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\-A^J^ 


Canadian  n  , 


Forestry 


Journal 


VOL.    IX 


19  13 


PUBLISHED     AT    OTTAWA 

BY    THE 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 


V.ti't^' 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


Alpine  Club  of  Canada,  95. 

American  Forestry  Assn.,  annual  meeting, 
3. 

Biltmore  Forest  School  program,   127. 

Booth,  John  R.,  53;  gift  to  hospital,  191. 

Booth's  Mill,  Ottawa,  fire  at,  135. 

Brantford,  Ont.,  Dams  to  Protect,  190. 

Britain,  Afforestation  in,  154. 

British  Columbia,  forest  regulations,  55; 
branch  organization,  85;  work  in,  105, 
155,  174;  fire  season  1913,  184. 

Broilliard   Monument,   169. 

Canadian  Forestry  Assn.,  annual  meeting, 
19;  constitution  and  by-laws,  29;  Direc- 
tors' report,  40. 

Canadian  Lumbermen's  Assn.,  annual 
meeting,  23. 

C.  P.  R.  publicity,  135;  forestry  work,  168. 

Catalpa,  Hardy,  warning  about,  191. 

Charlton,  Hon.  W.  A.,  Pres.  Can.  For. 
Assn.,  19,  113. 

Chestnut  Tree  Blight  in  Pennsylvania,  45. 

Cigaret,  the  dangerous,  156. 

Civil  Service,  reform,  1;  efficiency,  84; 
regulations,  146. 

Commercial  Forestry,  170. 

Commission  of  Conservation,  annual  meet- 
ing, 8;  work  of,  134. 

Cross  Ties  purchased  in  1912  (Dom.  For- 
estry Branch  Bulletin),  94. 

Delegates  to  Winnipeg  Convention,  114. 

Dominion  Forest  Service,  outline  of  organ- 
ization, 51;  parties  in  field,  93;  work  of, 
137;  forest  products  laboratory,  154; 
work  of,  154,  165. 

Dry  Weather  Causes  Fires,  133. 

DjTiamiting  Forest  Fires,  140. 

Empire  State  Forest  Products  Assn.,  194. 

European  Forestry,  11. 

Fire  Bug  and  the  East  Wind  (poem)  E.  T. 
Allen,  153. 

Fire  Prevention  Organization,  180. 

Fires,  Havoc  by,  122. 

Fisher,  Hon.  W.  L.,  address  of,  4. 

Floods,  How  to  Prevent,  71. 

Forest  Conservation,  83. 

Forest  Engineers,  notes  of  work,  13,  30,  46, 

62,  110,  139,  158,  173,  192. 

Forest  Fire  Legislation,  Report  of  Commit- 
tee on,  117. 

Forest  Insects  in  British  Columbia,  166. 

Forest  Protection  in  Canada,  187. 

Forest  School  Notes,  150. 

Forestry  Movement,  17. 

Forestry,  Problem  of,  25. 

Forests  and  Snowslides,  70. 

Genesee  Valley  Forestry  Assn.,  38. 

Hay,  the  late  Dr.  G.  U.,  82. 

International  Bureau  of  Forestry,  124. 

Laboratory,  Dominion  Forestry  Branch  for 
Forest  Products,  82,  154. 

Lanrentide  Company,  Forestry  Work  of, 
173. 


Log  Rule,  Uniform,  report  on,  21,  108. 

Malloch,  Douglas,  book  of  poems,  142. 

Manitoba,  native  woods,  photograph,  136. 

Maple  Sugar  Makers  Protest,  178. 

National  (U.  S.)  Conservation  Congress, 
185. 

New  Brunswick,  foresters,  71;  new  timber 
leases,  121;  forest  school,  150;  brush 
disposal  in,  190. 

N.  Y.  State  Forestry  Assn.,  39,  164. 

N.  Y.  State  Forestry  College  Museum,  132. 

Norfolk  County  Replanting,  151. 

Norway,  tree  planting  in,  172. 

Nova  Scotia  Lumbering,  119. 

Ontario  Forests,  Report  of  Minister  of 
Lands  and  Forests,  163. 

Ontario,  Northern,  Timber  resources  of, 
181. 

Ottawa's  Water  Supply,  Protection  of,  169. 

Patronage  Evil,  162. 

Patton,  M.  J.,  126. 

Peace  River  District,  conditions  in,  131. 

Pejepscot  Company,  replanting,  37. 

Piche,  G.  C,  Chief  Forester  of  Quebec,  150. 

Pinchot,  Dr.  Gifford,  5. 

Plan  Adequate  to  Meet  our  Needs  for  Tim- 
ber, 147. 

Plantations  in  Foreign  Countries,  56. 

Power,  Wm.,  Vice  Pres.  Can.  For.  Assn.,  21. 

Price,  the  late  Herbert  M.,  67. 

Problem  of  Forestry,  25. 

Progress  of  Forestry,  69. 

Protection  along  Railways,  153. 

Pulpwood,  Dom.  For.  Branch  Statistics  for 
1912,  54. 

Quebec,  planting  operations,  98;  Forestry 
Dept.,  119,  138;  Fire  Protection,  139; 
Provincial  Nurseries,  149;  Forest  Ser- 
vice, 159,  167;  Forest  Revenue  of,  191. 

Quinn,  the  late  Maurice,  82. 

Railway  Fire  Protection,  28,  99. 

Ranger  Schools,  1. 

Reserve  Regulations  Revised,  157. 

Riordon  Carl,  Pres.  Pulp  and  Paper  Assn., 
55. 

Rocky  Mountains,  Forestry  in,  74;  Reserve, 
142. 

Sable  Island,  the  Problem  of,  91. 

St.  Maurice  Forest  Protection  Assn.,  35. 

Sawdust  Utilization,  43;  Briquettes,  143. 

Settlers,  Securing  Sympathy  of,  102. 

Sharpies^  Hon.  John,  death  of,  135. 

Slash  Disposal,  Government  and  Loggers' 
Co-operation  in,  120;  in  New  Brunswick, 
171. 

Statistics  of  Timber  Products  in  Canada 
1912,  123. 

Sweet  and  Slow  (poem),  38. 

Thinning  —  Should  New  Brunswick  For- 
ests be  Thinned,  87. 

Top-lopping  and  Dynamiting  Fires,  140. 

Toronto  Students  at  Ontario  Nursery,  73. 

Tree  Planting  C.  P.  R.  Competitions,  7. 


Turtle  Mountain,  why  not  a  forest  reserve 

in  United  States,  89. 
United  States  Forests  Revenue,  172. 
U.  S.  National  Conservation  Congress,  157, 

185. 
Western  Farmers  and  Trees,  172. 


Winnipeg  Convention,  33,  49,  65,  81,  97; 
Report  of,  115;  Picture  of  Delegates,  114. 

Woodlot,  care  of,  103. 

Work  of  Forest  Engineer,  58. 

Zavitz,  E.  J.  Provincial  Forester  of  On- 
tario, 28. 


INDEX    OF    AUTHORS 


Allen,  E.  T.,  153. 

de  Hurst,  A.  E.,  83. 
Dickson,  J.  R.,  69. 
Dwight,  T.  W.,  51,  57. 

Fernow,  Dr.  B.  E.,  147. 

Gilbert,  A.  V.,  55. 
Graves,  Henry  S.,  25. 

Hearst,  Hon.  W.  H.,  181. 
Howe,  John  D.,  87. 

Jacombe,  F.  W.  H.,  91. 


Lakes,  Arthur,  70. 
Leavitt,  Clyde,  187. 
Loggie,  Lt.-Col.  T.  G.,  190. 

MacMillan,  H.  R.,  105. 
Malloch,  Douglas,  142. 
Morton,  B.  R.,  103. 

Recknagel,  Prof.  A.  B.,  168. 
Retan,  Geo.  H.,  56. 
Ross,  A.  H.  D.,  58,  183. 

Swaine,  J.  M.,  166. 

Turnbull,  W.  R.,  171. 

Wilson,  EUwood,  140,  170,  172. 
Wilson,  F.  D.,  131. 


lA 


Canadian  for 


Vol.  IX.  Ottawa,  Canada,  January  1913. 


No.  1 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY  JOURNAL. 

Published    monthly    by    the 

Canadian    Forestry    Association, 

Canadian    Building, 

Ottawa,   Canad<i. 

Devoted  to   the   cause   of   forest  conservation. 

Subscription   $1   per   year. 

Advertising    Rates    on    Application. 

CONTENTS :  Page. 

Notes 1  and  2 

American  Forestry  Association 3 

Tree  Planting  Competitions 7 

Commission  of  Conservation 8 

European  Forestry 11 

With  the  Forest  Engineers 13 


RANGER  SCHOOLS. 

In  the  City  of  Ottawa  it  has  been 
found  profitable  to  give  the  c^ty  fire- 
men a  course  of  instruction  on  chemi- 
cals, water  pressure,  building  con- 
struction, etc.  The  lectures  are  held 
once  a  week  and  are  supplemented 
by  practical  demonstrations.  The 
men  of  the  Ottawa  fire  brigade  are 
all  selected  for  efficiency  and  are 
supposed  to  know  the  essentials  of 
their  work.  At  the  same  time  it  is 
felt  they  will  be  vastly  more  efficient 
if  given  definite  instruction  by  ex- 
perts on  certain  parts  of  their  work. 
In  the  same  way  it  is  the  contention 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association 
that  forest  rangers  should  be  selected 
for  efficiency  in  the  first  place,  and 
that  they  should  further  be  given 
specific  instruction  for  a  few  weeks 
by  men  who  can  assist  them  by  ad- 
vising how  to  combat  difficult  situa- 
tions that  are  likely  to  arise  in  the 
woods.  If  city  firemen,  who  are 
always  under  the  direction  of  chief 
and  lieutenants,  will  be  benefited  by 
instruction,  much  more  will  the  fire- 
man who  during  a  large  part  of  the 
year  has  to  work  single  handed  many 
miles  from  his  nearest  neighbor. 


NOTICE. 

In  regard  to  this  issue  of  the  Can- 
adian Forestry  Journal  it  may  be 
stated  that  it  has  been  decided  to 
carry  on  the  publication  as  a  month- 
ly. Further  particulars  will  be 
given  in  the  next  issue. 


CIVIL   SERVICE  REFORM. 

On  all  sides  there  is  evidence  of 
growing  determination  to  separate 
politics  from  the  civil  service.  In 
the  Dominion  in  addition  to  the  re- 
ports of  Sir  George  Murray  and  the 
Special  Commission,  the  Civil  Service 
Association  is  pressing  for  the  exten- 
sion of  Civil  Service  regulations  to 
the  outside  services.  There  are  simi- 
lar movements  in  Ontario  and  Mani- 
toba, and  the  newspapers  of  all  poli- 
tical parties  are  asking  for  the  change. 
By  the  very  nature  of  things  there 
is  no  department  where  the  plan  of 
appointment  and  promotion  by  test 
and  merit  is  so  necessary  as  in  the 
forest  service.  Here  by  reason  of  the 
conditions  under  which  the  men  work 
they  are  constantly  thrown  on  their 
own  resources  to  confront  unexpect- 
ed problems,  and  the  best  men  are 
needed. 


A  MONUMENT   TO  A   TREE. 

Attention  has  just  been  called  to 
a  uriiciue  ceremony  which  took  place 
last  summer  near  Morrisburg,  Dun- 
das  (Jounty,  Ontario,  Canada.  On 
this  occasion  a  monument  was  un- 
veiled to  an  apple  tree.  The  farm- 
ers of  Dundas  County  raised  the 
money  by  popular  subscription  and 
placed  a  marble  stone  close    to    the 


Canadian  Forestry  Joumalf  January  1913. 


spot  where  the  original  Mcintosh  Red 
apple  tree  stood.  The  newspapers  in 
describing  this  ceremony  stated  that 
in  1797  John  Mcintosh,  who  was  one 
of  the  United  Empire  Loyalists,  came 
to  Upper  Canada  from  the  United 
States  and  settled  in  Dundas  County. 
On  the  ground  which  he  cleared  for 
a  home  he  found  a  number  of  young 
wild  apple  trees.  He  tested  these 
and  one  produced  fruit  of  such  su- 
perior colour  and  quality  that  he 
named  it  Mcintosh  Red.  His  son 
Allan  propagated  from  it  and  dis- 
seminated the  variety,  which  has  be- 
come popular  over  a  large  part  of 
the  continent.  In  1893  the  old  tree 
was  injured  by  fire,  but  continued  to 
bear  till  1908  when  it  completely 
died  down. 


TEACHING  CHILDREN  TO  LOVE 
TREES. 

The  New  York  State  College  of 
Forestry  at  Syracuse  University, 
designated  and  established  by  the 
Legislature  for  educational  work  in 
forestry  in  New  York,  has  sent  a 
letter  to  the  Principals  of  all  the 
High  and  Preparatory  Schools  of  the 
State  offering  to  give  illustrated  lec- 
tures and  demonstrations  upon  fores- 
try before  the  schools  so  that  every 
pupil  in  these  schools  may  under- 
stand what  forestry  is  and  may  learn 
to  love  the  trees  and  forests. 


LUMBERING  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

British  Columbia  Magazine. 

Asserting  that  lumbering  should  be 
regarded  as  a  science  and  as  a  pro- 
fession, the  British  Columbia  Lum- 
ber and  Shingle  Manufacturers'  As- 
sociation and  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association  have  asked  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  course  in  logging  engi- 
neering at  the  new  University  of  Bri- 
tish Columbia.  The  success  which 
has  attended  the  agricultural  colleges 
of  Canada  and  the  United  States  in 
equipping  the  farmers'  sons  with  a 
scientific  knowledge  of  husbandry,  is 


evidence  of  what  might  be  expected 
from  similar  courses  devoted  to  log- 
ging engineering.  The  courses  of 
study  in  our  agricultural  colleges 
have  been  intensely  practical  and 
helpful.  The  lumber  industry  de- 
serves the  same  consideration  for 
those  who  desire  to  become  expert 
loggers  and  lumbermen,  in  the  broad- 
est sense  of  the  term. 


CIVIL  SERVICE  PROMOTION. 

Hamilton  Herald. 

Promotion  by  personal  favoritism 
and  political  'pull'  instead  of  promo- 
tion by  merit  and  seniority  is  one  of 
the  gravest  abuses  of  the  Canadian 
Civil  Service.  It  is  a  deep-rooted  evil, 
and  as  old  as  the  service  itself.  It 
impairs  the  efficiency  of  the  service 
by  putting  a  premium  on  inefficiency. 
Able  men  in  the  public  service  are 
deprived  of  the  natural  incentive  to 
do  their  work  well  and  qualify  for 
higher  duties.  When  it  is  known 
that  efficiency  does  not  count  for 
much,  and  that  the  man  who  bases 
his  hopes  for  promotion  solely  on  his 
efficiency  has  no  chance  in  competi- 
tion with  the  man  who  has  an  in- 
fluential relative  or  political  friend  to 
work  for  his  advancement,  why  should 
men  waste  time  and  energy  in  im- 
proving themselves?  The  system  op- 
erates to  kill  honorable  ambition  to 
excel.  It  tends  to  lower  the  person- 
nel of  the  Civil  Service  to  a  dead  level 
of  mediocrity. 


AFTER  THE  GYPSY  MOTH. 

The  Canadian  Department  of  Cus- 
toms has  issued  an  order  prohibiting 
the  importation  from  New  England 
states  of  forest  plant  products  in- 
cluding logs,  tan  bark,  posts,  poles, 
railway  ties,  cordwood  and  lumber, 
unless  accompanied  by  a  certificate 
from  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  that  such  products 
are  free  from  the  gypsy  moth. 


American  Forestry  Association 


A  Vigorous  and  Progressive  Campaign  now  Going  on. 


It  was  deemed  advisable  this  year 
that  the  Secretary  should  attend  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association  in  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  on  Jan.  8.  This  proved  a 
very  profitable  trip  and  much  valu- 
able information  was  gained,  partic- 
ularly owing  to  the  fact  that  several 
related  organizations  met  in  Wash- 
ington at  the  same  time.  This  en- 
abled the  Secretary  to  converse  in  a 
day  and  a  half  with  more  of  those 
connected  with   forest   conservation 


work  in  the  different  parts  of  the 
United  States  than  he  could  have 
met  in  several  weeks  steady  travel- 
ling at  other  seasons  of  the  year. 

Full  of  Fight. 

The  spirit  throughout  was  one  of 
optimism  and  at  the  same  time  the 
sentiment  was  constantly  expressed 
that  a  most  determined  attack  was 
about  to  be  made  on  the  natural  re- 
sources held  by  the  federal  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  mineral 


Wolves  in  .Sheep's  Clothing. 

The  Newark,  N.J.,  Evening  News  had  the  above  cartoon  as  its  view  of  the  remarks  of 
Mr.  Oifford  Pinchot  that  States  Bights  would  be  made  a  cloak  for  exploitation. 

8 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  January  1912. 


lands,  water-powers  and  forests,  but 
particularly  the  latter.  The  general 
idea,  however,  was  that  the  friends 
of  conservation  were  more  wide- 
awake than  ever,  and  on  every  hand 
there  were  expressions  of  determin- 
ation to  work,  to  fight  and  to  make 
sacrifices  to  have  these  resources  de- 
veloped and  used  for  the  very  best 
interests  of  the  whole  country,  and 
to  keep  them  from  falling  into  the 
hands  of  trusts  and  corporations 
with  no  other  object  than  to  exploit 
them  for  the  greatest  present  profit 
regardless  of  the  future. 

The  sessions  were  held  in  one  of 
the  halls  of  the  magnificent  New 
Willard  Hotel.  There  was  a  meet- 
ing of  Directors  at  10.30,  the  general 
business  opened  at  noon,  and  at  one 
o'clock  the  assembly  adjourned  to 
an  adjoining  dining  room  where 
lunch  was  serv-ed  to  about  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  five  including 
quite  a  sprinkling  of  ladies.  It  may 
be  remarked  in  passing  that  while 
this  luncheon  was  in  every  way 
strictly  first  class  the  determination 
of  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion to  keep  their  organization  as 
democratic  as  possible  was  shown  in 
the  fact  that  the  charge  for  tickets 
for  the  luncheon  was  only  $2  apiece. 
This  was  in  all  respects  a  most  en- 
joyable function  and  at  the  close 
there  were  several  significant  speeches. 

Hon.  W.  L.  Fisher. 

Hon.  Walter  L.  Fisher,  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  made  a  most  illum- 
inative address  in  which  he  empha- 
sized two  points.  The  first  was  that 
the  cause  of  forest  conservation  had 
lost  in  the  past  and  would  continue 
to  lose  in  the  future  if  its  friends 
did  not  kill  the  old  belief,  indus- 
triously propagated  by  its  enemies, 
that  conservation  meant  negation, 
stagnation,  the  locking  up  of  forest 
resources  and  the  keeping  back  of 
devlopment  indefinitely.  The  thing 
which  conservationists  must  now  do 
was  to  show  the  public,  what  they 
knew    to    be    the    case    themselves. 


namely,  that  conservation  was 
affirmative  constructive  and  progres- 
sive. And  second,  he  told  the  great 
steps  forward  that  had  been  takien 
in  the  past  year  in  the  matter  of 
disposal  of  water-powers  on  federal 
lands.  Up  to  1912  there  were  only 
two  methods  of  developing  water- 
powers.  The  water-powers  might  be 
deeded  outright  to  the  applicant  or 
they  might  be  leased  to  the  appli- 
cant on  a  lease  which  could  be  re- 
voked without  five  minutes'  notice 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
During  1912  the  law  had  been  so 
amended  that  water-powers  could 
be  now  leased  for  a  period  not  to 
exceed  fifty  years,  the  rentals  to  be 
reviewed  and  if  necessary  readjust- 
ed every  ten  years.  Where  the  gov- 
ernment and  the  applicant  were  not 
able  to  agree  upon  the  new  rent  to 
be  charged  at  the  end  of  any  ten 
years'  period  the  matter  was  to  be 
settled  by  arbitration  and  the  onus 
was  on  the  lessee  to  show  that  the 
rent  was  too  high.  While  at  first 
some  of  the  organizations  claimed 
that  no  water-powers  would  ever  be 
developed  under  the  leasing  system, 
the  great  majority  had  admitted 
that  the  system  was  fair.  As  con- 
firming this  Mr.  Fisher  pointed  to  a 
lease  to  a  powerful  corporation  of 
rights  which  would  result  in  the 
immediate  future  in  the  electrifica- 
tion of  five  hundred  miles  of  main 
line  of  one  of  the  transcontinental 
railways.  A  leading  railway  man 
had  told  him  that  this  was  just  the 
beginning  and  that  within  a  few 
years  under  the  same  system  twenty 
thousand  miles  of  railway  lying  be- 
tween the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  would  be  electrified. 
He  had  drawn  attention  to  the  fact 
that  this  was  a  powerful  corporation 
as  showing  that  this  was  not  a  case 
of  the  government  'squeezing'  a 
small  concern  that  was  not  able  to 
take  care  of  itself.  He  predicted 
that  under  this  new  system  a  very 
rapid  development  of  water  powers 
on  national  lands  of  the  United 
States    would  take  place,   and   this 


American  Forestry  Association, 


development  would  be  on  terms  fair 
both  to  the  lessees  and  to  the  nation 
at  large. 

This  announcement  of  a  new  ar- 
rangement in  this  important  matter 
was  received  with  prolonged  ap- 
lause. 

Hon.  Gifford  Pinchot. 

Mr.  Fisher  was  followed  by  Hon. 
Gifford  Pinchot,  who  in  a  forceful 
speech  held  that  the  'predatory  in- 
terests' having  come  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  no  more  plums  were  to  be 
snatched  from  the  national  tree  had 
decided  to  make  a  last  effort  to  have 
the  federal  resources  divided  up 
amongst  the  states  in  the  belief  that 
they  would  be  able  to  get  from  poor 
and  struggling  states  what  they 
could  not  demand  from  the  strong 
national  government.  To  this  end 
he  predicted  that  the  next  session 
of  Congress  would  see  a  tremendous 
revival  of  the  States  Rights  move- 
ment. The  danger  was  this  that 
while  this  States  Rights  cry  would 
be  raised  largely  by  men  who  cared 
not  a  straw  for  the  states  and  who 
cared  altogether  for  their  own  pock- 


ets, yet  there  would  be  others  in  the 
States  Rights  ranks  who  would  be 
actuated  entirely  by  principle  and  a 
sense  of  duty.  This  made  the  fight 
all  the  harder,  but  the  friends  of 
conservation  must  win,  for  if  they 
did  not  the  work  of  the  last  twenty 
five  years  would  be  lost,  and  within 
a  few  months  the  immense  natural 
resources  of  the  United  States  would 
be  in  the  hands  of  the  grabbers. 
That  this  was  a  prize  worth  fighting 
for  he  indicated  by  estimating  that 
the  forests  of  the  United  States 
alone  were  worth  two  thousand  mil- 
lion dollars. 

State  versus  Federal  Control. 

After  Dr.  Drinker  (President  of 
Lehigh  University)  the  new  Presi- 
dent of  the  American  Forestry  As- 
sociation had  made  his  confession  of 
faith  and  started  out  the  fiery  cross 
to  rally  all  good  men  to  the  cause 
of  conservation,  the  regular  session 
was  resumed  in  the  assembly  hall. 
Here  papers  were  read  by  Prof.  H. 
n.  Chapman  of  Yale  University  on 
federal  versus  state  management  of 
forests,  and  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Greeley 


Travelers  in  winter  on  the  route  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Railway  North  east  of  the  Pas. 


6 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  January  1913. 


of  the  United  States  Forest  Service 
on  the  need  of  trained  men  in  for- 
est conservation.  The  conclusion  of 
the  first  paper  was  that  for  many- 
reasons  the  federal  government  was 
better  fitted  to  do  forest  work  than 
the  states,  and  this  was  also  indirect- 
ly the  conclusion  of  the  second 
paper.  It  was  pointed  out  that  a 
forest  was  of  such  slow  growth  that 
working  plans  must  be  made  look- 
ing for  almost  a  century  ahead. 
These  plans  had  to  take  in  the  whole 
country,  and  in  many  cases  they 
would  result  in  the  spending  of  mil- 
lions of  dollars  spread  over  a  long 
period  of  years  before  the  cash  re- 
turns from  a  particular  tract  began 
to  come  in.  The  federal  government 
with  its  large  revenues  and  its  pow- 
er to  employ  the  best  men  in  the  na- 
tion was  much  better  fitted  to  sys- 
tematically manage  the  forests  than 
a  state  legislature  which  was  often 
in  such  desperate  need  of  funds  that 
instead  of  allowing  a  forest  to  grow 
till  fit  to  be  harvested,  would  be 
constantly  pressed  to  sacrifice  this 
asset  for  whatever  it  would  bring  in 
the  immediate  present.  It  was  im- 
possible that  twenty  struggling 
states  could  secure  and  hold  twenty 
staffs  of  forest  engineers  for  the 
general  direction  of  the  work  who 
would  be  anything  like  as  compet- 
ent as  the  staff  which  could  be  se- 
cured by  the  national  government 
to  do  this  same  work  for  the  whole 
nation. 

Interesting  the  Politicians. 

In  the  evening  there  was  a 
*  smoker'  at  a  leading  restaurant 
given  by  the  local  members  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  to 
which  the  delegates  and  their 
friends  were  invited.  The  advant- 
ages possessed  by  such  a  non-govern- 
mental and  non-partizan  organiza- 
tion such  as  the  American  Forestry 
Association  (or  the  Canadian  For- 
estry Association)  were  shown  in 
the  fact  that  administrators,  lum- 
bermen,   foresters    and    representa- 


tives of  both  political  parties  met 
here  on  common  ground  and  deliv- 
ered their  views.  Among  those  who 
spoke  were  Mr.  Henry  S.  Graves, 
United  States  forester;  Mr.  Chas. 
Lathrop  Pack,  President  of  the  Na- 
tional Conservation  Congress;  sen- 
ators and  congressmen  both  Repub- 
lican and  Democrat.  Mr.  E.  A. 
Sterling,  forest  engineer  of  Philadel- 
phia, well  known  in  Canada,  was 
the  chairman  of  the  evening.  While 
all  the  views  expressed  were  not  en- 
thusiastically in  line  with  the  aims 
of  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion, yet  a  surprisingly  large  major- 
ity were,  and  the  minority  speakers 
represented  points  of  view  which 
conservationists  must  take  into  con- 
sideration in  making  up  their  pro- 
gram. 

Three  Active  Organizations. 

One  matter  of  importance  brought 
out  at  this  annual  meeting  was  that 
in  the  United  States  three  active  or- 
ganizations are  now  co-operating  in 
conservation  work.  These  are  the 
National  Conservation  Congress, 
which  devotes  its  whole  energy  to 
carrying  out  a  four  days'  congress 
each  year  in  some  leading  city  of 
the  United  States ;  the  National  Con- 
servation Association  (of  which  Mr. 
Gifford  Pinchot  is  President),  which 
devotes  its  attention  to  national  leg- 
islation ;  and  the  American  Forestry 
Association,  which  lays  its  chief 
stress  on  propaganda  by  means  of 
literature,  and  which  is  in  a  sense 
the  mouthpiece  of  the  other  two. 
Canadians  have  not  a  little  to  leam 
from  the  enthusiasm  and  spirit  of 
sacrifice  with  which  the  members  of 
these  organizations  approach  their 
self-imposed  tasks. 

Before  leaving  for  home  again  at 
noon  the  following  day  the  Secre- 
tary visited  the  offices  of  the  United 
States  Forest  Service  and  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  gath" 
ering  information  for  his  work, 
which  it  is  believed  will  bear  fruit 
in  the  present  year. 


Tree  Planting  Competitions. 


Railway  companies  come  in  for  no 
little  crticism  because  of  the  damage 
it  is  alleged  they  do  to  forests,  and  it 
is,  therefore,  only  fair  to  chronicle 
what  they  are  doing  on  the  other  side 
of  the  scale. 

The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  has 
just  announced  a  competition  in  the 
grooving  of  shelter-belts  on  farms  pur- 
chased from  the  railway  in  Alberta 
south  of  Township  28.  To  encour- 
age farmers  to  take  up  this  competi- 
tion the  company  are  offering  cash 
prizes  aggregating  $2,400.  There  is 
one  sweepstake  prize  of  $600, — two 
grand  prizes  of  $300  each  two  of  $100 
each,  and  20  prizes  of  $50  each.  As 
a  further  inducement  the  Company 
is  giving  the  contestants  half  the  trees 
required  free  of  charge,  and  has  ar- 
ranged the  following  prices  for  the 
other  half: — one  thousand  trees  or 
over,  $15  per  thousand;  under  one 
thousand,  $5  per  hundred.  The  fol- 
lowing varieties  are  furnished : — Rus- 
sian poplar,  Cottonwood,  green  ash, 
Manitoba  maple,  laurel-leaf,  willow 
and  caragana.  Besides  prizes  and 
trees,  the  company  *s  Forest  Depart- 
ment stands  ready  to  supply  any  in- 
formation in  regard  to  trees  and 
planting. 

Prizes  are  to  be  awarded  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1914.  Settlers  who  gain 
prizes  then  will  be  allowed  to  go  on 
and  compete  for  special  prizes  which 
may  be  awarded  in  the  next  three 
years.  Wind-breaks  in  this  competi- 
tion must  be  planted  in  the  Spring 
of  1913.  The  chief  points  to  be  con- 
sidered when  judging  are  as  follows: 
preparation  of  the  soil,  30  points ;  cul- 
tivation and  care  of  trees,  30  points; 
bush-fruits,  shrubs  and  flowers,  10 
points;  growth  and  appearance  of 
trees  at  time  of  judging,  30  points; 
total,  100  points. 

Having  started  out  on  this  cam- 
paign the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  is 


explaining  why  it  is  doing  so  The 
circular  announcing  the  competition 
is  accompanied  by  a  neat  circular 
entitled  'Increase  the  Value  of  Your 
Farm:  Why  Every  Western  Cana- 
dian Farmer  Should  Plant  Wind- 
breaks. '  The  eight  pages  of  this  cir- 
cular are  filled  with  reasons  why 
wind-breaks  increase  the  value  of  Al- 
berta farms,  and  with  directions  for 
attaining  the  best  success  in  plant- 
ing. 

Time  was  when  people  believed 
trees  could  not  be  successfully  culti- 
vated west  of  Manitoba.  Now,  with 
twenty  million  trees  sent  out  from 
the  Dominion  Government  Forestry 
Branch  nurseries  at  Indian  Head,  and 
with  the  C.P.R.  pushing  on  the  good 
work,  the  appearance  and  comfort  of 
thousands  of  prairie  farms  will  soon 
be  changed  for  the  better  by  the  shel- 
ter-belts of  millions  of  healthy  trees. 


MERIT  SYSTEM  IN  FOREST 
SERVICE. 

Conservation. 
On  December  6,  a  delegation  repre- 
senting the  Canadian  Forestry  As- 
sociation urged  upon  Premier  Borden 
and  the  Minister  of  the  Interior,  that 
all  appointments  to  the  outside  Do- 
minion Forest  Service  be  based  on 
capability  and  experience  ascertained 
by  examination  conducted  by  the 
Civil  Service  Commission.  These  re- 
presentation are  the  result  of  recom- 
mendations made  at  the  last  meet- 
ing of  the  Association  held  at  Vic- 
toria, B.C. 

The  winter  is  the  best  time  to  study 
evergreen  trees.  Find  how  many  of 
the  following  are  near  your  school: 
white  pine,  red  pine,  scrub  or  Lab- 
rador pine,  fir,  white  spruce  and  red 
spruce,  hemlock,  white  cedar. — Edu- 
rafional  Review. 


Commission  of  Conservation 


Brief  Report  of  the  Fourth  Annual  Meeting  at  Ottawa,  Jan.  21,  22,  1913. 


The  fourth  annual  meeting  of  the 
Canadian  Commission  of  Couserva- 
tion  held  in  the  Carnegie  Library. 
Ottawa,  Jan.  21  and  22,  gave  evi- 
dence of  steady  growth.  In  the  ab- 
sence of  Hon.  Clifford  Sifton  in 
Europe  the  meetings  were  presided 
over  by  the  Acting  Chairman  Hon. 
W.  C.  Edwards,  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Forestry.  The  ses- 
sions were  well  attended  and  nearly 
all  the  provinces  were  officially  re- 
presented. The  first  morning  was 
devoted  to  reports  of  work  done  dur- 
ing the  year  as  follows: 

Riblic  Health— Dr.  C.A.Hodgetts. 

Mines— W.  J.  Dick. 

Forests — Clyde  Leavitt. 

Extension  of  forest  reserves  and 
establishment  of  game  preserves  in 
Alberta — R.  H.  Campbell. 

Fisheries,  game  and  fur-bearing 
animals — M.  J.  Patton. 

Fur-farming  in  Canada — J.  "Walt- 
er Jones. 

"Waters  and  water-powers  —  Leo. 
G.  Denis  and  Arthur  V.  White. 

Press  and  co-operating  organiza- 
tions— M.  J.  Patton. 

The  first  afternoon  was  taken  up 
by  an  illustrated  address  on  the 
Salmon  Fisheries  of  British  Colum- 
bia by  Prof.  J.  P.  McMurrich. 
Director  of  the  Anatomical  Depart- 
ment, University  of  Toronto,  and  by 
meetings  of  committees. 

At  the  Wednesday  morning  ses- 
sion the  following  was  the  order  of 
the  work : 

The  Biological  Board  of  Canada — 
Dr.  E.  E.  Prince. 

Trent  Watershed  Survey  and  Re- 
conn  aisance  Survey  of  the  Northern 
Ontario  Clay  Belt— Dr.  B.  E.  Fer- 
now. 

Insect  Food  of  Fresh-water  Fish — 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt. 


Work  done  by  the  Lands  Commit- 
tee during  the  past  year — ^F.  C.  Nun- 
nick. 

Address  on  work  of  Lands  Com- 
mittee— Dr.  J.  W.  Robertson. 

Committee  work  and  resolutions 
occupied  all  of  "Wednesday  after- 
noon, and  in  the  evening  there  was 
an  illustrated  address  on  Smoke  Pre- 
vention by  Dr.  R.  G.  Benner. 

Among  the  matters  which  related 
to  forest  conservation  were  the  fol- 
lowing : 

Mr.  Clyde  Leavitt,  Forester  of  the 
Commission  of  Conservation  and 
Chief  Fire  Warden  of  the  Board  of 
Railway  Commissioners  for  Canada, 
gave  the  results  of  organizing  the 
patrol  work  along  the  railway  lines 
in  Western  Canada  and  intimated 
that  in  1913  this  work  would  be  ex- 
tended all  over  Eastern  Canada  as 
well. 

Dominion  Forestry  Work. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  Domniion 
Director  of  Forestry,  told  of  the 
setting  aside  of  the  forest  reserve  on 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  of  examinations 
made  in  1912  of  areas  in  the  Peace 
River  Country  and  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Saskatchewan  and  INIani- 
toba.  He  pointed  out  that  not  all  of 
the  reserves  were  game  preserves 
but  that  such  areas  were  being  set 
aside  for  this  purpose  as  would  best 
conserve  the  characteristic  game  of 
Western  Canada.  The  number  of 
trees  distributed  by  the  Dominion 
Government  Forestry  Branch  to  set- 
tlers now  amounted  to  21.000.000 
and  four  million  more  trees  were 
ready  at  Indian  Head  Forestry 
Nursery  Station  to  be  sent  out  this 
coming  spring.  These  were  for  wind- 
breaks and  woodlots  not  for  orna- 


8 


Commission  of  Conservation. 


9 


mental  purposes.  The  varieties  sent 
out  were  Manitoba  maple,  elm,  Cot- 
tonwood, green  ash,  willows,  and 
some  conifers  as  tamarack,  white 
spruce,  jack  pine  and  Scotch  pine. 

Trent  VAiiLEY  Watershed. 

Dr.  Fernow,  Dean  of  the  Faculty 
of  Forestry,  University  of  Toronto, 
said  that  in  what  had  been  termed 
the  forest  townships  which  compris- 
ed nine  tenths  of  the  1,800  square 
miles  in  the  district  examined,  the 
amount  of  land  cleared  was  about 
nine  per  cent.  Of  this  8.4  per  cent, 
was  pasture  and  only  1.6  per  cent, 
cultivated  land.  The  general  con- 
clusion was  that  this  area  should 
have  been  protected  and  left  to 
grow  up  again  as  a  pinery.  So  un- 
suited  was  the  district  for  farming 
that  since  the  lumberman  had  left 
the  families  on  the  land  were  eking 
out  a  poor  existence  and  should  be 
given  a  chance  to  remove  to  better 
locations.  It  was  estimated  that 
after  the  fires  had  destroyed  many 
millions'  worth  of  property  there 
was  still  left  white  pine  young 
growth     which    mature    would    be 


worth  $3,500,000,  and  pulpwood  of 
potential  value  of  $4,500,000.  Ac- 
tion looking  toward  the  protection 
of  this  was  urged.  It  was  noted  that 
Hastings  County  had  acquired  2,200 
acres  of  this  area  under  tax  sales 
for  an  average  of  seventeen  cents  per 
acre  and  was  holding  it  for  refores- 
tation. 

Regarding  the  northern  clay  belt 
of  Ontario  Dr.  Fernow  held  that 
about  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  timber 
would  be  valuable  for  lumber  or 
pulpwood,  and  he  urged  a  classifica- 
tion of  lands  before  allowing  settle- 
ment to  come  in. 

Fur  Farms  and  Animal  Sanc- 
tuaries. 

Mr.  M.  J.  Patton,  the  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  Commission  in  one 
part  of  his  report  dealt  with  the 
need  for  a  system  of  national  game 
refuges  to  preserve  the  beaver.  This 
animal  disappeared  in  Europe  in  the 
sixteenth  century  and  would  disap- 
pear in  America  in  the  twentieth  un- 
less national  provision  was  made 
for  its  protection. 

Very  interesting  was  the  report  of 


Camp  in  the  Timbered  Country  between  the  Pas  and  Split  Lake,  Manitoba. 


10 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  January  191 S' 


Mr.  J.  Walter  Jones,  B.S.A.,  special 
officer,  upon  fur-farming  in  Canada. 
He  estimated  that  there  were  about 
four  hundred  fur  farms  in  Canada 
at  the  end  of  1912  with  the  number 
rapidly  increasing.  Most  of  these 
were  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  par- 
ticularly Prince  Edward  Island 
where  the  rearing  of  black  foxes  for 
their  fur  had  become  a  great  indus- 
try. 

Col.  Wm.  Wood  of  Quebec  sent  a 
paper  on  animal  sanctuaries  which 
was  read  by  Mr.  Patton.  The  plan 
advocated  was  to  begin  with  a  sanc- 
tuary in  Labrador  and  then  secure 
others  in  different  parts  of  Canada 
later.  A  sanctuary,  the  paper  ex- 
plained, differs  from  a  reserve  in 
that  the  animals  are  never  disturb- 
ed in  season  or  out  of  season  within 
the  area.  Thus  left  alone  they  mul- 
tiply rapidly,  and  once  the  area  is 
stocked  the  surplus  seeks  new  pas- 
tures outside  and  thus  the  supply  of 
game  for  the  sportsmen  is  kept  up 
in  the  rest  of  the  country. 

Importance  of  Fish  Food. 

The  fishery  question  was  dealt 
with  by  Prof.  Prince,  Dr.  C.  C. 
Jones.  Chancellor  of  the  University 
of  N.B.,  and  others.  The  chief  con- 
tribution of  interest  to  forest  lovers 
was  by  Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  Do- 
minion Entomologist,  in  his  paper 
on  the  insect  food  of  fresh  water 
fish.  Dr.  PTewitt  pointed  out  that 
one  of  the  causes '  why  fish  died 
when  placed  in  lakes  and  rivers 
where  the  species  had  not  been  be- 
fore was  that  the  insects  upon  which 
that  fish  fed  were  absent.  Before 
stocking  lakes  an  examination 
should  be  made  to  ascertain  if  the 
proper  insect  food  were  there. 

Recommendations. 

The  follo^vingr  recommendations  in  the 
report  of  the  Committee  on  Forests  were 
adopted : 

(1)  That  the  Commission  approve  the 
principle  of  co-operation  between  the  Board 
of  Eailway  Commissioners  and  the  fire  pro- 


tective organizations  of  the  Dominion  and 
Provincial  Governments  in  the  administra- 
tion and  enforcement  of  the  fire  regula- 
tions of  the  Railway  Commission,  along  the 
lines  now  in  effect  in  the  West  and  as  pro- 
posed in  the  East. 

(2)  That  representations  be  made  to  the 
Dominion  Government  looking  toward  the 
e^tabliphment  of  a  fire-protective  service 
along  the  Intercolonial  and  National  Trans- 
continental Railways  similar  to  that  pro- 
vided for  in  Order  16570  of  the  Board  of 
Railway   Commissioners. 

(3)  That  the  Governments  of  New 
Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  be  urged  to 
organize  separate  branches  devoted  especial- 
ly to  forest  fire  work,  including  all  lines 
of  railway  fire  inspection,  as  well  as  the 
handling  of  fire-ranging  throughout  the 
Provinces  at  large.  Also  that  control  be 
definitely  taken  over  w^ith  regard  to  fire- 
protection  along  provincially  chartered 
railways,  through  the  enforcement  of  ex- 
isting legislation  or  the  enactment  of  new- 
legislation  where  necessary. 

(4)  That  the  Commission  urge  the  Do- 
minion and  all  Provincial  Governments  not 
doing  so,  to  consider  carefully  the  ques- 
tion of  brush  disposal  in  connection  with 
all  new  licenses  and  renewals  of  old  licenses 
issued  in  the  future.  Especial  care  in  this 
connection  is  needed  to  safeguard  the  coun- 
try along  railway  and  wagon  roads.  Es- 
pecially in  Ontario,  New  Brunswick  and 
Nova  Scotia  and  in  the  Timber  Branch  of 
the  Department  of  the  Interior  is  the  fur- 
ther development  of  a  forestry  organization 
essential  in  order  to  properly  study  and  ad- 
minister this  feature  of  the  work. 

(5)  That  the  Commission  approve  the  or- 
ganization of  co-operative  fire-protective 
associations  of  limit-holders,  and  the  prin- 
ciple of  contribution  by  the  Dominion  or 
Provincial  Government  in  proportion  to  the 
benefits  received. 

(6)  That  the  Dominion  Government  be 
urged  to  begin  a  systematic  study  of  the 
extent  and  character  of  forest  resources  in 
the  forest  reserves,  and  other  forest  lands 
under  its  direct  jurisdiction;  and  that  a 
similar  course  be  urged  upon  the  Provin- 
cial Governments  of  Ontario,  Quebec  and 
New  Brunswick  as  to  forest  lands  within 
their  boundaries. 

(7)  That  the  systematic  collection  of 
complete  statistics  of  forest  fire  losses  be 
urged  upon  the  Dominion  and  Provincial 
Governments  wherever  this  action  is  not 
now  being  taken. 

(8)  That  the  Commission  approve  co- 
operation with  the  Government  of  Ontario 
in  an  examination  of  forest  conditions  out- 
side forest  reserves  in  the  northern  portion 
of  that  Province,  south  of  the  Clay  Belt, 
and  that  reciprocal  action,  by  the  Ontario 
Government  be  invited  along  this  line,  as 


Notes  on  European  Forestry. 


11 


well  as  in  developing  a  plan  for  recupera- 
tive measures  in  the   Trent  Watershed. 

(9)  That  representations  be  made  to  the 
Dominion  Government,  urging  that  favour- 
able action  be  taken  with  regard  to  the 
proposed  additions  to  the  Forest  Reserves 
recommended  by  the  Forestry  Branch. 

(10)  That  the  proposed  establishment  of 
a  game  preserve  in  the  southern  portion 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  Forest  Reserve, 
and  in  southeastern  British  Columbia  ad- 
joining the  Glacier  National  Park,  be  en- 
dorsed; and  that  favourable  action  be  urged 
upon  the  Dominion  Government  and  upon 
the  Government  of  British  Columbia. 

(11)  That,  whereas,  the  Provinces  of 
British  Columbia,  Ontario  and  Quebec  have 
seen  the  value  of  organizing  a  Provincial 
Forest  Service,  representations  be  made  to 
the  Governments  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick,    looking    toward    the    establish- 


ment of  technically  educated  Provincial 
Foresters;  this  action  to  be  taken  not  only 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  conservative 
use  of  the  remaining  forest  resources,  but 
also  of  stimulating  and  educating  forest 
owners  and  woo^lot  owners  in  efforts  at  re- 
forestation. 

(12)  The  Commission  desires  to  place  on 
record  its  opinion  that  it  is  important  that 
all  appointments  in  the  forest  services  of 
the  Dominion  and  Provincial  Governments 
should  be  based  on  capability  and  exper- 
ience, such  as  may  be  secured  through  civil 
service    examination. 

(13)  That  the  Government  of  Ontario  be 
urged  to  undertake  a  systematic  classifica- 
tion of  land  in  the  Clay  Belt,  in  advance 
of  settlement,  to  the  end  that  settlement 
may  be  properly  directed,  and  that  non- 
agricultural  lands  may  be  reserved  from  set- 
tlement and  entry. 


Notes  on  European  Forestry, 


In  an  article  contributed  recently  to  the 
American  Lumberman  on  a  visit  to  some 
European  forests,  in  France,  Switzerland, 
and  (Jermany,  Dr.  Filibert  Roth,  head 
of  the  Department  of  Forestry  at  the 
University  of  Michigan,  gives  the  fol- 
lowing interesting  and  chatty  notes  re- 
garding forests  and  forestry  practice  in  the 
countries   mentioned: — 

'Recently  I  have  visited  Grenoble  and  the 
beautiful  forests  of  the  French  Jura,  es- 
pecially about  the  Grand  Chartreuse,  that 
famous  cloister  of  old.  The  forests  here  are 
largely  private  property,  a  sort  of  cared-for 
wildwoods,  with  fine  growth  of  fir  (balsam) 
and  beech,  also  other  trees.  Plenty  of  them 
are  over  thirty  inches  in  diameter  and  over 
120  feet  in  height.  The  exploitation  is 
primitive.  A  load  of  logs,  full-sized  stems, 
is  not  loaded  one  by  one,  but  is  lifted  bodily 
into  a  two-wheeled  cart  and  then  drawn  by 
five  horses  hitched  tandem. 

'In  Switzerland  I  saw  numerous  forests, 
large  and  small,  primarily  private  and  vil- 
lage forests  of  spruce  planted  in  the  regular 
way.  These  woods  are  immensely  productive 
and  one  sees  new  plantations  everywhere, 
showing  a  tendency  to  increase  the  forest 
areas  at  the  expense  of  the  agricultural 
lands.  My  visit  to  the  famous  Sihlwald,  the 
most  ancient  of  well  established  forest  pro- 
perties in  the  world,  was  made  doubly  in- 
teresting, as  I  had  a  chance  to  spend  the 
Fourth  of  July  in  a  tour  of  inspection  of 
this  property  with  Mr.  Meister,  forester  of 
the  city  of  Zurich,  and  the  society  of  fores- 
ters of  Alsace-Lorraine,    the  latter    having 


come  over  sixty  strong,  from  the  valley  of 
the  Rhine  and  the  Vosges  mountains  to  see 
this  great  forest.  The  city  of  Zurich  sent 
a  special  delegate,  provided  teams  and  re- 
freshments and  in  every  way  showed  its  ap- 
preciation of  this  visit  of  foresters.  It  is 
a  treat  to  see  this  beautiful  old  forest,  which 
has  supplied  Zurich  for  fully  1,000  years 
with  much-needed  fuel  and  timber,  and 
which  to-day  is  one  of  the  best  producing 
forests  of  Europe. 

'This  forest  occupies  large  mountain 
slopes  entirely  unfit  for  plow  land;  it  is 
mainly  beech  and  spruce,  with  the  latter  as 
the  favored  species.  It  is  managed  on  a 
rotation  of  about  110  years,  that  is,  the  trees 
are  left  to  this  age  before  being  harvested, 
and  there  is  today  an  almost  ideal  condition 
with  trees  of  all  ages,  so  that  the  harvest 
comes  like  clockwork  every  year  in  amount 
and  size  of  timber.  Rainfall  and  snowfall 
are  heavy  and  the  heavy  snows  sometimes 
crush  stands  of  timber  when  in  the  "pole" 
stage. 

'Before  leaving  Switzerland  I  visited  the 
upper  Rhine,  where  the  floods  lately  have 
done  great  damage.  The  forests  in  that  sec- 
tion unquestionably  have  reduced  this  dam- 
age and  prevented  wholesale  calamity. 

'Coming  into  southern  Germany  I  visited 
the  royal  forests  in  Baden,  which  yield  fine 
incomes.  They  are  largely  spruce,  planted 
or  roprofluced  naturally,  and  produce  a  net 
revonjie  of  over  $10  an  acre  every  year. 
Similar  conditions  exist  in  the  neighboring 
forests  of  the  royal  family  of  the  King  of 
Wurtemberg.     Here  the  forest   is   for  the 


12 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  January  1912. 


most  part  cut  clean  and  replanted.  The 
trees  are  allowed  to  grow  to  an  age  of  110 
to  125  years.  The  forests  are  gone  over 
once  in  five  or  ten  years  and  cleaned  of 
all  poor,  sickly  trees,  and  opened  up  where 
the  trees  are  too  dense,  so  that  in  the  older 
stands  the  trees  practically  are  perfect, 
standing  straight  and  a  joy  to  any  lover 
of  good  timber.  The  amount  of  timber  per 
acre  in  these  hundred-year-old  stands  is  sim- 
ply enormous,  and  the  amount  which  has 
to  be  cut  into  fuel  or  cheap  woods  is  very 
small,  rarely  over  ten  per  cent  of  the  total 
yield.  All  timber  is  cut  in  winter,  peeled 
at  once  and  hauled  with  team.  All  work 
is  done  by  contract.  The  care  which  these 
forests  receive  is  such  that  when  I  asked  the 
forester  about  fires  he  looked  at  me  in  sur- 
prise and  simply  said,  "We  have  no  fires.'* 

'As  a  matter  of  fact,  in  all  my  travels 
last  summer  I  did  not  see  one  acre  of  woods 
which  showed  any  signs  of  ever  having  been 
touched  by  fire.  When  one  compares  this 
with  Michigan,  where  it  is  hard  to  find  an 
acre  that  does  not  show  such  signs  one  won- 
ders where  the  trouble  lies.  Here  they  see 
to  it  that  law  really  is  law.  Eoaming  in 
the  woods  is  forbidden;  people  are  expected 
to  mind  their  business. 

'To  my  great  surprise  I  found  that  even 
here,  in  a  good  agricultural  district,  the  for- 
est is  being  extended  at  the  expense  of  agri- 
cultural lands.  For  example,  a  farm  of  170 
acres,  which  is  large  for  this  country,  had 
been  in  possession  of  one  family  for  over 
four  hundred  years,  and  was  offered  for 
sale.  After  several  years  it  was  bought  by 
the  king  as  a  private  property  and  was  re- 
forested. The  land  cost  only  $60  an  acre, 
contained  a  gravel  pit  valued  at  $2,500,  and 
was  in  good  farming  condition.  Similar  con- 
ditions were  found  in  Baden,  the  explana- 
tion being  that  farm  land  does  not  produce 
the  income  which  can  be  had  from  forests. 
Eenting  farms  is  generally  by  cash  rentals 
of  $2  to  $3  an  acre,  while  the  forests  make 
a  secure  net  cash  rental  of  over  $10.  Since 
this  is  an  old  country,  fortified  by  the  Eo- 
mans,  well  settled  in  the  days  of  Charle- 
magne and  densely  populated  today  by  one 
of  the  most  frugal,  industrious  peoples  in  the 
world,  these  facts  will  serve  to  show  how 
utterly  nonsensical  are  the  claims  of  op- 
ponents, who  would  have  us  believe  there  is 
no  room  for  forests,  since  all  land  is  needed 
for  farming. 

'I  visited  the  forestry  school  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tuebingen,  several  districts  of  the 
Black  Forest  in  Wurttemberg,  also  a  district 
of  hardwoods  in  the  Ehine  valley  near  Stras- 
burg.  In  this  latter  district  the  black  wal- 
nut is  planted  extensively  on  fertile  valley 
land  near  the  city,  again  a  sign  that  forests 
have  a  place,  even  in  fertile  regions.  In 
the  Black  Forest  districts  I  found  many  in- 
teresting facts.  In  the  higher  locations  — 
2,400   feet   altitude,   with   rainfall   of   over 


seventy  inches,  heavy  snows  and  much  frost 
— agriculture  is  on  the  decline  and  even  the 
farmers  are  planting  forests.  Some  of  the 
villages  and  towns  own  large  forests. 
Bayersbrom  has  6,000  acres  of  woods,  worth 
over  $200  an  acre.  Here  the  fir  and  spruce 
predominate.  The  timber  is  cut  in  summer 
and  is  peeled.  The  bark  of  spruce  is  sold 
as  tanbark  at  about  $4  a  cord.  The  forests 
are  reproduced  naturally,  but  everywhere  a 
little  planting  is  done  to  prevent  delay.  The 
stands  of  timber  are  certainly  fine.  Near 
Obendorf  I  saw  stands  which  contain  over 
20,000  cubic  feet  of  timber  an  acre.  Since 
this  stuff  is  worth  fully  15  cents  a  cubic 
foot,  we  have  values  of  $1,200  to  $3,000  an 
acre.  But  this  is  not  rubbish  or  old  pine 
stubs.  It  is  a  body  of  timber  produced 
by  careful  treatment  and  decent  protection 
against  all  kinds  of  injury.  In  such  stands 
there  is  often  not  a  single  tree  that  needs 
culling  on  account  of  crook  or  other  defect. 
A  fine  telephone  pole  sixty  feet  long,  with 
ten  inches  as  its  upper  diameter,  is  cheaper 
here  than  in  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.    While  gen-  * 

erally  the  small  forests  of  farmers  are  not  in        .|| 
especially  good  condition,  several  of  the  pri-         * 
vate  forests  about  Freudenstadt  are  fine  and 
these   farmers   are  becoming  really   timber 
growers  and  are  growing  ridi.' 


THE  MOUNTAIN  PINE  BEETLE. 

As  a  result  of  experiments  carried 
out  under  the  direction  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  a  method  of  combatting 
the  ravages  of  the  mountain  pine 
beetle  has  been  found,  according  to 
a  recent  departmental  report.  The 
experiments  were  undertaken  in 
northeastern  Oregon,  where  beetles 
had  worked  havoc  over  more  than 
one  million  acres  of  valuable  timber 
land.  The  pest  had  destroyed  more 
than  8,000  trees. 

In  conjunction  v^dth  the  forest  ser- 
vice and  private  owners  of  timber, 
the  department's  experts  confined 
their  efforts  to  an  area  of  20,000 
acres  with  such  success  that  while 
surrounding  territory  suffered  heav- 
ily the  experiment  ground's  loss  was 
80  per  cent.  less.  The  march  of  the 
beetle  to  the  south  and  southeast,  it 
is  believed,  will  be  checked  as  a  result 
of  the  knowledge  gained  from  the 
tests  which  have  been  continued  over 
a  space  of  nearly  five  years. 


With  the  Forest  Engineers* 


{Contributed  hy  the  Canadian  Society  of  Forest  Engineers.). 


Notes  of  the  Work  of  the  Engineers  in  the  British  Columbia  Forest  Service. 


The  Province  of  British  Columbia 
entered  on  a  new  line  of  devlop- 
ment  in  the  establishment,  under  the 
Hon.  W.  R.  Ross,  Minister  of  Lands, 
of  a  Forest  Branch,  the  direction  of 
which  as  is  well  known  was  given 
into  the  hands  of  Mr.  H.  R.  MacMil- 
lan  late  of  the  Forest  Branch  in  Ot- 
tawa. So  many  matters  were  pend- 
ing the  passing  of  the  Act,  so  many- 
new  problems  have  arisen  simp- 
ly through  the  establishment  of  the 
Branch  that  the  new  Chief  Forester, 
since  assuming  his  duties,  has  been 
the  centre  of  a  veritable  snowstorm 
of  papers  of  all  kinds  which  requir- 
ed attention.  Consequently,  he  has 
been  held  to  his  desk  for  every  min- 
ute of  the  day  working  with  unceas- 
ing energy  to  organize  new  branch- 
es to  take  care  of  the  details.  He 
has  made  numerous  trips  around 
the  country  becoming  acquainted 
with  the  government  officers  and 
lumbermen,  and  has  made  numerous 
friends  in  his  official  capacity  in  the 
City  of  Victoria.  Naturally,  in  a 
new  organization  the  equipment  and 
,staff  were  utterly  inadequate  for  the 
press  of  business.  But  Mr.  MacMil- 
lan  had  the  authority  to  care  for  the 
needs  of  his  department,  and  now, 
instead  of  one  chief  clerk  and  a 
stenographer,  the  Forest  Branch 
consists  of  forty  two  individuals  in 
addition  to  all  who  were  with  the 
Lands  Department  prior  to  the  crea- 
tion of  the  new  base  of  administra- 
tion. 

Mr.  M.  Allerdale  Grainger,  who 
probably  knows  as  much  about  the 
forest  legislation  situation  as  any 
other  man  in  British  Columbia,  hay- 
ing been  Secretary  of  the  Royal 
Commission  which  brought  about  the 


Act,  has  been  steadily  engaged  in  ar- 
ranging the  details  of  the  Records 
Office,  which  falls  to  him  under  the 
provisions  for  the  new  Forest  Board. 

Mr.  John  Lafon,  Chief  of  Manage- 
ment, has  been  occupied  principally 
with  the  work  of  timber  sales  and 
the  cruising  being  done  upon  tracts 
of  land  which  it  has  been  thought 
could  be.  alienated. 

Chief  of  Operation,  R.  E.  Bene- 
dict, has  been  engaged  mostly  in 
inspection  of  fire  losses,  and  in  view- 
ing at  first  hand  conditions  which 
he  had  heretofore  known  in  only  a 
general  way.  He  reports  a  rapidly 
growing  sentiment  among  people  of 
all  parts  of  the  province  for  forest 
reserves  to  ensure  thorough  patrol 
in  the  vicinity  of  lage  towns,  and 
to  make  certain  a  constant  supply 
of  water  for  irrigation  purposes. 

The  Reconnaissance  Survey. 

Since  stock-taking  ranks  with  pro- 
tection as  an  essential  of  forest 
policy,  the  Branch  has  lost  no  time 
in  bringing  about  a  reconnaissance 
survey  of  a  great  part  of  the  pro- 
vince. The  Columbia  and  Western 
Land  (rrant  comprises  two  and  a 
half  million  acres  recently  sold  back 
to  the  Government  by  the  C.  P.  R., 
to  whom  it  was  deeded  many  years 
ago,  and  this  tract  has  been  the  scene 
of  a  very  active  survey.  Under 
Chief  of  Surveys  H.  K.  Robinson 
twelve  parties  of  reconnaissance  men 
are  working  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Adams,  Salmon,  Nicola,  North 
Thompson,  Omineca  and  Columbia 
Rivers,  around  Mable  Lake,  and 
along  the  route  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  Railway. 

The    surveyors  are    noting    every 


13 


14 


Ganadian[Forestry  Journal,  January'^lQlS, 


natural  feature,  the  topography, 
bodies  of  water  (including  water- 
powers),  all  the  agricultural  areas, 
down  to  forty-acre  tracts,  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  and,  in  a  general  way, 
the  amount  of  timber  standing.  It 
is  expected  that  the  reports  which 
these  men  wdll  make  will  prove  a 
revelation  to  the  public.  Undoubt- 
edly there  are  many  tracts  of  land 
which  will  produce  good  crops  ly- 
ing idle  because  their  location  is  not 
accurately  known. 

The  djfficu-ltieis  of  carrying  out 
this  survey  are  very  great,  particu- 
larly in  view  of  the  season,  but  the 
ground  is  being  covered  as  rapidly 
as  possible,  and  the  complete  map 
will  be  compiled  in  the  course  of  a 
few  months. 

'Timber  Sales'  have  taken  the 
place  of  the  old  form  of  license,  un- 
der w^hich  14,000  claims  were  filed 
between  1905  and  1907. 

The  Forest  Act  provides  for  the 
removal  of  timber  after  advertise- 
ment and  tender.  The  land  remains 
always  vested  in  the  Crown,  and 
upset  price,  rental,  royalty,  cruising 
and  advertising  charges  are  made 
against  the  buyer. 

So  far,  a  great  part  of  the  work 
of  the  Branch  has  been  the  examin- 
ation of  lands  by  the  foresters  for 
the  purpose  of  arriving  at  a  proper 
price  for  the  timber.  Up  to  the  end 
of  November  fourteen  bodies  were 
examined,  representing  an  area  of 
6,716  acres,  and  87,282,000  feet  of 
timber.  The  lumbermen  who  accept 
the  terms  of  the  Government  will 
pay  altogether  $109,521  in  upset 
price,  $1,304.55  annually  in  rental, 
and  $48,415.95  in  royalties  as  the 
material  is  taken  out  of  the  forest 
In  a  great  many  of  these  sales  re- 
strictions are  made  as  to  the  time 
in  which  cutting  shall  continue,  two 
years  being  the  average  time  allow- 
ed. 

There  has  been  established  in  the 
Branch  an  Extension  Bureau,  for 
the  purposes  of  spreading  the  gospel 
of  forestry  among  the  people  of 
British  Columbia,  and  of  rendering 


assistance  in  response  to  enquiries 
as  to  any  phase  of  the  problem  of 
scientific  management  of  woodlands. 
Mr.  Roy.  L.  Campbell  has  this  work 
in  hand. 


THE  CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 

Extends  a  cordial  invitation  to  those  inter- 
ested in  the  forests  of  this  country,  from 
whatever  point  of  view,  to  join  its  ranks, 
and  help  to  spread  knowledge  of,  and  in- 
terest in,  the  forests  of  Canada  in  partic- 
ular, and  in  general  of  the  world.  During 
the  past  few  years  the  interest  in  the 
proper  use  and  the  protection  and  perpetua- 
tion of  the  forests  has  greatly  increased, 
and  to  this  increased  knowledge  and  interest 
the  Canadian  Forestry  Association,  by  its 
propaganda  work,  has  contributed  its  share. 
Founded  in  1900,  with  a  membership  of  12, 
it  has  in  twelve  years  increased  its  mem- 
bership to  2,700.  During  these  years  it  has 
held  conventions  throughout  Canada  from 
coast  to  coast,  in  the  Ancient  Capital  and 
in  the  bustling  cities  of  the  prairies  and 
Pacific  coast,  in  the  manufacturing  east  and 
the  agricultural  prairie  country.  Its  official 
organ,  The  Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  was 
started  in  1905  and  is  now  in  its  seventh 
volume.  But  as  forestry  goes  on,  circum- 
stances change  and  new  needs  spring  up, 
and  the  Association  is  anxious  to  do  its 
duty  in  arousing  public  interest  and  point- 
ing out  ways  of  getting  things  done.  One 
object  of  the  Association  was  achieved  when 
forest  reserves  were  established;  but  that 
is  merely  a  beginning  and  now  proper  ad- 
ministration of  these  reserves,  on  the  basis 
of  the  public  good,  irrespective  of  any  pri- 
vate or  partizan  interest,  must  be  secured. 
When  that  is  done  other  problems  will  pre- 
sent themselves  for  settlemeht.  The  Asso- 
ciation wants  the  interest  and  enthusiasm 
and,  in  some  degree,  the  contributions  of 
the  public.  The  annual  membership  fee  is 
$1.00;  this  entitles  the  member  to  The  Cana- 
dian Forestry  Journal  for  a  year,  the  an- 
nual report  of  the  society,  and  other  litera- 
ture. Life  membership  costs  $10.00.  Ap- 
plications for  memoership  should  be  ad- 
dressed to  James  Lawler,  Secretary,  Cana- 
dian Forestry  Assn.,  Canadian  Building, 
Ottawa. 


( 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST     TREES 
and    shrubs    at    forest 
prices. 

Native  and  foreign  tree  seeds. 


Edye-de- Hurst  &  Son, 

Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

SHIPPERS    TO     H.    M.    GOVERNMENT,     ETC 


CorresponduTice  FYan^aise. 


FOREST    ENGINEERS. 

Forest  Surveys  Logging  Maps 

TIMBER     ESTIMATES 
Water  Power  Water  Storage. 

CLARK,  LYFORD,  &   STERLING 
1331  Real  Estate  Trust  Bldg.,  Philadelphia 
CLARK  &  LYFORD.        LYFORD,  CLARK  &  LYFORD, 

403  Crown  Bldg.  26  Board  of  Trade  Bldg- 

VANCOUVER  MONTREAL 


R. 


O.     SWEEZEY, 

CIVIL  &      FORESTRY     ENGINEER 

Timber  Surveys,  Lumbering 
and  Water  Powers. 


Metropolitan  Bldg. 


QUEBEC,  Canada. 


THE  SMITH  STUjVIP  PULLER 

This  photoeraph  shows  the  work  of  the  Smith  Stump 
Puller,  pulllngstumpswith  one  horse,  stumps  that  run 
from  4  to  6  feet  through,  atan  average  cost  of  5  cents 
per  stump.     Write  for  our  free  Catalog. 
W.  SMITH  6RUBBER  CO..  15  Smith  Sta.,  La  Crescent.  Minn. 


UNIVERSITY  of  TORONTO 


FACULTIES  OF 


ARTS,  MEDICINE, 
APPLIED  SCIENCE, 
HOUSEHOLD  SCIENCE, 
EDUCATION,  FORESTRY 


The  FACULTY  OF  FORESTRY  offers  a  four  year  undergraduate  course 
leadings  to  the  Dej^ree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  of  Forestry  (B.Sc.F  ),  and  after 
two  years'  practical  work  to  the  Dejjree  of  Forest  Engineer  (F.E.). 

The  Faculty  at  present  numbers  four  instructors  in  Forestry  alone,  besides 
members  of  other  Faculties  of  the  University  and  special  lecturers. 

The  courses,  laboratories  and  other  facilities  of  the  University  are  open  to 
Students  of  Forestry. 

Practice  work,  following  the  academic  term,  in  the  woodd  is  made  a  special 
feature. 

For  further  information  address — 
REQISTRAR,  or  B.  E.  FERNOW,  LL.  D.,  Dean, 


Universitj  of  Toronto. 


Faculty  of  Forestry,  University  of  Toronto. 
Toronto,  Canada. 


University  of 
New  Bmijswick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Established  in  igoS 

Four  years'  course  leading  to  the 
Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry.  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal  forest    work. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expenses     correspondingly    moderate. 


For  further  information  address: — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University  Calendar  furnished 
on   application.       —        —       — 


C.  C.  JONES,  Chancellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 

at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syra^ouse,  Ne-w  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  Foiestry 
Postgraduate  course  to  Master  of 
Forestry  ;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  and  Ranger  School 
given  on  the  College  Forest  of 
2,000  acres  at  Wanakena  in  the 
Adirondacks.  Forest  Experiment 
Station  of  90  acres  and  excellent 
Library  offer  unusual  opportu- 
nities for  research  work.     : :     : : 

For  particulara  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER.  D.  Oeo.Decin 


BILTMORE,    -    -    North  Carolina 

T"  HE  Biltmore  Forest  School  is  for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school  of  lumbering  and  forestry  in  the 
United  States.  The  Biltmore  Forest 
School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Biltmore;  summer  cjuarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  of  Ger- 
many. Q  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  any  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
monihs  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  ot  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor   of   Forestry. 

Write  for  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,     addressing — 

THEDIRECTOR,BILTMORE.  N.C.,  U.S.A. 


YALE  UNIRSITY  FOREST  SdiOOL 

NEW    HAVEN,  CONNECTICUT,    USA. 


A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  oitered  leading-  to  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Forestry. 
The  Forest  School  is  a  g^raduate 
department  of  Yale  University 
requiring:  for  admission  a  collesre 
training.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, collegres,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions of  high  standing-  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  of 
their  diplomas,  provided  they 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subjects  in  their  under- 
graduate work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Univeisity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoolog-y,  Physics,  Inorg:anic 
Chemistry,  Geology,  Econom  cs, 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  may  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  are  required 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
of  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in  the  field  or  laboratory. 

The  school    year  begins  in 
early  July  and  is  conducted  at 
the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  further  information  address 

JAHES  W.  TOUHEY,   Director 

NEW   HAVEN       ...      -       CONNBOTIOUT 


1^ 


orcstry  journal 


Vol.  IX.  Ottawa,  Canada,  February  1913.  No.  2 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY   JOURNAL, 

Published    raonthly    by    the 

Canadian    Forkstry    Association, 

Canadian    Building, 

Ottawa,   Canadi. 

Devoted   to   the   cause   of   forest   conservation. 

Subscription    $1    per   year. 

Advertising     Rates    on    Application. 

CONTENTS:  Page. 

Forestry  Movement 17 

Notes 18 

Annual  Meeting  C.F.A 19 

Canadian  Lumbermen 's  Assn 23 

Problem  of  Forestry:   H.  S.  Graves   ..  25 

Railway  Fire  Protection 28 

Cons^titution  and  By-lawf^,  C.F.A 29 

With  the  Forest  Engineers 'AO 

CANADIAN     FORESTRY     JOUR- 

NAL. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Can- 
adian Forestry  Association  and  sub- 
sequent meeting  of  the  Editorial 
Committee  it  was  decided  to  publish 
the  Journal  as  a  monthly,  begin- 
ning with  a  sixteen  page  form.  The 
proceedings  of  the  annual  meeting 
will  be  found  in  this  issue 

THE  NEXT  CONVENTION. 

It  has  been  decided  to  hold  the 
next  Forestry  Convention  in  the  City 
of  Winnipeg  in  the  latter  part  of 
July.  There  will  be  a  good  program 
dealing  .particularly  .with  .prairie 
problems,  though  the  list  of  subjests 
will  not  be  confined  to  these.  There 
will  be  special  railway  rates  which 
will  be  announced  later.  Members 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Associa- 
tion and  friends  of  forest  conserva- 
tion are  requested  to  keep  this  time 
in  mind  and  if  possible  to  attend. 
Those  who  expect  to  attend  or  who 
may  be  able  to  do  so  will  greatly  as- 
sist in  the  work  if  they  will  write  a 
note  to  the  Secretary,  Canadian 
Forestry  Association  Canadian 
Building,  Ottawa,  to  this  effect. 


THE  I'ORESTRY  MOVEMENT. 

There  never  was  a  time  in  C'aiiada 
when  there  was  so  much  interest  in 
forest  conservation  by  wise  use  as 
there  is  to-day.  At  the  same  time 
only  a  very  small  fraction  of  the 
public  has  any  idea  of  what  true 
conservation  means.  Constantly  the 
argument  is  heard  that  we  cannot 
afford  to  keep  our  forests  unused  for 
the  sake  of  posterity.  Those  who 
know  that  conservation  means  the 
best  use  of  the  forest  now  and  in  the 
future  must  show,  as  Hon.  Walter  L. 
Fisher  pointed  out  at  Washington 
recently,  that  the  movement  does  not 
aim  to  lock  up  the  forest  resources 
but  that  it  is  constructive  and  pro- 
gressive, aiming  at  the  immediate  use 
of  such  forest  products  as  can  now 
be  extracted  profitably,  and  looking 
forward  to  the  highest  utilization  of 
the  lands,  which  though  admirably 
suited  to  forest  growth  are  not  suit- 
ed to  anything  else. 


This  is  in  line  with  the  remarks 
of  Hon.  George  H.  Perley  at  the  ban- 
(|uet  of  the  Canadian  Lumbermen's 
Association,  which  will  be  found  in 
this  issue.  The  public  does  not  know 
as  yet  that  a  large  part  of  every  coun- 
try, and  of  Canada  in  particular,  is 
fitted  only  to  grow  trees  and  that  de- 
voted to  that  purpose  it  will  produce 
wealth  for  the  whole  nation ;  while  to 
attempt  to  farm  such  areas  or  to  leave 
them  to  take  care  of  themselves  has 
resulted  and  always  will  result  in 
})arrenne8S,  waste,  depopulation  and 
poverty. 


It  is  the  privilege  of  every  friend 
of  forest  conservation  to  preach  it  as 
an  affirmative  and  progressive  doc- 
trine.    To  do  this  it  is  necessarv  to 


17 


18 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  February  1918. 


have  definite  things  to  accomplish. 
The  reading  of  the  various  articles 
in  this  issue  will  show  some  of  these 
things,  and  it  is  the  intention  to  pre- 
sent the  leading  issues  in  concrete 
form  in  the  Journal  from  issue  to 
issue.  The  views  of  those  interested 
in  forestry  on  subjects  coming  partic- 
ularly within  their  ken  will  be  wel- 
comed. 


Under  the  auspices  of  the  Touring 
Club  of  France  an  international  for- 
est congress  will  be  held  in  Paris, 
France,  June  16-20  inclusive.  The 
Government  of  France  is  assisting  in 
this  work  and  is  inviting  representa- 
tives from  different  countries  of  the 
world.  Two  of  the  leading  topics 
will  be,  first,  co-operation  in  forestry 
which  will  take  in  the  question  of  re- 
lation to  agriculture,  relation  to  credit 
societies,  banks,  etc. ;  and,  second,  the 
creation  of  an  international  forestry 
bureau  similar  to  the  International 
Agricultural  Institute  which  has  its 
headquarters  at  Rome. 


WANT    NATURAL    RESOURCES. 

At  the  opening  of  the  Alberta  Leg- 
islature the  speech  from  the  throne 
concluded  with  the  regret  that  'the 
promises  of  the  federal  authorities  in 
regard  to  the  handing  over  of  their 
natural  resources  to  the  prairie  pro- 
vinces has  not  yet  been  implemented 
in  the  slightest  degree.  Although  re- 
quests for  conferences  on  this  ques- 
tion have  been  made,  no  time  has  yet 
been  fixed  by  the  federal  authorities 
and  I  bring  thi  smatter  to  your  at- 
tention for  such  action  as  you  may 
desire  to  bring  in  the  interests  of  the 
province  of  Alberta.' 


TEN  THOUSAND  A  DAY. 

Our  Dumh  Animals, 

In  Louisiana  alone  it  is  reported 
that  during  the  short  season  10,000 
robins  a  day  are  killed  by  brutal  men 
and  boys.     They  are  shot,  clubbed  to 


death  in  the  trees  where  they  roost 
at  night  in  great  numbers,  slaughter- 
ed by  the  wholesale  to  be  sold  for  a 
few  cents  apiece.  And  yet  the  robin 
and  its  nestlings  are  perfect  gor- 
mandizers when  it  comes  to  making 
a  meal  of  bugs  and  caterpillars,  the 
fledglings  eating  one  and  two  fifths 
times  their  own  weight  of  worms  and 
insects  each  day.  No  wonder  men 
speak  of  many  of  these  little  birds  as 
'worth  their  weight  in  gold.'  How 
magnificent  the  economic  \nsdom  of 
the  state  that  allows  their  destruction 
at  the  hands  of  men  who  sell  them 
for  less  than  an  ounce  of  copper! 


WIRELESS  FOR  FIRES. 

Lumbermen  of  Spokane  are  seri- 
ously considering  the  adoption  of  the 
wireless  telegraph  as  an  effective  aid 
in  fighting  fires  in  the  great  forests 
of  the  Pacific  Northwest.  On  the 
success  of  a  test  to  be  made  next 
spring  by  the  ]\Iarconi  company  in 
one  of  the  forests  near  Spokane  hangs 
the  future  of  wireless  as  a  means  of 
fighting  fire. 

Special  apparatus  will  be  placed  on 
the  trails  used  by  the  forest  rangers, 
who  will  carry  emergency  aerials  to 
string  between  two  high  trees  at  any 
point  in  the  woods.  By  this  means  it 
is  proposed  to  have  reported  to  a 
central  station  any  incipient  blazes,  so 
that  fire-fighting  squads  may  be  rush- 
ed to  the  scene  in  time  to  prevent  the 
fire  from  gaining  headway. 


The  weekly  iei)ort  of  the  Department  of 
Trade  and  Commerce  of  Canada  recently 
contained  a  paragraph  from  the  Birming- 
ham, England,  representative  of  the  Depart- 
ment in  regard  to  sugar  manufactured  from 
sawdust.  The  correspondent  stated  how  Mr. 
A.  Zimmerman  described  the  process.  In  its 
natural  state,  he  said,  wood  contained  no 
sugar,  but  when  sawdust  was  digested  with 
a  weak  sulphurous  acid  solution  under  a 
pressure  of  six  to  seven  atmospheres  as 
much  as  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  ma- 
terial was  converted  into  sugar.  This,  he 
said,  made  a  valuable  feeding  stuff  for 
horses  and  cattle.  He  gave  instances  show- 
ing that  the  food  had  been  tried  with  good 
success  in  different  parts  of  England. 


Canadian  Forestry  Association 


1 


Fourteenth  Annual  Business  Meeting 


The  fourteenth  annual  business  meeting 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association  was 
held  in  the  Board  of  Trade  Booms,  Ottawa, 
on  Wednesday,  Feb.  5,  beginning  at  11  a.m. 
There  was  a  good  attendance  of  members, 
probably  the  largest  at  any  annual  meet- 
ing when  the  same  was  not  held  during  a 
convention.  The  names  of  those  present 
^nll  be  found  at  the  close  of  this  article. 
In  the  absence  of  the  President,  Mr.  John 
Hendry  of  Vancouver,  the  Vice-President, 
Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton,  of  Toronto,  upon  mo- 
tion took  the  ohsuv. 

DiiiEOTORs'  Report. 

The  report  of  the  Directors  showed  that 
1912  had  been  a  very  active  year  in  the 
\vork  of  the  Association.     Two  conventions 


had  been  held,  one  in  Ottawa  in  February 
and  the  second  in  Victoria  in  September. 

In  reviewing  the  forestry  situation  it  was 
noted  that  the  progress  in  forest  conserva- 
tion in  Canada  had  been  steady  during  the 
year.  It  was  estimated  that  the  total  ex- 
penditure in  1912  on  forest  protection  by 
federal  and  provincial  governments  and  by 
private  individuals  amounted  to  about 
$1,500,000. 

The  Dominion  Forestry  Branch  in  addi- 
tion to  its  protective  and  tree  planting  work 
had  made  an  examination  of  areas  in  British 
Columbia,  Alberta,  Saskatchewan  and  Mani- 
toba of  lands  to  ascertain  if  they  vshould  be 
put  into  forest  rerscives. 

British  Columbia  had  put  into  force  a  new 
forest  act  and  organized  a  strong  forest  ser- 
vice. 


Hon.   W.   A.   (  IIAKTON,  M.P., 
President    Canadian    Forestry  Assn. 

19 


20 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  February  1913. 


In  Ontario  the  government  and  the  limit 
holders  together  had  over  one  thousand  fire 
rangers  in  the  field  during  the  danger  sea- 
son. 

The  Province  of  Quebec  had  made  a  be- 
ginning in  the  work  of  planting  denuded 
f-and  lands,  and  had  strengthened  its  pro- 
tective and  development  work.  The  St.  Mau- 
rice Valley  Forest  Protective  Association 
had  successfully  completed  its  first  year's 
work. 

Private  efforts  in  regard  to  forestry  had 
been  greater  than  ever  before,  special  men- 
tion being  made  of  the  introduction  of  oil- 
burning  locomotives  by  the  Canadian  Paci- 
fic Railway  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  forest 
region,  and  the  introduction  of  telephone 
systems  by  a  number  of  limit  holders,  par- 
ticularly in  Quebec. 

The  Association  again  pressed  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  federal  laboratory  to  test 
the  different  woods  of  Canada. 

Progress  was  noted  in  forestry  education 
and  the  establishment  of  schools  to  train 
experienced  and  working  fire  rangers  to  give 
them  greater  efficiency  in  their  work  was 
urged. 

Fitting  reference  was  made  to  the  loss  to 
the  cause  of  forestry  through  the  deaths  of 
Sir  Edward  Clouston,  Senator  Rolland  and 
Mr.  R.  W.  Shepherd  of  Montreal,  Mr.  H. 
F.  McLachlin  of  Arnprior,  and  Mr.  Otis 
Staples   of   Wycliffe,   B.C. 

The  need  of  extending  Civil  Service  regu- 
lations to  the  outside  forest  service  had 
been  pressed  upon  the  governmnts,  and  the 
outlook  in  this  matter  was  declared  to  be 
hopeful. 

The  membership  of  the  Association  had 
continued  to  steadily  incresae  and  stood  at 
2,865.  The  Treasurer  reported  that  after 
the  expenses  of  the  year  there  was  a  sub- 
stantial balance  on  hand.  Of  the  income 
$2,249  was  from  members'  fees.  The  Do- 
minion Government  and  the  Governments  of 
Ontario,  Quebec  and  British  Columbia  had 
continued  their  grants,  and  several  of  the 
leading  banks  of  Canada  had  taken  an  ac- 
tive interest  in  the  work  of  the  Associa- 
tion. 

Treasurer's  Report. 

In  bringing  in  the  Treasurer's  report 
the  Secretary  pointed  out  that  while  the 
expenditures  had  been  the  largest  in  the 
history  of  the  Association,  the  income  had 
been  fortunately  proportionaely  large.  He 
also  pointed  out  that  the  total  had  been 
considerably  swelled  by  the  handling  of  the 
payments  for  the  Quebec  Convention.  This 
was  also  true  of  the  grants  in  aid  of  the 
Victoria  Convention  which  amounted  to 
nearly  $2,000,  and  which  had  been  imme- 
diately paid  out  at  the  conclusion  of  that 
gathering.  The  balance  to  some  seemed 
unduly  large,  but  this  would  be  required  for 
new  work  to  be  undertaken  during  the  yettr. 


Treasurer's  Report  for  1912. 

The  report  of  the  Treasurer,  Miss  M. 
Robinson,  which  was  duly  certified  by 
Messrs.  F.  Hawkins  and  T.  E.  Clendinnen 
the  auditors,  was  as  follows: — 

Eeeeipts. 

Balance   from    1911    $1,494  51 

Membership    fees    2,249  70 

Copies  of  Forestry  Journal   ....  25  00 

Advertising  in  Journal   122  57 

Grant    for     Quebec     Convention, 

1911 2,386  50 

Grant  from  Dominion  Govt 2,000  00 

Grant  from  Ontario  Govt 300  00 

Grant  from  B.  C.  Govt 200  00 

Grant     from     B.C.      Govt. — Con- 
vention           1,500  00 

Grant  from  Quebec  Govt.,  1912.  .  200  00 

Grant  from  Quebec  Govt.,  1913.  .  200  00 

Grant  from  Traders '  Bank 25  00 

Subscriptions  to  B.  C.  Conv  'n. — 
B.    C.    Lumber    and 
Shingle        Mf  rs. ' 

Assn 2.50  00 

B.    C.    Mills,    T.    & 

T.  Co 240  00 

490  00 

Refund  of  Secretary's  expenses.  6  00 

Interest •       60  33 

Total $11,259  61 


Expenditure. 

Salaries  and  clerical  work $2,304  20 

Quebec    Convention    530  52 

Ottawa    Convention    919  65 

Victoria    Convention 1,454  24 

Secretary 's  expenses    200  00 

Annual  report   .  .  .  .  i 329  65 

Printing  and  supplies    102  76 

Forestry  Journal    1,076  09 

Lantern   and   lectures    16  80 

Addressing  machine   20  00 

Empress    Hotel,    Victoria,     ban- 
quet   1,990  00 

Postage 71  00 

Commission  on  cheques   10  33 

Balance 2,234  37 

Total $11,259  61 

Ottawa,    Dec.   31,    1912. 

Secretary's  Report. 

The  report  of  the  Secretary  dealt  wholly 
with  the  field  of  work,  suggesting  certain 
improvements  as  to  how  it  might  be  covered. 
This  included  editorial,  lecture  work,  cleri- 
cal work,  etc.  Regret  was  expressed  that 
owing  to  increasing  pressure  of  other  duties 
the  Assistant  Secretary  and  Editor,  Mr.  F. 
W.  H.  Jacombe,  had  decided  that  he  could 


Canadian  Forestry  Association. 


21 


MR.  WM.  POWER,  M.P., 
Vice-Pres.  Canadian  Forestry  Assn. 

no  longer  continue  in  those  offices,  and 
suggestions  were  made  as  to  how  this  work 
might  be  handled  temporarily.  The  advisa- 
bility of  securing  assistance  to  carry  out 
the  Winnipeg  Convention  was  also  sug- 
gested. 

These    reports    were 
dealt  with. 


duly     received     and 


Log  Rule  and  Fike  Legislation. 

Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow  (the  chairman  in  each 
case  presented  the  reports  of  the  committees 
on  uniform  log  rule  an«l  forest  fire  legis- 
lation. 

In  regard  to  the  first,  the  desirability  and 
difficulty  of  introducing  a  uniform  log  rule 
to  take  the  place  of  the  five  different  log 
rules  in  me  in  Canada  were  fet  out.  The 
nee<l  of  a  uniform  unit  of  measurement 
for  forestry  purposes,  i.e.,  for  the  purpose 
of  studying  rate  and  amount  of  produc- 
tion of  wood  material,  was  state<l.  For  this 
purpose  nothing  Has  so  good  as  the  cubic 
foot  or  cubic  meter.  The  only  way  to  bring 
this  about  would  be  to  approach  the  several 
provinces  to  see  if  by  conference  of  those 
interested  one  rule  might  be  adopted.  No 
effort  to  this  end  ha<l  been  made  by  the 
committee.  When  such  a  change  was  con- 
templated, however,  it  would  be  well  to 
press  at  once  for  the  adoption  of  the  cubic 
foot  or  the  cubic  meter  as  the  standard 
measure. 


The  report  on  fire  protection  showed  that 
gratifying  progress  had  been  made  during 
the  year.  Particular  attention  was  drawn 
to  the  issue  of  a  most  comprehensive  order 
(No.  16570)  by  the  Board  of  Railway  Com- 
missioners of  Canada  regarding  fire  protec- 
tion along  railway  lines.  This  action  was 
taken  after  a  number  of  public  hearings  in 
which  the  different  bodies  interested  in  for- 
est protection,  including  the  Canadian  For- 
estry Association,  were  represented.  The 
chairman  of  the  committee  (Dr.  Fernow) 
had  been  asked  to  formulate  the  plans  on 
which  the  order  was  based.  As  a  result  of 
this  Mr.  Clyde  Leavitt,  Forester  for  the  Com- 
mission of  Conservation,  had  been  made 
Chief  Fire  Inspector  for  the  Board  of  Rail- 
way Commissioners,  and  had  organized  the 
work  so  that  all  the  railways  in  the  western 
half  of  Canada  were  patrolled  in  1912,  and 
it  was  expected  that  the  railways  in  eastern 

'Canada  would  be  patrolled  in  1913.  A 
specially  good  feature  of  the  organization 
was  that  it  linked  up  the  work  of  the  Rail- 
way Commission  with  that  of  the  Dominion 
and  Provincial  Governments,  the  forest  pro- 
tective officers  of  these  governments  being 
made  local  inspectors  of  the  parts  of  the 
railway  lines  coming  within  their  jurisdic- 
tion. It  was  stated  that  this  legislation 
was  the  most  advanced  of  its  kind  on  the 
continent,  covering  under  one  authority 
24,000  miles  of  railway  lines.  The  report 
also  referred  to  experiments  made  in  brush 
disposal,  particularly  by  lopping  the  tops, 
and  also  to  the  extension  of  telephone  lines 
both  under  the  Dominion  Forestry  Branch 
and  on  private  limits  in  eastern  Canada. 
Gratification  was  also  expressed  at  the 
formation   of   the   St.    Maurice   Forest   Pro- 

•tective  Association  as  indicating  the  most 
hopeful  line  of  work  yet  inaugurated,  and 
one  which  the  committee  hoped  would  be 
wi<lcly  imitated. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  Fernow,  seconded  by 
Mr.  r*iche,  the  reports  of  the  Connnittees 
on  Tniform  Log  Rules,  and  on  Forest  Fire 
Legislation  were  received,  the  committees 
continued  and  allowed  to  ameml  their  re- 
jtorts  before  printing. 

Resolutions. 

Moved  by  Hon.  Hewitt  Bostock,  seconded 
by    Hon.  Sydney   A.   Fisher,  and 

Ixcsolved,  that  in  reference  to  the  notice 
of  motion  given  by  Mr.  Southworth  this 
Association,  while  thoroughly  appreciating 
that  the  aim  of  Mr.  Southworth  is  wholly 
to  secure  the  advancement  of  the  cause  of 
forestry  through  the  widest  publicity,  still 
believes  that  the  newspaper  publicity  which 
Mr.  Southworth  desires  can  be  fully  secured 
while  carrying  on  the  Canadian  ForcHtry 
Jfnirnal,  and  hereby  instructs  the  Directors 
and  the  Editorial  (Committee  to  endeavor 
to  develop  this  bulletin  work  and  at  the  same 
tin:e  to  make  the  Journal  as  effective  as  the 


22 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  February  1913. 


means    at    the    disposal    of    the    Association 
'  allow. 

Moved  by  Mr.  Ellwood  Wilson,  seconded 
by  Mr.  G.  Y.  Chown,  and 
•  Eesolved,  that  the  Association  regrets  the 
necessity  (caused  by  increased  pressure  of 
other  duties)  of  the  decision  of  the  As- 
sistant Secretary  and  Editor  that  he  can 
no  longer  continue  that  work;  and  it  desires 
to  record  its  appreciation  of  his  faithful 
and  painstaking  labors,  in  the  past  five 
years,  by  granting  him  an  honorarium  of 
fifty  dollars. 

Moved  by  Mr.  Wm.  Power,  seconded  by 
Mr.    Hiram    Robinson,    and 

Eesolved,  that  the  Association  desires  to 
express  its  regret  at  the  illness  which  pre- 
vents the  attendance  of  Mr.  William  Little, 
Director  and  Past  President,  and  to  voice 
the  hope  that  he  will  be  speedily  restored 
to  his  wonted  health  and  long  spared  to . 
advance  the  cause  which  he  has  so  deeply 
at  heart  and  for  which  he  has  done  so 
much. 

Moved  by  Mr.  Elhvood  Wilson,  seconded 
by  Mr.  A.  H.  D.  Ross,  and 

Eesolved,  that  the  Association  desires  to 
express  its  appreciation  of  the  care,  energy 
and  liberality  with  which  the  retiring  Presi- 
dent, Mr.  John  Hendry,  fulfilled  the  duties 
of  that  post  in  the  past  year.  Because  of 
the  desire  to  make  the  Victoria  Convention 
in  every  way  successful  he  returned  from 
Europe  much  earlier  than  he  had  intended, 
and  though  in  poor  health  threw  himself 
into  the  arrangement  of  details  with  the 
greatest  energy.  The  Association  desires  to 
express  the  hope  that  Mr.  Hendry's  full 
recovery  to  health  will  be  speedily  accom- 
plished and  that  he  will  be  long  spared 
to  throw  his  great  weight  as  one  of  Can- 
ada's leading  captains  of  industry  into  the 
cause  of  forest  conservation. 

Moved  by  Mr.  A.  H.  D.  Ross,  seconded 
by  Mr.  Ellwood  Wilson,  and 

Eesolved,  that  the  thanks  of  the  Canadian 
Forestry  Association  be  tendered  to  the  Do- 
minion Government  'and  the  Governments 
of  Ontario,  Quebec,  British  Columbia  and 
New  Brunswick  for  their  grants  in  aid  of 
the  work  of  this  Association. 

Moved  by  Hon.  Sydney  Fisher,  seconded 
by  Hon.  H.  Bostock,  and 

Eesolved,  that  the  Canadian  Forestry  As- 
sociation desires  to  convey  its  thanks  to  His 
Royal  Highness  the  Governor  General  for  his 
kindness  in  continuing  as  Patron  of  the  As- 
sociation; it  desires  to  assure  him  of  the 
anxious  concern  with  which  the  members 
have  followed  the  reports  of  the  illness  of 
Her  Royal  Highness  the  Duchess  of  Con- 
naught  and  of  their  earnest  hope  that  she 
may  speedily  be  restored  to  hor  wonted 
health. 

Moved  by  Mr.  Piche,  secomled  by  Dr. 
Fernovv,  and 


Eesolved,  that  the  Association  send  a  con- 
tribution of  twenty-five  dollars  to  each  of 
the  two  committees  formed  to  erect  a  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  Gayer  and  Broillarjd, 
the  two  celebrated  foresters.  \ 

Moved  by  Mr.  E.  Wilson,  seconded  by 
Mr.  W.  G.   Power,  and 

Eesolved,  that  a  committee  be  appointed 
to  consider  means  for  the  increase  of  the 
membership  and  the  formation  of  local  as- 
!  ociations. 

Upon  motion  the  committee  was  composed 
of  Mr.  Fa.  Wilson  (convener),  and  Messrs. 
R.  H.  Campbell,  Zavitz,  Piche,  MacMillan, 
R.  B.  Miller  and  F.  C.  Whitman. 

Moved  by  Mr.  E.  Wilson,  seconded  by  I)r. 
Fernovv,  and 

Eesolved,  that  a  committee  be  appointed 
to  examine  the  question  of  the  progress  in 
the  several  provinces  of  the  exploration  or 
classification  of  lands  and  to  report  on  ways 
and  means  for  the  furthering  of  this  move- 
ment. 

Upon  motion  the  committee  was  composed 
of  Mr.  E.  Wilson  (convener),  Hon.  Sydney 
Fisher  and  Mr.  George  Y.  Chown. 

Moved  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  seconded 
by  Mr.  A.  H.  D.  Ross,  and 

Eesolved,  that  the  thanks  of  the  Cana- 
dian Forestry  Association  be  conveyed  to 
the  general  managers  of  the  chartered  banks 
of  Canada  which  have  assisted  the  Asso- 
ciation by  making  their  branch  managers 
members  of  the  Association,  or  by  direct 
grants  in  aid  of  its  work. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Chown,  the  Secretary 
was  re-olected  and  the  other  elections  re- 
ferred to  the  Directors. 

Moved  by  Mr.  Piche,  seconded  by  Mr.  W. 
G.  Power,  and 

Eesolved,  that  this  meeting  recommend 
to  the  Directors  that  the  salary  of  the  Sec- 
retary be  increased  by  the  amount  of  three 
hundred  dollars  per  year. 

Moved  by  Dr.  Fernow,  seconded  by  Mr. 
E.  Wilson,  and 

Eesolved,  that  the  Directors  be  instructed 
to  arrange  for  the  nomination  of  a  slate  of 
officers  through  a  Nominating  Committee 
which  is  to  report  the  slate  to  the  annual 
meeting. 

Moved  by  Dr.  Fernow,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Wilson,  and 

Eesolved,  that  a  special  vote  of  thanks  be 
transmitted  to  the  Treasurer,  Miss  M.  Rob- 
inson, for  her  excellent  services,  in  recogni- 
tion of  the  same  that  a  douceur  of  one  hun- 
dred dollars  be  paid  her  in  addition  to  the 
customary  honorarium,  and  that  she  be  re- 
quested to  continue  in  office. 

Officers  Elected. 

Patron — H.R.H.  the  Governor  General. 
Hon.  President — Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Bordon. 
Hon.  Past  President— Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wil- 
frid Laurier. 


Canadian  Lumbermen's  Association. 


23 


President— Hoij.  W.  A.  Charton,  M.P. 

Vice-President — ^Wm.  Power,  M.P. 

Treasurer — Miss  M.  Kobinson. 

Secretary — James  Lawler. 

Board  of  Directorss — Wm.  Little,  Hiram 
Robinson,  Aubrey  White,  E.  Stewart,  H.  M. 
Price,  W.  B.  Snowball,  Thomas  Southworth, 
Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards,  Geo.  Y.  Chown,  John 
Hendry,  Hon.  Sydney  Fisher,  R.  H.  Camp- 
bell, J.  B.  Miller,  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr. 
B.  E.  Fernow,  Ellwood  Wilson,  Senator  Bos- 
toek,  F.  C.  Whitman,  G.  C.  Piehe,  Alex. 
MacLaurin,  Mgr.  Mathieu,  Bishop  of  Regina, 
A.  P.  Stevenson,  Wm.  Pearce,  C.  E.  E. 
Ussher,  Denis  Murphy,  C.  Jackson  Booth, 
Wm.  Price,  J.  W.  Harkom,  A.  S.  Goodeve, 
W.  C.  J.  Hall,  J.  S.  Dennis,  J.  B.  White, 
E.  J.  Zavitz,  Geo.  Chahoon,  Jr.,  R.  D 
Prettie. 

Directors'  Meeting. 

After  the  annual  meeting  a  meeting  of 
the  Directors  was  held  in  the  same  place 
when  officers  were  appointed  or  elected  as 
required  by  the  constitution. 

Territorial  Vi<ie-Presidents — Ont.,  Hon.  W. 
H.  Hearst;  Que.,  Hon.  Jules  Allard;  N.B., 
Hon.  J.  K.  Flemming;  N.S.,  Hon.  O.  T. 
Daniels;  Man.,  Hon.  R.  P.  Roblin;  P.E.I., 
Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson;  Sask.,  His  Honor  G. 
W.  Brown;  Alta.,  Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton;  B.C., 
Hon.  W.  R.  Ross;  Yukon,  Geo.  Black,  Com- 
missioner; Mackenzie,  F.  D.  Wilson;  Kee- 
watin,  His  Honor  D.  C.  Cameron;  Ungava, 
His  Grace,  Mgr.  Bruchesi,  Archbishop  of 
Montreal. 

Editorial  Committee — ^R.  H.  Campbell, 
Thos.  Southworth,  Avila  Bedard,  J.  M.  Ma- 
coun,  Ellwood  Wilson,  E.  J.  Zavitz,  F.  W. 
H.  Jacom]>e. 

Editor,  James  Lawler;  Associate  Editor, 
G.  C.  Piche. 

A  number  of  other  routine  matters  were 
dealt  with  by  resolution,  the  Secretary  was 
authorized  to  proceed  with  the  arrangements 
for  the  Winnipeg  Convention  in  the  latter 
part  of  July,  1913,  and  questions  affecting 


office  accommodation,  assistance,  etc.,  were 
referred  to  a  committee  composed  of  the 
Directors   resident   in   Ottawa. 


THOSE    PRESENT    AT    ANNUAL 
MEETING. 

Hon.   H.   Bostock,   Monte   Creek,   B.C. 

Horace  Boultbee,  Canad*  Lumberman,  To- 
ronto. 

Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton,  Geo.  Y.  Chown,  R.  H. 
Campbell,  Dominion  Director  of  Fores- 
try; A.  C.  Campbell,  D.  R.  Cameron,  Do- 
minion Forestry  Branch,  Kamloops. 

T.  W,  Dwight,  Dominion  Forestry  Branch, 
Ottawa. 

L.  N.  Ellis,  C.P.R.  Forestry  Department, 
Calgary,  Alta. 

Hon.  Sydney  Fisher,  Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow,  Dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  Forestry,  University  of 
Toronto. 

Frank  Hawkins,  Secretary  Canadian  Lum- 
bermen 's  Association. 

F.  W.  H.  Jacombe,  Forestry  Branch,  Ot- 
tawa. 

Clyde  Leavitt,  Forester,  Commission  of  Con- 
servation; R.  G.  Lewis,  Forestry  Branch, 
Ottawa. 

Douglas  Malloch,  American  Lumberman;  B. 
R.  Morton,  Forestry  Branch,  Ottawa. 

Wm.  Power,  M.P.,  Quebec;  W.  Gerard 
Power,  Manager  River  Ouelle  Lumber  Co., 
St.  Pacome,  Que.;  G.  C.  Piche,  Chief  of 
Quebec  Forest  Service. 

Hiram  Robinson,  President  Hawkesbury 
Lumber  Co.,  Ottawa;  A.  H.  D.  Ross,  Lec- 
turer, Faculty  of  Forestry,  University  of 
Toronto. 

Ellwood  Wilson,  Forester,  Laurentide  Co., 
Grand  Mere,  Que.,  F.  Page  Wilson,  Edi- 
tor Pulp  and  Paper  Magazine,  Toronto;* 
.J.  B.  White,  Woods  Manager,  Riordon 
Co.,  Calumet,  Que.;  H.  C.  Wallin,  Forestry 
Branch,  Ottawa. 

E.  J.  Zavitz,  Ontario  Provincial  Forester, 
Guelph,  Ont. 


Canadian  Lumbermen's   Association. 


The  Fifth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Cana- 
dian Lumbermen's  Association  was  hehl  in 
the  Chateau  Laurier,  Ottawa,  on  Feb.  4, 
1913,  and  was  the  most  successful  annual 
meeting  yet  held.  There  was  a  large  and 
representative  attendance. 

In  the  unavoidable  absence  of  the  Presi- 
dent, Mr.  Alexander  MacLaurin  of  Montreal, 
■who  wa.s  kept  away  by  reason  of  ill  health, 
the  chair  was  ti^en  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Browne 
of  Ottawa,  Vice-President. 

There  was  a  large  amount  of  important 
business  relating  to  the  different  aspects  of 


liimboring   at   the    two    business   sessions   in 
the  morning  and  afternoon. 

The  following  officers  were  elected: — 
President,  Alexander  MacLaurin,  Mont- 
real; Vice-Presidents,  J.  C.  Browne,  Ot- 
tawa, J.  S.  Gillies,  Braeside,  Ont.,  His  Honor 
J).  C.  Cameron,  Winnipeg,  and  John  Hendry, 
Vancouver;  PJxecutive  Committee,  Alex.  Mac- 
Laurin, Montreal,  J.  C.  Browne,  Ottawa, 
Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Ottawa,  J.  8.  Gillies, 
Braeside,  and  J.  J.  McFadden,  Renfrew; 
l^irectors,  W.  Power,  M.P.,  Quebec;  E.  H. 
Lomay,     Montreal,     Arthur    H.    Campbell, 


24 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  February  1913. 


Montreal,  D.  L.  White,  Midland,  Walter  C. 
Laidlaw,  Toronto,  J.  G.  Cane,  Toronto,  W. 
A.  Firstbrook,  Toronto,  A.  D.  McRae,  Fra- 
Fer  Mills,  B.C.,  Wm.  McNeill,  Vancouver,  B. 
C,  and  the  following  new  members:  A.  L. 
Mattes,  Prince  Albert,  Sask.,  Duncan  Mc- 
Laren, Toronto,  C.  A.  Larkin,  Toronto,  and 
J.  Hanbury  Wydiffe,  B.C. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  the  Sec- 
retary, Mr.  Frank  Hawkins,  for  the  valu- 
able work  he  is  doing  for  the  Association. 

The  proceedings  concluded  with  a  banquet 
at  the  Chateau  Laurier  in  the  evening  when 
over  one  hundred  guests  were  present.  The 
chair  was  occupied  by  Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards. 
At  his  right  hand  was  Hon.  Geo.  H.  Perley, 
who  ably  represented  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment in  the  enforced  absence  of  Rt.  Hon. 
R.  L.  Borden,  the  Prime  Minister,  through 
press  of  parliamentary  business.  Mr.  E.  M. 
Macdonald,  M.P.  for  Pictou,  N.S.,  took  the 
place  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurie^  who  was  indis- 
posed. 

There  were  a  number  of  excellent  speeches, 
but  the  one  which  had  the  most  particular 
reference  to  forestry  was  that  by  Hon.  Geo. 
H.  Perley.  As  it  well  known  Mr.  Perley 
is  a  member  of  a  family  that  has  been 
largely  interested  in  lumbering  in  the  Ot- 
tawa Valley  for  many  years.  He  has  always 
been  a  warm  friend  of  the  cause  of  fores- 
try, and  though  his  public  duties  have  made 
it  necessary  for  him  to  sever  in  a  measure 
his  active  connection  with  the  lumber  busi- 
ness, this  has  not  lessened  his  desire  to 
assist  in  the  perpetuation  of  the  great  in- 
dustry and  of  the  forests  upon  which  it  is 
dependent. 

On  this  occasion  Mr.  Perley  pointed  out 
that  it  was  clearly  evident  that  a  large 
part  of  C'anada  should  be  kept  permanently 
under  timber.  The  land  was  not  suited  for 
anything  else,  and  it  was  a  mistake  to  allow 
settlement  in  such  a  district.  Lands  should 
be  classified  and  a  sharp  line  drawn  around 
those  suited  for  forests  and  unsuited  for 
agriculture,  and  no  settlement  should  be  per- 
mitted therein.  This  proper  <lisposal  of  the 
land  affected  every  citizen,  but  it  particular- 
ly affected  the  lumberman.  The  lumberman 
should  therefore,  he  held,  be  foremost  in  the 
work  of  teaching  this  to  the  people  at  large 
— that  it  was  for  the  national  wellbeing 
that  forest  lands  be  devoted  to  forests  and 
not  ruined  in  an  attempt  to  farm  them. 
Canada  was  a  democratic  country.  The  de- 
cision in  any  of  these  public  matters  depend- 
ed upon  the  people,  the  voters  needed  to  be 
taught  and  those  interested  in  forst  pro- 
ducts should  enlighten  their  neighbors. 

Mr.  Perley 's  speech  was  brightened  by  a 
number  of  very  apt  anecdotes  drawn  from 
his  experience  as  a  young  man  in  the  lum- 
ber woods.  He  referred  to  the  hopeful  and 
healthful  character  of  the  lumberman's  life, 
and  recalled  to  all  present  the  waste  of 
money  and  human  life  that  all  had  seen  in 


the  attempt  to  grow  oats  and  potatoes 
where  Providence  had  intended  that  nothing 
but  pine  and  spruce  should  ever  grow. 

This  part  of  Mr.  Perley 's  speech  was  one 
of  the  best  statements  of  the  necessity  for 
and  advantages  of  forest  conservation  to  a 
country  like  Canada  that  could  be  made. 
Coming  from  an  experienced  and  successful 
lumberman  speaking  to  leaders  in  Canada 
lumbering,  the  statement  had  very  great 
weight,  which  was  not  lessened  by  the  fact 
that  Mr.  Perley  has  now  upon  his  shoulders 
additional  responsibilities  as  a  member  of 
the  Cabinet  of  the  Government  of  Canada. 

Senator  Edwards,  as  usual,  filled  the  chair 
with  tact  and  ability,  and  in  proposing  the 
health  of  Hon.  J.  G.  Foster,  United  States 
Consul,  spoke  of  the  place  that  gentleman 
had  made  for  himself  in  the  hearts  of  Cana- 
dians, and  suggested  that  if  there  was  any 
danger  that  the  change  in  the  government 
at  Washington  would  result  in  Mr.  Foster's 
retirement,  that  prominent  Canadians  should 
start  a  petition  to  be  forwarded  to  Wash- 
ington praying  that  Mr.  Foster  be  allowe<l 
to  remain  in  his  present  office  at  Ottawa. 

Mr.  Foster  made  a  fitting  and  feeling  re- 

The  toast  to  the  health  of  Mr.  John  R. 
Booth,  'the  grand  old  man  of  the  Ottawa 
lumber  industry,'  was  received  with  cheers. 

Mr.  Douglas  Malloch,  '  The  Lumberman 
Poet'  of  the  American  Lumberman,  Chicago, 
in  replying  to  the  toast  to  the  Press,  made 
a  very  witty  speech  concluding  with  the  reci- 
tation of  one  of  his  happiest  poems,  *  Isn  't 
it  Fine  To-day.' 

As  most  of  the  members  of  the  Canadian 
Lumbermen 's  Association  are  also  members 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association  a 
good  many  of  those  present  on  Feb.  4  re- 
mained to  the  next  day  to  attend  the  Annual 
Meeting  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation. 


The  City  of  Philadelphia  has  just  had  a 
thorough  report  made  on  the  condition  of 
shade  trees  in  the  city.  This  showed  that 
fully  fifty  thousand  trees  are  in  danger  of 
destruction,  and  a  recommendation  was  made 
that  fifty  thousand  dollars  be  appropriated 
for  the  purpose  of  protecting  the  trees  by 
pruning  an<l  by  combating  tlestructive  in- 
sects. 


It  is  announced  that  the  City  of  Ottawa 
and  the  Ottawa  Improvement  Commission 
will  co-operate  this  year  in  a  vigorous  and 
systematic  fight  against  the  caterpillars 
which  last  year  ditl  so  much  damage  to 
the  shade  trees  of  the  city.  The  State  of 
Massachusetts  has  spent  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  dollars  in  fighting  the  pests  which 
are  attacking  its  trees,  and  Canada  must 
be  on  the  alert  or  she  will  be  placed  in  the 
same  predicament. 


The  Problem  of  Forestry* 


By  Henry  S.  Graves,  Chief  Forester  of  the    United  States. 


When  this  country  was  first  settled  there 
Mas  a  forest  unequalled  anywhere  in  the 
world.  It  stretched  in  an  almost  unbroken 
mass  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  half  across 
the  continent;  there  was  an  extensive  forest 
on  the  higher  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  on  the  Pacific  coast  a  broad  band 
of  forest  of  unparalleled  development.  The 
original  forests  were  remarkable  not  only 
for  their  vast  extent,  but  also  for  the  great 
number  of  valuable  species  composing  them, 
and  their  enormous  yield  in  useful  material. 
The  forest  contained  trees  of  great  fize  and 
age.  Nature  working  through  centuries  had 
provitled  a  vast  storehouse  of  timber  fully 
grown  and  ready  for  use  when  required. 
It  is  upon  this  supply  that  the  American 
people  have  been  drawing  for  four  cen- 
turies. It  has  constituted  a  source  of  great 
wealth  and  has  been  an  important  element 
in  the  internal  development  of  tW  country 
and  in  the  extension  of  its  commerce. 

When  the  country  was  first  settled  the 
effort  was  to  remove  the  forest  for  agricul- 
ture. With  the  increase  of  population  there 
naturally  arose  a  <lemand  for  products  and 
the  timber  was  cut  for  use  and  not  merely 
destroyed.  The  first  lumbering  for  use  took 
only  the  choicest  trees  in  the  forest.  As 
trees  were  selected  here  and  there,  but 
little  tlamage  was  done  to  the  forest.  As 
the  demand  for  timber  increased  the  forests 
near  settlements  and  accessible  for  trans- 
portation were  cut  through  again.  The  pro- 
cess went  on  until  the  modern  methods  of 
lumbering  were  introduced,  which  make 
very  heavy  inroads  into  the  forest,  often 
removing  every  tree. 

As  the  country  <ieveloped,  forest  fires  be- 
came an  increasing  menace  to  the  forest. 
The  majority  of  the  hnnbered  lands  were 
burned  over  and  usually  at  the  same  time 
immense  areaH  of  uncut  timber.  As  long  as 
there  were  still  vast  areas  of  virgin  forest, 
but  little  thought  was  given  to  the  loss  by 
fires.  But  as  in  one  state  after  another  the 
original  forest  was  cut  away  or  burned 
away,  people  began  to  realize  that  a  halt 
must  be  called,  and  that  very  vigorously. 

Investigations  have  shown  that  since  1870 
an  average  of  over  50,000,000  acres  were 
being  burned  over  every  year,  with  an  an- 
nual Iocs  of  from  50  to  100  millions  of 
dollars. 

Use  of  wood  and  future  supplies. 

The  United  States  is  essentially  a  wood- 
using  nation.  Lumber  has  been  so  plentiful 
and  cheap  that  we  use  wood  for  many  pur- 


poses for  which  other  nations  use  other 
material.  Our  per  capita  consumption  of 
wood  is  seven  times  that  of  Germany.  Forty 
eight  thousand  sawmills  are  at  work  supply- 
ing this  material.  There  would  be  no  need 
of  anxiety  about  our  extravagant  use  of 
timber  if  there  were  an  adequate  supply. 
We  are  drawing  on  our  capital,  and  through 
failure  to  practice  forestry  our  forests  are 
not  producing  by  new  growth  within  one 
third    of   \\hat    we    actually    use,    let     alone 


MR.  II.  S.  GRAVES. 

the  amount  lost  by  fire  and  by  waste.  In 
other  words,  we  are  actually  using  up  our 
forest  supplies,  and  that  very  rapidly. 

There  is  often  an  impression  that  there 
is  a  great  supply  in  Canada  and  in  the 
West  which  may  be  drawn  iij)on  after  v\e 
have  used  up  our  eastern  supplies.  No 
greater  mistake  could  be  made.  The  forests 
of  Canada  are  far  from  inexhaustible.  The 
('ana«lians  are  wasting  their  resources  as 
fast  as  this  country  is,  and  they  will  neeil 
their  forests  to  meet  their  own  future  re- 
quirements. There  is  also  a  belief  that  the 
Western  mountains  are  covered  with  a  solid 


25 


26 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  February  1913. 


mass  of  unbroken  virgin  forests.  This  is  far 
from  truth.  The  western  forests  have  suf- 
fered from  fires  from  time  immemorial. 
Not  only  are  there  everywhere  great  areas 
burned  by  recent  fires,  but  there  is  scarcely 
a  forest  in  which  there  are  not  evidences 
of  ancient  fires.  The  forests  are  frequently 
broken,  the  trees  scarred  and  defective,  and 
the  yield  deficient  because  of  old  fire-in- 
juries. Immense  stretches  are  bare  or  cov- 
ered with  an  immature  growth  where  for- 
merly some  fire  swept  off  the  forest. 

