Castilleja : the newsletter of the Wyoming Native Plant Society

Castilleja

Publication of the Wyoming Native Plant Society

Mar 2017, Volume 36(1)

Posted at www.wynps.org

Coming Together in the Black Hills

[Editor's note: The following article is a sneak preview of our
201 7 Annual Meeting. It is excerpted from “ Dakota Flora 1 " by
David Ode , long-time state botanist in South Dakota , who will
be our 2017 annual meeting speaker at events for Wyoming
and South Dakota plant enthusiasts alike.)

...The American pasqueflower [Anemone
patens; Pulsatilla patens ) became the first official
symbol for South Dakota in 1903, when the
legislature proclaimed it as the state's floral
emblem. In addition to being the first official
symbol, the pasqueflower has the reputation for
being the first flower of spring. This prompted the
legislature to endow our state flower with its own
motto: " I Lead."

,„ While pasqueflowers are no longer as plentiful
as they once were, they are still one of the most
common wildflowers in South Dakota, occurring
on gravelly hills, buttes, and river bluffs
throughout the state. ...Spring turkeys often fill
their crops with pasqueflowers, and domestic and
wild bees depend on the pollen to replenish their
depleted winter stores of honey.

In his book 11 A Sand County Almanac ", wildlife
ecologist Aldo Leopold wrote, “The chance to find
a pasqueflower is a right as inalienable as free
speech." We should all work to guarantee that our
children's grandchildren will have native prairies
in which to find pasqueflowers one hundred years
from now.

Left:

American
pasqueflower
[Anemone
patens }.

Photo by

Charmaine

Delmatier.

Additional information on pasqueflower is posted on the
U.S. Forest Service website, Celebrating Wildflowers:
https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ - ao to “Plant of the
Week" - pasqueflower information is under Pulsatilla patens.

In this issue:

2017 Annual Meeting Announcement 3

Growing Native Plants: Medium Ht Shrubs ... 4

2015 Annual Meeting Announcement 6

BEE Aware of Neonicotinoides 8

Botanists' Bookshelf:

Trending Toward Timeless 9

1 Dakota Flora, by David J. Ode, was recommended to
Wyoming readers 10 years ago - Castilleja (2006);

(http://www.wvnps.org/newsletters/2006 10.pdf) .

WYNPS News

2017 Annual Meeting : Bound for the Black Hills!

Plans for our 2017 Annual Meeting are highlighted
in this issue. The full registration information, hike
details and map will be posted later in March and
reprinted in the May issue. The event is being held
jointly with the Great Plains Native Plant Society, and
the three days of field trips will run on both sides of the
stateline (see the Announcement, next page).

Our informal "banquet" will be at the covered
picnic shelter at the Devils Tower National
Monument campground, prepared by Four Seasons,
a Sundance wholesome food caterer. The
amphitheater nearby will be venue for our evening
speaker, David Ode, of Pierre, SD; both amphitheater
and shelter are right beside the campground where
we have two group sites already reserved. If you
prefer a USFS campground, the nearest is Reuter
Campground.

An exciting Friday night kick-off moonlight walk
will be led by Black Hills Forest Service Botanist,
Rylan Sprague, with a plant list in the Lakota
language and ethnobotanical importance of plants
we'll see that night. You can also expect a botanist's
delight at Dugout Gulch with Beth Burkhart, at
Englewood Springs Botanical Area with Rylan
Sprague, at McIntosh Fen Botanical Area with Kelly
Warnke, and at Warren Peaks with Nick Drozda.
There will also be a gentle hike along Joyner Ridge
trail at the base of Devils Tower led by National
Monument personnel. Look for full details and
registration information soon!

Wyoming Native Plant Society
P.O.Box 2449
Laramie, WY 82073

Other contacts :

Editor: Bonnie Heidel f bheidel@uwvo.edu1

Webmaster: Dorothy Tuthill f dtuthill@uwyo.edu )

Pinedale Chapter: Julie Kraft, President

f iewelvioe@hotmail.com 1

Teton Chapter: Amy Taylor, Treasurer;

f tetonplants@gmail.com1

Also: Bighorn Native Plant Society: Jean Daly,
Treasurer (P.O. Box 21, Big Horn, WY 82833
New Members : Please welcome the following new
members to WYNPS: Joyce Batson, Jackson;

Mary Lohuis, Jackson; Suzanne Niles, Jackson; Lindsey
Sanders, Jackson, Sue Summers, Pinedale; and Susan
Tweit, Cody.

