2. (Miss Isabel Grant).
CICUTA, Koch. (Water Hemlock.)
851. C, macunata, L. (Spotted Cowbane.)
River sides and ditches. Billings Bridge. Hull. July—l. (B)
853. C. BULBIFERA, L.
River sides and swampy ground. Aug.—1.
SIUM, L. Water Parsnip.
854. 8S. clcur#FoLium, Gmelin.
S. lineare, Mx.
River sides. July—.2 (B)
CRYPTOTAENIA, DC. (Honewort.)
855. C. CanapeEnsis, DC.
Rich damp woods. Ju.—2. (B)
BUPLEURUM, L. Thorough Wax.
2151. B. rotundifolium, L.
Introduced. Oat-field at Billings Bridge, 3 or 4 plants. Ju.—2.
OSMORRHIZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely.
858. O. LoneistyLis, DC. (Smoother Sweet Cicely.)
Rich woods. Uncommon. Gatineau Point. Hull. Beechwood.
Styles conspicuous. May—4.
859, O. BREvistyLis, DC, (Hairy Sweet Cicely.)
Rich woods, Common, Smaller than the last, Styles very short,
inconspicuous, May—4, (B)
PEUCEDANUM, Hog Fennel,
882. P. sativum, Benth, & Hook, (Parsnip.)
Pastinaca sativa, L.
Low ground and by waysides, Introduced, Ju,—4, (B)
HERACLEUM, L. Cow Parsnip,
883, H, tanatum, Michx.
Low ground near Rockcliffe (J. A. Guignard). Casselman (J. F.)
Ju.—3, <A tall handsome plant, Rare in this locality.
35
DAUCUS, Tourn, Carrot.
887, D. Carota, L, Cultivated Carrot,
Introduced, Thoroughly established and spreading in some lo-
calities, Ironsides, Billings Bridge, July—2,
ARALIACH A:—Ginseng Family.
ARALIA, Tourn,
889, A, RAcEMosSA, L, (Spikenard,)
Rich low woods and swamps. July—l. (B)
890. A. HIsprpA, Vent, (Bristly Sarsaparilla, ‘“ Dwarf Elder,”)
Rocky and Sandy woods, Ju,—3,
891, A. NupIcauLIs, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla,)
Rich damp woods, May—4, (B)
892, A, QUINQUEFOLIA, Decsne, (Ginseng,)
Rich low woods, Rare and local, Beechwood, Powell’s Grove,
Billings Bridge, A fine species with bright scarlet berries.
July—1.
893, A, TRIFOLIA, Decsne, (Dwarf Ginseng, Ground-nut,)
Rich woods, May—2, (B)
CORNACEA!—Dogwood Family.
CORNUS, Tourn, Cornel. Dogwood,
895. C. Canapensis, L, (Bunch-berry. ‘“‘ Pigeon-berry.”)
Sandy woods. A charming plant. Ju—l. (B)
900. C, crrcinaTa, L’Her, (Round-leaved Cornel.)
Rocky woods, Ju.—4, (B)
A handsome species with large leaves, which are white beneath,
and bluish berries.
901. C. sericea, L. (Silky Cornel.)
River bank. Parliament Hill, Britannia, Rare, Often con-
founded with the next, and sometimes difficult to separate. The
leaves are more pointed and more pubescent. The cymes and
flowers are a little larger and the buds are more inflated at
the base,
46
902. C, stoLtoniFERA, Mx, (Red-os'er Dogwood.)
Wet places. Common. Growing in large clumps, Young branches
bright red. Ju.—2. (B) This is the “ Kinnikinik” of the
Indians on the great plains,
905. C. panicuLaTa, L’Her, (Panicled Cornel.)
Sandy woods and river banks, Rare. Hull. Aylmer, Cassel-
wan, Hasily distinguished by the taper-pointed ovate-lanceolate
leaves and the pyramidal cymes. Ju,—4,
906, C. ALTERNIFOLIA, L.
Rocky woods and thickets. Not uncommon. Ju,—l. (B)
A small tree with a flattish top, Branches greenish-grey streaked
with white, alternate. Cymes white, large and showy, with red
stems. Rather a difficult species for beginners to identify.
eeMOPETALOUS E:xOGENsS.
CAPRIFOLIACH Ai—Honeysuckle Family.
