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CATALOGUE 


OP  THB 

FOSSIL  FISHES 


IN  THB 


BRITISH  MUSEUM 

(NATURAL  HISTORY), 

CEOMWELt  EOAD,  S.W, 


PART  I, 

CONTATNING  THE 

ELASMOBRANCHII. 


BT 

ARTHUR  SMITH  WOODWARD, 

F.G.S.,  F.Z.S. 


LONDON: 

FEINTED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  TRUSTEES. 
1889. 


S 2. 

msH  AU/s&ja<^  hhsT.)  OF  (^eoLoot! . 


OA  VA^ 
H1"I53 


A.2-ssib 


FLAMMAM. 


dob 


I'RINTFD  RY  TAVI-OR  ANT)  PRANCTS, 
HBI)  MON  COUKT,  Ff,HF.T  STRKKT. 


PfiEFACE. 


Of  the  many  varied  and  rich  collections  embraced  within  the 
Museum  there  is  probably  none  which  contains  so  large  an  assem- 
blage of  “ types  ” as  that  of  the  Possil  Fishes.  Many  of  the  speci- 
mens have  been  preserved  for  more  than  a hundred  years,  indeed 
ever  since  the  foundation  of  the  Museum ; but  it  was  during  the 
Keepership  of  the  late  Mr.  Charles  Konig  (1813-1851)  that  the 
fossU  fish  collection  first  assnmed  a separate  and  marked  import- 
ance. It  was  most  fortunate  that  the  task  commenced  bj'  Mr.  Konig 
should  have  been  steadily  followed  .up  by  Mr.  William  Davies 
(1843-1887),  by  whom  it  was  relegated  to  Mr.  Arthur  Smith 
Woodward,  who  entered  the  Museum  in  1882 ; so  that  the  history 
of  every  specimen  has,  as  a rule,  been  carefuUy  preserved  and  safely 
handed  down  to  the  present  time. 

The  additions  made  by  separate  purchases,  and  by  donations, 
extending  over  so  many  years,  have  greatly  augmented  the  series, 
but  the  acquisition  of  the  Collections  of  Mantell,  Dixon,  Bowerbank, 
Hiiberlein,  van  Breda,  Capron,  Lewis,  and,  most  of  all  those  of 
Egerton  and  Enniskillen,  has  raised  the  present  standard  of  this 
magnificent  Gallery  of  Fossil  Fishes  higher  than  that  in  any 
other  Museum  in  the  world. 

No  class  of  organisms  are  better  represented  in  our  rocks  than 
are  fishes,  although,  particularly  in  the  present  subclass,  we  have 
reason  to  regret  their  too  frequent  fragmentary  condition,  yet 
recent  researches  have  shed  such  a flood  of  light  upon  these  ancient 

a 2 


IV 


PEEFACE. 


Elasmobranchs  as  not  only  clearly  to  show  us  the  characters  and 
relationships  of  many  obscure  fossil  forms,  but  often  to  aid  us 
towards  a more  correct  interpretation  of  their  living  representatives. 

With  the  exception  of  an  Alphabetical  Catalogue  of  the  Type- 
specimens  of  Fossil  Fishes  preserved  in  the  British  Museum  prepared 
by  Mr.  William  Davies,  F.G.S.,  and  published  in  the  Geolooical 
Magazise  for  1871  (pp.  208  & 334),  no  previous  attempt  had  been 
made  to  catalogue  this  Collection. 

Although  Mr.  Arthur  Smith  Woodward  has  only  been  able  to 
devote  a small  part  of  his  official  time  during  the  past  seven  years 
to  the  study  of  Fossil  Fishes,  he  has  nevertheless  made  most  excellent 
use  of  all  his  opportunities,  and  having  enjoyed  the  constant  advice 
and  assistance  of  Mr.  William  Davies,  and  been  in  frequent  com- 
munication with  Dr.  K.  H.  Traquair,  Dr.  Gunther,  and  many  other 
eminent  Ichthyologists,  the  present  volume  will  be  found  worthy 
to  rank  with  similar  publications  as  a valuable  contribution  to  sys- 
tematic Zoology  and  a most  useful  and  accurate  refercnce-Catalogue 
for  Pala3ontologists  and  Ichthyologists. 

HENRY  WOODWARD. 

Geological  Department, 

9th  March,  1889. 


INTEODUCTION. 


The  present  volume  being  the  first  attempt  at  a systematic  treat- 
ment of  the  Palaeontology  of  the  Elasmohranch  fishes,  it  seems  a 
fitting  occasion  for  briefly  reviewing  the  hearing  of  the  newly- 
collected  evidence  upon  the  various  results  that  have  already  been 
attained  in  the  study  of  the  existing  members  of  this  great  sub- 
class. Notwithstanding  its  imperfections,  Paleontology  must  neces- 
sarily be  employed  as  the  test — if  it  be  »iot  adopted  as  the  basis — 
for  all  morphological  and  taxonomic  speculations ; and  though  the 
pages  of  the  Catalogue  may  indicate  extreme  imperfection  in  our 
knowledge  of  the  past  history  of  most  groups,  there  are  still  a few 
well-ascertained  facts  which  may  be  already  profitably  discussed 
with  reference  to  the  conclusions  of  recent  Zoology. 