Treasurer's Report :

Balance as of 22 Feb
2017: Scholarship =

$2,280.50; General =

$7,083.02; Total =

$9,363.52.

The Next Deadline :

Please send articles and
hike announcements
for the May issue by
15 April. Ideas are welcome

Message from the President :

Thank you for this great opportunity to be with
friends and colleagues, and to share our common
passion; plants of this world, specifically Wyoming.
When I was asked to be President, I immediately went
down memory lane and revisited moments in time
with all the incredible botanists I have had the privilege
of being with for the past 25-30 years.

It has been a record-breaking snowfall in many
areas of our state, and I'm anticipating the wildflowers
will be outstanding, and perhaps we'll see some plant
species that have rarely been seen. Let's make this a
great year of appreciation, and I truly look forward to
sharing it with you!

~Charmaine Delmatier, President

WYNPS Board - 2017

President: Charmaine Delmatier, Laramie & Jackson

f delmatier@wvoming.com1

Vice-President: Katy Duffy, Jackson

f owlpals@vellowstone.com 1

Sec.-Treasurer: Dorothy Tuthill, Laramie

f dtuthill@uwyo.edu )

Board-at-large:

WaltFertig, IN ('16-'17) fwaltola64@gmail.com1
Brenda Schladweiler, Gillette ('17-'18)
fBSchladweiler@ bksenvironmental.com1

any time!

2

Contributors to this Issue : Charmaine Delmatier,

Robert Dorn, Bonnie Heidel, Dorothy Tuthill.

Announcing the Wyoming and Great Plains Native Plant Societies'
Weekend of Extraordinary Black Hills Hikes and Destinations 2
June 9-11, 2017 - times and details to be announced

Check-in Friday afternoon at the Crook County Courthouse Community Room , 309 Cleveland St. in Sundance

Friday Niaht. June 9:

We begin the weekend with a moonlight walk by full moon!

Invan Kara Hill, native sacred site where the prairies and mountains meet, 25 min east of Sundance
By Rylan Sprague, Botanist for Northern Hills Ranger District, Black Hills NF

Saturday. June 10:

Half day:

lovner Ridge Trail, gentle hike at the base of Devils Tower

By Rene Ohms (or staff), Chief of Resource Management, Devils Tower National Monument
Full Day:

Englewood Springs Botanical Area, site of the most orchid species on the Forest

By Rylan Sprague, Botanist for Northern Hills Ranger District, Black Hill NF (~0.5 miles south of Deadwood)

Warren Peaks, montane grassland with Botrychiums in the forecast! (Driving tour and limited walk)

By Nick Drozda, Botanist for Bear Lodge Ranger District, Black Hills NF

“Informal banquet” dinner at Devils Tower National Monument covered picnic shelter
[The $15 entry fee to Devils Tower NM is good for 1-7 days]

Evening program by David Ode, author

Sunday, June 12:

Early morning: WYNPS annual meeting - light breakfast provided!

Full Day:

McIntosh Fen Botanical Area, home to South Dakota's rare willows
By Kelly Warnke, Botanist for Mystic Ranger District, Black Hills NF

Dugout Gulch, relic boreal plants nestled under beautiful paper birch

By Beth Burkhart, Retired Botanist, Great Plains NPS and WYNPS Past-President

LODGING

Devils Tower campground: https://www.nps.gov/deto/planyourvisit/campgrounds.htm [Group reservations
have been made by WYNPS; posted registration information will include group camping reservation options.]
Forest Service campground: https://www.fs.usda.gov/detaiI/blackhills/about-forest/districts
[Nearest is the Reuter Campground north of Sundance.]

Check visitor centers to get other options for camping or motels in and near Sundance.