We  can  not  count  on  meeting  our  needs 
by  imports  from  other  countries,  nor  can 
the  East  count  on  meeting  its  full  needs 
from  the  West.  The  country  should  be  self- 
supporting  in  forest  products,  and  each 
region  should  have  a  home  supply  which 
w'ill  meet  its  principal  needs.  We  must 
stop  our  Avaste,  reduce  our  extravagance  in 
use,  and  increase  our  production  by  growth 
by  fully  300  to  500  per  cent. 

Forests  and  Streams. 

1  For  many  years  foresters  and  others  have 
i  given  warning  that  the  forest  problem 
reaches  further  than  the  supply  of  timber 
,and  other  products.  There  is  an  exceeding- 
ly intimate  relation  between  the  conserva- 
tion of  forests  and  the  conservation  of 
water.  The  forest  is  the  best  natural  regu- 
lator of  the  run-off  water.  Any  system  of 
w'ater  conservation  must,  therefore,  include 
a  proper  protection  of  the  forest  cover  at 
the  head-waters  of  rivers. 

The  general  public  does  not  appreciate 
the  results  Avhich  will  follow  the  destruction 
of  the  cover  of  the  mountains,  because  in 
most  instances  the  process  has  not  yet  pro- 
ceeded to  a  point  to  make  its  effects  felt. 
Complaints  are  common  from  manufacturers 
and  other  us-ers  that  the  streams  are  becom- 
ing less  regular  as  the  forests  are  cut.  Many 
measurements  conclusively  show  that  there  is 
such  an  increasing  irregularity,  but  the  fact 
is  that  the  mountains  in  most  sections  have 
as  yet  not  been  so  denuded  as  to  cause  the 
worst  results  that  might  be  feared.  This 
is  particularly  so  in  the  East.  Thus  in 
the  South  the  forests  may  be  cleared  by 
cutting  or  fire  and  a  new  growth  quickly 
springs  up.  Until  the  cover  is  re-established 
there  is  without  doubt  an  effect  on  the  run- 
off, but  it  is  only  a  temporary  effect.  The 
conditions  gradually  re-establish  themselves. 
But  let  the  forests  be  continually  denuded 
on  the  steep  slopes;  there  will  be  a  gradual 
change  in  the  physiographic  conditions. 
The  beds  of  the  streams  will  begin  to  be 
slightly  deeper,  there  will  be  new  channels 
formed  where  during  storms  the  surface 
water  runs  off  rapidly  in  a  flood.  After  a 
time  there  is  a  swift  change  —  the  result 
perhaps  of  some  exceptional  storm  —  when 
the  equilibrium  of  stream  conditions  is  up- 
set. There  is  a  permanent  change  of  condi- 
tions of  run-off.  The  channels  are  all  deep- 
ened,  and   torrent   conditions   exist.      From 


then  •  6n,  every  storm  produces  a  flood  of 
greater  or  less  proportions.  It  is  this  point 
of  permanent  change  of  stream  conditions 
which  we  most  fear,  and  which  will  occur 
when  forests  are  continually  denuded.  It 
has  already  occurred  in  many  places  in  the 
West,  where  the  recuperative  power  of  vege- 
tation is  less  vigorous  than  in  the  humid 
region.  It  has  occurred  widely  in  the  Alps 
of  Europe.  When  such  torrent  conditions 
are  established,  the  mere  restoration  of  the 
trees  will  not  cure  the  evil.  It  is  an  en- 
gineering problem  to  control  the  water  by 
artificial  means,  and  as  already  proven  in 
Europe  this  is  a  task  of  great  magnitude 
and  vast  expense. 

What  the  U.  S.  Government  is  doing. 

What,  then,  is  being  done  to  protect  the 
national  forests  so  that  they  may  perform 
their  functions  as  water  regulators  and 
provide  timber  for  the  people's  use?  How 
far  is  forestry  actually  in  practice? 

The  chief  work  so  far  is  being  done  by 
the  Government.  A  forest  policy  has  been  in- 
itiated. Nearly  200,000,000  acres  of  land  have 
been  eet  aside  as  forest  reserves.  Most  of 
this  lies  in  the  high  mountains.  Much  of 
it  is  as  yet  undeveloped  and  wild  country, 
with  few  trails  or  roads.  In  the  past  fires 
burned  so  frequently  in  the  mountains  that 
there  was  a  regular  fire  season  when  the 
forests  were  ablaze  and  the  air  full  of 
smoke.  When  the  National  Forests  were 
put  under  administration  these  fires  were 
reduced  at  once,  and  for  the  last  five  years 
the  loss  on  the  National  Forests  has  been 
exceedingly  small.  It  seemed  to  the  public 
as  if  the  fire  problem  on  the  public  lands 
was  under  way  of  solution.  Those  in  charge 
of  the  forests  realized,  however,  that  a  vast 
wilderness  cannot  be  organized  for  perfect 
fire  protection  in  a  few  years,  because  the 
fundamental  first  necessity  to  protect  a 
forest  is  to  open  it  up  so  that  all  parts  are 
available  for  patrol  and  for  moving  men 
and  equipment  to  fight  fires.  Nevertheless, 
the  Forest  Service,  even  with  only  a  pitifully 
small  protective  force,  has  been  able  to  hold 
down  the  fires  to  a  minimum  during  the 
years  of  normal  rainfall. 

During  1910  there  was  exceptional 
drought,  especially  in  the  Northwest.  The 
forests  became  exceptionally  dry.  Not  only 
the  surface  layer  of  leaves,  but  even  the 
humus  in  the  usually  damp  woods,  became 
excessively  inflammable.  In  the  north- 
western forests  the  situation  became  criti- 
cal as  early  as  June.  The  early  spring  had 
been  unusually  dry,  and  then  the  summer 
rains  failed.  By  July  fires  were  springing 
up  in  great  numbers,  and  in  August  the 
forests  of  the  entire  northern  Rocky  Moun- 
tains were  threatened  by  fire.  The  climax 
was  reached  toward  the  end  of  August. 
Hundreds  of  fires  had  already  been  put  out, 
but  new  ones  continued  to  be  started  from 
various   causes.     Locomotive   sparks,   brush 


The  Problem  of  Forestry. 


27 


i 


burning,  careless  campers,  lightning,  in- 
cendiarism, all  contributed.  The  great  fires 
of  Idaho  occurred  August  20.  There  were 
then  many  fires  burning  in  the  mountains. 
Nearly  all  were  under  control,  that  is,  they 
were  trenched,  and  a  force  of  men  were 
guarding  them  and  preventing  their  speed. 

With  reasonably  calm  weather,  all  would 
have  been  extinguished  before  long,  but  sud- 
denly a  terrific  hurricane  arose,  which  last- 
ed practically  a  day.  So  strong  was  it  that 
men  were  unseated  from  their  saddles. 
Whole  areas  of  forest  were  absolutely  flat- 
tened. Men  were  killed  by  falling  trees  in 
front  of  the  fires.  Every  smouldering  fire 
was  fanned  into  a  conflagration.  Sparks 
were  blown  miles  ahead  of  the  fires.  The 
flames  rushed  through  the  crowns  of  the 
trees  with  a  fury  which  was  appalling. 
Within  a  day  there  was  a  fire  a  hundred 
miles  long.  Seventy  six  fire  fighters  had 
been  killed,  and,  if  it  had  not  been  for  the 
skill  and  nerve  of  the  rangers,  many  more 
would  have  been  lost.  For  a  few  days  all 
work  was  devoted  to  rescue,  and  then  the 
fight  on  the  fires  was  resumed.  It  was  a 
noble  fight  and  the  nation  should  be  proud 
of  the  forest  officers  who  toiled  day  and 
night,  again  and  again  risking  their  lives 
to  save  the  forests  and  the  towns  which  were 
imperilled. 

This  is  the  first  instance  of  an  organized 
attempt  to  fight  such  great  fires.  It  cost 
a  million  dollars,  but  there  was  saved  pro- 
perty aggregating  certainly  over  one  hun- 
dred million,  if  not  two  or  three  times 
that. 

The  experience  clearly  demonstrated  the 
fact  that  fires  can  be  controlled  when  the 
forests  are  properly  developed  and  manned 
by  an  adequate  force  of  men,  for  where 
these  conditions  existed  the  fires  were  sub- 
dued promptly  and  with  little  loss.  The 
great  and  disastrous  fires  occurred  where  the 
forests  were  without  means  of  transporta- 
tion and  communication  and  without  ade- 
quate patrol.  The  lesson  is  also  taught  that 
money  must  be  spent  by  the  government 
on  construction  of  roads,  trails,  telephone 
lines,  and  other  equipment  of  the  forests; 
and  there  must  be  more  men  for  patrol. 
It  will  take  time  to  develop  this  vast  wil- 
derness for  full  protection,  but  the  work 
should  progress  faster  than  in  the  past. 
European  forests  are  safe  becauFe  of  this 
kind  of  development.  Tt  has  taken  many 
jears  to  perfect  the  organization.  We  can 
make  our  forests  equally  safe,  but  it  will 
require  large  expenditures  for  development 
in  improvement.  This  I  believe  the  people 
shouhi  be  willing  to  expend. 

Forestry  on  Other  Lands. 

But  the  government  owns  only  a  small 
portion  of  the  total  forest  area  of  the  coun- 
try, and  very  little  in  the  East.  Most  of 
the  forests  now  furnishing  the  lumber  used 
in   the   country   are   privately   owned.     The 


government  forests  aro  as  yet  not  being 
cut  to  a  large  extent.  They  are  the  most 
remote,  and  in  many  cases  the  least  valuable 
forests.  They  have  not  yet  been  reached 
for  the  market.  Four  fifths  of  the  mer- 
chantable timber  is  in  private  ownership. 
A  few  owners  are  practicing  forestry,  but 
only  a  few  of  the  larger  holdings  are  han- 
dled with  a  view  to  the  continuous  produc- 
tion of  timber.  It  is  probable  that  less 
than  two  per  cent  of  the  lumber  on  the 
market  today  has  been  put  under  the  prin- 
ciples of  forestry. 

We  have,  then,  the  great  task  not  only 
to  perfect  the  management  of  the  national 
forests,  but  to  introduce  forestry  on  the 
lands  not  publicly  owned.  To  accomplish 
this  requires  the  combined  efforts  of  the 
government,  the  states  and  private  owners. 
A  number  of  states  have  purchased  land 
for  forest  reserves.  But  in  the  aggregate 
the  area  is  small.  These  reserves  should 
be  greatly  extended.  On  private  lands  the 
first  task  is  fire  protection.  Private  owners 
now  hesitate  to  invest  money  in  forestry 
because  of  the  fire  risk  and  because  also 
they  fear  that  the  possible  profits  will  be 
eaten  up  in  the  taxes  now  imposed  on  grow- 
ing timber.  They  should  be  helped  in  re- 
moving these  obstacles  to  forestry.  The 
states  have  a  duty  to  introduce  a  system 
of  taxation  which  will  not  prevent  forestry. 
The  states  have  the  duty  to  directly  aid 
private  owners  in  fire  protection.  There 
should  be  a  thoroughly  organized  fire-pro- 
tective service  supported  by  the  states.  This 
will  involve  a  considerable  annual  outlay 
and  the  burden  will  be  on  the  public.  But 
the  benefits  from  forestry  are  chiefly  de- 
rived by  the  public.  The  single  individual 
is  unwilling  and  often  unable  to  invest 
money  primarily  to  secure  a  general  public 
benefit.  I  regard  this  as  the  first  duty  of 
the  states  in  forestry.  It  is  certain  that 
forest  laws,  no  matter  how  perfect  in  them- 
selves, will  not  be  effective  unless  they  carry 
ample  appropriations  to  enable  organized 
practical  forestry. 

The  country  has  accepted  the  principles 
of  forestry.  It  now  demands  practical  re- 
sults. We  can  produce  the  results  if  the 
country  will  meet  the  necessary  cost.  Prus- 
sia H{)ends  .$2  an  acre  on  its  public  forests. 
We  spend  2  cents  an  acre  on  ours.  It  is  not 
unreasonable  to  expect  an  increased  na- 
tional expenditure.  Many  of  our  states 
spend  nothing  on  forestry.  If  those  for- 
ests outside  the  public  domain  are  to  be 
protected  and  the  public  is  to  receive  the 
benefits  derived  from  such  protection,  the 
states  must  assume  their  responsibilities  and 
carry  their  share  of  the  burden. — The  Bul- 
letin of  the  Geographical  Society  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

[While  Mr.  Graves ^s  remarks  apply  par- 
ticularly to  the  United  States,  there  is  also 
much  food  for  reflection  for  Canadians. — 
Ei).  I 


28 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  February  1913. 


IN  ALGONQUIN  PARK. 

C.    W.    Young,   President   of   the   Canadian 
Press  Association. 

There's  days  when  the  fish  won't  bite; 
It's  either  too  oalni,  or  else  too  rough; 
It's  either  too  warm,  or  not  warm  enough; 
It's    either    too    cloudy,    or    the    sun's    too 

bright ; 
The  wind's  the  wrong  way,  or  the  moon's 
not   right; 
It 's  either  too  wet,  or  else  it 's  too  dry ; 
Or  for  some  other  reason,  you  can't  tell 
why, 
But  there's  days  when  the  fish  won't  bite. 

There's  days  when  the  fish  won't  bite; 
You  may  try  every  lure,  you  may  try  every 

bait, 
You  may  do  what  you  will,  and  wait  and 
wait 
From  morning  till  noon,  and  from  noon  till 

night, 
But  you  won  't  get  a  nibble  tho '  you  try  all 
your  might; 
You  may  grumble  or  swear. 
But  the. fish  don't  care, 
For  there 's  days  when  the  fish  won 't  bite. 

But  there 's  days  when  the  fish  will  bite ; 
When  it  ain't  too  calm,  and  it  ain't  too 

rough. 
When  it  ain't  too  warm,  but  just   warm 
enough ; 
And  the  big  old  fellows,  oh,  joy,  how  they 

fight! 
Your   rod 's   bent   double   as   you   keep   your 
line  tight. 
How  they  leap!    How  they  run! 
Gee  whiz,  but  it's  fun! 
On  the  days  when  the  fish  will  bite! 


At  the  close  of  the  big  game  season  in 
New  Brunswick,  Lt.-Col.  Loggie,  Deputy 
Surveyor-General,  announced  that  the  re- 
ceipts from  game  licenses  for  the  past  fiscal 
year  had  amounted  to  over  $51,000,  thus 
making  a  new  record  for  receipts  from  this 
source.  The  preceding  year  the  receipts 
were  $43,000. 


It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  the  annual  re- 
ports of  the  general  managers  of  the  lead- 
ing chartered  banks  of  Canada  specific  men- 
tion is  made  of  the  condition  of  our  forest 
industries.  Careful  reading  of  these  will 
show  that  these  financial  leaders  expect  our 
forest  industries  to  continue  indefinitely. 
There  is  no  reason  why  they  should  not, 
and  in  fact  no  reason  why  they  should  not 
be  greatly  increased  in  the  time  to  come  if 
we  only  handle  our  forest  lands  in  a  rational 
manner.  To  have  this  done  is  the  reason 
for  the  existence  of  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association. 


.AIR.  E.  J.  ZAVTTZ. 
RAILWAY  FIRE  PROTECTION. 

Mr.  E.  J.  Zavitz,  Provincial  Forester  for 
Ontario,  has  been  appointed  Provincial  Fire 
Inspector  by  the  Board  of  Railway  Com- 
missioners, and  subject  to  the  general  super- 
vision of  the  Chief  Fire  Inspector  will  direct 
the  enforcement  in  Ontario  of  the  railway 
fire  regulations  of  the  Board.  Similar  ac- 
tion as  to  Quebec  has  been  taken  by  the 
appointment  as  Provincial  Fire  Inspector  of 
Mr.  W.  C.  J.  Hall,  Chief  of  the  Forest  Pro- 
tection Branch,  Department  of  Lands  and 
Forests,  Quebec.  Jt  is  anticipated  that  co- 
operation with  the  Railway  Commission  will 
be  extendeil  to  the  provinces  of  New  Brun- 
swick and  Nova  Scotia  through  action  by 
the  respective  Provincial  Governments. 

~  Conservation. 


A  committee  of  the  British  Board  of 
Agriculture  recently  held  an  enquiry  as  to 
the  relative  value  of  forests  and  sheep  graz- 
ing in  regard  to  the  support  of  population. 
The  result  of  the  inquiry  was  that  whereas 
it  took  twenty-five  hundred  acres  of  rough 
broken  land  to  support  one  shepherd  and 
his  family,  the  same  amount  of  the  same 
kind  of  land  would  support  twenty-five 
Avoodsmen  and  their  families.  The  object 
of  the  inquiry  was  to  show  which  was  the 
better  industry  to  foster  in  a  country  where 
land  values  are  high  and  the  i>opulation 
dense.  The  result  is  worthy  of  note  by 
all    interested    in   forestry. 


Constitution  and  By-laws,  Canadian  Forestry  Assn* 


Corrected  to  Feb.  5,  1913. 


T.  NAME. 
The    name    o^   the   Association    shall    be: 
The   Canadian    Forestry   Association. 
II.  OBJECT. 
Its  objects  shall  be: — 

(1)  To  advocate  and  encourage  judicious 
methods  in  dealing  with  our  forests  and 
woodlands. 

(2)  To  awaken  public  interest  to  the  sad 
results  attending  the  wholesale  destruction 
of  forests  (as  shown  by  the  experience  of 
older  countries)  in  the  deterioration  of  the 
climate,  diminution  of  fertility,  drying  up 
of  rivers  and  streams,  etc.,  etc. 

(3)  To  consider  and  recommend  the  ex- 
ploration, as  far  as  practicable,  of  our 
public  domain  and  its  division  into  agri- 
cultural, timber  and  mineral  lands,  with  a 
view  of  directing  immigration  and  the  pur- 
suits of  our  pioneers  into  channels  best 
suited  to  advance  their  interests  and  the 
public  welfare.  With  this  accomplished,  a 
portion  of  the  unappropriated  lands  of  the 
country  could  be  permanently  reserved  for 
the  growth  of  timber. 

(4)  To  encourage  afforestation  wherever 
advisable,  and  to  promote  forest  tree- 
planting,  especially  in  the  treeless  areas  of 
our  north-western  prairies,  upon  farm 
lands  where  the  proporiton  of  woodland  is 
too  low,  and  upon  highways  and  in  the 
parks  of  our  villages,  towns  and  cities. 

(5)  To  collect  and  disseminate,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  public,  reports  and  informa- 
tion bearing  on  the  forestry  problem  in 
genera],  and  especially  with  respect  both 
to  the  wooded  and  prairie  districts  of 
Canada,  and  to  teach  the  rising  generation 
the  value  of  the  forest  with  a  view  of  en- 
liHting  their  efforts  in  its  preservation. 

(6)  To  secure  such  forestry  legislation 
from  time  to  time  from  the  federal  and 
provincial  governments  as  the  general 
intere^^ts  demand,  and  the  particular  needs 
of  the  people  f-eem  to  require. 

I  If.  MEMBERSHIJ\ 
Its    membership    shall    include     all     who 
pay  an  annual  fee  of  $1.00  or  a  life  mem- 
bership fee  of  $10.00. 

IV.  OFFICERS. 

(1)  The  officers  Hhall  comprise  an  honor- 
ary PreHident,  a  President,  a  Vice-Presi- 
dent, a  Secretary,  an  Assistant  Secretary, 
a  Treasurer,  the  editor  of  the  official  or- 
gan of  the  Association  and  thirty  direc- 
tors. 

(2)  In  addition  to  the  above  all  i>ast 
pref-idents  of  the  Association,  from  (and 
including)  the  Association  year  1909- 
1910,  shall  be  exofficio  members  of  the 
Board   of  Directors. 


V.  ELECTIONS. 
These  officers  shall  be  elected  by  ballot 
at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Association, 
and  shall  serve  one  year,  or  until  their 
successors  are  ejected.  Vacancies  occur- 
ring during  the  year  may  be  filled  by  the 
Executive    Committee. 

VI.  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

The  officers  shall  constitute  an  Execu- 
tive Committee,  and  five  of  the  same  shall 
be  a  quorum,  and  they  will  appoint  a 
Vice-President  for  each  province  and  as 
far  as  possible  for  each  provisional  dis- 
trict of  the   Dominion. 

VII.  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Association 
shall  be  held  during  the  month  of  Febru- 
ary in  the  City  of  Ottawa,  unless  other- 
wise determined  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  Association  and  a  notice  of 
one  month  of  the  date  selected  shall  be 
given   to  each  member  by  the   Secretary. 

VIIL  SPECIAL  MEETINGS. 

Special   meetings   shall   be  held    at    such 
times    and    places    as    the    Executive    may 
decide,   a   sufficient    notice    of   which    shall 
be  sent  to  each  member  by  the  Secretary. 
IX.    AMENDMENTS. 

Amendments  of  the  Constitution  can 
only  be  adopted  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of 
the  members  present  and  entitled  to  vote, 
and  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Asso- 
ciation, and  a  notice  of  such  intended 
amendment  shall  be  given  with  the  notice 
calling  the  meeting. 

BY-LAWS. 
President. 
The   President  shall  preside  at  all   meet- 
ings of  the  Associations. 

Vice-President. 

ill  the  absence  of  the  President,  a  Vice- 
IVosident  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of 
the  Association;  and  in  the  absence  of  all 
of  them  a  President  pro  tempore  shall  be 
elected  by  the  meeting. 

Herretary  and  Assistant  Secretary. 

Th«»  Secretary  shall  keej)  a  record  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  Association  and  of  the 
Executive  Committee,  and  shall  be  cus- 
to<lian  of  all  documents,  books  and  collec- 
tions ordered  to  be  preserved. 

He  shall  conduct  the  correspondence  of 
the  Association  and  shall  keep  a  list  of 
mend>ers  with  their  residences,  and  shall 
notify  members  of  the  time  and  place  of 
meeting  of  the  Association,  and  in  his 
absence  his  duties  will  be  discharged  by 
the  Assistant  Secretary. 


29 


30 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  February  1913. 


Treasurer. 

The  Treasurer  shall  have  the  custody  of 
all  moneys  received,  and  shall  deposit  or 
invest  the  same  in  such  manner  as  the 
Executive  Committee  shall  direct,  and 
shall  not  expend  money  except  under 
direction  or  approval  of  the  Executive 
Committee.  The  financial  year  of  the  As- 
sociation shall  close  on  December  31st  of 
each  year. 

Order  of  Business. 

At  the  regular  meeting  of  the  Association 
the  order  of  business  shall  be  that  proposed 
by  the  Executive  Committee  and  announced 
by  the   Presiding   Officer.     In   the   absence 


of    such    prepared    order    of    business,     the 
following  shall  be  observed: — 

(1)  Calling  to  order. 

(2)  Reading  and  referring  or  disposing 
of  letters,  accounts,  etc. 

(3)  Reports  of  Committees. 

(4)  Inquiries  and  notices  of  motion. 

(5)  President's  address." 

(6)  Papers,  addresses  and  discussions  by 
members  and  others  invited  by  the 
meeting. 

(7)  Nomination  and  election  of  officers. 

(8)  Unfinished  and  miscellaneous  busi- 
ness. 

(9)  Adjournment. 


With  the  Forest  Engineers* 


(Contributed  ly  the  Canadian  Society  of  Forest  Engineers.) 


Forest  Engineers'  Annual. 

The  fifth  annual  meeting  of  the  Canadian 
Society  of  Forest  Engineers  convened  at  the 
Carnegie  Library,  Ottawa,  at  3  p.m.,  on 
Wednesday,  February  5,  and  also  at  an  ad- 
journed session  at  the  Laurentian  Club  at 
8  p.m.  There  were  present  Dr.  B.  E.  Fer- 
now,  president,  in  the  chair,  Messrs.  R.  H. 
Campbell,  Ellwood  Wilson,  D.  R.  Cameron, 
T.  W.  Dwight,  L.  M.  Ellis,  A.  Knechtel, 
C.  Leavitt,  G.  C.  Piche,  A.  H.  D.  Ross,  H. 
C.  Wallin,  E.  J.  Zavitz  and  F.  W.  H.  Ja- 
combe. 

The  secretary's  report  showed  forty-two 
active  members,  with  one  honorary  and 
three  associate  members. 

Mr.  Thos.  Southworth,  on  signifying  his 
Avish  to  withdraw  from  active  membership 
through  having  severed  active  connection 
with  forestry,  was  elected  an  honorary  mem- 
ber. 

Mr.  E.  Wilson  reported  progress  for  the 
committee  on  the  stfindardization  of  forest 
maps.  On  motion  the  committee  was  con- 
tinued, Mr.  Wilson  being  designated  con- 
vener. Mr.  A.  H.  D.  Ross  was  added  to 
the  committee,  and,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Cam- 
eron, Mr.  Wallin  was  substituted  for  the 
mover  on  the  committee.  This  committee 
now  consists  of  the  following: — Mr.  Wilson, 
convener.  Dr.  J.  F.  Clark,  Dr.  C.  D.  Howe 
and  Messrs.  Ross,  Wallin  and  Dwight. 

Mr.  Wilson  also  reported  verbally  in  re- 
gard to  the  proposed  International  Society 
of  Foresters  and  asked  that  the  committee 
be  continued.  The  request  was,  on  motion, 
granted. 

A  motion  regarding  the  qualification  for 
active  membership  in  the  society,  of  which 
Mr.  Wilson  had  given  notice,  was  passed 
after  amendment.  The  effect  of  the  motion, 
is  that  future  candidates  for  active  mem- 
bership nuist  not  only  be  graduates  of  an 


approved  forest  school,  but  must  also  have 
had  two  years  of  practical  experience  in  the 
practice  or  teaching  of  forestry. 

The  question  of  appointing  advisory  com- 
mittees for  the  various  divisions  of  the  Do- 
minion Avas  introduced  and  it  was  resolved 
that  such  committees  should  be  appointed, 
each  committee  to  consist  of  three  members, 
to  be  appointed  by  the  Executive  commit- 
tee. Four  committees  are  to  be  appointed, 
one  for  each  of  the  following  districts: — 
(1)  Quebec  and  the  Maritime  Provinces,  (2) 
Ontario,  (3)  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  and 
Alberta,  and  (4)  British  Columbia. 

Mr.  Dwight  Avas  appointed  auditor. 

The  ExecutiA'e  committee  Avas  instructed 
to  look  into  the  question  of  procuring  a 
charter  for  the  society  to  work  out  a  more 
satisfactory  method  of  electing  officers  and 
to  arrange  for  a  dinner  in  connection  Avith 
the  next  annual  meeting. 

The  thanks  of  the  society  are  again  due 
to  Mr.  Campbell  for  his  hospitality  in  enter- 
taining the  members  at  dinner  at  the  Laur- 
entian Club,  a  courtesy  which  Avas  greatly 
appreciated. 


Additions  to  Membership. 

The  foUoAving  have  recently  been  added 
to  the  list  of  actiA-e  members  of  the  society: 

Dominion  Forest  Service — Messrs.  D.  R. 
Cameron,  T.  W.  Dwight,  W.  N.  Millar  and 
H.  C.  Wallin. 

Quebec  Forest  Service — A.  Bedard. 

British  Columbia  Forest  SerAdce — ^F.  W. 
Beard,  R.  E.  Benedict,  O.  D.  Ingall,  H.  S. 
IrAvin,  H.  C.  Kinghorn,  John  Lafon,  J.  B. 
Mitchell,  E.  G.  McDougall,  T.  H.  Plumer, 
G.  H.  Prince,  H.  K.  Robinson  and  W.  J. 
VanDusen. 

Railway  Commission — Clyde   Leavitt. 

University  of  Toronto— J.  H.  White. 


-A 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST     TREES 
and    shrubs    at    forest 
prices. 

Native  and  foreign  tree  seeds. 


^m 


Edye-de- Hurst  &  Son, 

Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

SHIPPERS     TO     H.    M.    GOVERNMENT,     ETC 


Correspondance  Franqaise. 


FOREST    ENGINEERS.                     | 

Forest  Surveys 

Logging  Maps      1 

TIMBEIl     ESTIMATES                       | 

Water  Power 

Water  Storage.      1 

CLARK,  LYFORD,  &    STERLING 

1331  Real  Estate  Trust  Bldg..  Philadelphia 

CLARK  &  LYFORD, 

LYFORD,  CLARK  &  LYFORD,      1 

403  Crown  Bldg. 

26  Board  of  Trade  Bldg  1 

VANCOUVER                    MONTREAL              1 

R,     0. 

SWEEZEY, 

CIVIL  & 

FORESTRY     ENGINEER 

Timber  Surveys,  Lumbering                   1 

and  Water  Powers.                           1 

Metropolitan  Bldg. 

QUEBEC,  Canada.     1 

THE  SMITH  STUMP  PULLER 

This  photoCTaph  shows  the  work  of  the  Smith  Stump 
Puller,  pulllne  stumps  with  one  horse,  stumps  that  run 
from  4  to  G  feet  through,  at  an  average  cost  of  6  cents 
per  s  tump.     Write  for  our  free  CataloR. 
W.  SMITH  GRUBBER  CO..  15  Smith  Sia.,  La  Crescent,  Minn. 


UNIVERSITY  of  TORONTO 


FACULTIES  OF 


ARTS,  MEDICINE, 
APPLIED  SCIENCE, 
HOUSEHOLD  SCIENCE, 
EDUCATION,  FORESTRY 


The  FACULTY  OF  FORESTRY  offers  a  four  year  underg^raduate  course 
leading*  to  the  Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  of  Forestry  (B.Sc.F  ),  and  after 
two  years'  practical  work  to  the  Degree  of  Forest  Engineer  (F.E.). 

The  Faculty  at  present  numbers  four  instructors  in  Forestry  alone,  besides 
members  of  other  Faculties  of  the  University  and  special  lecturers. 

The  courses,  laboratories  and  other  facilities  of  the  University  are  open  to 
Students  of  Forestry. 

Practice  work,  following  the  academic  term,  in  the  woods  is  made  a  special 
feature. 

For  further  injormation  address — 
REGISTRAR,  or  B.  E.  FERNOW,  LL.  D.,  Dean, 

University  of  Toronto.  Fuoulty  of  Forostry,  University  of  Toronto. 

Toronto,  Canada. 


Jnivcrsity  of 
New  Bmi]8wick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Established  in   igo8 

Four  years'  course  leading^  to  the 
Degree  of  •  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry.  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal  forest    work. 

Tuition  $50^00  per  annum.  Other 
expenses     correspondingly    moderate. 


For  further  information  address: — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University   Calendar   furnished 
on   application.       _        _       — 


C.  C.  JONES,  Chancellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 


at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syra^Guse,  Ne'w  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  Foiestry. 
Postgraduate  course  to  Master  of 
Forestry  ;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  and  Ranger  School 
given  on  the  College  Forest  of 
2,000  acres  at  Wanakena  in  the 
Adirondacks.  Forest  Experiment 
Station  of  90  acres  and  excellent 
Library  offer  unusual  oppoitu- 
nities  for  research  work.     : :     : : 

For  particulars  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER  ,  D.  Oeo.  Dea^n 


BILTMORE, 


North  Carolina 


'T*  HE  Riltmore  Poorest  School  is  for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school  of  lumbering  and  forestry  in  the 
United  States.  The  Biltmore  Forest 
School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Biltmore;  summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  .Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  of  Ger- 
many. Q  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  ariy  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  o*  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor   of   Forestry. 

Write  for  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,     addressing— 

THE  DIRECTOR.  BILTMORE,  N.  C,  U.  S.  A. 


MEyi[RSinFOR[SISWL 

NEW    HAVEN.  CONNECTICUT,   U.S.A. 


A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  offered  leadings  to  the 
deg-ree  of  Master  ot  Forestry. 
The  Forest  School  is  a  g-raduate 
department  of  Yale  University 
requiring  for  admission  a  collefre 
training.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, colleges,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions ot  high  standing'  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  of 
their  diplomas,  provided  they 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subiects  in  their  under- 
g-raduate  work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Unive  sity 
Botany,  and  at  least  .one  course 
in  Zoology,  Physics,  Inorg-anic 
Chemistry,  Geo Jogy,  Econom  cs. 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing-  mav  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  ate  required 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
ot  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in  the  field  or  laboratory. 
The  school  year  begins  in 
early  lulv   and  is  conducted  at 

j  the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 

I  Pennsylvania. 

For  further  information  address 

JAHES  W.  TOUHEY,   Director 

NEW   HAVEN       ....       CONNECTICUT 


i 


«. 


try  journal 


Vol.  IX. 


Ottawa,  Canada,  March  1913. 


No.  3 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY  JOURNAL, 

Published  monthly  by  the 

Canadian    Forkstey    Association, 

Canadian  Building, 

Ottawa,  Canada. 

Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forest  conservation. 

Subscription  $1  per  year. 

Advertising  Rates  on  Application. 

CONTENTS:  Page. 

Winnipeg  Convention 33 

Editorial  Notes 33-34 

St.   Maurice  Forest   Protective   As- 
sociation      35-37 

Pejepscot  Company  and  Replanting  37 

Genesee  Valley  Forestry  Association  38 

Sweet  and  Slow  (poem) 38 

N.  Y.  State  Forestrv  Association . .  39 

Directors'  Report   /. 40-42 

Sawdust,  Utilizing 43-45 

Pennsylvania  Chestnut  Blight   ....  45 

With  the  Forest  Engineers 46 

THE    WINNIPEG    CONVENTION. 

After  consulting  a  strong  local 
committee  on  the  subject  and  taking 
into  consideration  all  the  factors  in 
the  case  it  has  been  decided  to  hold 
the  Winnipeg  Convention  on  July  7 
to  9. 

Meetings  will  be  held  in  the  com- 
modious hall  of  the  Winnipeg  Indus- 
trial Bureau,  which  is  the  unique  or- 
ganization for  taking  charge  of  con- 
ventions in  the  Prairie  Capital.  The 
Government  of  Manitoba,  the  City  of 
Winnipeg  and  the  Manitoba  Horti- 
cultural and  Forestry  Association 
will  participate  in  the  Convention. 
The  arrangements  for  the  program 
are  now  going  forward. 

This  will  be  an  ideal  time  to  visit 
Winnipeg  as  the  meeting  will  take 
place  just  before  the  beginning  of 
harvest  and  during  the  first  two 
days  of  the  Winnipeg  Exhibition, 
when  hotel  accommodation  will  not 
be  so  taken  up  as  it  will  be  in  the  fol- 
lowing week. 

As  there  will  be  a  number  of  dif- 
ferent events  immediately  following 


this  time  in  different  parts  of  the 
Prairie  Provinces,  it  will  be  possible 
for  those  desiring  to  see  the  prairies 
at  harvest  time  to  make  side  trips  be- 
fore returning  home. 

Railway  arrangements  have  not 
yet  been  concluded,  but  it  is  expect- 
ed that  they  can  be  announced  in  the 
next  issue  of  the  Journal.  If  those 
who  intend  to  be  present  would 
notify  the  secretary  it  would  greatly 
facilitate  the  work  of  arranging  for 
the  convention. 


Attention  is  directed  to  the  article 
in  this  issue  dealing  with  the  forma- 
tion of  the  St.  Maurice  Valley  Forest 
Protective  Association.  This  is  con- 
sidered by  competent  authorities  to 
])e  the  most  hopeful  sign  in  Canadian 
Forestry  matters  at  the  present  time. 
At  the  meeting  the  hope  was  express- 
ed that  the  Province  of  Quebec  would 
soon  be  covered  by  similar  organiza- 
tions. In  fact  this  is  the  view  of  all 
who  have  upon  them  the  responsibility 
of  caring  for  our  forests,  and  there- 
fore the  hope  is  that  like  associations 
may  be  formed  in  all  parts  of  Canada 
where  there  are  forests.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  this  movement  was  given 
an  impetus  by  the  address  of  Mr.  E. 
T.  Allen,  Secretary  of  the  Western 
Forestry  and  Conservation  Associa- 
tion, (a  similar  organization)  at  the 
V^ictoria  Convention.  We  have  re- 
ceived the  constitution  and  the  annual 
report  of  the  St.  Maurice  Valley  For- 
est Protective  Association  and  as  soon 
as  possible  will  publish  the  substance 
of  these  in  the  ('anadian  Forestry 
Journal. 


33 


A  very  significant  fact  is  the  for- 
mation of  new  organizations  to  assist 
in  the  work  of  forest  protection.  Two 
of  these  are  referred  to  in  this  issue. 


34 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  March   1913. 


the  New  York  State  Forestry  Associa- 
tion and  the  Genesee  Valley  Forestry 
Association.  There  never  was  a  time 
when  there  was  so  much  real  interest 
in  forest  protection  as  the  present, 
and  we  propose  to  keep  our  members 
in  touch  with  the  different  aspects  of 
the  movement  from  month  to  month. 


With  this  in  view  he  urges  the  planting 
of  handsome  and  stately  nut  bearing  trees 
in  place  of  the  millions  of  useless  willows 
and  poplars  which  yield  no  financial  re- 
turns. 


On  March  24  the  daily  papers  con- 
tained reports  of  a  number  of  rivers 
in  dangerous  flood  in  addition  to  the 
terrible  floods  of  the  Ohio  Valley. 
Those  noticed  were  the  Speed  River 
at  Guelph,  Ont. ;  the  Grand  at  Gait, 
Ont. ;  the  Rideau  River,  and  a  num- 
ber of  tributaries  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
in  Quebec.  On  this  date  the  streets 
in  the  lowest  part  of  Sault  au  Re- 
collet,  Que.,  were  being  navigated  by 
boats,  while. the  Hintonburgh  district 
of  Ottawa  was  badly  inundated.  The 
great  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence  rivers 
were  also  rising  rapidly  and  causing 
apprehension.  All  this  but  points  the 
moral  of  the  danger  of  deforestation. 


NUT   GROWING. 

Mr.  W.  C.  Bead  of  Vincennes,  Indiana, 
in  a  paper  read  before  the  Kentucky  State 
Horticultural  Society  urges  the  planting 
of  nut  trees  throughout  the  Ohio  Valley. 
He  writes  of  black  walnut,  hazelnut,  but- 
ternut, beechnut,  the  hickories,  chestnut 
and  pecan.  He  lays  special  stress  on  chest- 
nut, walnut  and  pecan.  While  the  chest- 
nut is  probably  suitable  for  only  the  south- 
ern most  parts  of  Canada,  and  while  the 
pecan  is  perhaps,  not  suitable  for  Canada 
at  all  there  is  a  considerable  area  where 
walnuts  can  be  produced  to  advantage  and 
to  this  Mr.  Reeds  remarks  apply.  He 
holds  that  English  walnuts  should  be  bud- 
ded on  native  stock  which  adapts  them  to 
a  wider  range  of  soils,  makes  them  hardier 
and  causes  them  to  ripen  their  wood 
earlier.  Such  trees  have  stood  tempera- 
tures of  18  to  20  degrees  below  zero  in 
Pennsylvania.  Walnut  trees  require  about 
the  same  care  as  apple  trees  and  should 
be  planted  not  less  than  40  feet  apart.  If 
planted  in  orchard  form  the  land  may  be 
utilized  for  growing  field  crops  or  may  be 
under  cropped  with  quick  growing  fruit 
trees.  Mr.  Reed  claims  that  there  are 
many  thousand  acres  of  land  too  rough 
to  grow  ordinary  crops  which  will  give 
good  returns  in  nuts,  and  he  speaks  of 
$100  per  acre  per  year  as  an  average  re- 
turn where  the  trees  are  given  attention. 


THE  CAUSE  OF  THE  PEOPLE. 

There  were  a  number  of  important  mat- 
ters at  the  third  annual  meeting  of  the  North 
Carolina  Forestry  Association.  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  Association  is  Mr.  E.  B.  Wright, 
a  leading  lumberman,  and  in  his  annual 
address  the  President  remarked:  'The  cause 
of  forestry  is  the  cause  of  the  people,  and 
I  find  ample  justification  for  rejoicing  in 
North  Carolina  to-day  over  the  crystalliza- 
tion of  a  healthy  public  sentiment  by  all 
classes  of  people  in  favor  of  a  more  intelli- 
gent and  businesslike  application  of  the  prin- 
ciples and  practice  of  modern  forestry.' 

A  leading  furniture  manufacturer  said 
that  unless  forests  were  protected  they  would 
son  have  to  make  furniture  out  of  something 
else  than  lumber.  The  railway  men  claimed 
they  were  more  interested  in  forests  than 
the  timber  owners  themselves,  and  the  farm- 
ers' and  the  women's  clubs  were  also  repre- 
sented. Among  the  resolution  passed  was 
one  recommending  further  action  in  co- 
operation with  the  Federal  Government  un- 
der the  Weeks  Lawj  and  protesting  against 
the  proposal  to  turn  over  the  national  forests 
to  the  various  States.  The  Association  be- 
lieves that  the  Federal  Government  can  han- 
dle the  forests  better  than  can  the  States. 


FIGHTING  THE  BROWN  TAIL  MOTH. 

In  February  a  conference  was  called  at 
Boston  by  the  State  Forester  of  Massachu- 
setts for  the  purpose  of  bringing  together 
those  now  fighting  the  gipsy  and  brown-tail 
moths  and  those  who  are  likely  to  be  con- 
cerned in  the  near  future.  New  York  State 
was  represented  at  this  conference.  As 
shade  tree  pests  these  can  be  destroyed  by 
spraying  and  dstroying  egg  clusters,  but 
these  methods,  expensive  as  they  are,  can- 
not be  extended  to  fight  such  insects  in  for- 
est trees.  Dependence  has  to  be  placed  in 
the  parasites  and  diseases  of  these  moths 
introduced  from  abroad.  As  an  aid  to  this 
work  it  is  proposed  to  put  a  barrier  be- 
tween affected  and  unaffected  districts. 
Trees  like  the  oak,  willow  and  birch  are 
apparently  more  favorable  to  the  develop- 
ment of  these  insects,  while  they  are  unable 
to  complete  their  life  history  on  coniferous 
trees.  It  is  therefore  proposed  to  check  the 
spread  of  the  insects  northward  into  the 
Adirondacks  by  having  zones  of  white  pines 
and  other  evergreens  from  which  broad- 
leaved  trees  have  been  removed.  With  this 
is  to  go  a  strict  quarantine  of  cord  wood, 
lumber  and  nursery  stock  shipped  from  in- 
fested areas. 


St.  Maurice  Valley  Forest  Protective  Association 


The  most  hopeful  step  taken  for  many  years  in  Canada. 


One  of  the  most  significant  gather- 
ings ever  held  in  ^[ontreal  was  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  St.  ^Maurice 
Forest  Protective  Association  held  at 
the  Place  Viger  Hotel  on  February 
14.  This  organization,  which  is  just 
one  year  old,  marks  the  beginning  of 
a  new  era  in  forest  protection.  Hith- 
erto the  matter  of  protecting  the  for- 
ests has  been  one  between  the  indi- 
vidual limit  holder  and  the  govern- 
ment. In  this  field  the  advantages 
of  co-operation  are  very  great,  but  un- 
til the  formation  of  the  St.  Maurice 
Association  every  lumberman  battled 
with  the  fires  on  his  own  limits  as  best 


he  could.  A  year  ago  the  limit  hold- 
ers in' this  valley  seeing  the  waste  and 
inefficiency  of  individual  effort  got 
together  and  formed  an  association. 
They  appointed  a  general  manager 
who  took  charge  of  all  the  fire  rangers 
and  directed  them  as  one  army,  post- 
ing every  man  where  he  could  be  of 
the  greatest  advantage.  The  Associa- 
tion which  controls  an  area  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  miles  long  wdth  an 
average  width  of  one  hundred  miles, 
embracing  in  all  seven  million  acres, 
taxed  itself  one  quaretr  of  a  cent  per 
acre,  and  to  the  $17,500  thus  raised 
th(^  government  of  Quebec  added  $3,- 


r^ONTRB  f\L. 


Map  showing  location  of  St.  Maurice  Valley,  Quebec. 
36 


36 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  March  1913. 


000.  With  this  money  there  were 
opened  or  re-opened  525  miles  of  pack 
trails,  there  were  purchased  canoes, 
axes,  shovels,  tents,  and  gasoline  mo- 
tors for  railway  patrol,  and  a  begin- 
ning made  in  erecting  telephone  lines 
and  in  connecting  these  with  exist- 
ing telephone  systems.  The  result 
was  that  97  incipient  fires  were 
promptly  extinguished  and  the  asso- 
ciation came  through  the  year  with 
practically  no  loss.  This  year  it  is 
proposed  to  extend  the  trails,  to  con- 
nect up  the  telephone  lines  and  to 
erect  lookout  stations  from  which 
watchmen  may  send  out  warnings  to 
headquarters  so  that  a  sufficient  force 
of  men  may  be  sent  promptly  to  put 
out  the  fire.  The  officers  for  the  first 
year  were:  President,  ]\Ir.  Alexander 
MacLaurin,  of  Montreal;  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Mr.  W.  R.  Brown,  fo  Berlin, 
N.H.,  and  La  Tuque,  Que. ;  Mana- 
ger, Mr.  H.  Sorgius,  of  Three  Rivers. 
Owing  to  the  illness  of  Mr.  MacLaurin 
which  has  necessitated  a  trip  to  the 
south,  and  the  occupation  of  Mr. 
Brown  with  other  features,  these  gen- 
tlemen (though  both  are  enthusiastic 
over  the  work)  retired  and  the  new 
officers  elected  were:  President,  Jos- 
eph Dalton,  Three  Rivers;  Vice-Presi- 
dent, S.  L.  de  Carteret,  La  Tuque; 
Manager  and  Secretary,  H.  Sorgius, 
Three  Rivers. 

One  of  the  successful  features  of 
the  gathering  was  the  banquet  at  the 
Place  Viger  Hotel  when  about  twenty- 
five  gentlemen,  members  of  the  Asso- 
ciation or  interested  in  the  work,  dis- 
cussed an  excellent  menu  and  after- 
wards listened  to  a  few  pithy  speeches 
dealing  with  the  subject  in  hand.  The 
toastmaster  was  Mr.  EUwood  Wilson 
of  Grand  Mere,  and  at  the  table  were 
Hon.  Jules  Allard,  Minister  of  Lands 
and  Forests,  Quebec;  and  Messrs.  W. 
R.  Brown ;  R.  H.  Campbell,  Dominion 
Director  of  Forestry ;  Joseph  Dalton ; 
Lt.  Col.  Hibbard,  Member  of  the  Que- 
bec Utilities  Commission;  E.  J.  Za- 
vitz,  Guelph,  Forester  for  the  Ontario 
Government;  Clyde  Leavitt,  Chief 
Fire  Inspector  of  the  Dominion  Rail- 


way Commission ;  W.  C.  J.  Hall,  Chief 
of  the  Forest  Protective  Service,  Que- 
bec; Wm.  Power,  M.P.,  Quebec;  J. 
F.  Grant,  William  Ritchie  and  Frank 
Ritchie,  Three  Rivers;  L.  K.  Mac- 
Laurin, Montreal;  B.  M.  Winegar, 
C.P.R.  Natural  Resources  Dept., 
Montreal ;  Gustave  C.  Piche,  Chief  of 
the  Quebec  Forest  Service ;  Geo.  Dan- 
sereau,  Montreal;  James  Lawler,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Canadian  Forestry  As- 
sociation, Ottawa;  L.  N.  Ellis,  C.P.R. 
Forestry  Dept,  Calgary;  H.  E.  Brin- 
kerhoff,  St.  Jovite,  Que. ;  D.  B.  Brown, 
La  Tuque;  M.  C.  Small,  Grand  Mere; 
and  H.  Sorgius,  Three  Rivers. 

Hon.  ]\Ir.  Allard  referred  to  the 
good  work  of  the  Association  and 
promised  that  the  Government  would 
support  it  more  strongly  in  the  com- 
ing year. 

]\Ir.  W.  R.  Brown  told  of  the  suc- 
cess of  similar  associations  in  the 
United  States. 

IMr.  W.  C.  J.  Hall  pointed  to  the 
greatly  increased  efficiency  of  such 
organizations  as  compared  with  indi- 
vidual effort,  and  hoped  to  see  the 
time  when  five  or  six  similar  asso- 
ciations would  cover  the  entire  forest 
area  of  the  province  from  the  Ot- 
tawa Valley  to  Gaspe. 

IVIr.  R.  H.  Campbell  said  this  was 
the  first  organization  of  this  kind  in 
Canada.  It  had  been  a  great  success 
and  he  hoped  to  see  the  plan  adopt- 
ed not  only  in  other  parts  of  Quebec 
but  in  western  Canada. 

Mr.  Clyde  Leavitt  indicated  that 
what  the  Railway  Commission  had 
done  in  securing  the  co-operation  of 
the  railways  and  federal  and  provin- 
cial governments  in  patrolling  rail- 
way lines  in  the  west  they  desired  to 
extend  to  the  eastern  lines,  and  in 
this  way  there  could  be  co-operation 
in  the  St.  JMaurice  Valley  of  the  limit 
holders,  the  government  and  the  rail- 
ways and  Railway  Commission. 

Lt.  Col.  Hibbard  brought  this  out 
further  by  stating  that  the  Quebec 
Utilities  Commission  had  considered 
the  regulations  for  fire  protection  of 


Private  Initiative  in  Replanting. 


37 


the  Dominion  Railway  Commission  so 
good  that  they  had  adopted  them  for 
railways  with  provincial  charters.  As 
Mr.  Hall  was  the  provincial  officer  to 
carry  out  these  regulations,  and  as  he 
was  officially  co-operating  with  Mr. 
Leavitt,  this  linked  up  the  whole  work 
so  that  all  agencies  for  forest  protec- 
tion were  working  in  harmony.  Mr. 
Hibbard  also  pointed  to  large  areas 
in  Quebec  which  should  be  reforested. 
^Ir.    Piche    brought    his    congratu- 


lations to  those  engaged  in  the  work 
of  protection  which  was  the  comple- 
ment of  his  own  work  of  utilization 
and  reforestation. 

It  was  generally  admitted  by  the 
speakers  and  by  those  attending  the 
gathering  that  the  pioneer  work  of 
this  the  first  forest  protective  associa- 
tion in  Canada  had  been  so  successful 
and  had  resulted  in  such  economy  of 
effort  and  money  that  it  would  soon 
be  widely  copied  throughout  Canada. 


Private  Initiative  in  Replanting. 


What  the  Pejepscot  Paper  Company  is  doing. 


In  reply  to  an  enquiry  from  the  Secretary 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association  Mr. 
Charles  P.  Cowles,  manager  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  WooiUands  of  the  Pejepscot  Paper 
Co.,  writes  in  regard  to  the  planting  opera- 
tions of  that  company  in  Canada.  The  com- 
pany has  established  a  small  nursery  for 
reforestation  purposes  at  Salmon  Eiver,  New 
Brunswick,  and  a  similar  one  at  Cookshire, 
Quebec.  These  nurseries  were  established 
two  years  ago  and  contain  seed  beds,  with 
plants  one  year  old  and  two  years  old  this 
spring.      It    is   the   intention    to    make    per- 


manent plantations  With  some  of  the  two 
year  old  seedlings  as  an  experiment  this 
spring,  but  generally  it  is  expected  that  the 
I)lau  of  allowing  these  seedlings  to  remain 
two  years  in  nursery  rows  before  planting 
put  will  be  followed.  While  the  company's 
plans  are  not  matured  it  is  generally  under- 
stood that  it  is  the  intention  to  raise  a 
moderate  amount  of.  seedlings  each  year 
for  reforesting  vacant  and  cutover  lands  on 
the  company's  holdings.  The  pictures  here- 
with show  the  seed  beds  in  the  nursery  at 
Cookshire,   Quebec. 


Nurseries  of  the  Pejepscot  Company  at  Cookshire,  Quebec. 


Genesee  Valley  Forestry  Association. 


A  very  significant  movement  in 
different  parts  of  the  United  States 
is  the  formation  of  active  local  fores- 
try associations  which  work  in  har- 
mony with  the  state  and  federal  or- 
ganizations, both  governmental  and 
private.  One  of  the  latest  and  most 
promising  of  these  is  the  Genesee 
Valley  Forestry  Association  with 
headquarters  at  Rochester,  N.Y.  This 
was  formed  on  Feb.  15.  The  officers 
are :  President,  Wm.  F.  Dunbar ;  Vice- 
President,  Joseph  W.  Hauser;  Secre- 
tary, John  Dennis,  Jr. ;  Treasurer, 
Norman  C.  Schlegel.  As  this  subject 
is  of  great  interest  to  the  members 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association 
the  Secretary,  Mr.  Dennis,  has  been 
asked  and  has  kindly  consented  to 
write  an  article  for  the  Canadian  For- 
estry Journal  describing  the  work  of 
this  Association  and  its  relation  to  the 
New  York  State  Forestry  Association. 
The  following  is  from  the  Rochester 
Democrat  and  Chronicle  with  the  edi- 
torial staff  of  which  Mr.  Dennis  is 
connected : 

Eochester's  interest  in  scientific  and  prac- 
tical forestry  was  again  demonstrated  on 
Saturday  by  the  formation  of  the  Genesee 
Valley  Forestry  Association,  an  organization 
which  plans  to  extend  its  influence  through- 
out the  entire  valley  of  the  Genesee  from 
Lake  Ontario  on  the  north  to  the  summit 
of  the  Alleganies  on  the  south,  where  the 
Genesee  river  originates  in  mountain  rivu- 
lets. It  is  understood  that  for  scientific 
and  educational  purposes  chapters  of  the 
association  will  be  formed  throughout  the 
valley,  whereever  interest  can  be  aroused, 
and  that  the  association  proper  will  act  af- 
ter the  manner  of  a  clearing  house  of  de- 
sirable knowledge  regarding  theoretical  and 
practical  forest  and  park  practice.  It  is 
very  appropriate  that  Rochester  should  be 
the  home  of  an  association  of  this  kind. 
Each  one  of  the  great  parks  of  the  city  em- 
braces notable  examples  of  the  best  practice 
in  modern  constructive  forestry.  In  plant- 
ing the  original  park  forest  the  advice  and 
counsel  of  the  most  famous  arboriculturists 
in  this  and  other  countries  has  been  drawn 
upon,  and  this  knowledge  is  available  by 
way  of  object  lessons  and  historical  re- 
cord. 


It  is  also  understood  that  the  Genesee 
Valley  Forestry  Association,  as  a  part  of 
its  first  practical  work,  will  secure  sample 
woods  from  the  portion  of  the  Genot^ee 
Valley  Park  forest,  which  is  about  to  be 
sacrificed  to  make  way  for  the  Barge  canal. 
Something  over  400  choice  forest  and  shade 
trees,  planted  twenty-thre  years  ago,  will 
of  necessity  be  destroyed.  Sample  trees 
of  each  species  cut  from  the  canal  zone 
will  be  utilized  for  educational  cabinets,  to 
be  at  the  service  of  the  different  chapters 
throughout  the  valley. 


SWEET  AND  SLOW. 

J.  E.  Middleton  in  Toronto  News. 

Sweet  and  slow, 
Sweet  and  slow 
Sap  from  the  maple  tree-ee. 
Now  flow, 
Prithee,  show. 
Kindly  to  Bards  like  me-ee. 

Into  the  bucket  consistently  flow, 
While  the  spring  sun  is  a-melting  the 
snow 
Into  a  little  sea-ee. 

As    through    my     shoes    the     watery    ooze 
Seeps. 

Stoneboat  slow, 
Stoneboat  slow. 
Call  at  the  maple  tree-ee. 
Gently,  Flo, 
Haw!    Whoa! 
Gather  the  sap  for  me-ee. 

Into  the  butt  pour  the  watery  bliss, 
Leaves  and  small  twigs  are  expected,  I 
wis. 
Now  let  the  old  mare  Gtee-ee 
Through  the  swale,  where  about  half  a  pail 
out- 
Leaps. 

Sweet  and  low. 
Night  winds  blow, 
Blow  through  the  maple  tree-ee. 
Coals  glow. 
Pots  hang  low 
Boiling  the  stuff  for  me-ee. 

Give  us  a  taste  of  the  nectar  divine. 
Better  than  sherry  or  Burgundy  wine. 
Beautiful  stuff  to  see-ee. 
Yellow  and  sweet,   we  just  think  we  coul  1 
eat 
Heaps. 

The  first  pulp  was  made  in  the  new  pulp 
mills  at  Dryden,  Ont.,  on  March  19.  A 
number  of  those  interested  in  the  works 
were  present  on  the  occasion. 


38 


New  York  State  Forestry  Association, 


New  York  State  has  now  an  active 
forestry  association,  the  same  being 
formed  at  a  largely  attended  meeting 
in  Syracuse  on  Jan.  16.  While  this 
has  been  brewing  for  a  long  time  it 
is  directly  the  outcome  of  the  con- 
ference held  in  Albany  in  May,  1912, 
for  the  discussion  of  forestry  pro- 
blems. A  committee  was  then  ap- 
pointed to  consider  the  organization 
of  a  forestry  association,  and  Dr. 
Hugh  P.  Baker,  Dean  of  the  New 
York  State  College  of  Forestry,  was 
elected  Chairman.  During  the  year 
this  committee  has  sent  out  over  a 
thousand  letters  to  persons  who  were 
likely  to  be  interested  in  the  subject. 
The  committee  was  amazed  at  the  in- 
terest shown  in  the  large  number  of 
replies  received. 

Though  the  organizing  convention 
was  but  a  one  day  meeting  it  was 
packed  with  more  matters  of  impor- 
tance than  often  go  to  the  making 
up  of  a  two  days'  convention.    There 


were  several  hundred  people  at  the 
morning  session  to  hear  Mr.  Gifford 
Pinchot.  There  was  a  record  attend- 
ance at  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
luncheon,  and  the  new  association 
started  off  with  fifty-three  charter 
members. 

The  officers  elected  were :  President, 
Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  Director  of  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden  and  Mu- 
seums; Secretary,  Dr.  Hugh  P.  Ba- 
ker; Treasurer,  Albert  T.  Brockway, 
of  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  and  a  strong  exec- 
utive committee. 

Dr.  Baker,  upon  request,  has  been 
so  kind  as  to  send  an  account  of  the 
transactions  of  the  meeting,  and  these 
will  be  dealt  with  in  future  issues 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Journal. 


The  close  supervision  now  being  given  to 
the  game  side  of  forestry  in  Ontario  was 
indicated  by  the  arrest  and  dismissal  of  a 
game  warden  for  breaking  the  law  by  having 
skins  illegally  in  his  possession.  He  was 
fined  $450  for  the  offence. 


Another  view  of  the  nurseries  at  Cookshire,  Quebec. 
39 


DIRECTORS'  REPORT. 


Adopted  at  thp  Annual  Business  Meeting  of  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association,  Feb.  5,  1913. 


The  Board  of  Directors  beg  to  submit 
the  following  report  of  business  done 
during  the  year  1912: — 

According  to  Section  VI.  of  the  Consti- 
tution, the  following  Territorial  Vice- 
Presidents  were  appointed: 

Ontario.— Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 

Quebec — Hon.  Jules  Allard. 

New  Brunswick — Hon.  J.  K.  Flemming. 

Nova  Scotia — Son.  G.  H.  Murray. 

Manitoba — Hon.  E.  P.  Roblin. 

Prince  Edward  Island — Hon.  J.  A.  Mathe- 
son. 

Saskatchewan — His  Honor  G.  W.  Brown. 
.    Alberta — Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton. 

British  Columbia — Hon.  W.  R.  Ross. 

Yukon — Oeo.  Black,  Commissioner. 

Mackenzie — F.  D.  Wilson. 

Keewatin— His   Honor   D.   C,   Cameron. 

Ungava — His  Grace,  Mgr.  Bruchesi,  Arch- 
bishop of  Montreal. 

The  Thirteenth  Annual  Meeting  was  held 
at  the  same  time  as  the  Ottawa  Convention. 
This  Convention  was  eminently  successful 
?ind  resulted  in  stimulating  further  interest 
in  the  work  of  forest  conservation,  particu- 
larly in  that  part  .of  it  which  has  to  do  with 
an  efficient  personnel  in  the  various  forest 
services.  The  presence  of  the  Prime  Min- 
ister, the  Leader  of  the  Opposition,  and 
eminent  foresters  from  the  United  States, 
added  to  the  weight  of  the  meeting.  The 
fact  that  the  Convention  was  held  at  the 
same  time  as  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
Canadian  Lumbermen's  Association,  and 
that  some  of  the  functions  were  in  a  measure 
of  a  joint  character,  increased  its  interest 
and  importance. 

The  President  elected  9,t  that  meeting  was 
Mr.  John  Hendry,  of  Vancouver,  who  was 
at  the  time  in  Europe.  Mr.  Hendry  met  in 
London  in  the  early  spring  Hon.  Richard 
McBride,  who  renewed  an  invitation  that 
had  been  made  by  the  Government  of  Bri- 
tish Columbia  to  hold  a  Convention  in  Vic- 
toria, B.C.  After  considerable  correspon- 
dence it  was  decided  by  the  Directors  to 
meet  in  Victoria  on  Sept.  4,  5  and  6.  His 
Royal  Highness  the  Governor  General  grac- 
iously consented  to  open  the  Convention  if 
it  should  be  held  during  the  time  of  his  visit 
to  the  coast,  but,  as  in  the  end  it  was  found 
that  this  would  be  impossible,  the  Conven- 
tion was  opened  by  Sir  Richard  McBride, 
Premier  of  British  Columbia,  and  was  in  all 
respects  successful.  There  was  an  unexpect- 
edly large  attendance  from  Eastern  Canada. 


All  the  provinces  were  officially  represented 
except  Nova  Scotia  and  Prince  Edward 
Island,  the  numbers  attending  from  Quebec 
and  Ontario  being  particularly  large.  The 
new  British  Columbia  forest  act  which  went 
into  force  on  July  1  was  naturally  the  chief 
subject  of  discussion.  Hon.  W.  R.  Ross, 
Minister  of  Lands,  outlined  the  Govern- 
ment's position,  while  representatives  of 
British  Columbia  limit  holders  discussed  the 
new  law  very  carefully.  Besides  this  the 
forest  conservation  work  in  other  provinces 
was  dealt  with  and  the  resolutions  passed 
were  not  confined  to  British  Columbia,  but 
were  of  a  general  character.  Here  as  at 
Ottawa  particular  attention  was  paid  to  the 
subject  of  efficiency  in  the  forest  service. 
The  full  particulars  of  the  Ottawa  Con- 
vention  have"  already  appeared  in  the  Annual 
Report  for  1912,  and  the  full  report  of  the 
Victoria  Convention  will  appear  in  the  An^ 
nual  Report  for  1913,  which  will  be  issued 
in  a  few  weeks. 

Progress  in  forest .  conservation  has  been 
steady  in  Canada  during  the  year.  The 
work  of  the  Dominion  and  the  large  forest 
provinces  has  gone  on  developing  for  the 
most  part  without  any  sudden  changes.  It 
Mould  appear  that  the  total  expenditure  in 
1912  on  forest  protection  by  federal  and 
provincial  governments  and  by  private  indi- 
viduals and  corporations  amounted  to  be- 
tween one  million  and  one  million  and  a 
half  dollars. 

The  Dominion  Forestry  Branch  in  addi- 
tion to  its  protective,  tree-planting  and  in- 
vestigating work,  made  an  examination  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  certain 
areas  in  the  Railway  Belt  in  British  Colum- 
bia, and  others  south  of  Lesser  Slave  Lake 
in  Alberta,  in  northern  Saskatchewan  and 
in  south  eastern  Manitoba  should  be  put  into 
forest  reserves. 

In  British  Columbia  the  new  forest  act 
which  has  been  in  preparation  (including 
the  work  of  the  forest  commission)  for  some 
years,  went  into  force  on  July  1,  and  the 
organization  of  the  forest  service  under  the 
same  resulted  in  the  employment  of  a  num- 
ber of  forest  engineers,  and  a  largely  in- 
creased force  of  rangers. 

In  Ontario  the  government  and  the  limit 
holders  had  over  one  thousand  fire  rangers 
in  th^  field  during  the  danger  season. 

In  Quebec  the  St.  Maurice  Valley  Forest 
Protective  Association  carried  out  its  first 
season's  work  with  success,  and  the  plan  of 


40 


Directors'  Report. 


41 


co-operation  in  fire  fighting  seems  likely  to 
be  widely  extended.  The  Province  of  Que- 
bec made  a  beginning  in  the  work  of  plant- 
ing up  denuded  sand  lands. 

Private  efforts  in  regard  to  forest  pro- 
tection were  on  a  larger  scale  than  ever 
before.  The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway 
transformed  all  its  locomotives  between 
Field  and  Kamloops  from  coal  burners  to 
oil  burners,  and  besides  a  great  deal  of  in- 
vestigating, nursery  and  planting  work  to- 
ward the  close  of  the  year,  offered  prizes 
aggregating  $2,400  to  farmers  for  the  best 
plantations  in  1914.  A  number  of  timber 
limit  holders,  particularly  in  Quebec,  have 
erected  telephone  lines  and  cut  trails  to  pro- 
tect their  holdings. 

In  addition  to  these  improvements  the  sea- 
son, being  exceedingly  wet,  was  an  excellent 
one  for  forest  protection,  so  that  there  were 
few  serious  fires. 

One  of  the  things  for  which  the  Asso- 
ciation has  pressed,  a  federal  laboratory 
where  the  different  woods  of  Canada  might 
be  thoroughly  tested  and  studies  made  in 
preservation  and  utilization,  has  not  yet 
been  secured.  The  usefulness  of  such  a 
laboratory  is  beyond  question  and  it  is  hop- 
ed that  its  establishment  may  be  chronicled 
before  the  lapse  of  another  year. 

Forestry  educational  work  has  proceeded 
steadily  during  the  year,  and  quite  a  body 
of  trained  foresters,  graduates  of  forest 
schools,  is  now  to  be  found  in  Canada. 
Forestry  is  beginning  to  be  recognized  as  a 
profession.  Another  part  of'  the  field  of 
education  has  not  yet  been  touched,  namely 
that  of  training  the  rank  and  file  of  the 
forest  protective  army,  the  forest  rangers, 
for  their  duties.  This  training  is  for  men 
already  in  the  employ  of  the  forest  services 
who  have  passed  tests  as  to  their  ability 
and  exj)erience.  While  every  effort  should 
he  made  to  admit  only  fit  men  to 
the  services  it  is  felt  that  these  would 
all  be  immensely  more  efficient  if  they 
'ould  be  given  a  few  weeks'  training 
under  men  who  know  the  best  methods  of 
{>rotefting  timber,  avoiding  waste  in  utiliza- 
tion, fighting  fires,  etc.,  and  who  have  the 
faculty  of  imparting  this  knowledge  to 
others.  Ranger  schools  have  proved  very 
efficacious  in  other  countries  in  increasing 
the  efficiency  of  the  men,  and  in  showing 
them  how  to  do  the  work  to  the  greatest 
advantage.  They  have  thus  developed  an 
o-prit  de  corps  in  the  force  which  has  done 
much  for  the  whole  ffervice,  and  to  rlevelop 
the  idea  of  forest  conservation  among  the 
y»eople.  One  of  the  next  things  for  which 
it  is  felt  the  Association  s'hould  press  is  for 
the  establiyhment  of  ranger  schools  in  con- 
nection with  the  federal  and  provincial  for- 
est }>er  vices. 

While  the  circle  ot  directors  and  officers 
of  the  Association  has  not  been  broken  by 


death  during  the  year,  yet  fhe  Canadian 
Forestry  Association  and  the  cause  of  forest 
conservation  have  lost  warm  friends  through 
the  death  of  Sir  Edward  Clouston,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Bank  of  Montreal ;  Senator 
Rolland,  Mr.  R.  W.  Shepherd  of  Montreal, 
Mr.  Otis  Staples  of  British  Columbia,  and 
Mr.  H.  F.  McLachlin  of  Arnprior. 

On  the  way  back  from  the  Victoria  Con- 
vention the  Secretary  delivered  a  number  of 
lectures,  but  this  work  and  the  work  of  is- 
suing bulletins  to  the  newspapers  for  re- 
production in  their  columns  has  been  less 
than  in  the  year  before  owing  to  the  great 
amount  of  time  which  had  to  be  spent  on 
these  Conventions.     Towards  the  end  of  the 


By  (lint  of  imicli  porscvcijuict'  Kcv.  ('.  liord,  a 
ininistcr  in  Peterboro  Co.,  Ont.,  has  cultivated  the 
friendship  of  some  of  the  wild  creatures  of  his 
neighlictrhood.  In  the  illustration  he  has  in  his 
nands  one  of  his  wild  friends,  a  chipmunk. — Farm 
and  Dairy. 

year,  however,  the  work  of  supplying  ma- 
terial for  the  newspapers  was  taken  up 
again,  and  in  the  coming  year  it  is  expected 
that  it  will  be  made  one  of  the  leading 
features  of  the  work.  The  newspapers 
throughout  Canada  have  expressed  a  will- 
ingnesH  to  make  known  to  the  public  what 
is  being  done  to  further  conservation  and 
what  is  desired  by  the  Association. 

A  meeting  of  the  Directors  was  held  on 
Dec.  0  to  present  to  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment those  resolutions  which  related  to  fed- 
eral forestry  work.  In  the  absence  of  the 
President  and  Vice-President,  Mr.  G.  Y. 
Chown,  Past  President,  headed  the  deputa- 


42 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  March  1913. 


tion,  and  along  with  Senator  Bostock  and 
Mr.  Ell  wood  Wilson,  presented  the  resolu- 
tion urging  the  extension  of  Civil  Service 
regulations  to  the  outside  forest  service. 
The  deputation  was  kindly  received,  and  the 
members  of  it  were  led  to  hope  from  the 
reply  of  the  Prime  Minister  that  this  will 
be  done  in  the  near  future. 

The  membership  of  the  Association  con- 
tinues to  increase.  In  the  year  116  names 
were  dropped  because  of  death  or  resigna- 
tion and  191  added,  leaving  the  net  mem- 
bership at  2,865.  The  amount  received  from 
membership  fees  in  the  past  year  was 
$2,249.  While  the  usual  efforts  have  been 
made  to  let  the  public  know  of  the  work 
of  the  Association,  there  has  been  no  spe- 
cial campaign  to  increase  the  membership. 
This  has  been  due  to  two  reasons:  first,  the 
lack  of  time  caused  by  the  holding  of  two 
Conventions  in  the  year,  and,  second,  the 
fact  that  it  is  found  that  the  best  means 
of  increasing  the  membership  is  to  make 
the  Association  useful.  It  is  hoped  in  the 
coming  year  not  only  to  do  affirmative  and 
constructive  work,  but  also  to  make  this  as 
widely  known  as  possible,  with  the  object 
of  increasing  both  the  membership  of  the 
Association  and  the  funds  at  its  disposal. 

The  report  of  the  Treasurer  which  will 
be  laid  before  you  will  show  that  while  the 
expenditures  in  the  past  year  have  been  the 


largest  in  the  history  of  the  Association, 
the  income  has  fortunately  been  propor- 
tionately large,  and  that  there  is  a  substan- 
tial balance  in  the  treasury.  The  Dominion 
Government  has  continued  its  grant  of 
$2,000  per  year,  and  the  Government,  of 
Ontario  has  contributed  $300,  and  the  Gov- 
ernments of  Quebec  and  British  Columbia 
$200  each.  In  addition  to  this  the  Gov- 
ernment of  British  Columbia  made  an  ap- 
propriation of  $1,500  toward  the  expenses 
of  the  Victoria  Convention,  while  the 
British  Columbia  Lumbermen's  Association 
donated  $250  and  the  B.  C.  Mills  Timber 
and  Trading  Co.  $240. 

The  report  of  the  auditors,  which  will 
also  be  presented  to  you,  shows  that  the 
funds  of  the  Association  have  all  been  pro- 
perly accounted  for. 

On  the  whole,  while  the  work  to  be  over- 
taken is  very  large  and  the  need  of  prompt 
action  to  save  our  forests  pressing,  your 
Directors  believe  that  Governments  and 
people  are  beginning  to  realize  the  need  of 
forest  conservation,  and  they  therefore  urge 
the  putting  into  operation  of  a  constructive 
program  for  the  coming  year, — one  that 
will  show  that  the  ideal  of  conservation 
is  not  the  locking  up  of  resources  but  theil 
wise  use  by  and  for  the  people  of  Canada. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 


In  the  great  timber  Province— Hastings  Street,  Vancouver. 


Utilising  Sawdust. 


The  iises  of  sawdust  was  the  sub- 
ject of  an  interesting  article  in  the 
Amencan  Lumhennan  recently  from 
the  pen  of  C.  W.  R.  Eichoff!'  M.E. 
The  writer,  in  his  introduction,  al- 
ludes to  the  immense  piles  of  sawdust 
and  other  mill  refuse  to  be  found 
near  many  large  mills,  and  discusses, 
first,  the  use  of  this  waste  for  fuel. 

'The  inconvenient  process  of  burn- 
ing this  valuable  waste,'  he  writes, 
*  taking  into  consideration  the  fact 
that  this  sawdust,  when  moderately 
dry,  has  the  same  heat  value  as  the 
wood  from  which  it  originates,  has  led 
to  the  design  and  construction  of 
many  different  styles  of  furnace, 
which  in  some  cases  have  brought  a 
betterment  and  in  others  failure. 
Furnaces  of  the  ''Dutch  oven"  style 
are  mostly  used  in  this  connection, 
and  especially  with  boilers.  But  there 
are  other  convenient  constructions 
now  in  existence.  In  all  these  fur- 
naces the  main  effort  was  directed  to 
a  better  distribution  of  the  air  neces- 
sary for  a  successful  combustion  of 
the  material. 

'Abroad,  where  conservation  of  the 
natural  resources  has  been  practised 
to  a  greater  extent  than  on  this  con- 
tinent, experiments  have  been  made 
to  form  this  dust  into  briquettes.  At 
present  a  number  of  briquetting 
plants  are  in  successful  operation 
across  the  Atlantic,  and  of  later 
years  lumbermen  and  other  mill- 
owners  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic 
have  become  interested  in  the  briquet- 
ting  of  such  sawdust.  But  the  Ameri- 
can has  not  looked  favorably  on  this 
utilization.  The  large  lumber  con- 
cerns considered  it  more  profitable 
not  to  bother  with  such  a  process, 
claiming  that  these  briquettes  can  be 
used  only  to  a  small  extent  and  could 
not  compete  with  other  fuels  in  which 
this  continent  is  so  rich.  More  inter- 
est in  the  matter  was  shown  by  the 
smaller  concerns,  where   the   loss   of 


such  valuable  wood  wastes  demands 
serious  consideration.  Many  owuers 
took  up  the  proposal,  but  dropped  it 
when  they  learned  the  cost  of  such 
sawdust-briquetting  plants.  Consid- 
ering that  a  product  has  to  be  manu- 
factured which  requires  for  its  fabri- 
cation either  a  suitable  binder  or  great 
pressure  not  using  a  binder,  it  is  es- 
sential that  every  part  of  such  a  plant 
be  designed  and  constructed  with  the 
utmost  care  and  skill  in  all  its  de- 
tails. 

'Suitable  binders  are  water-gas, 
pitch,  tar,  rosin,  flour,  water-glass 
and  others  of  the  same  nature  as 
used  in  the  briquetting  of  coal.  As 
these  binders  materially  increase  the 
cost  of  manufacture,  their  use  was 
found  prohibitive,  and  machines  are 
now  used  that  deliver  the  goods  with- 
out the  application  of  a  binding  ma- 
terial. 

'The  sawdust  in  this  process  has  to 
be  perfectly  dry  before  being  put  in- 
to the  press.  From  the  press  the  bri- 
quettes are  transported  automatically 
into  a  cooling  room,  and  when  cool 
they  are  hard  and  ready  for  trans- 
portation. Such  briquettes  are  an 
excellent  fuel  for  residence  use  in 
fire-places  and  stoves,  do  not  corrode 
and  leave  very  little  ashes  and  soot. 
The  cleanliness,  rapid  ignition,  in- 
tense heat  and  odorless  combustion 
make  them  a  fuel  preferable  to  the 
best  wood.  They  are  also  the  most 
convenient  fuel  for  power-house  use 
in  saw-mills  and  in  logging  locomo- 
tives, replacing  coal  or  sawdust,  which 
latter  would  take  considerable  space. 
They  are  also  very  convenient  as  a 
kindling  material.  The  briquettes 
are  of  oval  form,  to  facilitate  ventila- 
tion when  piled  up. 

'  Presses  are  built  with  a  capacity  of 
24  bri(juettes  a  minute,  giving  14,400 
briquettes  in  ten  hours,  each  briquette 
weighing  about  half  a  pound,  which 
would  be  equivalent  to  a  daily  output 


43 


44 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,    March  1913. 


of  3.6  tons.  The  power  required  for 
the  driers  and  this  press  amounts  to 
about  sixteen  horse-power.  Another 
press  has  a  capacity  of  nine  tons  a 
day,  requiring  45  horse-power  for  the 
machine. 

Use  for  Dry  Distillation. 

*A  very  attractive  process  is  the 
charring  of  sawdust  and  subjecting 
it  to  a  process  of  dry  distillation.  The 
remaining  charred  material  (char- 
coal) is  then  briquetted  and  yields  a 
briquette  of  very  high  heat  value, 
equivalent  to  the  best  anthracite  coal. 
The  process  is  practically  the  same  as 
that  used  in  the  distillation  of  wood. 
The  resulting  by-products  are  an  il- 
luminating gas,  which  can  be  used  to 
light  up  the  mill,  wood  vinegar  or 
pyroligneous  acid,  wood  spirits  or 
methyl  alcohol  and  wood  tar.  The 
wood  tar  can  be  subjected  to  further 
treatment  and  yields  creosote,  benzol, 
naphthalin,  paraffine,  etc. 

'  Sawdust  has  been  used  for  the  op- 
eration of  gas  producers  for  power 
purposes,  in  which  cases  it  can  be 
handled  either  in  the  loose  form  or 
in  the  form  of  briquettes. 

'Related  to  the  briquetting  of  saw- 
dust is  the  manufacture  of  artificial 
wood.  This  material  is  of  great  tenac- 
ity and  strength,  does  not  decay  and 
is  less  susceptible  to  the  action  of  the 
atmosphere  than  is  natural  wood.  All 
this  artificial  wood  can  be  sawed, 
planed  and  cut,  but  not  split.  The 
manufacture  of  it  has  become  quite 
an  industry  abroad.  Decorations  for 
walls,  ceilings  and  furniture  are 
manufactured  from  mixtures  the  es- 
sential part  of  which  is  sawdust. 
These  ornaments  rival  carved  work 
and  are  a  great  deal  cheaper,  replac- 
ing those  made  of  zinc,  papier- 
mache  and  artificial  stone  or  ce- 
ment. 

'Sawdust  is  the  essential  part  of  a 
stone-like  material  used  for  building 
purposes  and  also  for  paving  blocks. 
These  paving  blocks  are  said  to  out- 
last the  regular  creosoted  wood 
blocks. 

*S?iwdust  is  pulverized  and    used 


instead  of  sand.  In  this  state  it  can 
be  colored,  perfumed  and  used  for 
many  purposes,  such  as  for  sachet 
bags  and  the  like. 

Miscellaneous  uses. 

'The  writer  remembers  the  time 
when  this  fine  sawdust  was  used  in 
offices  instead  of  sand  and  blotters. 
Its  polishing  qualities  in  the  pulver- 
ized state  for  gold  and  silverware  are 
well  known.  Further,  from  fine  dust 
of  colored  wood,  such  as  mahogany, 
etc.,  stains  can  be  made  to  be  used 
in  imitating  other  woods.  With  lin- 
seed oils  one  can  make  a  filler.  The 
material  for  this  filler  is  best  ob- 
tained from  the  kind  of  wood  on 
which  it  is  to  be  used. 

'  Sawdust  and  shavings  are  used  for 
packing  glassware,  porcelain  and 
other  ceramic  articles.  In  this  state 
it  must  be  dry,  so  as  not  to  have  a 
detrimental  effect,  especially  on  cera- 
mic goods. 

,  'The  use  of  sawdust  for  cleaning 
floors  is  too  well  known  to  need  men- 
tion; not  so  generally  knowTi  is  its 
property  of  preserving  eggs. 

'Any  person  handling  oily  and 
painty  tinware  should  know  that  it  is 
an  excellent  means  for  cleaning  fresh 
paint  from  such  tinware,  rendering 
the  vessels  perfectly  dry  and  clean. 

'Sawdust  is  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  insulating  material  for  steam 
boilers  and  steam  piping,  and  as  in- 
sulating filler  in  fireless  cookers,  ice 
boxes,  walls,  etc. 

'It  can  be  laid  in  cement  floors  in- 
stead of  sand,  rendering  these  floors 
warmer  and  more  porous.  It  is  used 
for  roofiing  material  instead  of  sand, 
making  roofing  paper  lighter  for 
transportation  and  so  reducing  cost. 

'Charred  sawdust  is  an  excellent 
means  for  filtration  of  liquids  and 
has  disinfecting  qualities,  making  it 
more  suitable  for  this  purpose  than 
ordinary  charcoal.  Added  to  brick 
it  makes  a  more  porous  brick.  Mixed 
with  clay  it  can  be  used  for  the  manu- 
facture of  filtering  articles;  this  has 
proved  to  be  an  attractive  process. 

'Sawdust  is  uspd  to  absorb    mois- 


Pennsylvania's  Fine   Fight. 


45 


ture  in  building  walls  that  are  ex- 
posed to  water.  In  the  manufacture 
of  cheap  wallpaper  and  artificial 
flowers  it  is  used  in  the  form  of  a 
fine  dust.  Other  uses  are  for  cementa- 
tion in  steel  mills,  for  cleaning  pur- 
poses in  the  production  of  gas,  in  the 
manufacture  of  calcium  carbide  and 
carborundum,  and,  in  foundries,  for 
pickling. 

'Everybody  knows  of  its  applica- 
tion in  the  manufacture  of  powder 
and  explosives.  Further  uses  are  for 
floors  in  gj^mnasiums  and  riding 
schools,  for  the  manufacture  of  paper, 
for  slippery  streets  in  winter,  and  for 
bedding  in  stables.  Sawdust  improves 
soil  mechanically^  and,  when  saturat- 
ed with  stable  manure,  it  also  works 


chemically  on  the  soil  and  so  im- 
proves it.  Sawdust  is  also  used  in 
sawdust  mortar  (for  moist  places) 
and  in  horticulture  to  protect  hot- 
beds, etc.  With  proper  manipula- 
tion a  good  wood  soil,  so  valuable  in 
gardening,  can  be  obtained.  In  the 
manufacture  of  soap  for  washing  and 
cleaning  purposes  sawdust  is  also  em- 
ployed. 

'  Very  promising  is  the  manufacture 
of  sugar  and  alcohol  out  of  waste 
woods ;  but  these  processes  are  not  yet 
far  enough  advanced  to  be  of  com- 
mercial value  and  to  justify  large  ex- 
penditures at  the  same  time.  Finally, 
sawdust  is  the  only  material  now 
used  for  a  cheap  production  of  oxalic 
acid. ' 


Pennsylvania's  Fine   Fight 


Chestnut  Tree  BlightCommissionBelieve  they  can  Exterminate  the  Evil 


While  the  following,  taken  from  the 
Philadelphia  Post,  is  somewhat  en- 
thusiastic in  its  character,  neverthe- 
less the  authorities  of  the  Chestnut 
Tree  Blight  Commission  of  Pennsyl- 
vania state  that  it  is  substantially  cor- 
rect. It  is  gratifying  to  know  that 
such  success  has  attended  the  efforts 
of  this  commission.  It  is  both  an  in- 
centive and  a  warning  to  Canadians 
to  be  on  the  alert  in  fighting  at  the 
earliest  possible  stage  the  enemies 
which  threaten  our  forests. 

A  current  example  of  the  effectiveness 
of  common-Fen?e,  scientific  methods  is  found 
in  the  work  of  the  Pennsylvania  commission 
now  engaged  in  exterminating  the  chestnut- 
tree  blight.  This  organization  is  barely 
eighteen  months  old ;  but  in  that  short 
space  of  time  it  has  quieted  the  fears  of  the 
almost  panic-stricken  landowners  and  has 
got  the  situation  well  in  hand.  The  entire 
field  has  been  thoroughly  scouted,  the 
centers  of  the  (lisease  located  and  a  great 
quantity  of  infected  trees  treated,  destroyed 
or  rendered  harmless. 

Chestnut  blight  is  caused  by  a  fungus. 
There  are  two  fungous  growths  that  are  very 
similar  in  appearance,  but  it  has  just  been 
discovered  that  only  one  of  them  is  harm- 
ful to  the  trees.  Studies  made  by  the  com- 
mission indicate  that  the  di^ea^e-creating 
fungus  is  spread  in  the  form  of  spores,  which 


are  shot  out  into  the  air  in  enormous  num- 
bers, particularly  in  wet  weather.  This 
new  information  is  of  importance  in  that 
it  will  modify  the  existing  methods  of 
preventing  the  spread  of  the  blight. 

Wherever  the  inspectors  of  the  commis- 
sion find  blighted  trees  they  cut  out  the 
diseased  portions  of  trunks  and  branches. 
This  method  had  formerly  been  tried  with- 
out much  success;  but  improved  technic 
has  made  it  thoroughly  effective.  The 
diseased  wood,  after  its  removal,  is  burned, 
and  when  the  new  sprouts  come  they  are 
usually  found  to  be  healthy. 

Just  as  boards  of  health  quarantine  indi- 
viduals, modern  foresters  quarantine  dis- 
eased trees.  Three  or  four  serious  outbreaks 
of  chestnut  blight  in  the  western  part  of 
Pennsylvania  were  traced  to  infected  nur- 
sery stock.  Since  this  time  the  inspectors 
have  turned  their  attention  to  the  nurseries 
and  have  examined  every  individual  tree 
offered  for  sale.  This  is  a  costly  and  tedious 
process,  but  it  apears  to  be  justified  by  the 
results  it  produces. 

Not  the  least  important  researches  of  the 
commission  are  being  devoted  to  tree  medi- 
cation and  the  discovery  of  a  liquid  fungi- 
cide that  can  be  safely  and  effectively  in- 
jected into  trunks  and  branches.  In  this 
field  the  investigators  encounter  one  oi  the 
great  obstacles  of  human  medication  —  the 
difficulty  of  finding  a  substance  that  will 
kill  the  germs  without  injuring  their  host. 
In  this  interesting  and  important  work  the 
commission  has  the  co-operation  of  the  office 
of  Forest  Pathology  at  Washington. 


With  the  Forest  Engineers* 


(Contributed  by  the  Canadian  Society  of  Forest  Engineers.) 


USE  OF  THE  LETTERS  'F.E.' 

Editor  Canadian  Forestry  Journal : 

Sir, — I  am  enclosing  herewith  a 
circular  letter  recently  sent  to  the 
various  members  of  the  Canadian  So- 
ciety of  Forest  Engineers,  by  direc- 
tion of  the  society  at  its  last  annual 
meeting.  I  hope  that  you  may  find 
room  to  reproduce  this  letter  in  your 
columns. 

The  feeling  of  the  society,  which 
represents  the  body  of  professional 
foresters  in  the  Dominion,  is  disinctly 
adverse  to  the  loose  use  of  this  desig- 
nation, or  degree,  which  has  already 
been  made  by  certain  individuals,  and 
which  finds  a  certain  analogy  in  the 
indefinite  use  so  often  made  of  the 
designation  'C.E.'  (properly  a  gradu- 
ate university  degree).  As  the  letter 
points  out,  the  letters  'F.E.'  may 
rightfully  be  placed  after  the  name 
only  when  the  man  has  been  granted^ 
this  degree  by  a  university. 

While  the  society  does  not  expect 
to  control  the  usage  of  individuals  in 
the  matter  of  using  these  letters,  it 
wishes  that  its  position  in  regard  to 
them  may  clearly  be  understood  and 
its  desire  to  restrict  the  use  of  the 
letters  to  those  who  have  a  clear  and 
undisputed  right  to  such  use. 

Respectfully  yours, 

F.  W.  H.  JACOMBE, 
Sec.-Treas.  Canadian  Society  of  For- 
est Engineers. 

The  Circular. 

The  attention  of  the  members  of  this 
society  is  called  to  the  fact  that  membership 
in  the  society  gives  no  right  to  the  use  of 
the  letters  'F.E.'  after  any  member's  name. 
Thus,  John  Smith  does  not,  simply  because 
he  is  a  member  of  this  society,  acquire  there- 
by the  right  to  sign  his  name  STohn  Smith, 
F.E. ',  or  in  any  way  to  so  designate  him- 
self. 


These  letters  can  properly  be  added  only 
to  the  names  of  those  who  have  been  grant- 
ed the  degree  of  Forest  Engineer*  by  some 
university.  The  University  of  Toronto,  for 
instance,  gives  the  degree  of  Forest  Engi- 
neer (and  so  the  right  to  use  the  letters 
'F.E.')  to  certain  of  its  graduates  who  have 
(1)  obtained  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Science  in  Forestry  (B.  Sc.F.)  and  (2)  have 
also  taken  several  years  of  practical  work 
after  graduation. 

It  is,  of  course,  taken  for  granted  that 
members  of  this  society,  unless  they  have 
gained  the  degree  in  the  regular  way  as 
aforesaid,  will  refrain  from  using  the  letters 
after  their  names. 

The  letters  'C.S.F.E.'  or  'M.C.S.F.E.' 
have  been  suggested  as  proper  to  be  used 
by  members  of  this  society  to  indicate  their 
membership  therein. 


Officers   for   1913. 

The  following  have  been  elected 
officers  of  the  Canadian  Society  of 
Forest  Engineers  for  the  ensuing 
year:  President,  Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow; 
Vice-President,  Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell; 
Secretary-Treasurer,  Mr.  F.  W.  H. 
Jacombe ;  Executive  Committee, 
Messrs.  Ell  wood  Wilson  and  E.  J. 
Zavitz. 


RANGER   SCHOOL  AT   WORK. 

During  the  past  winter  the  students  of  the 
State  Ranger  School  of  the  New  York  State 
College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  University 
have  been  doing  practical  work  at  Cranberry 
Lake.  The  boys  have  been  at  work  estimat- 
ing the  timber  on  snowshoes.  The  School 
authorities  believe  that  by  careful  manage- 
ment the  School  should  be  able  to  make  from 
$2.50  to  $4  per  acre  per  year  on  the  1,800 
acres  of  the  tract. 


THE  MAILING  LIST. 

Our  mailing  list  is  made  up  from  latest 
data  at  hand  and  is  corrected  monthly. 
Each  member  is  requested  to  report  to  the 
Secretary  promptly  any  error  in  his  address, 
or  any  change  made  or  contemplated,  that 
the  Canadian  Forestry  Journal  may  reach 
every  member  regularly. 


46 


Canadian  Forestry  Association. 


47 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST     TREES 
and     shrubs     at    forest 
prices. 

Native  and  foreign  tree  seeds. 


Edye-de- Hurst  &  Son, 

Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

SHIPPERS    TO     H.    M.    GOVERNMENT,     ETC 


CoiTespondance  Frangaise. 


FOREST 

ENGINEERS. 

Forest  Surveys 

Logging  Maps 

TIMBER 

ESTIMATES 

Water  Power 

Water  Storage. 

CLARK,  LYFORD,  &   STERLING             1 

1331  Real  Estate  Trust  Bldg.,  Philadelphia      | 

CLARK  &  LYFORD, 

LYFORD,  CLARK  &  LYFORD, 

40.^  Crown  Bldg. 

26  Board  of  Trade  Bldg 

VANCOUVER 

MONTREAL 

R.     ©.     SWEEZEY, 

CIVIL  &     FORESTRY     ENGINEER 

Timber  Surveys,  Lumbering 
and  Water  Powers. 


Metropolitan  BIdg. 


QUEBEC,  Canada. 


THE  SMITH  STUMP  PULLER 

This  photopraph  shows  the  work  of  the  Smith  Stump 
Puller,  pulling  stumps  with  one  hnrse,  stumps  that  run 
from  4  to  6  feet  throuch.  atan  average  cost  of  5  cents 
per  3  tump.     Write  for  our  free  Catalog. 
W.  SMITH  GRUBBER  CO..  15  Smith  Sta.,  La  Crsscant.  Minn. 


Canadian  Forestry  Association 


The  Cana<lian  Forestry  Association  is  the 
organization  in  Canarla  for  the  propagation 
of  the  principles  of  forest  conservation. 
This  it  (Ices  by  means  of  conventions,  meet- 
ings, lectures  and  literature. 

It  is  a  popular  organization  supported  by 
the  fees  of  members,  assisted  by  some  gov- 
ernment grants. 

There  is  a  vast  field  of  work  before  the 
Association  which  is  only  limited  by  the 
funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  Association. 

Thofe  who  are  not  already  members  are 
invited  to  join  and  assist  in  the  work.  The 
mefnbership  fee  is  one  dollar  per  year,  and 
this  entitles  the  member  to  attend  and  vote 
at  all  meetings  and  to  receive  the  Annual 
Report  and  the  Canadian  Forc/ttry  Journal. 
Women  as  well  as  men  are  eligible  for  mem» 
bership. 

Application^  for  membership  and  requests; 


for  literature  and  information  may  be  ad- 
dressoil  to 

The  Secretary, 
Caandian  Forestry  Association, 

Canadian  Building,  Ottawa,  Can. 

Objects  of  the  Association. 

(1)  The  exploration  of  the  public  domain^^ 
so  that  lands  unsuitable  for  agriculture  may 
be  reserved  for  timber  production. 

(2)  The  preservation  of  the  forests  for 
their  influence  on  climate.  Foil  and  water 
supply. 

(3)  The  promotion  of  judicious  methods- 
in  dealing  with  forests  and  woodlands.' 

(4)  Tree  planting  on  the  plains  and  on 
streets  and  highways. 

(o)   Reforestation  wliere.  advisable. 

(6)  The  collection  and  diss.emination  of 
information  bearing  on  the  forestry  problem 
in  general. 


Jniversity  of 
New  Bmi)swick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Established  in   igoS 

Four  years'  course  leading  to  the 
Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry.  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal   forest    work. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expenses     correspondingly    moderate. 


For  further  injonnation  address: — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University  Calendar  furnished 
on   application.       —       —       — 


C.  C.  JONES,  Chancellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 

at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syrak.Gtxse,  Ne'vir  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  Foiestry. 
Postgraduate  course  to  Master  of 
Forestry  ;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  and  Ranger  School 
given  on  the  College  Forest  of 
2,000  acres  at  Wanakena  in  the 
Adirondacks.  Forest  Experiment 
Station  of  90  acres  and  excellent 
Library  offer  unusual  oppoitu- 
nities  for  research  work.     : :     : : 

For  particulars  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER.  D.  Oeo.  De&n 


BILTMORE,    -    -    North  Carolina 

'J'HE  Biltmore  Forest  School  is  for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school  of  lumbering  and  forestry  in  the 
United  States.  The  Biltmore  Forest 
School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Biltmore;  summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  of  Ger- 
many. (\  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  any  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  of  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Rachelor  of  Forestry. 

Write /or  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School ^    addressing — 

THE  DIRECTOR.  BILTMORE.  N.  C.  U.  S.  A. 


1[«NIV[R8IIYF0R[SI  SCHOOL 

NEW    HAVEN,  CONNECTICUT,   U.S.A. 


A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  offered  leading-  to  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Forestry 
The  Forest  School  ii  a  graduate 
department  of  Yale  Universiiy 
requiring:  for  admission  a  collegre 
training.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, colleges,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions ot  high  standing  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  oi 
their  diplomas,  provided  they 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subjects  in  their  under- 
graduate work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Univeisity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoology,  Physics,  Inorg-anic 
Chemistry, Geology,  Econom  cs. 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  may  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  are  required 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
ot  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in  the  field  or  laboratory. 

The  school   year  begins  in 
early  July  and  is  conducted  at 
the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  further  information  address 

JAnES  W.  TOUnBY.   Director 

NEW   HAVEN       -      -      -      -       COMNBOTICVT 


V©  R  A  ^~ 


Canadiltt  fop^oplournal 


^ 


ITY  OF  Ig 


m 


liS 


Vol.  IX. 


Ottawa, 


A,  April  1913. 


No.  4 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY  JOURNAL, 

Published  monthly  by  the 

Canadian    Forestry    Association, 

Canadian  Building, 

Ottawa,  Canada. 

Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forest  conservation. 

Subscription  $1  per  year. 

Advertising  Rates  on  Application. 

CONTENTS:  Page. 

Winnipeg  Convention 49 

Editorial  Notes    50 

Dominion  Forest  Service 51 

Booth,  Mr.  John  R 53 

Pulpwood  Statistics  for  1912 54 

Riordon,  Mr.  Carl   55 

British  Columbia  Regulations   55 

Plantations  in  Foreign  Countries 56 

Dwight,  Mr.  T.  AV 57 

Work  of  a  Forest  Engineer 58 

With  the  Forest  Engineers 62 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 


Patron,  H.  R.  H.  the  Governor  General. 

Honorary  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

Honorary  Past  Pres.,   Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier. 

President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton. 

Vice-President,  Wm.   Power,    M.  P. 

Secretary,  Jas.  Lawler,  Canadian  Building, 

Slater  St.,  Ottawa. 

Treasurer,  Miss  M.  Robinson. 

Directors :  Wm.   Little,   Hiram  Robinson,   Aubrey 

White,  E.  Stewart,   H.   M.   Price,    W.    B.    Snowball, 

Thomas  Southworth,   Hon.   W.  C.  Edwards,  Geo.  Y. 

Chown,  John   Hendry,    Hon.   Sydney  Fisher,  R.   H. 

Campbell,  J.  B.  Miller,  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr.  B.  E. 

Femow,    Ellwood    Wilson,    Senator    Bostock,    F.   C. 

Whitman,  G.  C.  Pich6,  Alex.  MacLaurin:  Mgr.  O.  E. 

Mathieu,  Bishop  of  Regina;  A.  P.   Stevenson,  Wm. 

Pearce,  C.  E.  E.  Ussher,  Denis  Murphy,   C.  Jackson 

Booth.  Wm.  Price,  J.   W.  Harkom,  A.  S.  Goodeve, 

W.    C.   J.   Hall.  J.  S.     Dennis,  J.    B.   White,    E.   J. 

Zavitx.  Geo.  Chahoon  Jr.,  R.  D.  Prettie. 

T«rritorlal  VIce-PrMldents ; 

Ontario: — Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 
Quebec: — Hon.  Jules  Allard. 
New  Brunswick:— Hon.  J.  H.  Flemming. 
Nova  Scotia:— Hon.  O.  T.  DanieUi. 
Manitoba:- Hon.  R.  P.  Roblin. 
Prince  Edward  Island:— Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson. 
Saskatchewan— His  Honor  G.  W.  Brown. 
Alberta:— Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton. 
British  Columbia:— Hon.  W.  R.  Ross. 
Yukon: — Geo.  Black,  Commissioner. 
Mackensie:- F.  D.  Wilson. 
Keewatin:— His  Honor  D.  C.  Cameron. 
Ungava:— His  Grace  Mgr.  Bruchesi.   Archbishop  of 
Montreal. 


WINNIPEG  CONVENTION. 

Arrangements  are  now  rapidly- 
progressing  for  the  Winnipeg  Con- 
vention within  the  days  July  7  fo 
10.  The  exact  apportionment  of  these 
days  has  not  yet  been  decided,  but 
it  is  possible  that  the  Convention 
will  open  with  addresses  of  wel- 
come and  replies  on  the  evening 
of  July  7,  and  that  the  business  ses- 
sions will  take  place  on  July  8  and 
9.  In  any  event  the  meetings  will 
lie  within  these  four  days. 

Place  of  Meeting. 

The  sessions  will  be  held  in  one  of 
the  halls  of  the  Winnipeg  Industrial 
Bureau  in  the  heart  of  the  city  at  the 
corner  of  Main  apd  Water  streets. 
This  building,  which  covers  the  site 
of  the  famous  Manitoba  Hotel  and 
Northern  Pacific  Railway  Station, 
has  two  large  assembly  halls  and  a 
number  of  smaller  rooms  which  may 
be  used  for  committee  rooms,  etc. 

Railway  Arrangements. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  this  meet- 
ing will  be  held  during  the  first  days 
of  the  Winnipeg  Exhibition,  those  at- 
tending from  within  the  Winnipeg 
Fair  territory  will  purchase  the 
special  rate  tickets  then  in  force, 
and  will  thus  not  be  required 
to  secure  certificates.  The  Winni- 
peg Fair  territory  embraces  all 
the  country,  in  Canada  between  Fort 
William  and  the  Calgary  Edmontoji 
district.  From  all  stations  in  Can- 
ada east  of  Port  Arthur  members  at- 
tending as  delegates  can  secure  a 
round  trip  for  a  single  fare  (plus 
25c)  on  the  certificate  plan,  the  par- 
ticulars of  which  will  be  furnished 
on  application  to  the  Secretary.   The 


I 


49 


50 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,    April  1913. 


going  dates  for  these  tickets  will  be 
July  3  to  6  inclusive. 

The  certificates  signed  by  the  Sec- 
retary at  Winnipeg  will  be  honored 
up  to  and  including  July  24  for  re- 
turn. 

These  rates  are  for  all  rail  trips.  Where 
it  is  desired  to  make  part  of  the  trip  by 
steamer  across  the  Great  Lakes  the  rates 
will  be  as  follows: — 

P^oing  all-rail,  returning  lake  and  rail, 
$9  additional 

Going  lake  and  rail,  returning  all-rail, 
$4  additional. 

Going  lake  and  rail,  returning  same 
route,  $13  additional. 

Convention  rates  have  been  secured 
for  delegates  from  British  Columbia 
points,  particulars  of  which  may  be 
had  upon  application  to  the  secretary. 


Mr.  R.  S.  Gourlay,  President  of 
the  Canadian  Manufacturers  Associ- 
ation, in  addressing  the  Canadian 
Club  of  Ottawa,  on  March  29,  on 
'Ontario  Present  and  Future,'  drew 
attention  to  some  matters  which  are 
apt  to  be  overlooked.  People  often 
spoke  of  wheat  as  king,  yet  timber, 
not  wheat,  was  the  largest  single 
crop  in  Canada.  The  figures  are : 
timber,  $166,000,000;  wheat,  $121,- 
000,000.  Mr.  Gourlay  also  drew  at- 
tention to  the  value  of  the  tourist  or 
sporting  value  of  fish  in  Ontario. 
Ontario  was  fitted  to  be  the  great 
holidaying  ground  of  the  continent, 
if  not  of  the  world,  and  it  behooved 
her,  therefore,  to  protect  these  game 
and  recreation  features  by  protect- 
ing her  forests.  Mr.  Gourlay  has 
long  been  a  friend  of  forest  con- 
servation, and  this  is  an  aspect  that 
is  coming  more  and  more  to  appeal 
to  the  business  men  of  the  country. 


Those  who  do  not  believe  forest 
conservation  is  making  progress  on 
this  continent  must  keep  their  eyes 
closed  to  the  fact.  Even  five  or  six 
years  ago  it  was  difficult  to  get  ma- 
terial dealing  with  forest  conserva- 
tion. To-day  it  is  impossible  to  take 
up  a  newspaper  or  magazine  with- 
out finding  articles  on  the  subject. 


Besides  this  on  every  hand  organiza- 
tions are  springing  up,  or  are  being 
strengthened,  to  support  the  cause. 
There  is  much  to  be  done.  There  is 
no  time  to  lose  for  each  year  sees  in- 
roads made  by  fire  into  our  forests, 
one  hundred  or  two  hundred  years 
old.  There  is  much  avoidable  w^aste. 
There  is  every  need  for  all  friends  of 
conservation  to  work  to  have  this 
progressive  sentiment  crystallize  in- 
to action.  But  at  the  same  time, 
while  there  is  the  need,  there  is  also 
the  encouragement  that  much  has 
been  accomplished  and  that  ground 
is  being  gained  every  day.  It  is  the 
aim  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Jour- 
nal to  give  a  bird's  eye  view  of  the 
field,  and  the  result  is  that  articles 
have  to  be  shortened  in  order  that 
even  important  happenings  may  be 
briefl}^  chronicled.  Our  readers  are 
sending  in  communications  as  never 
before,  and  as  it  will  always  be  the 
ai]n  to  publish  first  those  article"; 
dealing  with  our  own  country  and 
our  own  time,  the  Editor  will  appre- 
ciate the  development  of  this  fea- 
ture. 


The  preservation  of  mine  timbers  by 
chemical  treatment  has  not  yet  been  adopted 
by  the  mining  industries  of  Canada.  In 
many  localities,  however,  the  distances  re- 
quired to  transport  mining  timbers  are  be- 
coming greater,  poorer  qualities  of  woods 
have  to  be  used  and  the  annual  cost  of  the 
upkeep  of  mine  timbering  is  becoming 
greater.  In  the  United  States  much  has 
been  done  in  the  treatment  of  mine  tim- 
bers and  it  has  been  proved  that  a  treatment 
of  creosote  or  zinc  chloride  decreases  the 
destruction  due  to  decay,  fire  and  insects. 
This  increases  the  life  of  the  timbers  and 
decreases  the  annual  cost  of  replacing  mine 
timbers.  Timber  used  in  mines  has,  on  the 
average,  a  shorter  life  than  wood  used  for 
any  other  purpose.  The  surroundings  in  a 
mine  are  very  conducive  to  rot,  which,  after 
a  period  of  three  to  five  years,  causes  the 
timber  to  break,  crumble  and  become  use- 
less. Experiments  have  been  conducted  in 
United  States  mines  with  a  row  of  untreated 
and  treated  mine  props  alternately  placed. 
In  one  instance,  after  18  months,  every  un- 
treated stick  was  weakened  by  decay  and 
broken,  while  the  treated  props  were  sound 
and  useful.  From  various  practical  experi- 
ments of  this  kind  with  different  species 
of  wood  important  results  have  been  ob- 
tained. 


Dominion  Forest  Service 


Outline  of  Present  Organization  and  Projected  Lines  of  Work. 
T.  ^y.  Dwight,  Assistant  Director  of  Forestry. 


The  Dominion  Forestry  Branch  has,  dur- 
ing the  past  three  months,  been  directing 
its  best  energies  to  a  comprehensive  con- 
sideration of  the  possible  means  of  taking, 
during  the  coming  season,  a  big  step  for- 
ward in  the  direction  of  putting  its  or- 
ganization into  definite  form.  It  has  been 
for  some  time  apparent  that  radical 
changes  and  elaborations  in  the  general 
structure  of  the  organization  and  in  the 
methods  of  handling  business  were  requir- 
ed. The  urgent  necessity  for  this  has  been 
brought  about  by  large  increases  in  the 
area  of  the  forest  reserves  that  followed 
the  careful  examination  of  the  mountain 
regions  in  Alberta  and  British  Columbia. 
These  reconnaissances  have  been  con- 
tinued in  the  newly  surveyed  districts  ly- 
ing in  the  wooded  belt  of  country  ex- 
tending to  the  north  of  the  prairie  regions 
of  the  Provinces  of  Manitoba,  Saskatche- 
wan and  Alberta.  They  have  revealed  the 
fact  that  there,  too,  are  extensive  areas 
that  will  be  great  sources  of  wealth  and 
benefit  to  the  rapidly  growing  population 
of  the  unbroken  agricultural  regions  to  the 
south,  if  they  are  managed  scientifically 
with  a  view  to  continuing  permanently 
on  them  the  production  of  wood.  With 
this  situation  prominently  in  their  minds, 
the  chief  thoughts  of  the  Director  of 
Forestry  and  his  chief  lieutenants  have 
been  directed  towards  taking  the  steps 
necessary  to  enable  the  Forestry  Branch 
to  cope  with  problems  that  will  be  thrust 
upon  them  at  a  rate  all  too  fast  to  enable 
it  to  keep  pace.  There  has  been,  too, 
the  feeling  of  the  responsibility  of  the  Do- 
minion organization  to  take  the  leadership 
in  efficient  and  progressive  administra- 
tion, so  that  their  action  might  serve  as 
a  stimulus  to  the  provincial  organizations 
in  making  similar  progress  towards  plac- 
ing under  wise  and  provident  care  the 
valuable  resources  entrusted  to  them. 

The  Framework. 

A  tentative  framework  for  the  organi- 
zation was  outlined  at  the  beginning  of 
the  season  of  1912,  and  preliminary  steps 
were  taken  to  carry  on  the  work  in  ac- 
cordance with  it.  The  practical  problems 
immediately  encountered  when  the  actual 
operation  was  in  effect  showed,  in  innum- 


erable instances,  the  necessity  of  rapidly 
developing,  the  organization  along  the  gen- 
eral lines  laid  down.  The  most  pressing 
details  requiring  attention  were  brought 
prominently  into  view,  and,  with  the  pur- 
pose of  considering  these,  a  meeting  was 
arranged  at  Ottawa  of  the  Inspectors 
having  charge  of  the  different  divisions 
of  the  work  in  the  field.  For  the  space 
of  a  month  there  were  taken  into  consid- 
eration such  problems  as  the  general  re- 
vision of  the  regulations  governing  forest 
reserves,  the  construction  of  fresh  outlines 
to  indicate  the  methods  by  which  the  busi- 
ness of  the  Forestry  Branch  should  be  han- 
dled, and  the  delineation  of  the  present 
and  future  steps  necessary  to  the  develop- 
ing of  an  efficient  and  well-trained  person- 
nel. The  management  of  forest  reserves 
for  the  fullest  benefit  of  the  public  in- 
volves many  problems.  There  is  not  only 
the  control  in  a  scientific  manner  of  the 
disposal  of  the  timber  grown  on  them,  but 
also  the  making  available  of  the  grazing 
lands  in  many  places  intermingled  with, 
and  inseparable  from,  the  timberland.  The 
disposal  of  the  mining  rights,  which  in 
the  Rocky  Mountain  coal  areas  are  enor- 
mous in  extent  and  value,  must  be  pro- 
vided for.  The  regulation  of  the  use  of 
land  for  railways,  summer  resorts,  towns 
and  other  numerous  purposes  is  a  many- 
sided  problem.  Fish  and  game  must  also 
be  protected,  so  that  the  forest  reserves 
may  remain  a  permanent  asset  to  the 
general  public,  not  only  on  a  material 
basis,  but  also  from  the  standpoint  of 
health  and  recreation.  When  this  is  real- 
ized, the  extent  of  the  problems  to  be  met 
may  be  comprehended. 

The  subdivision  of  the  organization  into 
distinct  branches  to  handle  the  various 
lines  of  work  was  an  initial  step.  The 
duties  of  the  Head  Office  at  Ottawa  were 
first  outlined.  Here  the  general  plans 
?niiMt  be  submitted  and  considered,  and  the 
control  and  co-ordination  of  the  wrok  se- 
cured. Detailed  recor/ls  of  all  work  must 
also  be  kept  here,  in  order  that  informa- 
tion in  regard  to  it  may  be  put  before 
the  public  through  the  agencies  of  the 
press  and  of  government  publications,  and 
•iirectly  before  the  representatives  of  the 
peo[)Ie,  the  ministers  of  the  Crown  and  the 


51 


52 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  April  1913. 


members  of  parliament.  To  cope  adequate- 
ly with  the  demands  of  this  work,  the  need 
of  a  large  increase  in  the  staff  at  this 
point  was  apparent. 

In  the  field  the  work  has  been  placed 
under  the  supervision  of  Inspectors.  For 
the  administration  of  forest  reserves,  dis- 
tricts have  been  outlined  in  accordance 
with  provincial  boundaries.  In  each  of 
them,  the  staffs  in  charge  of  the  forest  re- 
serves are  to  be  under  the  direction  of  a 
single  field-officer.  For  these  positions 
men  have  been  selected  who  possessed 
large  ability  in  administrative  matters, 
and  the  highest  qualifications  for  forest 
administration,  and  who  were  calculated  t'^ 
be  fitted  for  developing  the  work  along 
the  best  and  most  efficient  lines. 

Protection  Work. 

The  duties  of  the  Forestry  Branch  in- 
clude the  protection  of  the  timber  on  all 
lands  under  the  control  of  the  Dominion 
government,  no  matter  whether  or  not  it 
is  included  in  forest  reserves.  For  the 
protection  of  the  lands  outside  of  the  for- 
est reserves,  a  special  staff  has  been  main- 
tained. The  work  has  been  put,  during 
the  past  year,  under  the  supervision  of  an 
Inspector.  A  staff  of  Chief  Fire  Rangers 
have  recently  been  permanently  appointed, 
and  they  will  be  engaged  throughout  the 
year,  in  familiarizing  themselves  with,  and 
planning  for,  the  solution  of  the  problems 
to  be  met  in  their  respective  districts.  The 
advances  made  in  this  department  of  the 
work  have  been  greater  than  in  almost  any 
other.  The  inauguration,  through  the 
Board  of  Railway  Commissioners,  of  a  pat- 
rol by  the  railway  companies  of  the  lines 
passing  through  timbered  districts  has 
enabled  the  Forestry  Branch,  which  here- 
tofore carried  out  this  work,  to  extend  the 
protection  given  by  its  staff  to  many  new 
areas  removed  from  the  present  railway 
lines.  The  attention  of  the  Inspector  of 
Fire  Ranging  during  the  present  summer  is 
to  be  devoted,  for  a  considerable  time,  to 
the  further  extension  of  the  fire  patrols  in 
regions  hitherto  untouched.  A  trip  has 
been  planned  which  will  enable  him  to  se- 
cure a  first-hand  knowledge  of  the  vast 
needs  of  the  timbered  area  draining  into, 
and  lying  along,  the  lower  reaches  of  the 
Mackenzie  river  and  probably  also  of  the 
Yukon  Territory. 