It  is  therefore  proposed: — firstly,  to  enumerate  the  principal 
stages  by  which  the  most  modem  schemes  of  classification  of  the 
group  have  been  elaborated ; secondly,  to  summarize  the  known 
and  available  palaeontological  resources  ; thirdly,  to  recapitulate  the 
more  important  palaeontological  results  ; and  lastly,  to  discuss  these 
• results  in  the  light  of  modern  theories  of  taxonom}’. 

Taxonomic  Deductions  from  the  Study  of  Eecent  Elasmobranchs. 

From  the  time  of  Aristotle  and  Pliny,  fishes  with  a cartilaginous 
skeleton  have  been  more  or  less  clearly  distinguished  from  those 
possessed  of  well-formed  bones ; and  when  \\'illughby  and  Ray  in- 
augurated the  era  of  modern  Ichthyologj'  in  1686,  they  assigned  to 
the  “ Pisces  Cabtilaoinei  ” the  lampreys,  sharks,  rays,  and  stur- 
geons *.  In  1738,  Artedi  “ confirmed  this  arrangement,  elaborating 
details,  and  applying  the  name  of  Chonlropterygii  to  an  “ order  ” 
comprising  the  existing  types  just  mentioned;  and  Linnmus^  after- 

* J.  EaiuB,  F.  Willughbeii  de  Historia  Piscium  (1086),  p.  22. 

’ P.  Artedi,  Icbthyologia,  pt.  v.  (1738),  p.  89. 

’ C.  LinmcuB,  Svstenia  Natura:.  12th  edit. 


INTBODTJCTION. 


vn 


orders  of  a subclass,  though  only  allowing  the  difference  to  rank  of 
equal  importance  with  that  observed  between  the  Acanthopterygian 
and  Anacanth  Teleosteans. 

In  1870,  Dr.  Gunther ' once  more  adopted  Bonaparte’s  classifica- 
tion, altering  the  nomenclature,  however,  and  terming  the  sub- 
classes Chondropiertsii  and  Ctccobtomata  respectively,  and  the 
orders  of  the  former,  Plagiostomata  and  Holocephula  ; while  the 
Plagiostomos  were  further  divided  into  the  suborders  of  Selachoidei 
and  Batoidei.  A year  later  the  Chondropterygii,  thus  defined, 
became  an  order  of  Dr.  Gunther’s  newly  instituted  subclass  Pal^- 
icHTHTEs,  the  Plagiostomata  and  Holocephala  then  being  suborders, 
and  the  Selachoidei  and  Batoidei  merely  sections. 

At  the  same  time,  Prof-  Cope“  proposed  a precisely  reverse  modi- 
fication, the  Sharks  and  Bays  to  form  one  subclass  (Selachi)  and 
the  Chiroasras  another  (HoLOCErHAEi) ; this  arrangement  being 
based  upon  the  fundamental  difference  in  the  structure  of  the  skull, 
already  indicated  in  Bonaparte’s  second  term.  In  1876,  Prof. 
Huxley  * adopted  Cope’s  wide  separation  of  these  two  groups,  but 
regarded  them  as  orders,  and  preferred  the  term  Plagiostomi  to  that 
of  Selachi.  Most  modern  researches  have  also  tended  to  emphasir.e 
the  distinction  between  fishes  with  anto.stylic  ®,  and  those  with  hyo- 
stylic®  skulls,  both  among  those  without  membrane-bones  and  those 
possessing  these  skeletal  elements;  and  such  is  the  arrangement 
selected  for  adoption  on  the  present  occasion. 

With  regard  to  terminology,  it  will  be  observed  that  the  signi- 
ficance of  each  name  already  adopted  has  considerably  varied  accord- 
ing to  the  views  of  the  respective  authors.  The  only  term  originally 
restricted  to  the  cartilaginous  hyostylio  fishes  is  that  of  “ Plagio- 
stomi,”  proposed  by  C.  Dumeril ; but  this  is  both  inappropriate  in 
many  instances,  and  also  based  upon  a misconception  of  the  sup- 
posed relationships  existing  between  the  lampreys  and  the  sharks. 
We  therefore  venture  to  follow  Prof.  Cope  in  adopting  Bonaparte’s 
name,  Elasmobranchii,  excluding  the  Holoeephali,  and  elevating 
these  to  the  rank  of  an  equivalent  subclass. 

In  subdividing  the  Elasmobranchii,  thus  defined,  almost  all  natu- 

% 

^ A.  C.  L.  G,  Gunther,  Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  in  the  British  Museum, 
Tol.  viii.  (1870),  pp.  348,  353,  499. 

2 Phil.  Trans.  1871,  p.  554. 

® E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Araer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  1871,  p.  326. 

* H.  T.  Huxley,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1876,  p.  57. 

* 1.  e.,  skull  without  separate  suspensorium. 

* I.  skull  with  separate  suspensoriuui. 


INTRODUCTION. 