SAMBUCUS, L, Elder,
909, S. racemosa, L, var. PUBENS, Watson. (Red-berried Elder.)
S. pubens, Mx,
River sides and rocky thickets, May—4, (B)
910, S. Canapensis, L, . (Black-berried Elder.)
Low thickets. July—1l. (B)
VIBURNUM, L. Arrow Wood.
911. V. Lentaco, L. (Sheep-berry.)
River sides and low thickets, May—3, (B)
912, V, casstnorpzs, L.
V. nudum, var. cassinoides, T. & G,
Swamps and low woods. Ju,—2.
914. V. puBEscEeNs, Pursh. (Downy Arrow-wood.)
Rocky wocds. Anornamental shrub. Ju.—2.
or
915. V. acerirotium, L. (Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.)
Thickets and woods. Ju.—3.
917. V. Opuxus, L. (High-bush Cranberry. ‘ Guelder Rose.”)
Low thickets and river sides. Rather uncommon. Casselman.
Aylmer. Britannia. Billings Bridge. July—2. (B)
918. V. nanTaNorpES, Mx. (Hobble-bush.)
Cool or rocky woods. Stewarton. Chelsea. May—2. (B)
LINNAA.
919. L. BorEALIS, Gronov. (Northern Twin-flower.)
Cool woods and borders of swamps. Very common. Ju.-—l. (B)
Certainly one of our most attractive native plants, both for the
grace of the delicate pink flowers with their exquisite scent and
the beauty of the foliage.
SYMPHORICARPUS, Juss. (Snow-berry.)
920. S. RAcEMosUS, Mx. var. PAUCIFLORUS, Robbins.
Rocky banks. Along both banks of the Ottawa. July—2.
LONICERA, L. Honcysuckle.
924, L. urrsuta, Eaton. (Yellow-flowered Honeysuckle.
Rocky woods. Rare. Hull (J./.) March (A. A. Moore). July—2
926. L. euauca, Hill. (Smooth Honeysuckle.)
L. parviflora, Lam.
Rocky banks and woods. A straggling shrub with glaucous leaves
and small clusters of flowers purple or greenish purple outside
and yellow inside. Ju—l. (B)
928. L. crurata, Muhi. (Fly Honeysuckle.)
Damp and rocky woods. May—3. (B)
930. L. optonerFotia, Hook. (Swamp Honeysuckle.)
Peat bog. Mer Bleue. Rare. July—4.
931. L. Tartarica, L. (Garden Fly Honeysuckle.)
Escaped from cultivation. Not uncommon in woods. Beechwood.
Hemlock Lake. Stewarton. June.
DIERVILLA.
932. D. triripa, Mench. Bush Honeysuckle.
Rocky banks and woods. Ju.—2. (B)
“as
TRIOSTEUM.
933. T. perrotiatum, L (Fever-wort. Horse Gentian.)
Rich woods and low meadows. Chelsea. Casselman. Ju.—l. (B)
RUBIACEAi—Madder Family.
CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-bush.
934. C. occipenTaLis, L. (Button-bush.)
Alluvial banks of streams. July—2. (B).
MITCHELLA, L. Partridge-berry.
937. M repens, L. (‘'l'win-flower.”)
Dry woods, particularly under Conifere. An interesting little
plant with dark shining foliage, and bright scarlet berries
each of which is formed from the joined ovaries of a pair of
flowers. July—1.
GALIUM, L. Cleavers. Ladies’ Bed-straw.
938. G. ApARINE, L. (soose-grass,)
Fields and borders of woods. Uncommon. Billings Bridge. Hull.
Mer Bleue The Canadian plant is a smaller and slenderer form
than the Englisk, with smaller frnit. July—l.
939. G. ASPRELLUM, Mx. (Rough Bed-straw.)
Low ground. Common. July—l. (B)
941. G, TRiFipium, L. Small Bed-straw.
Low grounds in swamps and wet woods. A very variable species.
942. G. pRIFLORUM, Mx. (Three-flowered Galium.)
4. (B)
915. G. circ#zans, Mx. (Smaller Wild Liquorice.)
Dry open wood beyond Beechwood Cemetery. Rare. Ju. —2.