The  increase  of  the  area  included  in  the 
forest  reserves  to  take  in  the  non-agricul- 
tural areas  at  present  lying  in  the  van  of 
the  rapidly  extending  settlement  is  a  pro- 
blem that  is  an  ever-pressing  one.  Before 
any  land  is  recommended  to  be  included 
in  a  forest  reserve  a  careful  examination 
is  made  of  it.  Not  only  must  the  timber 
resources  that  may  be  comprised  in  it  be 
determined,  but  there  must  also  be  investi- 
gated the  nature  and  agricultural  possibili- 
ties of  the  soil  and  the  relation  of  the  for- 


est cover  to  the  maintenance  and  regula- 
tion of  the  water-flow  of  the  region.  The 
information  furnished  in  the  preliminary 
reports  made  by  the  Dominion  Land  Sur- 
veyors is  made  available  to  the  men  carry- 
ing on  these  examinations.  The  decision 
as  to  the  ultimate  disposal  of  the  land 
can  then  be  based  on  a  broad  consideration 
of  the  best  permanent  use  that  the  land 
can  serve  for  the  community.  It  is  keenly 
felt  that  this  examination  should  be  made, 
and  the  decision  reached,  well  in  advance 
of  any  settlement  in  the  region,  in  order 
that  new  settlers  may  be  guided  into  the 
best  agricultural  regions  and  may  be  pro- 
tected from  attempting  settlement  on  lands 
where  agriculture  cannot  thrive.  In  all 
parts  of  the  Dominion,  and  particularly 
in  the  Western  Provinces,  where  settlement 
of  new  lands  has  of  late  progressed  so  rap- 
idly, many  unfortunate  instances  have 
come  under  observation  of  settlers  locat- 
ing, through  ignorance,  on  lands  unsuit- 
ed  to  their  occupation.  The  result  has 
been  a  later  abandonment  of  the  land 
with  a  great  loss  to  the  individual  and 
with  a  greater  waste  of  capital  and 
energy  to  the  country.  It  may  be  seen, 
therefore,  that  this  work  of  the  Forestry 
Branch  has  *  a  much  broader  scope  than 
that  connected  with  the  mere  management 
and  protection  of  forest  lands,  as  it  in- 
cludes the  wise  regulation  of  settlement. 
This  last  is  one  of  the  most  important 
duties  of  the  government. 

As  the  areas  to  be  examined  are  in  most 
cases  removed  from  the  existing  centres 
of  forest  reserve  management  or  of  fire 
patrol,  this  work  is  organized  as  a  separate 
division.  Men  with  technical  training  in 
forest  and  soil  conditions  and  in  the  me- 
thods of  forest  reconnaissance  are  em- 
ployed to  carry  on  the  field  work.  An 
agricultural  expert  with  special  training  in 
regard  to  soils  has  recently  been  engaged 
to  insure  the  bringing  to  bear  of  the  most 
advanced  knowledge  on  thi^  phase  of  the 
problem.  The  results  of  the  investigations 
are  made  available  to  the  public  in  the 
form  of  government  bulletins  whenever 
new  conditions  and  new  problems  are  met. 

The  areas  to  receive  special  attention 
during  the  coming  summer  are  the  Peace 
River  district,  the  moruntainous  regions  of 
the  Railway  Belt  in  British  Columbia, 
some  of  the  areas  of  sandy,  stony  and 
swamp  soils  in  the  northern  portion  of 
Saskatchewan,  and  in  Manitoba  the  area 
lying  between  Lakes  Winnipeg  and  Mani- 
toba. 

Tree  Planting. 

Another  important  divi«ion  of  the  work 
of  the  Forestry  Branch  is  the  extension 
of  tree-growth  in  the  treeless  settled  re- 
gions of  the  prairie  Provinces.  This  is 
done  by  the  encouragement  of  private 
planting.     Seedlings  of  hlardwood  species 


Eominion  Forest  Servich 


53 


are  distributed  to  settlers  free  of  cost, 
and  seedlings  of  coniferous  species  are  fur- 
nished at  the  cost  of  growing  them  in  the 
nurseries.  This  work,  inaugurated  about 
a  dozen  vears  ago,  has  met  with  great 
success  from  the  start.  The  purpose  held 
in  vieV  was  the  furnishing  of  a  supply  of 
fuel,  fence  posts,  etc.,  to  the  settlers,  the 
protection  from  storms  of  their  dwellings 
and  the  beautification  of  the  general  land- 
scape.    The  best   index  of  the  success  of 


MR.  JOHN  R.  BOOTH. 

On  Saturday,  April  5,  Mr.  John  R. 
Booth,  of  Ottawa,  celebrated  his 
eighty -sixth  birthday,  in  good  health 
and  in  active  control  of  his  great 
lumber,  paper  and  other  interests. 
Mr.  Booth  was  one  of  the  charter 
members  of  the  Canadian  Forestry 
A.ssociation,  and  was  for  some  years 
a  director,  which  office  is  now  filled 
by  his  son,  Mr.  C.  Jackson  Booth. 
At  the  1906  Convention  in  Ottawa, 
]Mr.  Booth  put  at  the  disposal  of  the 
committee  of  arrangements  a  special 
train  which  took  the  delegates  out 
over  the-  Canada  Atlantic  Railway 
(Mr.  Booth's  line)  to  see  the  opera- 
tions on  one  of  his  limits  in  the  Mad- 
awaska  district.  Mr.  Booth  has  al- 
ways been  a  strong  supporter  of 
forest  conservation. 


this  work  is  the  appreciation  shown  by 
the  people  receiving  the  benefit  from  it. 
This  has  expressed  itself  in  a  continually 
growing  demand  for  the  nursery  stock. 
The  extent  of  this  demand  led  the  depart- 
ment last  year  to  decide  on  the  establish- 
ment of  a  nursery  at  Saskatoon  to  supple- 
ment that  now  established  at  Indian  Head. 
The  work  of  putting  the  nursery  under 
way  is  being  undertaken  this  year. 

Statistics  and  Laboratory. 

In  connection  with  the  head  office  at 
Ottawa,  various  lines  of  work  are  being 
undertaken  and  developed,  with  the  idea 
of  bringing  the  general  problem  of  forestry 
before  the  public  and  of  increasing  the 
knowledge  of  those  directly  using  forest 
products  in  regard  to  the  material  they 
are  handling. 

A  technical  forester  will  from  now  on 
devote  his  whole  time  to  the  gathering  and 
preparing  for  publication  of  the  existing 
knowledge  in  regard  to  the  forest  resources 
of  the  country.  This  information  will  also 
be  made  available  for  use  in  the  public 
lectures  given  at  frequent  intervals  by  offi- 
cers of  the  department.  The  information 
used  in  the  past  as  a  basis  for  these  lec- 
tures has,  to  too  great  an  extent,  been 
based  on  the  experience  and  data  of  other 
countries.  It  is  intended  in  future  to  use 
to  a  much  larger  extent  the  knowledge 
acquired  in  this  country  itself. 

For  the  benefit  of  the  industries  using 
wood  in  various  forms,  statistics  of  the 
quantity  and  value  of  the  wood  so  used  are 
compiled  annually.  The  most  detailed 
work  in  this  connection  is  in  regard  to  the 
use  of  wood  in  its  highest  manufactured 
form  by  factories  of  various  sorts.  This 
work  is  being  undertaken  by  Provinces. 
A  report  will  shortly  be  published,  giving 
the  data  gathered  in  Ontario  in  1912,  and 
a  report  with  regard  to  the  Maritime  Pro- 
vinces is  in  an  advanced  state  of  prepara- 
tion. The  Province  of  Quebec  will  next 
receive  attention,  and  later  the  western 
Provinces. 

A  most  important  development  of  this 
work  has  been  the  establishment,  through 
the  co-operation  of  McGill  University,  of 
a  wood-products  laboratory.  In  this  labor- 
atory there  will  be  investigated  the 
strength  and  other  properties  of  the  vari- 
ous woods  of  industrial  importance.  One 
of  the  large  problems  that  will  engage  its 
early  attention  will  be  the  methods  of  man- 
ufacturing wood-pulp  for  paper  and  the 
suitability  of  various  species  of  wood  for 
Huch  manufacture. 

Another  department  recently  inaugurat- 
ed is  the  making  of  studies  and  the  giv- 
ing of  assistance  in  relation  to  the  manage- 
ment of  privately  owned  woodlands,  espe- 
cially the  smaller  areas  in  settled  districts. 
The  Forestry  Branch  is  continually  in  re- 
ceipt of  requests  from  the  owners  of  such 


54 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  April  1913 


tracts  for  information  and  advice.  The 
supervision  of  the  management  of  a  small 
tract  owned  by  the  Y.M.CA.  near  Lake 
Couchiching  (Ontario)  has  been  under- 
taken by  the  Forestry  Branch.  It  will  be 
the  object  of  this  management  to  main- 
tain the  permanent  continuity  of  forest 
cover,  and  at  the  same  time  procure  for 
the  owners  of  the  tract  the  greatest  pos- 
sible benefit  and  revenue.  In  connection 
with  this  work  studies  will  be  made  of  the 
rate  of  growth  and  suitability  for  im- 
portation into  this  country  of  various  ex- 
otic trees  that  might  prove  of  value  to 
the  owners  of  small  tracts  of  woodlands 
who  desire  to  make  the  most  of  their  wood- 
lots  and  plantations. 


The  outline  given  of  these  lines  of 
work  (still  merely  in  their  infancy)  will 
make  clear  the  necessity  for  large  in- 
creases in  staff.  An  especial  difficulty 
has  been  experienced  in  securing  the  ser- 
vices of  men  properly  trained  f5r  the 
duties  of  planning  and  supervising  the 
various  activities.  The  forestry  schools  of 
the  country  are  developing  men  of  the 
right  caliber  and  abilities,  but  at  a  rate 
altogether  inadequate.  A  considerable 
number  of  acquisitions  of  technical  men 
has,  however,  been  made  recently,  which 
will  allow  important  development. 


Canadian  Pulpwood  Statistics  for  1912 


Figures  from  the  Forthcoming  Bulletin  of  the  Dominion  Forestry  Branch. 


A  total  of  1,846,910  cords  of  pulpwood 
were  cut  in  Canada  during  1912;  of  this 
866,042  cords  were  manufactured  into  pulp 
in  Canadian  mills  while  980,868  cords  were 
exported  in  the  raw  or  unmanufactured 
state.  This  is  an  increase  of  21.5  per  cent 
over  the  total  cut  of  1911 — an  increase  of 
28.8  per  cent  in  manufacture  of  pulp  and 
an  increase  of  16.6  per  cent  in  export  of 
raw  pulpwood. 

The  average  value  per  cord  of  pulpwood 
consumed  bv  Canada's  pulp  mills  decreas- 
ed from  $6.45  to  $6.02.  The  total  value  of 
pulpwood  used  in  the  industry  in  1912  was 
$5,215,582. 

Quebec,  Ontario  and  New  Brunswick  still 
head  the  list  of  provinces  in  consumption 
of  pulpwood.  British  Columbia,  however, 
has  increased  its  consumption  by  some 
thirty-four  thousand  cords  bringing  it  up 
to  fourth  place  ahead  of  Nova  Scotia.  A 
decrease  of  18.6  per  cent  in  consumption 
is  noticed  in  Ontario  during  1912;  all  other 
provinces  having  increased  during  the 
year. 

The  use  of  balsam  fir  for  pulp  manufac- 
ture has  increased  from  17.5  per  cent  in 
1911  to  19  per  cent,  in  1912,  and  with  this 
there  is  a  decrease  in  the  proportion  of 
spruce  from  81.6  per  cent  to  78.2  per  cent. 
An  increase  in  the  proportion  of  hemlock 
used  is  due  to  the  consumption  in  British 
Columbia  where  over  seventeen  thousand 
cords  of  this  material  were  used  in  1912. 
Western  larch  was  reported  for  the  first 
time  from  this  Province. 

The  mechanical  and  sulphite  processes 
still  head  the  list,  but  the  sulphate  pro- 
cess used  practically  for  the  first  time  in 
1912,  was  employed  in  manufacturing  over 
sixty-six  thousand  cords  of  pulpwood,  put- 
ting this  process  third  on  the  list.     This 


replaces  the  soda  process,  the  use  of  which 
decreased  by  72.9  per  cent. 

The  export  of  the  finished  product,  wood- 
pulp,  has  increased  by  34.1  per  cent.  The 
proportions  of  ground  wood  and  chemical 
pulp  remained  practically  stationary  at 
about  85  and  15  per  cent,  respectively. 
In  1911  over  99  per  cent,  of  the  export 
went  to  the  United  States.  In  1912  only 
about  63  per  cent,  was  exported  to  that 
country,  while  Great  Britain  imported  al- 
most 37  per  cent  and  Japan  entered  the 
market  purchasing  1,046  tons  of  pulp, 
mostly  chemically  prepared.  China  and 
New  Zealand  also  imported  small  quanti- 
ties of  Canadian  wood-pulp. 

Wood-pulp  was  imported  into  Canada 
from  the  United  States,  Sweden,  Great  Bri- 
tain, Germany  and  Austria-Hungary  in 
1912,  indicating  that  in  some  cases  these 
countries  can  manufacture  pulp  cheaper 
than  Canada  or  that  they  produce  some 
special  grade  of  material  desired  by  Can- 
adian paper  makers.  The  total  value  of 
imports  of  pulp  increased  by  83.7  per  cent 
in   1912. 

Canada  still  exports  over  half  the  pulp- 
wood produced  in  the  country.  In  fact, 
the  proportion  of  wood  exported  in  the  raw 
state  increased  from  55.8  per  cent  in  1911 
to  56.1  per  cent  in  1912. 

New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  manu- 
factured less  of  their  pulpwood  in  1912 
than  in  1911,  while  the  proportions  in  On- 
tario remained  the  same.  British  Columbia 
was  the  only  Province  which  reported  hav- 
ing manufactured  all  its  pulpwood  into 
pulp  in  the  Province.  The  effects  of  legis- 
lation restricting  the  export  of  raw  pulp- 
wood are  most  evident  in  Quebec,  where 
43.5  ]>er  cent  of  the  cut  of  pulpwood  was 
manufactured  within  the  Province  in  1912 
as  opposed  to  only  38.0  per  cent  in  1911. 


Regulating  Gutting  in  British  Columbia 


A.  V.  Gilbert,  B.  C.  Forest  Service,  Tete  Jaune  Cache,  B.C. 


It  has  occurred  to  me  that  some  of  the 
readers  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Journal 
woula  be  interested  to  hear  of  the  suc- 
cess which  has  attended  the  efforts  of  the 
recently  organized  Forest  Branch  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia  with  regard  to  the  regula- 
tion  of  the   cutting   of  timber   on    Crown 


MB.  CABL  RIORDON. 

Mr.  Carl  Riordon,  Vice-President 
and  Managing  Director  of  the  Rior- 
don Pulp  and  Paper  Co.,  has  been 
elected  President  of  the  newly  form- 
ed Canadian  Pulp  and  Paper  Asso- 
ciation. Mr.  Riordon  has  been  for 
many  years  a  member  of  the  Cana- 
dian Forestry  Association,  and  up 
till  this  year  was  a  Director  when 
he  resigned,  feeling  that  some  per- 
son who  could  give  more  time  should 
be  elected.  Mr.  Riordon  has  taken 
a  deep  interest  in  the  cause  of  forest 
conservation.  He  read  a  valuable 
paper  at  the  1909  Convention,  and 
it  is  confidently  expected  that  the 
Association  will  have  the  advantage 
of  his  counsel  on  future  occasions. 


lands  for  construction  purposes  being  car- 
ried on  by  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Rail- 
way Company. 

The  proper  clearing  and  burning  of  de- 
bris on  the  rightofway,  which  is  under  the 
supervision  of  the  divisional  fire-warden  of 
each  district,  has  been  carefully  looked 
after,  but  as  this  has  always  been  in- 
sisted upon  there  is  little  difficulty  in  hav- 
ing it  carried  out.  On  the  other  hand  an 
innovation,  which  proved  a  slight  stum- 
bling-block at  first,  was  the  demand  of  the 
Forest  Branch  that  where  any  timber  for 
construction  purposes  is  being  taken  out 
the  tops  shall  be  lopped  and  all  brush 
shall  be  piled  according  to  the  directions 
of  the  local  forest  officer,  who  will  also 
supervise  the  burning  of  this  debris  at  the 
proper  time,  this  latter  expense  to  be  borne 
by  the  Government  This  is,  I  believe,  the 
first  instance  in  Canada,  where  railway 
contractors  have  been  required  to  adopt 
such  measures. 

The  most  extensive  cutting  being  done 
in  any  localized  centres  is  in  connection 
with  the  taking  out  of  ties  and  bridge 
timber.  The  fact  that  this  work  is  let  by 
contract  would  explain  why  some  slight 
difficulty  was  encountered  at  first  by  the 
forest  officers. 

When  the  railway  company  wishes  to  cut 
on  any  certain  piece  of  land  they  must 
first  apply  to  the  local  forest  officer  who 
examines  this  land  and  reports  to  the  head 
office  at  Victoria,  where  the  application 
is  finally  passed  upon,  and  if  accepted  a 
;»otinit  to  cut  is  granted.  On  each  permit 
tlie  following  instructions  are  given  special 
emphasis:  'All  tops  shall  be  lopped  and 
j>iled  with  all  other  slash  and  debris  re- 
sulting from  logging  operations  in  compact 
j»ilos,  and  shall  be  so  piled  that  when  burn- 
ed no  damage  will  result  to  the  remaining 
standing  timber.'  The  railway  company 
did  not  mention  this  specifically  in  the 
contracts  which  they  let  but  the  contracts 
stated  that  all  cutting  be  done  according 
to  the  directions  of  the  forest  officers. 
Naturally  any  of  the  contractors  who  did 
not  inform  themselves  as  to  the  regulations 
of  the  British  Columbia  Forest  Branch 
were  a  little  loath  to  undertaken  work 
which  meant  a  direct  loss  to  their  profits. 
As  the  contractor  usually  sub-lets  the  con- 
tract and  probably  the  sub-contractor  in 
turn  sub-lets  it  again,  it  gave  more  oppor- 
tunity for  misunderstandings  to  occur  and 
in  this  way  some  delay  occurred  in  the 
starting  of  the  brush  piling.  However  on 
the  matter  being  taken  up  with  the  rail- 


55 


56 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  April   1913. 


way  company  by  the  Minister  of  Lands, 
the  Hon.  W.  E.  Eoss,  who  is  actively  in- 
terested in  carrying  out  the  policy  of  the 
Forest  Branch,  the  contractors  were  in- 
structed to  see  that  all  demands  of  the 
forest  officers  were  carried  out,  and  at  the 
present  time  the  work  of  piling  the  brush 
is  being  carried  on  by  all  the  contractors, 
without  exception,  in  this  district. 

The  contractors  endeavoured  to  get  the 
tie-makers  to  pile  the  brush  and  offered 
them  one  cent  a  tie  more  than  they  were 
getting,  but  they  would  not  accept  this, 
and  consequently  a  special  crew  had  to  be 
engaged  to  do  the  work.  Of  course  the 
work  can  be  done  cheapest  by  the  tie- 
maker,  and  the  statement  has  often  been 
advanced  that  the  brush  can  be  piled  for 


one  cent  a  tie  if  done  by  the  tie-maker,, 
but  a  great  deal  depends  on  the  nature  of 
the  timber  and  the  country.  It  is  very 
doubtful  if  the  work  can  be  done  for  that 
figure  in  this  valley  where  the  timber  is 
mostly  spruce  and  runs  very  much  to  brush. 
On  one  permit  the  brush  has  been  piled  for 
one  and  a  half  cents  a  tie,  but  in  this  case 
four  tie-makers  took  the  contract  in  part- 
nership and  they  are  doing  most  of  the 
brush  piling  themselves,  which  fact  would 
lead  one  to  believe  that  they  can  do  the 
work  much  cheaper  than  it  can  be  done  by 
a  contractor  who  is  hiring  day  labor.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  very  difficult  to 
secure  laborers  for  this  work  at  all  because 
it  is  rather  unpleasant  when  there  is  much 
snow  in  the  bush  and  the  men  who  do- 
take  it  up  seem  rather  inefficient. 


Records  and  Care  of  Plantations  in  Foreign 

Countries. 


Geo.  H.  Retan,  Forester,  Pennsylvania  Dept.  of  Forestry,  Mont  Alto,  Penn. 

The  following  notes  of  an  address  by  Mr.  Eetan  before  a  gathering  of  Pennsyl- 
vania foresters  were  sent  by  him  at  the  request  of  the  Editor  of  the  Canadian  For- 
estry Journal.  It  is  hoped  to  have  other  articles  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Eetan  in  the 
near  future. 


Eecords  of  plantations,  as  plantations, 
do  not  exist.  On  the  contrary  records  are 
continuous  for  every  unit  of  management. 
They  not  only  cover  the  present  planta- 
tions on  the  ground  but  give  the  complete 
history  of  the  last  stand  occupying  the 
site.  These  records  are  complete  in  every 
feature,  typical  of  the  scientific  German 
character. 

Eecords  are  of  two  kinds,  written  and 
cartographical.  The  two  show  practically 
the  same  thing,  the  written  covering  a 
longer  period  of  time/  One  map  may 
show  geological  characteristics  and  quality 
of  the  soil,  age  and  species  of  the  stand, 
units  of  managament  and  even  sylvicul- 
tural  plans.  The  written  record  adds  as 
to  the  plantation  in  particular,  a  minute 
history  of  every  expense,  loss,  treatment 
and  results.  There  is  never  a  second  fail- 
ure from  the  same  reason. 

Protection  in  Germany  is  the  result  of 
several  co-operating  forces.  The  chief  of 
these  in  their  order  of  importance  seem 
to  be: 

Continued  period  of  high  relative  hu- 
midity. 

An  adequate  force. 

A  large  permanent  labor  force. 

A  comj)letely  developed  transportation 
svstem. 


The  sense  of  individual  ownership. 

The  utilization  of  the  litter. 

In  the  Black  forest,  Odenwald,  Bava- 
rian Highlands,  and  Ehine,  there  were  few 
days  during  the  whole  fall  when  a  fire 
would  have  been  possible.  From  what  I 
could  learn  it  was  not  an  exceptional  fall, 
nor  was  the  actual  rainfall  heavy.  The 
air  seemed  always  damp  and  foggy  or 
actually  misty.  To  this  cause  may  be  at- 
tributed the  success  of  the  plantations  of 
the  Pacific  Coast  species  in  Germany. 

Then  we  have  the  important  fact  that 
every  inhabitant,  peasant  or  prince,  has 
a  more  or  less  concrete  sense  of  owner- 
ship in  the  forest.  "Whether  he  is  merely 
entitled  to  a  yearly  amount  of  firewood 
free  or  whether  he  is  in  a .  community 
whose  taxes  are  greatly  lessened  because 
of  the  communal  forest,  he  has  the  indi- 
vidual sense  of  'pocketbook'  interest 
which  impels  him  to  protect  his  own  pro- 
perty. What  a  difference  this  alone  would 
make   in   Pennsylvania! 

As  to  the  roads,  praise  cannot  be  too 
great.  Whether  on  the  sands  of  the  Ehine 
Valley  where  roads  cost  little  or  in  the 
Saxon  Erzgebirge,  fully  as  rocky  as  the 
mountains  of  Central  Pennsylvania,  there 
is  present  the  same  intensity  of  the  road 
system.    At  Tharandt  where  Cotta  in  ISll 


Records  and  Care  of  Plantations  in  Foreign  Countries 


57 


made  the  first  scientific  German  working 
plans,  they  are  now  revising  these  plans 
in  entirety  in  order  to  develop  a  more 
economic  road  system.  Consciously  or  un- 
consciously German  protection  is  about 
summarized  in  the  one  word  Roads. 

Plantations  are  universally  protected 
against  man.  These  are  the  only  woods 
that  the  tourist  is  not  allowed  to  enter. 
Everywhere  is  the  sign  'walking  forbid- 
den.' 

Protection  from  erosion  is  provided  for 
in  plantations  on  steep  hillsides  by  ter- 
races. These  may  be  only  a  single  or 
double  furrow  made  with  a  plow  or  the 
more  elaborate  terraces  of  the  French  re- 
foresting work. 

In  the  shore  plantations  generally  wind- 
breaks are  erected  or  grasses  planted  until 
the  trees  are  well  started.  In  the  Rhine 
valley  small  cutting  areas  guard  against 
the  drifting  sand. 

Sufficient  shade  for  plantations  is  pro- 
vided for  in  the  manner  of  cutting.  This 
maj'  be  the  strip  system,  a  strip  of  planta- 
tion alternating  with  a  strip  of  highwood 
or  in  groups  of  various  sizes  adapted  to 
the  species  planted.  One  form  of  light 
protection  was  most  interesting  to  us  here 
in  Pennsylvania.  This  was  in  the  trans- 
formation of  coppice  into  highforest.  In 
this  all  the  stump  sprouts  but  one  were 
cut  and  the  one  left  was  the  strongest. 
This  one  sprout  absorbs  the  whole  energy 
of  the  stump  to  prevent  more  suckers 
and  at  the  same  time  protects  the  planta- 
tion. After  the  plantation  is  once  estab- 
lished these  single  sprouts  are  cut  out. 
This  method  proved  far  superior  to  clear 
cutting  where  the  sprouts  must  be  cut 
back  once  or  twice  at  an  expense  equalling 
the  first  cost  of  the  plantation.  This 
method  is  especially  to  be  recommended 
in  frosty  situations  with  species  sensitive 
to  late  or  early  frosts. 

Protection  against  wild  animals  provec 
a  considerable  source  of  expense,  due  es- 
pecially to  their  hunting  laws  and  game 
protection.  Against  the  deer  fencing, 
either  wooden  or  wire,  is  used.  In  spruce 
plantations  the  terminal  shoots  of  every 
tree  are  tarred  in  some  sections.  White 
pine  seedlings  at  Brettan  were  bound 
with  lead  strips  to  prevent  barking  by  ro- 
dents. 

Protection  against  insects  and  fungi  is 
too  large  a  subject  to  speak  of  specifi- 
cally. There  is  a  careful  watch  kept  for 
the  diseased  tree  and  it  is  removed  at  once 
and  precautions  taken  where  an  epidemic 
is  feared.  Whole  plantations  are  some- 
times sprayed  with  Bordeau  mixture 
where  shedding  disease  of  the  Scotch  ])ine 
is  present.  Careful  watch  is  kept  in  spruce 
and  pine  plantations  for  the  honey  fungus, 
etc.  Plantations  are  left  sheltered  for  five 
years  before  the  adjoining  overwood  is 
cut  out.     It  is  claimed  that  after  a  five 


year  interval  the  usual  crop  of  'children's 
diseases'  has  been  run  through  with  and 
an  adjoining  plantation  will  not  be  in- 
fected. 

But  the  one  measure  that  is  claimed 
to  be  most  effective  for  protection  is  bird 
protection.  Birds  are  offered  every  induce- 
ment to  remain  in  the  woods  as  bird 
houses,  concrete  watering  and  bathing 
tubs,  feed  huts  for  winter,  feed  when  the 
snow  makes  their  living  precarious,  etc. 


MR.  T.  W.  DWIGHT,  B.  Sc.F. 
Assistant  Director  of  Forestry. 


DURABILITY  OF  TIES. 

Tho  average  life  of  untreated  ties  as  re- 
ported by  the  steam  roads  is  as  follows: 
cedar,  nine  years;  tamarack,  eight  years; 
hemlock,  seven  years;  Douglas  fir,  seven 
years;  jack  pine,  six  years;  spruce,  six  years. 
As  recent  statistics  bear  evidence,  cedar  is 
the  species  principally  used,  because  of  its 
durability,  but  the  supply  of  cedar  is  rapidly 
becoming  exhausted.  Unless  preservative 
treatment  of  ties  is  introduced,  the  short- 
lived sjiecies  will  have  to  be  used  untreated, 
which,  on  account  of  the  necessary  frequent 
renewal,  will  increase  the  cost  of  mileage 
maintenance.  If  treated  ties  were  used, 
which  would  cost  thirty  cents  extra  per  tie 
for  creosoting  and  equipping  with  tie  plates, 
the  inferior  species,  which  are  very  plenti- 
ful and  cheap  in  Canada,  could  be  uf-ed  with 
economy.  With  sjich  a  treatment  these 
woods  would  last  at  least  fifteen  years,  and 
if  protected  from  wear  would  probably  last 
much  longer. 


The  Work  oi  a  Forest  Engineer. 


By  A.  H.  D.  Boss,  M.A.,  M.F.,  Lecturer  in   Forestry,    University    of     Toronto. 


In  the  present  stage  of  our  civilization, 
wood,  in  one  form  or  another,  is  an  abso- 
lute necessity.  Our  people  use  enormous 
quantities  of  it  for  all  sorts  of  purposes. 

During  the  present  century  Canada's 
population  is  sure  to  reach  the  eighty 
million  mark.  Meanwhile  enormous  quan- 
tities of  wood  will  be  required  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  railways  needed  to  open 
up  the  country  in  advance  of  settlement 
and  to  build  homes  for  the  people.  The 
myth  that  Canada  possesses  inexhaustible 
supplies  of  timber  is  now  pretty  well  ex- 
ploded. The  fact  of  the  matter  is  that 
there  is  far  less  timber  in  Canada  than 
many  Canadians  are  willing  to  admit,  and 
much  of  it  is  of  an  inferior  quality.  The 
growing  scarity  of  timber  has  led  to  a 
steady  rise  in  prices  -during  the  last 
fifteen  years,  and  the  end  is  not  yet.  In 
eastern  Canada  the  wholesale  prices  of 
pine  and  spruce  lumber  have  advanced 
between  fifty  and  sixty  per  cent.  This  is 
partly  due  to  the  growing  scarcity  of  tim- 
ber and  the  increased  cost  of  logging,  and 
partly  to  the  enormous  quantities  of  tim- 
ber exported  to  other  countries,  but  mainly 
to  a  knowledge  of  the  limited  quantity 
still  available. 

The  growing  scarcity  of  timber  in  other 
countries  than  this  and  the  constantly  im- 
proving transportation  between  the  differ- 
ent countries  of  the  whole  civilized  world 
warrant  us  in  predicting  the  establishment 
of  world  prices  for  timljer. 

Thus,  if  Canadians  are  to  avert  the 
evils  which  have  overtaken  other  lands 
where  the  forest  resources  have  been  al- 
lowed to  diminish  or  approach  the  vanish- 
ing point,  they  must  adopt  a  general  and 
far-reaching  poli(;y  for  the  management 
of  their  timber  lands.  Such  a  policy  must 
be  based  upon  an  adequate,  scientific  and 
practical  grasp  of  the  whole  situation. 
Hence  there  has  arisen  the  necessity  for 
a  class  of  men  with  both  a  training  of  a 
highly  technical  nature  and  a  clear  con- 
ception of  things  wliicli  at  first  sight  do 
not  seem  to  be  related,  even  in  the  remot- 
est degree.  These  men  must  clearly  un- 
derstand tlio  relationships  that  exist  be- 
tween the  different  parts  of  their  work. 
Otherwise,  they  will  make  many  seriqus 
blunders  and  bring  their  profession  into 
disrepute. 

A  forester  is  not  a  mere  botanist  let 
loose  to  air  his  theories  at  the  expense  of 
others;     neither    is    he    a    mere    'lumber- 


jack', fire-ranger,  sportsman,  entomolo- 
gist, pathologist,  dendrologist,  silvicultur- 
ist,  or  any  other  kind  of  'ist'.  He 
should  be  all  of  these  rolled  into  one  and 
must  clearly  understand  all  these  phases, 
of  the  general  problem  of  preserving  his 
property  and  increasing  its  productive 
capacity.  The  profession  of  forestry 
touches  life  at  many  points,  and  cannot 
safely  be  entrusted  to  half-educated  men. 
It  has  constantly  to  deal  with  questions 
of  tremendous  magnitude  and  importance, 
and  its  devotees  are  engaged  in  a  profes- 
sion of  which  they  may  well  be  proud. 

The  professional  forester  does  not  aim 
to  oppose  Nature,  but  to  assist  her — to 
make  use  of  the  naturally  favourable  con- 
ditions existing  in  any  given  locality  and 
to  hold  in  check  the  unfavourable  ones. 
He  exercises  his  skill  in  encouraging  the 
growth  of  the  most  suitable  species,  and 
modifies  their  growth  so  as  to  produce  the 
most  valuable  timber  in  the  shortest  space 
of  time.  All  this  must  be  done  without 
diminishing  the  value  of  the  soil  for  the 
production  of  future  crops. 

Just   as  the   agriculturist  is  engaged   in 
the  production   of  food  crops,  so  the  for- 
ester is  engaged  in  the  production  of  wood 
crops.     Each  carries  on  his  business  for  the 
practical  purpose  of  producing  a  revenue. 
Each    must  protect  his   crop   from    insect 
ravages,     fungus    diseases,    fire,    trespass,      _ 
etc.     Each  of  them  should  guard   against      I 
the  impoverishment  of  the  soil,   and   con-      " 
stantly  aim  to  increase  its  value.    In  each 
case,  the  land  is  the  principal  capital,  and 
any  part  of  it  either   wholly   non-produc- 
tive or  turned  to  a  less  profitable  use  than 
it    might  be    represents  so    much    wasted 
capital. 

Twenty  years  ago,  the  science  of  for- 
estry was  regarded  as  an  abstract  and  de- 
batable theory,  and  all  knowledge  of  it 
was  confined  to  a  few  experts  and  en- 
thusiasts whose  views  were  regarded  as  of 
doubtful  value.  Today  the  most  intelli- 
gent and  public-spirited  members  of  the 
community  regard  the  treatment  of  forest 
resources  according  to  well  established 
forestry  principles  as  a  vital  and  urgent 
economic  problem.  From  what  has  already 
been  said,  it  is  surely  evident  that  the 
professional  forester  should  be  thoroughly 
trained  in  all  the  branches  of  his  work  if 
he  is  to  be  of  the  highest  service  to  the 
state. 


58 


The  Work  of  a  Forest  Engineer 


59 


Forestry  Schools. 
The  recognition  of  this  fact  has  led  to 
the  establishment  of  a  number  of  forestry 
schools  at  leading  educational  centres  on 
this  continent.  In  Canada  alone  we  now 
have  three  such  schools.  In  October,  1907, 
the  Faculty  of  Forestry  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Toronto  was  established  with 
two  instructors  in  forestry  and  eight  stu- 
dents. The  number  of  students  is  now  47 
and  the  teaching  staff  in  forestry  subjects 
has  been  increased  to  four.  In  the  Uni- 
versity of  New  Brunswick,  a  Department 
of  Forestry  was  established  in  October, 
1908  with  one  professor  and  ten  students, 
and  at  Laval  University,  Quebec,  a  Depart- 
ment of  Forestry  was  established  in  1910 
with  two  professors  and  fifteen  students. 

Preliminary  Training. 

The  preliminary  training  for  this  pro- 
fession consists  of  a  four  year  undergrad- 
uate course,  supplemented  with  consider- 
able practical  experience  in  the  field.  A 
brief  outline  of  the  course  at  the  Univers- 
ity of  Toronto  may  be  of  interest.  The 
first  two  years  work  are  mainly  along  the 
line  of  an  Arts  course  with  Science  Op- 
tions, the  last  two  years  being  almost  en- 
tirely devoted  to  technical  forestry  sub- 
jects. There  is  also  a  six  year  combina- 
tion course,  whereby  a  man  gets  both  his 
Arts  and  his  Forestry  degree.  There  are 
now  six  students  taking  this  course,  and  it 
is  expected  that  the  proportion  of  men 
taking  it  will  increase  as  time  goes  on. 

In  what  may  be  described  as  the  tech- 
nical part  of  the  regular  four-year  under- 
graduate and  the  six-year  combination 
courses,  the  students  get  a  thorough  drill 
in  elementary  phanerogamic  and  crypto- 
gamic  botany,  vegetable  physiology,  phys- 
ics, chemistry,  mineralogy,  geology  and 
soil  physics.  More  specialized  courses  are 
given  in  forest  botany,  biological  dendro- 
logy, economic  forest  entomology,  and  the 
fungus  diseases  of  trees.  The  synoptical 
course  takes  a  general  survey  of  the  whole 
field  of  forestry  science;  after  which  for- 
est geography  and  the  history  of  forestry 
are  dealt  with  for  the  express  purpose  of 
letting  the  men  know  what  is  going  on  in 
different  parts  of  the  forestry  world  and 
enlarging  their  outlook. 

Then  comes  a  very  complete  course  in 
silviculture,  or  the  art  of  growing  wood 
crops  to  the  best  advantage;  followed  by 
briefer  courses  in  forest  protection,  forest 
surveying,  forest  mensuration,  forest  val- 
uation, forest  utilization,  timber  physics 
and  wood  technology,  forest  regulation, 
forest  finance,  forest  management  and  the 
preparation  of  working  plans. 

Some  of  the  special  lecture  courses  are 
on  prairie  planting  and  farm  forestry,  the 
administration  of  Canadian  timber  limits, 
business  methods  of  the  lumber  trade,  for- 


est law,  wood  preservation,  fish  culture 
and  game  preservation. 

From  this  outline  of  his  academic  train- 
ing, it  is  evident  that  the  young  man  who 
completes  his  course  will  have  a  pretty  clear 
view  of  the  whole  field  of  forestry  science. 

As  regards  the  field  training,  there  is 
only  one  way  to  acquire,  it,  namely,  by 
experience  in  the  woods.  No  amount  of 
reading  or  theorizing  will  give  this  ex- 
perience. It  must  be  learned  at  first  hand, 
but  there  can  be  scarcely  any  doubt  that 
the  men  who  go  into  the  woods  with  the 
broad    general    outlook    that    a    thorough 


MR.  A.  H.  D.  ROSS,  M.F. 

academic  training  gives  them  will  acquire 
this  kind  of  knowledge  very  quickly,  and, 
what  is  of  more  importance,  know  how  to 
apply  it  in  cases  where  men  without  sim- 
ilar training  would  utterly  fail,  and  thus 
prove  themselves  thoroughly  unpractical. 
Before  being  granted  the  degree  of  For- 
est Engineer,  candidates  must  give  at  least 
three  years'  satisfactory  service  in  the 
field  and  present  a  thesis  upon  some 
practical  subject  prescribed  by  the  Faculty. 

The  Forest  Engineer's  Problems. 

It  will  therefore  be  in  order  for  us  to 
examine  some  of  the  problems  that  con- 
stantly present  themselves  to  the  men  in 
the  field,  and  how  they  grapple  with  them. 

In  a  young  and  undeveloped  country 
like  this,  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
forester's  time  is  taken  up  with  surveying 
and  mapping.  At  times  a  rough  recon- 
naissance survey  is  all  that  is  needed.  At 
others  it  is  necessary  to  make  a  topo;zra- 
phic  map  of  the  region,  showing  by  what 
routes  the  timber  can  be  most  easily  re- 
moved. If  the  property  is  to  be  placed 
under  permanent  management,  it  will  b« 
necessary  to  make  a  complete  forest  sur- 
vey of  it.  This  will  include  (1)  A  more 
or  less  accurate  plane  and  topographic 
survey,    (2)   An    estimate    of    the    amount 


60 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  April  1913. 


of  timber,  (3)  A  determination  of  the 
rate  of  growth  of  the  timber,  (4)  A 
study  of  the  conditions  of  light,  moisture, 
soil  and  other  factors  influencing  the 
present  and  future  conditions  of  the  for- 
est crop  and  (5)  The  location  of  per- 
manent roads,  dams,  bridges  and  other 
structures  needed  for  the  removal  of  the 
timber. 

In  a  rough  way,  every  logger  is  his  own 
topographer,  and  has  acquired  his  knowl- 
edge by  cruising,  but  unfortunately  it  is 
often  very  inaccurate,  is  easily  forgotten, 
and  cannot  be  transferred  to  his  successor, 
who  has  to  acquire  his  knowledge  of  the 
locality  all  over  again.  With  a  good  top- 
ographic and  timber  map  of  the  tract,  all 
this  information  can  be  kept  in  the  head 
office,  where  it  is  of  very  great  value.  In 
most  cases  contours  can  be  obtained  with 
sufficient  accuracy  by  the  use  of  an  aneroid 
barometer.  A  glance  at  the  contour 
map  will  show  the  probable  location  of 
roads  needed,  and  thus  save  much  time  in 
the  field.  On  the  timber  map  will  be 
shown  the  location  and  extent  of  the  fell- 
ings and  the  progress  of  the  work  as  the 
tract  is  brought  under  management  In 
short,  the  maps  represent  in  miniature  the 
lay  of  the  land  and  the  woods  operations 
being  carried  on  from  one  year  to  another. 

In  regions  where  the  commercial  tim- 
bers are  good  floaters,  horse  lumbering 
and  the  driving  of  streams  in  flood  time 
will  be  largely  employed  and  the  young 
forester  will  have  ample  scope  for  his  en- 
gineering skill  in  the  laying  out  of  iced 
roads,  the  building  of  dams,  slides,  tugs, 
alligators,  etc.,  for  the  movement  of  the 
timber. 

The  Building  of  Boads. 

When  it  is  pointed  out  that  about 
seventy  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  producing 
lumber  is  spent  in  the  woods,  it  will  at 
once  be  seen  that  the  first  duty  of  the  for- 
ester is  to  provide  cheap  and  efficient 
means  for  the  removal  of-  his  crop.  This 
crop  is  both  bulky  and  heavy,  and  gives 
him  ample  scope  fqr  the  exercise  of  his 
ingenuity  in  adapting  means  to  ends.  "Very 
frequently  he  cannot  secure  the  services 
of  civil  or  mechanical  engineers  and  has 
to  work  out  his  own  problems  on  the  spot. 
His  ability  to  do  so  at  once  makes  him  a 
valuable  man   to   his  employers. 

The  object  of  any  road  is  to  provide  a 
means  of  transportation  from  one  point 
to  another  with  the  least  expenditure  of 
power  and  money.  The  main  principles 
governing  the  location  and  construction  of 
the  road  are:  (1)  To  secure  as  easy 
grades  as  possible,  (2)  have  direct  routes, 
(3)  avoid  all  unnecessary  ascents  and  de- 
scents, (4)  place  the  centre  line  so  the 
cost  of  construction  will  be  a  minimum, 
(5)   cross   obstacles  like   ravines,  etc.,  as 


nearly  at  right  angles  as  possible,  (6) 
cross  ridges  through  the  lowest  pass  to  be 
found. 

When  good  maps  can  be  had  of  the  dis- 
trict, the  task  of  locating  the  road  is  a 
comparatively  simple  one.  Usually,  how- 
ever, no  map  at  all  is  to  be  had,  in  whjch 
case  the  forester  must  make  a  reconnais- 
sance survey  of  the  whole  belt  of  country 
between  the  controlling  points,  to  discov- 
er the  best  route.  Mountainous  country 
often  appears  much  worse  than  it  really 
is  for  the  building  of  a  road,  and  rolling 
country  often  appears  better  than  it  af- 
terwards proves  to  be.  The  main  thing 
is  to  have  *an  eye  for  country'  and  not 
waste  time  over  an  unnecessary  degree  of 
accuracy  in  the  preliminary  work.  Usu- 
ally the  general  location  of  a  large  part 
of  a  route  is  self-evident,  or  may  be  de- 
termined after  a  very  brief  examination. 
In  most  cases  direction  is  determined  with 
sufficient  accuracy  by  means  of  a  small 
magnetic  compass,  distance  by  pacing,  and 
differences  in  elevation  by  means  of  an 
aneroid  barometer.  A  good  pair  of  field 
glasses  will  save  much  unnecessary  travel. 

The  first  steam  logging '  railroad  was 
built  in  Michigan,  in  1876,  by  Mr.  W.  S, 
Gerrish,  who  was  called  a  hare-brained 
enthusiast  for  proposing  such  a  scheme. 
It  proved  such  a  success  that  a  few  years 
later  there  were  720  miles  of  such  roads  in 
the  state.  Now  the  mileage  of  logging 
railroads  in  North  America  is  computed 
at  over  25,000  miles.  Their  general  use 
has  led  to  the  designing  of  locomotives 
and  cars  most  suitable  for  that  class  of 
work.  To  secure  cheap  construction,  cuts 
and  fills  are  avoided  as  much  as  possible 
and  the  engines  must  be  able  to  climb 
heavy  grades  and  round  sharp  curves. 
This  has  led  to  the  construction  of  shay- 
geared  and  other  types. 

The  diflSculty  of  location  and  the 
amount  of  care  demanded  will  depend  al- 
together upon  the  character  of  the  coun- 
try and  the  grades  required.  If  in  the 
same  valley,  or  along  the  bank  of  a  river 
or  lake  too  large  to  be  bridged,  the  loca- 
tion is  self-evident.  If  the  river  is  small- 
er, has  sharp  bends  and  variable  banks, 
and  is  easily  bridged,  both  banks  should 
be  carefully  examined  to  determine  the 
best  location  and  crossing  points.  The 
proper  choice  of  bridge  sites  is  an  import- 
ant matter.  Where  possible,  the  bridge 
should  be  placed  at  right  angles  to  the 
current,  be  as  short  as  possible,  have  good 
foundations,  avoid  bends  in  the  stream 
and  be  placed  between  stable  banks  so  as 
to  secure  a  permanent  concentration  of 
the  waters  in  the  same  bed.  Frequently 
this  means  the  subordination  of  the  line 
of  the  road  to  the  most  suitable  crossing 
point.     When  the  controlling  points  lie  in 


The  Work  of  a  Forest  Engineer 


61 


different  valleys  the  location  of  the  line 
is  often  a  very  difficult  matter,  especially 
■when  there  are  two  or  more  possible 
routes.  Usually,  however,  the  location 
will  include  the  lowest  summits  and  high- 
est low  points,  such  as  river-crossings,  etc. 
Hence  the  elevations  of  summits  and  sags 
and  the  distances  between  them,  together 
with  the  constructive  character  of  the 
country,  must  be  determined.  Low  ruling 
grades  are  always  desirable,  whether  the 
road  is  to  be  for  sleighs,  wagons,  traction 
engines  or  locomotives.  Where  there  is  a 
prospect  of  the  road  being  sold  later  on 
as  a  link  in  a  railway  system,  it  is  well 
to  spend  considerable  time  and  money  in 
securing  the  best  possible  location.  A  few 
hundred  dollars  spent  on  preliminary  sur- 
veys will  in  such  cases  be  repaid  an  hun- 
dredfold. For  such  work  as  this  it  will, 
of  course,  be  necessary  to  use  transit, 
level  and  stadia  rod. 

Logging  by  Cable. 

In  the  large  timber  of  the  Pacific 
coast  and  the  cypress  swamps  of  the 
South  the  long  logs  are  hauled  in  to  the 
railway  or  other  landing  place  by  bull 
donkey  engines.  A  light  line  pulls  out 
the  heavy  cable  to  be  attached  to  the  log, 
or  string  of  logs,  which  are  then  drawn 
in  by  the  winding-in  of  the  heavy  cable. 
Often  each  log  is  capped  by  a  steel  cone 
80  it  will  come  more  easily  around  ob- 
structions and  through  soft  mud.  In  the 
cas^e  of  cypress,  the  logs  are  generally 
snaked  out  to  canals  along  which  they  are 
then  rafted  —  the  bull  donkey  being 
mounted  on  a  scow  which  is  anchored  or 
snubbed  at  convenient  points  along  the 
canal.  Where  a  cableway  skidder  is  used, 
the  head  spar  is  the  mast  of  the  scow  and 
the  tail  tree  off  in  the  swamp  a  conven- 
ient distance. 

In  the  more  mountainous  districts,  the 
cableway  skidder  is  an  exceedingly  use- 
ful device  for  the  bringing  in  of  logs, 
pulpwood,  tan  bark,  etc.,  to  the  railway 
or  other  road  at  a  minimum  cost.  In 
many  cases  it  is  the  only  practical  meth- 
od of  yarding  the  timber  at  all;  as  for 
example,  where  it  is  in  'pot  holes', 
across  deep  ravines,  or  up  slopes  where 
the  construction  or  cost  of  roads  or  slides 
wonld  be  prohibitive.  Even  in  country 
where  it  is  ea.sy  to  construct  railways,  the 
cableway  skidder  is  coming  largely  into 
use.  The  princij  i  objection  to  it,  from 
the  forester's  standpoint,  is  the  damage 
done  to  the  young  trees  by  the  swaying 
and  dragging  of  the  logs  as  they  are  being 
hauled  in;  but  it  is  an  open  question  whe- 
ther the  extra  growing  space  due  to  the 
non-construction  of  roads  and  the  saving 
in  cost  of  building  and  maintaining  them 
do  not  balance  the  injury  done  to  the 
young  crop. 


Loaders. 

For  the  loading  of  logs  on  cars,  several 
devices  are  in  use.  The  Barnhart  loader 
moves  on  a  pivot  in  all  directions  and  will 
load  from  600  to  800  logs  a  day,  provided 
they  are  within  100  feet  of  the  track.  As 
each  car  is  loaded,  the  machine  pulls  it- 
self along  rails  laid  on  the  cars  and  loads 
the  next  one.  In  the  Decker  Loader,  the 
empty  cars  are  pulled  forward  beneath 
the  loader.  In  other  case*  a  turn  of  cable 
round  the  log  on  a  raised  platform  rolls 
it  onto  the  car  as  the  cable  is  tightened 
up  b}'  means  of  a  drum  or  'spool.' 

From  what  has  been  said,  it  will  be 
seen  that  every  forester  should  be  a  first- 
class  logger  and  be  constantly  on  the  alert 
to  utilize  the  engineering  skill  which  has 
been  developed  in  the  logging  business. 
Not  only  this,  but  he  should  be  on  the 
lookout  for  new  methods,  which  usually 
means  the  adaptation  of  old  ones  to  new 
problems. 

Other  Problems. 

Besides  removing  the  timber  in  as 
cheap  a  manner  as  possible,  the  forester 
must  also  consider  the  future  condition  of 
the  property.  The  ordinary  logger  is  a 
mere  exploiter,  who  has  no  concern  what- 
ever for  the  future,  and  is  generally  frank 
enough  to  tell  you  so.  The  forester,  on 
the  other  hand,  is  very  much  concerned 
with  the  problem  of  leaving  the  tract  in 
the  best  possible  condition  for  the  growth 
of  the  timber  left  standing  and  for  its  re- 
moval when  mature.  This  generally  means 
the  laying  out  of  a  permanent  system  of 
roads,  the  disposal  of  the  debris  incident 
to  lumbering  and  the  suppression  of  unde- 
sirable trees.  In  other  words,  he  must 
practice  silviculture,  if  he  is  to  increase 
the  amount  and  quality  of  the  timber 
grown.  Herein  lies  the  most  important 
part  of  his  work — work  calling  for  a  full 
knowledge  of  his  subject  and  the  exercise 
of  rare  judgment  and  skill. 

Another  phase  of  the  forest  engineer's 
work  is  to  be  met  with  in  the  manage- 
ment of  protection  forests,  which  .  do  so 
much  to  equalize  the  stream-flow.  With 
the  transformation  of  waterpower  into 
electric  energy  all  over  this  continent  it 
will  at  once  be  recognized  that  the  maim- 
tenaiicc  of  as  even  a  flow  as  possible  is  a 
matter  of  very  great  importance. 

Tn  southern  Alberta  th#re  is  also  a  field 
for  the  forester  with  some  knowledge  of 
irrigation  engineering  problems.  In  my 
opinion,  every  forester  should  know 
how  to  gage  a  stream  quite  as  well  as 
the  ordinary  civil  engineer.  This  knowl- 
edge would  enable  him  to  hr'tng  in  accur- 
ate information  long  before  it  would  be 
obtained  ia  the  ordinary  course  of  events. 


With  the  Forest  Engineers* 


(Contributed  by  the  Canadian  Society  of  Forest  Engineers.) 


FORESTRY  BRANCH  STAFF. 

Elsewhere  in  this  issue  is  given  an  out- 
line of  the  work  being  undertaken  by  the 
Forestry  Branch  of  the  Department  of  the 
Interior.  The  men  on  whom  rests  the  re- 
sponsibility for  carrying  out  this  work  are 
mostly  forest  engineers  who  have  received 
technical  training  in  the  various  forest 
schools.  The  positions  assigned  to  these 
men,  both  old  and  new  appointees,  with 
the  forest  school  and  year  of  graduation 
of  the  new  men,  are  given  hereunder: — 

Head   Office    (Ottawa). 

t)irector  of  Forestry — R.  H.  Campbell. 

Assistant  Director — T.  W.  Dwight. 

In  charge  of  Statistics — R.  G.  Lewis. 

In  charge  of  Surveys — H.  Claughton 
Wallin. 

In  charge  of  Woodlots — B.  R.  Morton. 

In  charge  of  Information — G.  E.  Both- 
well   (Tor.,    '13). 

In  charge  of  Library  and  Publications 
— ^F.  W.  H.  Jacombe. 

Forest  Reserve  Administration. 

B.    C.     Inspection  District,     Headquarters, 
Kaniloops,   B.C. 

District  Inspector — D.  R.  Cameron. 
Assistant  Inspector — W.  L.  Scandrett. 
Forest   Assistants — A.    C.    Parlow    (Tor- 
onto, '13)  and  K.  G.  Wallensteen. 

Alberta    Inspection    istrict.    Headquarters, 
Calgary,   Alta. 

District  Inspector — W.  N.  Millar, 

Supervisor  Crowsnest  Forest — R.  M. 
Brown. 

Supervisor  Bow  River  Forest — F.  G.  Ed- 
gar. 

Supervisor  Brazeau  Forest — L.  C.  Tilt. 

Supervisor  Cypress  Hills  Reserve — ^F. 
McVickar. 

Forest  Assistants — S.  H.  Clark  (Toronto, 
'13),  J.  P.  Alexander  (Tor.,  '13),  C.  H. 
Nye  (Biltmore,  '13),  E.  C.  Bleecker  (Har- 
vard, '13). 

Saskatchewan    Inspection    District,    Head- 
quarters, Prince  Albert,  Sask. 

District  Inspector — G.  A.  Gutches. 

Forest  Assistants — E.  H.  Roberts  (for- 
merly with  the  Laurentide  Co.),  L.  Steven- 
son (O.A.C.),  R.  L.  Shives  (U.N.B.,  '13). 


Manitoba    Inspection    District,    Headquar- 
ters, Winnipeg,  Man. 

District  Inspector — F.  K.  Herchmer. 

Forest  Assistants — J.  R.  Dickson,  C. 
Musante  (Biltmore,  '12),  F.  S.  Newman 
(Tor.,  '13),  F.  D.  Brown  (from  D.  &  H. 
R.  R.  forest  department),  G.  Tunstell 
(Tor.,   '13). 

Inspection  of  Fire  Ranging. 

Inspector — E,  H.  Finlayson,  headquar- 
ters, Ottawa. 

The  appointment  of  seven  permanent 
Chief  Fire  Rangers  has  recently  been  se- 
cured, and  this  will  put  the  work  on  a 
much  more  permanent  basis  than  hereto- 
fore. 

Division  of  Tree  Planting. 

Chief — N.  M.  Ross,  headquarters,  Indian 
Head,   Sask. 

Assistant — S.   S.  Sadler. 

A  considerable  number  of  men  will  be 
employed  temporarily  in  connection  with 
all  these  departments  of  the  work. 


RETURNS  TO  CANADA. 

Many  old  friends  in  the  Forestry  Branch 
and  elsewhere  in  Canada  will  welcome  the 
return  to  this  country  of  G.  A.  Gutches, 
who  has  recently  been  appointed  District 
Inspector  of  Forest  Reserves  for  Saskat- 
chewan. Mr.  Gutches  returns  to  the  Can- 
adian service  after  several  years  spent  as 
Inspector  in  the  Forest  Service  of  the  U. 
S.  Indian  Department,  where  he  has  had 
charge  of  the  forests  belonging  to  that 
department  in  six  of  the  southwestern 
states  of  the  Union.  After  such  training, 
great  things  are  expected  of  him  in  his 
new  capacity. 


WHAT  THE  ASSOCIATION  STANDS 
FOR. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  Dominion  Director 
of  Forestry,  was  present  at  the  inaugural 
meeting  of  the  Canadian  Pulp  and  Paper 
Association  in  Toronto  recently,  an<l  be- 
sides dealing  with  the  work  in  his  own 
Branch,  spoke  by  request  on  the  objects 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association,  of 
which  he  was  for  eight  years  Secretary. 
In  this  part  of  his  address  he  said  that 
two  of  the  things  for  which  the  Associa- 
tion  stood  were:   First,   the  protection   of 


62 


Notes 


63 


the  forests  from  fire  by  providing  a  fire 
patrol  of  efficient  men,  well  organized  and 
well  equipped;  and,  second,  the  inspec- 
tion of  the  public  lands  and  the  separation 
of  the  agricultural  from  the  non-agricul- 
tural lands,  the  latter  being  included  in  re- 
servations and  kept  permanently  for  the 
production  of  timber.  These  two  objects 
the  Association  has  kept  before  the  public 
by  all  the  means  of  education  which  are 
available.  It  has  also  made  representa- 
tions to  the  Government  for  the  improve- 
ment of  fire  legislation,  which  has  done 
considerable  towards  perfecting  the  statu- 
tory authority  for  the  protection  of  the 
forests.  Xo  matter  how  efficient  the  leg- 
islation is,  however,  it  needs  to  be  backed 
up  by  a  strong  public  opinion,  and  the 
Association,  which  is  not  a  Government 
institution,  but  a  voluntary  institution  to 
whose  membership  all  the  members  of  the 
Pulp  and  Paper  Association  will  be  wel- 
come, is  doing  a  great  deal  to  educate 
the  public  and  form  such  a  necessary  back- 
ground of  public  support.' 

Paper  journals  continue  to  announce  ex- 
periments to  find  materials  for  paper- 
making  to  take  the  place  of  wood.  Straw, 
bamboo,  sugar  cane  waste,  cornstalks  are 
all  considered,  but  in  every  case  they 
are  less  economical  than  wood.  These 
things  point  to  the  importance  of  preserv- 
ing our  forests  which  are  daily  growing 
more  valuable. 

Teacher:  Johnny,  name  the  most  useful 
trees. ' 

Johnny:  'Walnut  tree,  apple  tree  and 
axle-tree. ' 


FOREST    ENGINEERS. 

Forest  Surveys  Logging  Maps 

TIMBER     ESTIMATES 
Water  Power  Water  Storage. 

CLARK,  LYFORD.  &   STERLING 
1331  Real  Estate  Trust  Bldg.,  Philadelphia 
CLARK  &  LYFORD,        LYFORO,  CLARK  &  LYFORD, 

403  Crown  Bldg.  26  Board  of  Trade  Bldg 

VANCOUVER  MONTREAL 


TIMBER  CRUISES         \ 

FORESTRY  SURVEYS  f      F«««try   Dept. 

Montreal  Engineering  Company,  Limited 

Consulting    &  Operating    Engineers 

211      McGILL      STREET,      MONTREAL 
R.  O.  Sweezy,  General  Manager 


THE  SMITH  STUMP  PULLER 

This  photoRraph  shows  the  work  of  the  Smith  Stump 
Puller,  pullinestumps  with  one  horse,  stumps  that  run 
from  4  to  G  feet  through,  atan  avcraere  cost  of  5  cents 
per  stump.     Write  for  our  free  Catalog. 
W.  SMITH  GRUBBER  CO..  15  Smith  Sta.,  La  Crescent,  Minn. 


UNIVERSITY  of  TORONTO 


FACULTIES  OF 


ARTS,  MEDICINE, 
APPLIED  SCIENCE, 
HOUSEHOLD  SCIENCE. 
EDUCATION,  FORESTRY 


The  FACULTY  OF  FORESTRY  offers  a  rour  year  undergraduate  course 
leading- to  the  Dejjree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  of  Forestry  (B.Sc.F  ),  and  after 
two  years'  practical  work  to  the  Degree  of  Forest  Engineer  (F.  E.). 

The  Faculty  at  present  numbers  four  instructors  in  Forestry  alone,  besides 
merrbers  of  other  Faculties  of  the  University  and  special  lecturers. 

The  courses,  laboratories  and  other  facilities  of  the  University  are  open  to 
Students  of  Forestry. 

Practice  WQrH,  following  the  academic  term,  in  the  wood^  is  made  a  special 
feature. 

For  further  inJormcUion  address — 

REGISTRAR,  or  B.  E.  FERNOW,  LL.  D.,  Dean, 

University  of  Toronto.  Faculty  of  ForeutrF,  University  of  Toronto. 

Toronto,  Canada. 


llnivcrsitY  of 
New  Brai)8wick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Established  in    iqo8 

Four  years'  course  leading  to  the 
Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry.  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal   forest    work. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expenses     correspondingly    moderate. 


For  further  in/orfnation  address: — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University  Calendar  furnished 
on   application.       _        _       _ 


C.  C.  JONES,  Chancellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 

at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syi-ak.ouse,  Nodv  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  ;  Post- 
graduate course  to  Master  of 
Forestry ;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  in  Catskills. 
Ranger  School  held  on  the 
College  Forest  of  2,000  acres  at 
Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 
State  Forest  Experiment  Station 
of  90  acres  and  excellent  Forest 
Library  offer  unusual  opportu- 
nities for  research  work.     : :    : : 

For  particulars  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER..  D.  Oec.  Dee.f\ 


BILTMORE,    - 


North  Carolina 


'J"HE  Biltmore  Forest  School  is  for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school  of  lumbering  and  forestry  in  the 
United  States.  The  Biltmore  Forest 
School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Biltmore;  summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  cf  Ger- 
many. Q  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  aciy  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  of  six  months  in  ihe 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor   of  Forestry. 

Write  for  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,     addressing — 

THEDIRECTOfl.BILTMORE.  N.C..  U.S.A. 


yiirail!  FOREST  SCHOOL 

NEW    HAVEN,  CONNECTICUT,   USA. 


A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  offered  leadings  to  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Forestry 
The  Forest  School  is  a  graduate 
department  of  Yale  University 
requiring  for  admission  a  collee^e 
training.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, colleges,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions of  high  standing  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  of 
their  diplomas,  provided  they 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subiects  in  their  under- 
graduate work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Unive  sity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoology,  Physics,  Inorganic 
Chemistry, Geology,  Econom  cs. 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
v->r  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  may  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  ate  requited 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
of  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in  the  field  or   laboratory. 

The  school   year  begins  in 
early  July   and  is  conducted  at 
the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  further  informattpn  address 

JAnE5  W.  TOUHEY,   Director 

NEW   HAVEN       ....       COirNBOTlOUT 


restrv  Journal 


Vol.  IX. 


Ottawa,  Canada,  May  1913. 


No.  5 


CANADIAN  FORESTEY  JOURNAL, 

Published  monthly  by  the 

Canadian    Forkstry    Associatio\, 

Canadian  Building, 

Ottawa,  Canada. 

Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forest  conservation. 

Subscription  $1  per  year. 

Advertising  Rates  on  Application. 

CONTENTS:  Page. 

Winnipeg   Convention 6~j 

The  Late  Herbert  M.  Price t^ 

Progress  in  Forestry 69 

Forests  and  Suowslides 70 

Eastern  Foresters ....  71 

How  to  Prevent  Floods 71 

Toronto  Students  in  Norfolk 73 

An  Early  Conservationist 74 

What 's  Doing  in  the  Rockies 74 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 


Patron,  H.  R.  H.  the  Governor  General. 

Honorary  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

Honorary  Past  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier. 

President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton. 

Vice-President,   Wm.   Power,    M.  P. 

Secretary,  Jab.  Lawler,  Canadian  Building, 

Slater  St.,  Ottawa.      . 

Treasurer,  Miss  M.  Robinson. 

Directors  :  Wm.   Little,    Hiram  Robinson,   Aubrey 

White,  E.  Stewart,  H.   M.   Price.   W.    B.   Snowball, 

Thomas  Southworth,   Hon.   W.   C.  Edwards,   Geo.  Y. 

Chown,   John   Hendry,    Hon.    Sydney  Fisher,   R.    H. 

Campbell,  J.  B.  Miller.  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr.  B.  E. 

Femow,    EUwood    Wilson,    Senator    Bostock,   F.   C. 

Whitman,  G.  C.  Pich6,  Alex.  MacLaurin:  Mgr.  O.  E. 

Mathieu,  Bishop  of  Regma;  A.  P.  Stevenson,  Wm. 

Pearce,  C.  E.  E.  Ussher,  Denis  Murphy,   C.  Jackson 

Booth,  Wm.  Price,  J.   W.  Harkom,  A.  S.  Goodeve, 

W.    C.   J.   Hall,  J.  8.     Dennis,  J.    B.   White,   E.   J. 

Zavitz,  Geo.  Chaboon  Jr.,  R.  D.  Prettie. 

Tcnil.>rlal  Vlce-Pretldentt : 

Ontario:— Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 
Quebec: — Hon.  Jules  Allard. 
New  Brunswick: — Hon,  J.  H.  Flemming. 
Nova  Scotia: — Hon.  O.  T.  DanieU. 
Manitoba:— Hon.  R,  P.  Roblin. 
Prince  Edward  Island: — Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson. 
Saskatchewan — His  Honor  G.  W.  Brown. 
Alberta:— Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton. 
British  Columbia: — Hon.  W.  R,  Ross. 
Yukon: — Geo.  Black,  Commissioner, 
Mackenzie:— F,  D,  Wilson. 
Keewatin: — His  Honor  D,  C.  Cameron, 
Ungava: — His  Grace  Mgr,  Bruchesi,  Archbishop  of 
Montreal. 


WINNIPEG  CONVENTION. 


The  fifteenth  convention  of  the 
Canadian  Forestry  Association  for 
the  presentatio.i  of  addresses  and 
papers  and  the  discussion  of  forestry 
matters  will  bo  held  in  Winnipeg, 
July  7,  8  and  9,  1913.  Pro-' 
blems  of  *':e  greatest  importance 
to  the  whole  of  Canada  will 
be  discussed.  .  While  special  at- 
tention will  be  given  to  prairie  con- 
ditions the  program  will  bear  testi- 
mony to  the  national  character  of  the 
work  in  that  the  problems  now  press- 
ing for  solution  in  both  East  and  West 
will  be  carefully  considered.  Assur- 
ances have  been  received  from  the 
Dominion  and  nearly  all  the  Pro- 
vinces that  they  will  be  officially  re- 
presented, and  a  number  of  the  men 
in  the  United  States  best  qualified  to 
give  assistance  in  regard  to  our  con- 
ditions have  already  signified  their 
attention  of  coming  to  Winnipeg. 

"While  the  exact  details  of  the  pro- 
gram cannot  be  outlined  for  some 
little  time  it  is  expected  that  the  pro- 
ceedings will  be  opened  by  His  Honor 
the  Lieutenant  Governor  on  Monday 
evening,  July  7,  at  an  official  recep- 
tion in  which  the  delegates  will  be 
welcomed  by  the  representatives  of 
the  Government  of  Manitoba,  City  of 
Winnipeg  etc.  The  following  two 
days  will  be  devoted  to  the  work  of 
the  Convention  along  with  such  enter- 
tainment features  as  shall  be  ar- 
ranged. 

TIk;  public  sessions  will  be  held  in 
one  of  the  halls  of  the  Winnipeg  In- 
dustrial Bureau,  which  is  well  adapt- 
ed for  handling  conventions  of  all 
kinds,  being  centrally  located  and 
having  the  necessary  offices, committee 


65 


66 


Canadian  Forestry  Journaly    May  1913. 


rooms,  etc.  In  this  connection  it  is  ex- 
pected there  will  be  some  exhibits  of 
interest  to  all  interested  in  trees, 
whether  as  lumbermen  or  as  the  grow- 
ers of  shelter  belts  and  wood  lots. 

This  is  the  first  time  the  Canadian 
Forestry  Association  has  ever  held  its 
convention  in  Winnipeg,  which  will 
result  in  there  being  brought  up  for 
the  first  time  a  number  of  problems 
which  relate  to  the  great  central  part 
of  Canada.  These  will  include  that  of 
the  protection  and  perpetuation  of 
the  great  forests  of  western  Ontario, 
and  northern  Manitoba,  Saskatche- 
wan and  Alberta ;  the  best  methods  of 
handling  the  forest  reserves  of  Mani- 
toba and  their  possibilities  in  future 
timber  production  and  the  supply  of 
fence  posts,  poles  and  cordwood  for 
the  settlers ;  the  necessary  thing  to  do 
in  regard  to  getting  under  timber  the 
sand  lands  which  will  never  produce 
any  other  profitable  crop  but  trees; 
the  rate  of  growth  in  the  central  parts 
of  Canada  as  a  basis  for  deciding  the 
possibility  of  the  economical  growing 
of  trees  by  farmers  for  fuel  and  build- 
ing purposes,  and  also  the  possibility 
of  re-foresting  reserves  and  cut  over 
lands ;  and  the  practicability  of  using 
hedges  and  living  fences.  Along  with 
all  these  will  go  the  discussion  of  the 
value  of  forests  on  the  uplands  as 
wind  breaks,  sources  of  stream  supply 
and  as  cover  for  insectivorous  birds. 

To  discuss  these  questions  men  who 
have  made  these  subjects  a  life  study 
in  all  the  eastern  provinces,  (but  par- 
ticularly in  Ontario  and  Quebec)  and 
in  British  Columbia  have  promised  to 
attend.  As  representing  central  Can- 
ada there  will  be  the  officers  of  the 
Dominion  Forestry  Branch  and  the 
representatives  of  the  three  prairie 
provinces.  To  link  this  up  with  the 
wider  knowledge  obtained  under  sim- 
ilar conditions  there  has  been  secured 
the  attendance  of  federal  and  state 
forest  officers  in  that  part  of  the  Un- 
ited States  contiguous  to  central  Can- 
ada. Through  the  whole  Convention 
the  aim  will  be  to  make  all  papers  and 
discussions  serve  the  most  useful  pur- 


pose, and  to  this  end  they  will  be  as 
practical  as  possible.  Representative 
lumbermen,  agriculturists,  railway  of- 
ficials, business  men  and  l3ankers  will 
show  how  vitally  interested  the  whole 
community  is  in  the  handling  of  our 
forest  resources  in  a  rational  way 
which  will  permit  their  best  use  not 
only  for  the  present  but  for  all  time 
to  come.  The  insect  menace  has  in  the 
last  three  years  been  brought  to  the 
attention  of  Canadians,  and  gentle- 
men will  be  present  who  will  give  the 
very  latest  information  on  this  dan- 
ger and  what  can  be  done  to  avert  it. 
From  present  indications  it  ap- 
pears that  this  will  be  one  of  the  very 
best  conventions  ever  held  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Association.  There  is 
a  strong  local  committee  which  is  co- 
operating with  the  Directors  of  the 
Canadian  Forestry  Association  to 
make  the  meeting  in  every  way  suc- 
cessful. 

The  Convention  City. 

Winnipeg  is  in  many  respects  an  ideal 
convention  city.  In  rapidity  of  growth  and 
in  the  handsome  character  of  the  city  and 
suburbs  it  is  one  of  the  marvels  of  the  con- 
tinent. It  is  seen  at  its  best  in  summer, 
and  delegates  will  be  able  to  attend  the 
Winnipeg  Exhibition,  which  opens  on  the 
closing  day  of  the  Convention,  and  also  to 
see  the  early  part  of  the  harvest  on  the 
far-famed  prairies.  The  Convention  tickets 
being  good  up  till  July  24,  delegates  will 
have  an  opportunity  to  run  out  through  the 
country.  At  this  season  of  the  year  there 
are  always  a  number  of  cheap  rate  excur- 
sions to  different  points,  of  which  advantage 
may  be  taken.  While  the  hotels  will  be  oc- 
cupied by  Exhibition  visitors  during  the 
following  week,  it  is  expected  that  there  will 
be  little  difficulty  in  all  delegates  securing 
good  accommodation  at  this  time.  A  list 
of  the  leading  hotels  with  their  rates  is 
given  below.  The  entertainment  features 
of  the  Convention  will  likely  be  of  an  out- 
door character  in  which  all  attending  may 
participate. 

As  the  capital  of  Manitoba  and  the  third 
largest  city  in  Canada  Winnipeg  has  many 
important  institutions  and  other  attractions. 
It  is  the  central  point  of  three  great  trans- 
continental railway  systems  with  their  im- 
mense terminals  and  workshops.  Of  par- 
ticular interest  to  the  visitor  are  the  Pro- 
vincial Parliament  Buildings,  the  Univers- 
ity of  Manitoba,  Manitoba  Medical  School, 

(Concluded  on  page  78) 


The  Late  Herbert  M.  Price. 


Sudden  Death  of  a  Director  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association. 


Members  of  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association  and  friends  of  conserva- 
tion throughout  Canada  will  learn 
with  the  keenest  regret  of  the  death 
on  April  29  of  Mr.  Herbert  M.  Price 
at  his  residence  Montmorency  Falls, 


Qu('])('c.  Mr.  Price  was  attacked  with 
pneumonia  while  on  a  business  trip 
to  New  York  last  autumn,  and  while 
he  appeared  to  rally  for  a  time  this 
resulted  in  his  death. 

He   was   born   at   Ross,   Hereford- 


67 


68 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  May   1913. 


shire  England,  on  August  21,  1847, 
and  was  consequently  in  his  sixty- 
sixth  year.  On  first  coming  to  Can- 
ada as  a  young  man  he  was  connected 
with  banking  and  was  accountant  of 
the  Quebec  Branch  of  the  Bank  of 
British  North  America,  and  later  the 
manager  of  the  Merchants  Bank  in 
that  city.  About  twenty-five  years 
ago,  severing  his  connection  with 
banking  he  went  into  the  pulp  and 
lumber  business,  at  first  in  connection 
with  the  extensive  interests  of  the  late 
Mr.  G.  B.  Hall  who  had  limits  and 
mills  in  several  parts  of  the  Province 
and  he  continued  to  develop  this  busi- 
ness. Of  late  years  he  was  identified 
with  a  number  of  important  affairs 
being  amongst  other  things  a  director 
of  the  Quebec  Bridge  Co.,  Lake  Su- 
perior Corporation,  Canadian  Elec- 
tric Light  Co.,  Quebec  Auditorium, 
Montmorency  Cotton  Mills,  Co.,  Riv- 
erside Manufacturing  Co.,  Sherbrooke 
Lumber  Co.,  Quebec  Woodpulp  Asso- 
ciation. He  was  also  on  the  Senate 
of  Bishop's  College,  Lennoxville,  and 
was  for  a  time  Mayor  of  Montmor- 
ency. 

He  married  in  1877  the  daughter  of 
the  late  G.  B.  Hall  of  Montmorency 
Falls.  Mrs.  Price  died  in  1907.  There 
are  now  left  to  mourn  his  loss  two 
daughters,  Mrs.  J.  Hamet  Dunn,  Lon- 
don, England,  and  Mrs.  Jamieson, 
Halifax,  and  one  son  Mr.  A.  Bertram 
Price  of  Montmorency  Falls.  Mr.  W. 
C.  J.  Hall  is  a  brother-in-law  and  Mrs. 
Fred.  Peters  of  Quebec  is  a  sister-in- 
law.  One  son,  Lawrence,  a  most  pro- 
mising young  engineer  was  killed  in  a 
mining  accident  in  1909,  from  the 
shock  of  which  tragedy  Mr.  Price 
never  fully  recovered. 

At    their    home,     'The     Cottage,' 


Montmorency  Falls,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Price  entertained  many  of  the  most 
prominent  people  in  Canada  and  the 
United  States,  and  also  some  of  the 
foremost  people  from  the  British 
Isles.  'The  Cottage'  is  noted  for  its 
magnificent  old  fashioned  garden  in 
which  Mr.-  Price  took  keen  delight.  It 
was  a  source  of  great  happiness  to  him 
that  while  Their  Royal  Highnesses  the 
Duke  and  Duchess  of  Connaught  and 
the  Princess  Patricia  were  in  resid- 
ence at  Quebec  last  summer  they 
spent  many  pleasant  hours  in  this 
famous  garden. 

Mr.  Price  was  always  an  en- 
thusiast on  the  subject  of  forest 
conservation  and  one  of  the  earliest 
members  of  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association.  He  was  the  President  of 
the  Association  in  1908  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  Convention  in  the  City  of 
Montreal.  There  were  several  burn- 
ing issues  in  the  air  at  that  time  of  a 
political  nature  which  were  indirect- 
ly related  to  forestry  and  which  some 
with  good  reason  feared  would  result 
in  wrangling  and  ill  feeling. 
The  matter  looked  decidedly  ser- 
ious, but  through  the  firmness  and 
tact  of  the  presiding  officer  the  dif- 
ficulty was  successfully  surmounted. 

With  the  passing  of  Mr.  Price  an- 
other gap  is  made  in  the  line  of  the 
Old  Guard  of  promoters  and  charter 
members  of  the  Association.  The  Can- 
adian Forestry  Association  and  the 
cause  of  forest  conservation  loses  one 
of  its  most  rational  and  most  enthusi- 
astic supporters.  To  his  sorrowing 
family  in  their  hour  of  bereavement 
The  Canadian  Forestry  Journal  de- 
sires to  convey  its  deep  and  heartfelt 
sympathy. 


Progress  in  Forestry. 


Synopsis  of  Paper  read  by  J,  B.  Dickson,  B.ScF.,  Dominion  Forestry  Branch  before  the 
Manitoba  Horticultural  and  Forestry  Association. 


In  a  material  sense  the  support  of  a 
nation  is  its  natural  resources.  It  is  a 
trite  saying  that  *  forestry  is  the  par- 
ent of  industries, '  but  forestry  is  such 
a  new  tiling  in  Canada  that  some  may 
still  be  in  doubt  as  to  how  large  this 
field  is.  Forestry  is  essentially  a  busi- 
ness proposition,  and  it  is  for  this  rea- 
son that  it  should  be  undertaken.  The 
chief  aim  of  forest  management  is  to 
insure  the  permanency  of  lumbering 
and  its  depending  woodworking  in- 
dustries by  insuring  a  perpetual  sup- 
ply of  saw  logs,  and  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  auxiliary  benefits  which  would 
thus  be  .secured.  These  include  regu- 
lation of  stream  flow  for  domestic  use, 
irrigation,  navigation  or  power  pur- 


poses ;  the  securing  of  public  revenue ; 
the  ameliorating  of  climatic  condi- 
tions; the  conservation  of  fish  and 
game ;  and  supplying  the  people  with 
health-giving  playgrounds. 

Wood  is  the  corner  stone  of  all 
modern  industrial  life.  North  Am- 
erica is  to-day  cutting  three-quarters 
of  the  total  lumber  production  of  the 
world.  On  this  continent  the  forests 
are  being  laid  waste  by  fire  and  axe 
three  times  as  fast  as  nature  is  renew- 
ing them.  The  market  price  for  all 
important  species  has  been  increasing 
from  50c  to  $1  per  thousand  feet  for 
the  past. decade.     It  now  costs  about 

(Continued  on  page  76) 


Provincial  Parliament  Buildings,  Winnipeg. 
69 


Forests  and  Snowslides. 


Mr.  Arthur  Lakes,  Sr.,  Ymir,  B.C. 


When  much  of  a  theoretical  nature 
is  being  written  and  spoken  with  re- 
ference to  the  influence  of  forests  on 
snow  and  water,  it  is  stimulating  to 
receive  the  first-hand  impressions  of  a 
man  whose  many  years  of  practical 
experience  in  mining  operations  has 
led  him  to  some  definite  conclusions 
on  the  subject. 

Mr.  Arthur  Lakes,  Sr.,  of  Ymir, 
B.C.,  writing  recently  to  Mr.  H.  R. 
MacMillan,  Chief  Forester  of  British 
Columbia,  gives  a  description  of  a 
snowslide  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mine 
in  which  he  is  interested. 

Says  Mr.  Lakes: — 

'I  saw  yesterday  what  seemed  to  me  a 
striking  object  lesson  in  the  importance  of 
conserving  and  preserving  growing  standing 
timber  and  the  benefit  of  the  forestry  policy 
in  averting  or  checking  great  forest  fires. 
The  mountain  opposite  to  the  Wilcox  Mine, 
above  Wild  Horse  Creek,  is  smooth-faced, 
indented  here  and  there  by  deep  furrows  or 
shallow  ravines  which  during  last  winter 
were  the  pathways  of  small  snowslides.  Yes- 
terday after  a  succession  of  severe  and  near- 
ly continuous  snowstorms  which  accumulated 
«ome  six  or  eight  feet  of  snow  on  a  level, 
the  entire  face  of  the  mountain  for  a  space 
of  over  half  a  mile  and  to  a  height  of  a 
thousand  feet  above  the  river  slid  down 
bodily  in  one  continuous  sheet  or  snowslide, 
starting  at  every  point  simultaneously  as 
though  by  preconcerted  signal,  and  cracking 
oflf  from  the  snow  above,  leaving  a  distinct 
irregular  or  crenated  line  of  cliff  apparently 
from  five  to  ten  feet,  high  along  the  zone 
where  the  slide  originated,  strongly  resemb- 
ling an  irregular  brush  fence  at  a  distance. 
The  snow  scaled  off  from  the  underlying 
older  and  harder  snow  like  the  coat  of  an 
onion  and  plunged  down  enveloped  in  white 
foam  and  smoke-like  mist,  into  the  river. 

Began  in  Bare  Places. 

'The  remarkable  feature,  to  me,  of  this 
slide  was  the  way  in  which  at  its  starting 
point  it  avoided  all  growing  or  standing 
timber.  The  slide  invariably  had  its  incep- 
tion and  origination  point  in  bare  places 
just  at  the  lower  edge  of  the  timber — never 
from  within  it  although  the  timber  occupies 
V-shaped  depressions  well  adapted  for  the 
accumulation  of  snow. 


'During  the  year  before  last  I  noted  that 
none  of  the  numerous  individual  slides  head- 
ed from  within  growing  timber  areas,  but 
invariably  from  bare  places  burned  off  by 
the  forest  fires.  If  the  timber  covered  the 
mountain  as  it  did  before  the  fires  there 
would  be  no  snowslides  on  that  mountain 
and  no  menace  to  mining  houses  or  plants. 
As  it  is  it  would  be  hazardous  or  impossible, 
in  case  ore  bodies  (believed  to  exist)  were 
discovered,  to  mine  the  ore  or  to  erect 
buildings. 

'  This  little  incident  which  I  doubt  not  is 
common  enough  and  which  the  foresters 
must  often  have  observed  in  this  country, 
showed  me  clearly  the  protection  from  snow- 
slides  that  standing  timber  affords,  especial- 
ly at  their  inception  and  near  the  summits. 
No  prudent  miner  would  cut  off  to  any  ex- 
tent the  timber  back  of  his  mining  plant  on 
the  poor  excuse  of  its  being  *  *  handy, ' '  there- 
by destroying  his  best  friend  and  protection 
from  the  attack  of  his  worst  enemy,  the 
snowslide.  At  the  same  time  he  would,  no 
doubt,  clear  off  a  certain  space  around  his 
mining  plant  as  security  against  forest  fires. 

Deadly  to  Mining  Camps. 

*It  seems  to  me  that  a  great  forest  fire 
such  as  those  which  have  swept  these  mount- 
ains, is  one  of  the  greatest  conceivable  mis- 
fortunes to  a  mining  camp.  It  endangers 
the  plant.  It  destroys  necessary  timber  for 
future  use.  It  extinguishes  the  timber  pro- 
tection against  snowslides.  It  even  encour- 
ages slides,  originates  them  or  makes  them 
possible,  and  seriously  affects  the  water 
supply. 

'The  effect  of  these  snowslides  is  dam- 
aging on  the  water  supply.  Not  only  does 
it  demolish  our  flumes,  as  in  our  own  case 
at  the  Wilcox,  but  it  carries  away  uselessly 
a  vast  amount  of  snow  that  should  be  stored 
up  for  gradual  use  in  the  spring,  season. 
Both  lode  miners  and  placer  miners  realize 
this.  On  the  other  hand,  timber  left  stand- 
ing gathers  the  snow  and  lets  the  water  out 
gradually — about  the  time  it  is  most  re- 
quired in  the  spring  and  summer,  not  in  use- 
less torrents  swept  away  rapidly  in  swollen 
rivers,  but  quietly  and  beneficially.  I  have 
read  of  several  placer  mines  in  Northern 
British  Columbia  being  placed  hors  de  com- 
bat by  the  sudden  departure  of  the  snows 
and  water  borne  away  in  unavailable  tor- 
rents. 

*  To  me  the  sight  of  the  effects  of  a  great 
forest  fire  such  as  that  which  swept  through 
these  mountains  is  a  most  pitiable  one.    The 


70 


Forests    and   SnowsUdes, 


71 


only  redeeming  feature  of  a  forest  fire  from 
a  mining  point  of  view  is  that  it  clears 
away  the  brush  and  timber  and  thus  gives 
greater  opportunity  for  the  prospector  to 
search  for  and  follow  up  exposed  veins  of 
mineral.  Otherwise  the  forest  fire  apparent- 
ly misses  any  law  of  compensaton.  It  is  a 
dead  loss  in  every  way,  doing  no  good  to 
anyone  and  very  great  harm.  The  sight, 
too,  of  a  grand  old  tree  that  after  perhaps 
a  century  has  reached  its  maturity  stand- 
ing a  blackened  ruin  of  stump  some  six  or 
eight  feet  in  diameter — and  simply  because 
John  Smith  forgot  to  put  out  his  campfire 
before  leaving  for  parts  unknown — is  a 
sorry  sight  indeed. 

*I  noticed  last  spring  that  the  mountain 
opposite  us  was  gradually  becoming  clothed 
with  a  low  brush  of  young  trees.  But  how 
many  /-years  will  it  take  to  restore  that 
mountain-side  to  its  former  forest  glory? 
and  how  many  years  will  it  require  to  pro- 
duce a  tree  comparable  in  girth  and  height 
to  those  grand  old  cedars  whose  huge  black- 
ened and  charred  stumps  are  crowded  along 
the  road?' 


EASTERN  FORESTERS. 

What  University  of  New  Brunswick 
Men  are  Doing. 

Mr.  R.  B.  Miller,  Professor  of  For- 
estry in  the  University  of  New 
Brunswick,  writes  in  reply  to  a  letter 
of  the  editor  of  The  Canadian  For- 
estry Journal  that  the  work  of  the 
academic  year  has  concluded  most  sat- 
isfactorily and  that  the  prospects  are 
very  bright.  He  encloses  the  follow- 
ing from  one  of  the  daily  papers  of 
Fredericton : — 

The  foresters  in  the  University  of  New 
Brunswick  are  getting  positions  for  the 
summer  and  it  is  hoped  the  majority  will 
be  placed  before  Encaenia  or  shortly  after- 
wards at  least.  Of  the  seniors,  K.  R.  Ma- 
chum  takes  a  posiAon  with  the  C.  P.  R. 
Forestry  Branch,  and.H.  B.  Murray  is  the 
only  man  to  go  to  British  Columbia  under 
H.  B.  MacMillan,  Chief  Forester.  B.  K. 
Shives  will  go  to  Prince  Albert,  Saskatche- 
wan, and  in  his  party  as  assistant  will  be 
H.  S.  Laughlin,  of  the  junior  class.  G.  P. 
Melrose  of  the  same  class  is  also  with  the 
Dominion  Forestry  Branch  as  well  as  A. 
M.  Gunter  and  Don  A.  McDonald.  The 
two  latter  will  be  assigned  to  the  Domin- 
ion Experimental  Farm  where  they  will 
make  studies  of  growth  in  the  arboretum. 

Jack  Hipwell,  Harry  Holman,  Frank  Mc- 
Gibbon  and  Cortland  Otty,  the  latter  an 
engineer  with  some  forestry  experience, 
have  received  positions  with  the  C.  P.  B. 


Forestry  Branch,  at  Calgary,  Alberta.  All 
of  these  are  sophmores.  C.  L.  Armstrong 
and  C.  R.  Townsend  of  the  freshmen  have 
been  placed,  as  well  as  Sam  Weston,  '14, 
with  Mr.  Reginald  R.  Bailey,  Plaster  Rock 
and  will  be  on  the  Tobique  with  Foster 
Howe  and  H.  C.  Belyea,  U»  N.  B.  men  en- 
gaged in  cruising  for  the  New  Brunswick 
Land  Co.  On  account  of  other  men  get- 
ting ready  for  examinations,  five  U.  N.  B. 
men,  some  of  them  foresters,  were  sent  to 
Nova  Scotia  for  the  C.  P.  R.  K.  Vavasour, 
R.  D.  Jago,  A.  M.  Brewer,  Guy  Horncastle, 
and  C.  E.  Maimann,  left  here  April  15th. 
The  Forestry  Department  at  the  U.N.B. 
is  steadily  growing  in  popularity  and  the 
usefulness  of  this  science  is  becoming  more 
generally  recognized.  The  number  of 
students  in  forestry  it  is  expected  will  be 
largely  increased  next  year. 


HOW  TO  PREVENT  FLOODS. 

The  floods  which  swept  through  the 
middle  western  states  were  more  de- 
structive this  year  than  ever  before. 
Not  even  the  awful  Johnstown  flood 
can  be  said  to  parallel  in  loss  of  life 
and  property  the  terrible  disasters 
which  recently  took  place.  The  New 
York  'Outlook'  in  'A  Poll  of  the 
Press'  on  the  subject  of  flood  preven- 
tion in  the  light  of  recent  experiences 
returns  a  verdict  which  should  make 
forest  conservationists  more  zealous 
than  ever  for  their  cause.  The  'Out- 
look' gives  first  place  to  the  opinion 
expressed  by  the  Buffalo  'News.' 

Nothing  is  more  familiar  in  the  experi- 
ence  of  mankind  than  that  cutting  down 
the  forests  to  an  unreasonable  extent  in- 
variably leads  to  floods  and  to  erosion  of 
soil,  and,  generally  speaking,  to  enormous 
damage  to  farming  country  as  well  as  to 
cities  and  villages  that  lie  in  the  path  of 
streams. 

Hardly  any  other  lesson  in  our  human 
experience  is  more  deeply  and  bitterly 
written  than  that  of  the  folly  of  neglect 
to  preserve  a  certain  proportion  of  forest 
lands  with  a  view  to  security  of  inhabi- 
tants. 

Some  marvel  that  in  the  generations 
past,  say  in  the  early  days  of  the  settle- 
ment of  the  Central  West,  as  well  as  of  the 
eastern  part  of  the  United  States,  there 
were  no  such  disastrous  floods  as  we  have 
to-day,  but  it  is  all  accounted  for  by 
having  the  land  so  cleared  that  as  soon  as 
rain  falls  or  snow  melts  -it  immediately 
goes  down  grade  with  the  utmost  speed 
into  creeks  and  rivers  and  begins  its  work 
of  doHtruction. 


72 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  May  1913. 


Formerly  there  was  enough  of  forestry 
to  make  a  sort  of  natural  reservoir  that 
should  hold  back  the  waters.  We  shall 
have  to  reforest  the  country  to  a  reason- 
able extent  .    .     . 

Hence  the  first  preventive  of  flood  is 
Forcstation. 

'The  wind  no  man  can  tame.  Like 
the  earthquake,  it  is  a  hazard  which 
civilization  must  accept.  But  floods 
are,  in  part,  man-made.  Once  the 
Miami  Valley,  the  pathway  of  the  lat- 
est horror  of  the  angry  waters,  was 
tree-clad  and  root-bound  against  ex- 
cess of  moisture.  Then  man  came,  saw 
gold  in  the  standing  timber,  and  fell- 
ed it  covetously  and  ignorantly.'  So 
asserts  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  '  Evening 
News,'  and  asks:  'The  greed  that 
felled  those  noble  trees,  the  careless- 
ness and  ignorance  that  stripped 
those  narrow  watercourses  to  the  fatal 
onrush  of  the  raging  torrent — shall 
they  not  come  under  a  resolution  of 
abatement?' 

We  see  examples  of  forest-destruc- 
tion in  many  parts  of  the  world,  not- 
ably in  China,  where,  according  to  the 
Sioux  Falls  'Press,'  to  mention  only 
the  most  notable  floods,  in  1833  no 
less  than  ten  thousand  persons  were 
drowned  by  the  floods ;  in  1888,  three 
thousand;  in  1904,  over  a  thousand; 
while  last  year  the  floods  made  China 
the  scene  of  a  particularly  dreadful 
disaster. 

If  floods  are  frequently  reported 
from  the  Chinese  Empire,  they  are 
seldom  reported  from  Europe,  but 
even  there,  in  Paris  itself,  the  people 
'who  have  a  most  compelling  reason 
to  strive  to  keep  their  Seine  within 
bounds,  have  not  been  able  to  previse 
against  all  contingencies,  as  witness 
the  overflow  of  that  stream  three 
years  ago,'  the  Galveston  'News' 
points  out.  But,  as  the  Knoxville 
'Sentinel'  comments:  'After  the  last 
Seine  flood  the  French  Government 
took  steps  to  afforest  slopes  which 
have  been  injudiciously  denuded.  It 
may  be  necessary  for  Ohio  and  In- 
diana to  do  likewise.'  Their  own  re- 
cent disaster  has  caused  French  for- 


esters to  take  special  interest  in  ours. 
M.  Daubray,  Inspector  of  Forests,  to- 
gether with  all  the  technical  authorit- 
ies in  the  French  Ministry  of  Agricul- 
ture, agree,  so  we  learn  from  the  New 
York  'Tribune,'  'that  the  destruction 
of  forests  near  the  sources  of  rivers 
and  high  plateaus  and  hills  is  the 
primary  cause  of  the  Ohio  disaster;' 
moreover,  this  opinion  is  shared  by 
our  Ambassador  in  France,  the  Hon. 
Myron  T.  Herrick,  formerly  Governor 
of  Ohio,  who  states  that  'for  many 
years  Governors  of  States  where 
floods  are  now  raging  have  repeatedly 
impressed  upon  Legislatures  and  the 
public  the  urgent  necessity  of  enact- 
ing stringent  laws  based  on  the  scien- 
tific experience  of  France  and  Ger- 
many for  protecting  forests  from  de- 
vastation and  wholesale  destruction.' 
The  present  catastrophe  is  attributed 
by  Ambassador  Herrick  to  this  waste 
of  forests,  'which,  by  timely  legisla- 
tion, could  have  been  avoided. '  He 
urges  that  no  time  should  be  lost  *in 
taking  energetic  measures  to  replant 
tracts  of  land  so  improvidently  de- 
nuded of  trees.'  Finally,  the  Am- 
bassador regrets  that  'the  wise  provi- 
sion of  law  embodied  in  all  leases  of 
land  in  the  rural  districts  of  France, 
requiring  the  lessee  to  plant  a  tree 
whenever  a  tree  dies  or  is  removed, 
does  not  apply  in  Ohio  and  Indiana.' 
Such  provision,  it  is  added,  '  is  merely 
one  of  many  precautions  to  protect 
French  trees,  and  if  enforced  during 
the  last  thirty  years  in  Ohio  and  In- 
diana would  have  prevented  the  pre- 
sent disaster.' 

Turning  from  France  to  England, 
we  find  similar  expressions  of  opinion 
in  the  editorials  of  London  newspap- 
ers, summed  up  in  the  *  Daily  Mail's' 
charge  that  'one  cause  of  the  floods  is 
undoubtedly  to  be  found  in  the  de- 
struction of  forests.'  The  'Daily 
Mail'  emphasizes  'the  extreme  im- 
portance of  the  campaign  now  being 
carried  on  in  the  United  States  for  the 
protection  of  the  remaining  forests 
and  the  reforestation  of  denuded 
areas. ' 


Toronto  Students  in  Norfolk* 


Dr.  Femow's  Students  Study  ing  Afforestation  Problems. 


From  the  20th  to  26th  of  April  the  third 
and  fourth  year  students  of  the  Faculty  of 
Forestry  of  the  University  of  Toronto  un- 
der Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow,  Dean,  spent  a  most 
profitable  week  at  the  Ontario  Gavernment 
Forest  Nursery  near  St.  Williams  in  Nor- 
folk County.  This  is  the  second  visit  made 
to  these  nurseries  by  this  school  and  ar- 
rangements are  now  being  made  by  which 
it  will  be  possible  for  all  students  after 
passing  their  first  year  to  spend  the  whole 
summer  there  and  thus  become  thoroughly 


transplanting  tools  imported  from  Germany 
and  many  a  student  that  day  found  himself 
closer  to  mother  earth  than  he  had  been 
since  his  mud-pie  days. 

These  tools,  complicated  and  even  cum- 
bersome though  they  seem,  are  yet  both 
rapid  and  efficient  in  the  hands  of  an  expert. 
They  are  however,  only  fitted  for  the  soils 
for  which  they  are  designed,  and  while  the 
students  handled  them  with  considerable  suc- 
cess, it  is  doubtful  whether  they  will  prove 
widely  applicable  in  this  country. 


I  i^  .J^'<    ▲^ 

1  <t^4i 

1 

!  ^4  •.- 

fjL^ 

^Aj^kM^ 

1 

f"  F'- 

m- . ; . 

md 

nm^M 

SNAPS  IN  THE  NURSERIES. 


1.  Making  Seed  Beds. 

3.  Making  Growth  Studies. 


2.  Dr.  Fernow  Shows  How  to  Transplant. 
4.  Plantation  of  Jack  Pine  on  Sand  Waste. 


familiar  with  the  practical  8i<le  of  the  work. 
This  year  the  trip  wa.s  held  between  spring 
examinations  and  came  as  a  pleafant  relaxa- 
tion from  studies  for  the  eighteen  students 
who  took  part  in  the  excursion. 

On  arrival  at  the  nursery  the  boys  were 
met  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Zavitz,  the  Provincial  For- 
ester for  Ontario,  who  conducted  them  over 
the  ground,  explaining  the  work  and  giving 
the  history  of  the  various  plantations  in- 
spected. The  following  day,  under  the  in- 
structions of  Dean  P'ernow,  they  were  in- 
itiated into  the  uses  of  the  many  mysterious 


The  reforesting  of  the  waste  land  is  done 
in  rows,  the  young  trees  (mostly  Scotch 
pine)  being  set  about  four  feet  apart  each 
way.  On  grass  lands  sufficient  sod  has  to 
be  removed  to  preclude  the  possibility  of 
the  young  trees  being  choked  out  by  grass 
and  weeds.  Usually  a  plot  about  two  feet 
square  is  sufficient  for  this  purpose.  Where 
conditions  permit,  the  waste  lands  are 
ploughed  with  furrows  about  three  feet 
ai)art,  and  the  men  work  down  these  furrows 
in  groups  of  two,  (one  man  making  the  hole 
with  a  spade,  the  other  setting  the  plant,) 


73 


74 


Canadian  Forestry  Journalj  May  1913. 


a    single    group   often    setting   as   many    as 
3,000  plants  a  day. 

The  Forestry  students  took  a  hand  at  all 
these  methods,  some  of  them  realizing  for 
the  first  time  the  full  significance  of  the 
curse  of  Cain. 

The  necessity  for  reforesting  in  this 
locality  was  clearly  seen  in  a  ten  mile  tramp 
they  took,  headed  by  Dr.  Fernow,  through 
the  surrounding  country.  Such  land  as  was 
still  being  farmed,  bore  but  scanty  crops. 
In  the  lee  of  the  snake  or  stump  fences  the 
sand  was  drifted  like  snow,  and  from  one 
point,  over  a  square  mile  of  practically  bare 
sand  could  be  seen  heaped  in  dunes  or  dug 
into  hollows  by  the  wind. 

That  the  sand  was  unfitted  for  farm  crops 
was  very  clearly  seen.  That  it  w^as  capable 
of  producing  splendid  forests  was  as  clearly 
indicated,  both  by  the  vigorous  growth  of 
the  young  plantations,  and  by  a  stem 
analysis  of  the  old  stumps  of  the  original 
stand  of  white  pine  and  chestnut  which 
frequently  showed  the  remarkable  diameter 
growth  of  an  inch  per  year.  .  Walnut  and 
butternut  are  indigenous  in  this  region,  as 
are  also  many  trees  such  as  the  black  gum 
tulip  tree  (yellow  poplar)  and  chestnut 
which  are  exotics  in  other  parts  of  Canada. 

The  students  were  the  guests  of  the  On- 
tario Government,  though  it  is  doubtful  if 
they  really  earned  their  board  for  it  was 
the  good  old  fashioned  country  fare  such 
as  one  reads  about,  but  seldom  enjoys.  It 
may  have  been  for  this  reason  that  they 
were  none  too  keen  to  return  to  the  city 
after  their  five  day  visit,  but  it  is  more 
likely  that  the  prospect  of  renewed  exam- 
inations was  the  chief  reason  for  this 
reluctance. 


AN  EARLY  CONSERVATIONIST. 

Sir  Richard  Scott's  Work  as  Commissioner 
of  Crown  Lands. 

In  the  many  fine  things  that  were 
said  of  the  late  Sir  Richard  Scott  who 
passed  away  at  his  home  in  Ottawa 
on  April  23  in  his  eighty-ninth  year, 
there  was  but  little  note  of  what  he 
did  for  forest  conservation.  Sir  Rich- 
ard was  so  long  in  public  life  that 
people  are  apt  to  think  of  him  only 
as  Dominion  Cabinet  Minister  and 
Senator  and  to  overlook  the  fact  that 
many  years  ago,  in  fact  in  the  early 
days  of  Confederation,  he  was  Com- 
missioner of  Crown  Lands  for  On- 
tario. One  of  the  biographical  notices 
of  the  deceased  parliamentary  leader 
thus  refers  to  this  feature  of  his  work. 

'On  taking  office  as  Commissioner 


of  Crown  Lands  for  Ontario  Sir 
Richard  formulated  a  policy  in  re- 
gard to  timber  licenses  which  allayed 
the  fears  of  the  lumbermen  that  their 
operating  regulations  were  to  be  ruth- 
lessly changed. 

'He  was  afterwards  asked  to  take 
up  the  matter  with  the  Quebec  Gov- 
ernment, did  so  and  submitted  a  ser- 
ies of  suggestions  which  were  adopted 
with  but  few  modifications.  This  was 
not  the  only  service  Sir  Richard  per- 
formed for  the  lumber  trade,  how- 
ever. Some  years  before  this  the  ruin- 
ous policy  of  allowing  squatters  to 
locate  on  lands  chiefly  valuable  for 
the  pine  and  not  suitable  for  settle- 
ment had  been  in  operation.  Against 
this  he  warred  by  every  means  in  his 
power  and  was  the  first  to  draw  pub- 
lic attention  to  the  supreme  import- 
ance of  the  conservation  of  the  great 
national  asset,  Canada's  timber  re- 
sources. Had  his  suggestions  been 
adopted  in  time  it  would  have  meant 
the  inheritance  of  immense  wealth  for 
the  present  generation. ' 


WHAT'S  DOING  IN  THE 
ROCKIES. 

Interesting  Development  in  the  Work  of 
the  Dominion  Forestry  Branch. 

Number  One,  Volume  One  of  The 
Rocky  Mountain  Review,  the  quarter- 
ly publication  issued  by  the  staff  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  Forest  Reserve 
comes  smilingly  forward  in  a  happily- 
chosen  green  cover.  Inside  the  cover 
are  twenty  mimeographed  pages  of 
the  snappiest  kind  of  news  and  sug- 
gestions. The  Review  marks  a  new 
stage  of  development  in  forest  admin- 
istration in  Canada.  A  few  years  ago 
the  Rocky  Mountain  Reserve  was  a 
vision,  a  'hope  of  foresters  and  for- 
estry enthusiasts.  Now  there  is  a 
finely  organized  territory  under  an  in- 
spector, five  Forest  Reserve  Supervis- 
ors and  twenty-four  rangers.  Fur- 
ther, through  the  Review,  they  keep 
in  touch  with  one  another  and  with 
the  progress  in  other  parts  of  the 
country. 


WhaVs  Doing  in  Rockies? 


75 


The  Historic  Gate  of  Old  Fort  Garry,  Winnipeg. 


Says  the  announcement  in  this  first 
issue: — 

This  publication  has  a  number  of  pur- 
poses, the  chief  of  which  may  be  stated 
as  follows: 

1.  To  serve  as  a  directory  of  members 
of  the  Service  in  the  District. 

2.  To  act  as  a  news  letter  so  that  each 
Reserve  may  know  what  is  being  done  on 
the  others  in  the  District  and  may  com- 
pare the  progress  of  work  on  the  various 
Reserves. 

3.  To  act  as  a  medium  for  exchange  of 
ideas  between  officers  and  rangers  through- 
out the  District. 

4.  To  act  as  a  basis  of  exchange  with 
National  Forests  in  the  United  States  who 
publish  similar  papers  and  for  exchange 
with  other  branches  of  the  Dominion  Ser- 
vice and  the  Forestry  Services  of  the 
various  provinces.  Also  to  give  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Alberta  District  force  the  bene- 
fit of  the  experience  of  other  Forestry 
Services  both  in  Canada  and  abroad. 

5.  To  act  as  a  periodical  catalogue  of 
Forestry  Branch  publications  and  library 
accessions. 

6.  By  fulfilling  the  above  functions  to 
maintain  a  feeling  of  unity  and  solidarity 
among  the  members  of  the  Alberta  District 
force. 


In  order  to  accomplish  the  object  of 
furnishing  information  in  regard  to  th^ 
work  being  carried  on  in  the  various  Re- 
serves of  the  District  the  Supervisors  of 
each  Reserve  have  been  requested  to  pre- 
pare a  short  statement  each  month  of  the 
work  done  on  the  various  Forest  Reserves 
under  their  charge.  These  news  letters 
will  describe  the  Forest  work  under  the 
following  headings:  Improvements,  Fire, 
Timber  Sales,  Timber  Permits,  Grazing, 
Trespass,  Investigations,  Miscellaneous  Ac- 
tivities, and  Personal  Mention. 

It  can  be  readily  understood  that  with 
the  large  body  of  men  employed  in  this 
District  various  schemes  of  promoting 
efficiency  in  the  work  of  the  Service  are 
constantly  being  devised.  This  is  partic- 
ularly true  on  Forest  Reserves  which  have 
a  large  amount  of  one  kind  of  work  such, 
for  instance,  as  the  settlers  permit  busi- 
ncHH.  In  such  Reserves  the  wide-awake 
Forest  Officer  generally  has  devised  some 
simple  scheme  for  expediting  the  handling 
of  this  business  and  contributing  to  the 
convenience  of  the  public  as  well  as  re- 
ducing the  cost  to  the  Forestry  Branch. 
The  same  is  true  of  other  lines  of  work. 
Also  experiments  of  various  kinds  in  the 
line  of  construction  are  constantly  being 
carried  on  and  frequently  very  good  ideas 


I 


76 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  May  1913. 


are  developed.  In  order  to  give  the  entire 
force  the  benefit  of  this  experience  it  is 
planned  to  run  a  Department  for  contribut- 
ed articles  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  Review 
and  Forest  Rangers  and  other  Forest  Of- 
^cers  are  requested  to  forward  short 
articles  of  this  nature  for  insertion  in  the 
publication. 

i  A  considerable  number  of  forest  publi- 
cations from  the  National  Forests  in  the 
United  States  are  received  by  the  In- 
spector's Office  as  well  as  a  number  of 
lumber  journals  and  forestry  periodicals, 
in  such  papers  there  is  generally  to  be 
found  a  great  number  of  items  of  interest 
tot  members  of  the  Forestry  Service  and 
pne  of  the  main  purposes  of  this  publica- 
tion will  be  the  insertion  of  items  clipped 
from  exchanges  so  that  they  may  be 
brought  to  the  attention  of  all  of  the  of- 
ficers in  the  District. 

The  Canadian .  Forestry  Journal 
jwishes  the  'Review'  a  long,'  useful  and 
ihappy  life.  In  the  promotion  .r  of 
efficiency  and  pleasure  among  all  it 
reaches  it  will  do  a  great  work  in 
teanadian,  forestry  to-day. 

JgliThe  officers  in  charge  of  the  reserve 
are:  —  District  Inspector,  W.  N. 
Millar.  Supervisors  Forest  Reserves ; 
Crows  Nest,  R.  M.  Brown ;  Bow 
River,  F.  G.  Edgar;  Clearwater,  Jas. 
W.  McAbee;  Brazeau,  L.  C.  Tilt; 
Athabasca,  L.  C.  Tilt,  (acting)  ; 
Cypress  HiUs,  W.  N.  Millar,  (act- 
,ing)  ;  Cooking  Lake,  "W.  N.  Millar, 
(acting). 


PROGRESS  IN  FORESTRY. 

{Continued   from   page    69.) 

twice  as  much  to  'build  a  house  as  it 
did  in  1900.  Fast  as  our  population 
in  Canada  has  been  increasing  since 
1890  our  wood  consumption  has  been 
increasing  nearly  three  times  as  rap- 
idly. Canadians  are  now  the  largest 
per  capita  consumers  in  the  world  of 
wood  products.  Our  timber  exports 
to  Oreat  Britain  fell  off  nearly  one 
million  dollars  last  year.  In  two  or 
fjiree  decades  when  we  have  largely 
used  up  our  valuable  timber  and  feel 
forced  actually  to  grow  our  timber 
supply  the  prices  will  be  for  the  poor 
man  almost  prohibitive. 

In  view  of  these  facts  why  do  we 


still  prate  about  our  inexhaustible  for- 
ests? I  have  recently  heard  it  stated 
that  there  were  billions  and  billions 
of  feet  of  fine  saw  timber  in  the  part 
recently  added  to  Manitoba.  I  am 
not  a  pessimist  in  regard  to  this  re- 
cent addition,  but  I  feel  sure  it  has  a 
splendid  and  wonderful  future.  Nev- 
ertheless as  the  result  of  terrible  fires 
in  the  past  eighty  years  only  a  frac- 
tion of  one  per  cent,  of  this  territory 
to-day  has  commercially  valuable  saw 
timber, — that  is,  timber  over  eight 
inches  in  diameter.  But  the  coun- 
try has  a  thrifty  young  stand  of 
spruce,  which,  if  it  can  be  saved  from 
fire,  will  in  say  twenty-five  years  form 
highly  valuable  pulp  wood  forests. 

Dr.  Judson  F.  Clark  of  Vancouver, 
says: — 'Personally,  I  think  it  is  be- 
yond doubt  that  the  development  of 
a  rational,  and  therefore  practical 
and  business-like,  forest  policy,  by  the 
Canadian  Provinces  and  the  Federal 
Government,  will  have  a  greater  in- 
fluence on  the  prosperity  and  happi- 
ness of  our  country  half  a  century 
hence,  than  the  solution  of  any  other 
problem  which  is  within  the  power  of 
our  generation  to  solve.' 

If  we  agree  with  Dr.  Clark  the  next 
question  is  how  are  we  to  go  about 
this  work?  To  arrive  at  a  just  and 
correct  basis  of  co-operation  is  the 
crux  of  the  problem,  and  hence  I  have 
placed  it  in  the  centre  of  the  follow- 
ing six  factors,  which  I  believe  will 
appeal  to  you  as  perhaps  the  main 
elements  to  be  considered  in  your 
working  out  of  such  a  forest  policy, 
viz. : 

1.  Education  of  Public  Opinion,  to 
provide  the  authority,  the  money,  the 
driving  power. 

2.  Classification,  according  to  its 
producing  capacity,  of  all  publicly 
owned  land,  including  of  course 
licensed  berths,  to  provide  for  per- 
manence of  use. 

3.  A  scheme  of  cordial  and  mutual- 
ly profitable  co-operation,  on  an  equit- 
able basis  of  duties  and  rewards,  be- 
tween the  sovereign  people  and  the 
operating  lumbermen. 


Progress  in  Forestry. 


77 


4.  Organization  on  a  strictly  non- 
partisan basis,  of  a  trained  and  effi- 
cient forest  service  personnel,  to  ad- 
minister and  supervise,  and  carry 
out,  all  needed  field  and  office  work. 

5.  Provision  and  equipment  for  in- 
vestigation and  research  work,  deal- 
ing with  forest  problems  of  every  de- 
scription, and  methods  of  solving 
them. 

6.  Legislation — Whatever  may  be 
required  to  give  full  effect  to  the  will 
of  the  people  regarding  the  manage- 
ment of  their  forest  lands,  and  to  in- 
sure uniform  requirements  from 
every  forest  user. 

Present  Conditions. 