IX 


In  1883,  Prof.  Gill*  adopted  the  orders  Squali  (Sharks)  and 
Eaj.®  (Rays),  and  employed  the  results  of  Gegenbaur’s  researches 
upon  the  skull  in  subdividing  the  latter,  proposing  to  recognize 
four  main  groups.  The  Notidanidse,  with  a po.storbital  articula- 
tion between  the  pterygo-quadrate  and  the  cranium,  were  named 
Opistharthri ; the  Cestraciontida;,  with  an  antorbital  articulation, 
the  Proarihri ; the  modern  types  of  Sharks,  the  Anartliri ; and 
the  Squatinidaj,  the  llhinae.  In  1884,  the  first  three  divisions  just 
named  were  also  adopted  by  Prof.  Cope* ; but  the  Bhince  were 
now  merged  with  the  Anartliri. 

An  examination  of  a large  series  of  skulls  and  skeletons  by  Prof. 
Haswell,  in  1884  also  led  him  to  diagnose  great  subdivisions  by 
endoskeletal  characters.  The  proposed  arrangement,  however, 
difiered  but  little  from  that  of  Dr.  Gunther,  the  Selachoidei  being 
only  further  subdivided  into  Pahroselachii  (=Iiotidanida;)  and 
Neoselaehii  ( = other  Sharks). 

About  the  same  time,  the  discovery  of  Chlamydoselache  h}’  ilr. 
Garman*  induced  him  to  add  to  the  orders  Galei  (= Selachoidei) 
and  Batoidei,  a supposed  new  order,  Selachophichthyoidei,  charac- 
terized by  “ vertebrae  partially  or  imperfectly  developed,  a persistent 
notochord,  and  teeth  with  broad  backward-expanded  bases;”  but 
in  1885’,  this  proposition  was  withdrawn,  the  new  genus  being 
placed  with  Cladodus  in  a division  of  the  Galei. 

The  discover}’  of  Chlamydoselache,  and  the  resemblance  of  its 
dentition  to  the  fossil  teeth  named  Diplodus  also  excited  the  interest 
of  Prof.  Cope,  and  led  to  the  first  attempt  at  a scientific  description 
of  a Palaeozoic  Elasmobranch  skull  SufBcient  materials  had  been 
obtained  from  the  Permian  beds  of  Texas  to  indicate  that  a fish 
possessing  teeth  of  the  i>//)fo<f««-type  presented  an  arrangement  of 
the  mandibular  and  hyoid  arches  extremely  similar  to  that  observed 
in  the  living  Botidanw ; and  the  supposed  presence  not  only  of  a 
few  definite  tracts  of  ossification  in  the  chondrocranium,  but  also  of 
imperfect  membrane-bones,  was  considered  to  justify  the  recognition 
of  a new  order  of  the  Elasmobranch  subclass,  to  be  termed  Ichthto- 
TOMi.  This  order  was  made  to  include  the  Hybodontidae,  as  de- 

I T.  Gill,  Bull.  TJ.  S.  National  Museum,  no.  10  (1883),  p.  967. 

^ E.  D.  Cope,  Proo.  Amer.  Phil.  Soe.  1884,  p.  580. 

’ W.  A.  Haswell,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  vol.  ix.  (1884),  pp.  71-119, 
pis.  i.  & ii. 

’ S.  Garman,  Science,  vol.  iii.  (1884),  p.  117. 

’ S.  Garman,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoology  Harvard  Coll.  vol.  lii.  no.  1 (1885), 
p.  30. 

' E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1884,  pp.  .')72-51l0,  with  plate. 


INTBODUCTION. 


XI 


mains  of  skeletons,  which  aflford  important  information  concerning 
features  of  real  Biological  significance  and  value. 

The  preliminary  sketch  of  Agassiz  has  been  followed  by  numerous 
publications  of  greater  or  less  extent,  and  nearly  all  of  these,  it  is 
hoped,  are  noticed  in  the  present  Catalogue.  Many  are  brief 
descriptions  in  geological  treatises,  but  several  are  of  a more  special 
kind  and  worthy  of  enumeration. 

The  detached  teeth  and  spines  of  Carboniferous  Elasmobranchs 
have  been  described  in  Britain  by  F.  M‘Coy  ^ and  J.  W.  Davis  “ ; in 
Belgium  by  L.  G.  de  Koninek’’  and  M.  Lohest*;  in  Kussia  by 
H.  Romanowsky  ‘ and  H.  Trautschold  * ; and  in  the  United  States 
by  J.  S.  li^ewbcrry’  and  O.  St.  John",  partly  in  conjunction  with 
A.  H.  Worthen®.  Only  four  types  of  Carboniferous  dentition, 
however,  are  known  with  much  completeness ; and  the  only 
skeletons  worthy  of  note  are  those  of  S^thenacunthus  (p.  242), 
Chondrmchelys  (p.  15),  and  Cladodus  (p.  20),  from  the  Lower  Car- 
boniferous of  Scotland ; “ Cladodus  ” from  the  Erie  Shale  of  Ohio 
(p.  457) ; and  Fleuracanthus  “,  from  the  Middle  Coal-Measures  of 

* In  A.  Sedgwick  and  F.  M‘Coy,  British  Palscozoic  Bocks  and  Fossils, 
4to,  Cambridge,  1855. 