2 Times, detailed descriptions, and meeting places will
be announced later. Look for registration info posted on
the website soon - see www.wvnps.org for those wishing to

3

sign up via the internet. There will also be a printable
registration version on the website site for those who wish to
pay by check, and copied in the May newsletter.

Growing Native Plants

Part 23. Medium Height Shrubs

By Robert Dorn

To see these plants in color, go to the Society website
(www. wvn ps.ora. )

Elaeagnus commutata, Silverberry, grows to 6
feet or more high and forms thickets. The leaves are
silvery-scurfy and to 3 inches long. The flowers lack
petals but have pale yellow sepals to 0.5 inch long and
are in clusters of 1 to 3 in the leaf axils. They are
fragrant and attract many small insect pollinators.
They appear in June and July. The fruits are silvery
drupes to 0.5 inch across and are eaten by birds. The
plants occur naturally along streams, in swales, and on
moist slopes in the mountains, plains, and basins
mostly in the western half of the state. They prefer full
sun or partial shade and moist soil. They are tolerant
of wind, cold, alkaline soils, clay soils, and drought.
They may require periodic pruning to control their
spread. They can be grown from semiripe stem
cuttings treated with rooting hormone or from seed
that is cold stratified for 60 to 90 days, then soaked in
warm water for 24 hours, and planted in pots that are
placed in the dark until seedlings emerge. It is also in
the nursery trade.

Elaeagnus commutata, Sublette County

Jamesia americana, Cliffbush, grows to 6 feet
high and 3 feet wide. The leaves are opposite, to 3
inches long and 2 inches wide. The flowers are white,
to .75 inch across, and in clusters of 5 to 20 or more at
the branch tips. They appear from late May to
September depending on elevation. The plants occur

naturally in our southeast mountains and foothills on
open rocky slopes, on cliffs, and in canyons where there
is extra runoff. They prefer partial shade and moist,
well drained soils but will do well in full sun if kept
moist. It can be grown from softwood or greenwood
cuttings, from seed that is cold stratified for 30 to 60
days before spring planting, or from seed sown
outdoors in fall. It is also in the nursery trade.

Jamesia americana, Albany County

Rosa woodsii, Wood Rose, is a thorny shrub
with long, slender canes to 4 feet or more high. It
spreads from rhizomes and can form dense, thorny
thickets. The leaves are pinnately compound with 5 to
9 leaflets each to 2 inches long. The flowers are pale to
deep rose-pink, to 2 inches across, and solitary to few
together at the branch tips. They appear from May to
July. The fruits (hips) are red to purple or sometimes
nearly black and are eaten by birds. The plants occur
naturally in open woods, ravines, thickets, and along
streams in the mountains, plains, basins, and valleys.
They prefer full sun to partial shade where moist. They
tolerate poor soils, cold, and wind. It can be aggressive
due to its spread from rhizomes. It can be grown from
rhizome cuttings or from seed which may need 90 days
cold stratification. It is also in the nursery trade.

4

Rosa woodsii, Goshen County

Rubus deliciosus, Rocky Mountain Raspberry,
grows to 10 feet high and 8 feet wide often forming a
vase shape with long arching branches. The plants are
thornless with shallowly lobed leaves to 2 inches long
and wide which turn yellow in fall. The flowers are
white, to 2.5 inches across, solitary at the tips of short
branchlets, but scattered over the entire bush. They
appear from May to July and may flower for a month or
more. The fruits are red to light purple, to 1 inch
across, and eaten by birds. The specific epithet
“deliciosus" suggests that they are delicious but they
are actually somewhat dry and tasteless. When
discovered in 1820, the members of the Long
Expedition probably thought they were delicious

Rubus deliciosus, Fremont County, Colorado
after their long journey on field rations. The plants
occur naturally on moist to dry, rocky slopes in our
southeast mountains and foothills. They prefer full sun
or light shade and moist or dryish, well drained soils.
They are wind and drought tolerant and best when
pruned annually to remove old canes to promote new
growth. It can be grown from rootstock cuttings and is
in the nursery trade.