'Wise  use,  wisely  regulated,'  is  the 
essence  of  conservation,  and  its  twin 
axioms  as  applied  to  Canada's  renew- 
able resources  are,  'Every  acre  a  pro- 
ducing acre,'  and  'Every  acre  to  its 
best  use. '  This  highly  practical  ideal 
demands  as  its  first  step,  land  classi- 
fication, and  I  am  glad  to  say  that  the 
Dominion  Forestry  Branch  is  under- 
taking vigorously  this  most  important 
work  of  determining  just  what  por- 
tions of  these  Prairie  Provinces  are 
primarily  adapted  to  the  production 
of  wood  crops,  rather  than  food  crops. 
During  the  past  three  seasons  many 
survey  parties  in  different  parts  of 
the  West  have  been  engaged  in  this 
work,  and  as  a  result  of  their  work 
approximately  ten  million  acres  have 
been  classified  as  forest  land  and  re- 
commended for  inclusion  in  the  per- 
manent forest  reserves,  or  national 
forests,  as  I  prefer  to  call  them.  This 
addition  to  the  older  reserves  will  give 
you  a  total  of  some  thirty-five  thou- 
sand square  miles,  which,  however,  is 
only  a  good  start  in  relation  to  the 
whole  area  of  the  public  lands  best 
adapted  to  forest  purposes. 

While  it  is  true  that  rough  timber 
land  has  acre  for  acre,  a  lower  pro- 
ducing power  than  farm  land,  still  the 
enormous  area  of  this  non-agricul- 
tural land  in  Canada  puts  it  in  the 
front  rank  of  her  natural  resources. 
Dr.  Fernow's  survey  of  Nova  Scotia 


classes  nearly  eighty  per  cent,  of  that 
Province  as  absolute  forest  land.  Brit- 
ish Columbia  has  at  least  as  great  a 
proportion,  while  in  Ontario  and  Que- 
bec probably  two-thirds  is  non-agri- 
cultural in  character.  In  1910  I  ex- 
amined eight  thousand  square  miles 
of  the  country  north  east  of  Le  Pas, 
now  a  part  of  Manitoba,  and  eighty 
per  cent,  of  this  territory  is  absolute 
forest  land.  Taking  Canada  as  a 
whole  probably  fifty  per  cent,  of  her 
cropable  surface  is  chiefly  suited  for 
growing  timber. 

Are  you  satisfied  that  as  a  people  Can- 
adians are  giving  enough  attention  to 
this  half  of  the  national  farm  ?  Upon 
its  wise  management  must  rest  the 
future  prosperity  of  the  lumber  in- 
dustry. The  forests  in  controlling 
water  supply  and  water  power  are  de- 
stined more  and  more  largely  to  affect 
the  welfare  of  farmers  and  manufac- 
turers. 

Educational  Work. 

Grain  and  stock  farmers  are  be- 
ing given  a  ten  million  dollar  grant  to 
assist  in  their  work,  but  lumbermen 
(our  tree  farmers)  are  given  little  or 
no  help  to  discover  the  laws  which 
govern  a  maximum  production  of 
their  crop.  Farm  crops  require  only 
from  fifty  to  one  hundred  days  to  ma- 
ture; timber  crops  require  from  fifty 
to  one  hundred  years.  In  this  long 
time  element  rests  the  fundamental 
difference  between  agriculture  and 
silviculture,  between  farm  crops  and 
timber  crops.  In  general  the  Govern- 
ment is  the  only  institution  long  lived 
enough  to  practise  successful  forestry. 

TnH  Control  of  Licensed  Operators 
All  are  agreed  that  the  Government 
should  have  absolute  control  of  all 
lu inhering  operations  on  Crown  lands, 
iiichiding  of  course,  the  licensed  berth 
lands,  simply  to  insure  that  your  for- 
ests shall  be  cropped,  rather  than 
mined.  Yet  it  is  to-day  a  most  dis- 
c|ui(,'ting  fact,  that  on  all  that  part  of 
the  forest  domain  now  held  by 
licensees,  the  public  has  actually  per- 
mitted all  effective  control  to  lapse 


78 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  May  1913. 


and  become,  so  far  as  forestry  is  con- 
cerned, a  dead  letter.  The  nation  is 
exercising  no  supervision  over  their 
work,  in  the  woods — which  is  the  one 
only  thing  that  really  counts,  in  for- 
estry. 

You  need  to  consider  the  future 
more.  For  instance,  in  this  latest 
copy  of  rules,  issued  in  1910,  to  gov- 
ern the  cutting  of  timber  on  your 
licensed  lands,  I  find  page  after  page 
of  'Thou  Shalts'  and  'Thou  Shalt 
Nots, '  all  designed  to  insure, — What  ? 
Why  only  that  you  may  get  a  few 
dollars  of  revenue  from  the  existing 
crop  of  timber.  All  well  and  good, 
but  what  about  silviculture?  What 
about  applying  some  actual  forestry 
methods  in  the  woods,  so  that  in  cut- 
ting away  this  old  stand  of  trees  a 
thrifty  new  crop  may  be  provided  for 
by  natural  reproduction  ?  What,  in  a 
word,  are  you  doing  to  make  provision 
for  the  cropping  of  the  forest  rather 
than  the  mining  of  it?  What  are  we 
doing  to  build  up  and  safeguard  the 
future  producing  power  of  our  for- 
ests? 

Conclusion. 

There  are  two  abuses  which  menace 
the  free,  equitable,  and  profitable  de- 
velopment of  our  natural  resources, 
by  scientific  and  business  methods. 
These  are  special  privilege,  and  po- 
litical influence.  If  you  can  see  your 
way,  first,  to  overcome  these  twin 
evils  which  are  now  blocking  so  large- 
ly any  efficient  progress  towards  im- 
proving and  protecting  your  timber- 
land,  and  second,  to  co-operate  fully 
with  your  lumbermen;  I  feel  safe  in 
saying  that  nature  herself  will  pre- 
sent no  problems  which  a  trained 
field  force  cannot  easily  solve.  Let  all 
forest  officers  in  the  Government  ser- 
vice, and  more  especially  at  present, 
forest  rangers,  be  required  to  pass  a 
fair  test  examination  in  token  of  their 
real  fitness  and  ability;  and  let  all 
forest  users  be  treated  with  absolute 
equality  regarding  the  requirements 
which  shall  govern  their  work  in  the 
woods. 


THE  WINNIPEG  CONVENTION. 

(Continued  on  page  65) 

and  Manitoba  Agricultural  College.  It  ii 
the  centre  of  the  grain  trade  and  a  very 
important  point  in  the  flour-milling,  lumber 
and  live  stock  industries  besides  being  the 
commercial  gateway  to  the  whole  Canad- 
ian west.  There  are  a  number  of  beauti- 
ful suburban  districts. 

Railway  Arraxgements. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Convention 
will  be  held  on  the  day  preceding  and  the 
first  two  days  of  the  Winnipeg  Exhibition, 
delegates  attending  from  points  within  what 
is  called  the  'Winnipeg  Exhibition  District' 
will  not  be  required  to  secure  certificates. 
They  will  purchase  railway  tickets  at  the 
special  rates  in  force  during  the  Exhibition. 
It  will  be  necessary,  however,  that  those 
travelling  on  these  tickets  give  their  names 
and  addresses  to  the  Secretary  for  the  pur- 
pose of  compiling  the  railway  returns.  The 
Winnipeg  District  extends  from  Fort  Wil- 
liam on  the  east  to  the  Alberta-British  Co- 
lumbia boundary.  (On  the  Canadian  Pa- 
cific Railway  these  rates  extend  to  Golden 
and  Cranbrook,  B.C.) 

From  Eastern  Canadian  Points. 

Delegates  attending  from  points  in  Can- 
ada from  Port  Arthur  eastward  can  secure 
single  fare  rates  (plus  25c)  on  the  conven- 
tion certificate  plan.  To  secure  these  rates 
delegates  will  purchase  one  way  first  class 
tickets  which  will  be  sold  them  at  the  lowest 
one  way  first  class  fare,  plus  25c.  When 
purchasing  these  tickets  they  must  secure  a 
standard  certificate  which  the  agent  will  fur- 
nish upon  request,  and  this  certificate  when 
signed  by  the  Secretary  in  the  Convention  at 
Winnipeg  as  showing  that  the  party  was  a 
delegate  will  be  nonored  for  ticket  through 
to  original  starting  point  free. 

Going  Dates. — Tickets  for  going  trip  by 
all  rail  routes  will  be  sold  July  3  to  6  inclu- 
sive; days  of  sale  via  lake  and  rail  routes 
to  be  announced  later. 

Returning.  —  Standard  convention  certifi- 
cates properly  filled  in  and  signed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation will  be  honored  at  Winnipeg  up  to 
and  including  July  24  for  tickets  to  original 
starting  point  free,  except  that  where  lake 
routes  are  used  addtional  payment  will  be 
required  as  follows: 

Lake  Arhitraries.  —  The  following  addi- 
tonal  amounts  to  be  paid  at  Winnipeg  when 
certificates  are  honored  for  return  journey 
if  passengers  elect  to  travel  via  lake  routes, 
viz.:  — (Via  C.P.S.S.  line  or  Sarnia  N.  N. 
Co.,  and  Port  Arthur).  Going  all-rail,  re- 
turning lake  and  rail,  $9.00  additional.  Go- 
ing lake  and  rail,  returning  all-rail,  $4.00 
additional.  Going  lake  and  rail,  returning 
same  route  $13.00  additional. 


The  Winnipeg  Convention 


79 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST    TREES 
and    shrubs    at    forest 
prices. 

Native  and  foreign  tree  seeds. 


Edye-de- Hurst  &  Son, 

Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

SHIPPERS    TO     H.    M.    GOVERNMENT,     ETC 


Correspondance  Franqaise. 


I 


From  British  Columbia  Points. 

Bate:  Certificate  plan  arrangement;  one 
way  first  class  tickets  and  standard  conven- 
tion certificates  to  be  issued  from  starting 
point  to  Winnipeg  'at  the  lowest  one  way 
first  class  fare  plus  25  cents. 

Going  Dates-.     July  4,  5  and  6. 

Beturn:  Certificates  signed  by  Mr.  Jas. 
Lawler,  Secretary,  Canadian  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation, to  he  honored  at  Winnipeg  up  to 
and  including  July  12th  for  free  return 
tickets  back  to  starting  point  with  a  transit 
limit  of  10  days. 

DIEECTOEY  OF  LEADING  HOTELS. 

Winnipeg  has  sixty-five  hotels  and  other 

excellent  facilities  for  handling  large 

crowds. 

Albion — Cor.  Main  and  Henry $1.00 

Bell— Main  and  Henry $2  up 

Brunswick — Main  and  Rupert $2 

Commercial — Main  and  St.  Mary 's $2 

Clarendon — Portage $2.00  up 

Corona — Notre  Dame $2.00  up 

Criterion — 214  McDermot — European 

plan $1.00  up 

Empire — Main  street $2.50  up 

Grange — Lombard  street $2.00  up 

Imperial — Main  and  Alexander $2.00 

Leland— 0pp.  City  Hall $2.00  up 

MacLaren — Main  and  Rupert $2.50  up 


FOREST 

ENGINEERS. 

Forest  Surveys 

Logging  Maps 

TIMBER 

ESTIMATES 

Water  Power 

Water  Storage. 

CLARK,  LYFORD,  &   STERLING 

1331  Real  Estate  Trust  BIdg.,  Philadelphia 

CLARK  &  LYFORD, 

LYFORD,  CLARK  &  LYFORD, 

403  Crown  Bldg:, 

26  Board  of  Trade  Bldg 

VANCOUVER 

MONTREAL 

TIMBER  CRUISES 
FORESTRY  SURVEYS 


r      Forestry   Dept. 

Montreal  Engineering  Company,  Limited 

Consulting    &  Operating    Engineers 

211      McGILL      STREET,      MONTREAL 
R.  O.  Sweezey,  General  Manager 


THE  SMITH  STUMP  PULLER 

This  photoCTaph  shows  the  work  of  the  Smith  Stump 
Puller,  pulllnK  stumps  with  one  horse,  stumps  that  run 
from  4  to  6  feet  through,  atan  average  cost  of  6  cents 
per  stump.     Write  for  our  free  Catalog. 
W.  SMITH  eRUBBEB  CO..  15  Smith  Sta.,  La  Cre«c«nt.  Minn. 

Mariaggi  's — McDermot — European 

plan $1.50  to  $5 

Manitoba — Main  and  Market $1.50  up 

Market  Hotel — Princess  street $1.50  up 

Midland — Market-  street $1.50 

National— 214-220   Logan   Ave $1.25 

Occidental — Main  and  Logan. $1.00  to  $1.50 

Queens-!-Portage  Ave $2.50  up 

Royal  Alexandra — C.P.R.  European 

l)lan,  rooms  without  bath.  . .  .  $2.50  up; 

with  bath $3.50  up 

Roblin — 117  Adelaide  street $1.50  up 

Seymour — 275-277   Market  street $2 

St.  liegis — 281  Smith — European  plan 

$1.50  to  $3.50 

Stratcona — Main  and  Rupert  Sts $2  up 

Vendome — Cor.  Portage  and  Fort  Sts. ...$2 
West  Hotel — Main  nad  Sutherland  $1.50  up 

Winnipeg — 214  Main  street $2.00 

Wolseley — 184-186   Higgins  Ave $1.50 


PLEASE  NOTE. 

It  will  greatly  facilitate  the  work  of  ar- 
ranging for  the  Convention  if  those  who 
intend  to  be  present  will  notify  in  advance, 
the  Secretary,  Canadian  Forestry  Associa- 
tion, Canadian  Building,  Ottawa. 


llnivcrsitY  of 
New  Brai)swick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Established  in   igo8 

Four  years'  course  leading  to  the 
Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry.  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal  forest    work. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expenses     correspondingly    moderate. 


For  further  infortnation  address: — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University  Calendar  furnished 
on  application.       —        —       — 


C.  C.  JONES,  Chancellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 

at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syra^ouse,  Neipir  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  ;  Post- 
graduate course  to  Master  of 
Forestry;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  in  Catskills. 
Ranger  School  held  on  the 
College  Forest  of  2,000  acres  at 
Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 
State  Forest  Experiment  Station 
of  90  acres  and  excellent  Forest 
Library  offer  unusual  opportu- 
nities for  research  work.     : :    : : 

F(yr  particulars  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER.,  D.  Oec.  Deo.i\ 


BILTMORE,    -    -    North  Carolina 

fHE  Biltmore  Forest  School  is  for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school  of  lumbering  and  forestry  in  the 
United  States.  The  Biltmore  Forest 
School  has  four  headquarters,  vjz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Biltmore;  summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  cf  Ger- 
many. Q  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  any  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  of  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor   of  Forestry. 

Write  for  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,    addressing — 

THE  DIRECTOfi,  BILTMORE.  N.C.,U.S.  A. 


YlllNIVnUTWOl 


NEW    HAVEN,   CONNECTICUT, 


U.S.A. 


A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  offered  leading^  to  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Forestry. 
The  Forest  School  is  a  g-raduate 
department  of  Yale  Universiiy 
requiring^  for  admission  a  collefre 
training-.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, collegres,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions ot  high  standing-  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  ol 
their  diplomas,  provided  ihev 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subjects  in  their  under- 
g-raduate  work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Univeisity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoology.  Physics,  Inorganic 
Chemistry, Geology,  Econom  cs. 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  may  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  are  required 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
oi  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in   the  field  or   laboratory. 

The  school   year  begins  in 
early  lulv  and  is  conducted  at 
the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  further  informatipn  address 

JAHES  W.  TOUnEY,   Director 

NEW   HAVEN       -      -      -      -       COWNBCTIOUT 


f 


^1 


CanadlaiLlorestrv  Journal 


Vol.  IX. 


—  ^, 

Ottawa.  Canad^June  1913. 

IIIN1  g1913 


No.  6 


L'  i      ^^^^^^^^W-N  .r\.X-i 


CANADIAN' 

Published' 
Canadian    Forestry 

Canadian  Building, 

Ottawa,  Canada. 

Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forest  conservation. 

Subscription  $1  per  year. 

Advertising  Rates  on  Application. 

CONTENTS:  Page. 

Winnipeg  Convention 81 

Obituary-^Dr.  Hay,  Mr!  Maurice  Quinn  82 

Forest   Conservation 83 

British  Columbia  Forest  Branch    ....  85 
Should     New     Brunswick     Forests     be 

Thinned 87 

How   the    United    States    Lost    an    Op- 
portunity     89 

The  Problem  of  Sable  Island 91 

Dominion  Forest  Parties  . 93 

Cross  Ties  Purchased  in  1912    ......  94 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 

Patron,  H.  R.  H.  the  Governor  General. 

Honorary  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

Honorary  Past  Pres.,   Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier, 

President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton. 

Vice-President,  Wm.   Power,    M.  P. 

Secretary,  J  as.  Lawler,  Canadian  Building, 

Slater  St.,  Ottawa. 

Treasurer,  Miss  M.  Robinson. 

Directors  :     William     Little,      Hiram     Robinson, 

Aubrey      White,     E.     Stewart     W.      B.     Snowball, 

Thomas  South  worth,   Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards,  Geo.  Y. 

Chown,  John   Hendry,    Hon.    Sydney  Fisher,   R.    H. 

Campbell.  J.  B.  Miller,  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr.  B.  E. 

Femow,    Ellwood    Wilson,    Senator    Bostock,    F.   C. 

Whitman,  G.  C.  Pich6,  Alex.  MacLaurin:   Mgr.  O.  E. 

Mathieu,  Bishop  of  Regina;  A.  P,  Stevenson,  Wm. 

Pearce,  C.  E.  E.  Usshcr,  Denis  Murphy,   C.  Jackson 

Booth.  Wm.  Price,  J.  W.  Harkom,  A.  S.  Goodeve, 

W.    C.   J.   Hall.  J.  S.     Dennis,  J.    B.   White,    E.   J. 

Zavitz.  Geo.  Chahoon  Jr.,  R.  D,  Prettie. 

Territorial  Vice-President*  : 

Ontario:— Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 
Quebec: — Hon.  Jules  Atlard. 
New  Brunswick: — Hon.  J,  H.  Flemming. 
Nova  Scotia:— Hon.  O.  T.  Daniels. 
Manitoba:— Hon.  R.  P.  Roblin. 
Prince  Edward  Island: — Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson 
Saskatchewan — His  Honor  G.  W.  Brown. 
Alberta:— Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton. 
British  Columbia:— Hon.  W,  R.  Ross. 
Yukon: — Geo.  Black,  Commissioner, 
Mackenzie:— F.  D.  Wilson. 
Keewatin: — His  Honor  D,  C.  Cameron. 
Ungava: — His  Grace  Mgr.  Bruchesi,   Archbishop  of 
Montreal. 


'WINNIPEG  CONVENTION. 

By  the  time  this  issue  of  the  Can- 
adian Forestry  Journal  reaches  our 
members  the  final  preparation  for 
the  Winnipeg  Convention,  July  7,  8, 
9  will  be  in  full  sw^ing.  In  order  that 
there  may  be  no  mistake  the  details 
of  the  railw^ay  arrangements  are  re- 
peated in  this  issue.    (Page  92.; 

While  it  is  still  impossible  to  give 
the  program  in  detail,  it  is  evident 
from  the  names  that  have  been  al- 
ready received  that  the  most  import- 
ant subjects  in  regard  to  forest  con- 
servation in  Canada  will  be  fully 
dealt  with  by  those  who  are  able  to 
speak  with  authority.  This  will  be 
particularly  true  of  all  subjects  re- 
lating to  the  forests  of  Western  Can- 
ada and  of  the  three  prairie  pro- 
vinces, and  of  farmers'  tree  planta- 
tions on  the  prairies.  From  the  re- 
turns already  received  it  is  expected 
there  will  be  a  large  attendance  from 
both  east  and  west,  but  particularly 
from  the  prairies. 

The  Call  to  Convention  was  sent 
out  before  this  issue  so  that  it  is 
doubtless  now  in  the  hands  of  all  our 
members,  and  we  shall  be  glad  if 
those  who  are  intending  to  go  to 
Winnipeg  will  send  a  note  to  that 
effect  to  the  Secretary. 

While  the  Secretary  will  be  leav- 
ing in  a  few  days  to  arrange  the  final 
details  of  the  convention  at  Winni- 
peg, letters  addressed  to  him  at  the 
Canadian  Building,  Ottawa,  will  be 
carefully  attended  to  as  arrange- 
ments have  been  made  either  to  have 
correspondence  dealt  with  promptly 
in  Ottawa  or  forwarded  at  once  to 
him  in  the  West. 

There  is  no  reason  why  this  should 
not  be  one  of  the  best  conventions 
ever  held  by  the  Association,   and 


81 


i 


82 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  June  1913. 


there  is  no  hesitation  in  urging  all 
who  can  do  so  to  attend  and  take 
part.  Aside  from  the  convention  it- 
self there  will  be  the  opportunity  of 
seeing  Winnipeg  and  the  Central 
West  under  the  best  conditions. 

Make  up  your  mind  to  come  and 
notify  the  Secretary  of  this  fact. 

OBITUARY. 

The  Canadian  Forestry  Journal  has  this 
month  to  chronicle  the  sad  news  of  the 
death  of  two  of  its  oldest  members — Dr. 
G.  U.  Hay  of  St.  John,  N.B.,  and  Mr. 
Maurice  Quinn  of  Saginaw,  Mich. 
Dr.  Hay. 

Dr.  Hay  was  known  for  many  years  as 
one  of  the  educational  leaders  of  Eastern 
Canada.  His  home  was  at  St.  John,  N.  B., 
where  he  had  been  successively  teacher, 
Superintendent  of  Education  for  the  Pro- 
vince, and  Editor  of  the  Educational  Re- 
view. Never  a  very  robust  man  he  had  not 
only  lived  out  the  appointed  three  score 
years  and  ten  but  had  also  accomplished 
more  than  most  men  of  robust  physique. 
He  was  a  member  of  many  learned  societ- 
ies and  was  specially  devoted  to  the  study 
of  nature.  Many  years  ago  he  became 
convinced  of  the  need  of  forest  conserva- 
tion and  was  one  of  the  earliest  members 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association.  He 
continued  closely  identified  with  its  work 
up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  Dr.  Hay  was 
particularly  active  in  the  work  of  arrang- 
ing for  the  forestry  convention  in  Freder- 
icton  in  1910,  and  the  success  of  that  con- 
vention was  due  in  no  small  measure  to 
the  assistance  which  he  gave  the  Secretary 
and  the  program  committee.  In  the  pages 
of  the  Educational  Review  he  devoted  a 
great  deal  of  space  to  judiciously  bringing 
before  the  teachers  of  the  Maritime  Pro- 
vinces the  need  of  forest  conservation  and 
the  incalculable  loss  which  the  country 
would  sustain  in  every  way  should  its  for- 
ests disappear.  His  death  leaves  a  sad 
gap  in  the  ranks  of  the  foremost  leaders 
in  Eastern  Canada. 

Mr.  Maurice  Quinn. 
Of  an  entirely  diflferent  type  was  Mr. 
Maurice  Quinn  of  Saginaw  who  died  sud- 
denly on  May  2',i  when  on  a  visit  to  New 
York.  Mr.  Quinn  was  born  in  the  Province 
of  Quebec  and  lumbered  in  that  province 
and  in  Ontario  before  moving  to  Michi- 
gan. Here  he  had  a  most  successful  career 
as  a  lumberman,  and  later  acquired  limits 
in  the  big  timber  at  Alberni,  B.  C.  Strong 
and  sturdy,  Mr.  Quinn  was  the  embodiment 
of  the  active,  shrewd,  kindly  race  of  men 
who  have  developed  the  lumber  business 
under  conditions  of  difficulty  in  regard  to 
transportation  and  markets.     He  was  not 


a  theorist  as  that  term  is  usually  under- 
stood, but  the  rugged  native  eloquence 
with  which  he  warned  those  who  attended 
the  British  Columbia  convention  of  the 
danger  that  lay  before  British  Columbia 
unless  she  handled  her  forests  better  than 
had  Michigan,  showed  how  deeply  the 
practical  teachings  of  conservation  had 
sunk  into  his  mind.  He  told  of  how  men 
had  laughed  at  him  when  he  talked  of  con- 
servation when  he  went  to  Michigan  thirty 
years  ago,  and  how  he  had  lived  to  see 
one  great  river,  from  which  billions,  of 
feet  of  timber  had  been  cut,  become  en- 
tirely denuded  so  that  today  not  a  log 
floats  upon  it.  In  his  practical  way  Mr. 
Quinn  was  a  strong  worker  for  conserva- 
tion, and  his  loss  will  be  keenly  felt  by 
supporters  of  the  cause. 


WOOD    PRODUCTS   LABORATORY. 

Important  Step  Taken  by  the  Government 
of  Canada. 

The  Dominion  Government  has  decided 
to  institute  a  new  department  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Forestry  Branch  which  will 
undertake  the  work  of  investigating  the 
possibilities  of  conserving  our  forests  by 
reducing  waste  in  manufacture,  by  pro- 
longing the  life  of  forest  products  used  in 
construction,  and  developing  uses  for  pro- 
ducts now  wasted  for  the  lack  of  knowl- 
edge as  to  how  they  may  be  employed. 

To  take  charge  of  this  work  Hon.  W.  J. 
Roche,  Minister  of  Interior,  has  selected 
Mr.  A.  G.  Mclntyre,  at  present  editor  of 
the  Pulp  and  Paper  Magazine  and  acting 
secretary  of  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Associa- 
tion. Mr.  Mclntyre  is  a  graduate  of  Ac- 
adia University,  and  he  also  graduated 
from  McGill  University  in  chemical  en- 
gineering. He  was  chemical  engineer  of 
the  Jonquiere  Pulp  Company  where  he  had 
charge  of  the  water  power,  water  dis- 
charge measurements,  etc.,  and  he  put  in 
a  bleaching  system  of  his  own  design  sav- 
ing in  the  value  of  the  paper.  He  was 
also  engineer  in  charge  of  construction  for 
Price  Bros,  at  Kenogami,  Quebec,  and  did 
the  investigation  for  the  new  sulphite  mill. 
His  special  qualifications  for  the  work 
should  assure  the  successful  carrying  out 
of  the  project.  The  work  will  be  carried 
on  at  present  in  co-operation  with  McGill 
l^niversity. 

The  various  classes  of  investigation  to 
be  carried  out  will  be  as  follows:  Wood 
tests,  timber  physics,  wood  preservation, 
wood  distillation  and  wood  pulp.  This  is 
an  advanced  step  on  the  part  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  interior.  The  Forestry 
Branch  is  one  in  which  Dr.  Roche  has  been 
particularly  interested  and  this  new  step 
is  along  the  lines  of  modern  scientific  for- 
estry work  in  Germany  and  other  Euro- 
pean countries. — Ottawa  Citizen. 


Forest    Conservation. 


A.  Edye  de  Hurst,  Dennyhiirst,  Drydeii,  Ontario. 


The  existence  of  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association  is  evidence  that  Canada  is  at 
last  awakening  to  the  awful  losses  she  has 
suffered  during  the  last  few  years  through 
the  destruction  of  her  fast-diminishing  for- 
est resources.  It  is  probable  however  that 
few  of  those  in  whose  hands  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  country  at  present  rests  fully 
realize  the  real  magnitude  of  that  loss,  the 
mere  figures  as  to  the  devastated  acreage 
convey  to  small  an  idea  when  placed  along- 
side the  square  mileage  of  the  Dominion  of 
the  regions  still  believed  to  be  under  grow- 
ing timber.  Nature  is  given  the  credit  of 
being  capable  of  making  good  that  loss  in 
years  to  come.  If  every  generation  looks' 
at  it  in  this  light  I  would  not  give  much 
for  the  forest  assets  in  the  near  future. 
Nature  is  not  getting  half  a  chance  at  pre- 
sent. 1  am  no  pessimist,  I  believe  she  is 
going  to  get  her  opportunity;  but  it  will 
be  in  the  face  of  strong  opposition.  This 
will    arise    because    of    the    indifference    of 


many  of  the  people  to  anything  beyond  their 
own  immediate  interests. 

That  Canada  will  always  be  more  or  less 
liable  to  forest  fires  through  unavoidable 
occurrences  must  be  accepted  as  a  foregone 
conclusion ;  but  not  half  the  present  losses 
can  be  said  to  be  occasioned  in  this  way. 
It  is  perfectly  fair  to  base  this  estimate  on 
observation  in  a  given  district  and  the  de- 
meanor of  settlers  in  the  matter. 

In  theory  few  will  oppose  forest  conser- 
vation ;  they  do  not  wish  to  stand  in  the  way 
of  Tom  or  Dick  getting  75  a  month  as 
rangers.  True,  neither  may  know  the  differ- 
ence between  a  white  and  black  spruce ;  but 
'that  does  not  affect  their  suitability  for 
the  berth. '  Besides,  the  rangers  are  oc- 
cupied on  Crown  lands  and  will  not  molest 
people.  If  the  losses  were  only  those  started 
on  the  last  named — allowing  for  unavoid- 
able accidents — there  would  not  be  so  much 
to  complain  about;  but  in  a  vast  number  of 
cases    fires    originate    on    settled    lands    and 


Broadway,  One  of  Winnipeg's  Beautiful  Streets. 
83 


84 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  June  1913. 


here  is  where  the  people's  indifference  so 
often  shows  itself.  A  sense  of  the  beauties 
of  nature  and  the  capabilities  of  making 
those  beauties  add  to  the  comfort  of  the 
home  and  the  protection  of  crops,  does  not 
occur  to  them,  or  if  it  occurs,  there  is  the 
thought  that  it  will  entail  a .  little  extra 
work  for  which  the  dollar  may  not  be  im- 
mediately forthcoming.  They  may  not  want 
certain  trees  burnt;  'but  there — the  land 
has  to  be  cleared,  let  it  run. '  *  Destroys  the 
humus,  what  is  that?  Nothing  better  for 
the  land  than  wood  ashes.'  Fire  has  run 
into  A 's  land, 'Well,  A  wants  his  laud  clear- 
ed up  also. ',  Fire  reaches  B's  and  burns  a 
few  cord  of  wood.  B  rather  resents  this; 
but  as  it  has  cleared  a  few  acres  for  him, 
*  does  not  want  to  be  unneighborly. '  Reaches 
unsettled  land,  '  well,  that  will  not  hurt  any- 
body.'  If  Crown  officials  should  ask  ques- 
tions— nobody  knows  anything.  If  these 
people  want  to  be  free  of  trees,  why  in  all 
conscience  do  they  not  go  to  the  prairie? 
Why  should  the  welfare  of  those  who  are 
seeking  to  make  their  farms  what  every 
farm  in  the  country  is  capable  of  being 
made,  a  place  of  beauty,  a  home,  a  centre 
of  associations,  be  constantly  threatened? 
Why  should  these  be  perpetually  confronted 
with  the  dread  of  having  all  on  which  their 
hopes  are  fixed  swept  away? 

The  vast  amount  of  liberty  enjoyed  in  this 
Dominion  as  compared  with  that  of  the 
country  of  origin  of  many  settlers,  has  de- 
veloped into  license.  The  future  is  nothing 
to  men  with  this  idea — there  is  no  love  of 
the  land;  they  live  for  self.  That  these 
are  in  a  minority,  I  do  not  doubt;  but 
is  the  country  to  suffer  because  of  them? 
However  we  may  incidently  occupy  o'lr- 
selves,  we  are  a  nation  of  farmers,  yet  we 
cannot  confine  ourselves  to  farm  subjects. 
A  greater  spirit  of  patriotism  must  prevade 
us  and  thought  for  others. 

If  tho^e  who  are  causing  this  annual  loss 
to  the  Dominion  will  not  realize  their  duties 
and  obligations,  those  who  are  in  the  ma- 
jority and  can  make  them,  must  enforce 
the  observation  of  greater  care  in  respect 
of  fires.  Instead  of  fire  rangers  we  want 
an  efficient  gendarmerie  the  personnel  of 
which  should,  besides  their  other  duties, 
take  cognisance  of  every  fire  possible  and 
report  every  case  where  the  same  be  not 
under  proper  control.  The  mere  knowledge 
amongst  settlers  that  they  are  linder  obser- 
vation, would  cause  greater  care  to  be 
taken.  A  force  of  this  kind, should  be  per- 
manent, formed  of  picked  men,  and  no  party 
matter.  Recruited  from  the  right  sources  a 
body  of  this  kind  would  form  a  valuable 
nusceus  for  defensive  organization  and 
would  be  more  highly  thought  of  than  Fome 
militia  units,  officered  by  men  leading  a 
town  or  village  life  instead  of  by  yeomen. 
I  doubt  if  such  a  corps  would  cost  more 
than  the  present  rangers;  but  if  it  did,  the 
results  obtained  would,  in  my  humble  opin- 
ion, justify  the  expenditure. 


It  will  take  many  a  day  yet  before  the 
fertile  farms  of  this  northern  district  can 
be  thoroughly  safeguarded  from  fire.  How 
many  of  thpse  men  buoyed  up  with  hopes 
for  the  future,  will  ever  attain  their  object 
unless  the  powers-that-be  put  their  foot 
down  and  not  only  say  that  this  wanton  de- 
struction must  cease;  but  see  that  it  does 
cease.  The  political  support  of  those  who 
would  thwart  the  honest  endeavors  of  a 
party  determined  to  enforce  the  very  mod- 
erate demands  of  those  who  say  that  the 
fire  danger  has  got  to  stop,  is  not  worth 
relying  on.  The  system  also  of  giving  ap- 
pointments to  party  heelers  (one  side  is  as 
bad  as  the  other)  instead  of  selecting  the 
best  men,  militates  against  the  proper  en- 
forcement of  the  law.  Few  can  count  on 
holding  a  berth  beyond  the  life  of  a  Par- 
liament, that  appointment  is  coveted  by  half 
a  dozen  other  village  Solomons  of  the  same 
party,  so  the  holder  rests  and  is  thankful 
and  is  careful  to  look  the  other  way  when 
there  is  much  smoke  about. 

The  Canadian  Forestry  Association  will 
have  the  hearty  backing  of  all  true  Canad- 
ians in  any  scheme  it  may  undertake  for 
the  conservation  of  the  forest  areas. 

There  is  one  point  that  must  not  be  over- 
looked in  this  question  and  that  is  the  birds. 
These  constant  fires  often  at  breeding  time, 
destroy  quantities  of  them. 

The  balance  of  nature  is  so  upset  in  this 
district,  (Dry den.  Out.)  that  where  there 
should  be  thousands  of  grouse,  there  are 
only  dozens.  The  natural  increase  is  barely 
sufficient  to  keep  pace  with  their  destruc- 
tion by  their  various  four-footed  foes,  with- 
out counting  the  pot-hunters. 

Give    me    the    trees    with    hoary    frost    in 

winter-time 
And  I  will  call  this  country  mine. 
Give  me  the  trees  in  budding  spring 
And  I  will  all  their  beauties  sing. 
.Bid  me  to  stay  where  fire  has  swept  and  all 

must  die. 
And  I  will  spread  my  wings  and  iSy. 


EFFICIENCY  IN  THE  CIVIL  SERVICE. 

Civil  service  reform,  in  Canada,  has  usu- 
ally been  taken  to  be  synonymous  with  the 
problem  of  eliminating  party  patronage 
.  .  .  Mt  is  well  to  put  an  end  tO  the 
filling  of  government  offices  by  irresponsilple 
patronage  committees,  but  this  is  only  a 
negative  reform.  It  will  not  of  itself  ensure 
B,n  efficient  service,  and  an  efficient  sei-viee 
is  urgently  required.  In  a  country  like  Can- 
ada where  the  tasks  assigned  th6  central 
government  in  the  development  of  omr  re- 
sources are  so  great,  it  is  of  the  first  im- 
portance to  attract  men  who  can  measure 
up  to  their  work,  to  reward  them  fairly 
with  kudos  or  with  cash,  and  to  organize 
them  to  secure  the  best  results. — Queen's 
Quarterly. 


British  Columbia  Forest  Branch. 


Outline  of  the  Organization  of  this  New  Service  and  Results  of  the  First 

Year's  Work. 


The  establishment  of  the  British  Colum- 
bia Forest  Branch  under  the  Forest  Act, 
framed  by  Sir  Richard  McBride  and  his 
confreres,  after  the  investigation  held  all 
over  the  Province  by  the  Royal  Forestry 
Commission  appointed  to  look  into  the  mat- 
ter of  existing  forest  conditions,  was  re- 
ceived a  little  over  a  year  ago  with  the 
greatest  enthusiasm  by  forest  conserva- 
tionists in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Now 
that  the  Forest  Branch  is  approaching  its 
first  anniversary  it  is  interesting  to  note 
the  advances  which  have  been  made  by  the 
executive  staff  appointed  by  the  Hon.  W. 
R.  Ross,  Minister  of  Lands. 

From  the  middle  of  last  summer  con- 
tinuously without  a  break  up  to  the  pre- 
sent time  Chief  Forester  H.  R.  MacMillan 
and  his  board  of  four  lieutenants,  have 
been  devoting  themselves  unstintedly  to  the 
work  in  hand,  and  it  may  be  said  that  the 
results  achieved  are  in  keeping  with  the 
enthusiasm  with  which  they  addressed 
themselves  to  their  task.  Whereas  under 
the  administration  prior  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Branch  there  were  only  two 
departments  which  concerned  themselves 
with  the  management  of  the  forest  re- 
sources of  the  Province,  with  an  executive 
staflF  of  perhaps  twenty  men,  there  is  now 
an  executive  force  of  about  fifty  exclusive  of 
the  the  two  hundred  fire  rangers  appointed 
for  the  dangerous  season. 

The  organization  is  divided  as  follows: 
under  the  Minister  there  is  the  Forest 
Board  of  five  members,  viz.,  the  Chief 
Forester,  in  whom  final  authority  under  the 
Minister  rests,  the  Chief  of  Management, 
to  whom  falls  the  carrying  out  of  the 
*  timber  sales'  which  have  taken  place  of 
the  ol<l  'special  license'  established  in 
1907  and  discontinued  in  1909,  when  the 
Government  of  the  Province  placed  com- 
plete embargo  upon  the  alienation  of  tim- 
ber; the  Chief  of  Operation,  with  whom 
rests  the  work  of  fire  protection;  the  Chief 
of  Surveys,  who  has  charge  of  the  various 
reconnaissance  and  other  surveys  and  land 
classifications  under  the  Forest  Branch; 
and  the  Chief  of  Records  on  whom  de- 
volves the  collection  of  revenue  and  the 
maintenance  of  statistics  in  the  Branch. 

For  the  purposes  of  proper  admipistra- 
tion  the  Province  has  been  divided  into 
eleven  geographical  districts.  These  are 
as  follows:  In  the  south  from  east  to  west, 
Cranbrook,  Nelson  and  Vernon  districts. 
North  of  these  is  the  Railway  Belt,  admin- 
istered by  the  Dominion  Forestry  Branch. 
North  of  this  from  east  to  west  are  the 


districts  of  Tete  Jaune  Cache,  Kamloops, 
Lillooet  and  Vancouver.  The  districts 
farthest  north  from  east  to  west  are  Fort 
George,  Hazelton  and  Prince  Rupert.  The 
remaining  district  is  Vancouver  Island. 

The  location  of  each  of  these  districts  is 
fairly  well  given  by  its  name.  The  areas 
in  acres  embraced  in  these  districts  are  as 
follows:  Cranbrook,  7,325,000;  Nelson,  5,- 
259,000;  Vernon,  6,963,000;  Tete  Jaune 
Cache,  4,698,000;  Kamloops,  6,619,000;  Lil- 
looet, 11,431,000;  Vancouver,  15,755,000; 
Fort  George,  28,785,000;  Hazelton,  13,786,- 
000;  Prince  Rupert,  18,723,000;  Vancouver 
Island,  6,463,000. 

With  the  enormous  quantity  of  timber 
which  the  Province  possesses  (it  is  estim- 
ated that  fully  three  hundred  billion  board 
feet  of  merchantable  material,  or  half  of 
that  standing  in  the  Dominion  is  within 
the  borders  of  British  Columbia)  the  main 
problem  is  that  of  protection  from  fire.  To 
this  end  every  possible  precaution  is  being 
taken  by  the  Forest  Branch  to  keep  down 
this  item  of  loss.  The  eonatant  effort  is  to 
secure  as  forest  rangers  men  of  ability  and 
experience  in  order  that  the  system  of 
patrol  will  work  with  the  regularity  of  a 
machine  in  the  dangerous  season.  Great 
anxiety  is  being  felt  on  all  sides  lest  the 
great  growth  of  grass  which  was  the  result 
of  the  unusually  wet  spell  at  the  close  of 
last  summer  mav  produce  conditions  of  un- 
usual danger  to  the  forest  growth.  This 
year  will  certainly  be  one  Of  the  most  dif- 
ficult in  the  history  of  the  Province. 

One  of  the  advanced  means  of  protect- 
ing the  forest  from  fire  adopted  by  the 
Branch  is  that  of  i)lacing  eight  power 
launches  on  waters  adjacent  to  large  bodies 
of  timber.  On  the  coast,  there  are  to  be 
four  ;{<)  ft.  launches  and  two  54  ft.  launches 
with  a  power  calculated  to  give  ample 
speed  in  cases  of  emergency.  In  some 
cases  it  would  be  impossible  to  reach  by 
land  a  fire  in  some  of  the  rocky  districts 
near  the  sea.  Rapid,  water  transportation, 
however,  is  expected  to  solve  the  question 
of  getting  men  and  supplies  quickly  to  the 
point  of  danger. 

The  (;hief  Forester  notes  in  his  annual 
report  that  the  scarcity  of  trails^  telephone 
lines,  and  other  permanent  improvements 
for  the  use  of  the  fire  protective  force  will 
greatly  hamper  the  movements  of  those  to 
whom"  is  entrusted  the  work  of  keeping 
down  fire.  In  jn&ny  parts  of  the  country 
where  the  timber  is  largest  and  the  fire 
risk  greatest,  there  is,  as  yet,  no  means 
whereby  a  large  force  of  men  can  be  placed 


85 


86 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  June  1913. 


in  the  field  upon  short  notice.  With  the 
development  of  the  Branch  and  the  appli- 
cation of  even  a  small  part  of  the  moneys 
which  come  into  the  public  coffer  from  the 
forest  resource  every  year,  a  thorough  sys- 
tem of  patrol  equipment  may  be  establish- 
ed and  maintained,  to  the  very  great  ad- 
vantage of  all  those  who  have  with  them 
at  all  times  the  anxiety  of  a  forest  fire. 

So  far  only  a  very  small  part  of  British 
Columbia  has  been  accurately  described  for 
topographical  and  economic  features.  The 
work  which  was  carried  on  by  the  Branch 
under  twelve  parties  of  reconnaissance 
men,  as  result  of  which  five  thousand 
square  miles  were  accurately  plotted  on 
maps,  was  a  remarkably  good  start  upon 
an  enterprise  which  will  be  greatly  devel- 
oped in  the  course  of  the  next  few  years. 

The  timber  sales  which  have  been  insti- 
tuted have  already  brought  to  the  Gov- 
ernment approximately  $200,000  without 
having  alienated  any  other  rights  than 
that  to  cut  the  standing  crop  of  timber. 
The  method  of  proceedure  adopted  by  the 
Government  is  to  cruise  for  sale  blocks  of 
timber  in  various  parts  of  the  country 
whenever  application  is  made  by  an  oper- 
ator. A  value  is  placed  upon  the  timber 
and  bids  are  called  in  order  that  the  Gov- 
ernment may  receive  the  highest  amount 
over  the  upset  price.  The  successful  bid- 
der has  to  comply  with  all  the  regulations 
of  the  Government  with  regard  to  cutting, 
and  after  the  tract  in  which  he  operates 
has  been  cleared  he  has  no  further  in- 
terest in  the  area.  The  timber  which  once 
belonged  to  the  Government,  is  now  deem- 
ed sold  and  the  operator,  if  he  chooses, 
may  go  to  another  location  and  buy  timber 
in  the  same  way  again.  As  market  condi- 
tions become  improved  and  the  demand 
for  British  Columbia  timber  increases,  the 
great  part  of  the  timber  now  in  Govern- 
ment hands  will  be  disposed  of  in  this 
way.  Of  course,  all  the  product,  of  the 
fourteen  thousand  special  licenses  which 
were  issued  between  1907  and  1908  from 
which  the  Government  at  the  present  time 
is  receiving  approximately  $2,000,000  an- 
nually, will  be  dealt  with  as  the  licenses 
provide. 

The  institution  of  the  new  methods  of 
administration  have  caused  a  large  in- 
crease in  the  staff  necessary  for  the  com- 
piling of  statistics  and  returns  in  connec- 
tion with  the  timber  sales  and  the  moneys 
from  licenses  throughout  the  Province.  The 
Chief  of  Records,  therefore,  has  had  a 
large  office  staff  installed,  and  a  thorough 
double-checking  system  has  been  devised 
which  will  ensure  the  accurate  handling 
of  all  that  part  of  the  provincial  revenue 
which  comes  through  the  Forest  Branch. 

Chief  Forester  MacMillan  has  happily 
combined  the  scientific  knowledge  of  the 
twenty    technical    foresters    whom    he    has 


secured  for  the  service  of  the  Branch  with 
the  practical  experience  of  the  timber 
cruisers,  fire  rangers  and  other  executive 
officers,  to  the  end  that  the  whole  force 
can  deal  with  conditions  in  the  best  pos- 
sible way.  The  technical  men  have  been 
drawn  from  all  parts  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  and  it  is  evident  that  a  strong 
force  of  scientific  foresters  is  already  with- 
in the  borders  of  this  country.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  school  trained  men  are  en- 
gaged in  survey  and  timber  cruising  work. 
As  time  goes  on  other  branches  will  be 
developed,  particularly  those  connected 
with  the  careful  utilization  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  forest  after  they  have  passed 
the  sawmill.  Co-operation  with  the  lum- 
bermen of  the  province  in  securing  an 
expert  of  standing  as  the  head  of  this  par- 
ticular branch  when  established  is  looked 
upon  with  great  favor  in  all  parts  of  the 
Province.  It  is  expected  that  the  lumber- 
men and  the  Forest  Branch  will  work  to- 
gether in  almost  every  detail  of  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  forest  resource  to  the 
end  that  me  greatest  possible  amount  of 
value  shall  be  returned  to  the  people  of 
the  Province. 

One  of  the  most  notable  achievements 
of  the  Government,  the  Railway  Commis- 
sion and  the  railways  now  under  coiistruc- 
tion  in  the  Province  is  the  adoption  of  a 
system  of  fire  protection  which  involves 
careful  patrolling  by  the  Government 
rangers  and  at  the  same  time  advanced 
measures  by  the  railroads  for  eliminating 
the  sources  of  danger  from  construction 
and  locomotive  fires.  All  brush  which  is 
being  created  by  those  cutting  the  right 
of  way  and  those  making  ties  near  the  line 
is  to  be  piled  and  left  to  the  orders  of  the 
District  Forester.  This  and  the  further 
fire  preventive  measure  of  burning  this 
slash  upon  the  right  of  way  are  being  car- 
ried out  in  the  Tete  Jaune  Cache  district 
where  the  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific 
is  being  constructed.  That  which  was 
thought  impossible  and  utterly  unpractical 
a  few  years  ago  is  being  shown  to  be  rea- 
sonable and  thoroughly  economic.  It  is 
a  following  out  of  the  principle  which  is 
becoming  generally  recognized,  that  slash 
which  is  created  in  the  forest  is  bound  to 
burn  at  some  time,  and  it  is  well  to  do 
away  with  it  when  its  burning  can  be  con- 
trolled than  to  wait  and  have  swept  away 
by  a  large  fire  originating  in  this  timber 
a  great  part  of  the  forest  resource. 

There  were  but  few  amendments  to  the 
Forest  Act  proposed  in  the  last  session  of 
the  Legislature.  All  were  passed  with  the 
exception  of  those  dealing  with  the  royal- 
ties and  the  use  of  the  Doyle  rule.  These 
questions  have  been  left  over  until  the 
session  of  1913-14. 


*<  . 

Where  the  Forestry  Convention  will  he  Held — The  Winnipeg  Industrial  Bireau. 


Should  New  Bruns\A/ick  Forests  Be  Thinned, 


John  D.  Howe,  St.  John,  N.B. 


In  a  paper  read  before  the  New  Bruns- 
wick Natural  History  Society,  Mr.  John 
D.  Howe,  of  St.  John,  N.B.,  who  has  for 
many  years  taken  an  active  interest  in 
forestry,  urged  the  making  of  an  experi- 
ment in  'thinning'  to  promote  growth  in 
the  'thicket'  spruce  forests  of  that  Pro- 
vince. 

Mr.  Howe  recalled  in  opening  a  discus- 
sion at  the  first  meeting  of  the  Canadian 
Forestry  Association  in  1900,  between  Sir 
Henri  Joly  de  Lotbiniere,  Dr.  Robert  Bell, 
Dr.  Wm.  Saunders,  Hon.  W.  D.  Perley,  Mr. 
Wm.  Little  and  Sir  William  Hingston.  Sir 
Henri  Joly  and  Sir  Wm.  Hingston  contend- 
ed that  the  estimates  placed  on  the  growth 
of  spruce  were  too  high,  the  former  say- 
ing that  in  his  experience  he  had  not 
found  a  more  favorable  average  than  one 
inch  in  diameter  in  five  or  six  years.  It 
was  also  pointed  out  that  while  old  field 
spruce    grew    rapidly    they    branched    out 


from  the  bottom  and  were  therefore  large- 
ly useless  as  timber  trees.  Mr.  Little 
l)ointed  out  that  it  was  the  rate  of  growth 
of  the  whole  forest,  not  of  a  single  tree 
growing  in  a  garden  that  was  important, 
and  Sir  Wm.  Hingston  said  that  even  in 
the  same  acre  of  forest  some  trees  would 
grow  as  much  in  three  years  as  others  in 
twelve  years. 

Mr.  Howe  said  he  had  measured  large 
quantities  of  spruce,  and  though  people 
argued  that  the  growth,  owing  to  greater 
humidity,  was  greater  in  New  Brunswick 
than  in  Quebec,  he  had  not  found  the  aver- 
ago  greater  than  Sir  Henri  Joly  had  stated. 

This  examination  disclosed  that  trees 
grow,  not  regularly,  but  fitfully.  Some 
trees  would  grow  rapidly  for  twenty  years 
and  then  scarcely  make  any  progress  for 
another  twenty  years,  and  then  suddenly 
break  into  vigorous  growth  again,  putting 
on    as   much   wood   in   two   years   as   they 


87 


88 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  June  1913. 


had  in  the  preceding  twenty.  Different 
trees  of  the  same  species  taken  from  the 
same  tract  would  show  a  totally  different 
variation. 

After  discussing  all  the  possibilities  of 
soil  and  elevation  and  climatic  conditions, 
Mr.  Howe  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  these 
could  not  explain  variations  so  great  and 
so  complex.  There  remained  but  one  other 
possible  cause  the  variation  of  light  area 
for  the  crown  of  the  tree. 

People  interested  in  spruce  reproduction 
maintained  that  the  natural  spruce  forest 
could  be  cut  over  every  ten  or  twenty 
years,  the  large  trees  taken  out  and  the 
young  ones  allowed  to  grow,  thus  in  the 
end  arriving  at  a  perpetual  yield. 

This  system  appeared  very  alluring  at 
first,  but  the  original  clear  boled  trees 
rapidly  disappeared  with  each  cutting.  The 
only  trees  to  take  their  place  were  those 
which  grew  where  clearances  had  been 
made  sufficient  to  let  the  sunlight  reach 
the  ground  and  these  trees  were  usually 
branched  to  the  ground,  producing  very 
rough  timber. 

Nature's  Plan. 

Mr.  Howe  then  described  the  natural 
growth  of  a  spruce  forest  after  a  fire 
had  cleared  the  ground.  The  trees  came 
up  by  millions,  ten  or  twelve  seedlings  to 
a  square  foot.  The  ground  was  completely 
shaded  and  all  other  forms  of  plan  life 
killed.  Then  the  survival-of-the-fittest 
struggle  coipmenced  and;  the  weaker  ones 
died  by  tens  of  thousands  each  year.  In 
a  period  varying  from  thirty  to  sixty  years 
the  survivors  reached  three  or  four  inches 
in  diameter,  and  were  then  twelve  to  eigh- 
teen inches  apart.  The  others  had  died 
and  crumbled  to  dust.  These  saplings  fifty 
feet  high  with  no  side  branches,  straight 
as  rushes,  with  a  small  plume  of  foliage  at 
the  top,  might  be  called  the  foundation 
of  the  tall  timber  forest.  This  was  what 
was  known  as  'thicket  growth'  through- 
out the  Maritime  Provirices.; 

On  examining  this  stand  twenty-five  or 
thirty  years  later  it  would  be  found  that 
the  trees  now  reduced  in  number  to  one 
for  each  four  square  feet  had  increased 
in  size  to  five  or  six  inches,  or  at  an 
average  rate  of  one  inch  in  ten  or  twelve 
years. 

The  experiences  of  a  number  of  investi- 
gators were  here  cited  to  show  that  often 
at  this  stage,  where  the  forest  was  very 
even, -the  light  proved  insufficient  to  sup- 
port the  trees  and  millions  of  them  died 
or  they  became  so  weakened  that  they 
became  a  prey  to  insects,  fungi  or  wind. 
Up  to  two  or  three  inches  in  diameter  it 
might  be  deemed  best  to  leave  this  small 
growth  to  natural  thinning,  but  after 
reaching  this  stage  if  uniformity  of  size 
conditions    existed    suspended    growth    re- 


sulted. Mr.  Howe  then  called  attention  to 
some  specimen  sections  of  spruce.  One 
section  showed  that  the  tree  took  eighty 
years  to  reach  five  inches,  and  then  it  sud- 
denly put  on  heavy  growth  and  in  forty 
years  expanded  to  sixteen  inches.  This 
was  not  an  exceptional  case,  but  such  speci- 
mens were  to  be  had  in  large  numbers  from 
cut  over  woods,  showing  that  when  the 
tree  received  increased  sunlight  it  rapidly 
put  on  timber. 

Mr.  Howe  argued  that  the  full  growth 
of  foliage  was  reached  at  a  very  early 
age,  and  it  could  be  shown  that  as  large 
art  amount  of  wood  material  was  growing 
on  an  acre  at  an  early  stage  as  when  larger 
sizes  were  reached.  What  then  became  of 
all  these  years  of  growth  between,  say,  the 
three  inch  and  twelve  inch  sizes?  Mr. 
Howe  had  prepared  a  table  showing  what 
would  occur  if  the  growth  was  not  too 
even.  This  table  indicated  a  twenty-five 
per  cent  death  rate  of  trees  for  every 
inch  increase  in  diameter.  This  he  said 
would  give  only  sufficient  increase  to  al- 
low expansion  and  the  number  of  dead 
trees  would  show  what  went  to  waste 
while  the  big  trees  were  reaching  ma- 
turity. 

Was  there  not  here  an  opportunity  to 
assist  nature  in  hastening  the  growth  of 
the  forest?  It  would  be  a  most  interest- 
ing experiment  to  try  the  process  of  thin- 
ning on  some  of  these  tracts  of  over  three 
quarters  of  a  century  of  suspended  growth, 
working  judiciously  so  as  not  to  destroy 
the  forest  fringe  or,  bulwark  which  pro- 
tects the  trees  from  being  thrown  over  by 
the  wind.  With  younger  trees  larger  gains 
could  be  made  and  enormous  waste  pre- 
vented. The  present  plan  of  cutting  the 
best  trees  would  soon  make  large  clear 
timber  a  thiug  of  the  past.  It  was  not 
the.  'survival  of  the  fittest'  but  the  sur- 
vival of  the  unfit,  the  forest  growing  con- 
stantly worse  from  the  removal  of  the  best 
trees.  He  would  be  a  bold  projector  to 
change  present  methods,  but  unless  this 
were  done  from  whence  would  good  tim- 
ber be  obtained  in  a  few  years? 


AN   ECONOMIC   WASTE. 

A  correspondent  writing  in  the  Hailey- 
bury  Haileyhurian  claims  that  all  along  the 
shore  of  Lake  Timiskaming  and  tributary 
streams,  there  are  millions  of  dollars'  worth 
of  fine  logs  rotting  because  under  present 
conditions  and  owing  to  their  scattered  char- 
acter it  will  not  pay  to  'water'  them, 
that  is,  to  drag  them  to  the  water.  They 
have  escaped  from  drives  and  been  left  on 
the  shore  by  the  receding  spring  freshets. 
He  claims  that  the  Dominion  Government 
should  enact  legislation  to  compel  the  gath- 
ering and  the  floating  of  these  logs  to  the 
mills  as  a  matter  of  forest  conservation. 


How  the  United  States  Lost  an  Opportunity^. 


.  Why  the  Southern  Half  of  the  Turtle  Mountain  is  not  a  National  Forest; 


Some  time  ago  before  the  matter 
was  understood  as  it  is  today  there 
was  an  agitation  for  the  throwing 
open  of  the  Turtle  Mountain  Forest 
Eeserve  in  Manitoba  for  settlement. 
It  was  pointed  out  by  a  nimnber  of 
authorities  that  the  land  was  unsuit- 
ed  to  agriculture  and  that  to  throw 
open  "the  reserve  would  result  in  the 
stripping  off  of  the  timber  and  the 
settlers  would  soon  find  they  could 
not  make  a  living.  There  would  then 
follow,  as  in  similar  cases  in  Ontario 
and  Quebec,  the  abandonment  of  these 
farms.  The  settlers  would  have  to 
begin  over  again  in  some  other  part, 
and  the  Government  would  have  to 
do,  as  Ontario  and  Quebec  are  now 
doing^ — plant  up  these  light,  hilly 
lands  with  seedlings  at  the  expense 
of  many  thousands  of  dollars  in  or- 
der to  get  them  back  into  timber.  It 
was  also  pointed  out  that  if  well 
handled  the  Turtle  Mountain  Re- 
serve would  be  in  shape  in  a  compar- 
atively few  years  to  supply  sufficient 
timber  year  by  year  to  keep  ten  saw- 
mills of  the  average  Ontario  size  run- 
ning in  perpetuity,  besides  supplying 
the  surrounding  district  with  fence 
posts  and  cord  wood. 

The  Turtle  Mountain  lies  partly  in 
Canada  and  partly  in  the  United 
State.s,  and  one  thing  that  has 
puzzled  a  good  many  people  is  this : 
Why  did  not  the  United  States  re- 
serve their  portion  for  a  National 
Forest?  The  Editors  of  The  Can- 
adian Forestry  Journal  therefore 
wrote  to  Mr.  H.  S.  Graves,  United 
States  Forester,  Washington,  D.  C, 
asking  him  if  the  Forest  Service  had 
ever  had  the  district  examined  and 
if  so,  why  Avas  it  not  constituted  a 
National  Forest.  The  reply  of  Mr. 
Graves  is  virtually  to  this  effect ;  that 
when  the  district  was  examined  in 
1902  it  was  found  that  while  it  was 
wpII  suited  to  form  a  National  Forest 


only  one  twenty-fourth  of  the  area 
remained  Government  land.  It  is 
therefore  fair  to  assume  that  had  the 
United  States  Forest  Service  been  on 
the  ground  a  little  earlier  all  the 
Turtle  Mountain  both  north  and 
south  of  the  International  Boundary 
would  have  been  a  permanent  forest. 
Mr.  Graves  letter  is  as  follows: — 

Your  letter  of  January  7  is  received. 

I  am  glad  to  inform  you  that  a  report 
is  on  record  in  this  office  covering  that 
portion  of  the  Turtle  Mountains  lying 
within  the  State  of  North  Dakota.  This 
report  was  prepared  in  1902  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
Hatton  of  the  Forest  Service.  From  the 
report  it  appears  that  that  portion  of  the 
mountains  within  the  United  States  is 
similar  topographically  and  in  cover  to 
the  portion  lying  in  Canada,  with  which 
you  are  familiar.  It  will  probably,  there- 
fore, be  unnecessary  to  dwell  in  detail 
about  the  topography  as  given  in  the 
report. 

The  report  indicates  that  a  more  or  less 
dense  growth  of  timber  and  underbrush 
once  covered  all  of  that  portion  of  the 
Turtle  Mountains  lying  north  of  Township 
161  North  and  between  Ranges  70  to  75 
West,  excepting  the  foothills  on  the  south 
of  the  mountains  and  the  southern  por- 
tion of  the  Indian  Reservation. 

As  a  result  of  fires  and  cutting,  the 
extent  of  the  heavy  green  timber  was,  S,t 
the  time  of  the  report,  confined  to  about 
one  township,  and  this  was  being  rapidly 
removed.  The  report  states  that  it  would 
be  but  a  matter  of  five  or  six  years  until 
all  the  heavy  timber  would  be  destroyed 
or  consumed.  Reproduction  is  good  on  the 
fire-kilI<Ml  areas.  The  types  consist  of  oak, 
I)Opph',  ash,  birch,  elm,  willow,  box  elder, 
and  many  varieties  of  undergrowth. 

The  need  of  a  forest  cover  to  protect 
the  mountains  from  erosion  is  also  set 
forth  in  the  report.  The  absence  of  erosion 
at  the  time  of  the  report  is  ascribed  to 
the  lionsity  of  the  cover  and  it  is  evident 
that  tlie  generally  hilly  character  of  the 
region  will  render  erosion  liable  should  it 
be  removed.  No  large  streams  flow  from 
the  mountains,  however. 

The  i»rincipal  industry  of  the  region  was 
wood  cutting,  as  this  supplied  immediate 
revenue  and  resulted  in  clearings  for  grow- 
ing vegetables  and  small  crops.  After  the 
clearings  had  been  made  wood  cutting  be- 
came a  secondary  industry. 


i 


89 


A  Drive  in  City  Park,  Winnipeg. 


Six  portable  sawmills  having  a  capacity 
of  from  4  to  12  M  feet  per  day  were  re- 
ported to  be  operating  during  the  winter 
in  the  region  known  as  the  'heavy  green 
timber. '  In  order  to  effect  rapid  clearings 
settlers  would  sometimes  hire  a  sawmill 
and  pay  the  owner  $4  to  $5  per  M  to  saw 
their  logs.  Lumber  sold  for  about  $15 
per  M. 

Grazing  was  a  minor  industry.  No  large 
herds  were  reported  to  be  in  the  mountains, 
though  a  majority  of  the  older  settlers 
at  that  time  possessed  a  few  head  of 
cattle. 

It  was  reported  that  many  of  the  set- 
tlers found  it  difficult  to  make  a  living. 
It  was  found  impossible  to  subsist  entirely 
on  what  could  be  gleaned  from  wood  cut- 
ting and  small  garden  patches.  Nearly  all 
settlers  are  reported  to  have  spent  from  4 
to  6  months  at  some  other  employment  out- 
side of  the  mountains. 

The  dearth  of  good  hay  meadows 
through  the  heavily  timbered  region  made 
it  difficult  to  winter  stock.  The  hay  rais- 
ed was  an  inferior  quality. 

In  discussing  the  practicability  of  set- 
ting aside  a  Forest  Reserve  in  the  moun- 
tains, the  report  states: 

'There  are  not  enough  vacant  lands  ly- 
ing contiguous  in  the  region  that  would  be 
suitable  for  reserve  purposes.'    Only  about 


one-twenty-fourth  of  the  area  between 
Ranges  70  to  77  West,  north  of  Township 
160  North,  was  vacant.  Nearly  all  of  the 
unentered  lands  were  found  in  the  foot- 
hills where  timber  had  never  grown  to  any 
appreciable  extent. 

The  report  concludes  with  a  recommen- 
dation that  a  certain  described  area  be 
established  as  a  Forest  Reserve,  provided 
an  exchange  of  lands  could  be  effected  with 
the  settlers  owning  the  lands  within  the 
area  suitable  for  Forest  Reserve  pur- 
poses. 

From  this  review  of  the  report  it  will  be 
observed  that  an  area  (approximately 
560,000  acres)  embracing  the  Turtle  Moun- 
tains might  well  have  been  include<l  with- 
in a  National  Forest  except  for  the  heavy 
percentage  of  alienated  land  within  the 
region  and  the  impracticability  of  attempt- 
ing to  solidify  the  government  lands  of 
the  area. 

TWO  CONSERVATIONISTS. 

*  Nothing  lost  here  but  the  squeal, '  de- 
clared the  pork  packer.  *  Are  you  as  econ- 
omical  in   conducting  your  business?' 

'  Just  about, '  answered  the  visitor.  *  I  'm 
in  the  lumber  business.  We  waste  nothing 
but  the  bark.' 


90 


The  Problem  of  Sable  Island. 


F.  W.  H.  Jacombe,  M.A.,  M.F. 


The  Dominion  Experimental  Farms  report 
for  1910  contains  an  interesting  reference 
to  the  results  of  the  planting  done  some 
twelve  years  ago  (May  and  June,  1901),  de- 
scribed at  length  in  the  report  for  the  year 
referred  to.  Unfortunately  the  final  report 
is  an  unfavourable  one,  only  a  few  of  the 
trees  and  plants  then  planted  having  sur- 
vived. 

Sable  Island  is  one  of  the  most  dangerous 
spots  on  the  eastern  Canadian  coast-line.  It 
is  formed  entirely  of  white  sand,  and  lies 
about  ninety  miles  from  the  nearest  point  on 
the  Nova  Scotia  coast,  and  about  153  miles 
from  Halifax. 

Its  area  has  been  considerably  reduced 
by  the  action  of  wind  and  water  on  the 
sand.  The  present  length  of  the  island  is 
about  twenty-one  miles,  and  its  width,  at 
its  widest  point,  somewhat  over  a  mile. 
Early  surveys  gave  the  length  of  the  island 
as  forty  miles  and  its  width  two  miles  and 
more.  Dangerous  shoals  and  sand-bars  ex- 
tend on  all  sides,  and  the  strong  currents 
from  north  and  south  often  carry  vessels 
out  of  their  cours-e,  while,  in  addition  to 
this,  fogs  are  frequent;  naturally  wrecks  are 
many.  The  planting  was  undertaken,  at  the 
request  of  the  Marine  Department,  chiefly 
with  the  object  of  preventing  the  damage 
done  to  the  islan<l  by  the  wind.  Naturally, 
the  further  the  destruction  of  the  island  is 
carried,  the  greater  becomes  the  danger 
from  the  shoals  and  sand-bars. 

No  trees  grow  naturally  on  the  island. 
The  choice  of  species  to  be  planted  was 
based  largely  on  observations  made  by  Dr. 
Wra.  Saunders  (then  Director  of  Experi- 
mental Farms)  on  a  visit  to  Brittany, 
France,  where  much  work  in  the  reclaiming 
of  sand-dunes  has  been  done. 

The  species  and  numbers  of  each  species 
planted  on  the  i8lan<l  were  as  follows: 
Pinus  pinaster  (maritima),  (cluster  pine), 
10,000;  Pinus  sylvestris  (Scotch  pine),  10,- 
000;  Pinus  sylvestris  rigaensis  (Riga  pine), 
10,000;  Pinus  laricio  nigricans  (Austriaca), 
(Austrian  pine),  10,000;  Pinus  montana 
(Mountain  pine),  5,000;  Pinus  montana 
mughus  (Dwarf  mountain  pine),  2,500; 
Pinu8  strobus  (White  pine),  2,500;  Picea 
excelsa  (Norway  spruce),  10,000;  Abies 
balsamea  (Balsam  Fir),  2,500;  Picea  cana- 
densis (White  spruce),  2,500;  Picea  mariana 
(Black  Bpruce),  1,000;  Juniperus  virginiana, 
(Red  cedar),  1,000;  Juniperus  communis, 
(Common  juniper),  1,000;  Thuja  occident- 
alis,  (Eastern  Arbor- vitae),  500.  Of  the 
broad-leaved  species  there  were  used  the  fol- 
lowing: Manitoba  maple,  (Acer  Negundo), 
500;  Acer  platanoides  (Norway  maple), 
500;  Betula  alba  (European  white  birch), 
2,000;  Oleditsia  triacanthos  (Honey  locust). 


2,000;  Salix  longifolia  (Long-leaved  wil- 
low), 1,000.  Planting  was  started  on  May 
18th,  the  trees  being  found  in  good  condi- 
tion, in  spite  of  having  been  packed  up  for 
six  weeks. 

The  first  plantation  was  made  on  a  sandy 
bluff  near  the  north  shore,  fairly  well  cov- 
ered with  the  common  sand-binding  grass 
{Arenaria  ammophila),  the  trees  being 
planted  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  apart 
each  way  in  a  soil  composed  of  pure  sand. 

One  considerable  area,  to  which  the  name 
of  Gourdeau  Park  was  given,  was  found  to 
be  covered  to  the  depth  of  t-^everal  inches 
with  a  black,  peaty  i?oil,  mixed  with  sand 
and  underlaid  with  pure  sand.  On  this  were 
growing  common  juniper  (Juniperus  com- 
munis), cranberry  (Empetrum  nigrum),  wax 
myrtle  (Myrica  cerifera),  blueberry  (Vacci- 
niuni),  wild  rose  and  other  plants.  The 
X)lanting  was  completed  on  June  17.  Arti- 
ficial fertilizers  were  used  to  some  extent, 
these  comprising  nitrate  of  soda,  muriate  of 
potash,  superphosphate  of  lime  and  quick- 
lime. Sea-bird  droppings  were  plentiful  all 
over  the  island.  In  *  Gourdeau  Park '  the 
soil  was  ploughed. 

The  climate  of  the  island  is  not  extreme.. 
During  the  years  1898  to  1901  (inclusive) 
the  highest  temperature  registered  by  the 
thermometer  was  78  degrees  Fahrenheit  and 
the  lowest  5  degrees  Fahrenheit  .  The  winds, 
however,  are  very  high  and  constant  and 
gales  are  frequent. 

At  the  End  of  the  First  Season. 

From  August  13  to  October  3  the  weather 
was  very  dry,  and  from  September  21  to- 
September  26  a  continuous  gale  blew, 
ranging  in  direction  from  southwest  to 
north,  which  *  burned '  the  leaves  off  the 
deciduous  trees.  All  the  pines,  however, 
except  the  white  pine,  looked  well  and  had. 
made  a  good  growth.  Some  of  the  spruces 
survived  but  few  looked  promising. 

A  memorandum  prepared  by  Mr.  Boutel- 
lier,  the  superintendent  of  the  island,  for 
the  Director  of  Experimental  Farms,  on 
March  23,  1910,  summarized  the  result  of 
the  plantations:  At  'Station  No.  4,'  where 
2,000  trees  and  shrubs  were  planted,  he 
found  alive  but  fifteen  Austrian  pine,  five 
mountain  pine,  sixteen  Scotch  pine,  twelve 
maritime  (cluster)  i)ine,  two  Norway  spruce 
an<l    one    black    spruce.  'They    were   all 

spread  out  on  the  ground,'  the  memoran- 
dum runs,  'and  were  about  one  foot  high. 
In  summer  they  run  up  to  the  top  of  the 
rank  grass  that  grows  around  them,  per- 
haps quite  two  feet.'  At  'No.  3  Station,' 
where  5,000  plants  and  shrubs  were  planted, 
the  only  one  mentioned  in  the  report  is  a 


91 


«2 


•|^^^^.  '     Can. 


arfia^  Foji^stry  Journal,  Jlnr^e  l$B3\ 


apecimen  of  matrimony  vine  (Lycium 
europaeum),  this  being  in  the  shelter  of  a- 
five-foot  board  fence.  At  '  Gourdeau 
Park,  ^  where  the  greater  part  of  the  trees 
were  planted,  all  that  remains  is  a  few 
specimens  of  the  Scotch  broom  (Genista 
scoparia)y  while  in  the  little  garden  at  the 
main  station,  where  there  is  some  shelter, 
there  remained  of  the  trees  planted,  one 
pine  (probably  Pinu^  cemhra),  one  Ameri-' 
•can  elm  and  one  Manitoba  maple.  The  two 
last  mentioned  were  less  than  two  feet  high 
.-and  were  in  the  habit  of  growing  up  rapidly 
•each  summer,  killing  back  each  winter.  The 
pine  was  about  six  inches  high  and  two 
feet  broad. 

A  danger  to  be  apprehended  is  that  the 
surface  of  the  island  may  be  wholly  swept 
away  (as  has  already  happened  in  the  case 
of  a  large  part  of  the  original  island), 
leaving  an  immense  area  of  submerged 
:shoals.  In  that  case  the  danger  to  passing 
■vessels  would  be  as  great  as  now,  and  the 
possibilities  of  rescue  of  shipwrecked  per- 
sons, (with  the  life-saving  station  gone) 
would  be  reduced  to  a  minimum. 

Is  not  such  a  danger  worth  the  spending 
of  many  thousand  dollars  to  avoid?  On 
similar  plantations  (similar,  at  least,  as  re- 
gards the  problems  presented  by  natural 
conditions)  France  has  spent  several  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  and  the  single  state  of 
Massachusetts  some  hundreds  of  thousands. 

In  the  problem  presented  by  Sable  Island 
not  only  do  property  considerations  enter, 
but  considerations  involving  the  saving  of 
human  life.  At  the  least  the  subject  is 
worthy  of  continued  and  persistent  experi- 
ment, and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  author- 
ities will  not  rest  satisfied,  or  torpid,  in 
consequence  of  the  failure  of  this  one  at- 
tempt 


THE  WINNIPEG  CONVENTION. 

Bailway  Arrangements. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Convention 
-will  be  held  on  the  day  preceding  and  the 
first  two  days  of  the  Winnipeg  Rxhibition, 
delegates  attending  from  points  within  what 
is  called  the  *  Winnipeg  Exhibition  District ' 
will  not  be  required  to  secure  certificates; 
They  will  purchase  railway  tickets  at  the 
special  rates  in  force  during  the  Exhibition. 
It  will  be  necessary,  however,  that  those 
travelling  on  these  tickets  give  their  names 
And  addresses  to  the  Secretary  for  the  pur- 
pose of  compiling  the  railway  returns.  The 
Winnipeg  District  extends  from  Fort  Wil- 
liam on  the  east  to  the  Alberta-British  Co- 
lumbia boundary.  (On  the  Canadian  Pa- 
cific Railway  these  rates  extend  to  Golden 
And  Cranbrook,  B.C.) 

From  Eastern  Canadian  Points. 
Delegates  attending  from  points  in  Can- 
ada from  Port  Arthur  eastward  can  secure 


single  fare  rates  (plus  25c)  on  the  conven- 
tion certificate  plan.  To  secure  these  rates 
delegates  will  purchase  one  way  first  class 
tickets  which  will  be  sold  them  at  the  lowest 
one  way  first  class  fare,  plus  25c.  When 
purchasing  these  tickets  they  mUst  secure  a 
standard  certificate  which  the  agent  will  fur- 
nish upon  request,  and  this  certificate  when 
signed  by  the  Secretary  in  the  Convention  at 
Winnipeg  as  showing  that  the  party  was  a 
delegate  will  be  uonored  for  ticket  through 
to  original  starting  point  free. 

Going  Dates. — Tickets  for  going  trip  by 
all  rail  routes  will  be  sold  July  3  to  6  inclu- 
sive; days  of  sale  via  lake  and  rail  routes 
to  be  announced  later. 

Returning.  —  Standard  convention  certifi- 
cates properly  filled  in  and  signed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation will  be  honored  at  Winnipeg  up  to 
and  including  July  24  for  tickets  to  original 
starting  point  free,  except  that  where  lake 
routes  are  used  addtional  payment  will  be 
required  as  follows: 

Lale  Arhitraries.  —  The  following  addi- 
tonal  amounts  to  be  paid  at  Winnipeg  when 
certificates  are  honored  for  return  journey 
if  passengers  elect  to  travel  via  lake  routes, 
viz.:— (Via  C.P.S.S.  line  or  Sarnia  N.  N. 
Co.,  and  Port  Arthur).  Going  all-rail,  re- 
turning lake  and  rail,  $9.00  additional.  Go- 
ing lake  and  rail,  returning  all-rail,  $4.00 
additional.  Going  lake  and  rail,  returning 
same  route  $13.00  additional. 

From  British  Columbia  Points. 

Bate:  Certificate  plan  arrangement;  one 
way  first  class  tickets  and  standard  conven- 
tion certificates  to  be  issued  from  starting 
point  to  Winnipeg  at  the  lowest  one  way 
first  class  fare  plus  25  cents. 

Going  Bates:     July  4,  5  and  6. 

Return:  Certificates  signed  by  Mr.  Jas. 
Lawler,  Secretary,  Canadian  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation, to  be  honored  at  Winnipeg  up  to 
and  including  July  12th  for  free  return 
tickets  back  to  starting  point  with  a  transit 
limit  of  10  days. 


NEW  USE  FOR  SAWDUST. 

'Son,   why   don't   you   play   circus?     It's 

great  fun.     First  you  make  a  sawdust  ring.' 

'Where '11  I  get  the  sawdust,  dadf 

'Here's  the  saw.     Just  saw  some  of  that 

cordwood  into  stove  lengths.     You  can  have 

all  the  sawdust  you  make.' 


These,  then,  are  a  few  of  the  problems 
to  be  solved  by  the  forest  engineer  and  I 
think  you  will  agree  with  me  in  stoutly 
maintaining  that  he  may  well  be  proud  of 
his  profession,  and  that  in  the  practise  of 
it  he  will  find  abundant  opportunities  for 
the  exercise  of  all  the  engineering  skill  he 
is  possessed  of. 


Dominion  Forest  Parties 


m 


DOMINION  FOREST   PARTIES. 

A  number  of  the  officers  of  the 
Dominion  Forestry  Branch  left  Ot- 
tawa during  May  for  summer  field- 
work  in  various  portions  of  the  West. 
The  plans  for  work  outside  of  the 
regular  work  in  connection  with  the 
Forest  Reserves  will  take  the  men 
through  a  large  area  of  country 
which  has  not  been  previously  trav- 
ersed by  men  trained  to  look  for  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  forestry. 

The  most  important  trip  will  be 
that  of  Mr.  E.  H.  Finlayson,  Inspec- 
tor of  Fire  Ranging.  This  was  brief- 
ly referred  to  in  a  previous  issue  of 
The  Journal.  Mr.  Finlayson  left  Ot- 
tawa during  the  latter  part  of  May 
and  will  be  engaged  for  a  short  time 
in  administrative  work  connected 
^^'ith  the  fire-ranging  organization 
which  is  under  his  supervision.  About 
the  middle  of  June,  however,  he  will 
leave  Prince  Albert  on  his  way  north. 
Travelling  by  canoe  from  the  end  of 
the  Big  River  branch  of  the  Canadian 
Northern  Railway,  he  will  follow  wat- 
er routes  until  he  reaches  the  Beaver 
River.  This  river  is  one  of  the  main 
streams  at  the  head  of  the  Churchill 
river  which  flows  into  Hudson  Bay  at 
Fort  Churchill.  A  number  of  large 
lakes  lie  in  this  district,  and  some  of 
them  will  be  traversed  by  Mr.  Fin- 
layson's  party.  They  include  Lac 
Dore,  Lac  la  Plonge,  He  a  la  Crosse 
lake,  Clear  lake,  Buffalo  lake  and  La 
Loche  lake.  A  portage  over  a  low 
height  of  land  leads  to  the  Clearwater 
River,  which  will  be  followed  for 
about  one  hundred  miles  until  the 
Hudson 's  Bay  Company 's  Post  at  Mc- 
Murray  is  reached.  This  is  situated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Clearwater 
and  Athabaska  rivers.  The  balance 
of  Mr.  Finlayson 's  trip  will  lie  along 
the  regular  routes  of  travel  of  the 
Mackenzie  river  valley.  Mr.  Finlay- 
son plans  to  go  as  far  north  as  Fort 
Simpson,  situated  at  the  point  where 
the  Liard  joins  the  Mackenzie  river. 
The  route  of  travel  follows  the  Atha- 
baska river  to  its  mouth  at  Lake  Atha- 


baska, down  the  Slave  river  to  Great 
Slave  lake,-  and  from  there  down  the 
Mackenzie  river  proper. 

The  main  object  of  Mr.  Finlayson 's 
trip  is  to  obtain  information  in  regard 
to  the  country  which  will  make  it  pos- 
sible to  organize  a  staff  of  fire-rangers 
for  the  protection  of  the  timberlands 
of  the  region.  The  present  organiza- 
tion in  this  connection  provides  only 
protection  along  the  river,  although/ 
of  course,  that  covers  the  area  most 
travelled.  There  will  be  this  summer 
two  fire-patrol  boats,  of  which  one  will 
operate  northward  from  Fort  Smith 
and  the  other  in  a  southerly  direction 
from  that  point. 

Another  matter  that  will  engage 
]\Ir.  Finlayson 's  attention  is  the  herd 
of  reindeer,  which  was  transported 
by  the  Dominion  Government  from 
Labrador.  The  herd  was  secured 
from  Dr.  Grenfell,  who  has  done  much 
to  encourage  the  introduction  of  this 
useful  animal  into  Labrador  and  New- 
foundland. The  Dominion  Govern- 
ment herd  is  at  present  located  at 
Fort  Smith  and  is  under  the  supervi- 
sion of  the  Forestry  Branch.  The 
reindeer  have  in  the  summer  been 
troubled  a  great  deal  by  the  mosquitos 
and  flies,  and  it  is  proposed  to  trans- 
fer them  to  an  island  in  Great  Slave 
Lake. 

Tlie  reconnaissance  survey  parties 
left  for  the  various  districts  assigned 
to  them  during  the  month  of  May.  Mr. 
J.  A.  Doucet  with  Mr.  R.  M.  Watt  as 
assistant  were  the  first  to  start  off. 
This  part}^  will  be  engaged  in  an  ex- 
amination of  lands  in  the  valley  of 
the  Peace  river.  This  season's  work 
will  complete  the  examination  of 
lands  connected  with  the  Rocky 
Mountains  Forest  Reserve  upon 
which  men  have  been  engaged  for 
the  f)ast  three  seasons. 

Messrs.  Donald  Grieg  and  T.  A. 
Trebilcock  will  be  working  between 
Lake  Winnipeg  and  Lake  Manitoba. 
Mr.  A.  B.  Council,  with  Mr.  A.  M. 
Thurston  as  assistant  will  examine  the 
Pasquia  Hills  in  the  province  of  Sas- 
katchewan.   Mr.  G.  P.  Melrose,  of  the 


94 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  June  1913. 


University  of  New  Brunswick,  with 
Mr.  K.  A.  R.  Campbell  as  assistant, 
and  Mr.  R.  K.  Shives  with  Mr.  G.  S. 
Laughlin  will  be  working  in  the  vic- 
inity of  Battleford  and  Prince  Albert, 
respectively.  The  men  assigned  to 
this  kind  of  work  in  the  Railway  Belt 
in  British  Columbia  are  Messrs.  F. 
B.  Robertson,  C.  R.  Mills,  E.  B. 
Prowd  and  H.  A.  Parker.  The  two 
first-named  will  be  the  men  in  charge 
of  the  parties. 

Mr.  W.  N.  Millar,  District  Inspec- 
tor of  Forest  Reserves  for  the  Pro- 
vince of  Alberta,  has  outlined  exten- 
sive trips  in  connection  with  his  in- 
spection work  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
forest  reserve.  Mr.  Millar  spent  a  very 
large  proportion  of  his  time  last  sum- 
mer in  the  field,  but  he  was  able  to 
cover  only  about  half  of  the  very  large 
area  under  his  jurisdiction.  The  trips 
that  he  has  planned  for  the  present 
season  will  complete  his  personal  in- 
spection  of  all  the  Rocky  Mountains 
forest  reserve  lying  south  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway.  The 
most  extensive  single  trip  will  be  a 
journey  with  pack  train  from  Laggan 
to  Fitzhugh.         

Prof.  R.  B.  Millar,  of  the  Univers- 
ity of  New  Brunswick,  Dept.  of  For- 
estry, has  accepted  an  appointment  to 
do  consulting  work  with  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway  forest  service  during 
the  summer. 


CROSS  TIES  PURCHASED  IN  1912 

A  very  interesting  report  on  the  cross 
ties  purchased  in  Canada  in  1912  has  been 
issued  by  the  Dominion  Forestry  Branch. 
Statistics  were  based  on  reports  received 
from  51  steam  railways  and  36  electric 
railways  operating  in  Canada  in  1912. 

The  total  number  of  ties,  21,308,571, 
were  valued  at  $9,373,869.  Part  of  these 
were  imported,  but  the  bulk  of  the  ties 
used  on  Canadian  railways  were  cut  in 
Canada.  The  imports  of  ties  in  1912  reach- 
ed approximately  $1,697,431,  which  would 
indicate  that  less  than  one-fifth  of  the  ties 
purchased  in  1912  were  imported. 

There  were  purchased  in  Canada  in  1912 
a  total  of  21,308,571  cross-ties;  this  was  an 
increase  in  actual  numbers  of  6,919,347  or 
a  48.1  per  cent,  increase  over  1911.  This 
increase  took  place  on  almost  all  the  rail- 


ways in  Canada  and  was  especially  notice- 
able on  transcontinental  lines. 

Nineteen  different  kinds  of  wood  were 
used  with  jack  pine  still  leading.  The  use 
of  each  material  increased  from  1911  with 
the  exception  of  Eastern  spruce  and  red 
pine.  Balsam  fir  and  Western  spruce  were 
added  to  the  list  of  1911  and  poplar  and 
black  ash  were  dropped. 

The  use  of  the  cedar  tie  has  varied 
greatly  from  year  to  year.  In  1908,  1909 
and  1910  cedar  ties  headed  the  list  al- 
though the  numbers  purchased  showed  de- 
creases each  year.  In  1911  cedar  ties  form- 
ed only  10  per  cent,  of  the  total  and  fell 
back  to  fourth  place  on  the  list.  In  1912 
the  use  of  this  material  increased  by  some 
1,898,710  ties  and  this  wood  moved  up  to 
second  place  on  the  list,  forming  15.6  per 
cent,  of  the  total. 

Douglas  fir  has  steadily  increased  in  use 
since  1909,  when  data  concerning  its  use 
were  first  obtained.  Oak  and  the  other  five 
hardwoods — chestnut,  beech,  maple,  birch 
and  elm — have  also  increased  remarkably. 
There  seems  to  be  a  tendency  on  the  part 
of  the  management  of  older  established 
steam  railways  to  reduce  the  use  of  soft, 
light  material  for  cross-ties,  especially 
where  fast  trains  and  heavy  rolling  stock 
are  used.  Some  of  the  Eastern  roads  have 
ceased  to  purchase  cedar,  pine,  hemlock 
and  tamarack  ties  and  use  only  the  hard- 
woods. The  use  of  imported  hard  pine  has 
increased  with  the  hardwoods  and  was  used 
in  making  3.1  per  cent,  of  the  ties  pur- 
chased in  1912.  Western  larch  formed  5.6 
per  cent,  of  the  total  number,  over  a  mil- 
lion ties  of  this  wood  having  been  pur- 
chased. 

The  average  value  of  ties,  at  the  point 
of  purchase,  increased  from  39  to  44  cents 
in  1912. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  increased  use 
of  hardwoods  by  steam  railway  companies. 
In  1911  woods  such  as  oak,  chestnut,  beech, 
maple,  birch,  elm  and  black  ash  together 
formed  only  1.8  per  cent,  of  the  ties  pur- 
chased. In  1912  this  percentage  increased 
to  6.7  per  cent,  through  increased  purchases 
of  1,148,578  hardwood  ties. 

Many  Canadian  railway  companies  are 
now  beginning  to  realize  the  value  of  pre- 
serving at  least  a  part  of  their  tie  material 
from  decay  and  insect  injury.  The  prac- 
tice of  chemical  treatment  of  railway  ties 
has  been  carried  on  by  railways  in  the 
United  States  for  some  years  with  appar- 
ently  satisfactory    results. 

The  practice  in  Canada  is  just  begin- 
ning, but  it  is  increasing  rapidly  with  the 
increasing  cost  of  tie  material  and  the 
constantly  decreasing  supply.  In  1910 
practically  no  treated  ties  were  used  by 
Canadian  railways.  In  1911  some  206,209 
ties  received  chemical  treatment  before  be- 
ing placed  in  the  roadbed.  This  number, 
while   forming   only   1.4  per   cent,    of   the 


Cross  Ties  Purchased  in  1912 


V 


total  number  of  ties  used,  was,  neverthe- 
less, an  indication  of  the  increase  in  this 
particular  form  of  conservation.  In  1912 
1,818,189  ties  were  chemically  treated.  This 
number  forms  8.5  per  cent,  of  the  total 
number  of  ties  purchased.  Steam  railways 
used  1,798,189  of  these  treated  ties  and 
electric  roads  used  20,000. 

The  treated  ties  were  mostly  hardwoods, 
as  it  has  been  fouml  more  economical  to 
treat  the  heavier,  stronger  woods  than 
those  which  are  liable  to  fail  from  me- 
chanical wear  before  they  have  time  to 
decay.  The  greatest  actual  saving  by  pre- 
servative treatment  is  found  in  the  use  of 
the  so-called  *  inferior  woods, '  provided 
that  these  are  properly  protected  from  me- 
chanical wear.  Until  the  price  of  the  dur- 
able woods  become  excessive  the  railway 
companies  will  not  resort  to  expensive 
treatment  of  inferior  woods  on  account  of 
this  cost  of  protecting  them  from  mechan- 
ical wear. 


TIMBER  CRUISES         \ 
FORESTRY  SURVEYS  j 


ForCotry   Dept. 

Montreal  Engineering  Company,  Limited 

Consulting'    &  Operating    Engineers 

I      McGILL      STREET,      MONTREAL 
R.  O.  Sweezey,  General  Manager 


I 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST     TREES 

and     shrubs     at    forest 

prices. 

Native  and  foreign  tree  seeds. 

"^m 

Edye-de.  Hurst  &  Son, 

Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

HlflPPERa    TO     II.    M.    OOVKRNMENT,     ETC      [ 

CorfMjxmdance  Pranqaitie. 

ALPINE  CLUB  OF  CANADA. 


The  extent  to  which  the  work  of  the  Al- 
pine Club  of  Canada  has  grown  is  shown 
in  the  issue  of  a  hundred  page  special  issue 
of  the  Canadian  Alpine  Journal,  the  organ 
of  the  Club.  The  Club,  of  which  Mr. 
Arthur  O.  Wheeler,  F.R.G.S.,  is  the  ener- 
getic director,  has  its  headquarters  at 
Banff,  Alberta,  and  the  permanent  address 
of  the  Secretary,  Mr.  S.  H.  Mitchell,  from 
whom  further  information  may  be  obtain- 
ed, is  Sidney,  B.C.  This  issue  contains  the 
reports  of  the  party  from  the  Smithsonian 
Institute  of  Washington,  D.C.,  which  col- 
laborated with  the  Club  in  its  1911  ex- 
pedition to  the  Mt.  Robson  region  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia  and  Alberta  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  transcontinental  line  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  Railway.  Those  who  repre- 
sented the  Smithsonian  Institute  were  Mr. 
N.  Hollister,  who  studied  the  mammals; 
Mr.  J.  H.  Riley,  who  reported  on  the  birds; 
and  Mr.  Paul  C.  Standley,  who  was  the 
botanist  of  the  expedition.  The  issue  con- 
tains a  large  number  of  half  tone  engrav- 
ings of  photographs  of  scenes  and  speci- 
mens and  a  map  by  Mr.  Wheeler  of  the 
region  traversed.  Every  year  the  work 
of  the  Alpine  Club  extends  and  Canadians 
are  thus  being  made  better  acquainted 
with  their  great  mountain  heritage. 


FOREST 

ENGINEERS. 

Forest  Surveys 

Logging  Maps 

TIMBEIl 

ESTIMATES 

Water  Power 

Water  Storage. 

CLARK,  LYFORD,  &   STERLING 

1331  Real  Estate  Trust  Bldg..  Philadelphia 

CLARK  &  LYFORD, 

LYFORD,  CLARK  &  LYFORD, 

40.'?  Crown  Bldgr. 

a6  Board  of  Trade  Bldg^ 

VANCOUVER 

MONTREAL 

THE   SMITH  STUMP  PULLER 


ThiM  photoirraph  BhowHtho  work  of  tho  Smith  Stump 
Puller,  iiulllriKHmmpRwIfhonohorHP,  sUimpH  thiit  run 
from  4  tri  (1  frft  throuRh.  atnn  average  cost  of  6  cents 
perHtiinii).      Write  for  our  frrnOitaloR. 
».  SMITH  GRUIIER  CO.,  15  Smith  Sta..  Li  CriiMnt,  Minn. 


Jnivcrsity  of 
NcwBmi)8wick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Established  in   igo8 

Four  years'  course  leading  to  the 
Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry.  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal   forest    work. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expen-es     correspondingly    moderate. 


For  further  in/ormaiion  address: — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University   Calendar  furnished 
on   application.       —        —       — 


C.  C.  JONES,  ChArvcellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 

at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syrak.ouse,  Ne-vv  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  ;  Post- 
graduate course  to  Master  of 
Forestry;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  in  Catskills. 
Ranger  School  held  on  the 
College  Forest  of  2,000  acres  at 
Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 
State  Forest  Experiment  Station 
of  90  acres  and  excellent  Forest 
,  -  Library  offCT  unusual  opportu- 
nities for  research  work.     : :    : : 

For  -particulars  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER..  D.  OecDea^n 


BILTMORE, 


-    North  Carolina 


'THE  Biltmore  Forest  School  is  for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school  of  lumbering  and  forestry  in  the 
United  States.  The  Biltmore  Forest 
School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Biltmore;  summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  cf  Ger- 
many. Q  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  any  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  fpr'  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  of  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor    of  Forestry. 

Write  Jor  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,    addressing — 

THE  DIRECTOfi.  BILTMORE,  N.C..  U.S.A. 


lEyNI![RSII!fOR[8I«flL 

NEW    HAVEN.   CONNECTICUT.    USA. 


A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  oflFered  leading  to  the 
deg-ree  of  Master  of  Forestry 
The  Forest  School  is  a  g:raduate 
department  of  Yale  Universi'y 
requiriinf  lor  admission  a  college 
training'.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, colleges,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions ot  hig^h  standing  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  ol 
their  diplomas,  provided  ihev 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowi'>g  subiects  in  their  under- 
graduate work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Unive  sity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoology,  Physics,  Inorganic 
Chemistry, Geology-,  Econnm  cs. 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  mav  take  examin!4tions 
in  any  subject  hut  ate  requi>ed 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
ol  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in   the  field  or  laboratory. 

The  school   year  begins  in 
.early  lulv  and  is  conducted  at 
the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  fttrther  informatifin  address 

JAHES  W.  TOUnEY,   Director 

NEW   HAVEN       .      -      .      .       CONNECTICUT 


A 


/If). 


Canadian  forestry  journal 


Vol.  IX 


CANADIAN  FORESTItt:  JOUR 
Published  monthV,  b^the* 
Canadian    Forkstry    A^ 
Canadian  Buildin 
Ottawa,  Canada 
Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forest  conservation. 
Subscription  $1  per  year. 
Advertising  Rates  on  Application. 

CONTENTS:  Page. 

Winnipeg  Convention 97 

Quebec 's  Planting  Operations 98 

Railway     Fire     Protection    —    Clyde 

Leavitt 99 

Securing    the    Settlers'    Sympathy    in 

Forest  Fire  Protection 102 

Considerations  in  Woodlot  Growing — 

B.  R.  Morton,  B.ScF 103 

In  British  Columbia— H.  R.  MacMillan  105 
Committee  on  Uniform  Log  Rule  . . .  108 
With  the  Forest  Engineers 110 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 

Patron,  H.  R.  H.  the  Governor  General. 

Honorary  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

Honorary  Past  Pres.,   Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier. 

President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton. 

Vice-President,   Wm.    Power,    M.  P. 

Secretary,  Jab.  Lawler,  Canadian  Building, 

Slater  St.,  Ottawa. 

Treasurer,  Miss  M.  Robinson. 

Directors  :     William     Little,     Hiram     Robin.son . 

Aubrey      White,     E.     Stewart      W.      B.      Snowball, 

Thomas  Southworth.   Hon.   W.   C.  Edwards,   Geo.  Y- 

Cbown,   John    Hendry,    Hon.    Sydney   Fisher,   R.    H. 

Campbell.  J.  B.  Miller,  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr.  B.  E. 

Fernow,    Ellwood    Wilson,    Senator    Bostock,    F.    C. 

Whitman,  G.  C.  Pich^,  Alex.  MacLaurin:   Mgr.  O.  E. 

Mathieu.  Bishop  of  Regina;  A.   P.  Stevenson,  Wm. 

Pearce,  C.  E.  E.  Uasher,  Denis  Murphy,   C.  Jackson 

Booth.  Wm.  Price,  J.   W.  Harkom,  A.  S.  Goodeve, 

W.    C.   J.   Hall.  J.  8.     Dennis,  J.    B.   White,    E.   J. 

Zsvits,  Geo.  Chahoon  Jr.,  R,  D.  Prettie, 

Terrii.>rUl  Vice-President*  : 
Ontario:— Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 
Quebec:— Hon.  Jules  Allard. 
New  Brunswick: — Hon.  J.  H.  Fiemming. 
Nova  Scotia: — Hon.  O.  T.  Daniels. 
Manitoba:— Hon.  R.  P.  Roblin 
Prince  Edward  Island:— Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson. 
SAskatcbewan— His  Honor  G.  W,  Brown. 
Alberu:— Hon.  A.  L.  Si f ton. 
British  Columbia:— Hon.  W,  R.  Rom. 
Yukon: — Geo.  Black,  Commissioner. 
Mackenzie:— F.  D.  Wilson. 
Keewatin: — His  Honor  D.  C.  Cameron. 
Uncava: — His  Grace  Mgr.  Bruchesi,   Archbishop  of 
Montreal. 


Convention,  which  begins 
/\fr«Wf^gyafmultaneously  with  the  issue 
nr  []\u\j0m\\\  I  of  the  Journal,  gives  every 
e  of  being  a  great  success.  Every 
quarter  of  the  country  is  sending  a  man 
of  note  to  address  the  meetings,  and  the 
invitations  which  have  been  issued 
throughout  the  West  to  those  who  were 
thought  most  interested  in  the  delibera- 
tions of  the  Association  are  receiving  a 
most  hearty  response.  It  is  evident  that 
the  friends  of  forest  conservation  are  to 
be  found  in  every  walk  and  vocation  of 
life,  and  that  the  active  sentiment  for  an 
immediate  extension  of  the  work  of  the 
Association  is  universal. 

The  list  of  speakers,  even  in  its  incom- 
plete state,  indicates  the  advanced  nature 
of  the  discussions.  So  far  there  is  promise 
from  the  following  gentlemen: — 

Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton,  President  Canadian 
Forestry  Association. 

Mr.  Vere  C.  Brown,  Supt.  Central  Western 
Branches,  Canadian  Bank  of  Com- 
merce. 

Mr.  Geo.  Bury,  Vice-President  and  General 
Manager,  Canadian  Pacific  Railway. 

Mr.  Avila  Bedard,  M.F.,  Professor,  Laval 
Forest  School. 

Prof.  F.  W.  Brodrick,  Professor  of  For- 
estry, Manitoba  Agricultural  College, 
Winnipeg. 

Mr.  S.  A.  Bedford,  Deputy  Minister  of 
Agriculture,  Winnipeg. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  Dominion  Director  of 
Forestry. 

Mr.  W.  T.  Cox,  State  Forester  of  Minne- 
sota. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Dennis,  Assistant  to  the  Presi- 
dent, Canadian  Pacific  Railway. 

Mr.  W.  P.  Dutton,  President,  Great  West 
Lumber  Co. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Finlayson,  Inspector  of  Fire 
Ranging,  Dominion  Forest  Service. 

Mr.  Clyde  Leavitt,  Chief  Inspector,  Rail- 
way Commission. 

Mr.  H.  R.  MacMillan,  Chief  Forester,  Brit- 
ish Columbia. 

Mr.  O.  C.  Pich6,  Chief  Quebec  Forest  Ser- 
vice. 

Mr.  Norman  Ross,  Chief  of  Tree  Plant- 
ing Division,  Indian  Head. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Swaine,  Assistant  Dominion  En- 
tomologist for  Forest  Insects,  Ottawa. 

Mr.  E.  J.  Zavitz,  Provincial  Forester,  On- 
tario. 


97 


98 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  July,  1913. 


A  feature  of  the  convention  which  it  is 
expected  will  be  warmly  appreciated  by 
the  delegates  is  the  exhibit  of  specimens 
of  the  woods  of  Manitoba  and  of  the  in- 
sects which  are  parasitic  upon  them.  Mr. 
F.  K.  Herchmer,  of  the  Dominion  Forestry 
Branch  will  have  charge  of  the  former, 
and  Mr.  J.  M.  Swaine,  of  the  Dominion 
Experimental  Farms,  of  the  latter. 

A  special  effort  is  being  made  to  issue 
the  full  report  of  the  Proceedings  within 


a  couple  of  weeks  after  the  convention. 
This  report  will  contain  the  discussion  as 
well  as  the  papers,  and  will  give  to  those 
who  will  be  unable  to  attend  the  meeting 
the  very  best  alternative  possible.  In  so 
far  as  the  edition  will  permit,  copies  of  the 
report  will  be  sent  to  all  who  apply,  after 
the  members  of  the  Association  and  those 
attended  the  convention  have  been  sup- 
pUed. 


Qucbec^s  Planting  Operations* 


Waste  Lands  Near  Lachute  Being  Reforested. 


About  forty  years  ago  near  La- 
chute,  Que.,  there  were  fields  devoted 
to  the  growing  of  barley  which  was 
transported  to  Montreal  to  be  used  in 
the  breweries  there.  Prices  were  good 
and  the  farmers  raised  the  same  crop 
for  approximately  fifteen  years  in 
succession.  Then  a  plague  of  grass- 
hoppers removed  a  large  part  of  the 
virile  green  growth,  with  the  result 
that  the  soil,  relieved  of  the  great  part 
of  its  humus  and  other  binding  ele- 
ments, began  to  drift  in  a  south-east- 
erly direction  under  the  impelling 
force  of  the  prevailing  wind.  At  the 
present  time  these  fields  resemble  a 
rolling  sea.  The  sand  has  been  hol- 
lowed out  in  the  places  in  which  there 
are  no  trees  or  grasses  and  piled  up 
long  distances  away  to  a  height  of 
from  10  to  25  feet. 

A  description  of  this  locality  was 
given  in  the  May  issue  of  The  For- 
estry Journal  of  last  year,  and  an 
account  given  of  the  work  of  reclaim- 
ing this  land  undertaken  by  the 
Quebec  Government  under  Mr.  G.  C. 
Piche,  M.P.,  Director  of  the  Forestry 
School  and  Chief  Forestry  Engineer 
of  the  Quebec  Department  of  Lands 
and  Forests.  The  results  of  that 
work  to  date  and  the  new  operations 
which  were  undertaken  this  year  were 
seen  by  representatives  of  The  Jornal 
again  last  month. 

Of  the  17,000  two-year-old  white 
pine  which  were  planted  a  year  ago 


13,000  are  at  present  living,  and  of 
the  18,000  two-year-old  white  spruce 
5,000  have  come  through  the  year  suc- 
cessfully. The  experimental  planta- 
tion of  3,000  white  ash  and  800  elms 
was  a  little  more  successful,  as  these, 
although  slightly  frozen,  have  come 
through  the  winter  practically  with- 
out loss. 

This  year  the  company  of  foresters 
who  are  working  on  the  sand  waste 
have  replaced  4,000  pine  and  5,000 
spruce  which  had  failed  with  new 
seedlings  of  Scotch  pine  (Pinus  syl- 
vestris).  It  has  been  found  that  it 
is  practically  useless  to  plant  little 
trees  alone  on  the  hills,  as  the  sand 
blows  over  them  and  erodes  around 
them  to  such  an  extent  that  they  can- 
not live.  The  remedy  for  this  is  to 
plant  beach  grass,  which  affords  ef- 
ficient shelter  to  the  young  trees  to 
allow  their  first  year's  growth  after 
plantation  to  go  ahead  without  set- 
back. 

Frost  injured  the  pines  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  but  the  greatest  damage 
came  through  the  severe  drought 
which  prevailed  during  the  first  half 
of  May.  At  that  time  the  plants  had 
part  of  their  rootlets  enclosed  in  a 
frozen  soil.  The  plants  were  trans- 
piring very  much  whilst  the  roots 
could  not  supply  enough  moisture  to 
counterbalance     the     drying    action. 

Continued  on  page  107. 


Railway  Fire  Protection. 


By  Clyde  Leavitt,  Chief  Fire  Inspector,  Board  of  Railway  Commissioners 
for  Canada,  and  Forester,  Commission  of  Conservation. 


It  is  well  recognized  iu  theory  that 
railways  should  themselves  he  requir- 
ed to  take  such  measures  as  may  he 
necessary  to  safeguard  i)uhlic  and 
private  property  from  destruction  by 
fires  due  to  railway  operation.  This 
theory  has  been  translated  into  prac- 
tice to  a  far  greater  degree  in  Canada 
than  elsewhere  on  this  continent. 

It  is  also  becoming  recognized  by 
the  more  progressive  railway  officials 
that  the  extension  of  the  Govern- 
mental powers  of  regulation  to  cover 
matters  of  fire  protection  is  not  as  a 
matter  of  fact  a  hardship  upon  the 
companies,  so  long  as  only  reasonable 
requirements  are  made,  but  that,  on 
the  contrary,  such  regulation  merely 
makes  a  necessity  of  what  would  in 
any  event  be  dictated  by  good  busi- 
ness policy,  having  due  regard  to  the 
best  permanent  welfare  of  the  railway 
companies  themselves.  A  disting- 
uishing characteristic  of  the  modern 
progressive  railway  official  is  his  re- 
gard for  the  future  interest  of  his 
company,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
old-time  railroad  man,  whose  sole 
thought  was  in  so  many  cases  for  the 
present,  regardless  of  the  future. 

The  prevention  of  railway  fires 
means  greatly  reduced  litigation  and 
damage  claims  and,  inversely,  tends 
toward  a  much  more  friendly  feeling 
on  the  part  of  the  general  public  to- 
ward the  companies.  It  means  also 
decreased  loss  of  the  company's  pro- 
perty and  increased  attractiveness  of 
the  line  from  the  tourist  point  of  view, 
thus  conducing  toward  greater  reven- 
ues. Forest  growth  in  proximity  to 
the  track  also  means  in  the  long  run 
greater  supplies  at  lower  prices,  of 
the  tremendous  (|uantities  of  wood 
material  necessary  for  ties  and  other 
uses  in  connection  with  railway  oper- 
ation. It  means  also  that  instead  of 
barren  wastes  producing  no  revenue, 
large  non-agricultural  sections  of  the 


country  will  produce  successive  wood- 
crops  forever,  thus  maintaining  num- 
erous settlements  along  the  line  and 
constituting  a  perpetual  source  of 
business  and  therefore  of  freight  and 
passenger  revenue  to  the  railway. 

At  the  end  of  June,  1912,  the  total 
length  of  railways  operating  in  Can- 
ada was  over  27,000  miles,  leaving  the 
Dominion  in  the  unique  position  of 
having  the  largest  railway  mileage 
per  capita  of  population  of  any  coun- 
try in  the  world,  despite  the  rapid 
peopling  of  the  western  provinces, 
during  the  past  ten  years.  At  the 
same  time  there  were  approximately 
7,000  additional  miles  of  line  actually 
under  construction.  A  very  large 
proportion  of  this  34,000  miles  of  line 
is  subject  to  the  Board  of  Railway 
Commissioners. 

The  powers  granted  to  and  exer- 
cised by  the  Railway  Commission  as 
to  fire  protective  measures  have  been 
gradually  modified  and  extended,  cul- 
minating May  22,  1912,  in  the  issu- 
ance of  Order  16570,  covering  all 
})liases  of  railway  fire  protective  work. 
The  essential  requirements  of  this  Oi*- 
(ler  are  as  follows: — 

(First.)  The  use  of  fire-protective 
appliances  on  coal-burning  locomo- 
tives, calculated  to  prevent  so  far  as 
possible  the  escape  of  live  sparks  oi* 
cinders  from  stack  and  fire-box. 
These  appliances  to  be  inspected  at 
least  once  each  week  by  railway  em- 
])loyees.  Frequent  check  inspections 
are  also  made  by  the  inspectors  of  the 
Operating  Department  of  the  Rail- 
way Commission.  The  best  modern 
appliances  are  prescribed,  and  ex- 
perience shows^that  the  frequent  in- 
spections made 'by  the  railways  them- 
si^lves  result  in  the  early  discovery 
and  rectification  of  most  of  the  de- 
fects in  netting  mesh  or  other  appli- 
ances. In  this  way  the  occurrence  of 
fires  is  very  largely  prevented,  though 


99 


100 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal^   July,  191S. 


not  entirely  so,  as  there  seems  as  yet 
to  be  no  satisfactory  appliance  that 
will  wholly  prevent  the  escape  of  live 
sparks  from  stacks  under  extreme 
conditions. 

{Second.)  The  extinguishing  of 
fire,  live  coals  and  ashes  deposited  up- 
on tracks  or  rights  of  way  outside  of 
yard  limits.  Fortunately  there  now 
seems  to  be  very  little  trouble  from 
this  source. 

{Third.)  The  non-use  of  lignite 
coal.  There  are  vast  deposits  of  lig- 
nite in  the  prairie  provinces,  and 
much  trouble  has  been  experienced 
in  the  past  through  fires  caused  by 
the  use  of  this  fuel  on  railw^ays.  It 
finally  became  necessary  to  prohibit 
its  use  entirely  as  locomotive  fuel. 

{Fourth.)  The  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  fire  guards  in  the 
prairie  sections.  The  application  of 
this  requirement  has  so  far  been  lim- 
ited to  portions  of  Alberta,  Sas- 
katchewan, and  Manitoba,  where 
there  is  danger  of  grass  or  stubble 


fires.  The  Chief  Fire  Inspector  is 
given  full  authority  to  prescribe 
how,  when  and  where  fire  guards 
are  to  be  constructed. 

{Fifth.)  Regulation  of  burning  of 
inflammable  material  along  rights  of 
way.  The  Railway  Act  requires  that 
railway  companies  shall  at  all  times 
maintain  and  keep  their  rights  of 
way  free  from  dead  or  dry  grass, 
weeds  and  other  unnecessary  com- 
bustible matter.  It  has  been  found 
that  a  certain  amount  of  regulation 
is  necessary,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
burning  of  debris  at  dangerous  times 
by  irresponsible  employees,  tlnis  con- 
stituting a  serious  fire  menace. 

{Sixth.)  The  last  of  the  special 
requirements  is  with  regard  to  the 
reporting  and  extinguishing  of  fires 
by  railway  employees.  Where  the 
fire  danger  is  not  great,  the  situation 
is  sufficiently  taken  care  of  as  a  rule, 
by  the  requirement  that  conductors, 
engineers,  and  trainmen  shall  take 
particular  pains  to  report  any  fires 


Snow  fence  consisting  of  row  of  maple  trees  along  railway  right  of  way.  Forest 
planting  is  gradually  replacing  the  old  style  of  wooden  fences  to  protect  railway 
tracts  against  drifting  snow.     Note  plowed  fire  guard  to  protect  trees  against  fire. 


I 


Railway  Fir$  Protection. 


101 


Railway  right  of  way  previous  to  clearing.    The  Railway  Act  requires  that  rail- 
way rights  of  way  shall  be  maintained  free  from  combustible  matter. 


found  burning  along  the  right  of 
way;  and  that  sectionmen  and  other 
regular  employees  along  the  track 
shall  promptly  extinguish  any  fires 
reported  to  or  found  burning  by 
them.  The  railway  company  must 
employ  additional  labor  if  such  ac- 
tion is  necessary  to  the  extinguish- 
ment of  a  particular  fire.  It  will  be 
noted  that  the  whole  field  organiza- 
tion of  the  railway  is  made  a  part  of 
the  fire-fighting  machine. 

In  order  to  fix  definitely  the  re- 
sponsibility for  extinguishing  a  par- 
ticular fire,  the  Order  provides  that 
any  fire  starting  or  burning  within 
300  feet  of  the  track  shall  be  pre- 
sumed to  have  started  from  the  rail- 
way unless  proof  to  the  contrary  is 
furnished.  The  burden  of  proof  is 
'thus  put  squarely  on  the  railway 
company.  The  idea  is  to  get  the  fire 
out  first,  and  then  talk  about  it  later, 
if  necessary. 

Where  the  fire  danger  is  serious, 
special  patrols  are  necessary.  Here, 
advantage  is  taken  of  the  provision  of 
the  Order  that  the  railway  company 


shall  provide  and  maintain  a  force 
of  fire-rangers  fit  and  sufficient  for 
efficient  patrol  and  fire-fighting  duty 
during  the  fire  season,  all  the  details 
of  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  such  force  to  be  subject  to  the 
supervision  and  direction  of  the  Chief 
Fire  Inspector  or  other  authorized 
officer  of  the  Board. 

This  requirement  for  the  establish- 
ment of  special  patrols  at  the  expense 
of  the  railways  themselves  is  the  most 
progressive  and  perhaps  the  most 
radical  feature  of  the  Order,  and 
constitutes  its  chief  distinguishing 
characteristic.  So  far  as  known, 
neither  the  National  nor  any  State 
Government  in  the  United  States  has 
enacted  legislation  along  this  line 
which  approaches  this  so  far  as  plac- 
ing the  burden  of  fire  protection  upon 
the  railways  themselves  is  concerned. 

As  previously  noted,  the  require- 
ments as  to  the  use  of  fire-protective 
appliances  are  enforced  through  a 
special  staff  of  inspectors  in  the 
Operating  Department  of  the  Board. 


102 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal^  July,   1913. 