" J.  W.  Davis,  “ On  the  Fossil  Fishes  of  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  Series 
of  Great  Britain,”  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  pp.  327-600, 
pis.  xlii.-liv. 

’ L.  G.  de  Koninck,  “ Faune  du  Calcaire  Carbonifere  de  la  Belgique,”  pt.  i. 
(in  Ann.  Mus.  Roy.  d'Hist.  Xat.  Belg.  vol.  ii.  1878). 

‘ M.  Lohest,  “ Recherehes  sur  les  Poissons  des  Terrains  Paleozoiques  de 
Belgique,”  Ann.  Soo  Geol.  Belg.  vol.  li.  (1882),  pp.  295-325,  pis.  iii.-v. 

' H.  Romanowsky,  “ Description  de  quelques  Restes  de  Poissons  Fossiles 
trouves  dans  le  Calcaire  Carbonifere  du  Gouverneinent  de  Toula,”  Bull.  Soc. 
Imp.  Kat.  Mofcou,  1864,  pt.  ii.  pp.  157-170,  pis.  iii.,  iv. 

® H.  Trautschold,  ‘•Fisohreste  aus  dem  Devonischen  dcs  Gouvernmems 
Tula,”  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Hat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  pp.  261-276, 
pis.  xxvi.,  xxvii.  Also  “ Die  Kalkbriiche  von  Mjatschkowa,”  ibid.  pp.  277-299, 
pis.  xxviii.,  xxix.,  and  vol.  xiv.  (1879),  pp.  49-61,  pis.  vi.,  vii. 

" In  the  Reports  of  the  Geological  Surrey  of  Ohio,  vol.  i.  pt.  ii.  (1873),  and 
vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  (1875).  Also  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Indiana,  1876-78  (1879),  pp.  341-348. 

’ In  Hayden’s  Final  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Nebraska  (1872). 

® Geological  Survey  of  Illinois,  vols.  ii.  (1866),  iv.  (1870),  vi.  (1875),  and 
vii.  (1883). 

Chdodus  (p.  25),  Archmohatis  (p.  108),  Psephodus  (p.  178),  and  Cochliadvs 

(p.  208). 

“ C.  Brongniart,  Etudes  sur  le  Terrain  Houiller  de  Comiuentry. — Faune 
Ichthyologique,  pt.  i.  (1888). 


INTEODTJCTION. 


Xlll 


papers  ' j the  corresponding  fossils  of  France  are  noticed  by  P.  Ger- 
vais  (op.  cit.)  and  H.  E.  Sauvage  ^ ; of  Switzerland  by  F.  J.  Pictet 
and  G.  Campiche  ’ ; of  Saxony  and  Bohemia  by  A.  E.  Ileuss  H.  B. 
Geinitz*,  and  A.  Fritsch® ; of  Kussia  by  V.  Kiprijanoff ; of  India 
by  Egerton  ® and  Stoliczka  “ ; and  of  the  United  States  by  E.  D. 
Cope*"  and  J.  Leidy  A few  important  skeletons  are  known  from 
the  Senonian  Beds  of  AVestphaUa  and  the  uppermost  Cretaceous 
deposits  of  Mount  Lebanon  have  furnished  numerous  well-preserved 
fishes,  first  noticed  in  detail  by  J.  W.  Davis  ”,  but  considerably 
revised  in  the  present  volume. 

The  innumerable  Selacbian  teeth  of  Tertiary  age,  discovered  in 
almost  all  marine  deposits,  are  described  in  several  extensive 
memoirs.  In  England,  many  are  noticed  by  F.  Dixon  (op.  cit.) ; 
those  of  France  are  made  known  by  P.  Gervais'*  , F.  Bassani  ”,  and 

* See  Smith  tVoodward,  “ A Synopsis  of  the  Vertebrate  Fossils  of  the  English 
Chalk,”  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  vol.  x.  (1888),  pp.  286-298. 

^ H.  E.  Sauvage,  “ Hecherehes  sur  les  Poissons  Fossiles  du  Terrain  Cretaefi 
de  la  Sarthe,”  Bibl.  Ecole  Hautes  Etudes,  vol.  v.  no.  9 (1872). 

® Pictet  and  Campiche,  “ Description  des  Fossiles  du  Teirain  Cr4tace  des 
Environs  de  Sainte-Croix,”  pt.  i.  (1858-60),  in  Pictet’s  Paleont.  Suisse,  s6r.  2. 
Also  F.  J.  Pictet,  “ Description  des  Poissons  Fossiles  du  Terrain  Neocomien 
des  Voirons  ” (1858),  Hid. 

* A.  E.  Eeuss,  Versteinerungen  der  bohmischen  Kreidefonnation,  1845-6. 

® H.  B.  Gteinitz,  ” Das  Elbthalgebirge  in  Sachsen,”  Palseontographica,  vol.  ix. 
pts.  i.,  ii,  (1871-7.5). 