Shepherdia argentea, Silver Buffaloberry,
grows to 10 feet high and not quite as wide. It is thorny
and spreads from rhizomes forming dense thickets.
The leaves are opposite, silvery, narrow, and to 2
inches long. The flowers are inconspicuous, yellowish,
and appear before the leaves. They are fragrant and
attract many insect pollinators when they appear from
April to June. The fruit is a tart, red berry, eaten by
birds, and sometimes used to make jelly. Male and
female plants are necessary to get berries. It can be
pruned to form a small tree. The plants occur naturally
along streams and other moist places in the plains,
basins, and valleys. They prefer full sun or partial
shade and moist soils. They tolerate cold, drought, and
moderately alkaline or clayey soils. It can be grown
from rhizome cuttings or greenwood cuttings or from
seed planted outside in fall or cold stratified for 90 days
for spring planting. It is also in the nursery trade
including a cultivar with yellow fruit.

Shepherdia argentea, Platte County

5

Water-use efficiency techniques and trade-offs in two dominant Wyoming conifer species

By Jiemin Guo and Dave Williams
Department of Botany, University of Wyoming

Water availability is one of the most limiting factors
of plant growth worldwide. Wyoming is in a semiarid
region with winter snowfall followed by an extended
dry period when plants often experience moderate to
severe drought stress during the short growing season.
Consequently, their survival and growth hinges on
efficiency in use of water relative to productivity,
which is known as water-use efficiency (WUE). My
research, sponsored by the Wyoming Native Plant
Society, investigated how two dominant conifer
species, Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) and Picea
engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), regulate the trade-
off between C02 uptake and water loss at two different
hillslope positions in the Libby Creek drainage of the
Snowy Range Mountains in SE Wyoming over the
summer of 2015. Trees of both species were compared
between those on the upper and lower hillslopes.
Those on upper slopes experience more severe
drought compared to those on the lower hillslope that
receive runoff and sub-surface flow from above.

There are two key parts to overall water use
efficiency [WUE):

1. Direct transfer of C02 in and water out
through stomata, and

2. Diffuse transfer of them both through internal
tissues of leaves. [The internal layer in leaves
is called the mesophyll.]

Plants lose water during the process of carbon uptake,
which is tightly regulated by stomata that operate like
little valves on the leaf surface. Stomata regulate
carbon-water balance which in turn affects
photosynthesis and transpiration. The exchange and
regulation of C02 uptake and water loss at the stomatal
level is well described [Farquhar and Richards 1984,
Evans and Von Caemmerer 1996). Low stomatal
conductance limits photosynthesis and at the same
time conserves water loss. Yet, the photosynthetic rate
in in most species of C3 plants, including conifers, is
limited by C02 concentration at the sites of key
chemical reactions inside the chloroplast [Buckley et al
1999). After C02 diffuses into intercellular airspaces

through stomata, it must reach the chloroplast. This
diffusion pathway inside leaves is termed mesophyll
conductance (g m ) and is poorly understood (Evans and
von Caemmerer 1996). It can significantly influence
the rate of photosynthesis. Unlike stomatal
conductance, increases in mesophyll conductance will
increase the C02 concentration at the chloroplast
without losing water to the atmosphere often
comparable to levels of stomatal conductance, though
it varies among species and across environmental
conditions (Warren 2008). Therefore, it is important to
learn how mesophyll conductance varies and how it
responds to water limitation and to what degree it
limits photosynthesis and water-use efficiency (Flexas
et al. 2008, Flexas et al. 2013).

I found that mesophyll conductance (g m ) increased
at both sites over the study period in response to the
dry conditions at the end of the growing season
(seasonal dry-down), while stomatal conductance (g s )
decreased for the site that experienced more severe
drought and was correlated with photosynthetic rate
(A) and water use efficiency (WUE). In the lower
hillslope position, where water is less limiting,
photosynthetic rate (A), g s and g m increased during the
growing season, but no significant differences were
found between two species (Figure 1). At the upper
hillslope position, g s declined during the growing
season as soil moisture availability declined, but
photosynthetic rate (A) increased. Increased g m was
significantly higher in Picea engelmannii than in Pinus
contorta at the upper hillslope position under greatest
stress. Water-use efficiency was not significantly
different between two species at both sites and was
positively correlated with g m . These results suggest
dynamic responses of mesophyll conductance to
drought stress have important implications for
understanding leaf water use and carbon uptake. The
increase in mesophyll conductance compensates in
part for reduced stomata conductance to enhance
photosynthesis rate and simultaneously improve
water-use efficiency under drought conditions in
conifers.