P^r  the  enforcement  of  the  balance 
of  the  Order  and  the  inspection  of 
the  work  of  the  railway  companies, 
a  co-operative  plan  has  been  develop- 
ed whereby  certain  officials  of  the 
Dominion  Forestry  and  Parks 
Branches,  and  of  the  Governments  of 
British  Columbia,  Ontario,  Quebec 
and  New  Brunswick  have  been  ap- 
pointed officers  of  the  Fire  Inspection 
Department  of  the  Board,  with  au- 
thority to  deal  direct  with  the  rail- 
way companies  and  to  vary  the  re- 
quirements up  or  down  as  the  local 
conditions  at  any  time  or  place  may 
require  or  permit.  It  is  expected  that 
a  similar  arrangement  will  be  made 
in  Nova  Scotia.  In  this  way,  a  per- 
fectly elastic  system  of  administra- 
tion is  provided,  so  that  necessary 
protection  is  assured  at  a  minimum 
of  cost  to  the  railway  companies  and 
with  a  minimum  of  red  tape  and  loss 
of  time. 

A  special  point  is  made  of  reliev- 
ing railway  companies  of  the  neces- 
sity for  special  patrols  when  weather 
conditions  are  such  that  special 
patrol  is  not  necessary.  This  is  like- 
ly to  be  the  case  in  the  early  summer 
while  vegetation  is  in  a  green  and 
non-combustible  condition. 

The  gradual  decrease  of  fire  danger 
may  be  expected  to  take  place 
through  the  extension  of  the  use  of 
oil  fuel  on  locomotives.  The  use  of 
oil-burners  has  for  over  two  years 
been  in  effect  on  115  miles  of  the 
line  of  the  Great  Northern  Railway 
in  British  Columbia.  Along  the  main 
and  branch  lines  of  the  Canadian  Pa- 
cific Railway  in  British  Columbia  oil- 
burners  have  during  the  past  season 
been  installed  on  approximately  838 
miles.  Similar  action  has  been  taken 
with  regard  to  the  134  miles  of  the 
Esquimau  and  Nanaimo  Raliway  on 
Vancouver  Island.  The  present  to- 
tal of  oil-burning  passenger  lines  in 
Canada  is  therefore  at  the  present 
time  approximately  587  miles.  So 
far,  the  use  of  oil  fuel  has  been  con- 
fined to  British  Columbia  on  account 
of    the    cheap    water    transportation 


from  the  extensive  oil  fields  of  South- 
ern California.  It  is  however  ex- 
pected that  the  use  of  oil  will  be 
further  extended  ift  British  Columbia 
and  probably  al^  into  some  portions 
of  Alberta. 

There  are  two  points  which  should 
be  emphasized  in  connection  with  the 
question  of  railway  fire  protection  in 
Canada.  These  are  the  requirement 
of  special  patrols  by  the  railway 
companies,  and  the  establishment  of 
a  field  organization  for  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  Order,  with  full  au- 
thority in  the  hands  of  the  local  in- 
spectors to  take  any  necessary  action 
without  delay. 

During  the  portions  of  two  seasons 
the  plan  has  been  in  effect,  fire  pro- 
tection has  been  more  efficient  along 
railway  lines  than  ever  before,  and 
it  is  confidently  expected  that  still 
more  satisfactory  results  will  be 
secured  in  the  future.  One  of  4he 
most  satisfactory  and  most  encourag- 
ing features  of  the  situation  has  been 
the  fine  degree  of  co-operation  with 
the  Fire  Inspection  Department  of 
the  Board  that  has  existed  on  the 
part  of  most  of  the  railway  officials 
concerned. 


SECURING      THE      SETTLERS'      SYM- 
PATHY IN  FOREST  FIRE 
PROTECTION. 


On  the  Dominion  Forest  Reserves,  many 
of  which  are  more  or  less  surrounded  by 
settled  regions,  the  fires  which  most  men- 
ace these  Reserves  are  those  which  have 
escaped  the  control  of  the  settlers  in  clear- 
ing land,  many  of  whom  underestimate 
the  fire  danger,  or  do  not  realize  the  im- 
mense damage  (ione  by  a  prairie  fire  which 
sweeps  into  the  forest  and  destroys  all 
the  timber  in  the  vicinity. 

Consequently,  to  emphasize  the  import- 
ance of  this  danger  and  to  secure  the  set- 
tlers' co-operation  in  eliminating  it,  has 
been  one  of  the  chief  aims  of  the  Dominion 
Forest  Service.  The  accompanying  cuts 
illustrate  one  of  the  most  successful  ways 
of  achieving  this  result.  These  'fire-post- 
ers' as  they  are  called,  are  printed  in  a 
ilozen  different  languages  so  that  no  immi- 
grant, whatever  his  nationality,  can  plead 
ignorance    of   the   fire    danger.        The   old 


Securing  the  Settlers,  Sympathy  in  Forest  Fire  Protection 


103 


Danger!    IiOST 


MEAN  ACTUAL  LOSS  TO  ALL 


WHY  waste  our  own  Money  and  impoverish  our  Land  ? 


TIMBER  PAYS  OUR  TAXES 
If  it  is  destroyed  WE  PAY  the  difference 


The  Dominion  Government  wants  your  help  in  pre- 
ventin|{  Forest  Fires.  The  best  kind  of  fire  protection  is 
the  Hood  will  of  the  people.     We  want  your  co-operation. 

Get  a  copy  of  the  law  from  your  local  Fireranger  and 
have  him  explain  it  to  you,  THEN  follow  its  instructions. 


REMEMBER.  FIRE  is  your  own  WORST  ENEMY 


BE    CAREFUL    WITH    FIRE 

style  of  poster  contained  merely  a  digest 
of  the  forest  fire  act.  The  new  style  of 
poster  asks  in  a  pointed  way  for  co-opera- 
tion and  gives  reasons  for  so  doing. 
It  is  always  printed  in  large  type  so  that 
*he  who  runs  may  read,'  a  decided  im- 
provement on  the  small-typed  posters  of 
previous  issues. 

Another  method  of  securing  the  settlers' 
co-operation  which  has  proved  successful 
consists  in  supplying  the  settlers  in  the 
neighborhood  of  forest  reserves  with  tool 
chests,  containing  in  compact  form  the 
shovels  and  other  equipment  necessary  to 
the  successful  fighting  of  forest  and  prairie 
fires.  Thus,  in  the  event  of  a  fire,  no 
valuable  time  is  lost  searching  for  tools, 
and  the  settlers  can  at  once  throw  this 
chest  into  a  buggy  and  proceed  to  the 
scene  of  the  fire. 

To  furthec  facilitate  the  rapidity  with 
which  this  co-operation  can  be  effected,  the 


A  WHOLE  LOT  of  MONEY-MILLIONS 

OF  DOLLARS  YEARLY-CONE  UP  IN  SMOKE 
LARGELY  THROUGH  CARELESSNESS. 

BECAUSE : 

SOMEONE  left  a  camp  fire  burning! 
SOMEONE  dropped  a  burning  match ! 
SOMEONE  dropped  a  cigar  or  cigarette  butt 

or  knocked  ashes  out  of  a  pipe  I 
SOMEONE  vvas  careless  clearing  land ! 

TIMBER  CROWS,  VALUE   CROWS 

Everybody  is  Careful. 

BUT 

one  fire  may  sweep  out  the  growth 
and  the  work  of  years. 

EVERYBODY 
BE  CAREFUL  WITH  FIRE 


•■VUDV   DCSTROVIHC   OR   REMOVIM   THIS   WILL   BE   PROSECUTED. 

look-out  stations  now  being  erected  in  the 
Reserves  have  telephone  connection  not 
only  with  the  ranger  stations,  but  also 
with  farming  communities  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Forest  Reserves. 

As  a  result  of  all  this,  not  only  are  forest 
fires  more  easily  brought  under  control, 
but  also  are  there  less  such  fires  to  con- 
trol, and  once  the  co-operation  and  protec- 
tive organization  has  been  perfected  to 
such  an  extent  that  all  incipient  forest 
fires  can  be  nipped  in  the  bud,  the  pro- 
blem of  fire-protection  on  western  Re- 
serves will  be  solved. 

G.  E.  B. 


Considerations  in  NA/oodlot  Growing. 

B.  R.  Morton,  B.Sc.F.y  in  Charge  of  Woodlots,  Dominion  Forestry  Branch, 

Ottawa. 


There  is  no  part  of  tlie  farm  which 
will  pay  bigger  returns  for  so  little 
expenditure  of  time  and  labour  as  the 
woodlot,  and  there  is  no  part  of  the 
average  eastern  Canadian  farm  which 


is  so  much  neglected.  Under  proper 
management  the  wood  lot  will  pro- 
duce about  0.8  of  a  cord  per  acre  per 
annum  .  If  cut  for  fuel  this  quantity 
at  $5.00  per  cord  would  represent  an 


104 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  July,  1913. 


income  of  $4.00  per  acre,  which  would 
be  considerably  higher  if  sold  for 
special  uses  such  as  fence  posts,  poles, 
square  timber,  etc.  Add  to  this  the 
profits  derived  from  tapping  the 
maples,  frorn  50c  to  $5.00  per  acre, 
depending  upon  the  number  of  maples 
and  the  flow  of  sap,  and  it  is  safe  to 
say  the  annual  income  from  a  pro- 
perly managed  woodlot  would  aver- 
age about  $7.00  per  acre.  It  should 
also  be  remembered  that  the  woods  on 
many  farms  occupy  such  waste  areas 
as  steep  stream  banks  and  stony  hill 
sides,  from  which  the  returns  would 
not  justify  their  being  used  for  agri- 
cultural purposes. 

There  is  no  crop  more  sure  than  the 
wood  crop.  Few  woodlot  owners, 
however,  have  yet  begun  to  look  upon 
their  trees  as  a  crop  and  although 
they  may  realize  that  the  rapid  de- 
crease in  the  supply  of  hardwoods 
must  increase  the  profits  from  their 
property,  there  are  still  those  who  re- 
tain an  inherent  desire  to  clear  land. 
It  has  never  occurred  to  many  that 
it  is  possible  to  determine  the  amount 
of  wood  that  an  acre  will  produce  in 
a  year  and  that  wnth  proper  manage- 
ment this  amount  can  be  cut  year 
after  year  without  deteriorating  the 
stand. 

The  typical  woodlot  of  today  is  not 
producing  anywhere  near  the  amount 
of  material  that  it  might  and  it  never 
will,  until  the  farmer  changes  his  at- 
titude towards  it.  To- bring  the  wood- 
lot  to  its  highest  producing  capacity 
it  is  necessary  for  the  owner  to  keep 
in  mind  a  model  woodlot  and  in  man- 
aging, his  goal  should  be  this  model. 

The  woodlot  which  is  producing  the 
highest  annual  returns  is  one  that 
contains  the  greatest  number  of  trees 
consistent  with  the  most  rapid  devel- 
opment of  the  quality  of  wood  desir- 
ed. The  trees  should  be  close  enough 
together  in  their  youth  to  force  a 
rapid  height  growth  and  produce 
clear  trunks.  When  about  five  years 
old  they  should  be  from  3,000  to  *5,000 
per  acre.  This  number  will  gradually 
diminish  until,  at  ten  years  of  age,  the 
stand  will  contain  from  1,500  to  3,000 


Showing  two  age — classes— mature  and  seed- 
ling. This  is  an  ideal  condition  for  the  owner 
intenditig  to  cut  clean  and  allow  his  starui  to 
grow  up  again.  For  the  farmer^s  woodlot  the 
presence  of  a  great  number  of  ages  is  desircU)le 
so  that  a  few  trees  may  be  harvested  each  year. 

trees,  and  at  maturity  not  more  than 
150  of  the  oi'iginal  trees  will  remain. 
If  left  to  itself  this  thinning  would 
come  about  in  a  natural  way,  but  by 
proper  artifical  thinning  the  growth 
can  be  stimulated  and  weed-trees, 
such  as  are  undesirable  and  have  low 
market  value,  can  be  removed.  The 
crown  of  the  trees  should  always 
touch  so  that  little  light  may  reach 
the  ground  and  encourage  the  growth 
of  grass  and  weeds.  The  soil  should 
be  prevented  from  becoming  hard 
and  baked  by  the  action  of  the  sun. 
In  thinning,  no  opening  should  be 
made  in  the  tree  tops  which  cannot 
be  filled  in  by  the  neighbouring  trees 
in  three  or  four  years.  There  should 
be  sufficient  number  of  younger  trees 
which  will  rapidly  fill  in  any  opening 
caused  by  the  removal  of,  or  accident 
to,  a  mature  tree.  The  growth  about 
the  exposed  margin  of  the  woodlot  if 
kept  dense  will  do  much  to  protect 
the  trees  within  from  being  over- 
thrown by  wind. 


In  British  Columbia. 


Work  of  Surveys  and  Fire  Protection  Going  Forward. 
By  H.  R,  MacMillaUy  Chief  Forester. 


Surveys. 

When  the  Forest  Branch  was  started 
one  of  the  chief  pieces  of  work  was  a 
forest  survey  of  the  Province  which  would 
show  the  quantity  of  merchantable  timber 
in  the  Province;  would  establish  the 
boundaries  of  the  land  convenient  for 
other  purposes,  which  should  be  set  aside 
as  permanent  Forest  Reserves  and  which 
would  serve  to  bring  to  light  information 
regarding  the  resources  of  the  Province 
which  would  be  valuable  for  administra- 
tive purposes.  Last  year  about  6,000,000 
acres  were  covered  by  forest  survey  part- 
ies. This  year  work  will  be  carried  out 
by  the  District  Forester  and  P"'orest  Assist- 
ant in  the  different  Districts  as  time  per- 
mits; and  in  addition  the  following  parties 
are  being  sent  out  to  make  an  examination 
of  Districts  considering  which  information 
is  required. 

P.  S.  Bonney,  a  Canadian  graduate  of 
the  University  of  Washington  Forest 
School,  is  accompanying  an  exploration 
party  to  the  Naas  River  valley  north  of 
Prince  Rupert.  Mr.  Bonney  will  be  out 
until  the  end  of  the  year,  and  by  covering 
thoroughly  1,500  or  2,000  square  miles  in 
this  valley,  will  bring  to  light  important 
information  regarding  the  Forest  Re- 
sources of  this  section  of  the  Province, 
concerning  which  at  present  but  little  is 
known. 

A.  K.  Shives  of  Toronto  Forest  School, 
has  left  with  a  party  to  do  similar  work 
in  the  valley  of  the  Bella  Coola  River  and 
eastwanl  along  the  53d  Meridian.  This 
District  is  reported  to  be  timbero<l  with 
the  spruce  and  jack  pine  forest  similar  to 
that  of  Quebec  and  Ontario;  and  a  spruce 
and  lodgepole  pine  forest  similar  to  that 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rockies. 

E.  G.  McDougall  has  charge  of  a  survey 
party  covering  the  District  between  the 
"'Cariboo  road  and  the  North  Thompson 
River  from  the  railway  belt  north  to  the 
52nd  Parallel.  Mr.  McDougall  accompan- 
ied an  exploration  survey  party  sent  out 
by  the  Surveyor-General. 

Mr.  D.  Clark  of  Toronto  Forest  School, 
will  make  an  examination  cruise  of  the 
timber  tributary  to  the  Canadian  Northern 
Railway  from  Tete  Jaune  Cache  south  to 
the  Blue  River,  a  distance  of  140  miles; 
from  the  Blue  River  south  to  the  railway 
belt  will  be  examined  and  cruised  by  H. 
G.  Murray,  a  graduate  of  the  Forest  School 


of  the  University  of  New  Brunswick. 
Last  year  the  timber  tributary  to  the 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  was  cruised  in  order 
that  such  bodies  of  timber  as  were  suf- 
ficiently valuable  might  be  reserved  from 
settlement.  Where  timber  of  nierchant.ab'e 
value  is  located  on  agricultural  land  with- 
in easy  access  from  the  railway,  such  tim- 
ber will  bo  sold  by  the  Forest  Branch  as 
soon  as  the  railway  provides  a  market  in 
order  that  the  land  may  be  opened  for 
settloniont. 

T.  S.  Palmer  will  do  forest  survey  work 
in  the  Nelson  District. 

Axel  Gold  left  Victoria  some  weeks  ago 
to  conduct  an  exploration  party  and  forest 
survey  of  the  country  from  the  Nation 
Lakes  across  the  water-sheds  of  the  Pars- 
nip river  to  the  Peace  river.  This  survey 
is  being  conducted  with  the  idea  of  secur- 
ing definite  information  regarding  the 
forest   lesources  of  this   northern   district. 

Arrangements  will  be  made  by  the  For- 
est Branch  with  the  Commission  of  Con- 
servation to  carry  on  co-oi)erative  work  in 
completing  the  forest  survey  of  British 
Columbia  at  as  early  a  date  as  possible. 
The  forest  survey  of  British  Columbia  is 
a  matter  of  national  im})ortance  as  it  is 
popularly  supposed  that  half  of  the  mer- 
chantable timber  of  Canada  is  in  British 
Columbia  and  the  administration  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia  timber  is  therefore  a  matter 
of  the  greatest  interest  to  the  population 
of  all  Canada. 

Fire  Protection. 
Fire  protection  is  the  most  important 
work  before  the  Forest  Branch  this  sum- 
mer. The  Poorest  Districts  have  been  or- 
ganised chiefly  with  the  idea  of  improving 
fire  i)rotection.  Previous  to  this  summer 
there  have  been  no  permanent  employees 
in  the  fire  protection  service  of  British 
Columbia.  This  summer  permanent  Forest 
Districts  have  been  formed,  the  areas  be- 
ing from  6,000,000  to  28,000,000  acres 
each.  Kach  District  is  in  charge  of  a 
District  Forester  who  is  assisted  by  a  For- 
est Assistant  and  a  permanent  ranger. 
The  permanent  staff  has  been  in  duty  since 
the  fall  of  1912  or  beginning  of  1913.  In 
addition  to  the  permanent  organisation 
Fire  Rangers  were  appointed  May  Ist  to 
serve  for  five  months  through  the  summer. 
As  the  danger  of  the  fire  season  develops 
in  different  parts  of  the  Province  arrange- 
ments have  been  made  to  put  on  an  in- 


105 


106 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  July,  19 IS. 


creased  number  of  patrol  men  for  shorter 
periods  of  one  to  three  months. 

The  chief  sources  of  fire  risk  in  British 
Columbia  are:  settlers  clearing  land;  rail- 
ways; logging  operations;  and  miscel- 
laneous travellers  in  the  words. 

The  law  requiring  all  the  settlers  to 
secure  permits  from  employees  of  the 
Forest  Branch  before  setting  out  fires  be- 
tween May  1st  and  October  1st  has  become 
part  of  the  custom  of  the  country,  and 
has  produced  such  excellent  results  that 
the  Forest  Branch  is  securing  the  co-oper- 
ation of  the  settlers  of  practically  all  the 
districts.  The  increase  in  the  number  of 
fire-wardens  this  year  has  also  greatly 
facilitated  matters  in  this  respect. 

A  great  source  of  fire  risk  during  British 
Columbia's  present  stage  of  development  is 
the  construction  of  railways;  the  Forest 
Branch  is  assuming  that  the  expense,  fol- 
lowing upon  the  adoption  of  regulations 
framed  to  reduce  the  fire  risk,  is  just  as 
legitimate  a  part  of  the  expense  of  rail- 
way construction  as  the  expense  incurred 
in  clearing  or  grading  the  right-of-way. 
The  Forest  Act  and  the  Railway  Act  of 
British  Columbia  were  drawn  up  on  the 
above  assumption.  The  most  important 
regulations  under  the  two  Acts  quoted 
require: 

A.  That  railway  companies  in  construc- 
tion work  must  clean  up  all  slash  within 
200  feet  of  the  railway. 

B.  That  railway  companies  in  construc- 
tion work  must  clean  up  all  slash  caused 
by  the  cutting  of  timber;  the  building  of 
camps;  the  construction  of  'tote'  roads; 
or  in   any   other  manner 

C.  That  during  construction  the  railway 
company  must  maintain  a  patrol  satisfac- 
tory to  the  Forest  Branch  and  must  pay 
all  expenses  of  that  patrol  or  of  exting- 
uishing any  fires  starting  from  the  con- 
struction work. 

The  Forest  Branch  has  endeavored  to 
secure  compliance 'with  the  above  regula- 
tions from  contractors  throughout  the 
Province.  As  a  result,  contractors  on  the 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific,  Canadian  Northern 
Pacific  and  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  lines 
have  piled  or  burne<l  brush  on  the  areas 
logged  over  by  them  in  securing  ties  and 
other  timbers;  and  have  cleaned  up  in  a 
satisfactory  manner  all  the  slash  thrown 
off  the  right-of-way  into  the  timber  ad- 
joining roads  and  railway  right-of-way. 
Where  contractors  have  been  unwilling  or 
inclined  to  refuse  to  carry  on  this  work, 
they  have  finally  agreed,  when  faced  with 
actions  in  the  courts  or  with  cancellation 
of  their  various  timber  privileges.  As 
railway  contractors  have  never  met  with 
the  enforcing  of  such  regulations  elsewhere 
in  Canada  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that 
some  of  them  rebel. 

The  Forest  Act  provides  the  Forest  Pro- 
tection Fund  for  both  fire  patrol  and  per- 


manent improvements.  During  the  past 
winter  and  spring  officers  of  the  Forest 
Branch,  assisted  by  two  telephone  experts 
have  been  locating  telephone  lines;  .  the 
construction  of  several  lines  have  been 
undertaken  chiefly  in  the  Cranbrook  and 
Vernon  Districts.  In  several  instances 
the  expense  is  being  charged  between  the 
Forest  Branch  and  the  owners  of  timber 
lands  or  companies  interested  in  water- 
shed protection.  The  municipalities  of 
Armstrong  and  Vernon  have  made  grants 
to  assist  in  the  construction  of  a  telephone 
line  to  a  'look-out'  i)oint  which  com- 
mands a  view  of  the  water-shed  upon 
which  these  two  towns  depend  for  their 
water  supply.  A  similar  co-operative  ar- 
rangement is  under  consideration  at  pre- 
sent between  the  Forest  Branch  and  the 
Irrigation  Companies  and  the  towns  of 
Kelowna  and  Penticton. 

The  Forest  Branch  has  also  under  con- 
sideration at  present  the  opening  up  and 
improving  of  trails  which  will  increase 
fire  protection.  Motor  boats  have  been 
built  for  fire  patrol  on  Arrow  Lake  and 
Kootenay  Lake.  Canoes  are  being  pur- 
chased for  patrol  on  the  Fraser,  Columbia 
and  Thompsbn  rivers  and  ten  motor  boats 
have  been  secured  for  fire  and  timber  in- 
spection on  the  Coast. 

The  Forest  Branch  has  taken  up  with 
the  lumbermen  of  the  Province  the  ques- 
tion of  slash  burning.  It  has  been  found 
by  experiment  that  slash  burning  on 
logging  operations  in  the  different  forests 
of  the  Province  is  practicable;  costs  very 
little  money;  and  greatly  increases  fire 
protection.  Arrangements  have  been  made 
with  a  number  of  the  most  prominent 
logging  companies  in  British  Columbia  to 
have  their  logging  slash  burned  over  this 
spring,  and  such  burning  as  has  been  car- 
ried on  up  to  date  has  proven  very  satis- 
factory and  has  greatly  decreased  the  fire 
danger.  Figures  on  the  cost  of  slash  burn- 
ing are  being  collected  and  a  statement 
will  be  issued  this  fall  dealing  with  this 
subject.  It  is  found  that  railway  con- 
tractors who  burned  their  slash  after  tie 
cutting  operations  this  spring  <lid  so  at 
very  little  expense  and  removed  any  ser- 
ious fire  hazards. 

A  co-operative  agreement  has  been  made 
with  the  Dominion  Entomologist  provid- 
ing for  an  investigation  of  the  economical 
forest  insects  of  British  Columbia.  This 
investigation  will  be  carried  on  this  sum- 
mer by  Mr.  J.  M.  Swaine. 


The  question  of  an  efficient  staff  is,  per- 
haps, the  most  vital  problem  that  has  to  be 
handled  at  the  pres-ent  time — a  staff  that 
understands  its  business  and  is  prepared  to 
attend  to  it. — U.  IT.  Campbell,  Director  of 
Forestry  for  Canada,  at  the  Annual  Meeting 
of  the  Commission  of  Conservation, 


Qiwbec\s  Plnntinfj  Operations. 


1(»7 


Quebec  Government  plantations  at  Lachute,   Quebec. — Foresters   at  work  plant- 
ing trees. 

Continued  from  page  98. 
This  drought  had  the  effect  of  *'burn-  the  tips  of  the  leaves  are  still  vigorous. 
ing"  some  of  the  foliage  in  the  west-  in  the  leaf  axils  and  in  the  terminal 
em  extremity  of  the  plantation.  It  buds.  The  main  loss  to  the  spruce 
is  noticeable,  however,  that  the  white  seedlings,  it  is  thought  by  the  plant- 
j)ines,   although   slightly  withered   at      (Ms,    was   due   to   the   fact   that   they 


Quebec  Government  plantation  at  Lachute,  Quebec. — A  bunch  of  beach  grass, 
which  is  found  useful  in  holding  the  soil  so  that  young  trees  may  get  a  start.  Note 
the  sand  around  the  roots.  The  Quebec  Oovernment  has  ordered  two  kilogrammes 
of  this  seed  from  France. 


108 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  July,  1913 


were  too  young  and  too  tender  to  en- 
dure the  hard  conditions  in  which 
they  were  placed.  Also,  Mr.  Piche, 
the  Chief  Forester,  thinks  that  enough 
care  was  not  taken  by  some  of  the 
planters,  who  exposed  to  the  air  the 
fine  rootlets  which  should  have  been 
kept  under  good  cover  or  in  a  bucket 
of  water. 

Last  year  a  total  area  of  twenty- 
one  acres  was  planted.  This  year 
with  twelve  students  working  at  the 
rate  of  about  eight  to  ten  thousand 
seedlings  a  day  twenty-five  to  thirty 
acres  were  planted.  Mr.  Laliberte, 
under  whom  the  work  was  done,  esti- 
mates that  the  cost  was  approximate- 
ly $15  per  acre,  but  as  this  was  in- 
curred in  a  short  time  and  the  over- 
head expenses  were  great,  it  is  far  in 
excess  of  what  can  be  ordinarly  ac- 
complished. The  cost,  if  the  planting 
were  undertaken  on  a  large  scale, 
should  be  only  about  five  or  six  dol- 
lars an  acre.  It  is  well  within  the 
range  of  possibility  that  a  large  sand 
area  of  some  thirty-six  square  miles 
near  the  present  plantation  may  be 
planted  up  in  the  course  of  the  next 
few  years  by  the  Government.  It  is 
a  distinct  menace  to  the  surrounding 
countrj^,  and  the  experiments  already 
carried  out,  including  those  of  farm- 
ers between  the  bad  lands  and  the 
town  of  Lachute,  show  that  it  is  quite 
possible  to  prevent  altogether  the 
drifting  of  the, sand. 

The  Quebec  Government  is  anxious 
to  carry  on  this  work  for  many  rea- 
sons, chief  of  which,  in  addition  to 
that  of  subduing  the  drifts,  is  that  it 
provides  an  object  lesson  and  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  encouragement 
to  farmers  who  plant  up  their  own, 
lands.  In  the  Government  nursery  at 
Berthier,  Que.,  there  are  millions  of 
seedlings  available  for  such  enter- 
prises, and  Chief  Forester  Piche  is 
anxious  to  place  them  in  good  hands. 
At  the  present  time  the  arrangement 
between  the  farmers  and  the  Govern- 
ment is  that  the  Government  buys  the 
land  at  $1  an  acre,  plants  it  with 
trees  and  undertake  to  return  it  to 


the  owner  if  he  cares  to  buy  at  the 
end  of  eight  or  ten  years  for  the  cost 
of  production.  In  no  case  is  the  pur- 
chase price  in  this  second  instance  to 
be  over  $10  per  acre. 


REPORT     OF     COMMITTEE     ON     UNI- 
FORM LOG  RULE. 

Your  Committee  on  Uniform  Log- 
rule  begs  leave  to  report  as  follows: 

All  members  of  the  Committee  are 
agreed  that  a  uniform  unit  rule  of 
measurement  of  logs  is  desirable  for 
the  whole  Dominion,  but  the  practica- 
bility of  the  introduction  of  such  uni- 
form measure  at  the  present  time  is 
considered  dou])tful,  or  at  least  beset 
with  difficulties. 

The  first  difficulty  in  introducing 
a  uniform  log-rule  lies  in  the  fact 
that,  unlike  lumber,  logs  have  a  local 
market,  and  the  market  adjusts  itself 
to  the  peculiarities  of  the  log-rule  in 
use  in  the  locality  without  very  ser- 
ious detriment  to  all  parties  concern- 
ed, as  long  as  the  price  is  made  in  pro- 
portion to  the  greater  or  less  liberality 
of  the  log-rule;  there  is,  therefore, 
a  natural  tendency  of  conservatism 
to  keep  up  the  usage. 

A  second  reason  rendering  uniform- 
ity difficult  to  attain  is  the  fact  that 
each  province  has  adopted  a  rule  and 
its  licenses  are  based  on  it,  hence  the 
same  conservatism  animates  the  gov- 
ernments, although  there  is  no  doubt 
that,  for  instance,  Ontario  loses,  wher- 
ever small  logs  form  an  essential  part 
of  the  cut,  by  the  adoption  of  a  log- 
rule  which  is  illiberal  to  the  seller  of 
small  logs,  and  Quebec,  having  a  few 
years  ago  changed  its  usage,  gains  by 
a  rule  based  upon  better  practice. 

There  are  now  at  least  five  different 
log-rules  in  practice,  which  vary  by 
from  10  to  50  per  cent,  and  more  in 
giving  contents  of  logs,  according  to 
the  assortment  of  the  latter.  It  can 
therefore  happen  that  a  lumberman, 
logging  in  Quebec,  Ontario  and  New 
Brunswick  at  the  same  time,  pays  for 
the  same  sized  log,  say  a  twelve  inch 
log  twelve  feet  long,  if  the  stumpage 
dues  were  $2^    ten,  twelve  or  fifteen 


Report  of  Committee  on  Uniform  Log  Rule. 


109 


cents.  Of  course,  the  limit-holder 
can  take  care  of  this  difference  in  the 
bonus  which  he  pays  additionally. 

In  order  to  meet  the  difficulty  in 
securing  a  fair  measurement  of  small 
logs  the  proposition  is  advanced  by 
one  member  of  the  Committee,  to  have 
all  small  logs,  say  below  nine  inch 
diameter  at  the  small  end,  piled  and 
measured  by  the  cord,  or  else  to  mea- 
sure at  least  by  carefully  constructed 
tables  which  give  the  number  of  logs 
of  varying  sizes,  diameter  and  length, 
that  go  to  a  cord. 

This  would  result  in  a  great  reduc- 
tion in  the  cost  of  scaling,  especially 
as  small  logs  form  more  and  more  the 
bulk  of  the  cut,  at  least  in  the  East- 
ern Provinces. 

It  should  be  thoroughly  understood 
that  log-rules  are  not  really  actual 
measurements,  but  a  mixture  of  mea- 
surement plus  a  judgment,  namely, 
as  to  how  much  saleable  material  can 
be  cut  from  the  given  cubic  contents. 
It  is,  of  course,  well  known  that  this 
result  at  the  mill  depends  on  a  great 
variety  of  conditions,  such  as  the  size 
and  character  of  the  timber,  the  char- 
acter of  the  mill  and  saw,  the  skill 
of  the  sawyer,  the  kind  of  lumber  to 
be  cut,  and  various  other  variable 
conditions. 

The  only  absolute  measurement — 
as  absolute  as  anything  in  such  a 
variable  material  as  logs  can  ])e — is 
the  cubic  contents. 

It  would  appear,  therefore,  desir- 
able and  from  many  points  of  view 
eminently  practicable  to  make  the 
cubic  foot  (or  cubic  meter)  the  unit 
of  measurement,  leaving  entirely  to 
the  logger  the  judgment  which  log 
scale  fits  his  case,  in  order  that  he  may 
produce  a  satisfactory  result  from  a 
given  cubic  log  content. 

For  forestry  purposes,  i.e.,  for  the 
purpose  of  studying  rate  and  amount 
of  production  of  wood  material,  a 
uniform  unit  of  measurement  is  ab- 
solutely necessary,  and  cubic  contents 
alone,  measured  by  the  cubic  foot  or 
cubic  meter,  are  acceptable.  Hence 
the  present  necessity    of    having    to 


translate  various  log-rules  into  cubic 
contents  is  a  very  considerable  draw- 
back and  impediment  to  progress  in 
developing  forestry  knowledge. 

The  only  way  in  which  a  uniform 
log-rule  can  be  expected  to  be  adopt- 
ed is  by  conference  of  the  provincial 
governments  and  their  agreement  as 
to  the  fairest  rule.  At  least  the  east- 
ern provinces  which  handle  timber  of 
more  or  less  the  same  description 
could,  it  seems,  very  readily  come  to 
an  agreement  to  use  one  log-rule. 

No  attempts  have  been  made  by  the 
Committee  to  bring  the  matter  to  the 
attention  of  the  provincial  govern- 
ments. 

The  effort,  however,  when  any 
change  is  contemplated,  should  be  at 
once  to  press  for  the  adoption  of  the 
cubic  foot,  or  better  still  of  the  cubic 
meter;  tables  giving  contents  of  logs 
of  different  diameters  and  lengths 
being  now  in  existence  in  either  mea- 
sure. 

(Signed)     B.  E.  Fernow,  Chairman. 
JuDSON  F.  Clark. 

G.    C.   PiCHE. 

Alex.  McLaurin. 
Ell  WOOD  Wilson. 


In  thei^e  days  when  there  are  numerous 
claims  of  alleged  'rain-makers,'  who  pro- 
pose to  bring  down  moisture  from  the 
clouds  by  explosions  of  dynamite,  etc.,  it  is 
rather  interesting  to  know  that  Dr.  Fernow, 
Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Forestry,  Toronto 
University,  was  the  first  official  rain-maker 
of  the  United  States,  that  is  to  say.  Dr. 
Fernow  was  instructed  to  investigate  the 
possibility  of  causing  rain  by  artificial  me- 
thods, and  he  was  particularly  to  investigate 
whether  it  was  true  that  great  modern  l)at- 
tles  were  always  fought  in  heavy  rain- 
storms caused  by  the  discharge  of  artillery. 
Dr.  Fernow 's  investigations  led  to  a  report 
of  an  entirely  negative  character,  that  is 
to  say,  he  found  that  there  was  no  truth 
in  the  report  that  great  battles  were  always 
fought  in  rain,  nor  did  he  find  that  the  dis- 
charge of  ordnance  or  bombs  had  any  per- 
ceptible effect  on  the  precipitation  of  mois- 
ture. 


With  the  Forest  Engineers* 


{Furnished  hy  the  Canadian  Society  of  Forest  Engineers.) 


Mr.  EUwood  Wilson,  Superintend- 
ent of  the  Forestry  Division  of  the 
Laurentide  Co.,  Grand 'Mere,  Quebec, 
reports  an  interesting  budget  of  news 
this  month. 

It  is  this  company's  intention  to 
plant  up  its  waste  lands  as  fast  as 
stock  can  be  raised.  Buying  two  year 
old  stock,  the  total  cost  of  planting 
has  not  exceeded  $8.00  per  acre. 

Mr.  Wilson  has  just  returned  from 
a  visit  to  the  Provincial  Govern- 
ment 's  nursery  at  Berthierville  under 
the  general  direction  of  Mr.  G.  C. 
Piche  and  found  a  most  excellent 
plant  and  very  interesting  experi- 
ments. Pinus  ponderosa  and  Abies 
nobilis  have  been  grown  successfully. 
Mr.  Roy  and  a  party  of  students  were 
busy  sowing  and  are  to  be  compli- 
mented on  their  good  work. 

Mr.  Wilson  has  a  nursery  well  start- 
ed, which  will  have,  next  spring,  about 
50,000  trees  (Norway  spruce,  white 
spruce,  white,  Scotch,  jack  and  red 
pine  and  basswood).  Some  four  years 
ago  about  $2,000  white,  Scotch  and 
jack  pine  were  set  out  and  are  now 
from  four  to  eight  feet  high.  Last 
year  10,000  Scotch  pine  were  set  out 
and  this  spring  10,000  Norway  spruce 
and  a  few  hundred  larch  and  Black 
Hills  spruce  were  planted. 

Mr.  Perrin,  of  the  Shawenegan 
Water  &  Power  Company,  is  consid- 
ering planting  of  some  of  the  com- 
pany's lands.      

Mr.  A.  H.  D.  Ross  writes  the  Sec- 
retary in  enthusiastic  terms  of  his 
work  in  the  West  this  summer.  Much 
of  the  work  is  along  technological 
lines. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Dickson  has  been  trans- 
ferred to  the  Head  Office  of  the 
Branch  at  Ottawa,  and  is  "getting 
the  glad  hand"  from  many  old 
friends  in  the  Capital. 


Mr.  E.  J.  Zavitz,  Forester  of  the 
Ontario  Department  of  Lands,  For- 
ests and  Mines,  has  the  following  to 
say  of  the  work  he  plans  during  this 
summer: — My  chief  work  at  the  pre- 
sent time,  and  I  expect  all  this  sum- 
mer, will  be  organizing  fire  protection 
for  the  Dominion  Railroad  Board  in 
connection  with  Order  16570.  Also  T 
am  spending  most  of  my  time  travel- 
ling in  the  North  Country  and  becom- 
ing acquainted  with  local  conditions 
and  the  men  already  connected  with 
the  Department.  My  work  this  sum- 
mer is  chiefly  in  the  form  of  prelim- 
inary survey. 

Dr.  C.  D.  Howe,  of  the  Faculty  of 
Forestry,  University  of  Toronto,  is 
continuing  the  work  carried  on  under 
the  Commission  of  Conservation  in 
Central  Ontario  during  the  past  sum- 
mer. Dr.  Howe  is  investigating  all 
forest  conditions,  paying  particular 
attention  to  land  classification  and 
reproduction.  Assisting  Dr.  How^e  in 
his  work  are  several  students  in  for- 
estry in  the  University. 

J.  H.  White,  M.A.,  B.Sc.F.,  Fac- 
ulty of  Forestry,  University  of  To- 
ronto, is  making  an  investigation  of 
conditions  on  the  Dominion  lands  in 
Manitoba,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta  and 
British  Columbia,  both  within  and 
outside  of  Reserves,  with  a  view  to 
ascertaining  what  methods  should  be 
employed  to  deal  properly  with  brush 
and  to  secure  the  best  possible  silvi- 
cultural  practice.  The  work  is  under 
the  direction  of  the  Commission  of 
Conservation.  Mr.  White's  report 
will  be  made  in  October.  Writing 
under  date  of  June  8,  he  says: — 
"Leaving  this  week  for  a  three  weeks' 
trip  through  the  Clearwater  and  Bow 
River  Forests  —  which  during  this 
month  will  probably  be  a  wet  one. ' ' 


110 


Gov.  Snlzer  believes  in  Tree  Planting 


111 


GOV.  SULZER  BELIEVES  IN  TREE 
PLANTING. 

'If  I  had  my  %ay  I'd  make  every  man 
in  the  State  of  New  York  plant  a  tree 
every  month, ' '  said  Gov.  Sulzer  at  a  hear- 
ing on  bills  appropriating  $310,000  for 
the  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry 
at  Syracuse  University. 

'I  have  always  planted  trees,'  said  the 
Governor.  'When  I  was  a  boy  back  on 
the  farm,  every  rainy  day,  when  there  was 
nothing  else  to  do,  was  spent  in  the  woods. 
My  father  taught  me  to  dig  up  little  trees 
and  to  plant  them  along  the  road. 

'When  people  pass  that  farm  nowadays 
they  exclaim  at  the  beauty  of  the  elms 
and  the  maples.  My  father  was  forty 
years  ahead  of  his  time  on  forestry. 
That  was  practical  forestry  and  that  is 
what  I  want  the  people  of  New  York  to 
learn  and  practice. ' — Paper,  Inc. 


TIMBER  CRUISES 
FORESTRY  SURVEYS 


J-      Forcotry   Dept. 

Mintreal  Engineering  Company,  Limited 

Consulting^    &  Operating    Engineers 

I      McGILL     STREET,     MONTREAL 
R.  O.  Sweezay,  General  Manager 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST     TREES 
and    shrubs     at    forest 
prices. 

Native  and  foreign  tree  seeds. 


Edye-de- Hurst  &  Son, 
Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

SWPPKRS    TO     H.    M.   OOViSRNMKNT,     KTC 


Corresp<mdanee  Franfaise. 


PLACING  VALUATION  ON  YOUNG 
TREES. 

(Southern    Lumberman,    Nashville,   Tenn.) 

For  the  first  time  the  courts  of  the 
country  have  placed  a  valuation  upon 
young  trees  on  land  that  has  been  refor- 
ested. The  case  was  not  an  important  one 
and  there  was  but  little  money  involved. 
But  it  is  a  precedent. 

The  United  States  Government  brought 
suit  against  the  Missouri  &  Northwestern 
Railroad  for  damages  for  timber  destroy- 
ed by  fires  originating  from  sparks  from 
a  locomotive.  A  United  States  District 
Court  allowed  a  damage  of  $12  an  acre. 
Only   ninety-two  acres   were  destroyed. 

This  is  the  first  time  that  a  court 
in  the  United  States  has  decided 
that  trees  of  such  immature  growth 
as  thoi-e  involved  in  this  case  have 
a  value  which  may  be  determined  and  for 
the  destruction  of  which  damages  may  be 
estimated  and  allowed.  The  basis  of  the 
valuation  of  the  reproduction  was  the  fig- 
ures derived  from  the  actual  planting  op- 
erations carried  on  ^by  the  Forest  Service 
in  the  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota,  during 
the  past  season,  in  which  1,500  acres  were 
reforested  by  seeding. 

In  line  with  this  decision  is  the  recent 
settlement  by  compromise  of  a  case 
against  the  Burlington  Railroad  Company 
for  damages  caused  by  fires  in  the  Galena 
district  of  the  Black  Hills.  By  this  set- 
tlement the  United  States  receives  the 
full  amount  of  the  estimated  damages, 
part  of  which  was  for  injury  to  300  acres 
of  reproduction   valued  at  $6.66  per  acre. 


THE  WASTE  OF  WOOD. 

We  have  destroyed  the  forests  that  we 
might  build  millions  of  wooden  houFes  of  a 
most  flimsy  sort,  which  every  now  and  again 
give  us  a  Chicago  fire  or  a  San  Francisco 
holocaust.  We  burn  a  greater  quantity  of 
the  product  of  man's  labor  in  America 
every  year  than  was  destroyed  when  Nero 
celebrated  the  destruction  of  the  capital  of 
the  world.  And  we,  too,  fiddle  and  dance 
through  it  all. — Toronto  Globe. 


FOREST 

ENGINEERS. 

KorcHt  Surveys 

lA}gg\ug  Maps 

TIMBKK 

p:stimatks 

Water  I»owor 

Water  Stor  gv. 

CLARK.  LYFORD.  &   STERLING 

1331  Real  Estate  Trust  Bldft..  Philadelphia 

CLARK  &  LYFORD. 

LYFORD.  CLARK  &  LYFORD. 

40.1  Crown  BIdg. 

26  Hoard  of  Trade  Bldg 

VANCOUVER 

MONTREKL 

JnivcrsilY  oi 
New  Bmijswick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Established  in   igo8 

Four  years'  course  leading  to  the 
Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry.  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal   forest    work. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expenses     correspondingly    moderate. 


For  further  in/orntation  address: — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University   Calendar  furnished 
on   application.       _        —       — 


C.  C.  JONES,  Chancellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 

at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syra^otxse,  Ne-vv  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  ;  Post- 
graduate course  to  Master  of 
Forestry;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  in  Catskills. 
Ranger  School  held  on  the 
College  Forest  of  2,000  acres  at 
Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 
State  Forest  Experiment  Station 
of  90  acres  and  excellent  Forest 
Library  offer  unusual  opportu- 
nities for  research  work.     : :    : : 

For  particulars  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER.  D.  Oeo.De&n 


BILTMORE,    -    -    North  Carolina 

'THEBiltmore    Forest   School    is   for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school    of    lumbering  and    forestry    in 
America.  The      Biltmore      Forest 

School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Biltmore;  .summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  of  Ger- 
many. Q  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  any  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  of  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor   of ,  Forestry. 

Write  for  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,     addressing — 

THE  DIRECTOfl,  BILTMORE,  N.  C,  U.  S.  A. 


NEW    HAVEN,  CONNECTICUT,    U.SA. 

A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  offered  leading^  to  the 
deg^ree  of  Master  of  Forestry. 
The  Forest  School  is  a  g-raduate 
department  of  Yale  University 
requiring  for  admission  a  colleere 
training.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, colleges,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions of  high  standing  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  of 
their  diplomas,  provided  they 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subjects  in  their  under- 
graduate work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Unive<sity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoology.  Physics,  Inorganic 
Chemistry,Geology.  Econom  cs, 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  may  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  are  required 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
ot  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in  the  field  or  laboratory. 

The  school   year  begins  in 
early  July  and  is  conducted  at 
the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  further  information  address 

JAHES  W.  TOUHBY,   Director 

NEW   HAVKN       -      -      .      -       CONNBOTMVT 


■\\ 


Canadian  forestry  journal 


Vol.  IX. 


Ottawa,  Canada,  August,  1913. 


No.  8 


CANADIAN  TOREBTWP^lmmKXL^ 
Published  moiiwly  by  the 

CaKADIAK     FORBSTft     ASSOCI^HMW     ••      -^       -m^ 

Canadian  Jfoii^g,  ^^  ^  ^    ^^• 
Ottawa,  cl^a^Ifc^ 
Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forllt(^^^|^Ta|;io£u  ^r^ 
Subscription  $1  per  yhtg^iir-:-       ' 
Advertising  Rates  on  Application. 


CONTENTS:  Page. 

Delegates     to     Winnipeg     Convention 

(photo)    114 

The  Convention  in  Winnipeg 115 

Forest  Fire  Legislation 117 

Quebec  Forestry  Department 119 

Government    and    Loggers    Co-operate 

in  Slash  Disposal 120 

Havoc   by  Forest  Fires 122 

Timber  Products  Statistics   1912    128 

International  Bureau  of  Forestry    .  .  .    124 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 

Patron,  H.  R.  H.  the  Governor  General. 

Honorary  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

Honorary  Past  Pres.,   Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier. 

President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton. 

Vice-President,   Wm.   Power,    M.  P. 

Secretary,  Jas.  Lawler,  Canadian  Building, 

Slater  St.,  Ottawa. 

Treasurer,  Miss  M.  Robinson. 

Directors  :     William     Little,     Hiram     Robinson, 

Aubrey      White,     E.     Stewart     W.      B.     Snowball, 

Thomas  Southworth,    Hon.   W.   C.  Edwards,   Geo.  Y. 

Chown.   John   Hendry,    Hon.    Sydney   Fisher,   R.    H. 

Campbell,  J.  B.  Miller,  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr.  B.  E. 

Femow,    Ellwood    Wilson,    Senator    Bostock,    F.   C. 

Whitman,  G.  C.  Pich«,  Alex.  MacLaurin:   Mgr.  O.  E. 

Mathieu.  Bishop  of  Regina;  A.  P.  Stevenson,  Wm. 

Pearce,  C.  E.  E.  Ussher,  Denis  Murphy,   C.  Jackson 

Booth,  Wm.  Price,  J.  W.  Harkom,  A.  S.  Goodeve, 

W.    C.   J.   Hall.  J.  S.     Dennis.  J.    B.   White,    E.   J. 

Zavits,  Geo.  Chahoon  Jr.,  R.  D.  Prettie. 

Tanit^rlal  Vicc-PrMldenta  : 

Ontario:— Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 
Quebec: — Hon.  Jules  Allard. 
New  Brunswick: — Hon.  J.  H.  Flemming. 
Nova  Scotia: — Hon.  O.  T.  Daniels. 
Manitoba:— Hon.  R.  P.  Roblin. 
Prince  Edward  Island: — Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson 
Saskatchewan- — His  Honor  G.  W.  Brown. 
AlberU:— Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton. 
British  Columbia:— Hon.  W.  R.  Rom. 
Yukon: — Geo.  Black,  Commissioner. 
Mackensie:— F.  D.  WiJson. 
Keewatin: — His  Honor  D.  C.  Cameron. 
Ungava: — His  Grace  Mgr.  Bruchest,    Archbishop  of 
MoBUeal. 


HON.  W.  A.  CHARLTON. 

President  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  As- 
sociation, who  presided  at  the  Winnipeg 
Convention,  and  opened  the  Winnipeg  In- 
dustrial Exhibition. 

HONORED  IN  WINNIPEG. 

At  noon  on  Monday,  the  openinjjf  da}' 
of  the  recent  Convention,  the  Winnipeg 
Canadian  Club  entertained  Mr.  R.  H. 
Campbell  and  Mr.  James  White,  each  of 
whom  delivered  a  short  address  on  the 
resources  of  Manitoba.  Mr.  White  gave 
an  outline  of  the  geological  formations 
and  th(?  water  i)owers,  and  prognosticated  a 
marv(dlous  increase  in  the  productivity  of 
the  province  through  the  development  of 
the  latter.  Mr.  Campbell  touched  on  the 
forest  wealth,  and  predicted  with  firm 
conviction  that  if  Manitoba  would  take 
reasonable  care  with  her  forests,  there 
could  be  a  revenue  as  great  as  that  of 
the  agricultural  products,  derived  from  the 
wood  material. 

On  Tuesday  afternoon,  July  8th,  the 
Uon.  W.  A.  Charlton,  performed  the  cere- 
mony of  opening  the  Winnipeg  Industrial 
Exhibition,  one  of  the  great  annual  fea- 
tures of  the  city.  Mr,  Charlton  delivered 
a  short  address  on  the  subject  of  Winni- 
peg's growth  and  the  general  development 
of  the  West. 


113 


•r»«« 


-^»»>-v. 


,^^«^ 


The  Convention  in  Winnipeg 


Meetings  in  the  Western  Metropolis  Create  Great  Interest. 


Manitoba  has  been  famed  in  the  past 
for  her  wonderful  resources  of  wheat. 
However,  if  the  spirit  of  the  addresses  at 
the  fifteenth  Convention  of  the  Associa- 
tion held  in  Winnipeg  on  the  7,  8  and  0, 
of  last  month  can  be  taken  as  a  criterion 
it  is  evident  that  the  West  will  also  be- 
fore long  loom  large  among  the  sisters  of 
confederation  in  the  pro«luction  of  forest 
wealth  as  well.  The  Convention  was  a  suc- 
cess in  every  way,  and  was  particularly 
beneficial  to  the  forestry  movement  in  gen- 
eral, in  that  its  first  meeting  in  a  coun- 
try which  was  supposed  to  be  less  inter- 
ested in  the  problem  of  forest  conservation 
than  any  other  part  of  the  Dominion,  was 
found  to  be  abounding  in  the  spirit  which 
will  go  far  in  the  future  to  make  forestry 
a  live  issue  in  which  all  legislatures  and 
the  people  as  a  whole  can  take  an  active 
interest. 

The  provincial  and  civic  bodies  took  the 
keenest  interest  in  all  the  proceedings, 
and  the  press  of  the  city  and  province 
devote<l  columns  of  space  both  in  news 
and  editorial  sections  to  the  objects  of 
the  Association. 

The  meetings  were  held  in  the  sjiacious 
hall  of  the  Industrial  Bureau  on  Main 
street  just  a  few  steps  from  the  corner 
of  Portage  avenue,  the  greatest  business 
street  in  the  West,  All  the  facilities  of 
the  Bureau  were  placed  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Association  and  every  opportunity 
afforded  for  the  proper  handling  of  ar- 
rangements. 

The  subjects  dealt  with  were  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  Central  Canada, 
and  the  interest  in  all  the  meetings  was 
unusually  well  sustained.  As  the  report 
of  the  Convention  is  now  in  the  hands 
of  the  printer  with  the  object  of  getting 
it  distributed  to  members  of  the  Associa- 
tion at  the  earliest  possible  moment,  de- 
tailed reference  to  each  of  the  pai>ers  is 
reserved  until  the  next  issue  of  The 
Journal. 

A  feature  of  the  Convention  which  had 
direct  appeal  and  effect  among  thousands 
of  citizens  was  the  exhibit  of  native  woods 
prepared  by  officers  of  the  Dominion 
Forestry  Branch  and  placed  in  the  main 
entrance  of  the  Industrial  Bureau.  Every 
day  the  Bureau  was  thronged  with  visit- 
ors, and  it  was  noticed  that  the  woods 
exhibit    was    undoubtedly    the    centre    of 


attraction.  The  remark  ** wouldn't  have 
believed  it"  was  the  most  common  among 
the  admirers  of  the  collection.  There 
were  twenty  different  species  shown,  some 
of  which  were  wonderfully  well  developed. 
Burr  Oak  33  inches  in  diameter.  Red  Pine 
19  inches.  Jack  Pine  19  inches,  Cotton- 
wood 42  inches.  White  Spruce  40  inches, 
were  a  few  of  the  larger  specimens.  There 
were  some  samples  also  of  the  finished  pro- 
ducts, such  as  lumber,  cooperage,  excelsior 
and  pulp. 

The  exhibit  of  insects  parasitic  upon 
the  woods  of  Manitoba,  in  charge  of  Mr. 
J.  M.  Swaine,  was  placed  in  the  Conven- 
tion Hall  and  was  much  appreciated  by 
all,  Mr.  Swaine 's  paper,  which  was  dis- 
tributed during  the  Convention,  gave  the 
delegates  a  clear  idea  of  the  depredations 
of  the  pests. 

The  opening  session,  on  Monday  even- 
ing, July  7th,  was  attended  by  a  crowd 
which  completely  filled  the  auditorium. 
On  the  platform  were  Sir  William  Whyte 
(in  the  chair)  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton,  His 
Honor,  Lieut.  Governor  D.  C.  Cameron, 
Hon,  George  Lawrence,  Minister  of  Agri- 
culture for  Manitoba,  His  Worship  Mayor 
Deacon,  Mr.  John  Stovel,  President  of  the 
Winnipeg  Board  of  Trade,  Mr.  Wm. 
Grassie,  Vice-President  of  the  Industrial 
Bureau,  Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell  Dominion 
Director  of  Forestry,  Mr.  James  White 
Secretary  of  the  Commission  of  Conserva- 
tion aiul  Mr.  J.  E.  Rhodes  of  Chicago  re- 
presenting the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion. Following  a  short  speech  of  intro- 
duction by  Sir  William  Whyte,  His  Honor 
the  Lieutenant  Governor  opened  the  Con- 
vention, with  words  of  welcome  which 
betok(Mied  the  warmest  of  sympathies 
with  the  efforts  of  the  Association.  His 
Honor  dwelt  upon  the  extension  of  the 
boundaries  of  the  Province  of  Manitoba 
and  (expressed  the  opinion  that  the  for- 
est wealth  of  the  West  would  rank  high 
in  the  country  in  the  future. 

Hon.  George  Lawrence  extended  a 
warm  welcome  to  the  Association  and 
invited  all  to  be  guests  of  the  Govern- 
ment in  a  trip  to  the  new  Agricultural 
College  at  St.  Vital  on  Wednesday. 
Mayor  T.  H.  Deacon  added  the  welcome 
of  the  people  of  Winnipeg,  and  wished 
the  Association  every  success  in  its 
efforts.       His     Worship    greatly     deplored 


116 


116 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  August,  WIS. 


the  devastation  through  fire.  "I  have 
been  on  every  river  of  importance  be- 
tween the  Lake  of  the  Woods  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and,  frankly,  I  do  not 
know  where  the  timber  is.  The  Mayor 
wished  to  see  the  ranging  systems  of 
the  country,  particularly  of  Ontario, 
whose  resources  he  thought  sufficient  to 
stand  considerable  expenditure,  mater- 
ially extended.  Mr.  John  Stovel  extend- 
ed the  welcome  of  the  Winnipeg  Board 
of  Trade,  and  Mr.  Wm.  Grassie  bespoke 
for  the  Industrial  Bureau  the  interest 
which  men  of  the  Central  West  felt  in 
the  progress  of  the  forestry  movement. 

The  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton,  President  of 
the  Association  expressed  the  grateful 
feelings  of  the  delegates  for  the  kind- 
nesses shown.  The  wonderful  develop- 
ments within  the  country,  Mr.  Charlton 
said,  meant  great  and  permanent  prosper- 
ity if  we  would  only  husband  properly 
our  natural  Wealth.  Mr.  J.  E.  Rhodes, 
the  distinguished  representative  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association,  followed 
with  greetings  from  across  the  border, 
and  hopes  of  extensive  co-operation  be- 
tween conservationists  the  continent 
over.  Mr.  Rhodes  paid  a  unique  tribute 
to  Canada's  possibilities  in  proper  man- 
agement of  her  forests.  'We  look  for- 
ward to  your  practising  scientific  fores- 
try before  we  do,'  said  he,  'because  of 
the  method  of  holding  forest  lands.' 

Mr.  E.  T.  Allen,  from  the  Western 
Forestry  and  Conservation  Association 
followed:  'The  man  who  stays  at  home 
from  a  meeting  of  this  kind  in  the  course 
of  two  or  three  years  finds  himself  in  a 
sort  of  backwater'  said  Mr.  Allen.  Mr. 
R.  H.  Campbell,  Dominion  Director  of 
Forestry,  spoke  of  the  'forest  as  a  bank 
account,'  'and,'  said  Mr.  Campbell,  'we 
have  drawn  on  our  capital  very  heavily, 
and  we  must  make  a  heavy  capital  ex- 
penditure to  get  back  to  the  position 
where  we  were  and  where  we  can  again 
draw  regularly  an  income  equal  to  that 
which  we  previously  drew.'  Mr.  James 
White  spoke  of  the  Work  of  the  Commis- 
sion of  Conservation  in  relation  to  the 
forests.  He  said  that  our  wood  supplies 
had  been  greatly  over-estimated  and 
that  he  hoped  the  United  States  would 
not  look  to  Canada,  as  Mr.  Rhodes  had 
suggested. 

A  letter  of  regret  at  inability  to  be 
present  was  read  from  Hon.  W.  J.  Roche 
Minister    of    the    Interior.  Dr.     Roche 

wrote  that  he  had  intended  attending, 
but  was  prevented  by  the  accumulation 
of  work  which  he  found  awaiting  him  at 
Ottawa  upon   his   return   from  England. 

On  the  second  day  the  Association 
turned  immediately  to  the  program  of 
papers  and  entertainment,  which  was  as 
follows: 


TUESDAY,   JULY    8th. 
(Morning  Session.) 

9.30— Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton— President's 
Address. 

Appointment    of    Resolutions    Committee. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  Dominion  Director 
of  Forestry — "Manitoba  a  Forest  Pro- 
vince," 

Mr.  E.  A.  Sterling,  Director,  American 
Forestry  Association  —  "Progress  of 
Forestry   in   the   United   States." 

Mr.  W.  T.  Cox,  State  Fofester  of  Minne- 
sota—"Rate   of   Tree   Growth." 

Mr.  E.  J.  Zavitz,  Provincial  Forester  of 
Ontario — ' '  Forestry    in    Ontario ' ' 

Mr.  W.  P.  Dutton,  President  Great  West 
Lumber  Co. — "Central  Western  Forest 
Conditions. ' ' 

Mr.  J.  M.  Swaine,  Entomologist  for  For- 
est Insects,  Dominion  Experimental 
Farm,  Ottawa  —  "Insect  Problems  in 
Canadian   Forests." 

(Afternoon  Session.) 

2.30 — Mr.  George  Bury,  Vice-President 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Co.  —  "The 
Railway    and   Forest    Protection." 

Mr.  Clyde  Leavitt,  Forester  for  the  Can- 
adian Commission  of  Conservation  — 
"Brush  Disposal  in  the  Adirondacks. " 

Mr.  H.  R.  MacMillan,  Chief  Forester  of 
British  Columbia — "Forestry  Progress 
in  British   Columbia." 

Mr.  E.  H.  Finlay^on,  Chief  Fire  Inspec- 
tor, Dominion  Forestry  Branch — "The 
Fire  Acts  of  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan 
and  Alberta. ' ' 

(Evening  Session.) 

8.00 — Mr.  J.  S.  Dennis,  Assistant  to  the 
President,  Canadian  Pacific  Railway, 
and  Chief  of  Natural  Resources  De- 
partment— "Why  the  Railroads  are  In- 
terested  in  Forestry." 

Mr.  Vere  C.  Brown,  Superintendent  of 
Central  Western  Branches,  Canadian 
Bank  of  Commerce — ' '  Some  Practical 
Aspects  of  the  Forestry  Movement. ' ' 

Mr.  E.  T.  Allen,  Forester  of  the  Western 
Forestry  and  Conservation  Association, 
Portland,  Oregon — * '  Co-operation  and 
Extension  in  Forestry." 

WEDNESDAY,  JULY  9th. 
(Morning  Session.) 
9.30 — Mr.  Norman  M.  Ross,  Chief  of  Tree 
Planting    Division,    Dominion    Forestry 
Branch — "Review   of  the   Work  of  the 
Tree   Planting  Division." 
Mr.    S.    A.    Bedford,    Deputy    Minister    of 
Agriculture    for    Manitoba    —    "Farm 
Hedges. ' ' 
Mr.    F.    W.    Brodrick,    Professor    of    For- 
estry,   Manitoba   Agricultural    College — 
"Educational   Aspects   of   Forestry." 
(Entertainment.) 
11.00    —    Electric    Cars    leave    Industrial 

(Contintied  on  page  125.) 


Forest  Fire  Legislation^ 


Final  Report  of  Committee  Published. 


(At  the  annual  meeting  Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow, 
on  behalf  of  the  committee,  presented  the  follow- 
ing report,  the  printing  of  which  was  delayed 
until  some  details  loere  completed.) 

Your  Committee  on  Forest  Fire 
Legislation  can  report  with  gratifica- 
tion the  developments  of  the  past 
year;  highly  important  progress  in 
all  parts  of  the  Dominion  in  coping 
with  the  fire  fiend  having  been  made. 

Early  in  the  year  the  Federal 
Board  of  Railway  Commissioners 
held  a  number  of  public  hearings  at 
Ottawa  and  Toronto,  at  which  your 
Association,  your  Committee,  the 
Commission  of  Conservation,  the  Gov- 
ernment of  British  Columbia,  •  as  an 
important  moving  spirit,  and  repre- 
sentatives of  the  various  Railroad 
Companies  were  heard. 

At  the  request  of  the  Board  the 
Chairman  of  your  Committee,  acting 
at  the  same  time  as  representative  of 
the  Commission  of  Conservation, 
formulated  the  principles  upon  which 
the  Board  should  proceed  in  legislat- 
ing for  protection  against  fires  aris- 
ing from  railroads. 

The  final  result  of  these  hearings 
was  the  issuance  of  a  most  compre- 
hensive order  (No.  16570)  covering 
every  phase  of  the  subject,  and  espec- 
ially providing  a  thorough  organiza- 
tion with  a  Chief  Fire  Inspector  at 
the  head,  who  acts  at  the  same  time 
as  Forester  to  the  Commission  of  Con- 
servation. 

It  may  be  said  that  this  legislation 
is  the  most  advanced  for  this  phase 
of  the  subject  on  this  continent,  cov- 
ering under  one  authority  probably 
not  less  than  22,000  miles  of  track. 

The  organization  has  been  vigorous- 
ly put  in  order  by  the  Chief  Fire 
Inspector.  The  main  principle  of  the 
organization  is  that  it  delegates  dis- 
cretionary power  to  the  Chief  Inspec- 
tor, which  is  necessary  on  account  of 
the  great  variety  of  conditions  to  be 


met  with  on  such  a  vast  territory. 
Another  feature  of  the  organization 
is  the  co-operation  with  other  agen- 
cies like  the  federal  and  provincial 
forest  services  or  provincial  govern- 
ments by  appointing  their  officials  in 
charge  of  fire  protection  as  local  in- 
spectors, also  to  some  extent  with  dis- 
cretionary powers,  for  the  Railway 
Commission. 

It  is  also  to  be  noted  with  satis- 
faction that  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway  Company  and  the  Great  Nor- 
thern Railway  Company  have  install- 
ed oil-burning  locomotives  on  por- 
tions of  their  lines,  and  are  likely  to 
extend  the  operation  of  such,  there- 
by reducing  the  danger  from  this 
source  of  forest  fires  greatly. 

Unfortunately,  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Hoard  of  Railway  Commissioners 
does  not  extend  over  all  the  railways, 
some  of  the  provincially  owned  or 
chartered  and  the  Intercolonial  and 
Transcontinental  railroads  being  out- 
side of  its  jurisdiction.  As  to  the 
latter,  it  would  appear  a  most  incon- 
gruous and  illogical  situation  if  these 
federally  owned  or  constructed  lines 
shouhl  continue  to  remain  without  an 
organization  similar  to  that  which  the 
government  now  imposes  upon  the 
privately  owned  lines.  These  roads 
are  managed  by  special  co-ordinate 
commissions,  and  hence  are  beyond 
the  influence  of  the  Railway  Commis- 
sion. It  is  hoped  that  these  com- 
missions will  soon  adopt  similar 
methods  as  are  detailed  in  Order 
16570. 

The  provincially  chartered  railways 
form  only  a  small  fraction  of  the 
railway  system,  and  are  subject  to 
the  provincial  laws  for  fire  protec- 
tion, which  in  Quebec  under  the  Pub- 
lic Utilities  Commission's  Order  is 
almost  identical  with  the  Railway 
Board's  Order,  and  in  most  of  the 
othci-  provinces  this  service  is  quite 


117 


118 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal^   August,  191S. 


well  attended  to.  Nevertheless,  the 
Chief  Fire  Inspector  has  busied  him- 
self to  secure  co-operation  with  the 
provincial  governments  for  further 
improvement,  and  such  co-operation 
has  in  several  cases  been  already  se- 
cured. In  Quebec,  for  instance,  this 
co-operation  is  now  perfected,  and  all 
railways,  except  the  two  federal 
roads,  are  under  the  same  rules,  with 
the  Provincial  Fire  Inspector  at  the 
same  time  an  officer  of  the  Railway 
Commission. 

This  phase  of  the  forest  fire  pro- 
blem —  protection  against  railway 
fires — is  in  a  good  way  of  being  per- 
manently settled,  when  the  two  fed- 
eral roads  are  brought  under  the  oper- 
ation of  a  system  like  that  of  the 
Railway  Commission. 

Brush  Disposal. 

In  the  first  report  of  this  Commit- 
tee the  propriety  of  looking  into  the 
question  of  brush  disposal  in  the 
slashes  of  the  loggers  was  intimated. 
Since  then  the  Ontario  Government 
has  tentatively  licensed  some  timber 
limits  with  the  condition  that  he 
brush  be  disposed  of. 

The  Committee  would  accentuate 
again  that  the  manner  of  brush  dis- 
posal, namely  by  merely  lopping,  or 
by  burning,  and  the  method  of  pro- 
cedure must  vary  according  to  condi- 
tions in  each  case,  and  that  there  may 
be  cases  when  neither  of  these  pre- 
cautions are  of  practical  value,  or  the 
cost  not  in  proportion  to  the  bene- 
fit. Hence  discretion  in  prescribing 
the  condition  of  brush  disposal  is 
needful.  It  is  very  easy  to  bring  con- 
demnation and  the  charge  of  im- 
practicability upon  the  proposition  of 
brush  disposal  by  injudicious  method 
of  application. 

Lately  an  inspection  of  the  result 
of  lopping  in  the  mixed  stands  of 
hardwood  and  spruce  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks  was  made  by  authorities,  in- 
cluding members  of  the  federal  For- 
estry Branch  and  the  Forester  of  the 
Commission  of  Conservation,  and  a 
report  of  the  satisfactory  results  and 


practicability  of  the  method  is  to  be 
looked  forward  to.  a 

We  may  anticipate  briefly  the  in- 
formation, that  logging  slash  consti- 
tutes the  most  serious  fire  menace  in 
existence;  that  brush  disposal  is  a 
practicable  and  feasible  method  of 
minimizing  fire  danger,  though  sec- 
ondary to  patrol;  that  the  methods 
of  brush  disposal  to  be  adopted  in  any 
particular  case  can  be  determined 
only  by  careful  consideration  of  all 
the  surrounding  conditions;  and  that 
where  brush  burning  is  practicable 
both  financially  and  silviculturally, 
this  is  the  most  efficient  means  of  re- 
ducing the  slash  menace,  but  that 
where  brush  burning  is  not  practi- 
cable for  any  reason,  the  lopping  of 
tops  may  be  advisable.  The  latter  is 
especially  applicable  to  spruce  and 
cedar  operations  in  the  east,  but  even 
here  lopping  may  not  always  be  neces- 
sary. 

These  precautionary  measures 
should,  of  course,  be  supplemented 
by  other  systematic  attempts  to  re- 
duce fire  danger  and  to  limit  fire  dam- 
age. There  is  always  room  for  fur- 
ther perfection  of  any  organization. 

The  Committee  also  desires  to  call 
attention  to  the  claim  of  the  Dupont 
Powder  Works,  of  the  value  of  dyna- 
mite for  trenching  in  fighting  forest 
fires.  The  claim  is  that  a  trench  six 
feet  wide  and  two  to  two  and  one 
half  feet  deep  may  be  excavated  by 
placing  cartridges  of  dynamite  on  top 
of  the  soil  two  feet  apart  at  the  rate 
of  300  feet  in  15  minutes. 

A  very  decided  attempt  at  organ- 
izing the  protective  service  was  made 
by  the  Forestry  Branch,  some  300 
miles  of  trail  and  100  miles  of  tele- 
phone lines  having  been  constructed. 
Extension  of  the  fire  ranging  into  the 
Yukon  would  appear  a  matter  deserv- 
ing immediate  consideration. 

The  new  forest  service  of  British 
Columbia  will  devote  itself  for  the 
present  mainly  to  solving  the  forest 
fire  problem. 

When  the  forest  fire  services  of  the 
provinces    which    own    timberlands 


Forest  Fire  Legislation 


119 


shall  have  been  perfected  for  the  pro- 
tection on  their  ovn\  limits,  there  still 
remains  the  necessity  for  the  protec- 
tion of  municipal  and  private  lands. 

For  this  the  organization  in  part 
inaugurated  in  the  Province  of  Nova 
Scotia  may  be  taken  as  a  starting 
point,  namely  a  service  based  on  the 
payment  of  a  certain  tax  in  propor- 
tion to  the  holdings,  local  fire-wardens 
pwiid  when  on  duty,  organized  under  a 
provincial  head,  and  obligation  of  citi- 
zens to  assist  in  extinguishing  fires. 

More  effective,  however,  under 
other  conditions,  may  be  found  the 
organization  of  local  associations  for 
protection  against  fire,  such  as  the 
Committee  referred  to  in  its  first  re- 
port. 

One  such  Association  was  formed 
last  spring  in  Quebec,  the  St.  Mau- 
rice Forest  Protective  Association, 
manager,  three  inspectors,  and  fifty 
rangers  extended  protection  over  7,- 
000,000  acres  of  limits.  The  cost  is 
met  by  an  assessment  of  one  quarter 
cent  per  acre  upon  limit-holders,  the 
Provincial  Government  contributing 
$3,000.     During  the  first  season   of 


its  existence,  ninety-seven  fires  were 
extinguished,  only  one  of  which  run- 
ning in  a  slash  assumed  any  consid- 
erable proportion.  The  construction 
of  lookout  stations,  telephone  lines 
and  trails  has  also  been  begun  by  the 
Association.  The  Committee,  one  of 
whose  members  has  been  largely  in- 
strumental in  the  formation,  desires 
to  record  its  appreciation  of  this  in- 
itiative, and  hopes  that  this  method  of 
meeting  the  trouble  will  find  wide- 
spread imitation  as  the  most  hopeful 
one. 

In  conclusion,  the  Committee  ven- 
tures to  suggest  its  continuance  for 
the  purpose  of  assisting  in  similar  ef- 
forts and  of  recording  progress  from 
year  to  year  in  the  development  of 
this  most  important  phase  of  the  for- 
estry problem. 

(Signed)     B.  E.  Fernow,  Chairman. 
JuDSON  F.  Clark. 

F.  Davison. 
W.  C.  J.  Hall. 

G.  C.   PiCHE. 

Thomas  Southworth. 
Ellwood  Wilson. 


MUCH    ACTIVITY    IN    QUEBEC    FOR- 
ESTRY DEPARTMENT. 


Mr.  Avila  Bedard,  assistant  to  Mr.  G.  C. 
PicW,  Chief  Forester,  left  by  the  Megantic 
for  Europe,  where  he  will  study  the  man- 
agement of  forests  and  measures  employed 
to  combat  insects  in  France,  Belgium  and 
Switzerland. 

The  engineers  of  the  Forestry  Department 
are  at  work  as  follows: — 

Mr.  George  Boisvert  has  just  returned 
from  an  exploration  trip  to  the  sources  of 
the  Kedgwick,  Mistigougeche  and  Metis 
Rivers,  where  he  found  extensive  foreftf, 
ar-resHible  and  easy  to  develop. 

Mr.  L.  D.  Marquis  is  taking  an  inventory 
of  the  forestry  resources  in  the  basin  of  the 
Assametquagan  River  in  the  Metapedia  \'al- 
ley. 

Mr.  Felix  Laliberte  will  leave  shortly  to 
go  and  study  the  general  conditions  and 
the  forestry  resources  in  the  basin  of  the 
Mistassini  River  in  the  Lake  St.  John  dis- 
trict. 

Mr.  Ernest  Menard  will  visit  the  basin  of 
the  Peribonka  River. 

Mr.  Picard  will  go  to  Abitibi  to  make  and 


roviou  a  study  of  the  Migiskan  and  Bell 
Rivers. 

Mr.  Henri  Roy  will  continue  to  make  the 
clasf'ification  of  the  lands  t-ituated  north  of 
the  (^uinze  River. 

Mr.  Henri  Keiffer,  assisted  by  Mr.  Picard, 
will  classify  in  the  townships  and  counties 
of  Terrel)onne  and  Labelle. 

Mr.  Barroniee  Guerin  will  work  in  Beauce 
to  complete  the  inspection  of  lots  and  to 
elasHify   vacant  lots. 

— Fulp  and  Paper  Magazine. 


NOVA  SCOTIA  LUMBERING. 

The  cut  in  Nova  Scotia  this  season  only 
amounts  to  60  per  cent,  of  the  normal. 
Short  hauling  season  and  soft  weather  forc- 
ed a  curtailment  of  operations.  Mr.  W.  G. 
Clarke,  a  leading  lumV)erman  of  the  province, 
state<l  recently  that  Nova  Scotia  lumbermen 
would  have  to  change  their  methods  and 
use  logging  methods  not  dependent  on  snow. 
The  shipments  have  decreased  and  prices 
stiffened  about  $1.00. 


120 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  Aitgust,  1913 


GOVERNMENT     AND     LOGGERS 
CO-OPERATE  IN  SLASH  DIS- 
POSAL. 

The  Government  of  the  Province 
of  ]^ritish  Columbia  is  doing  much 
to  create  on  all  sides  a  full  confid- 
ence in  the  idea  that  the  proper  dis- 
posal of  logging  slash  is  essential  to 
the  permanence  of  the  lumbering  in- 
dustry. Herewith  is  a  letter  sent  by 
Chief  Forester  MacMillan  to  all 
loggers  in  the  Province. 

I  wish  to  request  for  the  Forest  Branch 
your  earnest  co-operation  in  an  effort  to 
solve  the  problem  of  the  disposal  of  the 
slash  resulting  from  logging  operations. 

Owing  to  the  great  density  of  the  tim- 
ber stands  on  the  coast  and  in  portions 
of  the  interior  of  British  Columbia,  to  the 
conditions  surrounding  the  lumber  indus- 
try which  permit  of  the  removal  from  the ' 
woods  of  only  a  very  small  proportion  of 
the  stand,  and  to  the  methods  of  logging, 
the  amount  of  slash  remaining  after  log- 
ging is  excessive.  Generally  also  the  tim- 
ber remaining  after  logging  is  without 
further  value,  and,  since  the  slash  effec- 
tually prevents  the  growth  of  a  valuable 
second  crop,  slash  must  be  removed  first 
if  the  land  is  to  be  utilized  in  producing 
another  crop  of  timber. 

I  need  not  point  out  that  by  far  the 
greater  portion  of  the  land  in  British  Co- 
lumbia is,  owing  to  its  roughness  and  lack 
of  soil,  unsuited  for  agriculture,  and  the 
only  possible  way  in  which  it  can  be  made 
a  steady  source  of  wealth  is  by  the  grow- 
ing of  timber.  Besides  its  effect  in  pre- 
venting the  production  of  a  second  crop 
of  timber,  slash  is  universally  recognized 
as  the  most  serious  of  all  fire  hazards,  and 
that  it  is  only  a  question  of  time  before 
every  slash  area  will  be  set  on  fire.  This 
being  tne  case,  the  eviden't  thing  to  do  is 
to  burn  the  "^^lash  at  such  a  time  and  under 
such  conditions  as  will,  so  far  is  humanly 
possible  to  determine,  render  it  certain 
that  the  fire  does  not  spread  to  adjoining 
timber. 

The  Forest  Act  of  British  Columbia  does 
not  make  the  burning  of  slash  eomplsory 
although  in  the  States  of  Oregon  and 
Washington,  where  the  conditions  are 
identical,  such  laws  are  in  effect.  The 
Forest  Act  does,  however,  empower  the 
Minister  of  Lands  or  the  Forest  Board  to 
require  owners  to  construct  a  safe  fire- 
break about  any  area  of  slash,  and  where 
necessary  to  protect  valuable  timber  this 
provision  of  the  Act  will  be  enforced. 

To  be  at  all  safe  or  effective  against 
July  or  August  fires,  fire-breaks  must  con- 
sist of  a  strip  5  to  10  feet  wide  cleared  to 
mineral   earth   and   a  strip   10   to   30   feet 


Slash  on  logged  over  area  piled  so  as  to  reduce  fire  danger.    All 

the  contractors  working  on  the  2,000  miles  of  railroad  being 

constructed  in  B.C.^^are  now  required  to  pile  slash. 


\ui 

id   f# 

fM 

s             ^  -■  JB 

811 

^Bf    ''«^'»<'-' 

^^^^^^H 

^K'-..  ^.  ,-»?^"^^.-^;., 

'^ifl^^l 

^^Bl^^^'"-^-"!".::  _'_.>'.'*^>**'* '  ''/''■'^ 

^^H 

Showing  where  slash  has  been  burned  on  logged  over  area. 
No  danger  of  fire  now. 

wide  cleared  of  brush,  inside  which  all 
dead  snags  standing  within  a  distance  of 
100  feet  must  be  felled. 

As  long  as  the  slash  remains,  however, 
the  danger  from  fire  is  still  serious,  and 
it  is  felt  that  it  would  be  far  better  to 
burn  the  slash  itself  than  to  construct  such 
fire-breaks,  the  cost  of  which  is  as  much 
or  more  than  that  of  slash  burning. 

A  number  of  loggers  in  British  Columbia 
have  already  adopted  the  practice  of 
burning  their  slash  every  year  either  in 
the  spring  or  in  the  fall,  and  I  hope  that 
you  will  decide  to  apply  the  plan  to  your 
operations  and  take  up  the  matter  im- 
mediately with  your  superintendent.  The 
present  spring  is  backward,  and  except  in 
high  winds  slash  burning  may  be  safely 
carried  on  until  the  first  or  second  week 
in  June.  During  April  no  permit  to  burn 
is  required,  and  after  May  1st  permits 
can  be  obtained  from  the  local  forest 
officers.  While  it  is  impossible  to  specify 
the  conditions  as  to  weather  when  burn- 


Government  and  Loggers  Co-operate  in  Slash  Disposal. 


121 


ho^in^  slash  before  burning.     A  most  dangerous  fire  trap 


Showing  where   slash   has   been  burned  on    logged  over  area. 
No  danger  of  fire  now. 

ing  can  be  done  safely,  or  the  methods  by 
which  the  burning  can  be  most  effectively 
accomplished,    these    matters    being    best 

I  determined    by    your    superintendent,    the 

following  general  rules  may  be  of  assist- 
ance:— 

(1)  Always  construct  a  trail  or  a  light 
fire-break  around  the  slashed  area  before 
starting  fires.  This  will  serve  to  confine 
the  fire  and  also  permit  men  to  get  around 
the  fire  quickly. 

(2)  Be  sure  and  have  enough  men  on 
hand  when  you  start  a  fire  to  control  the 
fire  if  it  threatens  to  spread  beyond  the 
slash. 

(3)  Never  start  a  fire  in  the  morning 
unless  you  feel  certain  a  strong  win<l  will 
not  arise.  The  best  time  to  start  a  fire 
is  after  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  on  a 
calm  day;  if  the  weather  is  warm  and  the 
slash  dry  all  the  better. 

(4)  If  the  slash  area  is  surrounded  by 
timber  start  fires  first  on  the  leeward  side 
if  there  is  a  breeze,  or  on  the  uphill  side 


if  on  a  slope.  When  the  danger  of  fire 
spreading  beyond  the  area  to  be  burned 
is  past,  set  fire  on  the  windward  side  or 
at  the  base  of  the  slope;  also  whenever 
possible  take  advantage  of  a  breeze  blow- 
ing away  from  green  timber. 

(5)  Burn  over  the  area  as  quickly  as 
possible.  This  can  be  done  by  starting 
fires  in  a  large  number  of  places. 

(6)  Keep  a  watchman  on  the  area 
burned  until  all  fires  are  out.  Cut  down 
any  snags  which  may  be  burning.  All 
fires  should  be  completely  out  before  June 
15. 

Experience  has  shown  that  slash  can 
be  burned  safelv  at  the  cost  of  5  to  20 
cents  an  acre,  and  that  this  expense  is 
fully  repaid  by  the  resulting  added  safety 
of  the  camps,  equipment  and  surrounding 
timber.  The  cost  can  be  materially  re- 
duced if  the  policy  of  annual  burning  is 
definitely  adopted,  since  by  a  little  fore- 
thought the  superintendent  and  foreman 
can  arrange  to  have  drag  and  skid  roads 
serve  as  fire-breaks.  When  it  is  known 
where  the  boundary  of  an  area  to  be  burn- 
ed will  lay,  it  is  also  a  material  help  to 
have  the  trees  felled  away  from  the 
green  timber. 

I  would  appreciate  it  very  much  if  you 
would  report  what  action  you  take,  if  any, 
with  respect  to  burning  your  slash  this 
Sluing,  giving  the  area  burned,  the  weath- 
er conditions,  methods  of  controlling  the 
fire,  and  the  cost.  At  the  end  of  the  sea- 
son this  information  will  be  collected  in 
the  form  of  a  bulletin  and  mailed  to  all 
the  lumbermen. 

It  is  also  desired  that  the  owners  of 
timber  be  prepared  to  discuss  the  subject 
thoroughly  at  the  International  Fire  Pro- 
tection Convention  which  will  be  held  in 
Vancouver  next  December. 


NEW  LEASES  TAKEN  UP. 

Premier  Flemming  of  New  Brunswick  re- 
cently stated  in  connection  with  the  new 
Forest  Legislation  that  of  the  10,000  square 
miles  of  Crown  timber  lands  7,000  have  al- 
ready been  applied  for  under  the  terms  and 
conditions  of  the  new  leases. 

As  our  readers  are  aware  the  new  laws 
recently  passed  provide  for  two  forms  of 
license, — a  saw  mill  license  of  twenty  years 
renewable  for  a  further  period  of  ten  years, 
and  a  pulp  and  paper  license  of  thirty  years 
renewable  for  two  perio<lH  of  ten  years  each 
at  the  option  of  the   Government. 

It  is  expected  that  less  than  five  hun<lred 
will  remain  out,  and  not  elect  to  come  in 
under  the  provisions  of  the  new  law  as  the 
law  provides  in  this  case  the  limits  will  be 
[)ut  up  at  auction  in  1918  as  the  former 
leases  provide. 


Havoc   by    Forest   Fires* 


Damages    Heavy    in    All    Parts    of    the    Country. 


The  losses  from  forest  fires  this  year  have 
already  reached  great  proportions.  During 
the  month  of  June  there  were  serious  con- 
flagrations in  many  parts  of  the  country, 
the  most  serious  being  in  the  vicinity  of 
New  Liskeard.  Bush  fires  harassed  the  set- 
tlers, and  lumber  mills  were  saved  with  great 
difficulty.  One  million  feet  of  rough  lumber 
were  destroyed  on  June  16th. 

The  conditions  of  drought  which  prevail- 
ed all  over  the  country,  in  the  first  week 
in  July  started  the  flames  on  their  work  of 
devastation  once  more.  In  New  Brunswick 
the  month  of  June  was  an  unusually  dry 
month,  as  showed  by  the  statistics  pre- 
pared by  the  Dominion  Meteorological  Sta- 
tion at  Fredericton.  As  against  an  average 
rainfall  for  the  month  of  3.6  inches  for  the 
last  thirty-nine  years,  there  was  this  year 
only  1.86  inches. 

The  worst  fire  was  at  Cedar  Brook,  Vic- 
toria County,  where  over  5,000  acres  of 
Crown  timber  lands  were  burned  over,  and 
a  lumber  camp  with  $3,000  worth  of  sup- 
plies. Another  bad  blaze  broke  out  on  the 
lands  of  the  Inglewood  Pulp  and  Paper 
Company. 

Another  large  fire  is  reported  this  seasoai 
in  the  province  of  New  Brunswick.  This 
was  set  in  the  McLaughlin  limits  in  the 
upper  St.  John  River  by  two  unknown  pros- 
pectors. They  had  been  warned  by  the  fire 
warden,  but  neglected  the  caution.  Camps 
and  camp  supplies  to  the  extent  of  $4,000 
and  200  square  miles  of  spruce  timber  land, 
half  of  which  had  been  logged  over,  were 
burned. 

In  Northern  Ontario  the  worst  losses  so 
far  recorded  this  year  occurred  following 
a  series  of  small  blazes  throughout  the 
whole  Northland,  which  for  the  period  total- 
led higher  than  for  any  preceding  year. 

The  town  of  Biscoe,  6'0  miles  west  of 
Chapleau,  was  completely  destroyed  on 
June  13,  and  its  500  inhabitants  rendered 
homeless.  The  mills  of  the  Booth  and  Shan- 
non Lumber  Company  at  Thief  River  Falls, 
Minn.,  on  the  Soo  line  of  the  C.P.R.,  were 
burned  out,  at  a  loss  of  $250,000. 

Fires  of  immense  proportions  broke  out 
during  the  latter  part  of  June  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Cochrane,  Ont.,  and  on  the  20th  of 
the  month  it  appeared  that  the  whole  coun- 
try would  be  swept.  Settlers  were  sending 
their  effects  out  of  the  danger  zone,  and 
many  hundreds  of  people  Avere  almost  suffo- 
cated by  the  acrid  smoke.  A  rain  which 
came  as  a  godsend  began  to  fall  on  the 
31st  and  saved  the  territory  which  seemed 
doomed. 


At  South  Porcupine  the  wind  died  down 
at  a  critical  moment,  which  gave  the  fire- 
fighters an  opportunity  to  do  effective  work. 
At  Hearst,  which  is  surrounded  by  bush  and 
which  has  no  water  supply,  the  lack  of  wind 
helped  in  the  fight  to  confine  the  flames  to 
the  bush. 

Among  the  losses  reported  were  a  dwell- 
ing valued  at  $2,000  just  outside  Cochrane, 
500  cords  of  wood  belonging  to  the  Foley- 
O 'Brian  mine  at  South  Porcupine,  100,000 
logs  owned  by  a  saw  mill  company  at  Jack- 
sonboro;  a  lumber  mill,  30,000  feet  of  lum- 
ber and  eight  dwellings  at  Charlton,  $20,000 
worth  of  property  owned  by  the  T.  &  N. 
O.  Railway  at  Englehart.  This  in  addition 
to  the  loss  at  Earlton,  ten  miles  south  of 
Englehart,  which  was  practically  wiped  out. 

According  to  the  official  reports  received 
by  Chairman  Englehart  of  the  T.  &  N.  O. 
Railway,  the  fires  extended  intermittently 
from  Sudbury  to  Kenora,  principally  in  the 
spruce  and  pulpwood  districts.  By  an  al- 
most inestimable  stroke  of  fortune  the  gov- 
ernment reserve,  extending  from  mileage  42 
to  mileage  82,  and  embracing  the  great  pine 
region,  escaped  notwithstanding  the  fire 
which  raged  all  about  it.  Outside  of  the 
spruce  forests  the  heaviest  loss  reported  was 
practically  confined  to  the  town  of  Earlton. 
It  was  at  this  point  alone  that  the  railway 
directed  its  relief  operations,  and  Mr.  Engle- 
hart reported  that  everyone  was  cared  for. 
South  and  southwest  of  Cochrane  the  fire 
was  raging  in  the  marsh  and  muskeg,  and 
the  residents  of  the  town  had  to  steadily 
fight  off  the  flames. 

All  down  the  Ontario  Government  Rail- 
way line  from  this  point  to  Matheson  for- 
ests were  on  fire.  The  town  of  Matheson 
seemed  doomed  for  a  time,  but  it  eventually 
escaped.  Swastika  and  Kirkwood  Lake  were 
not  touched,  though  the  fire  had  been  bad 
in  the  woods  nearby. 

The  long  jump  down  the  line  to  Earlton 
was  reported  as  practically  fire  free.  Thorn- 
loe  for  a  time  was  seriously  threatened,  but 
hard  work  saved  the  town.  Fires  raged 
around  Heaslip,  but  not  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  buildings.  Of  the  spruce  and 
the  pulp  wood  wiped  out  by  the  fire,  it  is 
estimated  that  one-third  belonged  to  the 
Government  and  two-thirds  to  settlers  or 
land-holders.  A  large  amount  of  the  fire- 
swept  territory  belongs  to  militia  veterans 
who  received  it  in  land  grants. 

Reports  from  the  West  show  that  toward 
the  end  of  July  a  bad  fire  laid  waste  about 
twenty-five  miles  of  territory  between  Tete 
Jaune  Cache  and  Fitzhugh,  Alta. 


122 


Lumber,    Lath,    Shingle    and   Square    Timber 
Statistics  for  19 J2. 


New    Bulletin    of    Forestry  Branch,   Ottawa  Shows   Great    Decrease 

in  Production. 


The  most  noteworthy  fact  brought  to 
light  by  this  new  bulletin  on  the  lumber 
prothu'tion  of  Canada  was  the  10.7  per  cent, 
ilecreafe  in  cut  in  1912  as  compared  with 
that  of  1011.  All  provinces-  except  Saskat- 
chewan showed  a  substantial  falling  off  in 
production  and,  although  only  2,558  firms 
operating  saw  mills  reported  in  1912  as 
against  2,871  in  1911,  yet,  as  the  bulletin 
points  out,  it  was  mostly  small  mills  which 
failed  to  report,  and  the  fact  that  mof^t  of 
the  larger  mills  reported  a  decrea^^^e  in  their 
output,  in<licates  that  the  decrease  in  pro- 
duction actually  took  place  and  was  not  a 
result  of  incomplete  returns. 

The  total  value  of  the  lumber,  laths, 
{•hingles  and  square  timber  produced  in  Can- 
ada in  1911  was  $76,540,897,  the  amount 
of  each  being  as  follows: — 

Lumber  . .  4,389,723,000  ft.  b.m .  .  $69,475,784 
Shingles  .1,578,343,000  pieces.  . .  3,175,319 
Laths  ...  899,016,000  pieces..  .  2,064,622 
Sq.   timber  65,906  tons 1,825,154 


Ontario  still  leads  the  provinces  jn  lum- 
ber production,  cutting  31.6  per  cent,  of 
the  total.  Britii-h  Columbia  makes  a  close 
second,  cutting  29.9  per  cent,  of  the  total, 
and  as  the  percentage  of  production  in  this 
latter  province  is  increasing  while  that  of 
Ontario  is  falling  off,  it  is  likely  that  the 
position  of  these  two  provinces  will  be  seen 
to  be  reversed  when  the  1913  figures  are 
available. 

For  the  last  five  years  the  four  principal 
species  in  order  of  importance  have  been 
spruce,  white  pine,  Douglas  fir,  and  hemlock, 
but  the  production  of  white  pine  has  re- 
mained about  stationary  during  this  period 
and  is  now  on  the  decrease,  whereas  the  pro- 
duction of  the  other  three  species  has  enor- 
mously increased,  especially  spruce,  which 
now  makes  up  a  third  of  the  total  cut  of 
lumber,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  it  also  is 
the  principal  Avood  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  pulp,  making  up  78.2  per  cent,  of  the 
total  amount  of  pulpwood.  The  huge 
amount  of  spruce  now  being  cut  for  pulp- 


A^nuce 

SOFTWOODS 

HAF 

HM/rr^f^e 

A\».At1 

OOUCl^9Ffft 

e8S.66\ 

H£rtLOCt\ 

993^96 

C^i?/ff9 

«9*.0ic 

M£Pf/AlC 

\^2^^A, 

2  31^89 

^11  OrH^fK 

BIRCH 

\0O.26T 


BA'SSWOOO 


/tS/i  -  \i  306 
/'0/»/>1/T -7.989 
»tL  OTHCRS 


Production  by  species  1912  of  himber,  lath,  shingles  and  square  timber 
with  quantities  in  thousands  of  feet. 
123 


124 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  August,  19 IS. 


wood  may  account  for  the  11.9  per  cent, 
decrease  in  the  amount  of  spruce  lumber  cut 
in  1912. 

Coniferous  Avoods  made  up  92.9  per  cent, 
of  the  lumber  sawn  in  Canada  in  1912,  the 
hardwoods  forming  7.1  per  cent,  of  the  cut, 
a  somewhat  greater  percentage  of  the  total 
than  the  amount  cut  in  1911.  While  it  is 
true  that  the  supplies  of  more  valuable 
hardwoods  of  southern  Ontario  and  Quebec 
are  nearing  exhaustion,  yet  the  increase  in 
cut  of  the  more  widely-spread  birch,  beech, 
maple  and  basswood  should  be  noted  because 
these  species  are  common  to  the  farmer's 
woodlot.  Birch  is  Canada's  most  important 
hardwood. 

The  average  mill  prices  of  lumber  in  Can- 
ada in  1913  rose  41  cts.  above  that  of  the 
previous  year,  becoming  $15.83  per  M.  ft. 
B.M.  The  local  variations  in  these  prices 
show  in  some  cases  a  much  greater  increase 
as  in  Ontario  where  there  was  an  average 
increase  of  $1.52  over  the  price  of  1911 
directly  due  to  the  decrease  of  19.3  per  cent, 
in  the  production  of  lumber  for  1912. 

In  the  prairie  provinces  the  greatest  ex- 
tremes of  increased  and  decreased  produc-  » 
tion  are  to  be  observed.  Saskatchewan  was 
the  only  province  in  Canada  to  report  an 
increase  in  cut,  this  being  16.7  per  cent, 
greater  than  the  cut  of  1911.     The  average 


capacity  of  the  Saskatchewan  mills  is  second 
only  to  those  of  British  Columbia,  being 
nearly  seven  million  feet  of  lumber  a  year, 
99.2  per  cent,  of  lumber  cut  in  these  mills 
being  spruce,  Manitoba  showed  a  decrease 
in  production  of  26.4  per  cent.,  but  this  de- 
cline can  be  only  temporary,  for  the  exhibit 
of  Manitoba  woods  at  the  recent  Canadian 
Forestry  Association  Convention  in  Winni- 
j)eg  showed  great  latent  possibilities  in  this 
province  as  a  lumber  producer. 

The  production  of  shingles  in  Canada  in 
1912  was  14.1  per  cent,  less  than  that  of 
1911.  Spruce,  white  pine,  hemlock  and  jack 
pine  are  being  increasingly  used  for  the 
manufacture  of  shingles.  The  production 
of  lath  also  showed  a  decrease  of  1.9  per 
cent,  from  1911,  spruce  making  up  over  one- 
third  this  product. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  facts  brought 
out  by  the  bulletin  is  the  extraordinary  in- 
crease of  89.9  per  cent,  in  the  production 
of  square  timber  in  1912  over  that  of  1911, 
this  being  the  first  increase  since  1877.  This 
increase  was  largely  due  to  the  largely  in- 
creased amounts  of  white  pine  and  birch 
exported  in  this  form,  white  pine  making  up 
5.3  per  cent,  and  birch  28.5  per  cent,  of 
the  amount  exported.  97.5  per  cent,  of 
the  square  timber  cut  was  exported  to  the 
United  Kingdom.— G.E.B. 


International   Bureau  of  Forestry. 


Permanent    Comrnission    Decided    Upon    by   the  Forestry   Congress 

at  Paris. 


Probably  the  most  important  result  of 
the  International  Forestry  Congress  held  in 
Paris  last  June  was  the  creation  of  an  In- 
ternational Forestry  Conmiission,  having  for 
its  object  the  furthering  of  forestry  prin- 
ciples and  the  convoking,  when  necessary, 
of  International  Fores^try.  Congresses  at 
which  legislative  and  administrative  ques- 
tions pertaining  to  the  forest  shall  be 
brought  up  for  discussion. 

The  temporary  officials,  consisting  of  a 
President,  Vice-President,  Secretary-Treas- 
urer and  Executive  Committee,  were  chosen 
largely  from  the  French  foresters  and  legis- 
lators who  were  present  at  the  Convention, 
while  forty-two  of  the  representatives  of 
foreign  countries,  who  were  present  at  the 
Convention,  made  up  the  body  of  the  Com- 
mission. The  Touring  Club  of  France,  one 
of  the  most  influential  bodies  of  private 
citizens  in  Europe,  offers  their  hotel  in  Paris 
as  a  temporary  headquarters  for  the  Com- 
mission. 

It  is  likely  that  this  Commission  will  take 
over  the  publication  of  International  For- 
estry   statistics   now    being   occasionally   is- 


sued in  the  bulletins  of  the  International 
Institute  of  Agriculture,  which  was  estab- 
lished at  Rome  in  1910.  This  latter  insti- 
tute, publishing  monthly  statistics  of  the 
world 's  agricultural  crops,  has  more  than 
justified  its  existence,  and  the  International 
Forestry  Commission  will  prove  justifiable 
for  similar  reasons.  Moreover,  it  will  make 
possible  the  spreading  and  co-ordinating  of 
scientific  forestry  knowledge  which  is  at 
present  largely  restricted  to  and  put  to  most 
practical  application  in  Europe. 

The  Commission  will  also  facilitate  the 
assembling  of  forestry  congresses,  interna- 
tional in  their  scope,  at  which  questions 
of  present  concern  to  all  foresters,  may  be 
discussed,  -such  as  the  right  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  expropriate  misused  private  lands 
when  their  reforesting  is  necessary  for  the 
protection  of  the  watersheds  of  navigable 
streams.  Such  a  congress  might  profitably 
be  held  in  Canada  and  would  be  justified  by 
the  impetus  they  would  give  to  forestry  in 
Canada  and  by  the  great  importance  of  the 
forest  resources  of  this  country. 


The  Convention  in  Winnipeg 


125 


THE    CONVENTION    IN    WINNI- 
PEG. 

(Continued  from  page  116.) 

Bureau    for    Civic    Luncheon    at   Assiui- 

boine    Park,    returning   to   Union    Depot 

at  2  o'clock. 
2.00 — Special    C.N.R.    Train    leaves    Union 

Depot    for    New    Agricultural    College, 

returning    will    arrive    at    Union    Depot 

at  5.15  p.m. 

Wednesday  morning's  proceedings 
went  briskly  forward  until  eleven 
o'clock,  when  they  were  pleasantly  in- 
terrupted by  the  arrival  of  special  cars 
chartered  by  the  city  which  conveyed 
all  the  delegates  to  Assiniboine  Park 
where  a  magnificent  luncheon  was 
served.  In  the  unavoidable  absence  of 
the  Mayor  the  chair  was  occupied  by 
Alderman  Wallace,  chairman  of  the  Re- 
ception Committee.  Short  addresses  were 
given  by  civic  officials  and  replied  to  by 
representatives   of  the  Association. 

Immediately  after  luncheon  the  party 
betook  themselves  to  the  cars  again  and 
were  conveyed  to  the  Union  Station.  As 
guests  of  the  Government  of  Manitoba 
they  were  then  taken  by  special  train  to 
view  the  new  Agriculture  College  now 
being  constructed  at  St.  Vital,  one  of  the 
suburbs  of  Winnipeg.  Manitoba's  first 
Agricultural  College,  planned  on  what 
was  thought  to  be  a  generous  scale  was 
opened  seven  years  ago.  It  has  been 
completely  outgrown  and  as  a  result  the 
Government  is  erecting  this  new  insti- 
tution which  will  cost  when  complete  $3,- 
000,000.  It  will  be  opened  in  September. 
The  visitors,  who  were  personally  shown 
over  the  buildings  by  Hon,  George  Law- 
rence, Principal  W.  J.  Black  and  Mr.  F. 
W.  Brodrick,  Professor  of  Forestry, 
were  astonished  and  delighted  with  the 
provision  that  has  been  made  for  agri- 
cultural education  in  Manitoba.  It  had 
been  expected  that  the  program  would  be 
completed  at  the  Wednesday  morning 
session,  but  the  desire  to  discuss  different 
features  was  so  strong  that  the  conclud- 
ing session  had  to  be  postponed  to  Wed- 
nesday evening.  The  Resolutions  Com- 
mittee was  appointed  at  the  first  session 
as  follows:  Messrs.  R.  H.  Campbell, 
(convener,)  Archibald  Mitchell,  W.  P. 
Dutton,  H.  R.  MacMillan,  A.  P.  Steven- 
son, F.  W.  Brodrick  and  A.  L.  Mattes. 
This  committee  reported  on  Wednesday 
and  after  considerable  discussion  the  fol- 
lowing resolutions  were  passed: — 

Besolutions. 

(1)  Resolved,  that  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee take  into  their  consideration  the 
a^lvisability  of  appointing:  (a)  A  central 
committee  at  Ottawa  and  sub-committees 
at   important  points  in   different   sections 


of  Canada  to  formulate  a  national  for- 
estry policy;  and  (b)  Advisory  boards  at 
each  centre  where  a  sub-committee  is 
formed. 

(2)  Resolved,  that  this  Convention  ap- 
proves the  action  of  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment in  extending  the  areas  included 
in  Forest  Reserves  on  watersheds  and 
non-agricultural  lands,  and  would  urge 
on  the  Governments  of  the  Dominion  and 
the  provinces  the  necessity  for  continu- 
ing the  extension  of  such  reservation  un- 
til all  lands  of  that  character  are  includ- 
ed. 

(3)  Resolved,  that  before  any  lands 
bearing  timber  or  lands  contiguous  to 
timbered  areas  are  opened  for  settlement 
an  examination  of  such  lands  should  be 
made  to  determine  whether  they  are  best 
suited  to  the  growth  of  timber  or  whether 
their  opening  would  endanger  the  timber. 

(4)  Resolved,  that  this  Convention 
would  urge  upon  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment the  necessity  for  the  afforestation 
of  the  sand  lands  throughout  the  prairies 
and  the  setting  apart  of  such  lands  for 
this  purpose. 

(5)  Resolved,  that  the  Fire  Ranging  Ser- 
vice should  be  extended  and  made  more 
efficient  and  that  the  rangers  should  be 
selected  on  the  basis  of  their  special 
<|ualifications  for  the  work  and  should 
hold  office  so  long  as  they  render  effi- 
cient service. 

(6)  Resolved,  that  the  Canadian  Fores- 
try Association  express  its  approval  of 
the  energetic  policy  which  is  being  fol- 
lowed by  the  Dominion  Commission  of 
('onservation  in  investigating  the  import- 
ant  forest  problems   of   Canada. 

(7)  Resolved,  that  the  Canadian  Fores- 
try Association  express  its  appreciation 
of  the  effective  manner  in  which  the  Do- 
minion Board  of  Railway  Commissioners 
and  the  officers  of  the  leading  Canadian 
railway  companies  have  worked  together 
for  the  prevention  and  control  of  forest 
fires  arising  from  operating  railroad 
lines. 

(8)  Resolved,  that  this  Convention 
again  records  its  approval  of  the  work  of 
the  Tree  Planting  Division  of  the  Do- 
minion Forestry  Branch,  not  only  in  the 
i'rv.e  distribution  of  trees  to  settlers  and 
the  supervision  of  their  growth,  but  also 
in  thereby  providing  practical  demon- 
strations to  settlers  in  all  parts  of  the 
country  of  the  possibility  of  forest 
growth  on  the  prairies. 

(S))  Resolved,  that  this  Convention  re- 
<()tnmend  that  experiments  be  carried  out 
by  the  Dominion  and  provincial  govern- 
ments affected  to  obtain  data  regarding 
the  best  disposal  of  debris  resulting  from 
lnnd)ering   operations. 

(10)  Resolved,  that  in  view  of  the 
great  importance  to  Western  Canada  of 
the    wise    administration    and    use    of    the 


126 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  August,   1913, 


forest  resources  of  British  Columbia  the 
Canadian  Forestry  Association  express 
its  strong  support  of  the  policy  which 
has  been  announced  by  the  British  Co- 
lumbia Government  that  there  shall  be 
established  in  connection  with  the  Uni- 
versity of  British  Columbia  a  Forest 
School  designed  to  train  young  men  of 
Western  Canada  for  work  in  the  Govern- 
ment forest  services  and  in  the  different 
branches  of  the  timber  business. 

(11)  Resolved,  that  the  Convention 
heartily  approves  of  the  establishment  of 
ranger  schools  for  the  training  of  forest 
rangers  for  the  government  forest  ser- 
vice and  would  urge  that  this  question 
be  given  early  consideration  by  the  federal 
and  provincial  governments. 

(12)  Resolved,  that  in  view  of  the  im- 
mense importance  of  impressing  the 
younger  generations  with  the  importance 
of  tree  growth  on  the  prairies,  this  Asso- 
ciation commends  the  action  of  the  De- 
partments of  Education  and  Agriculture 
in  the  three  prairie  provinces  in  provid- 
ing instruction  in  tree  planting,  horticul- 
ture and  agriculture  for  the  school  chil- 
dren, first  through  their  teachers,  by 
means  of  special  classes,  institutes,  and 
summer  schools,  and  secondly  direct  to 
the  scholars  through  special  instruction 
provided  by"  these  departments;  and, 
further,  that,  while  expressing  its  ap- 
proval of  the  work  already  done,  this  As- 
sociation would  point  out  the  importance 
of  such  means  of  disseminating  informa- 
tion, and  commend  it  still  further  to 
their   consideration. 

(13)  Resolved,  that  this  Association 
recognizes  the  importance  of  planting 
shelter  belts  and  other  trees  and  shrubs 
in  the  school  grounds  of  the  prairie  pro- 
vinces, and  that,  to  encourage  this  work 
in  a  practical  manner,  it  recommends  to 
the  attention  of  the  Departments  of  Edu- 
cation and  Agriculture  of  the  provinces, 
and  through  them  of  the  Governments, 
the  making  of  special  grants  for  such  im- 
provements of  a  sufficiently  substantial 
nature  to  encourage  school  trustees  to 
undertake  such  work,  and  the  making  of 
such  regulations  as  will  require  that 
school  grounds  shall  be  an  area  of  not 
less  than  two  acres,  and  this  convention 
would  favor  an  area  of  five  acres  or 
more,  surroun<ling  or  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  school. 

(14)  Resolved,  that  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  many  of  our  prairie  cities,  towns, 
and  villfiges  are  now  considering  the 
planting  of  parks  for  the  rest  and  recre- 
ation of  their  citizens,  this  Association 
commends  to  their  consideration,  and 
also  to  their  citizens  individually  who 
are  thinking  of  undertaking  such  plant- 
ing, the  example  of  landscape  work  af- 
forded   by    the    lawn    and    shrubberies    at 


the    headquarters    of    the    Tree    Planting 
Division    at    Indian    Head. 

(15)  Resolved,  that  the  thanks  of  this 
Convention  be  and  are  hereby  tendered 
to  His  Honor  the  Lieutenant  Governor 
for  his  kindness  in  opening  the  Conven- 
tion, and  to  the  Government  of  the  Pro- 
vince of  Manitoba  and  to  the  Mayor  and 
Corporation  of  the  City  of  Winnipeg  for 
their  kindness  in  entertaining  the 
delegates;  also  to  the  President  and 
Directors  of  the  Industrial  Bureau  for  the 
facilities  granted  in  the  use  of  their  com- 
modious hall  and  committee  rooms,  and  for 
the  assistance  given  by  the  Commissioner, 
Mr.  Chas.  F.  Roland  in  planning  the  ar- 
rangements foT  the  Convention. 

(16)  Resolved,  that  the  thanks  of  this 
Convention  are  due  and  are  hereby  tender- 
e<l  to  the  Press  of  Canada,  and  particu- 
larly of  the  City  of  Winnipeg  for 
the  publicity  given  the  Convention  and 
the  excellent  report  of  its  proceedings. 

(17)  Resolved,  that  the  thanks  of  the 
Convention  be  tendered  the  Railways  of 
Canada,  and  to  the  Eastern,  Western  and 
Transcontinental  Passenger  Association 
for  their  kindness  in  granting  Conven- 
tion rates  for  this  meeting. 


LOSS  TO  CONSERVATION  CIRCLES. 

Mr.  M.  J.  Patton,  Assistant  Secretary 
and  Editor  of  the  Commission  of  Conserva- 
tion since  the  organization  of  the  Commis- 
sion in  January,  1910,  has  been  appointed 
Treasurer  of  the  Publishers  Association  of 
Canada,  Limited,  Toronto,  and  will  as- 
sume  his   new   duties  early   in   September. 

Mr.  Patton  is  an  honor  gradiiate  of 
Queen's  University  and  gold  medallist  in 
political  science.  Besides  filling  the  duties 
of  Assistant  Secretary  he  has  had  charge 
of  the  publicity  work  of  the  Commission. 
During  his  term  of  office  with  the  Com- 
mission he  was  charged  with  the  direction 
of  several  investigations  of  the  natural 
resources,  and  his  reports  on  the  oyster 
fishing  in  the  Maritime  Provinces  were 
partially  responsible  for  an  agreement  aa 
to  jurisdiction  being  reached  by  the  Do- 
minion and  the  Provinces,  with  the  result 
that  oyster  farming  is  now  being  exten- 
sively engaged  in. 

The  Publishers  Association  of  Canada  is 
chiefiy  engaged  in  publishing  works  on  re- 
sources and  history  of  Canada,  and  Mr. 
Patton 's  knowledge  acquired  while  with 
the  Commission  will  be  of  value  to  him  in 
his    new    position.  Conservation    work 

loses  a  careful  investigator  and  able  ex- 
ponent in  the  departure  of  Mr.  Patton  for 
his  new  work,  and  his  many  friends,  while 
they  will  regret  this  loss  to  the  public  ser- 
vice, wish  Mr.  Patton  every  success  in  his 
new  field. 


Biltmore^s  Program, 


127 


BILTMORE'S  PROGRAM. 

The  Biltmore  Forest  School  has  made 
arrangements  to  have  a  camp  in  the  for- 
ests   of    British    Columbia    a    year    hence. 

One  of  the  interesting  features  of  the 
notice  to  prospective  students  embodying 
the  above  announcement  is  the  evident 
emphasis  laid  on  the  development  of  the 
young  forester  along  lines  of  logging  and 
milling. 

Students  admitted  to  the  Biltmore  For- 
est School  in  the  coming  fall  or  in  the 
winter  1913-14  will  be  placed  in  the  woods, 
to  work  a  prenticeship  in  logging  and 
milling,  under  the  auspices  of  a  graduate 
of  the  Biltmore  Forest  School.  They  will 
be  required  to  work  for  common  wages 
and  will  be  dismissed  mercilessly  unless 
they  perform  the  work  expected  from 
them  with  the  utmost  diligence  and 
energy.     Every  week,  a  written  report  is 


TIMBER  CRUISES 
FORESTRY  SURVEYS 


Forestry  Dept. 


Msnfreal  Engineering  Company,  Limited 

Consulting    &  Operating    Engineers 

I      McGILL      STREET,      MONTREAL 
R.  O.  Sweez^j,  General  Manager 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST     TREES 
and    shrubs    at    forest 
prices. 

Native  and  foreis:n  tree  seeds. 


'^IW 


submitted  by  the  prentice  to  the  director 
of  the  Biltmore  Forest  School,  together 
with  a  certificate  signed  by  the  foreman 
testifying  to  the  prentice's  efficiency. 
Such  prentices  as  have  stood  the  test  suc- 
cessfully will  be  assembled  by  the  direc- 
tor in  March,  1914,  and  will  be  taken  to 
the  school's  western  camp  in  Oregon,  there 
to  join  the  junior  and  senior  students  of 
the  school  who  have  spent  the  winter  in 
the  western  lumbering  operations.  The 
spring,  summer  and  fall  of  1914  will  be 
spent  by  the  entire  school  in  British  Co- 
lumbia, Washington,  Oregon  and  Cali- 
fornia. By  October  1st,  1914,  the  students 
will  be  allotted  to  various  western  lumber- 
camps,  there  to  spend  the  winter  1914-15 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Alumni  of  the 
Biltmore  Forest  School.  The  students  join 
the  teachers  in  March,  1915,  in  the  Adi- 
rondacks,  to  spend  the  spring,  summer  and 
fall  in  the  eastern  camps  of  the  Biltmore 
Forest  School,  receiving,  on  October  lat, 
1915,  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Forestry 
provided  that  they  have  stood  the  testa 
l)rescribed. 