Cool woods. Very common. May
946. G. LANCEOLATUM, Tor. (Wild Liquorice.)
Rocky woods. Uncommon. Cheisea. Hull. Hemlock Lake. Ju.—1
950. G. verum, L. (Yellow Bed-straw.)
Introduced. Two miles from Ottawa along the Montreal Road
are two large patches of this plant, one in the Roman Oatholic
Cemetery, the other in a meadow. It is evidently well estab-
lished and is increasing. (2. b, Whyte)
39
SHERARDIA, L. Blue Field Madder.
951. S. avensis, L.
Introduced. Roadside. Gathered two years in succession upon
Friel street. (H, M. Ami).
COMPOSIT Ai— Daisy Family.
EUPATORIUM, L. Thorough-wort.
959. E. purpuReuM, L. var. MacuLATUM, Darl. (Joe-Pye Weed.)
E purpureum, L. in part of Gray’s Manual.
Low woods and meadows. July—4. (B)
960. EK. perFouiatum, L. (Boneset,)
Low woods and meadows. July--4. (B)
961, E. ageratorpes, L. (White Snake-10a!.)
Rich damp woods. A lovely species well worthy of cultivation.
Aug.—l. (B)
SOLIDAG®, L. Golden Rod.
980. S, sguarrosa, Muhl.
Rocky woods & ravines, An erect handsome species. Aug.—l, (B)
981. S, casita, L.
Rich woods. Billings Bridge. Found only in the above locality
(Miss Isabel Grant). Aug.—1.
var. AXILLARIS, Gray.
Mountain woods, Hull. Chelsea, &, Aug,—l.
This is the common ‘form of this beautiful species—the short
spikes springing from the axils of the upper leaves.
982. S. natirozia, L.
Rich woods and borders of ravines. <A fine species. Aug.—l.
983. S. Brcotor, L. (Soft Golden-rod.)
Dry rocky woods and river banks, Rockcliffe. Rare, Aug.—l. (B)
Fiowers cream-coloured.
var. coNcOLOR. T. & G,
Rocky woods. Common. Larger than the type. Inflorescence
more frequently branching. Flowers yellow, Aug,—l.
40
992. S. utiernosa, Nutt. (Swamp Golden-rod.)
Swamps. Mer Bleue. Swamp on King’s Mountain. Aug,—3.
An almost smooth species with an erect plumose panicle of bright
yellow flowers.
995. S. Rueosa, Mill. (Rough Golden-rod.)
S. altissima, Hook.
Fields and woods. Aug,—l. (B) The whole plant covered with
short coarse pubescence.
996. S. nratEcta, T. & G.
Wet clay bank along the Gatineau at Ironsides. Rare. Aug.—2.
998, S. arauTa, Ait.
S, Muhlenbergii, T. & G. and of Gray’s Manual.
Roeky woods. Kirk’s Ferry. Aug,—2. Root-leaves large, thin
and smooth. Panicle erect, but open,
999. S. guncEa, Ait.
S, arguta, 'T, & G. and of Gray’s Manual,
Sandy and rocky woods, Near St. Louis Dam and Kirk’s Ferry,
Rare, Aug,—2, Root leaves smaller and narrower, Stems red,
Panicle corymbose, with Jong drooping racemes,
1001, S, serorina, Ait,
S. gigantea, T. & G. and of Gray’s Manual.
Borders of woods. Common but not abundant. Aug.—l. (B)
Leaves quite smooth on both sides. Panicle pubescent.
var. GIGANTBA, Gray.
S. serotina, T. & G. and of Gray’s Manual.
Rocky woods. Commoner than the last. Aug.—1. Leaves hairy
on the veins beneath.
1004. 8. Cawapensis, L. (Common Golden-rod.)
W.ods and fields. Aug.—1. (B) Our commonest species ex-
tending under one form or another from the Atlantic to the
Pacific. As represented at Ottawa the plants may be divided
into three forms, ranging from almost smooth to sottly downy.
One of the most striking is
41
S. CANADENSIS, L. var. PROCERA, ‘I’. & G.
This is a tall, softly pubescent, almost e¢anescent form, generally
found in low ground. Although very distinct, it grows with
the other forms.
1005. S. NEMORALIS, Ait.
Dry sandy fields; Aug.—1l. A dwarf reugh species,
1010. S. uanceoxatTa, L.
Low wet ground. July—3. (B)
ASTER, L. Star-wort.