* A Fritsch,  Beptilien  und  Fische  der  bohmischen  Kreideformation,  1878. 

^ V • Kiprijanoff,  “ Fisch-Ueberreste  im  Kurskschen  eisenhaltigen  Sand- 
iteine,”  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  1852,  1853, 1854,  1855. 

® Sir  P.  Egerton,  “ On  the  Remains  of  Fishes  found  by  Mr.  Kaye  and  Mr. 
Ounliffe  in  the  Pondicherry  Beds,”  Quart.  Journ.  Oeol.  Soc.  vol.  i.  (1845), 
pp.  164-171. 

“ F.  Stoliczka,  “ The  Cretaceous  Fauna  of  Southern  India”  (Palseontologia 
Indica),  vol.  iv.  pt.  4 (1873). 

E.  D.  Cope,  “ Vertebrata  of  the  Cretaceous  Formations  of  the  West,”Eep. 
D.  S.  GeoL  Surv.  Territ.  vol.  ii.  (1875). 

J.  Leidy,  "Contributions  to  the  Extinct  Vertebrate  Fauna  of  the  Western 
Territories,”  Und.  vol.  i.  pt.  1 (1873). 

” Squaiina  baumbergentit  (p.  68),  Scyllium  angmtwm  (p.  340),  and  Falxo- 
tcyllium  deckeni  (p.  343). 

” J.  W.  Davis,  “ The  FossU  Fishes  of  the  Chalk  of  Mount  Lebanon,  in  Syria,” 
Trans.  Roy.  Dublin.  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iii.  (1887),  pp.  468-494,  pis.  xiv.-xxi. 

“ Op.  cit.,  and  ‘ Zoologie  et  Paliontologie  Gen4rales,’  1867-69. 

” F.  Bassani,  “ Eichercbe  sui  Pesci  Fossili  del  Miocene  Medio  di  Gahard 
(Hle.e-Vilaine)  in  Francia,”  Atti  Soc.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.  vi.  (1879), 
pp.  43-70,  with  plate. 


IITTKODCCTION. 


XV 


are  those  from  the  Upper  Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca ' and  Monte 
Postale  ’ in  North  Italy,  described  by  Heckel,  Molin,  A.  de  Zigno, 
and  others  ; and  from  the  Green  Eiver  Shales  of  Wyoming,  U.S.A., 
described  by  Prof.  Cope 

Stsopsis  or  Pal^osiological  Eesclts. 

Summarizing  the  general  results  of  these  discoveries  and  investi- 
gations, aud  adding  much  that  is  new,  suggested  hy  a study  of  the 
British-Museum  Collection,  the  main  points  of  biological  significance 
may  be  briefly  enumerated  as  follows  : — 

Cartilaye. 

Even  among  Elasmobranchs  so  early  as  those  of  the  Lower  Car- 
boniferous, the  cartilages  exhibit  a considerable  amount  of  calcifi- 
cation. A few  Carboniferous  genera,  such  as  Pleuramnihtis  (p.  2) 
and  Hyhodopsis  (p.  240),  display  the  well-known  superficial  crust 
of  polygonal  calcified  tesseraj  upon  the  cartilage  ; but  a considerable 
number  of  the  older  skeletons  seem  to  exhibit  a more  penetrating 
and  irregular  distribution  of  the  centres  of  calcification  than  is 
common  among  types  of  a later  date.  It  is  also  interesting  to  note 
that  in  the  Lower  Carboniferous  Chondrenehelys  (p.  15)  and  the  late 
Palffiozoic  Pleuracanthus  the  slender  cartilages  present  a curious 
concretionary  arrangement  of  the  calcareous  salts,  imparting  to 
them  a beaded  appearance. 

Head  and  Visceral  Arches. 

Concerning  the  cranium  itself  in  extinct  Elasmobranchs,  there 
is  at  present  very  little  information.  Mr.  Garman  * has  already 
pointed  out  that  there  is  much  reason  to  suspect  a misconception  in 
Prof.  Cope  s statements  as  to  the  presence  of  distinct  bony  elements 
in  the  skull  of  the  Ichthyotomi ; and,  if  so,  the  only  other  divergence 
that  has  yet  been  noted  between  the  cranium  of  these  early  Elas- 
mobranchs and  the  modern  type  is  the  possible  presence  of  a basal 
membrane-bone  (parasphenoid)  in  Chondrenehelys  (p.  15). 

Among  later  Selachians  there  are  a few  instances  in  which  a 

• Bhinohatvs  prinusvus  (p.  82),  Flafyrhina  holcemis  (p.  459),  Myliobaiis 
gazolai  (p.  124),  Torpedo  egertoni  (p.  90),  Torpedo  gigan/ea  (p.  90),  species  of 
Trygon  (p.  153),  Mesifeia  emiluB  (p.  346),  and  Protogaleus  cuvicri  (p.  4.37). 

’ Trygonorhina  dezignii  (p.  83)  and  Urohphus  prineeps  (p.  l.'id). 