The  students  attending  the  Biltmore 
Forest  School  at  the  present  time  will  not 
be  allowed  to  participate  in  the  tour, 
through  the  German  wods.  The  participa- 
tion (restricted  to  fifty  members)  is  in- 
vited of  all  graduates  of  the  Biltmore  For- 
est School,  all  graduates  of  other  American 
Forest  Schools,  all  national,  state  and 
niuuicipal  forest  officers,  all  lumbermen 
;irid  all  owners  of  timberland. 

There  will  be  visited  the  state,  commun- 
al and  private  forests  situated  in  Prussia, 
Bavaria,  Hessen  and  Baden,  including  such 
famous  forests  as  the  Black  Forest,  the 
Sjx^ssarts,  the  forest  of  Frankfort,  of  Heid- 
elberg, of  Baden,  etc 

The  tour  will  occupy,  from  New  York 
<'ity  and  back  to  New  York  City,  eight 
consecutive  weeks,  from  January  to  March 
15)14.  Total  expense,  from  New  York  City 
and  back  to  New  York  City,  $350  every- 
thing included. 


Edye-de- Hurst  &  Son, 

Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

•HIPPSRS    TO     H.    M.    OOVBRNMKNT,     BTOi 

Cforre^jxmdanee  FranfaiMk. 


FOREST 

ENGINEERS.          | 

I^'orest  Surveys 

Logging  Maps 

TIMBER 

ESTIMATES                | 

Water  Power 

Water  Storage 

CLARK 

& 

LYFORD 

403  Crown  Building 

,  VANCOUVER 

JnivcrsilY  of 
New  Bmi]swick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF   FORESTRY 

Estabitshed  in   igoS 

Four  yearh'  course  leading'  to  I  he 
Dej^retr  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Fori'slry.  Special  facililios  for  practi- 
cal   forest    woik. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expen-cs     correspi>ndingly    moderate. 


For  further  in/or  mation  address:  — 
DEPARTMENT   OF  FORESTRY 

University   Calendar  furnished 
on   application.       —        —       — 


C.  C.  JONES.  Chancellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 


at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syra^ouae,  Ne'vir  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  ;  Post- 
graduate course  to  Master  of 
Forestry;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  in  Catskills. 
Ranger  School  held  on  the 
College  Forest  of  2,000  acres  at 
Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 
State  Forest  Experiment  Station 
of  90  acres  and  excellent  Forest 
Library  offer  unusual  opportu- 
nities for  research  work.     : :    : : 

For  -particulars  address 
HUGH  P.  BAKER.  D.  Oeo.  De&n 


moMiiRi  Fi[si  aoi 


BILTMORE, 


North  Carolina 


'y  HE  Biltmore    Forest   School    is   for 
the  time  being-  the  only  technical 
school    of    lumbering-  and    forestry    in 
America.  The      Biltmore      Forest 

School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
nt'ar  Biltmore;  summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  'forests  of  Ger- 
nKiny.  (\  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  aiiy  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering-.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  o'  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor   of   Forestry. 

Write  /or  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,     addressing — 

THE  DIRECTOR.  BILTMORE.  N.  C.  U.  S.  A 


!ll[[UNIIf[IlSIIYFOR[SI  SCHOOL 

NEW    HAVEN,   CONNECTICUT.    USA. 


A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  offered  leadin|<-  to  the 
degfree  of  Master  of  Forestry 
The  Forest  Scho«>l  i«  a  graduate 
department  of  Yale  University 
requiring  for  admission  a  colK-Ke 
training?.  Graduates  of  univer^i. 
ties,  colleg-es,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions of  high  standing  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  «>l 
their  diplomas,  provided  they 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subjects  in  their  under- 
graduate work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Unive  sity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoology.  Physics,  Inorganic 
Chemistry, Geology,  Econom  cs. 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  may  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  are  required 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
of  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in   the  field  or   laboratory. 

The  school   year  begins  in 
early  luly   and  in  conducted  at 
the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  further  information  address 

JAHES  W.  TOUHEY.   Director 

NSW    HAVEN        ■      -      .      -       CONNBOTKUT 


Canadian  forestry  journal 


Vol.  IX.         Ottawa,  Canada,  Septembei 


WRAf^ 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY  JOURNAL, 

Published  monthly  by  the 

Cahadian    Forkstry    Association, 

Canadian  Building, 

Ottawa,  Canada. 

Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forest  conservation. 

Subscription  $1  per  year. 

Advertising  Rates  on  Application. 


CONTENTS:  Page. 

Editorial   129 

The  Peace  River  Valley 131 

Dry  Weather  Causes  Fires 133 

Commission  of  Conservation  Active..  134 

Death  of  Hon.  John  Sharpies 135 

Exhibit  of  Native  Woods   (picture) . .  136 

Dominion  Forestry  Branch  Doings.  . .  137 

Quebec  Forestry  Notes 138 

With  the  Forest  Engineers 139 

Work  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  Reserve  142 

Douglas  Malloch's  New  Book 142 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 


Patron,  H.  R.  H.  the  Governor  General. 

Honorary  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

Honorary  Past  Pres.,   Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier. 

President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton. 

Vice-President,  Wm.    Power,    M.  P. 

Secretary,   Jab.  Lawler,  Canadian  Building, 

Slater  St.,  Ottawa. 

Treasurer,  Miss  M.  Robinson. 

Directors  :     William     Little,     Hiram     Robinson, 

Aubrey      White,     E.     Stewart     W.      B.     Snowball, 

Thomas  Southworth.   Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards,  Geo.  Y. 

Chown,  John   Hendry,    Hon.    Sydney  Fisher,   R.    H. 

Campbell,  J.  B.  Miller,  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr.  B.  E. 

Femow,    EUwood    Wilson,    Senator    Bostock,    F.   C. 

Whitman,  G.  C.  Pich«,  Alex.  MacLaurin:   Mgr.  O.  E. 

Mathieu,  Bishop  of  Regina;  A.   P.  Stevenson,  Wm. 

Pearce,  C.  E.  E,  Ussher.   Denis  Murphy,   C.  Jackson 

Booth.  Wm.  Price,  J.   W.  Harkom,   A.  S.  Goodeve, 

W.    C.   J.   HaU,  J.  8.     Dennis,  J.    B.   White,    E.   J. 

Zavits.  Geo.  Chahoon  Jr.,  R.  D.  Prettie. 

TMTlt.>rlal  Vlcc-Prealdenta  : 

Ontario: — Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 
Quebec:— Hon.  Jules  AUard. 
New  Brunswick: — Hon.  J.  H.  Flemminc. 
Nora  Sootta: — Hon.  O.  T.  Daniels. 
Manitoba:— Hon.  R.  P.  Roblin. 
Prince  Edward  Island: — Hon.  J.  A.  Maiheson. 
Saskatchewan-— His  Honor  G.  W.  Brown. 
AlberU:— Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton. 
British  Columbia:— Hon.  W.  R.  Ross. 
Yukon: — Geo.  Black.  Commissioner. 
Mackensie:— F.  D.  Wilson. 
Keewatin: — His  Honor  D.  C.  Cameron. 
Ungava: — His  Grace  Mgr.  Brucheei,   Archbishop  of 
MoBUeal. 


THE  IR^I^IPEG  CONV, 

SEE  27  ] 

passed,  ^^^t^l 
steadying 


TION. 


of 


attendance,  in  inteteTri;ni  a  prairie 
centre  not  previously  known  to  be  in- 
terested in  forestry)  and  in  the  tone 
of  the  papers  and  discussion;  and 
steadying,  humbling  if  you  will,  in 
drawing  attention  to  the  smallness  of 
the  work  yet  done  in  the  vast  field 
that  ought  to  be  covered. 


The  Winnipeg  Convention  was  the 
first  attempt  to  carry  the  war  of  for- 
estry propaganda  into  central  Can- 
ada. This  is  not  overlooking  the  suc- 
cessful meeting  at  Regina  in  1909  but 
that  was  rather  a  gathering  of  work- 
ers than  an  attempt  to  awaken  the 
general  public  to  the  need  of  conser- 
vation. This,  then  was  the  first  or- 
ganized campaign,  and  on  the  whole 
the  results  were  encouraging.  The 
numbers  were  not  as  large  as  those 
at  Quebec  or  Ottawa  or  Victoria  but 
then,  up  to  the  present,  Winnipeg 
has  been  looked  upon  as  anything 
rather  than  a  timber  or  forestry  cen- 
ter. It  was  not  easy  to  fix  a  date  for 
tlie  meeting  and  the  one  selected  had 
as  its  chief  disadvantage  the  fact  that 
it  came  in  the  same  week  as  the  Win- 
nipeg Exhibition.  Some  people  were 
k(»pt  away  by  the  fear  that  the  hotels 
would  be  overcrowded  but  the  chief 
difficulty  to  be  apprehended  was  that 
of  the  newspapers  being  so  crowded 
with  Exhibition  reports  that  forestry 
matters  would  get  scant  space.  As  it 
turned  out,  however,  the  Winnipeg 
daily  newspapers,  weeklies  and  trade 
journals  took  up  forest  conservation 
with  energy,  and  during  and  preced- 
ing the  convention  scores  of  columns 
of    well-informed    and    appreciative 


129 


130 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  September,  1913, 


articles  were  published.  It  is,  perhaps, 
not  too  much  to  say  that  through  the 
publicity  secured  by  and  through  the 
convention  the  people  of  the  Central 
West  have  begun  to  be  aroused  to  the 
fact  th^t  the  forests  of  the  prairie 
provinces  are  of  great  importance  to 

every  person  in  the  community. 

) 

The  aspect  of  the  importance  of  west- 
ern forests  to  the  western  community 
was  brought  out  .  in  the  address- 
es of  His  Honor  the  Lieut.  Governor 
and  the  other  speakers  at  the  open- 
ing session;  while  the  importance  to 
the  individual  was  brought  home  by 
the  address  among  others  of  the  Pre- 
sident and  the  papers  of  the  Mr.  R. 
H.  Campbell,  and  Mr.  W.  T.  Cox. 
The  title  of  Mr.  Campbell's  paper 
'Manitoba:  a  Forest  Province,'  was 
one  which  at  once  arrested  attention. . 
The  exhibit  of  native  woods  of  Man! 
toba  had  apprised  people  of  the  fact 
that  timber  trees  do  grow  in  Mani- 
toba, and  Mr.  Campbell's  paper  sup- 
plied the  information  as  to  districts, 
species  and  quantities.  Mr.  Cox 
boldly  challenged  old  figures  and  stat- 
ed that  the  rate  of  growth  was  more 
rapid  than  formerly  estimated. 


The  President  pointed  out  as  a 
most  encouraging  sign  that,  whereas 
some  years  ago  the  railways  had  look- 
ed askance  at  the  work  of  the  Associa- 
tion, views  had  so  changed  that  men 
like  Sir  William  Wh'yte,  Mr.  George 
Bury  and  Mr.  J.  S.  Dennis  attended, 
took  part  in  the  meetings  and  told 
what  the  railways  were  doing  in  for- 
est protection. 


The  success  of  tree-planting  on  the 
prairies  was  a  most  encouraging  fea- 
ture. Nearly  twenty-five  million  trees 
have  been  planted  by  prairie  farmers. 
This  number  of  trees  would  not,  it  is 
true,  make  much  of  a  showing  in  the 
forests  of  the  timber  provinces  but  on 
the  prairie  these  trees  mean  added 
comfort  and  happiness.     At  present 


they  add  chiefly  to  the  content,  rather 
than  to  the  extent  of  prairie  life. 
This  makes  for  permanence  of  occu- 
pation and  of  aim,  a  thing  mucH 
needed  on  the  prairies.  In  the  future 
it  doubtless  will  mean  a  very  consid- 
erable addition  to  the  local  supply 
of  fuel,  fencing  and  building  mater- 
ial. Only  a  beginning  has  yet  been 
made  and  tree  planting  is  bound  to 
go  on  at  a  greatly  accelerated  pace. 


Fire  protection  continues  to  be  the 
burden  of  most  of  the  addresses  at 
conventions.  This  is  both  satisfac- 
tory and  unsatisfactory.  It  is  satis- 
factory to  know  that  so  many  people 
are  thinking  about  this  subject  and 
that  in  some  cases  new  methods  are 
being  experimented  with,  but  it  is  un- 
satisfactory in  that  we  are  always 
talking  about  it  and  making  such  slow 
progress. 


It  was  in  this  connection  that  the 
address  of  Mr.  Vere  C.  Brown  was 
applicable.  He  virtually  held  that  the 
Association  had  reached  that  danger- 
ous time  of  which  the  Scriptures  give 
warning  when  all  men  speak  well  of 
us.  He  pointed  out  that  at  conven- 
tion after  convention  there  was  un- 
animous agreement  that  such  and 
such  things  were  necessary;  the  pub- 
lic and  the  press  have  concurred  in 
this,  and  yet  nothing  was  done. 


These  conventions  in  the  aggregate 
cost  a  lot  of  time  and  money.  Their 
object  is  to  arouse  the  public  mind 
in  order  to  get  something  done.  Not 
a  little  has  been  done  in  the  past  but 
the  time  seems  to  have  arrived  for  a 
review  of  methods  in  order  that  re- 
sults accomplished  shall  be  more  near- 
ly commensurate  witli  the  effort  put 
forth.  This  is  the  steadying  result  of 
the  convention  and  it  is  to  the  solu- 
tion of  this  problem  that  all  officers 
and  members  of  tlie  Canadian  Fores- 
try Association  should  devote  them- 
selves during  the  coming  winter. 


Conditions  in  the  Peace  River  District* 


Interesting  Letter  from  a  Vice-President  of  the  Association. 


For  a  good  many  years  Mr.  Francis  D. 
Wilson  has  been  the  territorial  Vice-Pre- 
sident of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Associa- 
tion for  the  territory  of  Mackenzie.  Mr. 
Wilson  was  the  representative  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Co.,  at  Fort  Vermilion.  In 
replying  to  the  letter  of  the  Secretary 
notifying  him  of  his  re-election  and  in- 
quiring about  forestry  work  in  the  district, 
Mr.  Wilson  writes  tendering  his  resigna- 
tion owing  to  the  fact  that  he  is  being 
moved  by  the  company  to  Moose  Factory, 
James  Bay  District.  This  does  not  mean 
that  Mr.  Wilson  has  lost  interest  in  for- 
estry, and  he  promises  to  write  for  the 
Association  an  account  of  forest  condi- 
tions near  his  new  post.  Accompanying 
his  letter  Mr.  Wilson  sent  some  notes  of 
conditions  in  the  Lower  Peace  River 
Valley,  which  are  published  below.  It 
should  be  noted  that  postal  facilities  in 
that  part  of  the  Dominion  are  very  poor. 
Mr.  Wilson's  letter  is  dated  May  20,  so 
that  it  was  dispatched  before  the  Domin- 
ion Forestry  Branch  began  any  work  in 
that  district  this  season.  It  should  also 
be  noted  that  Mr.  Wilson's  reason  for 
thinking  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  lay 
out  forest  reserves  in  that  district,  is  that 
the  land  now  covered  by  forests  is  wholly 
unfit  for  agriculture.  However,  with  the 
advent  of  the  inexperienced  settler,  and 
still  more  of  the  'fake'  settler,  it  will 
probably  be  just  as  well  to  have  these 
marked  out  as  forest  reserves  as  early  as 
possible. — Ed. 

There  is  very  little  settlement  go- 
ing on  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Peace 
River,  the  settlers  at  Fort  Vermilion 


are,  with  two  or  three  exceptions,  re- 
tired servants  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Co.,  or  their  descendants.  Peace  River 
Crossing,  Grande  Prairie  and  the  up- 
per Peace  River  are  attracting  all  the 
incoming  settlers  at  present,  and  any 
settlement  going  on  here  at  present  is 
not  adversely  affecting  the  forests. 
We  have  had  a  period  of  four  or  five 
very  dry  years,  and  last  summer  and 
the  summer  before  there  were  a  num- 
ber of  forest  fires  that  destroyed  a 
quantity  of  spruce  timber.  It  is  dif- 
ficult to  suggest  an  adequate  system 
of  fire  protection,  the  distances  are  so 
great  and  the  country  wholly  unset- 
tled between  Peace  River  Crossing 
and  Chipewyan  (a  distance  of  557 
miles)  with  the  exception  of  the  Fort 
Vermilion  settlement  which  is  situat- 
ed about  halfway  between  these  two 
points. 

There  is  a  Sergeant  of  the  R.  N.  W. 
M.  Police  stationed  here.  If  he  had 
one  or  two  Constables  with  him  they 
could  render  effective  service  for  at 
least  six  months  of  the  year,  which 
are  the  danger  months,  by  a  system 
of  patrol  on  the  Peace  River.  They 
could  meet  a  patrol  from  Peace  River 
Crossing  the  first  part  of  the  month 
and  return  to  Vermilion  and  go  down 


Skidway  of  Logs  on  Peace  Slver. 
131 


132 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal^  September,  19 IS. 


■k^.'m 


Hudson's  Bay  Company's  Logging  Camp  on  the  Peace  River. 


the  river  and  meet  a  patrol  from 
Chipewyan,  by  thi^  system  the  whole 
of  the  Peace  River  could  be  covered 
by  a  patrol  twice  a  month,  and  if  an 
arrangement  could  be  made  with  the 
Forestry  Branch  for  extra  pay,  this 
patrol  could  be  made  to  serve  the 
double  purpose  of  police  and  fire 
patrol.  I  am  sure  that  if  an  arrange- 
ment as  outlined  could  be  made  with 
the  Commissioner  of  the  R.  N.  W.  M. 
Police  we  would  have  a  much  more 
effective  service  at  less  expense  than 
the  appointment  of  three  or  four  for- 
est rangers. 

In  granting  permits  to  saw-mill 
owners  for  cutting  timber  on  the 
Peace  River,  I  do  not  think  it  wise 
to  prohibit  cutting  on  the  Islands,  as 
the  majority  of  the  Islands  on  the 
Peace  River  have  a  quantity  of  over- 
ripe timber  about  10%  of  which  is 
already  affected  by  stump  rot  which 
in  some  cases  extends  up  the  tree  five 
or  six  feet.  Permits  could  be  granted 
to  responsible  parties  with  the  stipu- 
lation that  no  timber  should  be  cut 
under  a  certain  size,  making  the  limit 
an  inch  or  two  larger  than  timber  cut 
on  the  main  land.  None  of  those 
parties  sent  out  by  the  Dominion  For- 
estry Branch  to  examine  the  country 
in  the  vicinity  of  Lesser  Slave  Lake 


have,  as  far  as  I  can  learn,  been  on 
the  Peace  River. 

The  land  covered  by  any  of  the 
timber  areas  in  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try is  wholly  unfit  for  cultivation  and 
I  do  not  think  it  will  be  necessary  to 
have  any  of  it  reserved  for  timber 
production.  

New  Museum. 

The  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry 
at  Syracuse  is  developing  what  promises 
to  be  the  most  complete  Forest  Museum  in 
this  country.  Besides  a  solid  Kedwood 
plank,  with  dimensions  of  7  x  11  feet  and 
the  section  of  a  giant  Ironwood  over  two 
feet  in  diameter,  it  is  securing  trunks  of 
trees  from  the  Adirondacks  and  Catskills, 
which  will  represent  all  of  the  native  for- 
est species  of  New  York.  It  has  just  re- 
ceived unusually  large  trunks  of  the  Moun- 
tain Ash  and  Shadbush  or  Juneberry  from 
the  Catskill  Forest  Experiment  Station  near 
Tannersville.  These  two  trees  are  really 
forest  weeds  and  seldom  reach  a  large  size, 
but  they  are  of  interest  because  they  are 
weeds  of  the  forest  and  because  they  have 
an  ornamental  value  not  ordinarily  ap- 
preciated. The  College  is  anxious  to  make 
its  Forest  Museum  the  most  complete  of 
its  kind  in  the  country  and  is  anxious  to 
learn  of  large  or  peculiar  trees  throughout 
the  State.  •  *  * 

One  quail  killed  in  Kansas  last  fall  had  in 
its  stomach  the  remains  of  twelve  hundred 
chinch  bugs.  This  shows  one  of  the  useful 
points  of  the  quail.  And  keeping  forests 
on  lands  that  are  not  fit  for  agriculture  will 
protect  the  quail,  which  in  turn  will  protect 
the  farmer. 


Dry  Weather  Causes  Fires^ 


Severe  Outbreaks  in  all  Parts  of  the  Country. 


The  extended  drought  which  was  felt 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the 
country  this  year  was  particularly  severe 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Canada,  and  worst 
of  all  in  Ontario.  The  Metereological 
Bureau  at  Toronto  has  kindly  supplied 
figures  for  the  precipitation  in  the  last 
few  months. 

Thirteen  of  the  fourteen  meteorological 
stations  throughout  Canada  report  a  great 
decrease  in  precipitation  in  May,  June, 
July  and  August,  1913,  as  compared  with 
the  amount  recorded  in  the  same  months  in 
1912.  By  stations  the  figures  are  as  fol- 
lows:— 

De- 
1912     1913  crease 
Station  Inches  Inches  1913 

Vancouver,  B.C 12.03     10.90     1.13 

Calgary,  Alta 13.68     11.49     2.19 

Prince' Albert,  Sask...    12.62       8.42     4.20 

Winnipeg,   Man 12.25     10.60     1.65 

Port  Arthur,   Out.    .  .  .      9.29     14.97     5.68* 
Parry  Sound,  Out.   . . .    11.78       9.34     2.44 

Cochrane,   Out.    11.16       7.35     3.81 

Stonecliffe,  Nipissing 

Dist.,   Ont 12.10       8.67     3.43 

Toronto,    Ont 13.59       7.33     6.26 

Ottawa,  Ont 15.90       9.24     6.66 

Montreal,   Que 13.85     10.33     3.52 

Quebec,  Que 21.53     14.14     7.39 

St.  John,  N.B 19.89     10.51     9.38 

Halifax,   N.   S.    ......    17.30     12.52     4.78 

•Increase. 

This  is  the  worst  drought  in  many  years, 
not  since  1885  has  there  been  felt  such  tre- 
mendous need  for  moisture.  Wells  in  all 
parts  of  the  country  were  wholly  dried 
up,  springs  ceased  to  flow,  and  practically 
everywhere  the  crops  were  retarded  and 
the  pasture  of  stock  gravely  injured.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  the  month  of  June, 
all  July  and  the  great  part  of  August, 
there  was  practically  no  rain  to  support 
the  herds  which  supplied  milk  to  the  great 
urban  centres. 

Needless  to  say,  this  condition  of  dry- 
ness made  the  woods  like  tinder,  and 
everywhere  upon  very  slight  cause  fires 
sprang  out  which  spread  rapidly  through 
the  undergrowth  and  consumed  vast  quant- 
ities of  young  trees,  mature  timber  and 
houses,  lumber  yards  and  mills.  The  worst 
fires  of  the  month  in  Nova  Scotia  took  place 
about  the  21  st  of  August.  Fires  fairly 
honeycombed  the  district  round  about  Bed- 
ford and  Sambro,  Purcell's  Cove  and  Bear 
Cove.      Cinders    rained    down    everywhere 


and  vast  areas  of  timberland  were  destroy- 
ed, houses  were  abandoned  by  the  score, 
and  a  company  of  militia  was  called  out 
near  Halifax  to  aid  the  settlers  in  their 
efforts  against  the  fire  demon.  Between 
Hammond's  Plains  and  Upper  Sackville 
the  forests  of  excellent  timber  were  com- 
pletely destroyed,  at  a  loss  to  the  limit 
holders  of  at  least  $50,000.  In  Halifax 
County  where  there  had  been  not  the 
slightest  drop  of  moisture,  the  fire  was 
under  way  for  two  weeks,  and  communi- 
cation was  cut  off  between  Liunenburg  and 
Halifax  through  the  burning  down  of  the 
telephone  and  telegraph  lines.  Many  small 
settlements  were  completely  surrounded  by 
fire,  and  there  was  no  chance  to  secure  any 
intercourse  between  them  and  the  more 
thickly  populated  centres.  Beachville, 
Clearland  and  East  Dover  were  all  grave- 
ly threatened  at  one  time,  but  luckily  es- 
caped any  serious  loss.  Chief  Fire  Ranger 
Penny,  of  the  Government  service  estim- 
ated that  3,000  acres  of  land  were  burnt 
over  at  a  loss  of  from  $70,000  to  $100,000. 
In  central  Ontario  hardly  a  district  was 
without  some  loss  through  bush  fires. 
Worst  of  all  were  those  which  swept 
through  the  central  part  of  the  country  be- 
tween Sudbury  and  Kingston.  In  Hali- 
burton  County  the  flames  held  sway  well 
over  a  week.  In  Apsley  Township  the  set- 
tlers were  in  a  desperate  way  and  were 
removing  their  effects  and  fleeing  before 
the  flames.  Peterborough,  Lindsay,  Fene- 
lon  Falls  and  Bobcaygeon  were  all  centres 
of  great  havoc.  In  Minden  the  Digby  fire 
had  not  only  reached  the  settlement  at 
Moore's  Falls,  but  was  burning  along  the 
west  side  of  the  road  near  the  summer  cot- 
tages at  Moore's  Lake,  creeping  on  its 
way  to  Norland.  Another  branch  of  this 
same  fire,  which  was  one  of  the  most  de- 
structive in  all  the  series  of  conflagrations, 
came  out  toward  the  neighborhood  north 
of  Deep  Bay  and  Gull  Lake.  To  head  this 
off  a  settler  set  a  back  fire,  but  the  result 
was  more  disastrous  than  the  original 
flames  would  have  been,  as  it  got  away 
and  burned  over  a  great  area.  Another 
fire  running  through  the  district  near 
Longford  not  only  destroyed  great  areas 
of  forest  land,  but  got  into  the  farmers' 
hay  and  destroyed  vast  quantities.  In 
Hnowdon  Township  the  fire  swept  the  en- 
tire lumbering  district  from  Lochlin  and 
Gelert  to  Irondale  and  Gooderham.  It 
burned  its  way  to  Furnace  Falls,  destroy- 


133 


134 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  September,  1913. 


ing  in  addition  to  the  young  forest  growth 
and  the  j-^oung  standing  timber,  200  cords 
of  fire  wood.  In  many  cases  the  settlers 
protected  their  farm  houses  by  ploughing 
fire  guards  around  them.  At  Hastings 
Village  the  danger  was  so  great  that  three 
hundred  men  were  called  out  to  fight  the 
flames,  and  finally  succeeded  in  controlling 
them.  Just  outside  of  Peterboro  a  blaze 
which  required  the  efforts  of  fifty  men  to 
put  it  out,  ran  unchecked  for  two  or  three 
days.  At  Gravenhurst  the  flames  made 
terrible  inroads  upon  the  forest  and  the 
property  of  citizens,  and  it  was  not  until 
the  fire  brigade  and  the  citizens  of  the 
town  had  worked  for  forty-eight  hours 
that  the  danger  was  really  overcome.  The 
town  of  Orillia  was  enveloped  with  smoke 
for  many  days  on  account  of  numerous 
blazes  round  about.  At  Parry  Sound  the 
settlers,  lumbermen  and  railway  men  were 
fighting  the  flames  day  and  night.  The 
villages  of  Ardberg  and  Boakview  were 
saved  only  after  prodigious  efforts  on  the 
part  of  the  fire  fighters.  Superintendent 
Bartlett  of  Algonquin  Park  reported  a  fire 
of  very  serious  proportions  raging  in  Liv- 
ingstone township.  Details  of  the  destruc- 
tion are  not  to  hand  however. 

The  Ottawa  Valley  was  visited  by  a 
great  number  of  fires  of  sizes  of  greater 
or  less  magnitude,  some  of  which  did  great 
destruction.  The  Mer  Bleue  at  Carlsbad 
Springs  was  the  centre  of  raging  forest 
fires.  At  Constance  Creek,  Aylwin,  Kazu- 
bazua,  Wilson's  Corners,  and  many  other 
points,  there  were  blazes  which  seriously 
damaged  property  and  wholly  destroyed 
the  young  growth  in  the  wooded  area. 

Belief  from  the  terrible  drought  did  not 
come  until  the  20th  of  August  when  rain 
fell  to  the  extent  of  from  1  to  3  inches 
over  practically  the  whole  East.  In  North- 
ern Ontario  particularly  its  blessings  were 
felt.  Many  localities  were  blessed  with 
heavy  thunderstorms,  and  the  period  of 
cold  weather  immediately  following  added 
to  the  effectiveness  'of  the  rain  through 
preventing  rapid  evaporation  of  the  mois- 
ture which  had  entered  the  soil.  It  is  im- 
possible to  estimate  the  benefits  from  this 
single  period  of  precipitation,  but  un- 
doubtedly had  the  rain  not  come,  or  had 
the  wind  risen,  the  losses  would  have  been 
apalling. 

The  prairie  district  suffered  more  or  less, 
although  Chief  Forester  Leavitt,  of  the 
Commission  of  Conservation,  who  made  an 
extended  trip  West  in  the  month  of  July, 
reported  that  the  losses  were  not  as  great 
as  in  many  other  years.  A  greater  degree  of 
moisture  was  felt  in  the  mountainous 
provinces  of  Alberta  and  British  Co- 
lumbia, and  no  great  amount  of  destruc- 
tion was  wrought.  However  in  Vancouver 
Island  great  anxiety  was  felt  on  the  part 
of  the  lumbermen  holding  timber  limits 
because  the  dry  weather  had  been  respon- 


sible for  several  bad  outbreaks,  and  the 
forest  wardens  were  forced  to  work  night 
and  day  with  all  the  help  they  could  pro- 
cure. 

Until  some  regular  system  of  compiling 
the  losses  from  forest  fires  throughout  the 
Dominion  can  be  instituted,  it  will  be  im- 
possible to  state  the  actual  loss  which  has 
taken  place  during  the  danger  season.  It 
is  fair  to  estimate  that  this  season's  havoc 
amounts  to  fully  half  a  million  dollars. 
Further  reports  from  the  Province  of  Que- 
bec and  British  Columbia  will  serve  to 
indicate  to  what  extent  the  forest  wealth 
was  depleted. 


COMMISSION  OF  CONSERVATION  AC- 
TIVE. 

The  Commission  of  Conservation  and 
the  Department  of  Lands  of  British  Colum- 
bia have  entered  into  a  co-operative  ar- 
rangement for  a  study  of  the  forest  condi- 
tions and  forest  resources  of  British  Co- 
lumbia. Dr.  H.  N.  Whitford  has  been 
employed  by  the  Commission  of  Conserva- 
tion to  begin  the  work  of  collecting  in- 
formation along  the  above  lines  from  all 
available  sources.  Dr.  Whitford  was  for 
years  a  member  of  the  Forest  Service  of 
the  Philippine  Islands  and  has  published 
a  bulletin  on  their  forest  resources. 

The  large  amount  of  material  which  has 
been  collected  by  the  British  Columbia 
Forestry  Branch  will  be  supplemented  by 
information  to  be  secured  from  all  other 
possible  sources  including  the  Forestry 
Branch  of  the  C.P.R.  and  statements  by 
timber  cruisers,  limit  holders,  surveyors 
and  others.  The  C.P.R.  Forestry  Branch 
has  collected  a  great  deal  of  valuable  in- 
formation with  regard  to  forest  conditions 
and  forest  resources  of  the  southern  part 
of  British  Columbia,  and  much  of  this  in- 
formation is  to  be  made  available  through 
a  co-operative  arrangement  between  the 
Commission  of  Conservation  and  the  au- 
thorities of  the  C.P.R. 

This  work  is  part  of  a  general  study 
which  has  been  undertaken  by  the  Com- 
mission of  Conservation,  having  for  its 
object  the  approximate  determination  of 
the  amount  of  timber  in  each  of  the  var- 
ious provinces  of  Canada. 

In  the  Prince  Albert  District  of  North- 
ern Saskatchewan,  a  similar  study  of  for- 
est conditions  and  forest  resources  is  be- 
ing carried  on  for  the  Commission  of  Con- 
servation by  Mr.  J.  C.  Blumer.  This  part 
of  the  work  is  being  conducted  in  co- 
operation with  the  Dominion  Forestry 
Branch. 

Mr.  Blumer  first  took  up  forestry  work 
as  a  student  in  1901,  and  studied  forestry 
at  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1905-6. 
For  the  past  three  years  he  has  been  a 
resident  of  Saskatoon,  Sask. 


Death  of  Hon.  John  Sharpies, 


135 


DEATH  OF  HON.  JOHN  SHARPLES. 


C.P.R.   PUBLICITY. 


The  death  of  Hon.  John  Sharpies,  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  W.  &  J.  Sharpies,  timber 
merchants  of  Quebec,  occurred  at  the 
family  residence  in  that  city  on  July  30. 
Mr.  Sharpies  was  a  native  of  Quebec,  hav- 
ing been  born  there  is  1847.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Quebec  and  Montreal  and  became 
within  a  few  years  of  going  into  business 
with  his  brother  one  of  the  leading  lum- 
bermen of  the  province.  Mr.  Sharpies 
was  prominent  in  public  affairs.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislative  Council  of 
Quebec,  honorary  president  of  the  Union 
Bank  of  Canada,  and,  during  recent  years, 
had  occupied  the  post  of  member  of  the 
Quebec  Harbor  Commission,  director  of  the 
Quebec  Bridge  Company,  director  of  the 
Quebec  Railway,  Light,  and  Power  Com- 
pany, director  of  the  Prudential  Trust 
Company,  director  of  the  Quebec  Steam- 
ship Company  and  vice-president  of  the 
Quebec  Northern  Railway  Company. 

In  religious  and  social  matters  he  was 
also  very  active.  He  was  vice-president 
of  the  Anti-Alcholic  League,  past  presi- 
dent of  the  Canadian  Club  and  a  few  years 
ago  he  established  a  special  children's 
ward  in  the  Hotel  Dieu  hospital  of  Quebec. 
In  1907  in  view  of  his  distinguished  ser- 
vices and  in  recognition  of  his  Christian 
character  he  was  created  a  Knight  of  St. 
Gregory  by  his  Holiness  the  Pope. 

The  funeral  services  were  held  at  St. 
Patrick's  Church,  Quebec,  on  Aug.  1  and 
were  attended  by  leading  citizens  of  the 
province.  One  of  the  chief  mourners  was 
Mr.  Wm.  Power,  M.P.,  vice-president  of 
the  Canadian  Forestry  Association,  whose 
partner  the  late  Mr.  Sharpies  was.  The 
Secretary  attended  on  behalf  of  the  Asso- 
ciation. 


TIMBER   PRICES   SOAR. 

Some  idea  of  the  recent  advance  in  the 
price  of  lumber  may  be  gathered  from  the 
fact  that  E.  A.  Dunlop,  M.L.A.,  of  Pem- 
broke, has  just  paid  the  record  smashing 
price  of  $14.40  per  thousand  feet  for  the 
timber  on  a  limit  measuring  15  1-2  square 
miles  in  the  township  of  Gooderham,  Dis- 
trict of  NipisHing. 

The  limit,  which  was  bought  from  the 
Ontario  government  by  Mr.  Dunlop  for  the 
Pembroke  Lumber  Company,  contains  all 
white  pine.  Tenders  for  the  purchase 
were  called  for,  and  Mr.  Dunlop 'a  was  the 
highest. 

For  the  past  few  years  the  average  price 
paid  per  thousand  feet  for  timber  cut  off 
similar  limits  has  been  between  $10  and 
$11.  About  a  year  ago,  however,  J.  J.  Mc- 
Fadden,  of  Renfrew,  paid  $13.50  for  a 
limit  near  the  Jock  river. — Citizen. 


One  of  the  best  publicity  features  in  the 
interests  of  forest  conservation  which  has 
appeared  yet  is  the  following  notice  which 
appears  in  the  Western  Lines  Time  Table 
of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway.  The 
folder  is  issued  by  the  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands and  the  notice  is  displayed  in  such 
a  fashion  as  to  attract  widest  attention. 


S  AVE  THE  FORESTS 

Canada's  timber  preservations  are  assets 
the  value  of  which  can  only  be  conjectured. 
To  wilfully  neglect  to  take  ordinary  precaution 
to  insure  them  against  destruction  from  forest 
fires  is  to  commit  a  crime  against  the  safety 
and  prosperity  of  our  citizens. 

CAREFULLY  EXTINGUISH 
SMALL  FIRES 

Those  who  go  into  the  woods — hunters, 
fishermen,  campers  and  canoeists — should  con- 
sider it  their  duty  to  exercise  every  care  to 
prevent  loss  from  fire.  Passengers  on  trains 
should  not  throw  lighted  cigar  or  cigarette  ends 
out  of  the  car  windows.  Besides  the  danger  to 
lives,  homes  and  property  to  settlers,  every 
acre  of  forest  burned  means  labor  turned  away, 
reduced  market  for  our  crops,  heavier  taxation 
on  other  property,  streamflow  disturbed  and 
liigher  lumber  prices. 


FIRE  AT  BOOTH'S  MILL. 

During  the  first  week  of  September  the 
mi  lis  of  Mr.  John  R.  Booth  at  the  Chau- 
(iioro  Falls,  Ottawa,  suffered  damage  by 
fire  to  the  extent  of  over  $110,000.  The 
first  fire  occurred  on  Sept.  1  in  the  carrier 
which  conveys  the  sawdust  and  refuse  to 
the  burner,  resulting  in  a  loss  of  over 
$10,000.  This  caused  the  closing  down  of 
tlic  mills  for  a  week,  and  on  Sunday,  Sept. 
7,  when  the  equipment  was  repaired  suf- 
fi(i<Mitly  to  permit  of  resuming  operations, 
a  second  fire  destroyed  the  part  of  the 
plant  known  as  the  timber  mill,  with  a 
loss  of  approximately  $100,000.  This  was 
a  wooden  structure  situated  between  the 
.sMwniiil  and  the  Chaudiere  Falls.  By  dint 
of  hard  work  on  the  ])art  of  the  city  fire- 
nicti  and  the  mill  fire  brigade  the  fire  was 
kc|)t  from  reaching  the  sawmill,  a  stone 
structure,  and  the  other  parts  of  the  plant, 
as  the  pulp  and  paper  mills,  etc.  The  tim- 
luM-  mill  was  a  total  loss.  About  three  hun- 
drcil  hands  were  employed  in  this  part  of 
the  |dant.  Decision  has  not  yet  been  made 
MM  to  rebuihling,  but  any  structure  erected 
to  replace  this  one,  will,  it  is  stated,  be 
lilcc  the  more  recent  parts  of  the  plant,  of 
steel  and  concrete. 


PfBJiWih 

Black  Willow    (Salix  nigra  Marsh). 
Diam.  20  in. 


White    or    American    Elm      (Ulmus 
americana,  L.).     Diam.  20  in. 


Canada    Balsam      {Ahies     balsamea, 
MUl).     Diam.  24  in. 

Black    Spruce    (Picea    mariana,   B., 
S.  &  P.).     Diam.  12  in. 


Aspen         (PoptUus        tremuloides, 
Michx).      Diam.    27    in. 

Balm     {Populus     haXsamifera,     L.). 
Diam.  30  in. 


Cottonwood        {Populus      deltoidea. 
Marsh).      Diam.    42   in. 


White  Cedar  or  Arbor  Vitae  {Thuya 
occidentalis,  L.).     Diam.  15  in. 

f.  ass  wood     (TUia     americana,     L.). 
Diam.  22  in. 


Black  Ash    {FroJeinus  nigra,  Marsh) . 
Diam.    18    in. 


Burr    Oak      (Qttercus     maerocarpa, 
Michx).      Diam.    33    in. 


White    Spruce      (Picea     canaderutis, 
B,  S.  &  P.).     Diam.  40  in. 


Tamarack    (Larix   laricina,    Michx). 
Diam.   19   in. 


White     Birch      {Betula    papyrifera, 
Marsh).      Diam.    19    in. 


Jackpine     (Pinus      divaricata,      Du 
Mont  de  Courg).     Diam.  22  in. 


Red   or    Norway    Pine    (Pinus   rest- 
nosa.  Ait.).     Diam.  23  in. 


Manitoba     Maple      {Acer     negundo, 
L.).      Diam.    18   in. 


Notes 


137 


DOMINION    FORESTRY    BRANCH    DO- 
INGS FOR  JULY. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  the  Director  of  For- 
estry, is  continuing  his  tour  of  inspection 
in  the  West,  being  at  present  in  British 
Columbia,  but  expects  to  be  home  in  the 
early  part  of  September.  During  his  ab- 
sence Mr.  T.  W.  Dwight  occupies  the  posi- 
tion of  Acting  Director. 

Mr.  Lewis  has  returned  from  his  trip 
to  the  Maritime  Provinces,  where  he  was 
gathering  statistics  for  his  bulletin  on  the 
Wood  Producing  Industries  of  these  pro- 
vinces. 

Forest  Nursery  Stations: 

Mr.  Norman  M.  Ross  reports  satisfac- 
tory progress,  with  increasing  interest 
manifested  by  settlers,  1595  letters  being 
received  in  July.  Eight  inspectors  of  tree- 
planting  are  now  at  work  under  the  gen- 
eral supervision  of  S.  S.  Sadler. 

The  Branch  nursery  at  Sutherland  is  be- 
ing brought  rapidly  into  shape  by  Mr. 
Walter  B.  Guiton. 

Forest  Administration. 

Mr.  F.  K.  Herchmer,  the  District  In- 
spector in  Manitoba,  reports  having  made 
a  general  survey  of  the  Reserves  along 
with  Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  everything  be- 
ing found  satisfactory.  A  steel  lookout 
tower  was  recently  erected  by  Supervisor 
Stevenson  on  the  Riding  Mountain  Re- 
serve. Mr.  Tunstell  is  making  a  survey  of 
the  region  around  Clear  Lake,  which  will 
be  opened  up  as  a  summer  resort. 

On  the  Duck  Mountain  Reserve,  Mr. 
Wellman  reports  seven  miles  of  fire  line 
and  eleven  miles  of  wagon  road  construct- 
ed. Mr.  Newman  is  engaged  in  laying  out 
lots  for  a  summer  resort  at  Madge  Lake. 

In  Saskatchewan,  Mr.  G.  A.  Gutches,  the 
District  Inspector,  after  attending  the  For- 
estry Convention  at  Winnipeg  and  the 
Bangers'  convention  at  Roblin,  made  a 
tour  of  the  Reserves,  where  very  satisfac- 
tory work  is  being  done,  many  miles  of 
trails  and  fire-lines  being  cut.  Permitees 
are  reported  to  be  piling  brush  satisfac- 
torily. 

There  has  been  a  considerable  change 
in  Alberta,  due  to  Mr.  Millar's  desire  to 
have  his  men  acquainted  with  the  varied 
conditions  existing  in  the  different  divi- 
sions of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Forest  Re- 
serve. Mr.  Alexander  has  been  trans- 
ferred from  the  Brazeau  Forest  to  the 
Crowsnest  Reserve,  exchanging  localities 
with  Mr.  Clark,  who  is  now  Acting  Super- 
visor of  the  Athabaska  Forest  Reserve. 
Mr.  Edgar  has  resigned  the  supervisorship 
of  the  Bow  River  Forest  and  Mr.  Green- 
wood been  appointed  Deputy  Forest  Super- 


visor,  Mr.   Millar   taking   control   tempor- 
arily. 

On  the  British  Columbia  Reserves,  Su- 
pervisor Scandrett  reports  the  construc- 
tion of  trails,  bridges  and  ranger-stations. 

Fire  Banging: 

Mr.  Finlayson,  the  Chief  Inspector  of 
Fire  Ranging  reports  arrival  at  Fort  Mc- 
Murray,  after  an  adventurous  canoe  trip 
down  the  Athabaska  River.  Few  of  the 
July  reports  of  the  Chief  Fire  Rangers 
are  in,  but  owing  to  the  abundant  rain, 
there  has  been  little  danger  or  damage 
from  fire  in  Western  timber  areas. 

Mr.  D.  Roy  Cameron,  District  Inspector 
of  British  Columbia,  has  arranged  for  a 
system  of  check  inspections  of  fire-protec- 
tive apparatus  on  locomotives,  which 
should  eliminate  the  possibility  of  further 
negligence.  The  Trans-continental  Rail- 
ways have  so  far,  kept  their  rights-of-way 
in  fairly  satisfactory  condition. 

Forest  Surveys: 

Mr.  Donald  Greig,  in  charge  of  the  Lake 
Manitoba  Survey,  reports  good  merchant- 
able stands  of  aspen  and  jack  pine  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  surveyed  region. 

Mr.  A.  B.  Connell  has  completed  the  re- 
connaissance of  the  northern  slope  of  the 
Pasquia  Hills,  and  will  continue  work  on 
the  Carrot  River. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Morse  reports  that  in  the 
ui)per  valleys  of  the  Maligne  and  Atha- 
basca Rivers  'practically  no  merchantable 
timber  exists.' 

Mr.  E.  H.  Roberts  has  completed  the 
survey  of  the  Birch  Lake  region  near 
I'rince  Albert  and  will  continue  the  work 
around  Green  Lake. 

Mr.  Lionel  Stevenson,  the  soil  expert, 
has  made  an  examination  of  the  soils  of 
some  of  the  areas  reserved  from  settle- 
ment in  Saskatchewan  and  has  found  them 
in  general  suited  only  for  forest  crops. 

Other  survey  reports  have  not  yet  been 
received. — G.E.B. 


NEW  PEST  IN  QUEBEC. 

'Lo  Naturaliste  Canadien'  for  the 
month  of  July  contains  the  regrettable 
announcement  that  the  San  Jose  Scale  has 
been  found  in  the  province  of  Quebec. 
This  insect,  as  is  well  known,  has  done  a 
tremendous  amount  of  damage  in  the 
United  States  and  in  some  parts  of  On- 
tario. In  Quebec  it  was  found  first  of  all 
on  the  bark  of  a  young  mountain  ash  tree 
near  Stc.  Anne  do  Bellevue.  Quebec 
scientists  believe  that  the  insect  was 
brought  in  with  a  young  tree  from  an  On- 
tario nursery.  A  careful  watch  is  being 
maintained  to  prevent  the  further  infest- 
ing of  trees  in  Quebec. 


138 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  September,  1913 


QUEBEC  FORESTRY  NOTES. 

There  are  now  fifteen  township  forest  re- 
serves in  the  Province  of  Quebec.  These 
are  chiefly  scattered  over  the  Lake  St. 
John  district  and  on  the  south  shore  of 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Altogether  there  are 
now  220,000  acres  in  these  reserves  and 
the  work  has  been  so  successful  that  there 
is  a  steady  demand  for  the  setting  apart 
of  more  reserves.  These  reserves  are  in 
ungranted  and  unlicensed  lands  and  before 
the  formation  of  the  reserve  every  man 
took  what  suited  him  regardless  of  the 
consequences.  Now  each  reserve  is,  as 
far  as  possible,  divided  into  twenty  parts, 
one  of  which  is  to  be  cut  over  each  year. 
Each  reserve  is  in  charge  of  a  resident 
ranger  who  grants  permits,  directs  the  cut- 
ting operations  and  sees  that  the  rej.]:ula- 
tions  are  obeyed.  One  of  the  most  grati- 
fying features  of  the  establishment  of  the 
reserves  is  the  spirit  of  community  owner- 
ship which  has  been  developed.  Township 
residents  feel  that  the  reserve  is  theirs 
and  assist  the  ranger  in  enforcing  cutting 
regulations  and  in  preventing  waste. 

The  provincial  forest  nursery  at  Ber- 
thiervilie  continues  to  grow.  This  year 
78,000  seedlings  were  supplied  by  this 
nursery  to  provide  for  the  planting  of  sand 
lands  in  Lachute  and  elsewhere  as  de- 
scribed in  th*  May  issue  of  the  Canadian 
Forestry  Journal.  So  far  white  pine  and 
spruce  have  been  the  chief  species  grown. 
The  department  is  studying  Scotch  pine 
and  European  larch  with  a  view  to  their 
use  if  found  suitable.  Farmers  are  sup- 
plied with  seedlings  for  planting  wood  lots 
at  a  nominal  price  and  the  demand  for 
these  keeps  pace  with  the  growth  of  the 
nursery.  Much  more  interest  is  now  taken 
in  replanting  work  than  a  few  years  ago. 
Colleges,  convents  and  institutions  are  fol- 
lowing the  work  and  adopting  methods 
found  successful.  The  city  of  Three  Eivers 
was  not  greatly  interested  in  trees  when 
the  nursery  at  Berthieyville  was  estab- 
lished; now  the  work  there  has  shown  what 
can  be  done  the  citizens  are  working  out 
a  comprehensive  plan  for  the  beautifying 
of  their  streets.  ^ 

Mr.  G.  C.  Piche,  Chief  of  the  Quebec 
Forest  Service,  has  purchased  4,500  acres 
of  waste  land  near  Shawinigan  Falls.  It 
is  a  cut  over  and  burned  over  tract,  com- 
ing up  to  hardwoods.  Mr.  Piche  is  going 
to  see  what  is  the  best  method  of  handling 
such  a  tract  in  this  locality.  It  is  likely 
he  will  permit  the  use  of  it  as  an  experi- 
mental ground  by  the  students  of  Laval 
University  Forest  School. 

The  railways  are  now  co-operating  with 
the  Forest  Service  of  the  Government  of 
Quebec  in  regard  to  the  use  of  permits  to 
ship  wood  on  railways.  In  rural  Quebec 
lands  are  either  patented  to  farmers, 
licensed  to  lumbermen,  or  unpatented;  that 


is  to  say,  still  in  the  hands  of  the  Crown. 
Holders  of  patented  and  licensed  lands,  of 
course,  have  the  right  to  ship  timber  and 
wood,  but  in  the  past  there  has  been  a 
great  deal  of  trespassing  upon  Crown  lands 
by  men  of  no  substance.  Consequently 
when  wood  stolen  from  Crown  lands  was 
shipped  out  there  was  no  way  of  recover- 
ing dues  or  fines.  Now  every  one  must 
have  a  permit  to  cut  wood  on  Crown  lands 
and  if  this  permit  is  not  produced  the  rail- 
way agent  will  refuse  to  receive  wood  for 
shipment.  Thus  the  professional  trespasser 
is  being  checked  and  the  Provincial  trea- 
sury enriched. 


PUT  OUT  YOUR  FIRE! 

When  you  are  camping,  put  out  your 
fire!  Near  Peterboro,  in  the  region  of 
the  Pigeon  and  Bald  lakes,  a  disastrous 
fire  was  started  last  week  by  a  party  of 
campers  leaving  behind  them  an  unex- 
tinguished fire.  Their  fun  over,  they  left 
the  place  apparently  without  thought  of 
the  danger.  The  result  was  that  a  large 
territory  was  burned  over  and  much  pro- 
perty destroyed.  Most  forest  iires  orig- 
inate in  this  way.  Carelessness  with  camp 
fires  is  a  major  cause.  A  very  little  pre- 
caution would  save  a  fortune  in  Canada. 
It  only  takes  a  minute  or  so  to  drench 
one's  fire  until  only  steam  is  visible  and 
all  danger  is  passed.  Nearly  every  camp 
fire  is  close  to  the  water,  making  the  oper- 
ation of  little  trouble  or  exertion.  When 
next  you  camp,  and  your  fire  has  served 
its  purpose,  put  it  out. — Ottawa  Citizen. 

Douglas  fir  has  an  average  of  five  years 
life  when  untreated;  treated,  it  lasts  twelve 
years.  Hemlock,  lasting  as  a  natural  wood 
five  years,  doubles  its  term  of  life  when 
treated,  as  does  tamarack.  Spruce  is  one 
of  the  species  which  when  untreated  decays 
most  quickly,  lasting  only  three  years.  If 
treated  it  will  last  twelve  years,  its  life 
being  thus  increased  300  per  cent.  To  sum 
up,  wood  preservation  not  only  prolongs  the 
life  of  durable  timbers,  thus  decreasing  their 
annual  consumption,  but  also  permits  the 
substitution  of  inferior  species,  who^e  use 
considerably  reduces  the  drain  upon  the 
more  desirable  kinds. 

WINNIPEG   CONVENTION   RE- 
PORT. 

The  report  of  the  Winnipeg  Con- 
vention has  been  completed  by  the 
printer  and  it  is  expected  that  with- 
in a  week  or  ten  days  after  receiving 
this  copy  of  the  Journal  members  of 
the  Canadian  Forestry  Association 
will  have  the  report  in  their  hands. 


With  the  Forest  Engineers^ 


{Contributed  by  the  Canadian  Society  of  Forest  Engineers.) 


The  plan  inaugurated  during  the  past 
month  by  the  Secretary  for  obtaining  from 
members  news  of  their  doings  has  met 
with  gratifying  success.  In  response  to 
the  letters  addressed  to  members  several 
interesting  replies  have  been  received, 
some  of  which  are  quoted  in  full  below. 

Almost  the  first  reply  received  was  from 
the  President  of  the  Society,  which  it  is 
only  fitting  should  be  given  precedence. 
Dr.  Fernow's  note  is  as  follows: — 

Dr.  Fernow  has  spent  his  vacation  in 
his  summer  home  at  Point  Breeze,  N.  Y., 
U.S.A.,  revising  or  re-writing,  at  least  in 
part,  his  Economics  of  Forestry,  the  book 
having  become  thoroughly  antiquated, 
especially  in  its  statistical  data  and  in  the 
chapter  on  *  The  Forestry  Movement  in  the 
United  States. '  In  July  he  attended  the 
forestry  conference  in  Sunapee,  N.  H., 
U.S.A.,  and  delivered  an  address  on  'A 
Plan  Adequate  to  Meet  Our  Needs  for 
Wood  and  Timber,'  in  which  he  argued 
that  forest  planting  on  a  large  scale,  sys- 
tematically, is  alone  capable  of  meeting 
the  future  demands  for  timber  in  the 
United  States,  and  proposed  a  plan  by 
which  twelve  hundred  million  dollars  were 
to  be  spent  in  that  direction  during  a  cam- 
paign of  sixty  years,  or,  as  he  expressed 
it,  *two  Dreadnoughts  a  year.'  Dr.  Fer- 
now is  now  (Aug.  13)  on  an  excursion 
to  the  West  with  the  International  Geo- 
logical Congress. 

Quebec  Forest  Service. 

Avila  Bedard,  M.F.,  is  back  from 
Europe.  He  has  visited  Great  Britain, 
France  and  Belgium. 

The  Province  of  Quebec  has  now  six- 
teen forest  engineers  in  the  Forest  Service. 
Two  (Piche  and  Bedard)  from  Yale  and 
the  other  fourteen  are  graduates  of  the 
School  of  Forestry  of  Quebec. 

The  Forest  Service  is  devoting  much  at- 
tention to  the  forest  inventory.  All  the 
parties  in  the  field  are  covering  different 
strips,  etc.,  so  that  a  very  good  know- 
ledge of  the  forest  conditions  will  soon  bo 
obtained.  ' 

The  appropriation  of  the  Forest  Service 
i«  now  $100,000  per  annum,  whereas  it  was 
only  $55,000  in  1909.  It  means  that  the 
Gouin  government  is  desirous  to  give  all 
the  necessary  funds  to  obtain  a  good  and 
progressive  service. 

The  revenues  of  the  Department  of 
Lands  and  Forests  for  the  fiscal  year  end- 


ing June  30th  last  will  exceed  $i,"50,000, 
a  substantial  increase  over  the  preceeding 
years.  Since  1908,  every  year  has  seen  the 
revenues  increasing   steadily. 

Advances  in  B.  C. 
H.  K.  MacMillan,  Chief  Forester  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  writes  in  part  as  follows: — 
'Mr.  Price  is  now  with  us  and  we  are 
working  on  general  re-organization  of  our 
work.  One  of  the  most  important  features 
from  a  forestry  standpoint  is  that  regula- 
tions for  brush  disposal,  fire  protection, 
and  reproduction  of  valuable  species  are 
now  being  included  in  all  Forest  Branch 
timber  sales.  One  hundred  and  fourteen 
timber  sales  are  now  under  consideration, 
aggregating  a  value  of  $460,000.  Timber 
is  sold  only  for  immediate  cut.  One  hun- 
dred and  eighty-eight  miles  of  telephone 
line  and  134  miles  of  trail  for  fire-pro- 
teetive  purposes  are  now  under  construc- 
tion for  the  Forest  Branch.' 

Fire  Protection  in  Quebec. 

W.  C.  J.  Hall,  Superintendent  of  Fire 
Protection  for  the  Province  of  Quebec, 
writes  as  follows: — 

'The  fact  of  all  railways  in  this  pro- 
vince, except  the  Intercolonial  Railway 
and  the  National  Transcontinental  Rail- 
way, being  controlled  by  the  Dominion 
Board  of  Railway  Commissioners  and  the 
Quebec  Public  Utilities  Commission,  and 
by  having  been  appointed  by  both  bodies 
as  Provincial  Fire  Inspector  renders  my 
duties  particularly  interesting. 

*  I  was  surprised  to  see  the  readiness 
with  which  the  railways  met  the  provi- 
sions of  Orders  16570  (now  replaced  by 
Order  107)  and  72,  respectively,  and 
co-operated  with  the  Inspector  in  Chief 
for  Canada,  Mr.  Leavitt  and  myself.  I 
had  all  the  lines  inspected  for  hazardous 
sections  and  established  special  patrols 
thereon,  which  I  may  say  have  been  regu- 
larly maintained.  These  special  patrols 
consist  of  motor-cars,  velocipedes,  and 
track-walkers,  according  to  the  tastes  of 
the  various  railway  superintendents.  Fires 
on  or  off  the  rights  of  way  are  reported 
to  me  promptly,  as  a  rule.  I  have  a  staff 
of  seven  lnHi)ectors  travelling  over  the 
railways,  not  devoting  the  whole  of  their 
time  to  this  object,  but  a  considerable 
part  of  it. 

'Up  to  the  time  of  writing  we  have  had 
no  serious  fire  on  any  of  the  railways,  ex- 


139 


140 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  September,  19 IS, 


cept  one,  and  this  one  came  from  a  fire 
which  started  about  three  miles  distant, 
from  a  settler's  slash.  A  very  interesting 
bit  of  work  is  being  handled  now,  name- 
ly, burning  the  right  of  way  through  tim- 
bered lands,  and  so  far  my  Inspector  has 
handled  this  work  with  great  success.  We 
have  several  miles  of  this  to  attend  to; 
if  we  get  through  with  it  successfully  it 
will  be  an  object  lesson.  We  burn  at  night 
with  a  good  force  of  men  handling  it,  first 
seeing  that  the  slash  is  separated  from 
the  forest  by  lanes  each  side.  The  In- 
spector superintends  the  whole  work  and 
no  burning  can  be  undertaken  without  his 
consent. 

'The  relations  between  the  Quebec  Gov- 
ernment and  the  Federal  authorities,  i.e., 
the  Board  of  Railway  Commissioners,  are 
most  cordial;  we  have  joined  forces  for 
the  public  good,  and  work  hand  in  hand, 
with  the  result  that  railway  conditions  in 
Quebec  province  are  probably  more  ad- 
vanced in  the  line  of  protection  than  in 
any  other  province;  at  all  events  the  pro- 
tection is  more  complete  owing  to  action 
of  the  Quebec  Public  Utilities  Commission. 
We  hope  to  obtain  control  over  the  Inter- 
colonial Railway  and  National  Transcon- 
tinental Railway  before  long.' 

A  Mountain  Climb  in  B.  C. 

D.  Roy  Cameron  writes  under  date  of 
Aug.   12:— 

'Mr.  Clyde  Leavitt  and  myself  made  an 
interesting  trip,  towards  the  end  of  July, 
from  Ashcroft  to  the  summit  of  Cairn 
Mountain  (elevation  7650  feet)  situated 
in  the  Hat  Creek  Forest  Reserve.  The 
idea  I  had  in  making  the  trip  was  to 
show  Mr.  Leavitt  some  very  fine  sheep 
range  available  on  the  summits  of  the 
Clear  Mountains  above  timber  line. 

'Starting  from  Ashcroft  early  in  the 
morning  by  team,  we  reached  the  Amphi- 
theatre Ranger  Station  on  Oregon  Jack 
Creek,  seventeen  miles  distant,  for  an 
early  lunch.  Here  we  changed  to  saddle 
horses,  and,  accompanied  by  Forest  As- 
sistant Alan  E.  Parlow  with  a  pack-horse 
in  tow,  set  out  for  timber  line,  which  we 
made  about  six  o'clock.  Parlow  was  left 
here  to  cook  supper,  while  Leavitt  and  I 
proceeded  to  the  summit.  From  this  point 
a  magnificent  view  is  obtainable  of  the 
Cascade  Range,  which  rises  8,000  feet 
straight  out  of  the  Fraser  Canyon.  Un- 
fortunately the  setting  sun  threw  the 
mountains  into  shadow  so  that  details 
were  lacking,  but  even  at  that  the  scene 
was  well  worth  the  climb. 

'On  returning  to  timber  line  a  demon- 
stration of  gastronomic  ability  was  given 
by  all,  after  which  we  retired  to  a  shelter 
improvised    out    of    a   pack-cover.' 

The  change  from  the  stifling  heat  of 
Ashcroft  to  the  chilly  winds  of  timber-line 
was  very  acceptable. 


In  the  morning  we  found  that  one  of 
the  horses,  supposedly  gentle,  had  decided 
antipathies  to  making  the  descent,  pro- 
bably thinking  10,000  acres  of  fine  range 
enough  for  his  simple  needs.  Then  ensued 
a  Wild  West  Show  during  which  it  was 
discovered  that  the  combined  roping  abil- 
ity of  the  outfit  was  0.00%.  A  thorough 
test  of  this  made  a  change  of  tactics  seem 
desirable.  Snaring  was  decided  on,  and, 
when  this  was  finally  managed  after  much 
patient  (or  impatient)  manoeuvering,  the 
very  much  disgusted  horse  was  finally 
snubbed  around  a  small  white-bark  pine, 
and  the  incident  closed.  Fuller  details  and 
additional  color  can  probably  be  obtained 
from  the  Chief  Fire  Inspector  for  the 
Railway  Board,  on  request. 

A  record  trip  to  town  completed  an  en- 
joyable two  days'  trip. 

Some  fine  pictures  were  obtained  by  Mr. 
Leavitt  but  the  finest  of  all  was  unfor- 
tunately never  taken. 

In  Southeastern  British  Columbia. 

J.  D.  Gilmour,  District  Forester  at 
Cranbrook  in  the  B.  C.  Forest  Service, 
writes: — "Since  December,  1912,  I  have 
been  stationed  at  Cranbrook  as  District 
Forester  in  the  Provincial  Forest  Service. 
The  work  includes  all  business  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Forest  Branch  in  this  dis- 
trict. This  season  we  are  laying  emphasis 
chiefly  on  fire  protection,  and  are  build- 
ing trails  and  telephone  lines  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  summer  so  far  has  been  favour- 
able. The  dangerous  periods  have  been 
short,  and  there  have  been  few  fires  en- 
tailing extra  expense,  and  all  these  have 
been  discovered  and  extinguished  before 
they  had  much  start.  The  total  area  burn- 
ed over  is  negligible.  We  are  also  work- 
ing to  obtain  co-operation  with  lumber- 
men in  the  burning  of  slash,  and  have  met 
'with  some  success;  we  look  for  more  in 
future.  Already  over  one  thousand  acres 
of  slash  has  been  successfully  burned  in 
places  where  it  constituted  a  grave  danger. 

Top-lopping  and  Dynamite. 

Ellwood  Wilson,  chief  of  the  Forestry 
Department  of  the  Laurentide  Co.,  Ltd., 
has  sent  some  interesting  notes  as  to  his 
doings  and  experiences  of  the  month,  to- 
gether  with   interesting   additional    notes. 

On  July  14th,  Mr.  Wilson  took  Mr. 
Kieffer,  of  the  Forestry  Department  of 
the  Quebec  Government,  to  inspect  an  area 
of  about  three  square  miles  which  had 
been  lumbered  by  the  Laurentide  Co.,  Ltd., 
and  on  which  all  tops  had  been  lopped  to 
the  tips  of  the  trees.  The  results  were 
very  satisfactory;  the  brush  lying  flat  on 
the  ground  and  many  of  the  branches  al- 
ready beginning  to  decay.  The  woods,  it 
was  found,  were  left  in  good  condi- 
tion and  were  much  easier  to  travel 
through;  there  was  much  less  risk  of  fire, 


With  The  Forest  Engineers 


141 


and,  if  fire  should  start,  it  would  be  much 
easier   to   extinguish. 

On  July  15th  Mr.  Wilson  left  to  attend 
the  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Eastern  For- 
estors  as  the  guest  of  Dr.  Hugh  P.  Baker, 
Dean  of  the  forestry  Faculty  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Syracuse.  Foresters  from  all 
the  Eastern  States  were  present,  as  well  as 
professors  from  Yale,  Cornell  and  Syra- 
cuse Universities.  The  meetings  were  held 
at  the  fine  new  Ranger  School  at  Wana- 
kena,  on  Cranberry  Lake,  and  were  of  the 
greatest  interest,  the  discussion  on  top- 
lopping  being  especially  so.  It  was  agreed 
that  top-lopping  was  absolutely  essential 
from  the  standpoint  of  fire  protection  and 
reproduction,  both  in  soft  woods  and  hard- 
woods and  it  was  the  general  opinion  that 
it  was  not  feasible  or  necessary  to  pile  or 
burn  the  brush.  The  cost  derived  from  a 
number  of  experimental  plots  and  from  the 
experience  of  the  Adirondack  lumbermen, 
who  are  compelled  by  law  to  lop  their  tops, 
was  from  20  to  30  cents  per  thousand  feet, 
board  measure. 

A  very  interesting  experiment  was  tried 
by  representatives  of  the  Dupont  Nemours 
Powder  Company  for  the  benefit  of  the  as- 
sembled foresters.  In  an  old  lumber  slash 
piled  with  debris,  which  had  once  been 
run  over  by  fire,  dynamite  cartridges  were 
placed  in  the  ground  for  a  distance  of  over 
250  feet,  spaced  about  two  feet  apart  and 
set  by  making  a  hole,  by  hand,  with  a 
crow-bar  and  putting  in  the  cartridge, 
then  tamping  with  earth  rammed  down 
with  a  piece  of  broomstick.  The  depth 
of  the  holes  was  about  15  to  18  inches.  It 
took  about  an  hour  to  set  the  cartridges. 
The  slash  and  ground  were  then  sprinkled 
with  kerosene  oil  from  watering  cans  and 
set  on  fire.  As  the  flames  reached  the  line 
of  dynamite,  the  latter  was  exploded  by 
electricity,  and  when  the  smoke  had  clear- 
ed away  the  fire  was  found  to  be  stopped 
by  a  trench  about  three  feet  wide  and 
nearly  three  feet  deep,  blown  right  down 
into  the  mineral  soil,  and  leaving  the  soil 
so  loose  that,  had  it  been  necessary,  earth 
and  sand  in  any  quantity  was  available 
for  throwing  on  the  fire.  Dead  and-down 
logs  and  stumps  were  blown  out  of  the 
way.  For  all  but  a  very  bad  top  fire  this 
method  would  have  proved  eminently  sat- 
isfactory for  stopping  it  and  by  going 
sufficiently  far  ahead  of  a  forest  fire  and 
laying  dynamite  the  fire  could  either  be 
completely  stopped  or  could  be  narrowed 
down  very  quickly,  cheaply  and  surely. 
Experiments  were  tried  by  laying  the 
dynamite  on  top  of  the  ground,  but  the  re- 
sults were  without  value. 

Mr.  Wilson  then  went  to  the  meetitag 
of  the  Society  for  the  Protection  of  New 
Hampshire  Forests  in  connection  with  the 
Directors  of  the  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation at  Soo-nipi  Lodge,  Lake  Sunapee, 
N.H.    This  was  a  most  interesting  and  in- 


sa'uctive  meeting  and  many  notable  peo- 
ple were  present  and  spoke,  including  the 
Governors  of  Vermont  and  Maine,  the 
Bishop  of  New  Hampshire,  Drs.  Fernow 
and  Roth,  Profs.  Tourney  and  Chapman,  Dr. 
Rothrock  and  S.  B.  Elliot,  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Forestry  Commission,  Dr.  Henry  S. 
Drinker,  President  of  the  American  For- 
estry Association,  and  members  of  the 
U.  S.  Government  Service  and  foresters 
from  several  States. 

Dr.  Fernow 's  address  in  which  he  advo- 
cated planting  rather  than  natural  repro- 
duction was  very  important  and  interest- 
injT.  He  discussed  this  question  at  length, 
(luoting  German  experience  on  the  subject 
and  concluded  that  it  was  the  duty  of  the 
National  and  State  Governments  to  take 
up  planting  on  a  large  scale,  and  that  vig- 
orously. 

Dr.  Roth's  address  on  conditions  in 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin  was  very  inter- 
esting, as  was  that  of  Professor  Toumey 
on  European  conditions. 

Mr.  Wilson  spoke  on  Commercial  For- 
estry, and  advocated  planting  for  large 
corporations  and  especially  for  pulp  and 
paper  companies,  and  discussed  the  future 
supply  of  pulpwood  and  the  increasing  use 
of  balsam  fir  in  pulp-making.  He  also  de- 
scribed the  planting  experiments  of  the 
Laurentide   Co.,  Ltd. 

Mr.  G.  C.  Piche,  Chief  of  the  Quebec 
Forestry  Service,  Mr.  Wilson  reports,  has 
fourteen  parties  at  work  making  estim- 
ates and  growth  studies.  A  report  has 
been  made  on  forty  square  miles  show- 
ing the  amount  of  timber,  the  different 
species  and  their  rates  of  growth,  etc., 
and  is  a  very  important  piece  of  work. 
The  report  shows  that  we  must  modify  our 
ideas  as  to  the  amount  of  standing  timber 
and  lower  them  considerably. 


LUMBERMEN  AND   FORESTRY. 

Lumbermen  are  eonietimes  accused  of  hos- 
tility or  at  least  indifference  towards  scien- 
tific forestry,  but  this,  as  everyone  knows 
who  is  acquainted  with  the  facts,  is  not 
the  case.  At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  North 
Idaho  Forestry  Association,  composed  of 
lumbermen  and  timber  owners,  the  sum  of 
$58,000  was  placed  to  the  University  of 
Idaho  for  a  new  forestry  building  and 
equipment.  Officials  of  the  University  de- 
(!lare  that  sixty  per  cent  of  the  timber  now 
wasted  in  manufacture  may  be  saved,  and 
it  is  to  devise  methods  to  show  this  that 
the  new  building  is  required.  The  equip- 
ment includes  a  saw-mill  plant  for  the  use 
of  students  in  learning  the  i)ractical  side 
of  the  industry.  This  is  in  harmony  with 
the  action  of  the  Massachusetts  Lumber 
Manufacturers'  Association  in  supporting 
a  chair  of  applied  forestry  and  practical 
lumbering  in  the  Yale  University  Forest 
School,  for  which  the  Association  has  votejl 
$100,000. 


142 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  September,  1913. 


WORK  IN   THE   ROCKY   MOUNTAIN 
RESERVE. 

In  the  July  issue  of  'The  Rocky  Moun- 
tain Review'  whose  appearance  was  men- 
tioned in  these  columns  a  couple  of  months 
ago,  there  are  evidences  of  efficiency 
and  careful  management  on  the  part  of 
the  officers  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Forest 
Reserve.  A  series  of  tables  indicate  brief- 
ly the  exact  extent  of  the  work  carried 
on,  the  difficulties  encountered  and  the 
business  transacted.  Fires  are  divided  in- 
to three  classes,  of  which  class  A  are  small 
fires,  such  as  spreading  camp  fires,  not  cov- 
ering more  than  a  few  square  rods;  class 
B,  fires  requiring  assistance  and  extra  ex- 
pense, generally  not  covering  more  than 
five  acres;  class  C,  large  fires  requiring  ex- 
tra help  and  expense.  The  figures  in 
these  classes  for  the  quarter  ending  on 
June  1st  are  as  follows: — 21,  3,  and  9,  a 
total  of  33  fires.  Of  these  2  were  started 
by  railroad  construction,  22  by  locomo- 
tives, 1  through  clearing  land,  4  through 
camp  fires,  1  through  lightning,  1  through 
dropping  burning  match,  and  of  two  the 
causes  were  unknown.  Of  permanent  im- 
provements there  were  constructed  the  fol- 
lowing :-roads  7^  miles,  costing  $1,- 
032.13,  standard  trails  112  miles,  costing 
$4,086.87;  secondary  trails,  215  miles,  cost- 
ing $3,161.97,  telephone  lines,  51  miles, 
costing  $5,367.47,  fire  guards  330.5  miles, 
costing  $304.11.  There  were  also  erected  2 
district  ranger  stations,  at  a  cost  of  $2,- 
313.09,  13  ranger  cabins,  costing  $3,891.42, 
8  barns,  at  a  cost  of  $1,633.48,  6  bridges, 
costing  $4,074.34,  and  one  lookout  tower, 
costing  $28.31.  There  were  also  uncom- 
pleted projected  with  a  total  value  of  $4,- 
860,72.  In  timber  and  hay  receipts  the  re- 
serve officers  took  in  $31,221.  This  sum 
was  divided  as  follows: — Crow's  Nest,  $8,- 
979.39;  Bow  River,  $20,428.28;  Brazeau, 
$1,436.50;  Cooking  Lake  $28.45;  Cypress 
Hills,  $348.38. 


with  such  commonplace  subjects  as  lum- 
bering should  read  this  book.  They  will 
get  new  views  on  poetry  and  on  lumber- 
ing. The  first  volume  *In  Forest  Land' 
was  good:  *  The  Woods'  is  better  and  it 
proves,  both  that  Mr.  Malloch  is  a  real 
poet,  a  poet  with  good  red  blood  in  his 
veins  and  in  his  verse;  and  that  he  has 
the  strength  to  resist  the  current^  miscon- 
ception that  strength  consists  in  coarse- 
ness. Some  of  the  subjects  he  handles  are 
not  parlor  themes  but  somebody  ought  to 
handle  them,  to  make  them  live,  to  make 
the  careless  world  see  at  what  cost  of 
labor  and  lives  the  world's  comforts  are 
secured,  \vnile  there  is  no  imitating  of 
any  other  poet  some  of  the  lines  remind 
one  of  the  strongest  phrases  in  *  The  Sons 
of  Martha.'  And  through  it  all  the  poet 
never  loses  his  moral  bearings  or  his  op- 
timism. There  are  nearly  fifty  poems  in 
the  volume  many  of  which  we  would  like 
to  quote  such  as  'Children  of  the  Spring,' 
'  The  Pine  Tree  Flag, '  '  Down  Grade, '  '  The 
Soul,'  'The  Sky  Pilot,'  'Brothers  and 
Sons,'  but  lack  of  space  forbids  the  pre- 
sentation of  more  than  two  '  Possession ' 
and  'Today,'  which  are  here  given. 

POSSESSION. 

There's  some  of  us  has  this  world's  goods, 

An'  some  of  us  has  none — 
But  all  of  us  has  got  the  woods, 

An'  all  has  got  the  sun. 
So  settin'  here  upon  the  stoop 

This  patch   o'  pine  beside, 
I  never  care  a  single  whoop — 

Fer  I  am  satisfied. 

Now,  take  the  pine  on  yonder  hill: 

It  don't  belong  to  me; 
The  boss  he  owns  the  timber — still 

It's  there  fer  me  to  see. 
An',   'twixt  the  ownin'  of  the  same 

An'  smellin'  of  its  smell, 
I've  got  the  best  of  that  there  game, 

An'  so  I'm  feeJin'  well. 


DOUGLAS  MALLOCH 'S  NEW  BOOK. 

Douglas  Malloch  has  written  another 
book  and  the  American  Linnbcrman  has 
published  it.  In  case  some  do  not  recall 
the  work  of  this  writer  we  reprint  the 
real  foreword  which  appears  on  the  protec- 
tion cover.  'Douglas  Malloch'  is  a  western 
poet  who  has  spent  much  time  in  the  for- 
ests, writing  songs  for  lumbermen.  His 
poems  have  travelled  by  word  of  mouth 
from  pioneer  to  pioneer.  In  this  volume 
appears  ' '  Today ' '  which  has  been  reprint- 
ed a  hundred  times,  and  has  been  attribut- 
ed to  many  and  diverse  sources.' 
-Those    who    think    poetry    cannot    deal 


The  boss  in  town  unrolls  a  map 

An'  proudly  says  'It's  mine' 
But  he  don't  drink  no  maple  sap 

An'  he  don't  smell  no  pine. 
The  boss  in  town  he  figgers  lands 

In  quarter-sections  red; 
But  I  just  set  with  folded  hands 

An'  breathe    'em  in  instead. 

The  boss  his  forest  wealth  kin  read 

In  cent  and  dollar  sign; 
His  name  is  written  in  the  deed 

But  all  his  land  is  mine. 
There's  some  of  us  has  this  world's  goods 

An'  some  of  us  has  none — 
But  all  of  tis  has  got  the  woods, 

An '  all  has  got  the  sun. 


Notes 


143 


TODAY. 

Sure  this  world  is  full  of  trouble — 

I  ain't  said  it  ain't 
Lord!   I've  had  enough,  and  double, 

Reason  fer  complaint. 
Rain  an'  storm  have  come  to  fret  me, 

Skies  were  often  gray; 
Thorns  an'  brambles  have  beset  me 

On  the  road — but,  say, 
Ain't  it  fine  today! 

What's  the  use  of  always  weepin'; 

Makin'  trouble  last? 
What's  the  use  of  always  keepin' 

Thinkin'  of  the  past? 
Each  must  have  his  tribulation. 

Water  with  his  wine, 
Life  it  ain't  no  celebration. 

Trouble?  I've  had  mine — 
But  today  is  fine. 

It's  today  thet  I  am  livin' 

Not  a  month  ago, 
Havin',  losin',  takin',  givin', 

As  time  wills  it  so. 
Yesterday  a  cloud  of  sorrow 

Fell  across  the  way: 
It  may  rain  again  tomorrow, 

It  may  rain — but,  say. 
Ain't  it  fine  today! 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST    TREES 
and    shrubs    at    forest 
prices. 

Native  and  foreign  tree  seeds. 


Edye-de- Hurst  &  Son, 

Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

nniPPERfl    TO     H.    M.    OOVKRNMENT,     ETCX 


Cforrespondanee  J^an^aiM. 


SAWDUST  BRIQUETTES. 

A  new  industry  may  be  successfully 
combined  with  the  planing  mills — that  of 
making  of  the  sawdust  briquettes  to  be 
used  for  firing  under  the  boilers,  thus  con- 
siderably decreasing  the  cost  of  the  fuel 
to  the  mill  owner.  According  to  a  note  in 
a  recent  issue  of  the  Scientific  American, 
this  is  being  very  advantageously  done  in 
Germany.  The  sawdust  is  automatically 
gathered  and  conveyed  to  a  place  near  the 
presses.  From  here  it  is  carried  over  a 
heated  belt-conveyer  to  a  drying-room.  This 
is  a  cylindrical  revolving  drum  about  two 
feet  in  diameter  and  twenty  feet  long.  In 
this  drum  the  sawdust  is  partially  dried, 
the  pitch  contained  in  the  wood  is  softened, 
acting  hereafter  as  a  binder.  From  here 
the  sawdust  is  conveyed  over  an  incline  to 
the  after-dryer  of  the  same  shape  as  the 
first  dryer,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  press. 
Here  it  is  svibmitted  to  a  higher  tempera- 
ture to  drive  off  all  the  moisture,  and  kept 
running  forward  toward  the  end  of  the 
after-dryer  by  rotating  paddles.  At  the  end 
of  this  after-dryer,  the  sawdust  falls  through 
an  opening  into  the  trough  of  the  press. 

At  the  end  of  each  pressing  operation, 
which  takes  place  about  twenty-four  times 
a  minute,  a  briquette  is  made  about  5^ 
inches  by  2%  inches  by  1%  inch,  weighing 
between  one  half  and  three  quarters  of  a 
pound.  From  the  press  the  briquettes  are 
carried  by  another  belt-conveyor  to  a  cool- 
ing room,  and  are  then  ready  for  use. — 
Paper  Inc. 


TIMBER  CRUISES        ) 

FORESTRY  SURVEYS/      Fo^^^^yDept. 

Montreal  Engineering  Company,  Limited 

Consulting    &  Operating    Engineers 

*2ii      McGILL      STREET,      MONTREAL 
R.  O.  Sweezay,  General  Manager 


S:"^  STUMP  PULLER 


^sWSmith  Grubber  Co 

CATTiLOB  FREE-DEPT.  8.  LA  CRESCENT,  MINN; 


FOREST 

ENGINEERS.          | 

Forest  Surveys 

Logging  Maps      1 

TIMBER 

ESTIMATES                | 

Water  Power 

Water  Storage 

CLARK 

& 

LYFORD 

403  Crown  Building 

,  VANCOUVER 

UnivcrsilY  of 
New  Brai)swick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B, 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Eftabltshtd  in   igoS 

Four  years'  course  leading  to  the 
Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry.  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal   forest    work. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expenses     correspondingly    moderate. 


Ffir  further  infortnation  address'. — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University   Calendar  furnished 
on   application.       —        —       — 


C.  C.  JONES,  Chancellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 

at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syrcsk.cuse,  Ne-vv  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  ;  Post- 
graduate course  to  Master  of 
Forestry ;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  in  Catskills. 
Ranger  School  held  on  the 
College  Forest  of  2,000  acres  at 
Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 
State  Forest  Experiment  Station 
of  90  acres  and  excellent  Forest 
Library  offer  unusual  opportu- 
nities for  research  work.     : :    : : 

For  particulars  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER.  D.  Oeo.Dea.r\ 


BILTMORE, 


North  Carolina 


'THE  Biltmore    Forest  School   is  for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school    of    lumbering  and    forestry    in 
America.  The      Biltmore      Forest 

School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Biltmore;  summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  of  Ger- 
many. Q  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  any  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  of  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Forestry. 

Writ* /or  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,    addressing — 

THE  DIRECTOR,  BILTMORE.  N.C..  U.S. A 


NEW    HAVEN,   CONNECTICUT,    U.S.A. 

A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  offered  leading  to  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Forestry. 
The  Forest  School  is  a  graduate 
department  of  Yale  University 
requirini^  for  admission  a  collesre 
training.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, colleges,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions ot  high  standing  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  ot 
their  diplomas,  provided  they 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subjects  in  their  under- 
graduate work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Univeisity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoology,  Physics,  Inorganic 
Chemistry, Geology,  Econom  cs, 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  may  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  are  required 
in  addition  to  prestnt  evidence 
ot  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in  the  field  or  laboratory. 

The  school   year  begins  in 
early  luly  and  is  conducted  at 
the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  further  tMformatien  address 

JAHES  W.  TOUnEY,   Director 

NEW   HAVKN       -      -      .      -       CONNBOTMUT 


^^ 


/<<> 


Canadian  forestry  journal 


Vol.  IX. 


Ottawa,  Canada,  October,  1913. 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY  JOURNAL, 

Published  monthly  by  the 

Canadian    Forkstry    Associatio\, 

Canadian  Building, 

Ottawa,  Canada. 

Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forest  conservation. 

Subscription  $1  per  year. 

Advertising  Rates  on  Application. 

CONTENTS:  Page. 

Editorial 145 

An    Adequate    Plan:    Dr.    Fernow 147 

Quebec    Provincial    Nurseries 149 

Forest    School   Notes 150 

Norfolk   County    Replanting 151 

Protection  Along  Railways 153 

Dominion   Forest   Branch   Notes 154 

Forest    Products    Laboratory 154 

British    Columbia    Work 155 

Reserve    Regulations    Revised 157 

U.  S.  National  Conservation  Congress    .  .    .  .  157 

With  the  Forest  Engineers 158 

Quebec  Forest  Service 159 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 

Patron,  H.  R.  H.  the  Governor  General, 

Honorary  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

Honoraiy  Past  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laubieb. 

President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton. 

Vice-President,  Wm.   Power,    M.  P. 

Secretary,  Jab.  Lawler,  Canadian  Building, 

Slater  St.,  Ottawa. 

Treasurer,  Miss  M.  Robinson. 

Directors  :     William      Little,      Hiram     RobinsoDi 

Aubrey      White,     E.     Stewart      W.      B.      Snowball. 

Thomas  Southworth.   Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards,  Geo.  Y- 

Chown,   John    Hendry,    Hon.    Sydney   Fisher,   R.    H. 

Campbell,  J.  B.  Miller.  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr.  B.  E. 

Femow,    Ellwood    Wilson.    Senator    Bostock,    F.   C 

Whitman.  G.  C.  Pich6,  Alex.  MacLaurin:  Mgr.  O.  E. 

Matb!eu,  Bishop  of  Regina;  A.  P.  Stevenson,  Wm. 

Pearce,  C.  E.  E.  Ussher,   Denis  Murphy,   C.  Jackson 

Booth,   Wm,  Price,  J.   W,  Harkom.  A.  S.  Goodeve, 

W,    C.   J.   Hall,  J.  8.     Dennis,  J.    B.   White,    E.   J. 

Zavitx.  Geo.  Chahoon  Jr.,  R.  D.  Prettie, 

TefTlt>rtal  Vice-Presidents: 

Ontario:— Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 
Quebec: — Hon.  Jules  Allard. 
New  Brunswick: — Hon.  J.  H.  FlemmiDg. 
Nova  Scotia:— Hon.  O.  T.  Daniels. 
Manitoba:— Hod.  R.  P.  Roblin, 
Prince  Edward  Island: — Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson 
Saskatchewan  — Hb  Honor  G.  W.  Brown. 
Alljeru:- Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton. 
British  Columbia: — Hon.  W.  R.  Ross. 
Yukon: — Geo.  Black,  Commissioner. 
Maekenris:— F.  D.  Wilson. 
Keewatin: — His  Honor  D.  C.  Cameron. 
Ungava: — His  Grace  Mgr.  Brucbesi,   Archbishop  of 
Montr  eft]. 

145 


WINNIPEG    MEET 

The  report  of  the 
vention  has  now  been 
our  members.  While 
some  previous  reports  it  is  oi 
most  important  issued 
years,  and  all  our  members 
read  it  carefully.  It  should  be  in  the 
hands  of  every  member  before  this 
and  any  who  have  not  received  it,  or 
who  would  like  an  extra  copy  to 
send  to  some  one  who  might  be  in- 
terested in  forestry  should  notify  the 
Secretary.  Address  The  Secretary 
Canadian  Forestry  Association,  Can- 
adian Building,  Ottawa. 


FOUNDATION  WORK. 

In  taking  stock  of  the  forestry 
l)Osition  it  is  seen  that  there  has  been 
a  good  deal  of  activity  along  certain 
lines  with  delay  and  hesitation  along 
others.  There  is  more  machinery 
than  ever  before,  more  money  being 
sf)ent.  The  effort  must  now  be  to  so 
balance  the  effort  as  to  keep  the  cart 
behind  the  liorse.  What  is  needed  is 
organization,  co-ordination  and  the 
doing  of  first  things  first. 

The  statement  was  made  at  a  recent 
meeting  that  there  were  thirty-six 
forestry  schools  in  the  United  States, 
juid  that  now  nearly  every  state  had 
its  state  forester.  In  some  respects, 
tlierefore,  forestry  is  coming  on  with 
a  rush,  so  that  there  is  need  of  direct- 
ing this  force  into  right  channels. 
This  large  body  of  men  talking  about 
and  working  in  forestry  will  awaken 
interest.  The  state  foresters  in  their 
efforts  to  'make  good'  will  develop 
many  projects  that  should  have  been 


146 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  October  1913 


started  years  ago.  The  graduates  of 
forest  schools  will  open  out  useful 
work  in  directions  that  at  present 
are  not  thought  about.  The  case  for 
forestry  is  so  good  that  the  more  it  is 
talked  about  the  mor^  progress  is 
going  to  be  made. 

But  while  progress  is  being  made 
on  the  popular  side  foundation 
work  must  not  be  overlooked. 
The  whole  art  is  so  new  on  this  con- 
tinent that  however  sure  conserva- 
tionists are  of  the  necessity  and  pro- 
fit of  forestry,  the  man  in  the  street 
has  yet  to  be  convinced.  People 
would  be  aghast  if  told  by  responsible 
men  that  in  so  many  years  agriculture 
or  manufacturing  would  come  to  a 
stop,  but  the  public  either  does  not 
believe  the  forests  will  disappear  in 
the  periods  named  for  different 
areas,  or  it  does  not  realize  the  econ- 
omic results  of  that  disappearance. 

As  to  how  close  we  are  to  the  time 
when  our  virgin  forests  will  be  de- 
pleted, while  there  are  differences  in 
details  there  is  a  general  agreement 
that  it  will  not  be  long.  For  the 
United  States  the  National  Conserva- 
tion Commission  put  it  at  thirty 
years  from  1907  and  subsequent  in- 
vestigation has  not  materially  alter- 
ed their  conclusion.  In  Canada  some 
industries  are  largely  existing  on 
second  growth  timber,  while  indus- 
tries in  our  old  hardwood  belt  are  im- 
porting five  times  as  much  hardwood 
as  we  produce.  It  takes  from  sixty 
to  one  hundred  years  to  grow  a  tim- 
ber tree.  If  our  virgin  timber  is  go- 
ing to  disappear  in  less  than  half  a 
century  then,  even  if  we  start  refor- 
esting now,  there  is  going  to  be  a 
gap  between  the  old  and  the  new. 
And  we  have  not  started  reforesting 
either  by  natural  regeneration  or  by 
planting. 

But  even  more  serious  than  this  is 
the  fact  that  the  thing  we  say  we 
believe  we  ought  to  do  we  are  not 
undertaking  as  if  we  meant  it. 
Everybody  is  agreed  there  should  be 


fire  protection,  that  our  existing  sup- 
plies should  be  harvested  without 
waste,  and  that  cut  over  areas  that 
are  absolute  forest  land  should  be 
allowed  to  grow  up  again  into  tim- . 
ber,  even  if  we  do  not  go  the  length 
of  seeding  or  planting. 

One  of  the  most  vital  things  re- 
quired to  get  efficiency  in  carrying 
out  work,  all  agree  to  be  necessary, 
is  the  extension  of  civil  service  re- 
form to  the  outside  services  federal 
and  provincial.  The  Ottawa  Citizen 
dealing  with  this  matter  says:^ — 

The  position  of  the  outside  government 
servant,  not  appointed  by  the  Civil  Service 
Commission,  is  demoralizing  and  humiliat- 
ing to  a  degree.  No  matter  how  efficient 
the  outside  government  servant  may  be,, 
merit  is  not  taken  into  consideration  when 
the  question  of  promotion  comes  under 
review.  The  permanent  officials  at  head- 
quarters are  not  allowed  to  appoint,  dis- 
miss or  promote  an  outside  servant  with- 
out the  approval  of  the  political  hierarchy. 

The  newspaper  is  here  discussing 
the  customs  service  but  the  argu- 
ment applies  with  even  more  force  to 
the  forest  services  because  the  men 
are  miles  away  from  the  eye  of 
superiors  and  from  the  restraining 
and  correcting  force  of  public  notice 
and  public  opinion.  Urging  the  ex- 
tension of  civil  service  regulations  to 
the  outside  services  is  not  as  pleasant 
and  popular  work  as  opening  for- 
estry schools  or  securing  the  appoint- 
ment of  state  or  provincial  foresters 
but  it  appears  to  be  the  most  neces- 
sary work  now  before  the  Canadian 
Forestry  Association  and  indeed  be- 
fore the  Canadian  people.  There  is  no 
reason  to  doubt  the  intention  of  the 
Dominion  Government,  to  extend 
civil  service  reform  to  the  outside 
services  but  the  pressure  against  this, 
is  tremendous  on  the  part  of  party^ 
workers  and  it  is  only  fair  to  the- 
Government  and  to  governments, 
generally  that  the  friends  of  forest 
conservation  should  throw  their 
weight  on  the  scales  that  the  balance 
ma}^  be  in  favor  of  reform. 


A  Plan  Adequate  To  Meet  Our  Needs 

For  Timber. 

Synopsis  of  an  Address  by  Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow  at  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Society 
for  the  Protection  of  New  Hampshire  Forests. 


Dr.  Fernow  began  by  stating  that  there 
was  probably  now  nobody  who  had  not 
grasped  the  idea  that  the  fundamental  ob- 
ject of  forestry  was  to  reproduce  the  for- 
est crop  which  we  had  used,  and,  if  pos- 
sible, in  better  form.  Looking  over  the 
United  States  there  was  little  attempt  at 
reproduction.  The  population  was  still 
growing,  and  while  a  reduction  in  con- 
sumption, from  the  present  250  cubic  feet 
per  capita  per  year  to  something  like  the 
consumption  of  European  countries,  was 
inevitable  this  change  would  not  be  made 
readily. 

Dr.  Fernow  then  quoted  from  the  report 
of  the  National  Conservation  Commission 
to  the  effect  that  the  cut  was  more  than 
twice  the  annual  growth  and  that  there 
was  then  (1907)  hardly  thirty  years  sup- 
ply in  sight,  so  there  was  no  time  for  dilly 
dallying. 

He  urged  that  fire  protection  and  con- 
servative logging  would  not  meet  the  need 
as  these  were  concerned  with  the  utiliz- 
ation of  the  existing  crop  but  did  nothing 
to  insure  a  new  crop. 

It  was  true  that  fire  protection  was 
essential  to  forestry  as  no  one  would  in- 
vest money  with  a  high  fire  hazard  but 
fire  protection  had  been  so  much  improv- 
ed of  late  years  that  the  time  was  more 
propitious  for  pressing  for  reforestation. 

Holding  that,  in  spite  of  substitutes, 
timber  would  continue  to  be  used  and 
would  continue  to  increase  in  price,  and 
also  that  the  natural  regeneration  method 
of  timber  reproduction  would  be  found 
nearly  as  costly  and  far  less  effective  than 
replanting  he  wished  to  go  on  record  as 
holding  the  opinion  that  'our  future  needs 
can  not  be  satisfactorily  and  adequately 
provided  for  until  we  take  recourse  to 
planting  operations  on  a  large  scale..' 

Within  twenty  years  the  United  States 
would  have  reached  the  point  where  vir- 
gin timber  in  which  natural  regeneration 
might  still  be  practiced  would  be  near  its 
end.  The  country's  needs  must  then  be 
supplied  chiefly  from  the  so-called  second 
growth  and  volunteer  growth;  and  the 
area  capable  of  restocking  only  by  arti- 
ficial means  would  have  increased  prob- 
ably to  250,000,000  acres,  over  half  the 
remaining  forest  soil.  (Dr.  Fernow  estim- 
ated that  in  1907  the  forest  area  of  the 
United  States  was  580  million  acres).  Then 
the  people  would  be  forced  to  plant 
whether  they  believed  in  that  method  or 
not. 


It  was  useless  to  expect  private  enter- 
prise to  undertake  this  task  owing  to  the 
long  time  element  involved.  The  railways, 
needing  a  constant  supply  of  ties,  and 
paper  companies,  whose  big  plants  were 
built  with  the  idea  of  continuous  forest 
supplies,  might  embark  in  tree  planting, 
but  Dr.  Fernow  was  afraid  that  for  the 
rest  they  would  have  to  abandon  the  idea 
of  individual  endeavor  and  learn  that 
community  interests  must  be  attended  to 
by  the  community.  In  the  end  only  the 
state  and  the  municipality  could  be  ex- 
pected to  provide  for  a  distant  future. 
There  were  foolish  notions  abroad  as  to 
the  distance  of  that  future  and  how  long 
it  took  to  grow  a  log  tree.  With  most 
species  in  most  localities  nothing  could  be 
expected  in  less  than  60  to  100  years. 

He  had  no  cut  and  dried  plan  for  this 
except  to  set  every  state  forester,  state 
commission  and  forestry  association  think- 
ing, to  make  them  realize  that  their  busi- 
ness was  not  only  to  conserve  existing  re- 
sources but  to  create  new  ones,  and  to 
recognize  that  this  was  a  more  serious 
matter  than  could  be  met  by  the  distri- 
bution of  a  few  thousand  trees  to  private 
planters;  that  it  required  systematic  pro- 
cedure on  a  large  scale. 

Each  state  forester  should  make  a  can- 
vass of  his  state  to  ascertain  what  lands 
could  be  left  to  private  planting  and  what 
to    municipal    or    state    enterprise.  He 

should  work  out  a  plan  of  state  co-opera- 
tion which  might  take  the  form  in  the  case 
of  municipalities,  besides  furnishing  plant 
material  and  advice,  of  pledging  the 
state's  superior  credit  for  raising  the 
necessary  funds  by  bond  issues  for  acquir- 
ing and  reforesting  waste  lands  and  in  re- 
turn securing  supervisory  power  for  the 
state.  For  New  England  municipal  action 
was  perhaps  t^ie  most  promising  although 
in  general  direct  state  control  might  be 
preferable. 

Dr.  Fernow  gave  the  following  example 
to  illustrate  the  method  of  procedure. 

*  Let  us  assume  that  a  town  has  bought 
5,000  acres  of  waste  lands,  which  it  could 
secure  for  say  $15,000,  borrowing  the 
money  from  the  state  at  'i%;  the  5,000 
acres  to  be  planted  in  a  25  year  campaign; 
that  is  at  the  rate  of  200  acres  per  year, 
at  a  cost  of  $8  per  acre;  the  annual  outlay 
of  $1,600  to  be  furnished  by  the  state  from 
year  to  year,  when  the  interest  charges 
will  be  $450  on  the  original  investment 
and  a  series  of  interest  payments  of  $48, 


147 


148 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  October,  1813 


increasing  annually  by  $48.  The  loans 
will  then  in  the  twenty-fifth  j'ear  have  ac- 
cumulated to  $55,000  and  the  interest  ac- 
cumulations to  $26,870  or  $1,075  per  year, 
and  the  highest  last  annual  charge  $1,650, 
amounts  not  difficult  to  raise.  After  the 
planting  is  finished  the  annual  interest 
charge  remains  stable  at  $1,650.  Now 
each  year  200  acres  may  be  thinned  and 
every  five  years  the  thinning  repeated.  A 
net  result  of  $2  per  acre  for  the  first  thin- 
ning (at  that  time  wood  prices  will  be 
higher)  $3  for  the  second,  and  $3.50  for 
every  subsequent  thinning  would  be  a  rea- 
sonable assumption.  In  other  words  for 
the  first  five  years  after  loans  and  plant- 
ing have  been  completed  the  interest 
charges  are  met  to  the  extent  of  $400,  in 
the  second  quinquennium  to  the  extent  of 
$700  and  in  the  third  quinquennium  a  sur- 
plus begins  to  appear.  Now  arrangements 
for  refunding  the  load  may  be  made  at 
once,  or  else  merely  interest  may  be  con- 
tinued to  be  paid  out  of  returns  for  thin- 
nings, the  town  receiving  small  incomes 
until  the  sixtieth  year,  when  the  first  200 
acres  may  come  to  harvest  yielding  not 
less  than"^  $120,000  (likely  much  more  at 
that  time)  wiping  out  the  loan  and  leaving 
a  property  worth  several  million  dollars 
producing  annual  revenue. 

'AH  that  the  state  has  done  is  to  lend 
its  credit,  not  one  cent  is  given  in  charity, 
and  the  town  has  made  no  expenditure  ex- 
cept for  the  care  of  the  property. 

*  That  these  calculations  are  not  chimeri- 
cal may  be  learned  from  the  experiences  of 
France. 

*  Here  the  state  reforested  during  the 
last  century  200,000  acres  of  sand  dunes 
at  a  cost  of  $2,000,000.  Of  this  75,000 
acres  were  sold  reimbursing  the  total  cost 
of  the  200,000  acres  and  $140,000  to  boot, 
and  leaving  a  property  now  valued  at 
$10,000,000. 

'In  the  Landes  the  state,  municipality, 
and  private  owners  planted  nearly  1,- 
750,000  acres  at  a  cost  of  $10,000,000,  the 
value  of  the  recovered  properties  being 
now  placed  at  $100,000,000  based  on  their 
annual  production. 

*  Some  200,000  acres  of  poor  land,  un- 
healthy useless  waste,  in  La  Sologne  was 
planted  by  a  private  association  at  a  cost 
of  $5  per  acre.  These  lands  which  fifty 
years  ago  could  not  be  sold  at  $4  per  acre 
now  bring  in  over  $3  per  acre  annual 
revenue,  being  valued   at  $18,000,000. 

'  These  are  actual  results  achieved  and 
not  fancies  or  forecasts. ' 

Dr.  Fernow  went  on  to  apply  this  to 
larger  areas.  In  New  England  he  esti- 
mated there  were  five  million  acres  im- 
mediately ready  for  planting.  This  on  a 
twenty-five  year  campaign  would  necessi- 
tate planting  200,000  acres  per  year.  Some 
planting  was  now  being  done  but  in  the 
face  of  these  figures  did  present  work  not 
look  amateurish  and  inadequate? 


Such  an  area  (which  was  twice  the  for- 
est area  of  Bavaria  and  Baden  combined, 
producing  $10,000,000)  planted  with  white 
pine  at  $10  per  acre  and  properly  man- 
aged would  produce  annually  its  2,000,000 
M  feet  of  lumber  worth  even  at  present 
ptumpage  prices  $20,000,000  and  be  an 
ample  supply  for  any  population  that 
might  then  be  located  in  New  England. 

Finally  Dr.  Fernow  applied  his  figures 
to  the  United  States  and  pointed  out  that 
now  the  federal  government  wa^  giving 
aid  to  reclamation  schemes,  good  roads, 
waterways,  etc.,  it  would  not  be  out  of  the 
way  to  include  reforestation  in  this  list. 

In  1970,  by  which  time  the  most  ad-' 
vanced  of  the  forests  planted  now  would 
begin  to  mature,  Dr.  Fernow  estimated 
that  the  population  of  the  United  States 
would  have  become  225,000,000,  and  as- 
suming that  the  per  capita  use  of  timber 
had  decreased  to  that  of  England,  14  cubic 
feet  per  year,  this  would  require  the  cut 
of  close  to  1,000,000  acres  per  year  of  first 
class  forest  growing  for  sixty  years  at  the 
rate  of  four  hundred  feet  B  M  per  year. 
To  keep  up  a  continuous  supply  60  million 
acres  must  be  in  that  producing  condition. 
The  probability  was  that  not  less  than 
100  million  acres  would  be  required  to  sat- 
isfy  all    needs   for   wood   materials. 

Since  less  than  $20  per  acre  would  be 
required  for  planting  and  interest  account, 
an  annual  loan  of  $20,000,000  for  sixty 
years, — two  dreadnoughts  a  year — would 
be  ample  provision.  Dr.  Fernow 's  con- 
cluding summary  of  his  plan  was  as  fol- 
lows: 

(1)  Each  state  to  ascertain  its  quota 
of  planting  area,  classified  for  systematic 
procedure  in  its  recovery. 

(2)  A  co-operative  financial  arrange- 
ment by  which  municipalities  may  secure 
the  credit  of  the  state,  and  states  the 
credit  of  the  federal  government  for  the 
purpose  of  acquiring  and  recovering  their 
quota. 

(3)  State  planting  to  be  done  on  a  large 
scale. 

'If  I  have  not  developed  a  very  definite 
and  adequate  plan  to  meet  our  need  for 
wood  and  timber  in  the  future  I  hope  I 
have  at  least  opened  up  a  line  of  thought 
which  mav  tend  to  its  formulation. ' 


ME.  MALLOCH'S  POEMS. 

Some  requests  have  been  made  for  in- 
formation in  regard  to  Douglas  Malloch  's 
new  book  of  poems  *  The  Woods '  which 
was  reviewed  in  the  September  number 
of  The  Vnundian  Forestry  Journal.  Mr. 
Malloch  ia  the  Associate  Editor  of  the 
American  Lumberman,  431  South  Dear- 
born St.,  Chicago,  111.  The  American  Lun\- 
berman  Co.  are  the  publishers  of  the  book, 
and  inquiries  in  regard  to  it  may  be  ad- 
dressed to  them. 


Quebec  Provincial  Nurseries* 

Description  of  the  Forest  Nursery  Station  at  Berthierville. 


The  Secretary  recently  paid  a  visit 
to  the  Quebec  Government  Forest 
Nursery  near  Berthierville.  This 
nursery,  which  consists  of  about 
sixty  acres,  is  situated  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  near 
the  town  of  Berthierville,  and  nearly 
opposite  the  city  of  Sorel.  The  site 
is  well  chosen  both  as  to  the  charac- 
ter of  the  soil  and  for  convenience 
in  shipping  the  little  trees  by  rail 
and  water.  The  farm  house  and 
barns  have  been  fitted  up  for  the  use 
of  the  resident  forester,  and  accom- 
modation is  provided  for  the  stu- 
dents who  in  the  spring  do  the  work 
of  preparing  the  beds,  sowing  the 
seed  and  transplanting  the  seedlings 
into  the  nursery  rows. 

The  species  chiefly  grown  are  pine 
and  spruce.  White  and  red  pine  oc- 
cupy a  large  place,  and  the  nursery 
is  also  making  a  thorough  test  of 
Scotch  pine,  w^hich  promises  to  do 
particularly  well  in  the  Province  of 
Quebec.  Tamarack  and  European 
larch  are  also  grown  extensively, 
and    another    conifer    that    promises 


well  is  the  red  fir,  the  seed  of  which 
was  brought  from  Idaho.  Of  de- 
ciduous trees,  the  ash,  elm  and  maple 
are  the  chief  representatives,  black 
walnut  six  years  from  the  seed  is 
about  nine  feet  high,  and  some 
Eui'opean  walnut  planted  two  years 
ago  is  also  making  good  growth.  As 
an  experiment  there  are  some  speci- 
mens of  tulip  trees  or  yellow  poplar 
being  grown,  and  while  this  tree  has 
been  frozen  down  the  last  two  wint- 
ers to  about  three  feet  above  the 
ground,  it  is  hoped  eventually  to  ac- 
climatize it. 

The  Secretary  w^as  shown  over  the 
nursery  by  Mr.  G.  C.  Piche,  Chief  of 
the  Forest  Service,  who  pointed  out 
that  the  nursery  had  now"  reached  a 
size  of  five  hundred  beds.  In  these 
there  were  a  few  failures,  but  in 
nearly  every  case  the  reason  for 
these  was  known,  and  as  the  work 
proceeds  these  can  be  avoided  in 
future.  The  nursery  has  also  been 
equipped  with  a  water  system  which 
will  materially  improve  the  working 
conditions. 


View  in  Quebec  Oovernment  Nurseries  Berthierville,  Que.,  looking  toward  St.  Law- 
rence Eiver. 


149 


150 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  October,  1913 

FOREST  SCHOOL  NOTES. 


The  opening  of  another  college  year 
finds  professors  and  students  returning  to 
work,  fresh  and  enthusiastic. 


BIR.  G.  C.  PICHE,  Chief  Forester  of  auebeo. 

From  this  nursery  there  are  sent 
out,  first  the  trees  for  the  planting 
of  the  sand  lands  in  settled  districts, 
which  is  becoming  an  important  fea- 
ture of  Quebec  work;  and  also  the 
trees  furnished  to  farmers  for  the 
planting  of  their  woodlots.  These 
latter  are  sent  out  at  a  nominal  cost, 
and  the  nursery  will  be  enlarged  as 
rapidly  as  the  demand  from  these 
two  sources  increases. 


TREES. 

I  think  that  I  shall  never  see 
A  poem  lovely  as  a  tree. 

A  tree  whose  hungry  mouth  is  prest 
Against  the  earth's  sweet  flowing  breast; 

A  tree  that  looks  at  God  all  day. 
And  lifts  her  leafy  arms  to  pray; 

A  tree  that  may  in  summer  wear 
A  nest  of  robins  in  her  hair; 

Upon  whose  bosom  snow  has  lain; 
Who  intimately  lives  with  rain. 

Poems  are  made  by  fools  like  me, 
But  onlv  God  can  make  a  tree. 

JOYCE  KILMER. 


While  definite  information  is  not  yet  to 
hand  it  is  expected  that  the  number  of 
students  at  the  Faculty  of  Forestry,  Uni- 
versity of  Toronto,  will  be  about  the  same 
as  last  year. 


The  Quebec  school  reports  a  somewhat 
decreased  number  of  students  this  year, 
owing  to  higher  standard  for  entrance. 
The  wisdom  of  so  raising  the  standard, 
however,  will  certainly  be  shown  in  future 
years.  Mr.  G.  C.  Piche,  the  Director, 
writes: — 

The  Forest  School  of  Quebec  has  re- 
opened with  a  new  class  of  nine  students, 
of  whom  three  are  Bachelors  of  Arts.  The 
direction  having  raised  the  standard  of 
the  examinations  for  entrance,  very  few 
candidates  were  able  to  satisfy  the  new 
requirements,  hence  the  diminution  in  the 
number  of  new  students;  yet  the  number 
in  attendance,  comprising  the  other  class- 
es, will  be  about  thirty-five. 


Prof.  R.  B.  Miller,  of  the  Forestry  De- 
partment, of  the  University  of  New  Bruns- 
wick writes:  We  have  about  thirty-five 
students  enrolled  in  forestry,  viz.,  four 
Seniors,  five  Juniors,  fifteen  Sophomores, 
and  eleven  Freshmen.  Out  of  a  Fresh- 
man class  of  thirty-six  in  the  University, 
eleven  enrolled  for  the  forestry  course.  The 
men  returning  from  the  West  are  full  of 
enthusiasm  and  new  plans  to  be  carried 
out,  and  this  promises  to  be  a  very  suc- 
cessful year.  Among  the  new  lines  which 
will  be  attempted  will  be  a  small  lumber- 
ing operation  on  the  college  lands,  the 
building  of  three  miles  of  telephone  line 
to  the  camp,  the  making  of  trails  and 
roads,  a  continuance  of  the  work  in  estim- 
ating on  the  college  lands,  with  a  rough 
working  plan  for  the  same,  a  topographic 
survey  of  the  college  grounds  b}'  the  Sen- 
iors and,  possibly,  a  new  course  in  forest 
entomology  given  by  the  Provincial  En- 
tomologist. The  woods  are  in  fine  condi- 
tion this  fall,  as  there  has  not  been  much 
rain,  and  until  cold  weather  a  large 
amount  of  field-work  will  be  carried 
through.  The  cutting  of  cordwood  and 
logs  will  allow  a  further  chance  for  work 
in  the  winter  months.  The  Seniors  have 
been  assigne<l  the  new  Victoria  Mills  of 
Donald  Fraser  and  Sons,  Limited,  upon 
which  they  are  to  make  a  report.  This 
mill  is  equipped  with  a  double-cutting 
band-saw  and  all  the  modern  appliances 
for  manufacturing  lumber,  lath  and 
shingles. 


Replanting  in  Norfolk,  Ont. 


The  following  article  is  abbreviated 
from  the  London  Free  Press  which  news- 
paper also  kindly  loaned  the  accompany- 
ing engravings. 

There  is  perhaps  no  other  section  of 
country  in  Ontario  which  has  gone  through 
the  successive  changes  that  may  now  be 
traced  in  the  lower  part  of  Norfolk 
County,  in  the  famous  sand-blown  lands 
near  St.  Williams.  Nor,  possibly,  any- 
where in  Ontario,  is  there  a  movement  that 
has  more  of  interest  in  the  results  that  are 
being  produced  than  this  joint  w^ork  of  re- 
forestation and  producing  treelets  for  the 
whole  province  that  is  being  carried  ou 
here.  For  the  work  that  the  Ontario  Gov- 
ernment is  carrying  on  at  its  nursery  sta- 
tions here  is  of  a  double  character,  being 
applied  not  only  to  sand  ridges  of  Norfolk 
County  but  made  also  the  center  from 
which  go  out  all  over  Ontario  the  little 
trees  that  some  day  will  be  turned  into 
wealth  for  this  province. 

From  this  Norfolk  nursery  station  there 
are  now  being  sent  out  each  year  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  little  treelets.  These  go 
to  farmers,  to  municipalities  and  to  com- 
panies owning  timber  lands.  The  City  of 
Guelph  two  or  three  years  ago  set  out 
property  a  few  miles  outside  the  city.  It 
is  the  belief  of  the  Guelph  waterworks 
board  that  eventually  they  will  have  a 
steady  revenue  coming  in  from  their  forest 
area.  On  the  property  there  was  consid- 
erable standing  timber  when  it  was  pur- 
chased. A  certain  amount  has  been  cut 
out  and  sold  at  intervals  and  this  will  be- 
come a  regular  practice  when  the  forest 
area  has  been  further  developed. 


Norfolk  County  Changes. 