6

Lower Slope Upper Slope

Figure 1. Average mesophyll conductance, stomatal conductance,
photosynthesis and predawn water potential measured at two sites over
time. Values are mean standard errors, n=4.

Literature Cited

Buckley, T., Farquhar, G. & Mott, K. 1999. Carbon-water
balance and patchy stomatal conductance. Oecologia.
doi:10.1007/s004420050711.

Charles R. Warren. 2007. Stand aside stomata, another
actor deserves centre stage: the forgotten role of
the internal conductance to CO 2 transfer. Journal of
Experimental Botany (7): 1475-1487.

Evans, J. R. and S. Von
Caemmerer. 1996. Carbon
dioxide diffusion inside
leaves. Plant Physiology
110:339.

Evans, J. R., R. Kaldenhoff,
B. Genty, and I. Terashima.
2009. Resistances along
the CO 2 diffusion pathway
inside leaves. Journal of
Experimental Botany
60:2235-2248.

Evans, J. R. and S. Von
Caemmerer. 2013.
Temperature response of
carbon isotope
discrimination and
mesophyll conductance in
tobacco. Plant ; Cell &
Environment 36:745-756.

Farquhar, G. and R.

Richards. 1984. Isotopic
composition of plant carbon
correlates with water-use
efficiency of wheat
genotypes. Functional Plant
Biology 11:539-552.

Flexas, J., M. Ribas-Carbo, A.
DIAZ-ESPEJO, J. GalmES, and
H. Medrano. 2008.
Mesophyll conductance to
CO 2 : current knowledge and future
prospects. Plant , Cell &

Environment 31:602-621.

Flexas, J., C. Scoffoni, J. Gago, and L.
Sack. 2013. Leaf mesophyll
conductance and leaf hydraulic conductance: an
introduction to their measurement and coordination.
Journal of Experimental Botany 64:3965-3981.

(Editor's note: Jiemen Guo is the 2015 Recipient of
the Markow Scholarship, awarded by Wyoming
Native Plant Society.)

1

BEE Aware of Neonicotinoides

By Sophie Osborn

[Reprinted from Laramie Audubon Society Newsletter
17(2) of April 2015)

In July 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
boldly issued a surprising national policy decision to
phase out the use of neonicotinoids - a class of
persistent pesticides that has been shown to harm
bees and other pollinators - on national wildlife
refuges by January 2016.

Welcomed initially because of their
lower acute toxicity to vertebrates
than the pesticides that preceded
them, neonicotinoids (or “neonics", as
they are often called) have become the
world's most widely used insecticides
and have elicited growing concern
because of their persistence in the
environment, their high solubility in
water, and the ease with which they
can contaminate surface and
groundwater. The Environmental
Protection Agency has approved
approximately 600 of these products, despite warnings
and concerns expressed by its own toxicologists about
potential environmental effects.

Neonicotinoides are systemic insecticides whose
water solubility allows them to be absorbed by the
leaves and roots of plants. As a result, neonics can be
found in the nectar and pollen of plants grown from
treated seeds. More than 140 of our crops are grown
from seeds that are pretreated with neonicotinoids,
including virtually all corn, and a large percentage of
soy, wheat, and canola seeds planted in the U.S.

Neonics are potent neurotoxins that have come
under increasing scrutiny because of their high toxicity
to insect pollinators like honeybees - studies have
linked the use of several neonicotinoid pesticides with
the widespread collapse of honeybee colonies - and the
threat they pose to aquatic life. Although neonics are
deadliest to insects, birds, too, are susceptible to these
poisons. A single corn seed treated with imidacloprid
- the oldest and most widely used of the neonics - can
kill a bird the size of a blue jay. And daily consumption
of one-tenth of a treated seed during the breeding
season can disrupt a songbird's ability to reproduce.