’ Xipholrygoa  acufidens  (p.  154). 

’ Bull.  Mns.  Comp.  Zoology  Harvard  Coll.  vol.  xii.  no.  1 (1886).  p.  29. 


XVI 


INTKODXTCIION. 


well-marked  type  of  skull  is  definitely  known  to  persist  for  long 
periods  ; and  in  this  connection  the  ease  of  Squatina,  ranging  from 
the  Jurassic  to  the  present  day,  may  be  particularly  mentioned. 

Still  more  interesting,  however,  is  the  light  I’almontology  seems 
destined  soon  to  shed  upon  the  history  of  some  of  the  more  specialized 
skulls.  The  remarkable  snout  of  the  well-known  Pristis  seems  to 
date  back  at  least  to  the  Eocene  period,  though  even  at  this  time 
there  are  apparently  some  forms  not  quite  reaching  the  modern 
stage  in  which  the  lateral  teeth  are  all  implanted  in  firm  cartilage  ' ; 
but  in  Cretaceous  rocks  no  Selachian  with  so  highly-specialized  a 
rostrum  has  yet  been  found,  and  the  discovery  at  Mount  Lebanon 
of  a sawfish  “ in  which  the  rostral  teeth  are  very  small  and  only  in 
part  in  contact  with  the  cartilages  is  thus  of  extreme  interest,  and 
perhaps  of  considerable  significance. 

The  mandibular  and  hyoid  arches  are  known  in  “ Dklymodus” 
Cope,  of  the  Permian  ; in  Faheospinnx  of  the  Lias ; in  Ilyhodus  of 
the  Wealden ; and  in  Synechodns  of  the  Chalk.  In  all  of  these 
extinct  types  the  hyomandibular  element  appears  to  be  more 
slender  than  in  the  majority  of  living  Selachians  ; and  in  “ Didy- 
modus”  and  Synechodus  (p.  825)  a postorbital  facette  has  been 
observed  upon  the  pterygo-quadrate  cartilage,  evidently  implying  a 
direct  articulation  with  the  cranium,  such  as  occurs  in  the  adult  of 
the  surviving  primitive  genus  Notidanm.  The  examples  of  Palceo- 
spinax  and  Ilybodiis  noted  in  the  following  Catalogue  seem  to  be 
sufficiently  well  preserved  to  demonstrate  that  no  such  arrangement 
obtained  in  these  genera. 

A point  of  minor  importance  in  connection  with  the  mandible  of 
one  extinct  genus  is  also  worthy  of  note,  on  account  of  its  yet 
awaiting  satisfactory  explanation.  The  Costraciont  genus  Astera- 
canthus  (p.  307)  is  provided  with  perhaps  the  most  powerful  dental 
armature  of  all  the  Sharks  possessing  crushing  teeth ; and  most 
likely  for  this  reason  there  is  evidence  of  some  unusual  arrangement 
or  development  of  the  muscles  by  which  the  successful  wielding  and 
support  of  the  jaws  are  ensured.  On  the  outer  side  of  the  man- 
dibular cartilage  slightly  in  advance  of  a point  halfway  between 
the  condyle  and  the  anterior  extremity,  there  is  a large  protuberance 
or  boss  ; much  of  the  external  surfaee  of  the  cartilage  has  a coarsely 
fibrous  appearance,  and  at  the  position  of  this  curious  prominence 

' Propristis  (p.  70). 

’ Sclerorhynvhus  (p.  76). 

’ See  figure  and  description  by  the  present  writer  in  Ann  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 
[6]  Tol.  ii.  (1888),  p.  337,  ph  xii.  fig.l. 


INTRODUCTION. 


XVII 


these  fibres  are  directed  in  such  a manner  as  to  suggest  the  original 
influence  of  some  powerful  strain  tending  in  an  upward  and  back- 
ward direction. 

The  branchial  arches  have  only  been  definitely  revealed  in  one 
extinct  Selachian — Hyhodus  basanus,  from  the  Wealden  of  Sussex. 
In  this  species,  and  hence  presumably  in  all  forms  of  Hyhodus,  there 
are  not  more  than  five  arches,  as  well  shown  in  the  original  of 
PI.  XII.  fig.  3,  in  which  the  fourth  and  fifth  are  very  small,  and 
can  scarcely  have  been  followed  by  others. 


Vertebral  Column. 

Before  the  end  of  Palmozoic  times  there  is  very  little  evidence  of 
calcifications  in  the  sheath  of  the  notochord  in  Elasmobranchs ; and 
even  when  such  a stage  of  development  is  approached  there  seems 
to  be  no  constriction.  Hasse  has  noticed  the  presence  of  complete 
calcified  rings  in  the  caudal  region  of  a Permian  species  of  Pleura- 
caniJtus  (p.  4)  ; and  Traquair  records  an  equally  high  condition  of 
development  in  the  tail  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  Chrowlren- 
ehelys  (p.  15).  Some  specimens  of  Pleuraeanthus  are  also  sugges- 
tive of  the  presence  of  distinct  triangnlar  calcifications  in  the 
notochordal  sheath  in  the  abdominal  region ; hut  it  is  still  un- 
certain whether  these  may  not  be  merely  the  expanded  bases  of  the 
neural  arches. 