1017. A. cornymMBosus, Ait.
Shady woods. Rather rare, July--4. Leaves large and thin
stem slender and weak.
1018. A. macrorryLius, L. (Large-leaved Aster.)
Rocky open woods. Common. Aug,—l. (B) Leaves large, thick
and rough ; stems stout and rigid.
1033. A. corprFotius, L. |
Woodlands and thickets. Aug.—l. (B) A showy species well
worthy of cultivation. This and the next are the only species
found here with the lower leaves all cordate.
1034. A. LinpLeyanus, T. & G.
Woodlands and thickets. Aug.—l. Usually taller and slenderer
than the last. The stem-leaves with margined petioles and the
mid-rib with a fringe of long soft hairs beneath,
1041. A. panicuLatus, Lam.
Low ground. Aug.—2. (B)
Under this species are now grouped all the forms formerly included
in A. simplex, T. & G. and A. tenuifolius, T. & G. In it is in-
cluded all the forms occurring here with smoothish, very much
branched stems, and with long narrow leaves and whitish flow-
ers. I cannot help thinking that Dr. Gray has brought together
too many forms under this name.
1042. A. pirrusus, Hook.
A. miser, T. & G.
A. miser, T. & G. var. hirsuticaulis. T. & G.
Low ground. Aug.—l. (B)
This name also now covers a multiplicity of forms of very different
42
habit and appearance. They are either low, much branched and
spreading over the ground or erect and simple. The leaves vary
from short, and obtuse, to 4 inches in length, with a tapering
point as in the var. hirsuticaulis. The size of the flowers and
the degree of pubescence vary no less than the leaves.
With regard to these closely allied forms of this genus it is im-
perative that they should be grown from the seed under the
same conditions and several specimens studied in a living state.
1044.. A. suNcEus, Ait.
A. estivus, Ait.
Peat bogs, in shade. July—2. (B) A slender species with long
narrow leaves. Flowers white tinged with pink, and few in
number. Our earliest Aster.
1049. A. puntceus, L. (Tall Michaelmas Daisy.)
Low ground. July—3. (B) A tall handsome species with hairy
red stems, auricled clasping leaves and bluish-lilac flowers.
var. LAEVICAULIS, Gray.
var. firmus, T. & G. Macoun’s Cat. p 226.
var. vimineus, Gray.
Much scarcer than the type, with paler flowers and almost gla-
brous stems.
2170. A. viminEvs, Lam.
A. vimineus, Lam. var. foliolosus, Gray. of Macoun’s Cat. p. 545.
In damp soil along the Nation River at Casselman. (Prof.
Macoun) Aug—3. A tall species akin to, but distinct from
A. paniculatus, with long narrow leaves and whitish flowers.
Prof. Macoun tells me that his Casselman specimens recorded
above belong to the species and not to the variety /foliolosus.
1050. A. Nov#-Aneir#, L. (Purple Michaelmas Daisy.)
Rocky banks. Aug—2.
Found only at Casselman so far, in this locality. (Miss Nellie
Macoun). Easily recognized by its bright purple flowers and
viscid glandular pubescence.
1061. A. Acuminatus, Mx. (Pale Aster.)
Sandy and rocky woods, local but abundant where it occurs.
Chelsea, Hull, Stewart's bush, Beechwood. A low plant with a
rosette of leaves beneath the few-flowered panicle.
43
ERIGERON, L. Flea-bane.
1087. E. Puttapeupuicus, L. (Pink Flea-bane.)
Low grassy places. Ju—l. (B.)
1089. E. annuus, Pers.
Fields and roadsides. July—l. (B.)
A tall coarse species with stem-leaves coarsely toothed.
1090. E. strigosus, Muhl.
Dry fields and open woods. July—l. (B.)
Slenderer than the last with stem-leaves entire. Stems rough.
1094. E. Canapense, L. (“Fire weed.”)
Fields, open woods and waste places. July—2. (B.)
ANTENNARIA.
1097. A. PLANTAGINIFOLIA, Hook.
Fields and open woods. May—3. (B.)
ANAPHALIS.
1102. A. MarGaArRiTaceA, Benth and Hook. (Pearly Everlasting.)
Dry fields and woods. July—2. (B.)