Norfolk  County,  where  the  Government 
work  is  carried  on,  was  one  of  the  earliest 
settled  counties  of  western  Ontario.  There 
were  settlers  in  this  district  at  the  opening 
of  last  century,  many  of  them  United  Em- 
pire Loyalists.  The  men  who  came  in  first 
found  the  whole  country  a  forest  and  faced 
the  task  of  clearing  up  their  land  before 
they  could  grow  anything.  It  was  a  task 
the  nature  of  which  is  hard  to  appreciate 
in  these  days  w^hen  the  older  counties  are 
so  well  cleared  up.  The  farm  which  now 
forms  the  center  of  the  Government's 
operations  was  settled  as  early  as  1804,  yet 
in  1908  it  was  bought  by  the  forestry 
branch  for  $5  an  acre,  and  other  near-by 
farms  have  been  sold  at  a  figure  equally 
low.  The  reason  is  that  in  the  century  of 
its  existence  this  farm  property  had  under- 
gone changes  which  made  the  price  paid 
all  that  it  was  really  worth.  From  forest 
to  farm  was  the  first  transformation,  then 
followed  many  years  of  tilling,  during 
which  its  occupants  'never  allowed  any- 
thing in  the  nature  of  a  crop  to  get  above 
the  ground  without  taking  it  off. '  The 
result  was  inevitable.  Year  by  year  the 
productive  power  decreased;  eventually 
there  were  fields  that  did  not  return  suf- 
ficient to  pay  for  the  labour  put  upon 
them,  then  the  owners  and  tenants  moved 
elsewhere  or  took  up  some  other  work.  The 
abandoned  farm  followed,  saddest  sight  of 
all  in  this  land  of  good  farms  and  rich  or- 
chards and  gardens. 

The  Sand  Ridges. 

Those  who  travelled  through  South  Nor- 


IN  NORFOLK  COUNTY. 


Wf^'^^V 


This  gives  an  idea  of  how  tlie  soil  has  disappeared  since  the  forest  was  cut  away 
and  shows  how  young  trees  are  again  taking  root. 

151 


152 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  October,   1913 


folk  10  years  ago,  along  the  branch  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  that  runs  from  Sim- 
coe  to  Port  Rowan,  saw  stretches  of  al- 
most absolutely  barren  sand  ridges,  stumps 
of  trees  showing  up  above  the  drift,  once 
in  a  while  an  old  shed  or  a  wagon  half 
buried  in  the  sand.  It  was  a  dismal  pros- 
pect after  passing  through  the  lovely  farm 
and  orchard  country  further  north  in  .this 
county.  Yet  it  was  the  very  prospect  that 
one  day  was  to  attract  the  attention  of  a 
man  who  could  see  the  possibilities  of  im- 
provement. 

That  man  came  in  the  person  of  Prof. 
E.  J.  Zavitz,  who  had  charge  of  the  for- 
estry work  at  the  Ontario  Agricultural 
College,  and  who  was  sending  out  from 
the  nurseries  connected  with  the  college 
the  little  treelets  that  were  required  by 
the  farmers  of  the  province  to  restore 
their  wood  lots.  He  saw  the  possibilities 
of  a  work  in  Norfolk  County  that  would 
restore  in  considerable  measure  the  use- 
fulness of  these  stretches  of  abandoned 
sand  lands.  When  the  situation  was  set 
forth  to  the  provincial  department  he  was 
authorized  to  move  the  Government's  for- 
est nurseries  from  Guelph  to  the  new  sta- 
tion at  St.  Williams  and  to  begin  the 
planting  of  these  sandy  tracts  with  trees 
suited  to  the  locality.  The  idea  in  the 
minds  of  the  officers  of  the  department 
was  that  such  a  plantation  would  demon- 
strate to  the  farmers  of  Ontario  how  best 
to  proceed  with  the  reforestation  of  such 
lands  elsewhere,  in  large  or  small  tracts, 
and  would  also  demonstrate  that  reforesta- 
tion of  considerable  blocks  of  these  lands 
could  be  profitably  undertaken  by  muni- 
cipalities or  by  individuals  who  could  wait 


the  time  required  for  returns.  For  refor- 
estation does  not  give  its  return  at  once; 
it  is  a  slow  process  to  build  up  a  forest 
that  has  disappeared. 

Large  Tracts  Treated. 

The  work  began  with  the  purchase  by 
the  department  of  300  acres  of  ridge  land. 
This  has  been  increased  until  now  there  is 
five  or  six  times  this  area  in  process  of 
reclamation.  Seedbeds  and  nursery  rows 
have  been  set  out,  and  some  of  the  worst 
hills  those  whose  tops  were  blowing  into 
the  adjacent  valleys  and  coveriug  up  the 
fairly  good  land  there,  have  been  planted 
out.  These  small  trees,  though  planted  in 
what  seems  a  veritable  sandbank,  without 
a  blade  of  grass  to  be  seen  for  acres,  have 
done  well,  and,  small  as  they  are,  have 
held  the  sand  from  blowing.  Fields  fairly 
level  and  available  for  nursery  beds  have 
been  sown  to  rye,  cowpeas,  clover,  etc.,  and 
the  soil  enriched  by  turning  in  the  crop. 
The  results  have  been  astonishing  in  many 
cases. 

From  these  nursery  beds  hun(ireds  of 
thousands  of  seeding  trees  go  out  to  On- 
tario farmers  and  others.  The  demand  is 
increasing  year  by  year  as  the  value  of  the 
work  becomes  known  and  the  experiments 
which  are  constantly  under  way  at  the 
station  are  bringing  together  information 
that  materially  assists  in  the  whole  fores- 
try movement.  The  trees  set  out  in  per- 
manent location  on  the  plantations  include 
black  locust,  jackpine,  Scotch  pine  and 
white  and  red  pine,  while  experiments  are 
also  being  conducted  with  ash,  walnut,  oak 
and  butternut.  It  has  been  found  that  the 
black  locust  thrives  best  of  all  on  these 
Norfolk    sand    hills,   though   jackpine    and 


Planting  Seedlings  in  Nursery  Bows. 


Protection  along  Railways 


153 


Scotch  pine  are  close  seconds.  The  black 
locust  has  the  very  useful  power,  like 
clover  in  this  respect,  of  enriching  the  soil 
in  which  it  grows  by  the  colonies  of  bac- 
teria which  adhere  to  its  roots.  Thus, 
quite  outside  of  its  use  as  timber,  it  is 
useful  as  a  culture  plant.  The  wood, 
though  not  well  known  in  Canada,  is  high- 
ly valued  for  work  requiring  toughness 
and  firmness.  Insulator  pegs,  vehicle  and 
railway  car  timbers  and  fence  posts  are 
uses  to  which  it  is  now  put. 

On  a  recent  visit  to  the  station  at  St. 
Williams,  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst,  Minister  of 
Lands,  Forests  and  Mines,  expressed  him- 
self as  astonished  and  delighted  with  the 
work  that  was  under  way  and  the  progress 
that  was  shown.  He  further  declared  that 
the  movement  would  have  his  still  warmer 
sympathy  and  support  since  he  had  seen 
for  himself  what  was  being  done. 


PROTECTION   ALONG   RAILWAYS. 

One  of  the  things  that  is  demanding 
attention  is  the  protection  of  forests  along 
railway  lines  by  the  clearing  of  debris 
from  a  strip  two  hundred  feet  wide  on 
each  side  of  the  right-of-way.  Mr.  Clyde 
Leavitt,  Chief  Fire  Inspector  for  the  Can- 
adian Railway  Commission  writes  of  this 
subject: 

*  Provision  should  be  made,  by  either 
legislative  or  administrative  action  or 
both,  of  all  the  Provincial  Governments  of 
Canada,  for  the  enforced  removal  of  in- 
flammable debris  on  lands  adjacent  to 
railway  rights  of  way.  This  is  absolutely 
essential  to  a  reasonable  degree  of  safety 
from  fire,  of  forests  and  other  property 
along  railway  lines.  The  Dominion  Rail- 
way Act  requires  that  railways  operating 
under  Dominion  charters  shall  maintain 
their  rights  of  way  free  from  dead  and 
dry  grass,  weeds  and  other  combustible 
matter.  The  Railway  Commision  enforces 
this  provision.  It  also  requires  the  use 
of  the  best  fire-protective  appliances  on 
the  engines  and  also  that  the  railway  com- 
panies maintain  patrols  and  take  adequate 
steps  in  reporting  and  extinguishing  rail- 
way fires. 

'  Engines  still  throw  some  sparks,  how- 
ever, and  fires  along  railway  rights-of-way 
are  started  as  well  by  smokers,  tramps, 
and  numerous  other  agencies,  either  care- 
less or  malicious,  llnless  imme<liatoly  «lis- 
covered  and  extinguished,  fires  starting  on 
the  right-of-way  quickly  spread  to  a<ljac- 
ent  lands,  where,  in  the  ease  of  forest 
lands,  the  almost  Universal  presence  of 
large  quantities  of  dea<l,  inflammable  ma- 
terial, facilitates  the  rapi<l  spread  of  the 
fire,  and  renders  extinguishing  difficult, 
if  not  impossible.  This  situation  is 
especially  bad  in  the  case  of  the  large 
areas  of  cut-over  lands,  which  so  gener- 


ally parallel  the  railway  lines  in  the  non- 
agricultural  sections. 

*  If  the  laud  or  timber  owners  removetl 
this  material  on  a  strip  two  hundred  feet 
wide  outside  the  right-of-way,  on  each  side 
of  the  track,  it  would  enormously  increase 
the  efficiency  of  the  measures  which  the 
railway  companies  are  required  to  take, 
and  would  without  question  decrease  to  a 
remarkable  extent,  the  destruction  from 
fires  along  railway  lines.  Not  only  would 
the  destruction  of  much  private  property 
be  avoided,  but  large  quantities  of  young 
forest  growth  on  cut-over  lands  would  be 
given  a  chance  to  reach  maturity,  instead 
of  being  burned  over  periodically  and  so 
being  kept  in  a  perpetual  state  of  unpro- 
ductivity. 


THE  FIRE  BUG  AND  THE  EAST  WIND. 

E.    T.   Allen,    Forester,    Western   Forestry 
and  Conservation  Association. 

'It's  time  to  hit  the  trail  again,' 

The  careless  camper  said. 
And  left  his  little  fire  ablaze 

Within  its  leafy  bed. 

'I'll  light  another  cigaret,' 

The  idle  loafer  said, 
And  chucked  his  old  snipe  in  the  brush 

One  end  still  glowing  red. 

'No,  I'll  not  burn  my  slash  this  spring,' 

The  moss-back  logger  said, 
'I'll  trust  to  God  and  luck  again; 

Expense  is  what  I  dread.' 

'Let's  punch  the  screen  out  of  the  stack,' 

The  donkey  fireman  said, 
And  so  he  did,  and  all  the  sparks 

Sailed  blithely  overhead. 

'Come  on,  we'll  <lump  our  ashes  now,' 

The  railroad  trainmen  said, 
The  train  soon  fanned  tliem  far  and  wide 

As  on  its  way  it  sped. 

'Good  time  to  fire  my  slashing  now,' 

The  thrifty  rancher  said, 
And  touched  it  off  without  a  thought 

Of  how  far  it  might  spread. 

'I'll  think  I'll  blow  an  hour  or  two,' 

The  rcHtless  east  wind  said, 
Then  liked  it  so  he  changed  his  mind 

And  blew  a  week  instead. 

'Millions  in  lives  and  timber  lost,' 

The   nowHpaj)ers  next  said. 
What  made  those  fires  all  start  at  once. 

We  wondered  as  we  rca<i. 

'It  wasn't  us,  it  was  that  wind,' 

The  fools  in  chorus  said. 
So  they're  alive  and  loose  this  year, 

— We  hope  the  wind  is  dead. 


154 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  October,  1913 


DOMINION  FORESTRY  BRANCH. 

Notes  of  Work  and  Workers. 

The  reconnaissance  surveys  are  now 
nearly  all  complete  and  the  students  in 
charge  are  preparing  to  return  to  the  Uni- 
versities to  complete  their  course  in  For- 
estry. The  forest  surveyor  must  be  a  man 
of  parts  for  many  unforseen  difficulties 
have  to  be  met  and  over  come  in  penetrat- 
ing the  tangled  tree-growth  and  brule  of 
the  muskegs  and  mountains  of  Western 
Canada.  Mr.  Doucet,  in  charge  of  a  party 
near  Smoky  River,  writes:  'A  forester 
needs  to  be  here,  besides  all  other  profes- 
sional titles,  a  real  bushman,  an  all-man 
and  a  jumper.'  C.  H.  Morse,  who  crossed 
the  outer  mountain  ranges  to  explore  the 
hinter  lands  of  the  Rockies  in  Northern 
Alberta,  had  great  difficulty  with  the 
snow  in  the  passes,  and  on  one  occasion 
while  returning  to  camp,  the  party  was 
caught  in  a  canyon  by  a  blizzard  and  were 
forced  to  spend  the  night  there;  an  experi- 
ence one  seldom  gets  the  opportunity  of 
repeating. 

*  *  « 

Mr.  Lionel  Stevenson  has  completed  an 
examination  and  soil-analysis  of  the  sand 
lands  temporarily  reserved  on  the  Sas- 
katchewan prairies  by  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment, and  with  the  exception  of  the 
area  around  Good  Spirit  Lake,  has  found 
them  unsuited  for  agriculture.  H6  also  re- 
commends that  the  strip  of  rough  hill  land 
bordering  on  the  Saskatchewan  River  be 
set  apart  for  forestry  purposes,  as  the  thin 
soil  and  porous  gravel  subsoil  make  agri- 
culture impracticable,  while  if  tillage  is 
permitted,  erosion  will  result  and  naviga- 
tion be  impeded  in  the  river  by  the  forma- 
tion of  bars  and  islands.  • 


Owing  to  the  increasing  efficiency  of  the 
fire  protective  patrol  on  the  timber  areas 
of  the  Dominion  Government  in  Western 
Canada,  the  fire-loss  this  year  is  probably 
the  smallest  ever  recorded.  It  is  the  in- 
tention of  the  Forestry  Branch  to  prepare 
statistics  on  forest  fire  losses  in  Canada  in 
1912. 

•   •   • 

There  are  now  twenty-seven  technically 
trained  foresters  in  the  permanent  employ 
of  the  l^ominion  Forestry  Branch. 


The  Forest  Nursery  Station  at  Indian 
Head  has  already  this  season  distributed 
nearly  two  and  three-quarter  million  trees 
to  prairie  farmers,  making  a  total  of 
twenty-three  million  trees  distributed  up 
to  date.  The  demand  has  so  increased 
that  the  Forestry  Branch  found  it  neces- 
sary to  establish  a  branch  nursery  near 
Saskatoon  which  will  have  seedlings  ready 
for  distribution   next   spring. 


FOREST  PRODUCTS  LABORA- 
TORY. 

Mr.  A.  G.  Mclntyre,  who  is  in 
charge  of  the  Dominion  Government 
Forest  Products  Laboratory  at  Mc- 
Gill  University  has  been  visiting  the 
United  States  Forest  Products  La- 
boratory at  Madison,  Wisconsin.  He 
reports  a  satisfactory  and  profitable 
visit.  This  laboratory  and  its  sub- 
sidiary laboratories  were  established 
in  1910  at  a  large  cost,  $100,000  hav- 
ing been  spent  on  work  on  ground 
wood  problems  alone.  The  two  great 
achievements  to  the  credit  of  this  in- 
stitution are  the  adaptation  of  the 
sulphate  process  to  the  southern 
pines  and  in  mechanical  pulp.  Mr. 
Mclntyre  is  back  in  Canada  and  be- 
ginning work  in  his  new  office. 


AFFORESTATION   IN   BRITAIN. 


In  an  article  on  'Afforestation  in  the 
United  Kingdom'  in  Science  Pro{jresf<,  it  is 
shown  that  only  3,071,047  acres  of  land  in 
the  United  Kingdom  are  in  forests  or  4 
per  cent,  of  the  total  area,  or  .07  acre  per 
capita.  In  only  one  European  country  is 
the  percentage  as  low,  namely  Portugal, 
but  the  area  per  capita  here  is  larger. 
Even  Hollamd  has  7  per  cent,  of  her  area 
in  woodland,  while  France  has  18  per 
cent.,  Germany  26  per  cent.,  Russia  37  per 
cent.,  and  Sweden  48  per  cent.  Finland 
leads  the  European  nations  with  63  per 
cent.  Thus  it  is  that  practically  all  of  the 
timber  used  in  England  must  be  imported 
and  the  imports  of  hewn  and  sawn  timber 
in  1909  amounted  to  140,000,000. 


ANTICOSTI  ISLAND. 

Henri  Menier,  the  French  chocolate 
manufacturer  who  died  recently,  was 
chiefly  known  to  Canadians  because  of  his 
purchase  of  the  Island  of  Anticostj  in  1895 
for  $125,000.  The  island  which  lies  in  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  is  135  miles  long 
and  40  miles  wide.  Mr.  Menier  spent  large 
sums  of  money  in  developing  the  island 
and  in  recent  years  a  large  amount  of  pulp- 
wood  has  been  produced  which  has  been 
shipped  to  Ontario  mills. 


British  Columbia  Forest  \A/ork. 


Bird's  Eye  View  of  Conditions  in  the  Pacific  Province. 


Mr.  H.  E.  MacMillan,  Chief  Forester  of 
British  Columbia  writes  as  follows: — 

*  Following  up  your  excellent  system  of 
securing  information  from  the  different 
forest  organizations  each  month  I  am  send- 
ing herewith  a  short  synopsis  of  our  work 
this  last  month.  You  will  probably  re- 
ceive information  as  to  different  details  of 
our  work  from  other  members  of  our  staff, 
therefore,  I  shall  only  refer  shortly  to  gen- 
eral policies. 

*I  have  just  returned  from  a  series  of 
meetings  which  have  been  held  by  the 
Minister  of  Lands  to  discuss  with  the  lum- 
bermen and  timber  owners  of  the  Province 
an  equitable  system  which  might  be  adopt- 
ed for  the  increase  of  the  rates  of  royalty 
charged  on  timber  cut  from  Crown  land. 
It  is  purposed  to  increase  the  rate  of 
royalty  as  it  is  believed  that  the  timber 
now  being  logged  is  worth  more  to  the 
public  than  the  50c  royalty  now  collected. 

'Many  different  systems  of  increasing 
royalty  were  brought  forward  by  the  lum- 
bermen, among  them  being  the  grading  of 
the  timber  and  the  increase  of  the  rate  on 
the  high  grades  and  the  collection  of  the 
royalty  as  a  percentage  of  the  value  of  the 
timber  sold.  At  these  meetings  oppor- 
tunity was  taken  to  discuss  with  the  lum- 
bermen the  fire  protection  work  of  the 
Forest  Branch  and  arrangements  were 
made  to  have  the  timber  owners  of  the 
Province  appoint  advisory  committees  who 
would  work  with  the  Forest  Branch  in 
improving  and  supervising  the  fire  pro- 
tective work. 

'The  past  fire  season  has  been  most  suc- 
cessful. The  Forest  Branch  has  had  at 
work  41.5  men  in  addition  to  60  men  who 
are  employed  by  the  railroads  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Forest  Branch.  The 
expenditure  for  patrol  has  been  over  $200,- 
000,  the  highest  expenses  per  month  being 
about  $50,000.  Arrangements  were  made 
for  the  employment  of  100  extra  men 
through  the  fire  season,  but  owing  to  the 
weather  it  was  not  necessary  to  call  out 
this  emergency  force.  Thirty-seven  boats 
were  used  by  the  Forest  Branch  in  fire 
protection  this  summer. 

'Improvement  work  is  being  carried  on 
throughout  the  Province  and  at  the  pre- 
sent moment  nearly  600  miles  of  telephone 
line  are  under  construction  and  1,200  miles 
of  trail.  Most  of  this  is  being  paid  for 
from  the  fire  protection  fund;  in  some 
cases  lumbermen  are  contributing  towards 
the  cost  of  work  which  is  being  carried 
on  by  the  Forest  Branch.  The  most  not- 
able   fire    protection    improvement    under 


construction  is  the  cable  telephone  line 
connected  with  the  heavily  timbered  is- 
lands between  Vancouver  Island  and  the 
mainland  north  of  Vancouver  in  which  dis- 
trict is  at  present  the  heaviest  timber  cut 
in  Canada,  the  output  over  a  small  area 
being  about  one  billion  feet  per  year,  also 
a  telephone  line  which  has  been  construct- 
ed to  a  lookout  point  on  the  summit  of 
Mount  Baker  near  Cranbrook;  this  line 
reaches  an  altitude  of  7,200  feet  and  is 
believed  to  be  the  highest  telephone  point 
in  Canada.  From  its  terminus  may  be  se- 
cured a  view  of  an  area  of  over  2,000 
square  miles  in  the  water-sheds  of  the  Co- 
lumbia, Kootenay  and  St.  Mary  rivers.  A 
lookout  will  be  stationed  at  this  point 
throughout  the  fire  season  and  will  be  able 
to  send  to  the  office  of  the  District  For- 
ester at  Cranbrook  first  intimation  of  any 
fires  occuring  in  the  most  valuable  timber 
holdings  of  the  Crows  Nest  District. 

*A  complete  system  of  trails  and  look- 
out points  connected  with  telephone  is  be- 
ing completed  in  the  irrigation  districts 
around  the  Okanagan  Lake;  this  system 
will  be  perfected  this  fall  and  should  pre- 
vent any  further  fires  in  the  important 
watersheds  in  this  region. 

'Arrangements  have  recently  been  made 
whereby  the  Forest  Branch  undertakes  the 
inspection  of  lands  before  they  are  open 
for  settlement  in  order  that  timbered  and 
non-agricultural  lands  may  be  kept  in  re- 
serve for  forest  purposes.  About  a  dozen 
parties  are  now  in  the  field  engaged  at  this 
work.  All  lapsed  timber  licenses  and 
leases  are  examined  by  the  Forest  Branch 
before  action  is  taken  towards  their  dis- 
position and  all  areas  on  which  there  is 
merchantable  timber  or  which  are  unfit 
for  agriculture  are  reserved  for  forest 
purposes.  Field  examinations  have  recent- 
ly been  made  of  the  watershed  of  Sey- 
mour and  Capilano  Creeks  north  of  Van- 
couver, from  which  Vancouver  and  sur- 
rounding municipalities  derive  their  water, 
and  recommendations  have  been  made  that 
the  forested  watersheds  of  these  creeks  be 
set  ui)art  as  forest  reserve. 

'The  fire  season  which  is  now  about  over 
in  the  Province  has  resulted  very  favor- 
ably. There  are  about  1,800  miles  of  rail- 
roa<l  under  construction  through  timbered 
land  in  the  Province.  Construction  was 
carried  on  clearing  right  of  way  and  work- 
ing in  the  timber  through  the  summer  and 
although  a  large  number  of  fires  were 
started  they  were  all  extinguished  by  for- 
est officers  before  any  damage  resulted. 
The  total  area  burned  over  by  fires  start- 


155 


156 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  October,  1913 


ing  from  railroads  under  construction  was 
less  than  three  square  miles,  similarly  fires 
resulting  from  operating  railroads  were 
kept  under  strict  control. 

'There  were  between  ten  and  eleven 
thousand  permits  issued  to  settlers  for  the 
clearing  of  land;  in  all  cases  the  areas  to 
be  burned  over  were  first  inspected  by  fire 
wardens  and  no  fires  resulted  from  this 
cause.  The  sentiment  in  British  Columbia 
towards  the  permit  law  is  extremely  fav- 
orable and  this  law  has  worked  out  so  sat- 
isfactorily that  it  is  to  be  recommended 
to  the  other  provinces  of  the  Dominion. 
Between  800  and  900  fires  occured  during 
the  past  summer,  all  but  95  were  exting- 
uished by  the  fire  wardens  without  any 
extra  cost;  the  average  cost  of  extinguish- 
ing the  95  for  which  assistance  was  re- 
quired was  less  than  $50.00  per  fire.  This 
small  cost  of  fire  fighting  is  due  to  the 
system  of  patrol  employed  in  all  districts 
where  the  fire  danger  was  great,  to  the 
use  of  boats  on  all  water  ways  which  en- 
abled wardens  to  get  to  fires  rapidly,  and 
to  the  fact  that  the  fire  hazard  is  being 
constantly  decreased  through  the  cleaning 
up  of  roads,  burning  of  slash  and  the  mak- 
ing of  fire  breaks  which  is  lieing  carrie'd 
on  under  the  direction  of  the  Forest 
Branch. 

'The  Forest  Branch  still  continues  to  re- 
ceive applications  for  the  purchase  of 
small  areas  of  timber;  eight  parties  are 
now  in  the  field  cruising  timber  for  sale. 
During  the  past  two  or  three  months  the 
dullness  of  the  lumber  business  has  inter- 
fered with  logging  on  several  of  the  tim- 
ber sales  and  has  made  it  advisable  to  de- 
lay the  completion  of  pending  timber  sales 
if  the  timber  is  to  be  sold  for  its  possible 
market  value.  The  largest  transaction 
now  pending  is  the  sale  of  500  million 
feet  of  timber  chiefly  hemlock  to  the  Brit- 
ish Columbia  Sulphite  and  Fibre  Company 
for  the  manufacture  of  chemical  pulp,  the 
cutting  period  on  this  sale  will  be  between 
twenty  and  thirty  years  and  the  officers  of 
the  Forest  Branch  are  finding  it  difficult 
to  devise  a  system  of  revising  the  stump- 
age  price  periodically  in  order  to  protect 
the  Government  interests  and  to  be  fair 
to  the  Company.  A  very  careful  exam- 
ination is  being  made  of  the  tracts  to  be 
cut  over  in  order  to  render  possible  the 
framing  of  regulations  which  will  protect 
and  encourage  the  reproduction  of  the 
forest.  This  sale  when  completed  will 
embody  practically  all  forest  regulations 
and  should  be  of  interest  in  Eastern  Can- 
ada where  sales  of  pulp  timber  to  compan- 
ies are  frequently  taking  place.  • 

*  The  Government  has  recently  inaugur- 
ated a  new  policy  of  handling  grazing  on 
public  lands  by  the  permit  system,  the 
administration  of  grazing  on  all  unalien- 
ated public  lands  in  the  Province  has  been 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Forest  Branch. 


There  are  large  areas  in  different  portions 
of  the  Province  where  there  are  almost  un- 
limited possibilities  for  summer  grazing 
and  some  possibilities  for  winter  stock  in 
the  open.  An  investigation  is  now  being 
made  of  this  by  the  Forest  Branch  and 
reports  will  soon  be  issued. 

'Dr.  H.  N.  Whitford  has  recently  ar- 
rived in  Victoria  and  will  co-operate  with 
the  Forest  Branch  in  completing  a  recon- 
naissance of  the  Forest  reserves  of  the 
Province. 

'J.  M.  Swaine,  Assistant  Dominion  En- 
tomologist, has  in  co-operation  with  the 
Forest  Branch  examined  the  chief  lumber- 
ing regions  of  the  Province  in  order  to  ob- 
tain if  possible  information  of  any  dam- 
age by  forest  insects.  This  investigation 
has  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  serious 
damage  by  bark  beetles  in  yellow  pine  but 
up  to  date  no  other  timber  of  commercial 
importance  has  been  found  to  be  affected. 

'All  logging  operations  in  British  Co- 
lumbia are  carried  on  under  authority 
from  the  Forest  Branch  and  in  order  that 
forest  officers  may  keep  in  sufficiently 
close  touch  with  the  work  in  the  different 
operations,  prevent  trespass,  undue  waste 
and  illegal  handling  of  timber,  instruc- 
tions have  recently  been  issued  to  have  all 
logging  operations  inspected  at  least  once 
in  three  months  and  reported  to  the  Chief 
Forester. ' 


THE  DANGEROUS  CIGAEET. 

A  leading  Ottawa  lumberman,  whose 
firm  has  suffered  rather  heavily  from  fire 
in  the  past  season,  in  speaking  to  The  Can- 
adian Forestry  Journal  called  attention  to 
a  new  danger  which  threatens  not  only  the 
timber  owner  but  also  the  owner  of  pro- 
perty in  towns  and  cities.  This  danger  is 
the  great  increase  of  the  cigaret  habit. 
Our  railways  are  now  practically  wholly 
constructed  by  foreign  laborers  who  are 
inveterate  cigaret  users.  The  cigaret  re- 
quires much  more  constant  lighting  than 
the  old  fashioned  pipe,  and  the  burning 
matches  are  thrown  carelessly  down 
wherever  the  man  happens  to  be  with  the 
result  that  fires  get  into  the  slash  and 
from  that  into  the  green  timber  along  the 
line  of  the  railway.  An  even  greater 
danger  arises  from  the  fact  that  when  the 
man  is  through  with  the  cigaret  he  throws 
the  glowing  stub  down  with  equal  care- 
lessness, and  fires  start  as  a  result.  In 
towns  and  cities  cigaret  smokers  throw 
burning  stubs  down  gratings,  over  fences 
or  into  boxes  or  barrels.  Inflammable  ma- 
terial is  likely  to  lie  in  such  places  and 
thus  our  flre  losses  in  towns  as  well  as  in 
the  forest  rise  to  a  proportion  that  is  noth- 
ing short  of  criminal. 


Reserve  Regulations  Revised. 

More  Adequate  Provision  for  Grazing  and  Fire- Protection. 


The  new  Regulations  for  Dominion  For- 
est Reserves,  which  became  law  in  August, 
1913,  are  in  some  respects  much  superior 
to  the  oM  regulations  of  1906.  These 
latter  maile  no  adequate  provision  for 
grazing,  in  fact,  it  was  prohibited  except 
bv  special  permit  from  the  Director  of 
Forestry,  and  could  only  be  obtained  by 
an  actual  settler  in  the  vicinity  of  a  For- 
est Reserve  in  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan 
or  Alberta,  and  then  only  for  fifty  head 
of  cattle.  But  the  new  Regulations  are 
framed  to  encourage  grazing  rather  than 
discourage  it,  for,  not  only  settlers,  but 
also  ranchers  and  non-resident  land-own- 
ers, can  now  obtain  permits  from  the  local 
forest  officer  to  graze  cattle  to  the  full  ex- 
tent of  the  range  capacity  of  such  Re- 
serves, as  determineil  by  the  Director. 
The  number  of  head  which  each  cattle- 
owner  is  allowed  to  pasture,  is  determined 
by  the  number  of  applicants  for  permits 
and  the  range  capacity  of  the  Reserve,  the 
minimum  number  being  fixed  by  a  '  graz- 
ing unit '  based  on  the  number  of  cattle 
which  can  be  carried  through  the  winter 
by  a  homestead  or  small  ranch.  The  min- 
imum dues  for  cattle  and  horses  shall  be 
five  cents  per  head  per  month  and  the  max- 
imum shall  be  ten  cents  per  head  per 
month,  the  dues  for  sheep  being  one-fourth 
of  those  for  cattle.  As  many  applications 
have    already   been    received    for    grazing 


permits,  it  is  likely  that  the  revenues  of 
the  Dominion  forest  reserves  will  be  sub- 
stantially augmented  by  this  "new  law. 

Quite  as  important  from  the  standpoint 
of  the  forester  are  the  improvements  in 
the  regulations  regarding  fire-protection  on 
Dominion  Forest  Reserves.  Previous  laws 
provided  for  the  maintenance  of  plowed 
fire-guards  and  the  clearing  of  rights-of- 
way  within  Reserves,  and  also  for  the 
maintenance  of  fire-rangers  by  the  rail- 
ways during  the  construction  of  the  same, 
but  in  the  case  of  railways  not  subject  to 
the  control  of  the  Board  of  Railway  Com- 
missioners, no  regulations  had  been  made 
previous  to  those  of  1913,  for  the  main- 
tenance of  fire-patrols  by  railways  in  ac- 
tual oiieraiion  within  Reserves. 

These  new  regulations  also  requires  that 
all  timber-cutting  upon  the  Reserves  shall 
be  done  under  the  control  of  the  forest- 
officers,  permittees  and  existing  licensees 
being  required  to  dispose  of  tops,  of 
branches  and  other  debris,  to  prevent,  as 
far  as  possible,  the  danger  from  fires. 
Lopping  of  branches  and  piling  of  brush 
is  already  required  of  all  settlers  and 
others  cutting  small  lots  by  permit. 
Whether  licensees  lumbering  large  areas 
wnthin  the  Reserves,  can  be  induced  to 
take  similar  precautions  against  fire  is  con- 
jectural.—G.  E.  B. 


United  States  National  Conservation  Congress. 

Washingrton,  Nov.  18-20,  1913. 


The  Fifth  National  Conservation 
Congre.ss  has  been  called  to  meet  in 
Washington,  D.C.,  Nov.  18-20,  1913. 
While  the  Congress  will  take  up  the 
whole  subject  of  conservation, 
special  attention  is  to  be  given  this 
year  to  the  subject  of  forestry.  It 
has  been  decided  that  at  least  two 
full  sessions  of  the  Congress  will  be 
devoted  to  forestry  matters.  Special 
committees  have  been  at  work  since 
the  last  Congress  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Forestry  Committee,  of 
which  Chief  Forester  Henry  S. 
Graves  is  the  Chairman,  investigat- 
ing subjects  of  importance  to  for- 
esters and  lumbermen,  and  these 
committees  are  to  make  their  report 
at  the  meeting.  The  President  of  the 
United  States  is  expected  to  address 


the  Congress.  Members  of  the  Cab- 
inet, Senators  and  Representatives, 
the  Chiefs  of  the  government  bur- 
eaus and  the  representatives  of  prac- 
tically every  State,  will  be  heard. 
There  will  be  a  number  of  important 
social  functions,  including  a  recep- 
tion by  the  President  of  the  United 
States.  The  headquarters  will  be 
the  New  Willard  Hotel,  Washing- 
ton, in  the  assembly  halls  of  which 
most  of  the  sessions  will  be  held.  The 
President  of  the  Congress  is  Mr. 
Chas.  Lathrop  Pack  and  the  Secre- 
tary Mr.  Thos.  R.  Shipp,  New  Will- 
ard Hotel,  Washington,  D.  C,  from 
whom  information  in  regard  to  rail- 
way rates,  registration,  membership, 
etc.,  may  be  obtained. 


157 


With  the  Forest  Engineers^ 


{Contributed  by  the  Canadian  Society  of  Forest  Engineers.) 


In  Northern  British  Columhia. 

H.  S.  Irwin,  District  Forester  at  Prince 
Eupert,  writes: — 

'For  the  last  seven  months  I  have  been 
stationed  in  Prince  Rupert,  and  have  been 
attempting  to  cover  a  district  over  three 
hundred  miles  in  length  wnth  several  thou- 
sand miles  of  shore  line,  by  means  of  a 
''dinky''  motor-boat.  There  are  innumer- 
able small  logging  outfits  scattered  along 
the  coast,  and  this,  with  the  fire  patrol, 
keeps  us  pretty  busy.' 

H.  C.  Kinghorn  writes  as  follows  from 
Hazelton: — 

'At  present  I  am  holding  down  the  posi- 
tion of  Forest  Assistant  in  the  Hazelton 
Forest  District, — which  takes  in  all  the 
central  part  of  northern  British  Columbia. 
I  arrived  here  the  latter  part  of  May,  1913, 
having  been  transferred  from  Fort  George, 
where  I  spent  the  previous  nine  months  on 
reconnaissance  and  general  timber-admin- 
istration work.  Our  chief  work  here  so  far 
has  been  forest  fire-protection,  —  and 
thanks  to  the  weather  conditions  and  the 
good  generalship  of  the  District  Forester, 
Mr.  R.  E.  Allen,  lately  District  Fire  Ward- 
en of  Revelstoke,  the  season  has  been  very 
successful  from  that  standpoint,  as  fires 
have  been  very  few  and  occasioned  little 
expense.  We  are  now  working  on  per- 
manent improvements  for  a  better  system 
of  fire-protection,  and  plan  for  the  con- 
struction of  several  short  trails,  a  tele- 
phone line  and  several  cabins  for  our 
guards'  permanent  head-quarters,  and  for 
a  place  in  which  to  keep  our  fire-fighting 
equipment.  This  district  is  not  over-stock- 
ed at  present  with  merchantable  timber, 
on  account  of  forest,  fires  having  swept 
over  a  large  area  of  it,  but  many  places, 
especially  the  watersheds  are  still 
covered  with  a  good  growth  of  young  trees. 
If  our  forestry  principles  are  carried  out 
this  will  be  protected  for  the  future  wel- 
fare of  the  country.  This  is  an  immense 
country,  most  of  which  is  still  undevelop- 
ed, and  its  real  value  is  still  unknown.' 

In  the  Rockies. 
W.  N.  Millar,  District  Inspector  of  Do- 
minion Forest  Reserves  for  Alberta,  sends 
a  brief  note  suggestive  of  the  strenuous 
life  of  the  West.  He  writes,  under  date 
of  August  28th,  as  follows: — 'I  am  at  the 
same  old  thing — three  weeks  in  the  moun- 
tains on  bacon  and  beans,  and  one  week 
of    double    time    in    the    office,    trying    to 


avert  the  wrath  to  come.  I  leave  for  my 
final  long  field  trip  of  this  season  in  a  few 
days,  and  will  be  out  for  six  or  seven 
weeks  on  the  Bow,  Clearwater  and  Bra- 
zeau,  if  three  high  passes  I  must  cross 
don't  snow  up  before  I  get  to  them.  The 
season  has  been  fairly  successful  so  far. 
Practically  no  fires  as  yet,  but  verv  dry 
weather  for  the  past  two  weeks,  which  I 
am  now  beginning  to  get  anxious  about; 
it  is  bound  to  break  in  the  next  two  weeks 
with  the  annual  September  big  snow,  but 
there  may  be  trouble  in  the  meantime.' 

Southern  British  Columbia. 

From  Cranbrook,  B.  C,  G.  H.  Prince 
writes: — 

'In  June,  1912  I  was  assigned  to  special 
examination  work  in  the  interior  of  the 
province,  working  at  Creston,  Waldo, 
Cranbrook  and  Aspen  Grove.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1912,  I  was  appointed  Forest  Assist- 
ant in  the  Cranbrook  District,  working 
with  J.  D.  Gilmour,  District  Forester. 
During  last  winter  I  examined  over  one 
hundred  logging  operations,  travelling  a 
great  deal  on  snowshoes,  and  enjoved  the 
work  very  much.  The  greater  part'  of  this 
season  has  been  spent  in  land  and  timber 
examinations,  trail,  telephone  and  lookout 
construction,  besides  a  small  amount  of 
office  work. 

I  have  found  the  work  very  interesting 
and  very  full  of  good  experience  which 
should  prove  of  great  value  to  me  in  the 
future. ' 

R.  H.  Campbell,  Director  of  Forestry, 
recently  returned  to  Ottawa  after  a  trip 
of  inspection  in  the  Western  provinces, 
occupying  nearly  three  months. 

A.  H.  D.  Ross,  of  the  Faculty  of  For- 
estry, University  of  Toronto,  paid  a  short 
visit  to  Ottawa  recently  on  his  return 
from  his  summer's  work  as  Consulting 
Forester  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way's Department  of  Natural  Resources, 
most  of  his  time  being  spent  in  Calgary. 
On  his  return  he  spent  a  short  time  at  the 
United  States  Forest  Service  Forest  Pro- 
ducts Laboratory  at  Madison,  Wis.,  where 
research  work  of  much  interest  is  being 
carried   on. 

R.  B.  Miller,  professor  of  forestry  at  the 
University  of  New  Brunswick,  paid*  a  short 
visit  to  Ottawa  recently  after  his  season's 
work  with  a  numbier  of  his  students  in 
the  woods  in  the  Maritime  Provinces. 


158 


Quebec  Forest  Service  Notes 


159 


QUEBEC  FOREST  SERVICE  NOTES. 

Most  of  the  forest  engineers  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Department  are  now  return- 
ing from  their  field  explorations. 

Mr.  B.  Guerin,  F.E.,  has  completed  the 
examination  of  seven  townships,  making  a 
complete  inspection  of  all  the  lots  which 
have  been  sold  or  patented,  and  classify- 
ing the  lands  still  vacant.  This  is  the 
first  time  thai;  the  Department  of  Lands 
and  Forests  has  inspected  the  patented 
lots,  as  well  as  those  still  unpatented,  in 
the  endeavor  to  ascertain  with  more  exact- 
ness what  is  the  movement  of  colonization 
and  the  need  of  more  lands  to  be  occupied. 

Mr.  Geo.  Boisvert,  F.E.,  after  visiting 
several  townships  in  the  counties  of  Mont- 
magny  and  L  'Islet,  is  now  completing  the 
exploration  of  a  portion  of  the  upper  basin 
of  the  River  St.  John,  in  the  county  of 
Kamouraska,  in  order  to  determine  the 
forest  value  of  these  tracts  and  what  sec- 
tions of  them  should  be  set  aside  for  col- 
onization purposes.  He  reports  very  good 
forests  and  a  small  area  of  arable  land 
which  will  allow  of  the  creation  of  a  new 
parish. 

Mr.  L.  J.  D.  Marquis,  F.E.,  has  spent 
the  summer  making  an  inventory  of  the 
basin  of  the  Assemetquagan  river,  cover- 
ing over  three  hundred  square  miles. 
Though  some  sections  are  burned,  the  rest 
consists    of    a    good    stand    of    spruce    and 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST     TREES 
and    shrubs    at    forest 
prices. 

Native  and  foreign  tree  seeds. 


Edye-de- Hurst  &  Son, 

Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

8HIPPERB    TO     H.    M.    GOVERNMENT,     ETO 


CorrespoTidance  PranJgaise. 


balsam  fir  of  very  good  size.  Mr.  Marquis 
has  also  done  good  work  in  the  control  of 
operations  of  local  saw-mill  owners  and 
wood-buyers. 

Mr.  Ernest  Menard,  F.E.,  has  just  arriv- 
ed from  his  exploration  of  the  upper  basin 
of  the  Peribonka,  where  he  has  found  some 
good  forest  land,  very  suitable  for  pulp 
and  paper  mills. 

Mr.  Laliberte,  F.E.,  who  is  working  iu 
the  upper  basin  of  the  Mistassini,  which  is 
next  to  Peribonka,  on  the  northern  shore 
of  Lake  St.  John,  will  not  return  till  the 
end  of  next  month.  He  sends  word  that 
the  work  is  going  on  well  and  all  the  mem- 
bers of  his  party  are  in  good  health. 

Mr.  H.  Kieffer,  F.E.,  has  completed  the 
inspection  of  Eolland  township,  on  the 
Kouge  river,  and  of  Robertson  township, 
on  the  Lievre  river,  which  were  requested 
by  settlers. 

Mr.  Henri  Roy,  F.E.,  after  making  a 
brief  reconnaissance  of  the  forest  condi- 
tions in  the  townships  of  Remigny,  Mont- 
reuil,  Villars,  Beauneville,  Caire  and  Belle- 
combe,  has  sent  back  part  of  his  party 
and  is  now  on  his  way  to  Lake  Victoria, 
whence  he  will  return  by  the  beginning 
of  November. 

Messrs.  Sicard  &  Lavoie,  Forest  En- 
gineers, after  having  inspected  the  forest 
conditions  of  the  upper  basins  of  the 
Harricanaw  and  Bell  rivers,  are  now  mak- 
ing a  preliminary  survey  of  the  Megiskan 
river. 

All  these  data  will  be  tabulated  and 
some  of  the  reports  will  eventually  be 
published  in  bulletin  form. 


TIMBER  CRUISES 
FORESTRY  SURVEYS 


|-      ForCotry   Dept. 

Montreal  Engineering  Company,  Limited 

Consulting    &   Operating    Engineers 

211      McGILL      STREET,      MONTREAL 
R.  O.  Sweezay,  General  Manager 


T«iTH"ifcSTUMP  puller; 


WSmrrH  Grubber 

GATALOe  FREE-DlPT.  8.   LA  CRESCENT 


FOREST    ENGINEERS. 

Forest  Surveys  Logging  Maps 

TIMBER    ESTIMATES 
Water  Power  Water  Storage 

CLARK   &   LYFORD 

403  Crown  Bulldiag,  VANCOUVER 


llnivcrsil^  of 

New  Bmi]swick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Established  in   igoS 

Four  years'  course  leading  to  the 
Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal   forest    work. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expenses     correspondingly    moderate. 


For  further  information  address:  — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University   Calendar  furnished 
on   application.       —        —       — 


C.  C.  JONES,  Ch&r\cellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 


at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syrak^cuse,  Ne-w  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  ;  Post- 
graduate course  to  Master  of 
Forestry;  and  one  and  two-3'^ear 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  in  Calskills. 
Ranger  School  held  on  the 
College  Forest  of  2,000  acres  at 
Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 
State  Forest  Experiment  Station 
of  90  acres  and  excellent  Forest 
Library  offer  unusual  opportu- 
nities for  research  work.     : :    : : 

For  parti-culars  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER..  D.  Oec.Dea.r\ 


BILTMORE, 


North  Carolina 


'J'HE  Biltmore    Forest   School    is   for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school    of    lumbering  and    forestry    in 
America.  The      Biltmore      Forest 

School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  q  'arters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Bihmore;  summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  .states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  cf  Ger- 
many. Q  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  any  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  o^  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor   of  Forestry. 

Write  for  cataU>g  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,     addressing — 

THE  DIRECTOR,  BILTMORE.  N.C.,  U.S. A 


NEW    HAVEN,  CONNECTICUT,   USA, 

A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  oflFered  leading-  to  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Forestry. 
The  Forest  School  it  a  graduate 
department  of  Yale  University 
requiring  for  admission  a  collefre 
training.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, colleges,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions of  high  standing  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  of 
their  diplomas,  provided  ihev 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subjects  in  their  under- 
graduate work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Unive  sity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoology.  Physics,  Inorganic 
Chemistry, Geology,  Econom  cs. 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  mav  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  aie  required 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
of  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in   the  field  or   laboratory. 

The  school   year  begins  in 
early   luly   and  is  conducted  at 
the  ^chool  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  fur t fur  information  address 

JAHES  W.  TOUHEY,   Director 

NEW   HAVBN       -      -      -      -       CONNBCTICUT 


.\ 


Canadian 


Vol.  IX.         Ottawa,  Canada,  November,  1913.  No.  11 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS :    Pafte  169. 

THE  FIELD  OF  WORK. 

The  following  opinions  are  selected 
because  they  seem  to  signify  where 
the  work  of  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association  lies.  Some  people  tell  us 
that  the  public  is  enthusiastically  and 
overwhelmingly  behind  us  and  that 
all  that  is  necessary  is  to  bring  that 
public  opinion  to  bear  to  make  govern- 
ments and  corporations  do  right. 
The  indications  are  that  we  have 
with  us  a  respectable  and  growing 
body  of  pubhc  opinion  but  that  the 
great  bulk  of  the  people  do  not  know 
anything  at  all  about  the  need  of 
conserving  our  forests  and  consequent- 
ly do  not  care.  It  is  not  a  case  of 
hostility  but  of  lack  of  knowledge. 

The  great  work,  therefore,  of  the 
Association  must  be  publicity  and 
education.  The  writers  of  some  of 
the  above  letters  would  have  these 
ends  secured  by  making  the  Asso- 
ciation a  government  department  and 
providing  it  with  ample  funds  from 
the  public  purse.  It  would  be  easier 
on  the  officers  of  the  Association  to 
get  their  funds  in  a  lump  grant  than 
to  collect  them  in  the  form  of  one 
dollar  bills  for  membership  fees  from 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  Some  of  the 
letter  writers  below  think  the  Asso- 
ciation is  of  precious  little  use  (and 
their  candor  is  valuable  in  keeping 
us  humble  and  active)  but  the  best 
friends  of  the  Association  agree  that 
it  would  be  of  no  use  at  all  if  it  were 
a  government  department.  Govern- 
ment departments  exist  to  carry  out 
the  orders  of  departmental  heads; 
independent  associations  exist  to  let 
heads  of  departments  know  how  the 
people  view  their  policy  and  their 
administration.  In  that  way  an 
association  performs   a   real    service 


which  is  appreciated  and  respected 
by  the  elected  rulers  of    the  country. 

The  Association  has  never  adopted 
the  attitude  of  being  perpetually 
'agin  the  government'  because  it 
has  always  found  governments  open 
to  argument  and  ready  to  advance  as 
fast  as  the  people. 

In  order  to  perform  this  function 
toward  governments  an  association 
must  get  the  people  to  express  their 
opinion  and  no  one  can  express  an 
opinion  on  a  subject  he  knows 
nothing  about.  So  we  come  back  to 
the  point  that  the  chief  work  of  the 
Association  is  education.  There  is  an 
immense  field  before  it.  It  is  hamp- 
ered by  conditions.  It  spends  half 
its  time  in  collecting  funds  to  enable 
it  to  spend  the  other  half  in  propa- 
ganda work.  It  fails  to  collect  enough 
and  so  it  must  do  its  work  badly  in 
comparison  with  what  ought  to  be 
done.  Still  it  works  on  lines  strictly 
in  harmony  with  our  British  and 
Canadian  institutions,  and  it  is  per- 
forming a  work  which  no  other  body, 
governmental  or  private,  is  perform- 
ing to-day. 

The  greatest  obstacle  to  the  saving 
and  utilization  of  our  forests  for  the 
good  of  the  whole  community  is  the 
lack  of  knowleelge  of  the  people  that 
the  forests  need  saving,  or,  indeed, 
ar(j  worth  saving.  We  need  therefore 
to  rally  to  the  cause  leading  men  and 
institutions  in  every  community  not 
primarily  to  strengthen  the  Asso- 
ciation but  to  show  their  neighbors 
that  forest  conservation  is  not  a  fad. 


Some  Opinions. 

From  an  Insurance  Manager. 

'Enclosed  find  the  writer's  cheque  for 
$3.(X).  The  matter  has  been  entirely  over- 
looked and  I  am  pleased  that  you  have  this 
tactfully  and  pointedly  called  my  attention 
to  my  remissness.    While  I  have  overlooked 


161 


162 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  November,  1913 


my  indebtedness  I  have  not  been  overlooking 
the  splendid  work  in  the  country's  interest 
that  is  being  done  by  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association.  Please  excuse  brevity  as  I  am 
hurrying  to  catch  a  train.  Yours  for  Canada.' 

From  an  M.  P.  P. 

'Have  no  interest  whatev^  in  this  question 
and  I  desire  that  my  name  be  effaced  from 
your  list.' 

From  a  Merchant. 

'Enclosed  find  $2.  I  wish  you  every 
success,  although  have  not  had  the  pleasure 
of  attending  any  of  your  meetings  for  some 
time.' 

From  a  Financial  Agent. 

'I  find  on  my  desk  a  reminder  from  you 
of  some  overdue  fees  to  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association.  I  am  sure  that  more  than  a 
year  ago  I  sent  you  notification  of  my 
desire  to  discontinue  my  membership.  I 
have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  after  we 
have  saved  the  country  the  big  fellows  or 
those  with  a  "a  pull"  will  get  it  anyway, 
so  what's  the  use  ?' 

From  a  Manufacturer  of  Campers'  and  Lum- 
bermen's Supplies. 

'We  acknowledge  your  favor  of  the  29th 
drawing  our  attention  to  a  membership 
fee  of  $2.00  for  the  years  1912-13,  which 
has  not  been  paid. 

'With  reference  to  same,  would  advise 
that  we  wish  our  name  taken  off  your  mem- 
bership list,  as  we  cannot  see  that  being  a 
member  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation is  of  any  benefit  to  us.  The  work 
which  you  are  doing  is  a  splendid  work,  but 
we  do  not  think  it  should  be  subscribed  to 
and  carried  on  by  private  individuals.  Our 
impression  is  that  it  is  of  sufficient  importance 
to  be  supported  by  the  Governments  of  our 
country. 

From  a  Lumberman. 

'It  is  with  pleasure  that  I  acknowledge 
receipt  of  your  announcement  of  the  Cana- 
dian Forestry  Convention  to  be  held  in 
Winnipeg  commencing  July  7th.  I  heartily 
appreciate  vour  kindness  and  regret  that 
business  will  not  allow  of  any  furlough  at 
this  time. 

'Being  an  old  resident  of  Ontario  I  have 
had  considerable  experience  in  the  planting 
and  growth  of  trees. 

'The  conservation  of  our  timber  lands; 
the  replanting  of  devastated  areas  not  suit- 
able for  cultivation  and  the  planting  of 
trees  on  the  farms  and  in  the  towns  and 
cities,  especially  of  the  prairie  provinces,  are 
propositions  that  have  my  warmest  sympathy 
Owing  to  the  pressure  of  other  matters  it  would 
not  be  worth  while  becoming  a  member  of  the 
Association.' 

From  one  in  the  Bush. 

'In  looking  over  my  papers  I  found  this 
letter  which  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
answered. 


*I  paid  one  or  two  years  subscription  to 
the  Forestry  Association  but  dropped  it 
because  I  saw  no  chance  of  any  good  -  except 
to  the  grafters  -  coming  out  of  it. 

'There  is  only  one  way  to  check  the  ravages 
of  fire  in  our  woods,  and  that  is  to  burn  the 
brush. 

'This  is  perfectly  feasible  if  done  in  the 
right  way,  and  at  the  proper  time.  The 
result  would  be  to  lessen  by  90  per  cent  the 
damage  done  by  fire.  The  expense  would 
average  $1.00  per  M  on  lumber  board 
measure,  and  if  the  Ontario  Government 
had  reduced  the  fees  by  that  sum  20  years 
ago,  and  compelled  the  licensees  to  do  clean 
work,  it  would  have  saved  the  country  an 
enormous  sum. 

'I  have,  by  writing  to  the  press  and  to 
men  in  a  position  to  influence  the  Govern- 
ment, done  my  best  to  get  something  done, 
but  it  is  useless.  Living  in  the  lumber  coun- 
try myself,  I  am  in  a  pssition  to  say  that 
four  dollars  out  of  every  five  paid  for  fire 
protection  is  pure  graft. 


THE  PATRONAGE  EVIL. 

The  Toronto  News  in  a  recent 
issue  had  the  following  editorial  on 
the  need  of  extending  civil  service 
reform  to  the  outside  service: — 

There  is  reason  to  think  that  the  Borden 
Government  is  moving  towards  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  departments.  There  is  urgent  need 
to  relieve  Ministers  of  many  petty  and  vex- 
atious duties.  Still  there  are  grave  defects 
in  the  classification  of  the  inside  service. 
The  abler  officials  are  underpaid.  Many 
persons  in  the  service,  appointed  only  for 
political  reasons,  are  filling  places  to  which 
they  are  unequal.  The  lack  of  a  system  of 
superannuation  embarrasses  Ministers  and 
heads  of  departments  in  dealing  with  crowded 
pay  rolls  and  inefficient  officers.  In  the  out- 
side service  radical  reform  is  necessary  to 
ensure  justice  to  public  servants  and  efficient 
management  of  the  public  business. 

It  is  not  true  that  devotion  to  public  affairs 
must  necessarily  be  stimulated  by  office 
and  emoluments.  The  civil  servant  ia 
entitled  to  the  same  security  of  employment 
the  same  chance  of  promotion,  the  same 
reward  for  industry  and  efficiency  as  the 
rest  of  us  enjoy  in  our  various  pursuits. 
This  he  cannot  have  while  the  public  offices 
are  treated  as  the  spoil  of  party  and  the 
high  places  of  the  service  are  reserved  for 
untramed  politicians  who  must  be  fitted  for 
their  duties  by  the  very  men  whom  they 
supplant.  At  best  the  area  of  patronage  can 
omy  be  restricted,  for  judicial  appointments, 
the    appointments    to    pubUc    commissions, 


Ontario  Forests 


163 


to  lieutenant-governorships,  and  to  various 
other  places  of  great  trust  and  dignity  can  be 
made  only  by  Government  and  in  these  poli- 
tical considerations  will  always  be  more  or 
less    influential  But    it    is    seldon    that 

scandal  arises  out  of  this  class  of  appoint- 
ments. It  is  not  here  that  the  chief  evils  of 
patronage  exist.  They  lie  in  general  partisan 
control  of  the  outside  service,  in  the  activity 
of  patronage  committees,  in  the  manage- 
ment of  party  caucuses  and  party  conven- 
tions by  the  office  hunting  element. 

It  is  true  that  all  the  evils  of  our  politics 
will  not  be  eradicated  by  the  establishment 
of   a  permanent,  non-partisan  civil  service 


and  the  disappearance  of  patronage  as  a 
stimulus  to  political  activity.  But  there 
would  be  a  great  increase  of  independent 
action  in  the  constituencies.  Public  men 
would  be  relieved  from  dependence  upon 
the  mercenary  element  which  now  exercises 
a  baneful  authority  in  the  political  organiza- 
tions. The  civil  service  would  be  greatly 
strengthened  in  character  and  efficiency. 
The  independence  of  Parliament  would  be 
materially  enhanced,  and  the  great  and 
serious  problems  of  administration  and  high 
political  debate  upon  broad  questions  of 
policy  and  principle  would  become  the 
chief  business  of  statesmen. 


Ontario  Forests 


Extracts  from  the  Report  of  the  Minister  of  Lands  Forests  and  Mines. 


The  importance, of  the  forests  of  Ontario 
to  the  welfare  of  the  Province  and  the  Dom- 
inion are  brought  out  in  a  few  figures  in  the 
report  of  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst,  Minister  of 
Lands,  Forests  and  Mines,  for  1912,  which 
has  recently  been  issued. 

'The  revenue  collected  on  account  of  woods 
and  forests  in  1912  was  $1,985,662.78,  or 
$274,225.91  in  excess  of  the  revenue  collected 
last  year  (1911).' 

'The  principal  increases  were  in  timber  dues 
$166,673.37,  and  in  bonus  $113,884.14. 

'The  mileage  under  license  last  year  was 
996  miles  less  than  that  of  the  previous  year. 
The  reason  for  this  was  that  certain  licensees 
had  not  paid  up  their  ground  rent  or  were 
indebted  for  dues,  which  prevented  the  issue 
of  their  licenses.  307  miles  were  also  surrender- 
ed as  havirg  been  cut  cut,  and  were  with 
drawn  from  license. 

'The  output  of  pine  sawlogs,  boom  timber 
and  square  timber  brought  into  feet  board 
measure  equalled  487,838,666  feet  board 
measure,  which  is  96,425,439  feet  below  the 
output  of  1911. 

'The  output  of  timber  other  than  pine 
showed  an  increase  of  24,093,160  feet  over 
last  year.  There  was  also  an  increase  in  the 
pulpwood  of  49,612  cords.  The  most  notable 
expansion  was  in  railway  ties.  The  quantity 
taken  out  last  year  was  4,270,832  ties.  The 
^antity  taken  out  this  year  was  6,704,459 
ties,  showing  an  increased  output  for  the 
year  of  1,433,627  ties. 

'Several  berths  in  the  Rainy  River, 
Thunder  Bay  and  Kenora  Districts  that 
had  been  damage^l  bv  fire  or  cut  over  in 
previous  years  were  sold  by  tender. 

'The  only  other  timber  sale  held  during 
the  year  was  of  two  berths  on  the  Jocko 
River,  each  having  an  area  of  25  miles, 
which  were  in  a  dangerous  position  and  on 
which  the  timber  had  reached  its  maturity, 
and  it  was  considered  wise  to  sell  them  so  as 


to  get  the  value  of  the  timber.  The  sale  of 
this  timber  established  a  record  for  price. 
The  pine  timber  on  Berth  No.  1  was  sold  for 
$13.26  per  thousand  feet  board  measure  in 
addition  to  $2  dues;  and  the  pine  timber 
on  Berth  No.  2  was  sold  for  $12.10  per  thou- 
sand feet  board  measure  in  addition  to  $2 
dues.  In  the  disposal  of  these  berths  it  was 
determined  to  insert  a  conditin  in  the  terms 
of  sale  requiring  the  licensees  to  remove  all 
limbs,  brush,  and  other  debris  arising  from 
the  lumbering  operations  under  the  direction 
of  an  officer  appointed  by  the  Department 
of  Lands,  Forests  and  Mines.  A  deposit 
was  required  of  $1,000  per  mile  in  each  case, 
which  deposit  is  held  as  security  for  the 
performance  of  all  conditions  of  sale.  The 
Forester  for  the  Province,  Professor  Zavitz, 
was  requested  to  visit  the  locality,  and  a 
special  ranger  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
cutting  to  see  that  the  conditions  with  respect 
to  the  disposal  of  the  debris  were  carried  out. 
The  timber  will  be  culled  and  measured  by 
scalers  appointed  by  the  Department.' 

'There  were  on  duty  last  summer  (1912) 
in  forest  reserves  228  fire  rangers;  on  rail- 
ways 193;  on  lands  of  the  Crown  111;  which 
with  10  chiefs  makes  a  total  of  542  fire  rangers 
employed. 

'The  timber  licensees  are  required  to 
I)lace  ranj^ers  on  their  limits  and  pay  them. 
Under  this  arrangement  there  were  on  duty 
on  Hcensed  lands  during  the  summer 
350  rangers  and  8  supervisors,  making  a 
tx)tal  staff  in  the  forest  last  summer  of  900.' 


Among  the  cost  figures  given  arc:  wood 
ranging  $91,753;  exploration  of  timber  berths 
$1,062;  fire  ranging  $124,483;  forest  reserves 
protection  $83,605.  These  figures  make  a 
tatal  of  $300,903  for  this  part  of  the  work 
in  Ontario  in  1912,  and  of  course  they  do  not 
include  the  amounts  paid  by  the  timber 
licensees  for  their  350  rangers. 


New  York  State  Forestry  Association 


By  Mr.  F.  F.  Moon,  Professor  of  Forestry  Engineering  N.  Y.  State  College  of  Forestry. 


A  highly  successful  meeting  of  the  New 
York  State  Forestry  Association  was  held 
at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  on 
October   17. 

The  regular  program  was  somewhat 
curtailed  on  account  of  the  absence  of  Mr. 
Pettis  so  that  the  State^wide  Fire  Law  was 
not  discussed  nor  was  the  Jones  Bill  taken 
up  to  any  extent.  Professor  Mulford  of  the 
Department  of  Forestry,  Cornell  University 
gave  an  interesting  talk  on  the  possibilities 
of  the  Farm  Woodlot.  In  the  discussion 
that  followed  it  was  brought  up  that  co- 
operative marketing  is  in  many  cases  as 
important  as  Community  production  and 
efforts  should  be  made  that  will  enable  the 
small  wood-lot  owner  to  market  limited 
quantities  of  his  products  at  the  prevailing 
market  price  instead  of  letting  them  go  at . 
cut  rates. 

The  question  of  a  forest  inventory  of  New 
York  State  was  discussed  by  Professor  Moon 
of  the  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry. 
It  was  stated  that  New  York  State  while 
previously  a  large  producer  of  timber  has 
at  the  present  time  slipped  back  to  23rd 


in  the  list  of  the  States  in  timber  production 
in  spite  of  the  fact  that  it  has  enormous 
areas  of  natural  forest  land.  New  York 
State  consumes  more  lumber  viz.  one  and 
three-fourths  billion  board  feet  and  more 
pulp  viz.  over  one  million  cords  per  annum 
than  any  other  State  in  the  Union  but  out 
of  the  total  annual  lumber  bill  of  $54,000,000, 
approximately  $20,000,000  are  sent  outside 
of  the  State  each  year  to  purchase  raw  mate- 
rial. 

The  report  soon  to  be  issued  by  the  New 
York  State  College  of  Forestry  in  connection 
with  the  United  States  Forest  Service  on  the 
Wood  Utilizing  Industries  of  New  York  State 
indicates  that  the  Empire  State  has  14,000,- 
000  acres  better  suited  to  the  growing  of 
timber  than  agricultural  purposes.  This 
enormous  acreage  should  be  made  to  yield 
a  revenue  instead  of  lying  absolutely  idle 
or  at  best  producing  but  a  fraction  of  its 
capacity. 

It  was  tentatively  decided  to  hold  the 
January  meeting  in  Albany  and  plans  for 
a  vigorous  campaign  to  increase  the  member- 
ship were  made. 


USES  OF  SAWDUST. 

Flour  for  trade  purposes  from  saw- 
dust is  now  in  common  use.  It  .is  an 
ingredient  of  dynamite,  linoleum, 
xyolite,  etc.  The  wood  flour  is  ground 
in  a  mill,  very  similar  to  those  which 
grind  corn  and  rye.  Pine  and  spruce 
sawdust  is  used,  and  after  being  pass- 
ed through  the  stones 'and  the  bolt- 
ing chest,  it  is  sacked  or  baled  for 
shipment.  It  is  then  worth  48s.  to 
52s.  a  ton.  The  flour  has  a  number 
of  uses.  It  is  the  absorbent  for  nitro- 
glycerine, which  is  the  explosive  in- 
gredient. Wood-flour  dynamite  is  in- 
ferior to  that  made  with  infusorial 
earth  as  the  absorbent;  but  it  serves 
many  purposes  and  is  cheaper.  But 
dynamite  is  one  of  the  smallest  pros- 
pective uses  for  the  product.  Linol- 
eum makers  mix  it  with  linseed  oil 
and  give  body  to  their  floor  coverings. 
It  is  not  considered  quite  equal  to 
ground  cork  for  this  purpose,  as  it  is 


less  elastic,  but  it  is  cheaper  and  meets 
requirements  for  medium  grades.  The 
flour  fills  an  important  place  in  the 
irtanufacture  of  xyolite,  a  kind  of  arti- 
ficial flooring,  resembling  wood  in 
weight,  and  stone  in  other  respects. 
It  is  used  for  kitchen  floors,  and  in 
halls,  corridors,  cafes,  restaurants  and 
public  rooms.  It  is  impervious  to 
water,  and  is  practically  fireproof.  It 
is  used  as  floor  material  in  some  of  the 
German  war  vessels.  It  is  so  used  be- 
cause it  is  not  liable  to  take  fire  or 
splinter  if  struck  by  shells. 


Many  owners  of  woodlands  in  Massa- 
chusetts, in  addition  to  making  a  careful 
selection  of  trees  to  be  cut,  are  replanting 
in  every  case  where  their  lands  are  not 
sufficiently  wooded,  and  many  areas  that 
for  a  century  perhaps  have  been  what  are 
known  as  run-down  pasture  lands  are  be- 
ing planted  with  suitable  trees,  either 
pines,  maples  or  other  woods  that  are 
best  adapted  to  peculiar  local  conditions. 


164 


Dominion  Forestry  Branch  Work 


The  Director  of  Forestrj',  now  has  a  per- 
manent staff  of  thirty-eight  in  the  head 
office  of  the  Forestry  Branch  at  Ottawa. 
Eight  of  these  are  technically  trained  forest- 
ers engaged  either  in  administrative  work  or 
in  the  preparation  of  Branch  bulletins.  Now 
that  the  fire  season  has  come  to  a  close,  the 
tedious  work  of  checking  fire-rangers'  diaries 
is  practically  over.  Fortunately  many  of 
the  rangers  possess  the  gift  of  brevity  to  a 
remarkable  degree  as  well  as  considerable 
versatility  in  phraseology,  which  makes 
even  their  diaries  interesting  in  places.  One 
ranger,  evidently  Irish,  reports  having 
'canaped  on  an  island  with  twenty  other 
Indians.'  In  another  place  he  'broke  camp 
at  God's  Lak^in  the  morning  and  made 
HeU's  Gate  by  night.' 

The  Reserves  being  actively  administered 
by  the  Forestry  Branch  have  had  a  most 
successful  year.  On  the  sixteen  Reserves  in 
the  four  western  provinces,  from  which  com- 
plete returns  have  come  in  for  the  fire  season 
from  April  to  September,  inclusive,  the  area 
burnt  over  this  year  amounted  to  only.06  per 
cent  of  the  total  area.  The  mature  timber 
burnt  covered  hardly  fifty  acres,  or  approxi- 
mately .0002  per  cent  of  the  total  area  of 
these  Reserves,  the  loss  being  but  a  few 
hundred  dollars.  The  chief  loss  was  the 
partial  destruction  of  about  2,700  acres  of 

}roung  timber,  which  was,  however,  potential- 
y  valuable.  A  great  part  of  the  area  burnt 
on  these  Reserves  consisted  of  grass  lands 
around  the  shores  of  sloughs,  or  natural 
meadows,  settlers  and  campers  being  re- 
sponsible for  most  of  the  fires.  That  these 
fires  were,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases, 
extinguished  before  reaching  the  timber  and 
that  too,  with  a  total  extra  cost  of  little 
over  $200.00,  reflects  great  credit  on  the 
administration  of  these  Reserves. 

The  fire-record  in  the  Fire  Districts  out- 
side the  Reserves,  has  been  even  more  remark- 
able, for  there  the  Fire  Rangers  are  not  aided 
in  the  fighting  of  fire  by  trail,  telephone 
line,  lookout  station,  or  fire-guard.  Ther? 
are  eleven  of  these  Districts  each  in  charge  of 
a  chidf  Fire  Ranger  and  it  is  to  the  initiative 
of  these  men  tnat  much  of  the  season's 
success  is  due,  the  total  estimatecl  damage 
done  to  merchantable  timber  by  the  several 
hundred  fires  reported  being  less  than  $1,(X)0. 
Co-operation  m  firo-protection  has  been 
secured  from  the  campers,  packers  and 
Indians,  to  whose  carelessness  with  camp- 
fires  many  of  the  fires  of  other  years  were 
due.     The  Chief  Ranger  in  northern  Mani- 


toba was  recently  at  Norway  House  when 
treaty  money  was  being  paid  to  between 
800  and  900  Indians.  He  writes:  'The  Chief 
and  councillors  assured  me  that  they  stood 
firm  for  the  protection  of  the  timber.'  The 
fire  rangers  in  this  district,  many  of  whom 
are  Indians,  average  16^  miles,  by  canoe, 
each  day  rain  or  shine,  not  excluding  Sunday. 
That  patrol  work  alone  can  be  made  effect- 
ual when  conscienciously  performed,  is 
shown  from  the  fact  that  in  the  Coast  Fir 
Ranging  District,  in  British  Columbia  of 
the  124  potential  forest  fires  occurring  in  the 
period  from  Apiil  to  August,  only  one  ex- 
ceeded ten  acres  in  extent  before  being 
extinguished  by  the  Rangers,  who,  in  only 
four  cases,  had  to  call  in  extra  assistance. 

Of  the  eight  forest  survey  parties  doing 
reconnaissance  work  in  western  Canada  this 
Summer,  all  but  two  have  completed  their 
work,  as  a  result  of  which  it  is  not  unlikely 
that  substantial  additions  will  be  made  next 
year  to  the  areas  now  included  in  Dominion 
Forest  Reserves. 

Mr.  Melrose  examined  approximately 
1,800  square  miles  of  forested  land  situated 
north  of  Battleford,  and  consisting  principally 
of  low  sand  and  gravel  ridges  with  numerous 
sloughs  which  towards  the  north  gave  place 
to  muskeg.  The  poplar  type  covered  40 
j)or  cent,  of  the  area  giving  place  to  white 
spruce  on  th?  better  drained  soils,  spruce 
being  the  ultimate  type.  Few  of  the  trees 
have  attained  full  growth  for  almost  the  en- 
tire area  has  been  burnt  over  in  the  last  75 
years  and  on  over  100  square  miles,  as  a  re- 
sult of  repeated  fires,  tree-growth  has  been 
entirely  wiped  out. 

Mr.  Connell,  who  had  charge  of  a  party 
in  the  Pasquia  Hill  region  north  of  the  Por- 
cupine Reserve  in  eastern  Saskatchewan, 
examined  over  three  thousand  square  miles 
of  country  most  of  which  was  hilly  and  cov- 
ered with  boulder-clay  (consisting  mostly  of 
boulders),  making  it  unfitted  for  agriculture 
but  very  suitable  for  forestry  purposes. 
There  are  some  fine  stands  of  poplar  and 
spruce  although  fire  had  done  great  damage 
here,  too. 

Mr.  Roberts,  in  charge  of  a  party  operat- 
ing northwest  of  Prince  Albert,  examined 
about  eighteen  hundred  square  miles  of 
hilly  or  rolling  sand-lands  containing  tlio 
head- waters  of  several  large  rivers  flowing 
towards  Hudson  Bay.  The  growth  is 
mostly  young  poplar  and  spruce  which,  if 
protected  from  fire,  will  soon  be  providing 
timber  to  the  settlers  in  that  region.    G.E.B. 


165 


A  Forest  Insect  Survey  in  British  Columbia. 


By  Mr.  J.  M.   Swaine,  Assistant  Entomologist  for  Forest  Insects,  Dept.  of  AgricuUure,  Ottawa. 


The  Forest  Branch  of  British  Columbia 
and  the  Division  of  Entomology  of  the 
Dominion  Department  of  Agriculture  work- 
ing in  co-operation  have  this  summer  com- 
menced a  Forest  Insect  Survey  of  the  timber 
hmits  of  British  Columbia. 

The  investigation  was  made  by  Mr.  J.  M. 
Swaine,  Assistant  Entomologist  for  Forest 
Insects  in  the  Division  of  Entomology, 
Ottawa.  This  Summer's  work  was  primarily 
a  survey  to  determine  the  location  and 
extent  of  forest  insect  injuries  and  to  decide 
upon  proper  control  measures  for  the  more 
serious  outbreaks.  The  territory  covered 
included  the  Kootenay,  Okanagan,  Simal- 
kameen,  Lower  Coast  and  Vancouver  Island 
regions.  Several  destructive  outbreaks  of 
bark-beetles  were  located  and  studied,  and 
much  practical  information  was  obtained 
for  future  control  work  with  a  variety  of 
forest  insects.  A  large  collection  of  forest 
insects  and  their  work  was  made,  which  will 
be  of  great  practical  and  scientific  value. 

Much  work  remains  to  be  done.  Inform- 
ation was  obtained  of  several  extensive  bodies 
of  dying  timber  which  could  not  be  visited 
this  season. 

||^  The  timber  of  the  Lower  Coast  and  Van- 
couver Island  is  not  at  present  suffering 
froni  extensive  insect  outbreaks;  but  there 
are  incipient  attacks  which  need  to  be  kept 
under  careful  observation.  Cedar  and  yellow 
cypress  are  quite  generally  hollow-hearted 
and  stag-headed.  These  affections  are  prob- 
ably always  of  a  fungous  origin.  No  serious 
insect  injury  to  these  trees  was  found  in 
this  Summer's  work.  In  many  places  the 
western  white  pine,  Pinus  monticola  is  being 
killed  by  the  mountain  pine  bark  beetle, 
Dendroctonus  monticolae  Hopk.  It  was  found 
killing  green  timber,  particularly  at  Cowit- 
chan  Lake  and  the  district  about  Campbell 
River.  Wherever  valuable  stands  of  white 
pine  are  held  a  watch  should  be  kept  for 
attacks  by  this  destructive  beetle.  Clumps 
of  'red  tops'  and  scattered  'red'  and  'yellow 
tops'  with  the  bark  bearing  numerous  tubes 
of  gum  surmounting  vertical  tunnels  between 
the  bark  and  the  wood,  are  danger  signals, 
and  should  receive  prompt  attention  jf  the 
timber  is  to  be  saved. 

The  Sitka  spruce,  Picea  sitchensia  is 
subject  to  attack  by  a  destructive  bark 
beetle,  Dendroctonus  sp.  near  Menzies'  Bay 
this  beetle  had  bored  in  fire-injured  trees  a- 
bout  a  burn  and  was  this  Summer  attacking 
and  killing  nearby  green  timber  of  large  size. 

The  spruce  gall  insects  of  the  genus 
Chermes  are  commonly  found  on  the  Sitka 
spruce,    and    are    seriously    destructive    to 


isolated  trees  or  clumps,  particularly  in 
lawns  and  parks  of  towns  and  cities.  Stanley 
Park  at  Vancouver  is  suffering  from  a  serious 
outbreak  of  these  pests. 

The  balsam  fir  Abies  grandis  is  attacked 
and  killed  by  two  species  of  bark  beetle, 
Hylugops  sp.  and  Eccoptogaster  sp.  This 
injury  was  more  noticeable  at  Alberni  and 
about  Campbell  River. 

The  Douglas  fir,  which  forms  the  bulk  of 
the  timber  of  the  region,  is  generally  in  fine 
condition.  Several  incipient  outbreaks  of 
the  Douglas  fir  bark  beetle,  Dendroctonus 
pseudotsuga,  should  be  kept  under  observation, 
but  we  know  of  no  considerable  body  of 
dying  timber.  At  Cowitchan  Lake  and 
Campbell  River  isolated  red  top  fir  had  been 
killed  by  this  species,  and  it  is  everywhere 
abundant  in  slash  and  dying  trees. 

The  spruce  budworn,  which  was  very 
abundant  in  many  places  a  few  years  ago,  is 
now  hardly  to  be  noticed. 

Ambrosia  beetles  of  the  genus  Gnathotrichus 
and  Trypodendron  are  excessively  abundant 
in  dying  trees.  Their  small  black  tunnels 
pierce  the  sap  wood,  but  rarely  penetrate 
more  than  five  inches.  The  most  injurious 
of  the  Ambrosia  beetles  belongs  to  the  genus 
Platypus  of  the  family  Platypodidae.  It  is 
very  abundant  throughout  the  Lower 
Coast  and  Island  districts  in  freshly  cut  logs 
of  Douglas  fir,  hemlock,  spruce  and  balsam, 
and  drives  its  tunnels  seven  inches  and  over 
into  the  wood. 

The  lower  part  of  the  Interior,  from  the 
railway  belt  south  to  the  boundary,  harbours 
a  large  number  of  destructive  forest  insects. 
The  bull  pine,  westerri  white  pine,  or  mount- 
ain pine,  lodgepole  pine,  Engelmann's 
spruce,  western  larch  and  Douglas  fir  are 
seriously  affected  by  destructive  pests. 

The  bull  pine  is  subject  to  attack  through- 
out its  range  in  British  Columbia  by  three 
destructive  bark  beetles. 

The  western  pine  bark  beetle,  Dendroc- 
tonus brevicomis  Lee.  is  particularly  destruct- 
ive. The  mountain  pine  bark  beetle  is  almost 
as  serious  an  enemy  to  the  bull  pine  as  to 
the  white  pine  from  which  it  receives  its 
name;  The  red  turpentine  bark  beetle, 
Dendroctonus  valens  Lee,  is  also  abundant 
about  the  base  of  green  pines  attacked  by 
the  two  more  destructive  species  just  men- 
tioned. Serious  injury  by  these  species  is 
evident  in  many  places  but  the  most  destruct- 
ive outbreak  appears  to  be  about  Princeton. 
The  clumps  of  red-tops,  containing  from  five 
to  thirty-five  trees  have  already  become 
very  numerous,  although  the  dying  trees  have 


166 


Forestry  in  Quebec 


167 


only  been  noticed  two  years.  These  red- 
tops  are,  of  course,  dead  trees,  the  majority 
of  which  were  killed  last  season.  In  the 
surrounding  green  trees  many  trunks  were 
studded  with  the  pitch-tubes  of  the  borers 
which  had  left  the  red  tops  to  attack  the 
green  timber.  From  1500  to  2000  pairs  of 
beetles  were  working  in  the  lower  fifty  feet 
af  attacked  trees  examined.  These  trees 
will  add  greatly  to  the  size  of  the  red  top 
patches  by  next  Spring.  Hundreds  of  trees 
have  already  been  killed  and  the  fine  timber 
in  the  valley  of  the  Simalkameen  and  Tula- 
meen  Rivers,  is  threatened  with  widespread 
destruction.  Similar  outbreaks,  as  yet  of 
lesser  importance,  are  starting  in  several 
parts  of  the  bull  pine  country. 

The  western  white  pine  is  seriously  affected 
by  the  mountain  pine  bark  beetle.  An  out- 
break has  been  running  in  the  Sugar  Lake 
and  Mable  Lake  regions  for  about  eight  years 
and  a  large  body  of  fine  timber  has  been 
killed.  The  killed  trees  have  since  been  rend- 
ered valueless  bythe  tunnelling  of  the  larger 
wood  borers.  At  the  time  of  the  visit  there 
in  July  the  beetles  were  leaving  the  red  tops, 
attacked  last  season,  and  entering  the  green 
timber  in  large  numbers.  The  same  species 
was  killing  lodgepole  pine  in  that  district. 
Unless  control  measures  are  undertaken  very 
soon  the  white  pine  of  Sugar  Lake  will  be 
very  largely  killed. 

There  are  outbreaks  by  destructive  bark 
beetles  in  Douglas  fir  and  lodgepole  pine. 
The  Douglas  fir  bark  beetle  is  killing  a  moder- 
ate amount  of  fir  in  the  Creighton  Valley. 
Lodgepole  pine  is  subject  to  attack  by  bark 
beetles,  which  in  many  places  kill  more  or 
less  timber.  The  most  serious  outbreak 
known  to  us  at  present  is  in  the  Shookum- 
chuck  valley  above  Wasa. 

Considerable  injury  to  reproduction  was 
located.  The  most  seiiotis  cases  were  attacks 
on  cones  of  Douglas  fir  and  bull  pine  by 
caterpillars.  A  small  species  feeds  largely 
within  the  seeds  of  bull  pine  cones,  leaving 
them  entirely  filled  with  powder-like  excre- 
ment. A  large  species  feeds  irregularly  cutting 
tunneb  around  the  green  cones  destroying 
many  of  the  seeds.  Such  injury  was  found  at 
various  places  in  the  Interior  and  also  to 
Douglas  fir  on  Vancouver  Island. 

The  control  of  the  destructive  bark 
beetles  is  discussed  at  length  in  the  Report 
on  the  Summer's  work  shortly  to  be  published. 
The  most  important  control  measure  is  to 
fell  and  bark  the  recently  infested  trees  and 
in  xjertain  cases  to  bum  the  bark.  The 
methods  to  be  followed  in  each  case  depend 
upon  the  habits  of  the  beetles  concerned, 
and  should  be  conducted  according  to  the 
advice  of  a  forest  entomologist. 


It  is  a  mistake  to  strip  the  woods  off  from 
steep  land  and  then  plow  it.  Better  bv  far 
keep  timber  growing  on  it.  It  is  wortn  far 
more  for  forest  culture  than  for  cultivation. — 
Farm  Journal. 


FORESTRY  IN  QUEBEC. 

The  Secretary'  racently  visited  the  City  of 
Quebec  and  later  on  other  parts  of  the  pro- 
vince and  there  learned  that  forestry  is 
making  steady  progress. 

The  policy  of  township  forest  reserves  to 
which  reference  was  made  in  the  September 
issue  of  the  Journal  is  becoming  coastantly 
better  understood,  and  this  promise.!  to  soon 
become  an  important  feature  of  the  work. 
One  of  its  most  valuable  aspects  is  the  interest 
which  it  arouses  in  tho.  peopL'i  of  the  township 
and  their  determination  to  protect  and  im- 
prove their  own  property.  Anything  which 
gives  the  people  of  the  country  a  direct 
knowledge  of  and  interest  in  forestry  is  one 
of  the  most  valuable  aids  to  forestry  progress, 
and  the  effect  of  this  system  of  township 
reserves  will  soonn  be  perceived  far  beyond 
the  borders  of  the  community  in  which  they 
are  situated. 

The  method  of  dealing  with  sand  lands  in 
old  settled  parts  of  the  province  is  proving 
its  valu?.  In  case  any  of  our  readers  have 
forgotten  how  this  is  done  it  may  be  explained 
that  Quebec  has  adopted  what  has  been 
termed  the  'Massachusetts  system'  of  dealing 
with  those  lands  in  settled  communities 
which  are  fitted  only  to  produce  forest  trees. 
By  this  system  the  province  pays  a  nominal 
price  of  SI  per  acre  for  all  the  lands  in  a 
given  district  which  it  is  intended  to  re- 
forest. The  Provincial  Forester  then  examines 
the  tract,  decides  what  trees  it  is  advisable 
to  plant,  and  arranges  for  their  planting. 
The  plant  material  is  suppUed  by  the  pro- 
vincial nursery  and  the  government  pays 
the  cost  of  the  work.  The  care  and  necessary 
cultivation  of  the  plantation  devolves  upon 
the  government  for  fifteen  years  from  the 
time  of  purchase,  at  the  end  of  which  time 
the  origmal  owner  may  regain  possession 
of  his  lands  upon  payment  of  the  cost  of 
planting  and  cultivation.  In  order,  however, 
that  the  owner  will  have  a  definite  basis, 
it  is  agreed  that  no  matter  what  the  cost  has 
been  to  the  government,  the  re-purchase 
price  by  the  original  owner  will  not  exceed 
1 10.  per  acre. 

This  is  not  a  compulsory  law,  but  so  far 
there  has  been  no  difficulty  in  securing  lands 
to  be  planted  under  these  conditions.  In 
fact  at  present  the  Department  cannot 
begin  to  overtake  the  work  that  is  offered 
in  different  parts  of  the  province.. 

There  seems  Ukely  to  be  a  development  of 
this  line  of  very  great  promise,  which  is  the 
acquirement  by  municipal  organizations, 
particularly  by  towns  ancl  cities  of  the  com- 
l)letc  areas  of  these  sand  portions  and  the 
maintenance  of  these  as  municipal  forests. 
This  could  be  done  by  one  of  several  methods. 
For  instance,  the  city  night  purchase  the  land 
outright  from  its  present  owner,  and  then 
turn  It  over  to  the  government  for  the  fifteen 
year  period;  or  it  could  act  under  the  advice 
of   the  Forestry   Department,   do   its  own 


168 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  November,  1913 


planting,  and  receive  the  profits  from  the 
same  as  soon  as  the  thinning  process  began. 
In  any  event  in  order  to  secure  continuity 
and  uniformity  the  government  would  prob- 
ably regulate  the  general  direction  of  the 
management  and  cutting  of  the  timber. 


PROF.  RECKNAGEL'S  BOOK. 

A  book  which  has  merited  notice  long  ere 
now  but  of  which  a  review  has  been  delayed 
is  ^The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Working  Plans' 
by  Professor  A.  B.  Recknagel,  of  the  Forestry 
Faculty  of  Cornell  University — New  York, 
John  Wiley  &  Sons;  Montreal,  Renouf  Pub- 
lishing Co.,  $2  net. 

The  author,  who  is  a  graduate  of  Yale 
Forest  School,  has  been  in  important  positions 
in  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service  and  has  lately 
spent  a  year  in  Germany,  studying  at  first 
hand  the  systems  of  forest  organization  in 
that  country,  is  by  his  experience  specially 
fitted  to  deal  with  the  complicated  subject. 

The  presentation  of  the  theme  is  logical 
and  clear.  Following  his  title  faithfully,  the 
author  takes  up  first  the  theory  of  manage- 
ment under  'Foundations  of  Working  Plans,' 
and  follows  it  with  'Practice  of  Working 
Plans'.  In  Part  I,  after  discussing  the  ideal 
of  the  forester,  the  'Normal  Forest',  Professor 
Recknagel  describes  methods  of  forest 
reconnaissance  which  would  lead  to  the 
first  essential  in  any  proper  forest  manage- 
ment, viz.,  that  the  manager  should  know 
accurately  what  he  has  within  the  boundaries 
of  his  tract.  In  this  connection  some  very 
interesting  tables  and  plots  are  shown. 

Having  arrived  at  a  trustworthy  estimate 
of  his  forest,  the  forester's  next  step  is  to 
determine  the  sytem  under  which  he  will 
manage  it.  The  next  portion  of  the  treatise 
is  therefore  given  to  a  consideration  of  the 
three  conditions  governing  all  systems  of 
management,  viz.,  the  unit  of  organization, 
the  silvicultural  method  of  management, 
and  the  final  object  of  management. 

The  statement  of  the  principles  of  the 
various  methods  (some  twenty  in  all)  which 
have  been  worked  out  in  Europe  is  most 
lucid,  and  will  be  a  delight  to  the  American 
student  of  forestry,  to  whom,  on  account  of 
the  difficulties  of  forei^  texts,  many  of  the 
leading  points  of  contmental  practice  have 
been  denied. 

Realizing  that  American  forests  are  in 
very  poor  condition  for  management  to-day 
Profe^or  Recknagel  next  speaks  of  the  regu- 
lation of  yield  in  special  cases.  He  then 
presents  the  working  plan  document,  which 
contains  the  various  plans  which  will  have 
to  be  followed  in  the  course  of  the  regulation, 
and  whose  keynotes,  says  the  author,  are  sim- 
plicity and  brevity,  and  may  embody  merely 
the  silvicultural  management,  or  may  cover 
all  the  activities  in  a  forest.  In  the  'Outline 
of  American   Practice'   which   he  suggests, 


the  author  follows  this  latter  plan,  and 
embodies  all  the  uses  to  which  the  forest  may 
be  put  in  addition  to  lumber  and  by-products. 

From  his  wealth  of  reading  and  European 
experience  Professor  Recknagel  is  able  to 
present  in  the  latter  portion  of  the  book, 
•The  Practice  of  Working  Plans'  a  most 
complete  synopsis  of  the  state  of  manage- 
ment plans  in  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Saxony, 
Wurttemburg,  France  and  Austria.  These 
pages  bring  home  to  the  reader  the  practical 
advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  plans 
outb'ned  in  the  theoretical  discussions. 

Passing  to  American  conditions  the  author 
describes  the  work  of  the  United  States 
Forest  Service  in  the  development  of  the 
basis  of  working  plans.  The  reproduction 
in  the  book  of  many  of  the  forms  used  in 
reconnaissance  gives  the  reader  a  clear 
conception  of  the  actual  operations  of  today. 

All  in  all,  the  book  should  prove  of  great 
value  to  the  student  and  practising  forester 
for  whom  Professor  Recknagel  says  he  has 
written.  In  Itself  through  the  appreciation 
which  will  doubtless  be  accorded  it  by  Ameri- 
can foresters  it  should  do  much  to  dissipate 
the  fear  expressed  by  the  author  in  the  pre- 
face that  the  application  of  the  most  advanced 
methods  of  management  'is  of  the  far  distant 
future,  if  ever.' 

R.  L.  C. 


C.  p.  R.  FORESTRY  WORK. 

Mr.  A.  H.  D.  Ross,  M.  A.,  M.  F.,  Lecturer 
in  Forestery  in  the  University  of  Toronto, 
and  Consulting  Forester  for  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway,  reports  a  most  interesting 
Summer's  work. 

During  the  last  two  years  the  Company 
has  had  reconnaissance  parties  at  work  from 
Vancouver  to  Halifax,  and  now  has  on  file 
much  valuable  information  regarding  the 
timber  resources  of  the  country  tributar}' 
to  its  lines  which  could  not  be  obtained  from 
the  provincial  authorities.  It  is  hoped  that 
the  good  example  set  by  the  C.  P.  R.,  under 
the  energetic  leadership  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Prettie, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry  for  the  Company 
with  headquarters  at  Calgary,  will  spur 
others  on  to  a  systematic  method  of  stock- 
taking and  a  study  of  the  best  methods  of 
making  provision  for  future  supplies  of  ^m- 
ber. 

In  southern  British  Columbia,  the  Company 
has  twelve  tie-and-timber  reserves  aggregating 
over  half  a  million  acres,  and  during  the  past 
summer  had  made  detailed  reconnaissance 
surveys  of  more  than  half  the  area  at  a  cost 
of  less  than  ten  cents  per  acre.  The  character 
of  the  work  done  equals  the  best  done  any- 
where on  the  continent  and  has  been  highly 
commented  upon  by  some  of  the  leading 
foresters  of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service,. 


Notes 


169 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY  JOURNAL, 

Published  monthly  by  the 

Canadian   Forestry    Association, 

Canadian  Building, 

Ottawa,  Canada. 

Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forest  conservation. 

Subscription  $1  per  year. 

Advertising  Rates  on  Application. 


CONTENTS:  Page. 

Editorial 161,  i62 

Patronage   Evil 162 

Ontario  Forests 163 

N.    Y.    State    Forestry    Association     164 

Dominion  Forestry-   Branch 165 

Forest    Insects   in    British    Columbia    166 

Forestry    in    Quebec 167 

Prof.  Recknagel's  Book 168 

C.  P.  R.  Forestrj-  Work 168 

Notes 169 

:!ommercial     Forestry — Mr.     Ell  wood    Wilson  170 

Slash  Disposal 171 

Western  Farmers  and  Trees 172 

With  the  Forest  Engineers 173 

Development  in  British  Columbia 174 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 

Patron,  H.  R.  H.  the  Governor  General. 

Honorary  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

Honorary  Past  Pres.,   Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier. 

President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton. 

Vice-President,  Wm.   Power,    M.  P. 

Secretary,  Jab.  Lawler,  Canadian  Building, 

Slater  St.,  Ottawa. 

Treasurer,  Miaa  M.  Robinson. 

Directors  :     William     Little,     Hiram     Robinson 

Aubrey      White,     E.     Stewart     W.      B.     Snowball, 

Thomaa  Southworth,   Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards,  Geo.  Y. 

Chown,  John   Hendry,    Hon.   Sydney  Fisher,  R.    H. 

Campbell,  J.  B.  Miller,  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr.  B.  E. 

Fanow,    EUwood    Wilson,    Senator    Bostock,    F.   C. 

Whitnum,  G.  C.  Pichi.  Alex.  MacLaurin:  Mgr.  O.  E. 

MathJeu,  Bishop  of  Regina;  A.  P.  Stevenson,  Wm. 

Pearce,  C.  E.  E.  Ussher,  Denis  Murphy,   C.  Jackson 

Booth,  Wm.  Price,  J.  W.  Harkom,  A.  S.  Goodeve, 

W,   C.  J.  Hall,  J.  8.     Dennis,  J.   B.  White,   E.  J. 

Zavits,  Geo.  Chahoon  Jr.,  R.  D.  Prettie. 

TefTlt>rial  Vice-President*  t 
Ontario:— Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 
Quebec: — Hon.  Jules  AUard. 
New  Brunswick:— Hon.  J.  H,  Flemming. 
Nova  Sootia: — Hon.  O.  T.  Daniels. 
Manitoba:— Hon.  R,  P.  Roblin. 
Prince  Edward  Island: — Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson. 
Saskatchewan — His  Honor  O.  W.  Brown. 
Alberta:— Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton. 
British  Columbia: — Hon.  W.  R.  Roes. 
Yukon: — Geo.  Black,  Commissioner. 
Mackenzie: — F.  D.  Wilson. 
Keewatin: — His  Honor  D.  C.  Cameron. 
Ungava:— His  Grace  Mgr.  Bruchesi,   Archbishop  of 
Montreal. 


REPORTS  OF  WINNIPEG  MEETING. 

Copies  of  the  detailed  Report  of  the  Win- 
nipeg Convention  were  mailed  to  all  our 
members  over  a  month  ago.  Those  who 
have  not  received  their  copies  should  notify 
the  Secretary  as  soon  as  possible  as  there  is 
a  large  demand  for  this  Report  and  copies 
are  going  rapidly. 


CHANGE  OF  ADDRESS. 

Since  the  Canadian  Forestry  Journal  is 
no^y  issued  monthly  our  mailing  lists  are 
revised  with  like  frequency.  Members  who 
have  changed  their  addresses,  or  who  do 
not  receive  the  Journal  regularly  and  prompt- 
ly are  requested  to  write  to  the  Secretary. 
Do  this  now  before  you  forget  it. 


THE  BROILLIARD  MONUMENT. 


At  the  1913  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Cana- 
dian Forestry  Association  the  sum  of  $25. 
\yas  voted  toward  the  monument  to  Broil- 
liard  the  eminent  French  forest  engineer. 
The  Secretary  is  in  receipt  of  a  letter  from 
the  President  and  Secretary  of  the  Committee 
announcing  the  inauguration  of  the  monu- 
ment at  Morey  (Haute-Sa6ne)  France  on 
Oct.  1.  The  function  was  carried  out  on  a 
large  scale  and  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the 
man  and  the  profession. 


TO    PROTECT    OTTAWA'S    WATER 
SUPPLY. 

In  connection  with  the  decision  of  the 
City  of  Ottawa  to  take  its  water  supply 
from  Thirty-One  Mile  Lake  in  the  Gatineau 
country  lying  north  of  Ottawa  in  Quebec, 
th(;  character  of  the  watershed  becomes  of 
importance.  The  report  of  Sir  Alexander 
liinnie  the  consulting  engineer  on  the  possibil- 
ity of  the  water  being  contaminated  in  the 
future  shows  that  the  whole  drainage  basin 
Ih  well  wooded,  not  more  than  three  per 
cent  being  cleared  and  the  total  population 
does  not  exceed  one  per  square  mile.  With 
th(;  selection  of  this  scheme  out  of  several 
proposed  the  necessity  for  the  creation  of  a 
park  on  this  drainage  basin  becomes  apparent. 
Th(;  land  is  not  suitable  for  agriculture.  It 
is  necessary  that  settlements  be  kept  away 
from  it  if  Ottawa's  water  supply  is  to  be 
kept  pure,  so  that  here  is  the  best  reason  for 
the  establishment  of  a  permanent  forest. 
The  matter  should  be  taken  in  hand  at  once 
and  go  on  with  the  development  of  the 
water  works  project. 


Commercial  Forestry 


Synopsis  of  Address  by  Mr.  Ellwood  Wilson,  Forester  of  the   Laurentide   Paper   Company 
before  the  Society  for  the  Protection  of  New  Hampshire  Forests. 


All  large  industries  Mr.  Wilson  said,  were 
accustomed  to  look  at  the  financial  side, 
and  the  chief  question  the  forester 
was  asked  was  'Will  it  pay'  ?  Paper  manu- 
facturers had  till  within  the  last  few  years 
paid  little  attention  to  forestry  but  had 
regarded  the  woods  more  as  mines  than  as 
agricultural  holdings.  Up  till  a  few  years 
ago  no  manufacturer  would  use  anything 
but  spruce,  but  now  in  some  districts  they 
were  using  practically  as  much  balsam  fir 
as    spruce. 

Mr,  Wilson  pointed  out  that  the  conditions 
were  so  different  in  America  from  those  in 
Europe  that  it  was  impossible  to  apply  here 
methods  used  there.  On  this  continent  the 
large  paper  companies  either  owned  their 
holdings  outiight  or  leased  them  for  long 
terms  from  the  government,  and  the  first 
question  which  every  forester  was  asked  was 
how  long  would  the  present  supply  last.  In 
some  cases  this  was  a  very  difficult  question 
to  answer  by  making  an  inventory  because 
there  were  no  maps  and  no  information  as  to 
the  exact  size  of  the  holdings,  which  ran  all 
the  way  from  one  million  to  four  million  acres. 
There  was  then,  of  course,  the  necessity  of 
overcoming  the  antagonism  of  the  old  ideas 
as  to  forest  utilization,  but  the  constant 
trend  of  affairs  had  convinced  the  holders 
of  the  necessity  of  knowling  about  the  supply 
for  the  future. 

Another  point  that  had  held  back  the 
forestry  movement  among  these  concerns 
was  the  fear  that  some  other  material  than 
wood  might  be  used  to  make  paper,  or  that 
some  other  country  like  Japan  or  India 
might  make  paper  from  some  quick  growing 
wood  like  bamboo.  However, after  considering 
these  things  Mr.  Wilson  felt  that  wood  would 
continue  to  be  used  for  a  long  time  to  come, 
and  that  it  would  pay  to  operate  the  forests 
on  that  expectation. 

There  were  two  types  of  men  managing 
companies.  One  looked  only  to  the  earning 
of  as  large  dividends  as  possible  without 
much  regard  to  the  future;  while  the  other 
one  saw  his  work  as  a  part  of  a  broad  scheme, 
and  who  was  willing  to  look  ahead  and  plan 
for  the  future.  He  was  happy  to  say  that  in 
the  paper  industry  this  latter  type  was  often 
found,  and  that  paper  companies  especially 
in  Canada  had  to  a  great  extent  urged  govern- 
ments to  do  their  duty  in  regard  to  the 
forests. 

Mr.  Wilson  pointed  out  that  they  had  now 
by  an  inventory  of  a  good  part  of  the  wood- 
lands in  Quebec,  come  to  the  conclusion  that 


the  supply  available  by  the  streams  and 
present  means  of  transportation  was  good 
for  fifty  or  sixty  years  more.  His  hearers 
might  say  that  forests  grow,  but  Dr.  Fernow 
had  just  told  them  that  there  was  no  increase 
in  the  amount  of  timber  in  a  virgin  forest  as 
the  decay  and  death  of  trees  balanced  the 
new  growth. 

He  was  positive  after  his  experiments  in 
this  matter  that  there  was  only  one  way  to 
handle  this  question,  and  that  was  to  begin 
to  plant  on  a  large  scale.  Mr.  Wilson  on 
this  point  said,  'I  am  quite  sure  that  the 
financial  return  will  be  adequate,  and  when 
you  think  of  the  huge  cost  of  these  plants 
which  must  be  situated  where  water  power 
is  cheap,  where  there  is  an  easy  way  to  get 
the  wood  out  of  the  forests,  namely  by 
floating  it  on  the  rivers,  and  that  it  is  neces- 
sary to  provide  them  with  raw  material,  it 
seems  that  their  dependence  on  wood,  their 
interest  will  soon  bring  them  to  this  con- 
clusion and  that  they  will  soon  begin  to  plant 
on  a  large  scale.' 

The  company  by  which  he  was  employed 
used  one  and  one  half  million  trees  per  year. 
They  had  been  for  four  years  experimenting 
with  species  which  grow  quicker  than  our 
native  ones,  and  while  it  was  too  soon  to 
say  what  the  results  would  be,  still  he  hoped 
that  in  a  few  more  years  they  would  have 
begun  to  plant  as  many  trees  as  they  cut. 
His  hearers  might  say  that  it  took  a  long 
time  to  grow  trees,  but  he  did  not  think  the 
time  element  would  play  such  a  very  im- 
portant part  in  this  question,  because  these 
immense  plants,  owned  by  large  and  self- 
perpstuating  corporations  which  would  en- 
dure as  long  as  other  human  institutions, 
should  go  on  practically  in  perpetuity. 
And  planting  even  without  considering  the 
sure  rise  in  the  value  of  timber  would  give 
a  proper  financial  return.  They  had  now 
planted  nearly  100  acres  and  found  that  it 
could  be  done  as  low  as  five  or  six  dollars 
per  agre.  Of  course  they  did  not  know  as 
yet  whether  the  native  species  would  do  as 
well  in  pure  stands  as  they  did  when  growing 
naturally  mixed  in  the  woods.  They  were 
also  trying  plantations  of  different  kinds  of 
trees  in  pure  and  mixed  stands  and  on  dif- 
ferent soils.  He  felt  that  when 
the  forester  learned  the  practical 
bearing  of  his  work  and  when  he  could  show 
the  lumberman  and  the  paper  manufacturer 
that  there  were  actual  returns  in  dollars  and 
cents  from  forestry  then  the  field  would  be 
enormously  increased. 


170 


Slash  Disposal 


171 


The  great  question  of  fire  protection  was 
the  first  one  to  be  met  and  that  had  practi- 
cally been  settled  in  the  Province  of  Quebec 
by  the  formation  of  the  pioneer  co-operative 
society,  the  St.  Maurice  Valley  Forest 
Protective  Association,  and  the  broad- 
minded  and  helpful  attitude  of  the  Minister 
of  Crown  Lands,  Hon.  Jules  AJlard,  and  his 
Chief  of  Fire  Protective  Service  Mr.  W.  C.  J. 
Hall.  This  Association  had  charge  of  over 
seven  million  acres  and  had  two  successful 
years  behind  it. 

Canada  was  well  placed  in  regard  to  care 
of  her  forests.  These  for  the  most  part  were 
still  Crown  Lands,  the  right  to  cut  the  timber 
being  licensed  to  companies  and  individuals, 
and  the  cutting  carried  on  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  government.  The  immensity  of 
the  territory,  the  lack  of  trained  men  and 
the  difficulty  of  dealing  with  settlers  had 
hampered  the  work.  A  new  era  was  dawning, 
however,  and  the  Dominion  Forest  Service 
and  those  of  the  provinces  of  Quebec  and 
British  Columbia  were  doing  splendid  service. 
It  was  hoped  there  would  be  no  backward 
steps  and  that  the  government  would  take 
the  lead  in  conserving  the  forests  and  look- 
ing after  fire  protection.  At  present  in 
Quebec  the  licensee  paid  not  only  the  annual 
rental  and  stumpage  dues,  but  bore  all  the 
expense  of  fire  protection,  stock  taking  and 
measurement. 

Another  interesting  question  was  the 
amount  of  growth  after  lumbering.  It  had 
been  found  over  large  areas  that  the  average 
cut  per  acre  counting  all  territory  good  and 
bad  was  about  3  cords  or  6M  f  aet  b.m.  per  acre. 
The  government  regulations  did  not  allow 
the  cutting  of  any  trees  under  certain  diameter 
limits.  The  result  was  the  smaller  trees  had 
been  left  under  the  supposition  that  they 
would  supply  the  seed  necessarj'  for  natural 
regeneration.  But  measurements  in  many 
different  sections  showed  that  not  enough 
timber  was  coming  on  to  make  a  second 
trip  into  this  cut-over  section  profitable. 
A  second  cut  would  amount  to  only  one,  or 
at  the  very  most  two  cords  per  acre  after 
thirty  or  thirty-five  years,  so  that  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  future  crop  the  diameter 
limit  and  natural  reproduction  were  not 
efficient.  Another  drawback  was  that 
under  this  sytem  only  soft  woods  which 
could  be  floated  were  taken  out,  leaving  the 
large  harwoods  which  were  really  weeds, 
to  grow  and  propagate.  For  this  reason 
planting  was  a  necessity  and  should  be 
begun  at  once.  Mr.  Wilson  concluded, 
I  think  that  the  only  methmi  of  perpetuating 
a  sufficient  supply  of  timber,  and  I  agree 
with  Dr.  Femow  that  the  government  is  the 
agency  which  should  take  it  up'. 


SLASH  DISPOSAL. 

At  the  Winnipeg  Convention  the 
question  of  slash  disposal  was  keen- 


ly debated.  Mr.  W.  R.  Turnbull  of 
fvotliesay,  N.B.,  an  old  and  enthusi- 
astic member  of  the  Association  was 
prevented  from  attending  at  Winni- 
peg, but  felt  so  strongly  on  this  sub- 
ject that  he  sent  the  subjoined  letter 
giving  his  views: — 

According  to  a  recent  bulletin  of  the 
Canadian  Forestry  Association  'Canadians 
are  cutting  timber  each  year  at  the  rate 
of  about  100  board  feet  per  acre/  'The 
fire  loss  is  estimated  to  be  950  board  feet 
per  acre  per  annum.'  In  other  words 
nearly  ten  times  as  much  timber  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire  as  accrues  to  the  benefit 
of  the  country. 

I  have  been  in  the  New  Brunswick 
woods  a  good  deal  and  I  believe  this 
enormous  loss  can  be  prevented  in  just  one 
way  and  that  is  by  compelling  the  lum- 
bermen by  law  to  burn  the  tops  and  all 
the  branches  of  every  tree  that  is  cut 
down,  and  at  the  time  the  tree  is  cut  down. 
The  practical  lumberman  will  doubtless 
object  to  this,  saying  that  the  green 
branches  will  not  readily  burn,  and  that  it 
would  cost  too  much  money  to  employ  men 
to  do  this  work. 

In  the  first  place  the  green  branches  and 
tops  will  burn,  provided  a  large  fire  of  dry 
wood  is  first  started,  and  the  green  branch- 
es gradually  fed  on  the  fire  and  kept  well 
packed  down  by  attendants  that  under- 
stand the  proper  methods.  In  the  second 
place  it  would  cost  money,  no  doubt,  but 
the  lumberman  could  be  compelled  by  law 
to  expend  this  money  and  the  resulting 
saving  would  accrue  not  only  to  the  coun- 
try as  a  whole,  but  eventually  to  the 
lumberman  himself. 

I  would  propose  that  at  every  lumber 
camp  in  Canada,  a  government  employee 
be  stationed,  during  the  cutting  months, 
to  see  that  the  law  of  burning  tops  and 
branches  at  once,  be  carried  out.  Or 
what  would  suffice  as  well,  and  be  less 
costly  to  the  Government,  would  be  travel- 
ling inspectors  who  could  possibly  visit 
twcnity  or  thirty  camps  in  a  given  district 
and  report  at  once  the  negligence  of  any 
lunihcrnian  who  had  not  destroyed  his  tops 
and  branches — the  negligent  lumberman  to 
l)ay  a  heavy  fine,  many  times  the  cost  of 
doing  the  work  of  burning. 

If  such  a  law  was  made  and  enforced 
large  forest  fires  would  soon  be  things  of 
the  past.  In  woods  that  have  been  cleaned 
of  «icad  wood  and  old  cuttings,  and  con- 
tain little  but  living  green  trees  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  start  a  fire  in  any 
month  of  the  year,  and  the  country  would 
lose  little  by  hunters  and  careless  campers 
if  tlie  lumberman  were  compelled  to  do  his 
duty  by  the  country  and  by  himself. 


172 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal^  November,  191S. 


WHY  EVERY  WESTERN  FARMER 
SHOULD  GROW  TREES. 

By  Mr.  J.   J.  Ming,  Crystal  City,  Man. 

Protection  is  one  of  Nature's  first  laws, 
and  seems  to  be  the  first  law  of  nations. 
Then,  why  not  protect  our  homes  by  plant- 
ing trees  for  windbreaks  and  shelter  belts. 
They  add  to  the  comfort  of  the  home  by 
providing  surroundings  of  a  restful  and 
beautiful  character. 

We  can  not  over-estimate  the  value  of 
tree  planting  in  the  prairie  provinces.  The 
economic  value  of  the  shelter  belts  cannot 
be  expressed  in  dollars.  For  many  reasons, 
an  ample,  properly  located  windbreak 
should  be  grown  around  the  farm  home.  Its 
protecting  arms  embrace  the  dwelling  house, 
and  the  barns,  stables  and  sheds.  The 
strong,  hardy,  beautiful  trees  are  set  for 
defence,  and  when  the  winter  blizzards  come 
charging  across  the  prairies  and  find  the 
farm  home  intrenched  behind  a  living  ram- 
part of  trees,  the  fierce  breath  is  robbed 
of  power  to  worry  and  destroy.  The  wind 
rolls  over;  the  snow  is  held  back  in  the  lee 
of  the  shelter  belts;  the  farm-yards  are  free 
of  snow  banks.  Who  can  put  a  money  value 
on  the  shelter  belts? 

If  possible  they  are  of  more  value  in  the 
summer.  When  the  dry,  blighting  hot  winds, 
and  the  fierce  cutting  sandstorms  attack 
our  homes,  we  are  comparatively  safe  be- 
hind the  invicible,  swaying  home-guard  of 
trees.  Can  a  price  be  put  on  the  comfort 
and  enjoyment  our  families  and  friends  re- 
ceive from  the  cool  refreshing  shade  and 
shelter  of  trees? 

The  farm  animals,  poultry  and  our  wild 
birds  enjoy  the  protection.  We  find  from 
long  experience  that  we  can  raise  better 
and  finer  flavored  garden  vegetables  in  the 
shelter  than  in  the  open.  To  get  the  best 
results  from  small  fruits,  flowers  and  shrubs, 
we  must  have  shelter. 


TREE  PLANTING  IN  NORWAY. 

The  western  coast  of  Norway  was  heavily 
wooded  a  few  centuries  ago,  but  now  this 
coast  strip  has  become  bleak  and  desolate 
with  the  passing  of  those  forests.  To  restore 
the  forest  glories  of  the  west  coast  the  Bergen 
Tree-Planting  Society  was  founded  in  1900. 
It  has  set  itself  a  tremendous  task  demanding 
vast  expenditures  of  money,  time  and  labor 
but,  nothing  daunted,  the  society  has  en- 
listed the  aid  of  the  Government  and  wealthy 
citizens  and  has  already  made  substantial 
progress.  In  the  thirteen  years  of  work 
carried  on  this  society  has  planted  nearly 
37,000,000  trees,  two-thirds  of  them  on  a 
tract  of  10,000  acres  in  the  two  Bergenhua 
counties.  Stimulated  by  such  an  exanaple 
144  smaller  societies  have  been  organized 
in  these  counties,  and  last  year  they  set  out 
2,276,00  trees. 


THE  UNTHINKING  MATCH. 

A  match  doesn't  think  with  its  head. 
When  you  use  it,  your  head  has  to  do  all 
the  thinking.  Don't  trust  the  match  to  fall 
where  it  cannot  start  a  fire  and  thus  make 
you  responsible.  The  progeny  of  matches — 
cigarette  or  cigar  stubs  and  camp  fires — 
have  no  heads  at  all.  Do  not  trust  them, 
either.     Do  the  thinking.     Put  them  out. 


RAILWAYS   AND   FORESTS. 

Every  acre  of  forest  land  in  North  Caro- 
lina is  worth  more  to  the  railroads  for  the 
timber  value  than  the  people  who  own  the 
land.  The  railroads  get  more  from  hauling 
the  timber  than  the  man  who  owns  the  tim- 
ber receives  from  selling  it.  .  .  .  The 
railroads  try  harder  to  prevent  forest  fires 
than  the  people  do. — Mr.  B.  E.  Bice  of  the 
Norfolk  Southern  Railway  at  North  Carolina 
Forestry   Conference. 


REVENUE  FROM  FORESTS  IN  U.  S. 