The  early  species  of  the  genus  Ifybodus,  discovered  in  the  Lower 
Lias,  are  also  destitute  of  vertebra),  at  least  in  the  abdominal  region  ; 
and  it  is  especially  interesting  to  observe  an  almost  equally  primitive 
condition  of  the  neural  arches  and  spines  (PI.  VII.  fig.  2).  The 
latter  are  relatively  broader  and  stouter  than  in  the  Palmozoic 
Pleuracanths,  but  there  is  still  not  the  slightest  trace  of  the  inter- 
calary cartilages  so  characteristic  of  modern  Selachians ; and  this 
circumstance  becomes  all  the  more  noteworthy  when  it  is  remem- 
bered that,  among  living  Sharks,  the  intercalary  elements  are 
secondary  structures,  arising  subsequently  to  the  normal  parts  of 
the  vertebral  axis. 

The  first  traces  of  completed  vertebral  centra  are  met  with  in  the 
Cestraciont  Pabeospinax  of  the  Lower  Lias — a fish  exhibiting  other 
features  denoting  its  comparatively  high  degree  of  specialization. 
Here,  however,  the  centra  are  for  the  most  part  simple  double 
cones,  such  as  persist  in  the  living  Spinacidie,  and  only  the  faintest 
indications  of  the  secondarily  developed  peripheral  calcifications  can 

b 


xviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


bo  detected.  Another  Cestraciont  genus  of  Cretaceous  ago  {Syne- 
chodus),  which  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  Palceospinax  in 
the  characters  of  its  dentition  and  external  dermal  structures, 
possesses  fully-formed  vertebrae  of  the  asterospondylic  type. 

Truly  asterospondylic  vertebrce,  indeed,  are  already  mot  with  in 
the  Ceslracion  falcifer  (p.  332)  of  the  Lithographic  Stone  ; and  the 
representatives  of  Sqvatina  and  Eldnohatus  of  the  same  age  furnish 
equally  typical  examples  of  well-formed  toctospondylic  vertebr®. 
In  the  Jurassic  species  of  Sqnadna,  however.  Dr.  Hasse  ‘ has 
pointed  out  that  the  number  of  peri])heral  calcified  rings  in  the 
vertebra;  is  less  than  in  the  later  species  of  the  same  genus. 


Pectoral  Arch  and  Fins. 

The  remains  of  the  pectoral  arch  in  the  earliest  known  Elasmo- 
branchs  indicate  that  it  consisted  of  a pair  of  arched  cartilages,  one 
upon  cither  side,  probably  separated  in  the  median  line.  It  would 
bo  interesting  to  know  at  what  period,  and  in  what  form,  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  supra-scapular  cartilage  in  the  Rays  first  occurred,  and 
how  early  the  two  lateral  elements  united  in  any  of  the  Tcetospondyli 
to  form  a complete  girdle  ; but  evidence  upon  all  these  points  is  at 
present  wanting. 

Each  new  discovery  of  the  most  primitive  types  of  Elasraobranchs 
seems  to  render  the  conclusion  more  certain,  that  the  earliest  stage 
of  the  pectoral  fin  was  that  named  the  “ archipterygium  ” by 
Gegenbaur".  As  pointed  out  by  Goldfuss  and  Kner,  and  more 
recently  by  Anton  Fritsch  and  C.  Brongniart,  this  appendage  in  the 
Palaeozoic  Pletiracanfhns  exhibits  a long  segmented  axis,  fringed  on 
cither  side  with  cartilaginous  rays ; and  a nearly  similar  arrange- 
ment has  lately  been  discovered  bj^  Traquair  in  Cladodvs  (p.  16), 
though  in  this  genus  the  fin  may  have  possessed  ra}’s  only  upon  one 
bide  of  the  longitudinal  axis.  There  is  still  some  slight  approach 
to  such  an  archipterygial  type  in  the  pectoral  fin  even  of  a few 
living  Selachians  ^ and,  if  the  known  examples  of  the  pectoral  fin 
of  Pleuracanthus  sufSce  for  philosophical  discussion,  the  central 
axis  is  formed  by  the  metapterygium,  as  Gegenbaur  supposed,  and 

' Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  132. 

’ 0.  Gegenbaur,  “ Ueber  das  Archipterygium,”  Jena.  Zeitschr.  vol.  vii.  (1873) 
pp.  131-141,  pi.  X. 

’ C.  Gegenbaur,  ihid. 


ISTRODUCTION. 


XIX 


not  by  the  mesopterygium,  as  maintained  by  Huxley  Balfour 
and  Howes  In  the  majority  of  Selachians,  however,  the  ijectoral 
is  completely  shortened  and  so  much  modified  that  the  homologies 
of  the  parts  are  diflBcult  of  determination  ; and  this  stage  appears  to 
have  been  already  reached  even  in  a Lower  Carhoniferous  Shark  *, 
which  possessed  a dentition  indistinguishable  from  that  of  Cladodua. 