GNAPHALIUM, L. Cudweed.
1163. G. DecuRRENS, Ives. (Sticky Everlasting.)
Dry ficlds. July 1.
Easily recognized by the decurrent leaves.
1108. G. uLieinosum, L. (Low Cudweed.)
Waysides and in dried up places where water has stood in the
spring. July—2. (B.)
1109. G. potycePpHALUM, Mx. (Scented Cudweed.)
Dry pastures. Near St. Louis Damn. Beyond Beechwood.
Cemetery. Sep—l.
Smaller than No. 1103. Leaves not decurrent: whole plant
strongly scented.
INULA, L. Elecampane.
1112. 7. Helenium, L.
Introduced. Waysides and pastures. July—2.
AMBROSIA, Tourn. Rag weed.
1119. A. TRiFipa, L.
Not indigenous in this locality. Low ground. Near St. Louis
Dam. Major's Hill. Sep—t.
A
1120. A. ARTEMISIZFOLIA, L.
Roadsides and fields) Aug—l.
XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocklebur.
1125. X. Canapense, Mill. var. EcHINATUM, Gray.
A. strumarium, L.
Waste places and alluvial flats. July—l.
RUDBECKIA, L. Cone-flower.
1129, R. aieta, L. (Yellow Daisy.)
Fields and railway banks. Introduced from the West. Occasional
in various localities, but in great abundance in a pasture at
Kingsmere, P. Q.
1130. R. wacryiata, L.
River sides and wet woods. Casselman. Rare. Aug—2.
HELIANTHUS, L. Sun-flower.
1135. H. annuus, L. (Garden Sun-flower.)
Frequent on waste heaps. July—l.
It is rather remarkable that we have so far found none of the
native Helianthi wild in this locality.
BIDENS, L. Bur-Marigold.
1155. B. rronposa, L.
Ditches and fields). Aug—l. (B.)
Some of the upper leaves trilobed.
1156. B. connata, Muhl.
Margins of rivers and ponds. Aug—l. (B.)
Leaves connate. None divided.
1157. B. cernua, L. Smaller Bur Marigold.
Margins of ponds and streams. A low plant creeping over mud
and rooting at the joints. Aug—l. (B.)
1158. B. cHRYSANTHEMOIDES, Mx. (Greater Bur Marigold.)
Alluvial flats. At the foot of Parliament Hill are some tall erect
plants five feet high, with flowers and leaves like B. cernua,
which I refer here.
1159. B. Beck, Torr. (Water Bidens.)
In shallow water. Not uncommon in the Ottawa and Rideau
rivers, but seldom flowering. July—4. (B.)
45
HELENIUM, L. Sneeze-weed.
1168. H. autumna.e, L.
Islands and river margins. Chandiere Islands. (H. M. Ami.)
The Chats. (Mrs. Chamberlin.)
ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow.
1173. A. Mitierotium, L. (Milfoil.)
Meadows and fields. Ju--4. (B.)
A variety with pink flowers is sometimes found.
MARUTA.
1179. M. Cotula, DC. (May-weed.)
Introduced. Waste places. Ju—2. (B.)
CHRYSANTHEMUM, L.
1180. C. Leucanthemum, L. Ox-Eye Daisy.
Introduced. Meadows and cultivated ground. A _ troublesome
weed. Ju—2.
TANACETUM, L.
1189. 7. vulgare, L. Common Tansy.
Roadsides, an escape from cultivation. Both the type and the var.
crispum, DC. occur here.
ARTEMISIA, L. Worm-wood.
1203. A. vutearRis, L. (Mug-wort.)
Rocky banks and sandy fields. Aug—l.
1200. A. Brennis, Willd.
Not indigenous in this locality. ow ground. July—2.
1211. A. Absinthium, L. (Wormwood. )
Introduced. Waste places. July—2.
PETASITES, Tourn. Sweet-Coltsfoot.
1214. P. patmata, Gray.
Nardosmia palmata, Hook.
Low wood. Powell's Grove, Very rare. May—l.
ERECHTITES, Raf. Fire weed.
1227. E. HIERACIFOLIA, Raf.
Moist places, particularly in recently burnt clearings. Ju—2.
SENECIO, L. Groundsel.
1228. S. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel.
Introduced. A rare weed in gardens. July—2.
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