Receipts  from  the  national  forests  of  the 
United  States  were  nearly  $2,500,000  for 
the  year  ending  June  30,  1913.  About  half 
of  the  receipts  were  for  timber.  During  the 
year  the  Government  let  contracts  totaling 
$4,000,000  for  the  sale  of  timber  to  be  cut 
at  once  or  in  the  future.  Of  the  gross  forests' 
receipts,  35  per  cent,  go  to  the  States  in 
which  the  forests  are  located,  to  be  used  for 
schools  and  roads. 


WASTE  FROM  WOOD. 

The  possibility  of  more  thoroughly  util- 
izing the  enormous  quantity  of  waste  re- 
sinous wood  produced  in  the  lumbering 
industry  has  been  disclosed  by  an  investi- 
gation just  completed  by  the  bureau  of 
chemistry  of  the  United  States  Agricul- 
tural Department.  The  annual  waste,  it 
is  estimated,  is  not  less  than  8,000,000 
cords.  This,  according  to  the  investiga- 
tors, can  be  manufactured  into  paper  pulp, 
turpentine,  resin  oils,  pine  oils,  wood  al- 
cohol and  other  products  to  a  value  of 
nearly  $300,000,000.  The  investigation 
shows  that  the  industries  of  paper  making, 
wood  distillation  and  resin  oil  production 
can  be  developed  in  combination. 

'Their  development  not  only  will  open 
a  profitable  field  of  industry,'  says  the 
bureau '^s  report,  'but  should  prove  a  big 
factor  in  the  conservation,  of  natural  re- 
sources. In  addition,  by  the  utilization  of 
waste  and  fallen  timber,  the  injury  to  the 
forests  by  fire  and  insects  will  be  ma- 
terially reduced.' 


With  the  Forest  Engineers* 


{Contnhuted  by  the  Canadian  Society  of  Forest  Engineers.) 


Mr.  E.G.  McDougall  (Toronto,'ll)  has  been 
engaged  in  reconnaissance  work  for  the 
British  Columbia  Government  along  the 
Cariboo  Road  and  the  52nd  parallel.  The 
eountr>-  here  is  a  plain  or  plateau,  flanked 
by  ranges  of  hills  adjacent  to  the  Fraser 
and  Clearwater  Valleys.  The  plain  is 
semi-arid,  with  many  alkali  lakes  in  the 
southern  part,  except  for  some  small  patches 
of  prairie,  and  some  rocky  barrens  in  the 
higher  ranges;  the  country  is  all  wooded, 
but  contains  little  saw-timber  of  present 
commercial  value,  apart  from  local  uses. 
Yellow  pine  finds  its  limit  just  north  of  the 
Bonaparte  River;  north  of  that  point  the 
forest  gro\\-th  consists  of  fir  and  lodgepole 
pine  on  the  plain  and  spruce  and  balsam 
at  higher  elevations  with  aspen  very  abun- 
dant on  the  bums.  Much  valuable  timer  has 
been  destroyed  by  fire,  while  on  the  othei  hand 
the  lodgepole  pine  appears  to  have  en- 
croached considerably  on  land  that  was 
formerly  prairie. 

As  the  country  is  largely  covered  by  sur- 
veys, the  plane  table  is  not  used,  and  as  a 
map  holder  it  is  replaced  by  a  common 
checker-board.  A  vest  pocket  premo  is  the 
camera  used,  but  on  many  occasions  a  pan- 
cram  Kodak  would  have  paid  for  its  trans- 
port. Mr.  McDougall  has  one  assistant  as 
cook  and  packer,  and  four  horses. 

Subsequently  to  \\Titing  the  aove,  Mr.  Mc- 
Dougall writes:  Since  writing  you  last,  I 
haven't  seen  much  new  country,  and  most  of 
the  side  incidents  have  been  distressing  rath- 
er than  amusing  in  character.  Pack  rats 
and  field  mice  have  levied  toll  on  our  pro- 
visions. Can  anj'  of  your  correspondents 
describe  a  mouse-proof  cache  that  can  be 
quickly  constructed  for  use  in  a  temporary 
camp?  Has  anybody  tried  the  experiment 
of  packing  a  cat  or  a  ferret?  A  settler  here 
says  he  had  luck  with  a  tame  weasel,  but 
such  an  asset  is  not  available  to  us  campers. 

In  The  St.  Maurice  Basin. 

Mr.  Ellwood  Wilson  writes  of  the  work  of 
the  Laurentidc  Company  as  follows:  'During 
August  and  September  the  Forestry  Depart- 
ment of  the  Laurentide  Company  nave 
pushed  nearly  to  completion  a  close  exam- 
matiion  of  370  square  miles  of  timber  limits. 
These  maps  have  been  made  in  great  detail, 
showing  the  boundaries  of  all  bums,  muskegs, 
and  standing  timber.  In  the  stands  of  timber 
strips  have  been  mn,  covering  3  to  6  per  cent, 
of  the  total  stand,  calipering  trees  and  mak- 
ing close  estimations. 


'In  addition  to  this,  somewhat  over  two 
acres  of  jack  pine,  with  an  average  diameter 
of  about  3!/^in.,  have  been  laid  out  in  an 
experimental  plot.  A  fire-line  has  been  cut 
around  it;  one  half  has  been  left  in  its  present 
cond'tion  as  a  control;  the  other  half  has  been 
thinned,  basing  the  thinnings  on  the  size  of 
the  crowns,  so  fhat  the  trees  would  have 
sufficient  light,  but  the  stand  would  not  be 
opened  too  much.  It  is  desired  to  see  what 
effect  these  thinnings  will  have  on  the  timber. 
Each  tree  has  been  calipered  and  listed 
and  it  is  proposed  to  repeat  the  calipering 
each  year  and  keep  careful  records  of  growth. 
This  work  will  be  extended  to  other  areas  dur- 
ing the  coming  year  and  various  methods  of 
thinning  will  be  tried. 

'Over  a  portion  of  their  limits,  toplopping 
will  again  be  tried  by  the  Company.  Careful 
cost  records  will  be  kept  and  the  effect  on 
reproduction  and  rapidity  of  decay  on  the 
brush  will  be  watched. 

'This  Department  has  just  brought  to  com- 
pletion the  first  accurate  and  detailed  map 
of  the  valley  of  the  St. Maurice  River  covering 
some  seven  million  acres.  Of  this  nearly  two 
million  acres  have  been  surveyed  by  this 
Department;  the  balance  has  been  compiled 
from  work  of  the  St.  Maurice  Industrial 
Company,  under  Mr.  de  Carteret,  and  the 
rest  from  Government  surveys. 

'This  Company  now  has  a  nursery,  covering 
over  half  an  acre,  with  40,000  seedlings  ready 
for  planting  next  spring.  These  comprise 
Norway  and  white  spruce,  red,  white  and 
jack  pine,  with  a  few  Colorado  blue  spruce. 
Experiments  are  being  carried  out  with  dif- 
ferent species  of  trees.  The  Laurentide 
Company  has  planted  this  year  about  thirty 
acres,  bringing  its  total  plantations  now  to 
8om(;  fifty  acres. 

'In  September  Messrs.  Small  and  Wilson  of 
this  (company  made  a  trip  to  the  site  of  the 
prop<)S(id  dam,  which  the  Quebec  Govern- 
ment intends  to  build  on  the  upper  St. 
Maurice  River.  This  will  form  a  lake  some- 
wh(;re  in  the  neighborhood  of  303  square 
miles,  will  control  the  flow  of  this  important 
river,  making  it  uniform  at  all  times  of  the 
year,  and  will  do  much  to  increase  the  pros- 
perity of  the  region. 

'The  country  on  the  head-waters  of  the 
St.  Maurice  River  is  very  flat,  and  mostly 
muHk<*g,  and  the  timber  begins  to  be  of  the 
sub-arctic  type.  White  pine,  cedar  and 
whiU;  spmce  are  absent,  the  timber  consist- 
ing almost  entirely  of  small  black  spmce  and 
jack    pine,    with   some   balsam    fir.     Black 


173 


174 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  November,  1913 


spruce  will  proabbly    average    six  to  seven 
inches  and  is  of  very  slow  growth  indeed. 

'Examinations  showed  that  it  took  balsam 
from  seventeen  to  twenty-seven  years  to 
make  one  inch,  black  spruce  from  seventeen 
to  fifty  years  to  make  one  inch.  There  is  a 
very  large  burnt  area  but  reproduction  is 
good. 

'The  St.  Maurice  Fire  Protective  Associa- 
tion has  had  a  very  successful  year.  Over 
275  forest  fires  were  extinguished  with  prac- 
tically no  damage;  seven  lookout  towers 
have  been  constructed  and  telephone  lines 
have  been  commenced.  The  success  of  co- 
operative forest  fire  protection  has  been  es- 
tablished beyond  a  doubt.' 


NUT   GROWING. 


The  National  Nurseryman  of  Rochester, 
New  York,  gives  considerable  attention  to 
nut  growing  in  the  northern  states.  In  a 
recent  issue  it  recommends  for  planting  in 
these  states  the  American  chestnut,  the 
shagbark  hickory,  the  American  black  wal- 
nut, the  butternut  and  the  American  hazels. 
The  English  walnut  has  been  little  tried, 
but  there  are  several  very  successful  planta- 
tions in  Pennsylvania.  Nearly  all  of  these 
do  well  in  the  Maritime  Provinces  and  in 
southern  Quebec  and  southern  Ontario,  but 
so  far  very  little  has  been  done  in  develop- 
ing this  industry. 


Developments  in  British  Columbia. 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 


Mr.  MacMillan,  Chief  Forester  for  the  far 
western  province,  writes: 

'We  have  recently  succeeded  in  putting 
into  effect  here  one  of  the  recommendations 
of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association,  that 
is,  that  all  land  before  settlement  should  be 
examined  by  the  Forest  Branch  to  determine 
whether  it  should  be  opened  up  for  settle- 
ment or  reserved  for  timber  purposes.  Be- 
fore applications  for  land  are  dealt  with  in 
the  Coast  District  they  are  now  referred  to 
the  Forest  Branch  for  examination.  We 
anticipate  that  this  policy  will  not  only  save 
a  great  deal  of  wasted  effort  and  misery  by- 
preventing  people  from  settling  on  non-agricul- 
tural land  but  will  also  prevent  the  taking  up 
of  valuable  merchantable  timber  under  the 
guise  of  settlement. 

'At  the  present  time  the  members  of  the 
Forest  Board  are  spending  a  great  deal  of 
their  time  in  the  investigation  of  the  royalty 
situation.  As  you  know  the  Government  is 
now  arranging  to  revis'e  the  royalties  paid  on 
timber  held  under  license  with  a  view  to 
adopting  a  policy  which  will  ensure  that  the 
pubhc  will  receive,  when  the  timber  is  cut, 
a  fixed  proportion  of  its  stumpage  value.' 


Mr.  F.  W.  H.  Jacombe,in  charge  of  the  library 
of  the  Forestry  Branch  at  Ottawa,  has 
accepted  the  appointment  of  head  of  the 
Canadian  responsibility  district  (or.  for 
short,  'district  head  for  Canada')  of  the 
Special  Libraries  Association.  The  mem- 
bership of  this  association  includes  represen- 
tatives (to  the  number  of  some  three  hun- 
dred) of  the  libraries  of  Canada  and  the 
United  States  connected  with  banking,  in- 
surance, manufacturing  and  other  industrial 
concerns^  government  departments  and 
commissions,  municipal  and  legislative  refer- 
ence libraries  and  various  other  classes  of 
libraries. 


The  Canadian  Forestry  Association  is  the 
organization  in  Canada  for  the  propagation 
of  the  principles  of  forest  conservation. 
This  it  does  by  means  of  conventions,  meet- 
ings, lectures  and  literature. 

It  is  a  popular  organization  supported  by 
the  fees  of  members,  assisted  by  some  gov- 
ernment grants. 

There  is  a  vast  field  of  work  before  the 
Association  which  is  only  limited  by  the 
funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  Association. 

Those  who  are  not  already  members  are 
invited  to  join  and  assist  in  the  work.  The 
membership  fee  is  one  dollar  per  year,  and 
this  entitles  the  member  to  attend  and  vote 
at  all  meetings  and  to  receive  the  Annual 
Eeport  and  the  Canadian  Forestry  Journal. 
Women  as  well  as  men  are  eligible  for  mem- 
bership. 

Applications  for  membership  and  requests 
for  literature  and  information  may  be  ad- 
dressed to 

The  Secretary, 
Caandian  Forestry  Association, 

Canadian  Building,  Ottawa,  Can. 

Objects  of  the  Association. 

(1)  The  exploration  of  the  public  domain, 
so  that  lands  unsuitable  for  agriculture  may 
be  reserved  for  timber  production. 

(2)  The  preservation  of  the  forests  for 
their  influence  on  climate,  soil  and  water 
supply. 

(3)  The  promotion  of  judicious  methods 
in  dealing  with  forests  and  woodlands. 

(4)  Tree  planting  on  the  plains  and  on 
streets  and  highways. 

(5)  Reforestation  where  advisable. 

(6)  The  collection  and  dissemination  of 
information  bearing  on  the  forestry  problem 
in  general. 


/7 


The  UNIVERSITY  of  TORONTO 


AND 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE 

WITH  WHICH  ARE  FEDERATED 

ST.  MICHAEL'S,  TRINITY  AND  VICTORIA  COLLEGES 


FACULTIES  OF  ARTS,  HOUSEHOLD 
SCIENCE,  MEDICINE,  EDUCATION, 
-    APPLIED  SCIENCE,   FORESTRY    - 


For  information,  apply  to  the  Registrar  of  the  University,  or  to  the  Secre- 
taries of  the  respective  Faculties. 


HARDY    NORTHERN 

FOREST    TREES 
and    shrubs    at    forest 
prices. 

Native  and  foreign  tree  seeds. 


'^W 


Edye-de- Hurst  &  Son, 

Dennyhurst,  via  Dryden,  Ont. 

SHIPPERS    TO     H.    M.    GOVERNMENT,     ETOv 


Cknrespondanee  Prangaiat. 


TIMBER  CRUISES 
F  ORESTRY  SURVEYS 


|-      Forestry   Dept. 

Montreal  Engineering  Company,  Limited 

Consulting    &  Operating    Engineers 

164  ST.  JAMES  STREET,    MONTREAL 
R.  O.  Sweezey,  General  Manager 


Sr"!fcSTUMP  PULLER 


SMITH 


J/V. Smith  Grubber 

CAlTirOGFREE-DlPT.S.   LA  CRESCENT,   MiNN. 


FOREST 

ENGINEERS.          | 

Forest  Surveys 

Logging  Maps      1 

TIMBER 

ESTIMATES                | 

Water  Power 

Water  Storage 

CLARK 

& 

LYFORD 

403  Crown  Building 

,  VANCOUVER 

llnivcrsilY  of 
New  Brai]8wick 


FREDERICTON,    N.B. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

Established  in   igo8 

Four  years'  course  leading-  to  the 
Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Forestry.  Special  facilities  for  practi- 
cal   forest    work. 

Tuition  $50.00  per  annum.  Other 
expenses     correspondingly    moderate. 


For  further  information  address: — 
DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 

University  Calendar  furnished 
on  application.       _       _       — 


C.  C.  JONES,  Chancellor 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 

at 

SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY 

Syra^o«sc,  Neiv  York. 

Undergraduate  course  leading  to 
Bachelor  of  Science  ;  Post- 
graduate course  to  Master  of 
Forestry;  and  one  and  two-year 
Ranger  courses.  Summer  Camp 
of  eight  weeks  in  Catskills. 
Ranger  School  held  on  the 
College  Forest  of  2,000  acres  at 
Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 
State  Forest  Experiment  Station 
of  90  acres  and  excellent  Forest 
Library  ofifer  unusual  opportu- 
nities for  research  work.     : :    : : 

For  particulars  address 
HUGH  P,  BAKER.,  D.  Oeo.  Dea.n 


BILTMORE,    -    -    North  Carolina 

'pHE  Biltmore    Forest  School   is  for 
the  time  being  the  only  technical 
school   of    lumbering  and    forestry    in 
America.  The      Biltmore     Forest 

School  has  four  headquarters,  viz, — 
spring  quarters  in  North  Carolina, 
near  Biltmore;  summer  quarters  in  the 
lake  states,  near  Cadillac,  Michigan  ; 
fall  quarters  on  the  Pacific  side  ;  and 
winter  quarters  in  the  forests  of  Ger- 
many. Q  The  course  of  instruction 
covers  any  and  all  branches  of  forestry 
and  lumbering.  The  auxiliary  courses 
are  cut  to  order  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students.  No  attempt  is  being  made 
to  give  a  thorough  training  in  general 
science.  The  course  comprises  twelve 
months  at  the  school,  followed  by  an 
apprenticeship  of  six  months  in  the 
woods,  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor   of  Forestry. 

Write  for  catalog  of  Biltmore 
Forest    School,    addressing — 

THE  DIRECTOR,  BILTMORE.  N.C.,  U.S. A 


lEUmSIIY  mi  SCHOOL 

NEW    HAVEN,  CONNECTICUT,    U.S.A. 


A  two  years'  course  in  fo- 
restry is  offered  leadings  to  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Forestry. 
The  Forest  School  is  a  graduate 
department  of  Yale  University 
requiring  for  admission  a  college 
training.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, colleges,  or  scientific  ins- 
titutions of  high  standing  are 
admitted  upon  presentation  of 
their  diplomas,  provided  they 
have  taken  courses  in  the  fol- 
lowing subjects  in  their  under- 
graduate work  :  at  least  one 
full  year  in  college  or  Univeisity 
Botany,  and  at  least  one  course 
in  Zoology,  Physics,  Inorganic 
Chemistry,  Geology,  Econom  cs. 
Mechanical  Drawing,  French 
or  German  and  the  completion 
of  Mathematics  throngh  Trigo- 
nometry. 

Candidates  for  advanced 
standing  may  take  examinations 
in  any  subject  but  are  required 
in  addition  to  present  evidence 
of  a  specified  amount  of  work 
done  in   the  field  or  laboratory. 

The  school   year  begins  in 
early  luly  and  is  conducted  at 
the  school  camp  at  MILFORD, 
Pennsylvania. 
For  further  information  address 

JAHES  W.  TOUnBY,   Director 

NBW   HAVBN       ....       CONNBOTMVT 


"7, 


Canadian  f  ore$^^ournai 


Vol.  IX.         Ottawa,  Canada,  December,  1913. 


No.  12 


INDEX  for  1913  in  this  issue. 

Published  monthly  by  the 

Cakadian    Porkstky    Association, 

Canadian  Building, 

Ottawa,  Canada. 

Devoted  to  the  cause  of  forest  conservation. 

Subscription  $1  per  year. 

Advertising  Bates  on  Application. 

CONTENTS:  Page. 

Editorial 178-9 

Fire  Prevention  Organization 180 

Northern    Ontario's    Timber    Resources     . .  181-3 

B.  C.  Fire  Season 184 

U.    S.    National    Conservation    Congress    .  .  185-6 

Forest   Protection  in  Canada 187-9 

New  Brunswick,   Brush  Disposal  in    .  .    .  .  190 

Quebec's   Record   Revenue 191 

Booth,   Mr.   John   R 191 

Forest   Engineers 192-3 

Empire  State  Forest   Products  Assn 194 

CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 

Patron,  H.  R.  H.  the  Govebnor  General. 

Honorary  Pres..  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

Honorary  Past  Pres.,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier. 

President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Charlton. 

Vice-President,   Wm.   Power,    M.  P. 

Secretary,  Jab.  Lawlbr,  Canadian  Building, 

Slater  St.,  Ottawa. 

Treamirer,  Miss  M.  Robinson. 

Directors  :     William     Little,     Hi'ram     Robinson 

Aubrey      White,     E.     Stewart     W.      B.     Snowball. 

Thomas  Southworth,   Hon.  W,  C.  Edwards,  Geo.  Y« 

Chown,  John   Hendry,    Hon.   Sydney  Fisher,  R.    H- 

Campbell.  J.  B.  Miller,  Gordon  C.  Edwards,  Dr.  B.  E- 

Femow,    EUwood    Wilson,    Senator    Bostock,    F.   C- 

Whitman,  G.  C.  Pich6,  Alex.  MacLaurin:  Mgr.  O.  E. 

Mathieu.  Bishop  of  Regma;  A.  P.  Stevenson,  Wm- 

Pearoe.  C.  E.  K.  Ussher,   Denis  Murphy,   C.  Jackson 

Booth.  Wm.  Price.  J.  W.  Harkom,  A.  S.  Goodeve, 

W.    C.  J.   Hall,  J.  8.     Dennis.  J.    B.   White,    E.   J. 

Zavits,  Geo.  Chahoon  Jr.,  R.  D.  Prettie. 

Twrli^rial  VIce-PrMldents  : 
Ontario:— Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst. 
Quebec: — Hon,  Jules  Atlard. 
New  Brunswick: — Hon.  J.  H.  Flemming. 
Nova  Scotia: — Hon.  O.  T.  Daniels. 
Manitoba:— Hon.  R.  P.  Roblin. 
Prince  Edward  Island: — Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson. 
Saskatchewan- — His  Honor  G.  W.  Brown. 
Alberta:— Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton. 
British  Columbia:— Hon.  W.  R.  Rom. 
Yukon: — Geo.  Black.  Commiasionor. 
Macksnsie:— F.  D.  Wilson. 
Ksewatin:- His  Honor  D.  C.  Camsron. 
Uncava:— His  Graos  Mgr.  Bruchsd,  Archbishop  of 
Montreal. 

177 


ANNUAL  BUSINESS  MEETING. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Canad- 
ian Forestry  Association  for  the  re- 
ceiving and  considering  of  reports 
of  Standing  committees  consideration 
of  matters  arising  out  of  the  Winni- 
peg convention,  election  of  officers 
and  other  business  affecting  the 
cause  of  forest  conservation  will  be 
held  at  the  Chateau  Laurier,  Ottawa, 
on  Wednesday,  February  4,  1914.  It 
is  expected  there  will  be  two  sessions 
and  that  during  the  day  a  delegation 
of  members  will  wait  on  representa- 
tives of  the  Dominion  Cabinet  to  pre- 
sent resolutions  properly  coming  be- 
fore that  body. 

Those  desiring  to  bring  forward 
motions  of  which  notice  is  required 
should  notify  the  Secretary  at  once 
that  these  may  be  included  in  the 
official  call. 

The  annual  meeting  and  banquet 
of  the  Canadian  Lumbermen's  Asso- 
ciation, according  to  custom,  will  be 
held  in  the  same  place  on  the  pre- 
ceding day,  Tuesday,  February  3, 
and  members  of  the  Canadian  Fores- 
try Association  desiring  to  attend 
the  banquet  may  obtain  tickets  from 
the  Secretary. 

Further  information  will  be  con- 
tained in  the  official  notice  sent  out 
to  members,  or  may  be  obtained  by 
writing  the  Secretary,  Canadian  For- 
estry Association,  Canadian  Building, 
Ottawa. 


CHANGE  OF  ADDRESS. 

Since  the  Canadian  Forestry  /ournoZ  fis 
now  issued  monthly  our  mailing  lists  are 
revised  with  like  frequency.  Members  who 
have  changed  their  addresses,  or  who  do 
not  receive  the  Journal  regularly  and  prompt- 
ly are  requested  to  write  to  the  Secretary. 
Do  this  now  before  you  forget  it. 


EDITORIAL   NOTES. 


There  has  probably  never  before 
been  such  a  strong  effort  on  the  part 
of  maple  sugar  makers  to  protect 
their  pure  product.  The  Chief  An- 
alyst for  Canada  recently  analysed 
128  samples  of  maple  syrup  and 
found  55  adulterated.  It  is  reported 
that  the  adulterated  samples  were 
wholesome  and  palatable  and  a  con- 
troversy has  arisen.  Some  hold  that 
as  these  adulterated  samples  are 
cheaper  than  real  syrup  and  yet 
wholesome  there  is  no  reason  why  they 
should  not  be  sold  so  that  the  poor 
man  might  get  his  'maple'  syrup  and 
sugar  as  well  as  the  rich  man.  The 
Pure  Maple  Syrup  and  Sugar  Asso- 
ciation of  Quebec  does  not  object  to 
the  sale  of  wholesome  syrup  made 
from  cane  or  beet  sugar,  flavored  with 
coal  tar  products,  but  what  it  does 
object  to  is  the  use  of  the  word 
'  maple. '  The  controversy  is  going  on 
warmly  just  now  and  the  maple  sugar 
men  will  undoubtedly  make  an  effort 
to  have  a  change  made  in  the  law  and 
regulations  to  restrict  the  word 
'maple'  to  products  wholly  of  the 
maple  tree. 

The  interest  of  the  Canadian  Fores- 
try Association  comes  in  to  this  con- 
troversy in  this  way:  Maple  sugar 
making  is  carried  on  in  Ontario,  Que- 
bec and  the  Maritime  Provinces  and 
its  centre  is  the  Eastern  Townships. 
Much  of  the  land  devoted  to  maple 
groves  is  fit  for  nothing  but  tree 
growth.  A  good  maple  grove  pro- 
perly worked  and  cai;ed  for  is  the  most 
profitable  use  to  which  this  land  can 
be  put  provided  a  fair  price  can  be 
got  for  the  product.  The  claim  is 
made  that  owing  to  the  ease  of  making 
up  substitutes  for  maple  spgar  and 
syrup,  substitutes  that  contain  noth- 
ing whatever  of  maple,  the  real  pro- 
duct has  been  saleable  with  great  dif- 
ficulty. Many  farmers  have  cut 
down  and  sold  their  groves  for  cord- 
wood  and  the  land  is  totally  unpro- 


ductive. This  is  a  state  of  affairs  to 
which  conservationists  are  opposed. 
They  want  to  see  such  land  put  to 
the  best  use,  and  the  best  use  at  the 
present  time  is  a  profitable  maple 
grove.  Maple  syrup  is  a  luxury  and 
the  people  who  buy  it  want  to  get 
'maple'  not  syrup.  They  pay  for 
'maple'  and  they  ought  not  to  be 
humbugged  with  sugar  cane  or  beets, 
no  matter  how  life  sustaining  a  com- 
bination of  beet  sugar  and  coal  tar 
may  be.  The  friends  of  forest  conser- 
vation want  to  see  the  land  devoted 
to  its  best  use  and  will  do  what  they 
can  to  keep  rocky  and  non  agricultur- 
al lands  covered  with  trees  instead  of 
becoming  barren  wastes. 

Readers  of  Canadian  publications 
of  all  kinds  and  particularly  readers 
of  agricultural  journals,  have  had 
dinned  into  them  the  dangers  in  the 
decline  of  population  in  rural  On- 
tario— Ontario  being  the  province  in 
which  the  tendency  is  most  marked. 
Rev.  John  MacDougall,  Spencerville, 
Ont.,  has  issued  a  book  'Rural  Life  in 
Canada,'  on  this  subject.  He  estim- 
ates that  in  the  decade  1901-11  rural 
Ontario  lost  373,567  people.  One  of 
the  chief  causes  of  this  decline  in 
population  noted  by  Mr.  MacDougall 
is  the  farming  of  soil  unfit  for  culti- 
vation. The  invariable  rule  is  found 
to  be  that  rural  depopulation  is  great- 
er from  those  localities  with  the  less 
fertile  soils.  Many  of  these  soils  are 
splendidly  adapted  to  forestry,  and 
Mr.  MacDougall  regards  it  as  a  duty 
of  the  nation  to  see  that  such  soiLs 
are  reforested  and  that  further  de- 
nudation of  such  soils  be  prevented. 
This  is  not  a  new  story  to  the  forest 
conservationist  but  evidently  other 
people  are  arriving  at  this  conclusion 
from  another  starting  point.  Some 
of  the  counties  that  have  lost  most 
heavily  have  large  areas  of  abandoned 
sand  lands  and  it  would  be  interesting 
to  follow  this  out  county  by  county. 


178 


Editorial  Notes 


179 


It  was  very  significant  that  Hon. 
W.  H.  Hearst  in  addressing  the  Ot- 
tawa Canadian  Club  appealed  for  the 
support  of  lumbermen  and  the  gener- 
al public  in  his  work  of  administering 
the  forests  of  Ontario.  This  bears 
out  what  was  said  in  these  columns 
last  month  that  the  most  important 
work  before  the  Canadian  Forestry 
Association  was  to  arouse  and  educate 
public  opinion.  The  propsals  of  for- 
est conservationists  are  so  self-evident 
that  their  clear  presentation  gen- 
erally means  their  acceptance  but 
the  people  are  busy  and  they  are 
many  and  the  subject  must  be  preach- 
ed without  ceasing.  A  synopsis  of 
Hon.  Mr.  Hearst's  address  on  another 
page  will  be  read  with  interest  and 
profit. 

One  subject  that  will  not  down  is 
that  of  brush  disposal.  Almost  every 
mail  brings  letters  or  manuscripts  or 
printed  artcles  on  this  matter.  Burn- 
ing has  many  advocates  and  others 
propose  piling  or  lopping.  Evidently 
the  old  method  of  doing  nothing  can- 
not long  continue. 

-^>  -^> 

It  is  significant  that  not  all  the 
states'  delegates  at  the  National  Con- 
servation Congress  at  Washington 
were  in  favor  of  handing  over  the 
United  States  federal  forests  to  the 
several  states  in  which  they  are  locat- 
ed. A  specific  and  marked  instance 
is  the  conclusion  of  the  Oregon  State 
Conservation  Commission  appointed 
by  the  Governor  under  legislative  au- 
thority. This  body  after  deliberating 
on  this  question  came  to  this  conclu- 
sion *It  would  seem  that  everyone  ex- 
cept those  directly  interested  in  pro- 
fiting thereby  has  all  to  lose  and  noth- 
ing to  gain  by  a  transfer  from  nation 
to  state.  In  our  opinion  the  proposi- 
tion is  wrong  in  principle  and  would 
be  disastrous  in  results.' 

When  Hon.  J.  K.  Flemming,  Prem- 
ier and  Surveyor  Qeneral  of  New 
Brunswick  was  in  Ottawa  recently  he 
stated  that  the  new  Crown  Timber 


Act  of  that  province  which  went  into 
force  this  year  was  working  out  very 
satisfactorily.  It  will  be  recalled  that 
under  the  old  Act  all  the  timber  leases 
ran  out  in  1918,  and  as  practically  all 
Crown  Timber  lands  in  New  Bruns- 
wick are  under  lease  that  lease  ter- 
mination affected  every  limit  holder. 
Under  the  present  Act  new  leases  are 
granted  for  twenty  years,  with  the 
privilege  of  renewal  for  ten  years 
more,  rentals,  stumpage,  etc.  to  be 
readjusted  every  ten  years.  In  the 
case  of  pulpwood  the  new  leases  are 
for  thirty  years  renewable  for  a  fur- 
ther period  of  twenty  years.  Hon. 
i\Ir.  Flemming  stated  that  practically 
all  lease-holders  under  the  old  Act 
had  taken  out  leases  under  the  new 
and  that  he  believed  the  new  Act 
would  prove  satisfactory  all  around. 
^::>  ^^> 

The  movement  in  favor  of  the  ex- 
tension of  civil  service  regulations  to 
the  outside  service  grows  constantly. 
The  Ottawa  Citizen  says  'A  great  ser- 
vice could  be  done  to  Canada  by  the 
inauguration  of  a  civil  service  effi- 
ciency campaign,  as  the  result  of 
wliich  all  offices  in  the  public  servicee 
would  be  taken  out  of  politics,  and  a 
merit  system  introduced  which  would 
guarantee  that  the  best  man  for  the 
job  got  it' 

^o  <^ 

The  Toronto  News  thus  concludes 
a  thoughtful  article  on  'Forestry  in 
Ontario.'  'In  1830  when  forest  con- 
ditions were  less  favorable  than  in 
Canada  today  the  forests  of  Prussia 
l)roduced  less  than  200  board  feet  per 
acre;  per  year,  giving  the  state  44 
cents  per  acre  net  revenue.  In  1907 
this  annual  production  had  reached 
427  board  feet,  with  a  revenue  of 
$2.52  per  acre.  Forestry  has  paid 
well  in  Prussia.  It  should  pay  in 
Ontario. 


During  the  past  ten  years,  forest  fires 
have  cost  Minnesota  $3,968,418.51.  The 
fires  burned  over  1,682,669  acres.  One 
great  loss  was  recorded  in  1908,  when  405,- 
748  acres  were  swept  by  fire,  entailing  a 
loHH  of  $2,003,633. 


New  Fire  Prevention  Organization* 


Ottawa  Branch  of  the  Ontario  Fire  Prevention  Association  formed. 


On  Nov.  29  Mr.  Franklin  H.  Wentworth 
of  Boston,  spoke  before  the  Ottawa  Can- 
adian Club  on  fire  prevention  and  immedi- 
ately at  the  close  of  his  address  a  further 
meeting  was  held  at  which  an  Ottawa 
branch  of  the  Ontario  Fire  Prevention  As- 
sociation was  formed.  The  Canadian  For- 
estry Association  has  always  been  strongly 
in  favor  of  this  work  and  the  list  of  of- 
ficers of  the  newly  formed  association  re- 
sembles a  partial  list  of  the  Ottawa  mem- 
bers of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association. 
Last  year  just  after  the  Ontario  Fire  Pre- 
vention Association  was  formed  with  head- 
quarters in  Toronto  the  Secretary  of  the 
Canadian  Forestry  Association  was  asked 
to  act  with  the  Grass  and  Timber  Commit- 
tee of  the  Fire  Prevention  Association  in 
securing  the  insertion  of  warnings  against 
careless  handling  of  fire,  in  railway  time 
tables,  etc.  The  Secretary  found  the  rail- 
ways very  favorably  inclined.  In  fact  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Eailway  had  for  the  past 
ten  or  twelve  years  been  inserting  a  warning 
to  tourists  and  campers  in  all  its  folders 
dealing  with  this  traffic.  This  was  due  to 
forethought  of  Mr.  C.  E.  E.  Ussher,  Pass- 
enger Traffic  Manager  of  the  C.  P.  R.  and 
one  of  the  charter  members  and  now  a 
director  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation. This  it  is  believed  made  the  Can- 
adian Pacific  the  first  railway  in  America 
to  issue  these  warnings  in  its  tourist  and 


settler  literature.  The  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
way System,  it  was  found  had  also  for 
some  years  under  the  care  of  Mr.  H.  R. 
Charlton,  General  Advertising  Agent,  in- 
cluded such  warnings  in  its  campers'  and 
tourists'  literature.  The  General  Manager 
of  the  Bell  Telephone  Company  of  Canada, 
Mr.  C.  F.  Sise,  Jr.,  also  gladly  consented 
to  place  a  warning  about  forest  fires,  and 
the  name  of  the  person  who  should  be  noti- 
fied by  telephone  of  the  breaking  out  of 
fires,  in  all  telephone  directories  covering 
forest  territory,  Mr.  Percy  Robertson  of 
Toronto,  secretary  of  the  above  committee, 
of  which  Dr.  Fernow  is  a  member,  com- 
municated direct  with  the  head  office  of 
the  Canadian  Northern  Railway  at  Toronto 
and  found  the  officers  of  that  company 
ready  to  assist  in  the  work. 

Fire  loss  is  dead  loss  whether  it  be  in 
the  forests  or  in  the  cities  and  the  aroused 
public  opinion  that  lessens  this  criminal 
waste  in  the  one  will  lessen  it  in  the  other. 
The  Canadian  Forestry  Association  there- 
fore urges  on  the  efforts  of  the  Ontario 
Fire    Prevention    Association. 

The  officers  of  the  Ottawa  Branch  are 
as  follows: — 

President,  Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards;  1st  vice- 
president,    C.    Jackson    Booth;    2nd    vice- 
president,    H.    K.    Egan;    secretary,   E.   D. 
Hardy;  treasurer,  T.  E.  Clendinnen. 
(Continued  on  page  183.) 


Erecting  Abitibi  Pulp  Co.  plant,  Northern  Ontario. 
180 


Northern  Ontario's  Timber  Resources 


Synopsis  of  an  Address  by  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst,  Minister  of  Lands,  Forests  and 
Mines  for  Ontario,  before  the  Ottawa  Canadian  Club. 


A  large  and  distinguished  audience,  in 
which  were  many  lumbermen,  greeted 
Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst  on  the  occasion  of  his 
first  visit  to  Ottawa  in  his  public  capacity 
when  he  addressed  the  Canadian  Club  after 
the  luncheon  held  in  the  Chateau  Laurier 
on  Nov.  8. 

In  opening  his  address  Mr.  Hearst  point- 
ed out  that  by  the  addition  to  Ontario  in 
1912  of  the  District  of  Patricia,  with  an 
area  of  157,400  square  miles,  the  province 
now  had  an  area  of  418,262  square  miles. 
Of  this  large  area  the  province  had  parted 
with  less  than  10%,  leaving  in  the  Crown 
in  the  neighborhood  of  375,000  square 
miles  .  Ontario  was  now  the  second  largest 
province  in  the  Dominion,  being  exceeded 
by  the  Province  of  Quebec  with  an  area  of 
706,000  square  miles,  and  followed  by  Brit- 
ish Columbia  with  357,000  square  miles. 
About  thirteen  million  acres  of  land  was 
under  cultivation,  which  amounted  to  less 
than  6%  of  the  total  area  of  the  province. 
The  field  crops  of  the  Dominion  for  1912 
were  worth  $511,000,000,  of  which  Ontario 
contributed  $192,000,000  worth  or  fully 
37%  of  the  total  field  crops  of  the  Domin- 
ion, exceeding  the  two  largest  provinces  of 
the  West  by  over  $26,000,000. 


Mr.  Hearst  dealt  in  detail  with  the  min- 
eral output  of  Ontario,  and  then  took  up 
the  question  of  timber.  He  showed  that 
since  Confederation  (1867)  the  province 
had  received  a .  revenue  from  timber  of 
over  $47,000,000,  and  the  revenue  for  1912 
from  this  source  was  $1,985,000. 

The  value  of  forest  products  in  the  Do- 
minion in  1911  was  $166,000,000,  about 
$22.00  per  head  of  the  population  of  which 
Ontario  contributed  a  large  part.  Mr. 
Hearst  illustrated  one  important  aspect  of 
the  timber  industry  in  that  every  year 
northern  Ontario  required  in  farm  produce, 
and  other  supplies  needed  for  the  men  in 
teams  engaged  in  the  north  country,  over 
two  and  one  half  million  dollars  worth.  He 
also  pointed  out  that  besides  its  initial 
value  in  the  rough,  timber  went  into  almost 
every  kind  of  manufacture,  and  that  in 
1912  Ontario  used  over  $19,000,000  worth 
in  her  manufactures,  of  which  82%  was 
produced  in  the  province  itself. 

Onatrio's  Standing  Timber. 

As  to  what  standing  timber  Ontario  had, 
they  had  not  as  full  a  record  as  they  wish- 
ed, or  as  they  hoped  to  have  in  the  near 
future.     But  the  reports  of  the  experts  of 


Scene  on  National  TranBcontine  ntal  Railway,  Northern  Ontario. 

181 


182 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal^  December,  1913 


the  Department  indicated  that  the  Pro- 
vince of  Ontario  had  on  lands  of  which  the 
whole  title  both  to  land  and  timber  re- 
mained in  the  Crown,  at  least  thirteen  and 
one  half  billion  (13,500,000,000)  feet  of 
red  and  white  pine;  and  on  lands  licensed 
to  lumbermen  about  seven  billion  feet  of 
red  and  white  pine.  Of  spruce  pulp  wood 
the  stand  on  Crown  lands  was  at  least 
three  hundred  million  cords.  Turning 
these  into  dollars  they  had  an  asset  in 
timber  of  three  or  four  hundred  million 
dollars,  and  that  was  without  taking  into 
consideration  the  hardwood  or  any  wood 
outside  of  red  and  white  pine  and  spruce. 

One  of  the  steps  that  had  been  taken 
with  reference  to  the  conservation  of  tim- 
ber was  the  formation  of  forest  reserves 
and  national  parks.  These  were  as  fol- 
lows: —  Temagami  Forest  Reserve  5,900 
square  miles,  Mississaga  3,000  square  miles, 
Nipigon  7,300,  Algonquin  Park  2,066 
square  miles,  Sibley  Reserve  70  square 
miles.  Eastern  Reserve  in  Frontenac  Coun- 
ty 100  square  miles,  Quetico  Forest  Re- 
serve 1,700  square  miles,  and  Rondeau 
Park,  a  small  park  on  Lake  Erie. 

In  all  the  province  had  over  20,000 
square  miles  in  forest  reserves  and  provin- 
cial parks,  and  in  these  reserves  they  had 
at  least  ten  billion  (10,000,000,000)  feet  of 
pine,  and  possibly  twenty  million  (20,- 
000,000),  cords  of  pulpwood.  These  re- 
serves and  parks  were  lands  that  were  not 
adapted  for  settlement,  and  it  was  not  in- 
tended to  let  settlement  into  them,  or  to 
endanger  the  preservation  of  the  timber. 
In  Algonquin  Park  they  had  received  back 
into  the  Crown  a  number  of  licenses  that 
originally  existed  for  the  cutting  of  tim- 
ber, and  they  hoped  in  the  near  future  to 
have  all  the  title  to  the  timber  in  that 
park. 

Mr.  Hearst  pointed  out  that  conservation 
did  not  tolerate  the  waste  that  would  re- 
sult from  locking  up  timber.  Trees  ripen- 
ed just  like  other  crops,  and  unless  cut 
within  a  reasonable  time  they  began  to 
decay  and  were  eventiially  entirely  lost. 
So,  one  of  the  problems  they  had  was  to 
arrange  to  harvest  the  ripe  .crop  so  that 
the  most  might  be  obtained  from  it  for 
the  province  and  for  commerce  and  indus- 
try, and  still  retain  the  unmatured  trees  so 
that  the  benefit  from  them  may  be  reaped 
by  the  generations  that  come  after.  In 
this  problem  he  asked  the  hearty  sympathy 
and  co-operation  of  the  lumbermen  of  On- 
tario. 

So  much  for  lands  not  suited  to  agricul- 
ture. On  lands  fit  for  settlement  the  pro- 
blem was  to  find  the  best  method  of  get- 
ting off  the  timber  to  get  the  most  out  of 
it  and  at  the  same  time  benefit  the  incom- 
ing settler.  The  only  practicable  solution 
that  he  knew  was  to  encourage  the  estab- 
lishment of  industries  that  would  manu- 
facture the  timber  from  the  settler's  land. 


This  would  aid  the  industries  of  the  coun- 
try and  would  give  a  market  to  the  set- 
tler so  as  to  enable  him  to  get  some  re- 
turn from  his  work  in  clearing  his  land. 

Already  considerable  had  been  done  in 
that  line  in  saw  mills  and  related  indus-  . 
tries.  On  the  north  side  of  the  Height  of 
Land  pine  ceased  and  the  timber  of  great- 
est importance  there  was  spruce  and  other 
soft  woods.  There  had  been  established  at 
Sault  Ste  Marie,  Spanish  River,  Sturgeon 
Falls,  Fort  Frances  and  Dryden  large  pulp 
and  paper  plants  which  would  work  up  this 
timber,  and  at  the  present  time  a  very 
large  plant  was  being  constructed  in  the 
Abitibi  district.  In  the  near  future  they 
expected  to  have  more  similar  plants. 

Reforesting  Sand  Lands. 

This  was  the  situation  in  regard  to  tim- 
ber lands  unfit  for  settlement,  and  those 
fit  for  farming  and  into  which  settlement 
was  being  directed.  There  was  a  third 
class  of  lands,  namely,  those  not  fit  for 
settlement  but  which  owing  to  mistakes 
in  the  past  (and  he  was  not  blaming  any- 
one) had  been  cleared  and  cultivated.  In 
the  old  part  of  Ontario  a  careful  estimate 
indicated  that  about  9%  was  in  woodland 
of  a  more  or  less  inferior  character,  and 
that  probably  as  much  more  might  be  bet- 
ter employed  in  growing  timber  than  for 
any  other  purpose  owing  to  the  character 
of  the  soil.  In  other  words  they  had  in 
southern  Ontario  approximately  ten  mil- 
lion acres  of  wood  land  or  land  which  was 
only  fit  for  timber.  These  lands  were  pri- 
vately owned,  and  the  Province  was  en- 
deavoring to  encourage  the  owners  to  de- 
velop their  woodlots  and  reforest  the 
waste  places  that  were  now  totally  unpro- 
ductive. It  was  to  be  expected  that  they 
would  make  rather  slow  progress  in  this 
educative  work,  for  even  in  Germany,  per- 
haps the  most  advanced  country  in  the 
world  in  forestry,  the  privately  owned 
woodlots  were  in  anything  but  a  satisfac- 
tory condition.  In  1906  an  Act  was  passed 
permitting  municipal  councils  to  pass  by- 
laws exempting  woodlots  from  taxation, 
but  so  far  as  he  knew  this  had  never  yet 
been  taken  advantage  of. 

In  1905  a  forestry  station  was  estab- 
lished at  Guelph  under  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  which  acted  as  a  bureau  of 
information  for  the  province  generally. 
Last  year  this  station  was  transferred  to 
his  own  Department  of  Lands,  Forests  and 
Mines,  and  since  then  the  work  had  been 
carried  out  on  a  somewhat  larger  scale. 
The  nurseries  had  been  removed  to  St.  Wil- 
liams in  Norfolk  County.  Here  they  had 
acquired  about  sixteen  hundred  acres  of 
sand  lands  for  forest  plantations,  where 
they  were  carrying  on  perhaps  the  most 
extensive  exemplification  of  forestry  that 
was  to  be  found  in  the  Dominion.  They 
were  doing  this  to  show  by  actual  demon- 


Northern  Ontario^s  Timber  Resources 


183 


stration  what  could  be  done  bv  reforestry 
for  these  sand  plains  that  had  become  ab- 
solutely useless  for  any  other  purpose.  The 
staff  of  experts  there  were  giving  infor- 
mation by  bulletins  and  by  lectures  to  en- 
courage farmers  to  take  up  this  work,  and 
from  the  nursery  over  one  and  one  half 
million  forest  seedlings  had  been  distrib- 
uted to  woodlot  owners  in  all  the  southern 
counties  of  the  province. 

So  far  as  northern  Ontario  was  con- 
cerned, artificial  reforestation  was  not  now 
a  practical  question.  Nature  was  doing 
more  than  they  could  in  an  artificial  way 
in  northern  Ontario.  It  would  cost  any- 
where from  six  to  fifteen  dollars  per  acre 
to  plant  up  these  lands,  and  they  could  ex- 
pend the  money  to  much  better  advantage 
in  acquiring  lands  on  which  there  was  con- 
siderable growth  at  the  present  time. 

Cost  of  Fire  Protection. 

But  the  great  question  in  the  north  was 
to  secure  proper  cutting  and  protection 
from  fire.  He  doubted  whether  they  fully 
appreciated  as  a  people  the  immense  areas 
of  timber  land  that  Ontario  had  in  its 
absolute  possesison.  Only  a  small  area  of 
land  had  been  alienated  from  the  Crown, 
leaving  tens  of  millions  of  acres  for  the 
Province  to  use  as  it  thought  best.  As  to 
fire  ranging,  a  few  years  ago  a  new  ar- 
rangement was  made  with  the  lumbermen 
whereby  they  bore  the  total  cost  of  the 
fire  ranging  on  their  limits.  The  Province 
placed  over  these  supervising  rangers  who 
had  authority  to  compel  limit  holders  to 
put  the  necessary  number  of  men  on  these 
limits.  Then  upon  Crown  timber  lands  and 
forest  reserves  the  Province  employed  its 
own  rangers.  They  had  also  provincial 
patrols  upon  railway  lines  and  other  places 
where  there  was  special  danger.  Last  year 
there  was  a  staff  of  925  rangers  on  On- 
tario's timber  lands.  The  cost  of  fire 
ranging  to  the  province  was  $233,000.  If 
to  that  was  added  what  he  was  informed 
was  paid  by  the  limit  holders,  namely, 
$92,000,  it  would  be  seen  that  the  total 
cost  of  fire  ranging  in  the  province  last 
year  was  $325,000.  They  were  gradually 
strengthening  and  perfecting  the  system 
of  fire  protection  in  the  north.  This  in- 
cluded the  erection  of  telephone  lines  and 
lookout  stations.  It  was  impossible  to  to- 
tally prevent  fire  in  these  millions  of  acres, 
but  the  Government  was  endeavoring  to 
minimize  that  danger  as  much  as  possible. 
But  the  Government  could  not  do  all  this 
itself,  it  required  and  asked  the  co-oper- 
ation of  lumbermen  and  citizens  generally. 
Last  year  he  had  had  an  Act  passed  in 
regard  to  the  making  of  ties,  Dy  which 
the  Government  might  suspend  this  work 
during  the  danger  season  from  April  to 
August,  or  might  make  such  regulations  as 
it  deemed  proper. 


It  seemed  to  him  that  perhaps  the  time 
had  now  come  when  they  might  require 
railway  companies  to  treat  these  ties  so  as 
to  extend  the  life  of  them  as  long  as  pos- 
sible, and  thus  conserve  that  kind  of  tim- 
ber. 

Mr.  Hearst  then  gave  a  review  of  the 
timber  regulations  in  Canada  from  the 
earliest  time,  and  pointed  out  that  a  num- 
ber of  the  gentlemen  that  he  saw  before 
him  whose  names  were  household  words  in 
timber  districts  all  over  Canada,  had  them- 
selves experienced  a  number  of  these 
changing  regulations. 

In  closing  Mr.  Hearst  said  they  some- 
times heard  too  much  of  the  differences  be- 
tween the  manufacturing  East  and  the 
grain-growing  West.  Perhaps  one  of  the 
things  that  had  helped  to  keep  these  two 
sections  apart  was  the  hitherto  unoccupied 
portion  of  northern  Ontario.  To  his  mind 
that  north  land  with  its  wealth  of  timber, 
minerals  and  water  powers  was  bound  to 
become  one  of  the  great  manufacturing 
centres  of  the  continent.  It  might  be  the 
home  of  millions  of  people  in  the  not  far, 
distant  future,  and  would  thus  bridge  over 
the  gap  between  East  and  West.  In  future 
there  would  be  neither  East  nor  West,  but 
a  united  Canada  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific. 
He  concluded,  'This  is  the  object  I  have 
before  me  as  a  public  man.  This  is  my 
ideal  that  I  have  in  view.  Then  I  hope 
we  shall  perform  our  duty  as  citizens  of 
this  fair  province  of  Ontario  so  that  we 
shall  make  this  great  Dominion  of  Canada 
not  only  a  source  of  strength  to,  but  the 
dominating  influence  in  that  empire  whose 
flag  encircles  the  globe,  whose  standard 
is  righteousness,  whose  path  is  duty.' 


NEW  FIBE  PBEVENTION  ORGANIZA- 
TION. 

(Continued  from  page  180.) 

Executive  committee — Sir  H.  N.  Bate, 
Cecil  Bethune,  R.  H.  Campbell,  W.  H. 
Dwyer,  H.  L.  *Drayton,  C.  D.  Findlayson, 
Chief  Graham,  Frank  Hawkins,  Controller 
Kent  (as  fire  commissioner),  J.  A.  Mach- 
ado.  Col.  C.  P.  Meredith,  P.  D.  Ross,  Walt- 
er Ross,  W.  H.  Rowley,  W.  M.  Southam,  E. 
Norman  Smith,  H.  I.  Thomas,  Mayor  Ellis, 
J.  R.  Booth,  Chief  Ross,  City  Engineer 
(^nrrie,  Mr.  A.  Alford,  Ex-M.P.,  Dr.  Cha- 
bot,  M.P.,  E.  J.  Laverdue,  Controller  Par- 
ent. 
The  following  constitution  was  adopted: 
The  objects  of  this  association  shall  be 
to  promote  the  science  and  improve  the 
methods  of  fire  protection  and  prevention, 
to  obtain  and  circulate  information  on 
these  subjects  and  to  secure  the  coopera- 
tion  of  its  members  in  establishing  proper 
safeguards  against  loss  of  life  and  property 
by  fire. 


The  Fire  Season  in  British  Columbia^ 


The  Vancouver  News- Advertiser  re- 
cently had  a  very  appreciative  article 
of  the  work  of  Mr.  H.  R.  MacMillan 
and  the  British  Columbia  Forest 
Branch  of  which  the  following  is  a 
condensation : 

The  forest  fire  damage  of  1913  is  the 
smallest  in  the  history  of  this  province. 
While  the  weather  is  responsible  for  a 
share  of  the  credit,  it  is  the  efficiency  and 
the  organization  of  the  Forest  Branch 
which  has  been  the  big  factor  of  this 
splendid  record. 

The  Forest  Branch  has  a  staff  which,  in- 
cluding forest  guards  and  patrolmen  on 
duty,  numbered  415  during  the  summer. 
Thirty  rangers  and  280  guards  protected 
the  forests  from  the  fire,  while  eleven  dis- 
trict foresters  and  twenty-three  forest 
assistants  were  largely  occupied  with  these 
duties.  Fifty-one  of  this  staff  of  415  were 
railway  patrolmen,  part  of  whose  wages 
are  refunded  to  the  Government  by  the 
railroads,  and  in  addition  there  were  about 
sixty  railway  employees  who  were  employ- 
ed on  patrol  duty. 

Telephone  Lines. 

The  enormous  area  of  merchantable  tim- 
ber which  this  small  army  was  able  to 
supervise  was  practically  honeycombed 
with  a  system  of  telephones  and  look-out 
stations.  The  telephones  are  built  by  the 
forest  branch  for  protection  in  places 
where  it  is  certain  that  commercial  lines 
will  not  be  established  in  the  near  future. 
The  majority  of  the  lines  are  tree  lines, 
poles  being  eliminated  as  far  as  possible 
on  account  of  expense.  The  work  is  car- 
ried out  under  the  supervision  of  expert 
linemen,  but  a  large  part  of  the  labour  is 
supplied  by  forest  guards. 

There  are  two  classes  of  telephone  line 
for  fire  protection.  One  is  a  long  line  built 
from  some  central  point  through  heavily 
timbered  country  such  as  a  river  valley. 
The  object  of  this  class  is  to  make  quick 
communication  with  headquarters  possible, 
so  that  assistance  and  supplies  can  be  sent 
at  the  shortest  notice. 

The  second  class  of  telephone  line  is  that 
built  from  some  headquarters  of  the  fire 
patrol  service  to  a  look-out  point  command- 
ing an  extensive  view  of  timbered  country. 

Of  these  the  Mount  Baker  Look-Out  Sta- 
tion is  perhaps  the  most  interesting.  In 
this  station,  at  an  elevation  of  over  7,000 
feet,  the  Forest  Branch  has  the  honor  of 
having  the  highest  telephone  line  in  Can- 
ada.   From  this  station  a  view  is  possible 


in  every  direction  of  over  thirty  miles,  and 
a  fire  in  any  part  of  that  area  can  be  im- 
mediately reported  directly  to  the  District 
Forester  at  Cranbrook. 

The  B.  X.  Mountain  Look-Out  Station, 
in  the  Vernon  district,  commands  the 
largest  single  body  of  licence  timber  in  the 
district,  and  fires  can  be  reported  directly 
to  the  District  Forester  at  Vernon.  The 
Vernon  City  Council  showed  their  apprecia- 
tion of  this  project  by  voting  $300  contri- 
bution towards  it. 

Trail  Building. 

The  policy  of  the  Forest  Branch  in  trail 
building  is  firstly  to  open  up  important' 
bodies  of  timber  both  for  patrol  and  to 
make  them  accessible  in  case  of  fire;  and 
secondly  to  connect  up  existing  trails  or 
roads  so  as  to  allow  round  trip  patrol. 
Whenever  horses  are  available,  horse  trails 
are  built.  Heavy  grading  and  rock  work 
are  avoided  wherever  possible,  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  excessive  grades  are  also 
avoided,  the  idea  being  to  obtain  as  great 
a  distance  as  possible  of  practicable  trail 
for  the  money.  The  trails  are,  as  a  rule, 
built  by  small  crews  working  under  the 
direction  of  a  Forest  Guard  or  Forest 
Eanger.  Made  somewhat  roughly  at  first, 
they  will  be  improved  each  year  by  the 
Forest  Guards  during  patrol  and  slack 
times.  In  no  case  does  the  Forest  Branch 
build  a  trail  where  it  is  probable  that  one 
will  be  built  soon  by  other  interests  for 
other  purposes. 

Slash  Burning. 

The  chief  slash  burning  carried  on  in 
the  province  so  far  has  been  done  in  rail- 
way construction,  where  all  the  debris  is 
piled  in  the  centre  and  burned  clean.  In 
addition,  all  those  railroads  under  con- 
struction have  been  required  to  pile  all 
slash  resulting  from  the  cutting  of  ties, 
bridge  timber  and  other  construction  tim- 
ber. This  work  has  been  carried  on  by  the 
G.  T.  P.,  C.  N.  R.  and  P.  G.  E.,  etc.,  under 
the  direct  supervision  of  officers  of  the 
Forest  Branch,  with  results  on  the  whole 
very  gratifying. 

Less  has  been  done  in  this  direction  by 
loggers,  but,  nevertheless,  an  encouraging 
start  has  been  made.  The  Forest  Branch 
has  used  every  opportunity  to  encourage 
loggers  to  dispose  of  rheir  slash  with  the 
result  that  mis  year  over  15,000  acres  of 
slash  were  burned  by  private  parties.  It 
is  confidently  expected  that  a  much  larger 
amount  will  be  burned  next  year,  because 
this  was  an  unsually  wet  season  and  the 
slash,  therefore,  difficult  to  burn. 


184 


National  Conservation  Congress 


Proceedings  of  the  Fifth  Annual  Gathering  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


The  Fifth  Annual  National  Conservation 
Congress  of  the  United  States  was  held 
in  Washington,  D.C.,  Nov.  18,  19  and  20, 
the  main  meetings  being  held  in  the  ball- 
room of  the  New  Willard  Hotel,  and  the 
sectional  meetings  in  smaller  rooms  of  that 
and  other  buildings. 

It  was  intended  that  the  main  interest 
on  this  occasion  should  centre  in  forest 
and  water  power  conservation,  and  as  it 
turned  out  the  time  of  the  meeting  was 
nearly  wholly  taken  up  with  the  latter  in 
its  relation  to  State  versus  federal  rights, 
and  the  danger  of  monopolistic  control  of 
water  powers. 

The  chair  at  the  opening  session  was  oc- 
cupied by  Mr.  Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  the 
president,  and  the  first  speaker  was  Hon. 
David  Houston,  Secretary  for  Agricul- 
ture in  President  Wilson's  cabinet.  Mr. 
Houston  while  instancing  the  great  need 
of  better  farming,  held  that  the  most  press- 
ing need  was  an  improvement  in  methods 
of  distribution  that  would  give  the  farmer 
for  his  products  a  larger  share  of  what  the 
consumer  paid  for  them. 

Hon.  James  Wilson,  ex-United  States 
Secretary  for  Agriculture,  spoke  on  soil 
conservation,  and  Mr.  James  White,  As- 
sistant Chairman  of  the  Canadian  Com- 
mission of  Conservation,  told  of  the  work 
of  that  body,  particularly  in  regard  to 
forest  fire  prevention  along  railways 
through  co-operation  with  the  Canadian 
Board  of  Railway  Commissioners. 

The  Waterpower  Battle. 

The  committee  on  watcrpowers,  which 
had  been  at  work  all  that  morning  and 
all  the  preceding  day,  presented  three  re- 
ports in  the  afternoon.  The  first  report 
presented  the  resolutions  on  which  all  the 
committee  were  agreed,  the  second  was  of 
the  majority  and  the  third  of  the  minority, 
which  latter  was  signed  by  Hon.  H.  L. 
Btimson,  former  Secretary  for  War,  Joseph 
N.  Teal  of  Portland,  Oregon,  and  Dr.  Gif- 
ford  Pinchot  ex-Chief  Forester  of  the 
United  States. 

The  unanimous  report  stated  that  com- 
pensation for  privilege  of  waterpower  use 
should  be  reserved  to  the  government, 
state  or  federal,  from  which  the  privilege 
came.  Both  majority  and  minority  re- 
ports agreed  that  the  three  essentials  of  a 
sound  waterpower  policy  were:  Prompt 
development.  Prevention  of  unregulated 
monopoly,  Good  service  and  fair  rates  to 
the  constuner. 


The  majority  favored  the  indeterminate 
franchise  with  no  fixed  term  limit.  The 
minority  would  allow  a  period  not  exceed- 
ing thirty  years  during  which  the  franchise 
would  be  irrevocable  except  for  cause.  The 
minority  specified  ownership  by  an  unlaw- 
ful trust,  or  in  restraint  of  trade  as  suf- 
ficient for  immediate  termination  of  the 
franchise.  The  minority  report  stated  the 
central  fact  in  the  waterpower  situation 
today  was  that  of  concentration  of  con- 
trol. Ten  groups  of  individuals  controlled 
65  per  cent,  of  the  waterpower  of  the  Un- 
ited States,  and  the  amount  of  concentra- 
tion had  nearly  doubled  in  the  last  two 
years.  The  fight  for  the  conservation  of 
waterpowers  was  first  of  all  a  fight  against 
monopoly.  The  second  prime  necessity  was 
to  forbid  and  prevent  the  speculative  hold- 
ing of  power. 

The  majority  report  stated  that  it  was 
essential  that  capital  should  be  attracted 
to  these  enterprises,  and  while  they  must 
fully  protect  the  interests  of  the  public 
both  present  and  future,  they  were  not  con- 
servationists if  they  advocated  the  imposi- 
tion of  terms  which  restricted  rather  than 
encouraged  progress. 

Senator  Shaforth,  one  of  the  early  speak- 
ers in  the  debate  on  the  motion  to  adopt 
the  unanimous  report,  said,  *I  have  never 
been  impressed  with  the  idea  that  down 
here  in  Washington  you  can  control  water- 
powers  or  anything  else  as  well  as  wo  can 
in  our  own  States.'  He  declared  there 
could  never  be  any  danger  of  monopolistic 
control  of  waterpower  because  under  the 
United  States  statutes  the  transmission  of 
l)0wer  between  states  brought  the  com- 
j)anies  under  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Act,  and  the  federal  government  Ijad  as 
much  right  to  fix  their  rates  as  it  had  those 
of  the  railways. 

Several  other  speakers  took  this  atti- 
tude, while  Mr.  Pinchot,  Mr.  Stimson  and 
others  replied  by  urging  the  activity  of 
the  waterpowers  trust,  and  stating  that 
the  United  States  could  control  compan- 
ies and  monopolies  which  were  so  strong 
that  they  could  control  state  legislatures. 

The  vote  was  on  the  question  of  sending 
the  unanimous  report  to  the  resolutions 
committee.  This  was  finally,  defeated  by 
a  majority  of  434  to  154,  and  the  report 
adoj^ted  by  the  Congress  without  roll  call. 

The  States  Bights  Question. 

This  first  vote  took  place  on  Wednesday 
afternoon,  Nov.  19.  On  Thursday  the  Reso- 
lutions Committee  in  rei)orting  on  the  ma- 


185 


186 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  December,  191^. 


jority  and  minority  reports  referred  to  it 
submitted  that  the  matter  had  been  taken 
from  its  hands  by  the  action  of  the  Con- 
vention in  adopting  general  principles  on 
which  the  whole  committee  were  agreed. 

When  the  report  had  been  read,  Dr.  Gif- 
ford  Pinchot,  former  forester  of  the  United 
States,  and  father  of  the  minority  water- 
ways report  in  the  congress,  moved  as  an 
amendment  to  the  resolutions  committee's 
report  a  declaration  of  principles  on  water- 
way control  simlar  to  the  ideas  in  the  min- 
ority report  signed  by  himself.  Henry  L. 
Stimson,  former  Secretary  of  War,  and 
Joseph  N.  Teal  of  Oregon. 

This  amendment  was  adopted  by  a  vote 
of  .317  to  96  after  one  offered  by  Repre- 
sentative Burnett  of  Alabama,  which  pro- 
posed to  insert  the  words  'state  control' 
wherever  'public  control'  appeared  had 
been  defeated,  378  to  132. 

It  was  upon  these  motions  that  the  con- 
vention was  brought  to  a  stormy  climax, 
and  at  one  time  some  of  Mr.  Pinchot 's 
friends,  including  the  president  of  the  con- 
gress, urged  him  to  consent  to  an  adjourn- 
ment. Motions  to  adjourn  were  made  be- 
fore the  final  roll  calls,  but  were  hooted 
down  by  the  convention. 

Among  those  who  led  in  the  fight  for 
federal  as  opposed  to  state  control  were 
Messrs.  Gifford  Pinchot,  Hon.  W.  L.  Fish- 
er, ex-Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Hon.  H. 
L.  Stimson,  ex-Secretary  for  War,  and  Hon. 
James  R.  Garfield,  also  an  ex- Secretary  of 
the  Interior. 

Delgeates  from  the  District  of  Columbia 
supported  the  motion  while  the  state  dele- 
gates were  not  all  for  states'  rights.  The 
delegates  who  spoke  and  voted  against 
federal  control  came  chiefly  from  Alabama, 
Arkansas,  Colorado,  Kansas,  Louisiana, 
Montana,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  South 
Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Washington 
State. 

The  Points  at  Issue. 

As  \\iQ  matter,  so  to  speak  came  into  the 
Congress  on  a  slide  wind,  the  situation 
may  perhaps  best  be  explained  by  quoting 
the  words  of  the  leaders  on  both  sides  after 
the  contest  was  over. 

Mr.   Pinchot  said: 

'  The  vote  this  afternoon  was  on  two  per- 
fectly clear  issues.  Although  the  so-called 
Pinchot  amendment  had  nothing  to  do  with 
states'  rights,  the  states'  rights  men  in- 
jected that  question  and  were  defeated  by 
three  to  one.  The  other  issue  was  whether 
or  not  the  National  Conservation  Congress 
should  take  strong  ground  as  to  the  charge 
of  monopoly  in  waterpower,  or  whether  the 
waterpower  interests  at  the  congress 
should  prevent  it  from  doing  so.  The  wat- 
erpower interests  failed  to  bottle  up  the 
congress,  and  again  were  overwhelmingly 
defeated. 


'Now  that  the  fight  is  over,  all  of  the 
friends  of  conservation  should  be  glad  of 
the  victory  for  the  public  control  of  this 
great  public  necessity  and  should  get 
squarely  behind  the  movement  to  open  the 
waterpowers  to  full  development  without 
delay  and  on  terms  fair  to  the  power  in- 
terests as  well  as  to  the  public.  We  took 
a  real  step  forward  in  conservation  this 
afternoon. ' 

Mr.  Walter  Powell,  chairman  of  the  Ar- 
kansas delegation  said  'I  have  been  dele- 
gated by  the  representatives  of  twenty- 
three  states  of  the  middle  west,  and  south, 
to  call  a  separate  convention,  which  will 
take  up  only  the  subject  of  waterpower 
and  irrigation.  It  will  be  composed  of 
practical  men,  not  of  government  officials 
and  former  cabinet  officers,  and  will  try 
to  come  to  some  definite  conclusion  o^  the 
subject  of  conservation  from  the  practical 
and  not  the  theoretical  standpoint.  This 
convention  will  be  held  in  about  a  month, 
and  states  from  Maine  to  California  will 
be  represented.  It  will  probably  be  held 
in  Washington,  though  it  might  possibly 
be  held  in  St.  Louis.' 

The  Pinchot  Amendment. 

The  Pinchot  amendment  declared  that 
monopolistic  control  of  waterpower  in  pri- 
vate hands  was  swiftly  increasing  in  the 
United  States  'far  more  rapidly  than  pub- 
lic control  thereof;  that  increasing  'con- 
centration of  waterpower  in  some  hands 
was  accompanied  by  growing  control  over 
the  power  consuming  agencies,  the  public 
service  companies  of  the  country.'  It  con- 
tinued: 

'Whereas  this  concentration,  if  fostered, 
as  in  the  past,  by  outright  grants  of  public 
powers  in  perpetuity,  will  inevitably  re- 
sult in  a  highly  monopolistic  control  of 
mechanical  power,  one  of  the  bases  of 
modern  civilization  and  a  prime  factor  in 
the  cost  of  living. 

'Therefore,  be  it  resolved,  That  we  re- 
cognize the  firm  and  effective  control  of 
waterpower  corporations  as  a  pressing  and 
immediate  necessity  urgently  required  in 
the  public  interest;  that  we  recognize 
there  is  no  restraint  so  complete,  effective 
and  permanent  as  that  which  comes  from 
firmly  intrenched  public  ownership  of  the 
power  site,  and  that  it  is  the  solemn  judg- 
ment of  the  fifth  National  Conservation 
Congress  that  hereafter  no  waterpower 
now  owned  or  controlled  by  the  public 
should  be  sold,  granted  or  given  away  in 
perpetuity,  or  in  any  manner  removed  from 
the  public  ownership,  which  alone  can  give 
sound  basis  of  assured  and  permanent  con- 
trol in  the  interest  of  the  people. ' 

Officers  Elected. 

The    congress    elected    Charles    Lathrop 

Pack  of  Lakewood,   N.J.,   as  president  to 

succeed    himself;    Mrs.    Emmons    Crocker, 

Fitchburg,    Mass.,    vice    president;    N.    C. 


P  or  est  Protection  in  Canada,  1912 


is? 


McLoud,  Washington,  D.  C,  recording  sec- 
retary; Dr.  Henry  S.  Drinker,  South  Beth- 
lehem, Pa.,  treasurer,  and  Thomas  F.  Shipp, 
Indianapolis,  corresponding  secretary. 

Other  Business. 

Miss  Mabel  Boardman,  President  of  the 
National  Red  Cross  Association,  read  a 
paper  in  which  she  proposed  that  the 
N.  R.  C.  Association  should  provide  $500 
for  $2,500  provided  by  lumbermen  in  a 
given  locality  to  defray  the  salary  and 
expenses  of  a  physician  to  teach  the  men 
in  lumber  camps  first  aid  to  the  injured 
and  the  prevention  of  accidents. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Sterling  held  that  when  the 
virgin  timber  of  the  United  States  was 
used  up  forest  supplies  would  have  to  come 
from  national  and  state  forests.     He  held 


that  present  tendencies  in  private  forest 
management  were  now  logically  develop- 
ing the  fire  protection  and  natural  regen- 
eration aspects,  and  that  after  this  would 
come  more  intensive  forestry. 

Mr.  H.  S.  Graves,  Chief  Forester  of  the 
United  States,  read  a  paper  on  Federal 
Forestry.  The  policy  ahead  was  the  de- 
velopment of  the  present  plans  of  delimit- 
ation, classification,  segregation  of  agri- 
cultural from  forest  lands  and  the  hand- 
ling of  the  latter  under  permanent  policies 
based  on  full  recognition  of  lasting  public 
interests.  He  showed  how  the  present 
United  States  forest  policy  was  steadily 
winning  out  in  every  way. 

These  and  other  addresses  will  be  dealt 
with  more  fully  in  future  issues  of  the 
Canadian  Forestry  journal. 


Forest  Protection  in  Canada,   1912* 


Report  of  Mr.  Clyde  Leavitt,  Chief  Forester,  Commission  of  Conservation  and 
Chief  Fire  Inspector  Board  of  Railway  Commissioners  for  Canada. 


The  report  of  Mr.  Clyde  Leavitt,  M.Sc.F. 
Chief  Forester  of  the  Commission  of  Con- 
servation of  Canada,  and  Chief  Fire  In- 
spector of  the  Board  of  Railway  Commis- 
sioners which  has  just  been  issued  is  a 
document  of  175  pages  illustrated  by  num- 
erous engravings  which  add  to  the  clear- 
ness of  the  letter  press  descriptions. 

The  report  is  divided  into  six  parts  and 
three  appendices  dealing  with  specific  as- 
pects of  the  subject. 

Protection  from  Railway  Fires. 
Part  I.  is  devoted  to  Protection  from 
Railway  Fires.  It  first  deals  with  the 
passing  of  Order  16570  by  the  Board  of 
Railway  Commissioners  for  Canada  which 
directs  the  railways  to  provide  fire  pre- 
ventive appliances,  fire  patrols,  etc.,  and 
places  the  authority  for  seeing  these  car- 
ried out  under  the  Chief  Fire  Inspector, 
Mr.  Leavitt.  He  points  out  that  the  three 
railways  which  are  not  subject  to  the  regu- 
lations of  the  Board  of  Railway  Commis- 
sioners are  the  Intercolonial  and  National 
TranscoDtinental  Railways  (owned  by  the 
Dominion  Government)  and  the  Timis- 
kaming  and  Northern  Ontario  Railway 
owned  and  operated  by  the  Ontario  Gov- 
ernment. As  soon  as  this  order  was  passed 
Mr.  Leavitt  undertook  the  work  of  organ- 
izing the  inspection  of  appliances,  fire 
guards  and  patrols  in  Western  Canada.  The 
Dominion  Forestry  Branch  had  already  pre- 
pared a  plan  of  patrols  over  the  railway 


Mr.  ClydelLeavltt. 

lines  in  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  and  Al- 
berta and  in  the  Railway  Belt  in  British 
Columbia;  and  the  Government  of  British 
Columbia  had  prepared  a  similar  plan  cov- 


1^8 


Canadian  Poresiry  Journat,  December,  l^lS 


ering  all  other  lines  in  Briitsh  Columbia. 
These  bodies  and  the  Department  of  Lands 
and  Forests  for  Ontario  provided  inspec- 
tors for  all  the  railway  lines  from  Lake 
Superior  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Forest  Fires  and  Brush  Disposal. 

Part  IL  deals  with  settlers'  slash  and 
lumbering  slash.  It  is  recommended  in  re- 
gard to  the  former  that  the  time  of  burn- 
ing be  fixed  and  that  there  be  a  sufficiently- 
large  force  of  rangers  to  see  that  the  law 
is  carried  out.  Regarding  lumbering  slash 
it  is  stated  that  while  patrols  and  other 
measures  would  continue  to  be  necessary 
the  root  of  the  problem  could  best  be 
reached  through  disposal  of  the  slash.  In 
the  case  of  unleased  lands  held  by  Domin- 
ion and  Provincial  Governments.  Mr. 
Leavitt  holds  no  trouble  should  ensue, 
since  when  new  areas  were  leased  the  new 
requirements  in  regard  to  brush  disposal 
would  be  taken  into  consideration  by  the 
lumbermen  in  bidding  on  the  limit.  In  the 
case  of  renewal  of  licenses,  while  not  so 
easy,  still  the  growing  value  of  the  stump- 
age  and  the  need  of  protecting  the  hold- 
ings were  all  factors  in  making  the  new 
price. 

Then  follows  a  review  of  methods  in 
the  Adirondacks,  in  the  United  States  Na- 
tional forests  in  Idaho,  Montana  and  Min- 
nesota, in  Oregon  and  Washington,  and  in 
Minnesota  State  forests.  The  general  trend 
of  this  review  is  to  show  that  everywhere 
there  was  a  growing  recognition  that  brush 
must  be  disposed  of  and  that  there  is  a 
disposition  to  try  different  methods  and 
to  adopt  those  best  suited  to  each  condi- 
tion and  locality. 

Top-Lopping  in  the  Adirondacks. 
Part  III.  continues  this  brush  disposal 
problem  by  discussing  top-lopping  in  the 
Adirondacks.  It  is  se.  out  that  in  1908 
very  severe  fires  swept  the  Adirondacks 
and  as  a  result  a  conference  of  lumber- 
men and  the  State  Forestry  Commission 
decided  that  the  best  way  to  check  these 
fires  was  to  lop  the  tops,  of  all  coniferous 
trees  cut  for  commercial  purposes.  This 
was  crystallized  into  law  in  1909  and  since 
that  the  fire  loss  had  been  greatly  reduced. 
Owing  to  fewer  losses  and  the  feeling  that 
the  financial  burden  was  too  great  lumber- 
men protested  in  1912  against  the  contin- 
uance of  the  practice.  A  series  of  field 
investigations  was  held  to  reconsider  the 
question.  Mr.  Leavitt  attended  these  for 
the  Commision  of  Conservation  and  Mr.  T. 
W.  Dwight,  Assistant  Director,  for  the  Do- 
minion Forestry  Branch.  The  matter  was 
fully  gone  into  and  as  a  result  it  was  de- 
cided that  where  brush  burning  was  prac- 
ticable this  was  the  most  efficient  method 
of  slash  disposal;  where  it  was  not  prac- 
tical the  lopping  of  tops  might  be  advis- 
able. The  beneficial  effects  of  top-lopping 
it  was  held  outweighed  the  disadvantages 


due  to  any  possible  injury  to  soil,  repro- 
duction or  old  growth.  Lopping  to  only  a 
three  inch  diameter  materially  reduced  the 
cost.  Since  the  preparation  of  this  report 
the  New  York  Legislature  had  changed  the 
law  so  as  to  make  compulsory  only  lopping 
to  down  to  three  inches  in  diameter. 

Oil  as  Locomtive  Fuel. 
Part  IV.  deals  with  the  use  of  oil  as 
locomotive  fuel.  Mr.  Leavitt  states  that 
in  1912  oil  was  used  wholly  as  fuel  on 
20,910  miles  of  railway  in  the  United 
States  and  587  miles  in  Canada;  and  used 
in  conjunction  with  coal  on  4,720  miles 
additional  in  the  United  States.  All  the 
railways  using  oil  fuel  in  Canada  were  in 
British  Columbia;  and  were:  Canadian  Pa- 
cific, 338  miles;  Esquimalt '  and  Nanaimo, 
134;  Great  Northern,  115.  As  to  effective- 
ness it  is  stated  that  the  use  of  oil  practic- 
ally eliminates  all  danger  of  forest  fires 
due  to  locomotive  operation.  The  use  of 
oil  was  increasing  on  the  west  coast  where 
convenient  supplies  made  it  cheaper  than 
coal. 

Forest-Planting  in  Canada. 

Part  V.  takes  up  the  subject  of  forest 
planting.  Investigations  of  the  Dominion 
Forestry  Branch  indicated  that  half  of  the 
original  forest  of  Canada  had  been  destroy- 
ed by  fire.  This  timber  would  if  cut  have 
yielded  not  less  than  a  billion  dollars  to 
the  revenue  of  the  country.  There  were 
enormous  areas  of  non-agricultural  land  in 
Canada  which  however,  were  very  suitable 
for  the  growth  of  timber  and  should  be 
put  to  that  use. 

The  subject  is  then  dealt  with  geo- 
graphically from  east  to  west.  Mr.  H.  R. 
Christie  of  the  B.  C.  Forest  Branch  deals 
with  the  situation  in  British  Columbia  and 
comes  to  the  following  conclusions:  I.  For- 
est planting  in  British  Columbia  is  silvi- 
culturally  possible.  Hardwoods  may  be 
grown  as  well  as  soft  woods.  2.  Forest 
regeneration  in  B.  C.  is  financially  practic- 
able, and  possibly  also  forest  planting. 
3.  But  forest  planting  is  now,  in  general, 
neither  necessary  nor  the  most  profitable 
way  to  spend  time,  energy  or  money  in 
British  Columbia. 

The  statement  regarding  tree  planting  in 
Alberta,  Saskatchewan  and  Manitoba  was 
prepared  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  Dominion 
Director  of  Forestry.  The  work  of  farm 
planting  was  begun  in  1901  wiiu  tne  send- 
ing out  of  58,000  trees  from  the  Experi- 
mental Farms  at  Brandon  and  Indian 
Head.  In  1912  this  output  of  trees  from 
the  Forest  Nursery  Station  had  increased 
to  2,729,135  trees  to  3,618  farmers.  The 
total  sent  out  to  the  end  of  the  planting 
season  of  1912  was  nearly  22,000,000  seed- 
lings. These  were  planted  for  shelter  belts 
and  wood  lots  and  consisted  chiefly  of  Man- 
itoba maple,  elm,  ash,  cottonwood  willow 
and  Russian  poplar.  In  1911  distribution  of 


Forest  Protection  in  Canada,  1912 


189 


coniferous  trees  began.    The  species  were 
white  spruce,  Scotch  pine  and  tamarack. 

A  beginning  has  been  made  in  planting 
on  the  Spruce  Woods  Keserve  near  Bran- 
don and  on  the  Turtle  Mountain  Reserve 
in  Southern  Manitoba.  On  the  former  over 
50,200  trans-plants  were  living,  and  on  the 
latter  a  plantation  of  14,000  Scotch  pine 
was  doing  well.  Preparations  for  much 
larger  planting  operations  on  the  Spruce 
Woods  Reserve  were  under  way.  Seven 
thousand  five  hundred  transplants  on  the 
Riding  Mountain  Reserve  were  doing  well. 
Planting  had  not  been  considered  neces- 
sary on  the  Rocky  Mountains  Reserve  as 
natural  reproduction  was  excellent.  Seed- 
ing had  not  been  successful  except  in  cer- 
tain spots  on  the  Turtle  Mountain  Reserve. 

The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  of  which 
company  Mr.  R.  D.  Prettie  is  superintend- 
ent of  Forestry  had  planted  1,356,200  trees 
along  its  main  line  between  Calgary  and 
Winnipeg.  These  trees  were  grown  at  the 
company's  nursery  at  Wolseley,  Sask.  The 
object  was  to  form  windbreaks  and  thus 
do  away  with  the  necessity  for  maintain- 
ing portable  snow  fences  to  prevent  the 
difting  of  snow  across  the  railway  tracks. 
The  loss  and  renewal  of  these  trees  had 
not  exceeded  ten  per  cent.  The  company 
also  had  set  out  25,000  tamarack  trees  near 
Wolseley  to  determine  the  feasibility  of 
growing  railway  ties  and  fence  posts.  The 
average  height  of  trees  in  this  plantation 
in  1912  was  9  ft.  and  the  diameter  18 
inches  from  the  ground  1^  inches.  The 
height  growth  for  the  season  of  1912  was 
1  ft.  8  inches.  The  company  was  also  giv- 
ing prizes  to  induce  settlers  on  its  lands 
to  grow  trees  about  their  farm  buildings. 

Forest  planting  in  Ontario  is  described 
in  the  report  by  a  statement  taken  from 
the  report  of  Mr.  E.  J.  Zavitz  provincial 
forester  of  Ontario.  It  was  estimated  that 
about  10,000,000  acres  in  Southern  Ontario 
was  suited  only  to  forest  growth.  As  much 
of  this  had  been  cut  off  the  Ontario  Gov- 
ernment had  embarked  on  a  scheme  of  co- 
operation by  which  advice  and  planting 
material  were  furnished  free  of  charge  to 
parties  planting  wood  lots.  Up  to  1912  1, 
500,000  trees  had  been  sent  out  from  the 
Provincial  nurseries.  The  planting  had 
been  chiefly  on  waste  soils,  such  as  sand 
formations.  The  forest  nursery  station  in 
Norfolk  county  contained  1,500  acres  in 
1912.  This  station  was  being  planted  up 
with  experimental  plantations,  and  was 
also  being  used  as  the  source  of  supply  for 
nursery  stock.  Legislation  was  passed  in 
1911  permitting  counties  to  acquire  and 
operate  land  for  forest  plantations.  The 
county  of  Hastings  had  sceured  2,200  acres 
of  cut  over  lands  and  the  purchase  of  addi- 
tional lands  was  contemplated.  Fire  pro- 
tection and  natural  restocking  from  seed 
trees  would  be  the  policy  pursued  for  the 


present.    Other  counties  were  looking  into 
the  matter. 

The  statement  in  regard  to  Quebec  was 
prepared  from  the  report  of  the  Minister 
of  Lands  and  Forests  and  from  a  state- 
ment by  Mr.  G.  C.  Pich6,  chief  of  the  Que- 
bec Forest  Service.  The  Government  had 
a  nursery  station  at  Berthierville  where 
seedlings  were  supplied  to  farmers  to  plant 
their  woodlots  and  where  seedlings  were 
also  grown  to  plant  up  sand  land  areas, 
such  as  at  Lachute,  acquired  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. These  were  acquired  at  the  rate 
of  $1  per  acre  with  the  agreement  that  the 
former  owners  might  reacquire  them  upon 
paying  the  cost  of  the  planting  which  it 
was  guaranteed  would  not  exceed  $10  per 
acre.  Twenty-five  acres  at  Lachute  were 
reforested  in  1912.  It  was  intended  to 
assist  the  rural  communities  by  establish- 
ing township  reserves  where  the  inhabit- 
ants might  cut  wood  required  for  their  real 
wants. 

Mr.  EUwood  Wilson  forester  for  the 
Laurentide  Company  furnishes  the  data 
for  the  planting  of  that  company  which 
in  1912  had  reached  fifty  acres.  The  trees 
used  were  Scotch,  white  and  jack  pine, 
white  and  Norway  spruce,  hemlock  and 
basswood.  The  company  expected  to  plant 
200,000  trees  per  year  and  would  plant  up 
its  waste  lands  with  the  object  of  supply- 
ing wood  for  making  pulp  and  paper.  Dif- 
ferent methods  of  cutting  were  being  tried 
with  the  object  of  testing  reproduction. 

On  account  of  the  excellent  natural  re- 
production in  the  Maritime  Provinces  the 
necessity  for  artificial  planting  had  not 
been  strongly  felt  iuere  up  to  the  present. 
The  great  need  was  instruction  in  the  best 
methods  of  handling  existing  timber  lands. 
Nothing  in  the  way  of  encouraging  re- 
planting had  been  done  by  the  govern- 
ments but  there  had  been  some  planting 
under  private  initiative. 

With  the  assitsance  of  Mr.  R.  B.  Miller, 
Professor  of  Forestry  in  the  University  of 
New  Brunswick,  Dr.  A.  R.  Myers  had 
planted  fifteen  acres  of  white  pine  near 
Moncton,  N.B.  The  Pejepscot  Paper  Com- 
pany had  a  nursery  at  Salmon  River,  N.B. 
and  another  at  Cookshire,  Quebec,  with  the 
idea  of  planting  its  cut  over  lands. 

The  Rhodes-Curry  Company  of  Amherst, 
N.S.,  had  planted  about  fifteen  acres  of 
Norway  spruce  seedlings  on  smoe  of  its 
burnt  over  lands  near  Little  River,  N.S. 
The  object  of  these  plantations  was  to  get 
(lata  as  to  the  probable  success  of  larger 
efforts. 

Committee  on  Forests. 

Part  VI.  embodies  the  report  of  the 
Committee  on  Forests  made  to  the  Commis- 
sion of  Conservation  in  1912.  A  synopsis 
of  this  was  published  at  the  time.  The  re- 
commendations are  as  important  as  they 
then  were  and  include  the  following:  that 


190 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  December,  1913 


the  Dominion  Government  establish  fire 
protection  service  on  the  Intercolonial  and 
National  Transcontinental  Kailways;  that 
the  Governments  of  New  Brunswick  and 
Nova  Scotia  be  urged  to  form  forest  fire 
protection  services;  that  brush  disposal  be 
carefully  considered  by  all  forest  owning 
governments;  that  co-operative  fire  protec- 
tive associations  be  approved;  that  Do- 
minion and  Provincial  Governments  be 
urged  to  make  a  systematic  study  of  the 
extent  and  character  fo  the  forest  re- 
sources within  their  bounds,  etc. 

The  remainder  of  the  report  is  taken  up 
with  three  appendices.  These  embrace  a 
study  of  the  extension  of  the  Dominion 
Government  Forest  Reserves  and  the  re- 
port of  Mr.  J.  H.  White  on  the  district 
lying  between  Sudbury  and  Port  Arthur. 
The  general  summary  of  this  report  is  that 
the  whole  of  the  area  between  Mattawa 
and  Nipigon  and  south  of  the  Clay  Belt 
should  be  made  a  forest  reserve.  Opinions 
on  oil  fuel  given  by  railway  men,  forest- 
ers, and  mechanical  experts  conclude  the 
report  which  is  well  prepared  and  provided 
with  a  copious  index  which  renders  all 
parts  readily  available. 


BEUSH    DISPOSAL    IN    NEW    BRUNS- 
WICK. 

Views  of  the  Deputy  Minister  of  Lands 
and  Forests. 

Lt.-Col.  T.  G.  Loggie,  Deputy  Minister 
of  Lands  and  Forests  for  New  Brunswick, 
writes  in  the  current  issue  of  the  Canada 
Lumberman  : 

I  have  read  Mr.  Allen 's  able  articles  in 
your  two  editions  of  October  1st  and  15th 
and  quite  agree  with  all  he  says  regarding 
waste  in  logging  operations.  To  get  the 
top  out  of  the  woods  is  something  many 
of  us  have  been  striving  after,  for  a  great 
number  of  years.  The  Timber  Regulations 
of  this  Department  for  some  time  have 
contained  a  provision  that  all  logs  must 
be  taken  out  up  to  5  inches  in  diameter, 
and,  while  I  do  not  claim  that  it  is  wholly 
carried  out  in  practice,  our  lumber  oper- 
ators are  gradually  seeing  that  an  era  has 
arrived  when  less  wasteful  methods  must 
be  followed  to  get  the  true  value  from  our 
forests. 

Mr.  Allen  in  his  two  articles  has  not 
touched  upon  the  more  important  aspect 
in  the  removal  of  the  tops,  viz.,  the  lessen- 
ing of  the  fire  danger.  I  am  quite  con- 
vinced that,  if  the  land  owner  were  to  al- 
low the  operator  to  remove  these  tops  with- 
out stumpage  cost,  with  a  further  provi- 
sion that  the  crowns  of  the  trees  should 
have  their  under  branches  lopped  off,  it 
would,  to  a  large,  extent,  minimize  the  fire 
danger,  and  be  a  tremendous  advantage  to 
our  forests. 


I  also  quite  agree  with  what  Mr.  Allen 
says  about  more  forest  supervision  in  the 
actual  work  of  lumbering.  These  matters 
have  been  repeatedly  advocated  at  meet- 
ings of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association 
and  the  time  is  assuredly  coming  when  . 
wasteful  methods  such  as  he  speaks  of  will 
be,  to  a  large  extent,  if  not  altogether, 
eliminated  from  forest  operations. 

I  will  say  for  Mr.  Allen's  information 
that  I  have  leased  some  lands  of  my  own 
for  a  considerable  spruce  operation  which 
required  the  log-getter,  not  only  to  pay  the 
same  stumpage  for  the  tops  as  for  the  mer- 
chantable, but  to  remove  everything  up 
to  five  inches  and  to  underlop  all  the 
crowns.  All  trees  are  sawn  down  at  the 
swell  of  the  roots  and  sawn  up  into 
lengths.  I  have  placed  competent  over- 
seers to  see  that  the  conditions  are  carried 
out  and  I  expect  to  have  good  results.  Ten 
years  ago  I  would  have  been  laughed  at, 
were  I  to  have  exacted  these  conditions. 

I  am  sorry  I  cannot  agree  with  Mr.  Allen 
in  his  statement  that  after  virgin  growth 
is  cut  away,  quite  as  good  never  follows. 
This  statement  is  something  new  to  us,  and 
upsets  the  principles  of  nature.  If  one 
were  to  follow  this  reasoning,  as  well 
might  he  say  that  when  you  break  up  labd 
and  sow  it  to  wheat,  you  will  never  have 
so  good  a  crop  as  the  first  one.  My  theory 
is  in  lumbering:  remove  the  merchantable 
log  at  maturity;  let  in  the  air  and  light, 
and  the  same  process  will  rotate,  resulting 
in  a  bountiful  nature  supplying  as  good  a 
log  as  the  virgin  one  that  was  cut  away. 


DAMS  VERSUS  FORESTS. 

The  waterworks  commissioners  of  the 
city  of  Brantford,  Ontario,  have  instructed 
the  city  engineer  to  prepare  plans  for  a 
dyke  to  protect  the  waterworks  property 
and  the  lowlying  lands  between  the  canal 
and  the  river.  The  city  of  Brantford  has 
been  building  dams  for  twenty  years  to 
protect  its  lower  parts  from  the  floods 
of  the  Grand  River.  Mr.  Thomas  South- 
worth,  when  Clerk  of  Forestry  for  the 
Province  of  Ontario,  was  consulted  on  this 
matter  and  told  the  people  of  the  lower 
Grand  River  Valley  that  they  had  begun 
at  the  wrong  end,  and  that,  instead  of 
building  dams  at  Brantford  and  Gait,  they 
should  have  kept  trees  on  the  hillsides  of 
the  upper  waters  of  the  river.  This,  is  also 
the  conclusion  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Breithaupt 
C.E.  in  his  paper  read  at  the  Victoria 
Convention,  wherein  he  pointed  out  that 
the  forest  at  the  headwaters  of  the  Grand 
River  which  regulated  its  flow,  had  been 
ruthlessly  cut  off  to  make  farms,  with  the 
result  that  floods  now  occurred  nearly 
every  spring,  while  on  the  other  hand  this 
particular  land  was,  much  of  it,  not  even 
third  rate  farming  land. 


Notes 


191 


QUEBEC'S    RECORD    REVENUE. 

A  despatch  from  Quebec  states :  In 
his  annual  report  submitted  to  the 
Quebec  Legislature,  Hon.  Jules  Al- 
lard,  Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests, 
states  that  the  receipts  of  the  De- 
partment for  the  year  amounted  to 
$1,760,466.25,  the  greatest  revenue 
ever  received  by  that  department. 
Part  of  this  amount  was  derived 
from  the  sale  of  land,  but  the  chief 
revenue  comes  from  the  woods  and 
forests  department,  the  cutting  licen- 
ses alone  giving  $1,134,147.19,  the 
rent  $330,203.09,  and  penalties,  in- 
terest, etc.,  bringing  the  total  up  to 
$1,510,171.41.  The  fire  protection 
system  was  successful  in  preventing 
all  but  a  few  fires.  Seventeen  sta- 
tions were  established  for  observing 
the  water-powers  of  the  province  at 
all  seasons,  for  the  purpose  of  noting 
their  adaptability  for  industrial  pur- 
poses. 


MR.  BOOTH'S  PHILANTHROPY. 

Mr.  John  R.  Booth,  Ottawa's  vet- 
eran lumberman,  has  donated  a  new 
wing  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  Ottawa, 
at  a  cost  of  $125,000.  Mr.  Booth  has 
been  president  of  the  Board  of  Dir- 
ectors of  the  institution  for  many 
years.  Mr.  Booth  is  now  very  large- 
ly recovered  from  the  serious  injury 
which  he  recently  suffered  when  he 
was  struck  by  a  falling  timber  at 
one  of  his  mills  which  had  been  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 


THE  HARDY  CATALPA. 

Warning  Issued  against  planting  in 
the  North. 

The  New  York  State  College  of 
Forestry  has  issued  a  warning  to 
farmers  against  planting  the  Hardy 
Catalpa  tree  in  New  York  State,  ex- 
cept for  experimental  purposes.  A 
college  bulletin  states  that  many 
land  owners  have  been  induced  to 


plant  this  tree  because  of  statements 
regarding  its  growth  and  durability, 
and  that  without  doubt  much  plant- 
ing has  been  done  that  will  result 
in  failure.  It  points  out  that  the  Cat- 
alpa is  a  native  of  river  bottoms  in 
the  middle  west  of  the  United  States, 
where,  under  favorable  conditions  it 
makes  exceedingly  rapid  growth. 
Because  of  the  ease  with  which  the 
nurseries  grow  it  from  seed  it  has 
been  exploited  very  widely  through 
the  country,  and  it  is  believed  has 
been  planted  too  widely  in  New 
York  State.  This  bulletin  goes  on  to 
point  out  that  the  Catalpa  is  a  spec- 
ialized forest  crop  requiring  good 
agricultural  soil  and  more  care  than 
the  ordinary  farmer  cares  usually  to 
give  it.  As  the  college  authorities  do 
not  want  to  see  land  of  any  value  for 
agriculture  used  for  forestry,  they 
urge  farmers  to  plant  Catalpa  only 
in  very  limited  quantities  and  as  an 
experiment.  If  there  are  idle  lands 
in  the  State  in  the  form  of  hill  sides 
or  ridges  it  would  be  better  to  grow 
quick  growing  ever-greens,  such  as 
red  and  white  pine  or  Scotch  pine,  or 
such  hardwoods  as  the  common  black 
or  yellow  locust.  Experience  with 
the  Catalpa  in  States  to  the  west  of 
New  York  does  not  promise  success 
with  it  in  the  latter  State. 

As  there  has  been  considerable  at- 
tempt at  exploitation  of  the  Hardy 
Catalpa  in  Ontario  it  may  be  well  to 
say  that  the  view  of  persons  of  ex- 
perience is  that  these  warnings  in 
regard  to  New  York  State  would  ap- 
ply with  equal  force  to  this  Province. 


A  writer  in  the  Toronto  Daily  Star 
urges  the  Province  of  Ontario  to  go 
into  fur  farming  as  a  public  business. 
lie  argues  that  Ontario  is  one  of  the 
greatest  producers  of  fur  in  the  world. 
Strict  laws  have  caused  the  increase 
of  the  fur  bearing  animals,  notably 
beaver,  and  yet  the  beneficiaries  of 
this  protection  are  chiefly  two  private 
fur  companies. 


With  the  Forest  Engineers* 


{Contributed  by  the  Canadian  Society  of  Forest  Engineers.) 


The  formation  of  local  forest  En- 
gineers' organizations  is  projected  in  Ot- 
tawa and  Victoria,  B.C. 

Advisory  Committees. 

The  following  are  the  Advisory  Commit- 
tees, a,ppointed  in  accordance  with  the 
resolution  passed  by  the  last  annual  meet- 
ing:—  . 

Quebec  and  Maritime  Provinces — G.  C. 
Piche,  R.  B.  Miller,  R.  R.  Bradley. 

Ontario— C.  Leavitt,  A.  H.  D.  Ross,  T. 
W.  Dwight. 

Prairie  Provinces— N.  M.  Ross,  W.  N. 
Millar,  L.  M.  Ellis. 

British  Columbia— Dr.  J.  F.  Clark,  H.  R. 
MacMillan,  D.  R.  Cameron. 

Quebec  Forest  Protective  Service. 

Mr.  W.  C.  J.  Hall,  superintendent  of  the 
Quebec  forest  protective  service,  writes: — 

*We  have  had  a  very  successful  season. 
Though  there  were  lots  of  fires,  as  the 
weather  was  very  dry  up  to  the  middle  of 
October,  we  succeeded  in  extinguishing 
them  all  with  very  little  damage  done. 
The  only  exception  was  one  bad  fire  on  the 
upper  Ottawa,  which  we  are  getting  de- 
tails about  now.  The  railway  work  was 
most  satisfactory.' 

The  St.  Maurice  Valley. 

Mr.  Ellwood  Wilson,  forester  for  the 
Laurentide  Company,  writes: — 'Mr.  Clyde 
Leavitt  has  just  been  on  an  inspection  trip 
through  the  logging  operations  of  the 
Laurentide  Company  with  me.  The  sec- 
tions where  top-lopping  was  tried  last  win- 
ter were  visited,  and  Mr.  Leavitt  made 
some  very  valuable  suggestions  for  the 
conduct  of  the  work  thjs  year.  Cuttings 
of  other  companies  were  also  visited  and 
the  contrast  was  very  marked.  One  com- 
pany had  left  pine  logs  twenty  two  inches 
in  diameter  in  the  woods  and  had  used 
large  pine  and  spruce  for  skids  and  left 
them  to  rot.  Tops  eight  inches  in  diameter 
and  even  larger  were  common.  The  condi- 
tion of  such  cuttings  from  the  point  of 
view  of  fire  protection  is  very  dangerous 
and  it  might  be  mentioned  that  this  is  the 
only  company  which  has  refused  to  join 
the  Fire  Protective  Association, 

'Mr.  M.  C.  Small  is  continuing  his  ex- 
periments with  top-lopping  on  the  limits  of 
the  Laurentide  Company.  Last  year  this 
company,  for  the  first  time  in  Canada,  tried 
top-lopping  and  found  it  so  successful  that 
it  is  to  be  continued  this  year  and  experi- 


ments undertaken  to  show  the  exact  cost 
and  the  best  and  cheapest  way  to  do  it. 
By  an  efficient  system  of  inspection  Mr. 
Small  has  reduced  the  woods  waste  to  the 
lowest  possible  point  and  very  materially 
reduced  the  fire  risk.  As  an  instance  of 
this,  two  thousand  logs  were  made  this 
fall  from  the  tops  of  trees  used  in  building 
a  log  flume. ' 

Wide-Awake  Western  Foresters. 

Mr.  R.  D.  Craig,  of  Vancouver,  writes: — 
'This  summer  I  made  a  trip  from  Kam- 
loops  to  Tete  Jaune  Cache  along  the  line 
of  the  Canadian  Northern,  as  it  follows  the 
North  Thompson,  and  came  out  to  civiliza- 
tion at  Edmonton  (if  you  consider  the 
prairies  civilized).  I  wrote  a  description 
of  this  trip  for  the  last  issue  of  the  West- 
ern Lumberman. 

'I  spent  two  weeks  up  the  Toba  river, 
150  miles  north  of  Vancouver,  last  month. 
This  is  one  of  the  finest  valleys  of  timber 
in  British  Columbia.  We  went  up  in  a 
canoe  over  thirty  miles,  all  through  excel- 
lent fir,  cedar  and  spruce.  The  firs  aver- 
aged about  8,000  feet,  board  measure,  to 
the  tree,  with  125  feet  of  log  length.  The 
cedar  and  spruce  were  also  very  fine.  This 
timber  is  owned  by  the  Canada  Timber 
and  Lands,  Ltd.,  of  which  Mr.  E.  Stewart 
is  managing  director.  The  river  is  driv- 
able  throughout  th€  timbered  area,  and  in 
the  summer  is  navigable  for  launches  for 
over  twenty  miles.  It  is  a  hunter's  par- 
adise for  mountain  goat,  deer  and  bear.' 

Mr.  D.  R.  Cameron  writes  from  Kam- 
loops: — 'I  have  just  returned  from  an  in- 
spection trip  of  the  Lower  Eraser  country, 
made  in  company  with  Mr.  R.  E.  Benedict, 
of  the  Briitsh  Columbia  Forest  Branch. 
Our  object  was  to  work  out  a  basis  for 
more  co-operation  in  forest  protection.  The 
intention  is  for  the  Dominion  forest  rang- 
ers to  take  over  the  issuing  of  burning  per- 
mits, thus  preventing  duplication  of  staflP 
and  giving  the  Dominion  service  better 
control  of  the  fire  situation.' 

Mr.  E.  G.  McDougall  writes  again,  dat- 
ing his  letter  from  Clinton,  B.C.,  (on  the 
old  Caribou  Road)  and  describing  his 
work  in  the  valley  of  the  Bonaparte  river 
(which  joins  the  Fraser  at  Ashcroft).  He 
says: — 'I  am  still  at  work  in  the  plain 
drained  by  the  Bonaparte  river,  and  hope 
to  be  able  to  keep  the  field  until  well  into 
December.  The  Bonaparte  plain  is  settled 
to   some  extent,  and,   at  a  pinch,   shelter 


192 


With  The  Forest  Engineers 


193 


for  the  party  and  horses  can  be  obtained. 
Forage,  however,  is  abundant,  and  in  good 
weather  the  horses  can  still  pick  up  a  liv- 
ing. 

'Timber  is  nowhere  abundant,  black 
pine  and  a  little  fir,  spruce  and  poplar 
forming  straggling  stands.  Except  where 
wind-falls  have  accumulated,  the  woods 
may  be  travelled  in  any  direction  with 
pack-horses.  The  country  depends  chiefly 
on  stock-jraising,  but  there  appear  to  be 
good  possibilities  for  dry-farming  in  the 
future.  At  present  the  cost  of  clearing 
land  is  a  serious  hindrance  to  development. 
Even  to  the  rancher,  the  forest  growth, 
and  particularly  the  litter  of  wind-fall,  is 
a  detriment  rather  than  a  resource.  The 
suggestion  is  repeatedly  made  that  such 
sections  of  country  should  be  burned  over 
until  the  forest  has  been  reduced  to  a  suf- 
ficient quantity  of  wind-break,  although  it 
is  admitted  that  to  withdraw  the  rangers 
entirely  and  permit  indiscriminate  firing 
would  be  a  course  involving  grave  danger 
to  property,  if  not  to  human  life.  Possibly 
some  plan  of  co-operation  between  the  Gov- 
ernment and  the  settlers,  for  the  safe  re- 
moval of  forest  debris,  may  be  evolved  in 
the  near  future;  the  expense  to  both 
parties  would  be  considerable,  but  the 
benefits  would  be  certain  and  commensur- 
ate with  the  outlay.' 

In  the  Bookies. 

Mr.  W.  N.  Millar  writes  from  Calgary 
under  date  of  Nov.  26: — 

'I  was  out  so  long  on  my  last  trip  that 
I  am  pretty  hard  pressed  to  catch  up,  par- 
ticularly as  I  have  to  make  short  trips  for 
special  cases  every  few  weeks.  I  had  a 
very  successful  trip,  covering  850  miles, 
and  have  practically  completed  my  exam- 
ination of  the  Rockies  south  of  the  Atha- 
baska  river.  In  another  season  we  shall 
have  the  fundamental  improvements  well 
along  toward  completion,  a  complete  revi- 
sion of  the  map  with  all  blanks  eliminated, 
sufficient  ground  work  in  the  line  of 
volume  and  growth-tables  and  primary 
traverses  on  which  to  start  intensive  re- 
connaissance, if  desired,  comprehensive  im- 
provement, fire  and  administration  plans 
for  which  nearly  all  of  the  data  has  been 
assembled,  a  scheme  for  game  preservation 
completely  worked  out,  and  a  reasonable 
start  toward  a  field  organization.  All  we 
lack  is  properly  equipped  men  to  furnish 
the  motive  power  and  make  the  things  go. 

'There's  great  activity  here  now  in  the 
cabin-building  line.  We  expect  to  com- 
plete at  least  twenty  six  during  the  winter 
— maybe  a  couple  or  three  more,  all  by 
ranger  labor.  We  have  one  reconnaissance 
crew  at  work  on  the  Athabaska  under 
Clark,  examining  a  large  proposed  sale, 
and  another  going  to  work  in  a  week  on 
the  Brazeau  on  several  proposed  mine- 
prop  sales.    We  will  n)"o  "tart:  a  crew  tak- 


ing volume  and  growth  figures  on  pine  and 
spruce  under  McVickar  next  week. 

'We  collected  thirty  bushels  of  spruce 
cones  and  fifty  of  lodgepole  pine  cones  for 
the  Indian  Head  nursery,  pine  on  the 
Clearwater  and  spruce  on  the  Cypress  Hills. 
This  was  a  most  prodigious  year  for  spruce, 
both  white  and  Englemann,'throughout  the 
Rockies,  and  I  rather  think  throughout  the 
entire  West  this  side  the  Divide.  Nothing 
unusual  in  pine  or  black  spruce. 

'We  had  a  fire  season  remarkably  free 
of  fires.  The  Bow  River  head-}  the  li&t 
^^'i^.h  only  one  fire,  and  that  a  very  small, 
iiu'lpiont,  "class  A"  one.  Wo  had  only 
four  "class  C"  fires,  one  on  Clearwater, 
one  on  Athabasca  and  two  on  Brazeau.  .  .  . 
Am  going  to  Vancouver  next  month  to  the 
Western  Conservation  and  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation, and  perhaps  I'll  give  you  some 
rotes  about  that.' 

University  of  Toronto  Notes, 

The  Faculty  of  Forestry  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Toronto  reports  a  comfortable  in- 
crease in  its  registration,  there  being 
twenty  new-comers,  which  brings  the  total 
number  of  students  up  to  fifty.  This  makes 
the  distribution  for  the  different  years,  be- 
ginning with  the  first  year,  twenty,  nine, 
ten  and  five,  respectively,  besides  one  in 
each  of  five  years  of  the  six-year  course. 
The  graduating  class  next  spring  -v^ill  count 
only  six. 

Mr.  Asa  S.  Williams,  a  graduate  from 
the  original  New  York  State  College  of 
Forestry  at  Cornell  in  1903,  has  been  giv- 
ing a  short  course  of  lectures  on  logging 
operations.  Mr.  Williams,  after  serving 
two  years  with  the  Berlin  Mills  Company 
in  New  Hampshire,  one  of  the  largest  oper- 
ators in  that  state,  as  forester  supervising 
tlie  lumber  camps,  with  a  view  of  intro- 
ducing more  conservative  logging,  thon  eu- 
^'.iged  as  forester  to  the  Lidgerwood  Ma-i- 
ufttcturing  Company,  who  are  manufactur- 
'"^  logging  machinery.  Mr.  Williams' 
bnsiness  consists  in  surveying  the  situa- 
tion of  proposed  logging  operations  and 
determining  what  method  and  machinery 
are  to  be  used.  For  the  last  three  or  four 
years  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  same 
business  in  Canada,  mostly  on  the  Pacific 
coast. 

Several  of  the  men  in  the  field  were  pre- 
vented by  snowstorms  from  returning  in 
l>roper  time,  but  all  of  them  eventually 
turned  up  all  right. 

Mr.  Frank  Stanley  Newman,  who  had 
been  employed  by  the  Dominion  Forestry 
Branch  as  forest  assistant  in  the  Duck 
Mountain  Forest  Reserve,  Manitoba,  has 
accepted  a  position  as  assistant  to  Mr.  E. 
J.  Zavitz,  forester  for  the  Ontario  Gov- 
ernment, and  will  probably  be  placed  in 
charge  of  the  nurseries  at  St.  Williams. 


194 


Canadian  Forestry  Journal,  December,  1913. 


EMPIRE    STATE    FOREST    PRODUCTS 
ASSOCIATION. 

The  Empire  State  Forest  Products  As- 
sociation held  its  8th  annual  meeting  and 
banquet  in  New  York,  Nov.  13.  Mr. 
Frank  L.  Moore  of  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  the 
president,  in  his  address  said  that  the  two 
greatest  problems  that  confronted  the  peo- 
ple of  New  York  were  the  practical  man- 
agement of  the  forests  and  the  regulation 
of  flood  waters.  He  referred  to  the  foolish 
law  of  the  State  of  New  York  by  which 
not  even  the  dead  and  mature  timber  on 
the  1,600,000  acres  of  state  forest  could 
be  cut  or  utilized  in  any  way.  He  sug- 
gested a  carefully  chosen  board  might  be 
given  the  power  to  decide  what  trees  might 
be  cut  in  the  state  forests. 

The  forestry  committee  recommended: — 
Efforts  to  secure  larger  appropriations  for 
fire  protection.  A  larger  appropriation  to 
the  extent  of  one  million  dollars  annually 
for  additional  forestry  purposes.  And  the 
investment  of  several  million  dollars  for 
starting  new  forests  on  cut-over  lands. 

Mr.  Clifford  R.  Pettis,  Superintendent  of 
State  Forests,  estimated  that  the  1,600,000 
acres  of  state  forest  preserve  was  worth 
thirty  million  dollars.  He  pointed  out  that 
under  proper  forest  management  the  an- 
nual growth  could  be  taken  each  year  and 
the  necessary  forest  maintained.     The  an- 


nual growth  on  this  he  estimated  at  250,- 
000,000  board  feet,  or  one-quarter  the  en- 
tire cut  of  lumber  in  the  state.  At  the 
present  time  the  interest  on  the  cost  of 
this  preserve,  which  was  about  four  mil- 
lion dollars,  was  $200,000  per  year,  the 
taxes  which  the  state  pays  were  $150,000 
per  year,  the  cost  of  fire  protection  was 
$15,000  per  year,  making  a  total  carrying 
charge  of  $365,000  a  year.  The  utiliza- 
tion of  the  ripe  timber  would  change  this 
deficit  of  $365,000  into  a  net  revenue  of 
$635,000. 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION. 

The  Canadian  Forestry  Association  is 
the  only  popular  organization  in  Canada 
having  for  its  object  the  conservation  and 
development  of  our  forests  through  wise 
use.  It  holds  conventions  and  lectures  and 
publishes  the  Annual  Report  and  Canadian 
Forestry  Journal  (monthly). 

All  friends  of  the  forests  are  eligible  for 
membership,  the  fee  for  which  is  one 
dollar  per  year.  Members  receive  without 
extra  charge  all  the  publications  of  the 
Association. 

All  who  have  not  done  so  are  invited  to 
become  members  to  help  extend  the  work. 
Address  The  Secretary, 
Canadian  Forestry  Assn., 
Canadian  Building,  Ottawa. 


SPREADING  THE  WORK 


'TEE  CANADIAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION  wishes 
all  its  members  and  friends  a  Happy  and  Prosperous 

New  Year. 

In  1914  it  hopes  to  do  more  than  in  any  previous  year 

in  the  protection  of  the  forests,  which  means  the  protection 

of  the  interest  of  every  Canadian  citizen. 

In  this  work  it  requires  the  assistance  of  every  member. 
One  of  the  best  means  of  spreading  the  work  is  for  members 
to  interest  their  neighbours.  A  very  efficient  way  of  doing 
this  is  to  send  the  names  of  those  likely  to  be  interested. 
The  Secretary  then  communicates  with  these  persons,  and 
experience  shows  that  a  good  percentage  become  members. 

Help  on  the  work  by  sending  in  a  list  of  names  to 
THE    SECRETARY, 

Canadian  Forestry  Association, 

Canadian  Building,   OTTAWA,  Ont, 


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