But as often seems to be the case with
environmental poisons, it is their more insidious
effects that ultimately may become the overarching

8

concern. Countless birds depend on insects whether
year-round or during the breeding season, when their
fast-growing young need large infusions of protein to
develop into the winged creatures whose flight and
navigational abilities seem almost supernatural to us.
So it shouldn't be surprising if the prevalence of
insecticides that target the invertebrates on which so
many birds depend leads to declining populations of
insectivorous birds. Recent research in the
Netherlands has found a close correlation between
declining populations of common insectivorous
farmland birds and the presence
of neonicotinoids that have run
off terrestrial landscapes and
contaminated lakes and ponds.

Agricultural uses of
neonicotinoids are not the only
concern. In 2013, the Pesticide
Research Institute and the
nonprofit organization Friends
of the Earth U.S. found that
about half of the bee-attractive
nursery plants sold at large
retail garden centers such as
Lowe's, Walmart, and Home
Depot contained neonicotinoids at levels that either
could kill pollinating bees by attacking their nervous
system or cause sublethal effects, such as impairing the
bees' ability to forage and navigate, and suppressing
their immune systems. Succumbing to public pressure
from conservationists, Lowe's pledged to phase out
neonicotinoids from its stores.

In 2013, the European Union implemented a two-
year ban on the use of three neonicotinoides on
flowering crops such as corn and sunflowers, because
of growing concerns regarding the “unacceptable
hazard" neonicotinoids appear to pose for bees.
However, the U.S. has been slower to address these
concerns, making the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's
policy decision all the more impressive. We can help
bolster efforts to limit the widespread use of neonics
by avoiding the use of these insecticides in our own
gardens, by purchasing organic plants or growing them
from untreated seeds, and by asking nursery managers
to provide plants that are free of neonicotinoids.
Because, after all, when we're trying to create backyard
habitat for the birds and pollinators that brighten our
summer days, the last thing we want is to harm the
very creatures we're trying to help.

Botanist's Bookshelf -
Holmgren, Noel H. and Patricia K. 2017.
Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the
Intermountain West, U.S. A. Volume 7. Potpourri:
Keys, History, Authors, Artists, Collectors,
Beardtongues, Glossaty, Indices. New York Botanical
Garden, Bronx, New York. 303 pp. (Hardcover). (ISBN
978-0-89327-546-4) $119 + shipping. [The entire
series is currently available for $647+shipping.]

Trending toward Timeless

By Bonnie Heidel

Intermountain bristlecone pine ( Pinus longaeva )
trees are the oldest living individual plants on earth
and adorn the cover of Volume 1 of the Intermountain
Flora (IMF; Cronquist et al. 1972). They are timeless
sentinels that reappear on the cover of the final IMF
volume (Volume 7) printed this year (2017) as though
to bookmark a long, long project that has been 80 years
in the making. The final volume adds a stamp of
timelessness.

The IMF is a nine-part series (Volumes 1, 2a, 2b, 3a,
3b, 4, 5, 6 and now 7). IMF volumes have already been
called the . . standard against which other floristic
works are judged." (Rhodora). They cover the vascular
flora of the Intermountain Region, an area
encompassing "... essentially the dryland region
(approximately 267,000 sq. miles) between the Sierra
Nevada on the west and the Rocky Mountains on the
east, and between the moister country of the Pacific
Northwest on the north, and the warmer drylands
(often characterized by Larrea ) to the south. It is the
core of the region in which the foothills and lowlands
are largely dominated by sagebrush ( Artemisia
tridentata Nutt., sens, lat.) and chenopodiaceous
genera such as Atriplex. Each volume provides reliable
keys, thorough descriptions, and plentiful illustrations
for the flora of this region." (New York Botanic Garden
Press). They include an overview of the vegetation,
geology, phytogeography and botanical history of the
Intermountain region in Volume 1.

Every flora is out-of-date on the day it is printed.
Authors Noel and Patricia Holmgren make an end-run
around finitude in the culminating volume of the IMF
by including many things they might have wanted in
the series over the earlier 45 years. The final volume
trends toward timeless in a novel treatise that is at

once both foundational reference and flourish, cross-
referencing after-the-fact and forward-thinking in
perspective, terse and technical as floras ought be, and
personal in telling about the original vision of Bassett
Maguire of an Intermountain Flora Project to fill a
gaping hole in western floras, as passed on to his
botanical proteges and grand-proteges. The authors
present a history of the Intermountain Flora Project
and personalities involved, including a biography of
Maguire and of all IMF principal authors and botanical
illustrators.

This flora is presented as undertaking with a robust
project timeline and biographies. The authors didn't
stop with introducing the core team but profiled
prominent plant collectors centered in the
Intermountain West. Other botanists contributing to
western floras are featured in a collage of photographs
plus a myriad of fastidious acknowledgements. The
gallery of botanist images date from early etchings of
the 1800's to photographs of a couple years ago,
providing a glimpse of 353 personalities over time that
is also allusion to the breadth of botanical work
represented in the IMF, lending a face (actually, many
faces) to the years, miles and perseverance that
culminated in the IMF and other western floras.
Generations of Wyoming botanists are prominently
featured, from Aven Nelson to Robert Dorn, Ron
Hartman and Burrell "Ernie" Nelson. The collage will
convince any casual observer that botanists are an
endearing, diverse and eclectic part of the race.

Volume 7 was originally conceived of as a
supplemental aid to using the earlier volumes. It
includes a master key to families and full species-level
index to all prior volumes by both scientific and
common names. It also provides a glossary that is
almost 50% longer than the original one, and author
bylines to cite for all family treatments. Furthermore,
it provides a showcase for taxonomic changes wrought
over the decades, as exemplified in the Penstemon
genus. New Intermountain keys to the Penstemon
genus (artificial and technical) are presented,
accompanied by full descriptions and illustrations for
each of the 23 species added to or differing from the
1984 treatment. (Six are in Wyoming!)

In short, IMF belongs on the shelves of every
herbarium and major educational institutions of the
region and every wide-ranging botanist of the same.

9

Prior IMF volumes can be used without Volume 7, but
are easier to use with it. The volume is also valuable
for taxonomic research. Last but not least, it offers
botanical stories for novice and pro alike.

"Potpourri" is the nonstandard term used for this
IMF volume rather than "Supplement.” Perhaps it
refers to the loose aggregate of chapters: keys to
families, authorship and citation conventions for all
family treatments in prior IMF volumes, history of the
Intermountain Flora Project, biographies of the core
writing and illustrating teams, plant collector profiles,
the Penstemon chapter, and geographic boundaries of
the IMF. But it is far more than a reference. Holmgrens
transformed a wrap-up publication into an
unprecedented chronicle and testimony to botanical
camaraderie, an inspiration for new botanists and a
landmark to celebrate completion.

Reference

Cronquist, A., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, and J. L.
Reveal. 1972. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the
Intermountain West, U.S. A Volume 1: Geological and
Botanical History of the Region, its Plant Geography and a
Glossary. Vascular Cryptogams and the Gymnosperms.
Hafner Publishing Company, New York, NY.

Wyoming Native Plant Society is a non-profit organization
established in 1981 to encourage the appreciation and
conservation of the native plants and plant communities of
Wyoming. The Society promotes education and research through
its newsletter, field trips, annual student scholarship and small
grants awards. Membership is open to individuals, families, or
organizations. To join or renew, please return this form to:

Wyoming Native Plant Society
P.O.Box 2449
Laramie, WY 82073

Name:

Address:

Email :

Checkone:[ ] Newmember [ ] Renewingmember
[ ] Renewing members, checkhere if this is an address change.

[ ] Ched<hene ifyou prefer to receive tine newsletter electronically

Membership

[ ] WYNPS annual membership: $10.00
[ ] WYNPS annual membership + scholarship support $20.00
[$10.00 formembershipand $10.00 forScholarship kind]

[ ] WYNPS Lifetime membership: $300 [$150 for membership and
$150 forScholaiship fund]

[ j Sublette Chapter annual membership: $5.00
[ ] Teton Chapter annual membership: $5.00

Total endosed: THANKYOU!

£A0£8

6PPZ xoQ O d
Appos JUEkJ QAIPM SuiuioAay

10