In  the  pectoral  fin  of  the  Lower  Liassic  Pakeospinax  the  type 
characteristic  of  the  modern  Shark  is  also  evident,  and  there  are  a 
few  robust  dermal  fin-rays.  It  is  uncertain,  however,  whether  any 
genus  at  this  time,  or  of  prior  date,  had  heoome  possessed  of  cartila- 
ginous pectoral  fin-rays  so  enormously  developed  as  to  constitute  a 
fin  comparable  to  that  of  the  existing  Rays.  The  fossils  named 
Artliropteni^  and  Cyclartlirus  (p.  150),  from  the  Lias,  are  supposed 
to  be  most  satisfactorily  interpreted  as  being  parts  of  such  fins  ; 
but  the  specimens  are  scarcely  sufficient  for  profitable  discussion. 
The  Low'er  Carboniferous  teeth  named  Psammodus  (p.  99)  are  also 
most  nearly  parallelled  at  the  present  day  by  those  of  fishes  with 
an  extremely  depressed  trunk  and  enormously  developed  pectorals 
without  dermal  rays  ; but  these  fossils  likewise  afford  no  basis  for 
reasonable  speculation. 


Pelvic  Arch  and  Fins. 

The  pelvic  fins  in  the  earliest  genua  in  which  they  are  known 
(Pleuracanthus)  exhibit  the  usual  series  of  rays  upon  one  side  of 
the  basipterygial  axis  ; and  in  the  male  there  is  a distinct  appended 
clasper.  The  pelvis  of  Pleuracanthus  is  more  singular  than  the 
pair  of  fins,  inasmuch  as  it  consists  of  two  triangular  cartilages,  one 
on  either  side,  only  meeting  and  not  united  in  the  mesial  line. 

The  pelvic  arch  and  fins  in  the  extinct  Jlesozoic  genera  are  known 
in  but  few  instances ; and  only  one  case  is  worthy  of  special 
remark.  In  a Cretaceous  member  of  the  Trygonidse  ( Ch/c7o6atw), 
the  arch  seems  to  be  modified  for  the  support  of  the  metapterygium 
of  the  enormously  developed  pectoral  fins.  The  “ prepubic  ” process 
{p.ph.,  fig.  A,  p.  xx)  in  this  genus  is  much  elongated  and  produced 
forwards;  and  a lateral  process  (i7.)  on  either  side,  apparently 

^ Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1876,  p.  55. 

= Comparative  Embryology,  vol.  ii.  (Reprint,  1885),  p.  617. 

® Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1887,  p.  24. 

* Sphenacanihiis  cosfe/latus  (p,  242). 

b 2 


XX 


INTRODUCTION. 


homologous  -with  the  “ iliac,”  is  not  only  of  great  length,  hut  has 
also  sharply  reflected  extremities,  which  seem  to  have  been  originally 


Fig.  A. 


Pelvic  cartilage  of  Cyclobatis  oligodacfylui. — Senonian,  Mount  Lebanon,  hp., 
basil  cartilage  of  pelvic  fin  ; il.,  iliac  process ; ph.,  pubic  cartilage ; ppb-, 
prepubio  process.  [From  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1888,  p.  128.] 

in  direct  connection  with  the  distal  end  of  tho  pectoral  meta- 
pterygium. 

Median  Fins. 

A Lower  Carboniferous  species  of  Splienacanthm  (p.  242)  presents 
as  highly  specialized  an  arrangement  of  the  median  fins  as  most 
modern  Sharks ; but  in  the  primitive  Chondrenchelys  of  the  same 
age,  and  in  the  late  Palaeozoic  Pleuracanthus,  a lower  stage  of 
development  persists.  In  Chondrenchelys  there  was  evidently  a 
long  undiflerentiated  median  fin,  with  at  least  one  series  of  slender 
supporting  cartilages  above  the  neural  spines.  In  Pleuracanthus 
(according  to  C.  Brongniart)  a long  dorsal  fin  is  separated  from  the 
diphycercal  caudal ; and  there  is  also  said  to  be  a small  separate 
“ cephalic  ” fin  supported  by  the  barbed  spine — a feature  of  which 
the  spine  itself  affords  no  evidence.  As  pointed  out  by  R.  Kner  ‘, 
the  series  of  interspinous  cartilages  supporting  the  dorsal  fin  is 
double ; and  C.  Brongniart  shows  these  elements  to  be  twice  as 
numerous  as  the  neural  arches,  each  of  the  neural  spines  distally 
bifurcating  to  support  them  (see  fig.  B,  p.  xxiv).  Very  striking  in 
Pleuracanthus,  on  the  other  hand,  is  the  specialization  of  the  median 

'■  Sitzung.sb.  math.-naturw.  Cl.  k.  Akad.  Wise.  Wien,  vol.  Iv.  (1867),  pis.  i., 


IXTRODXrCTlOS. 


XXI 


fia  in  the  anal  region ; it  is  divided  into  two  distinct  members, 
closely  following  each  other,  and  exhibiting  a singular  arrangement 
of  the  cartilages,  most  nearly  parallelled,  so  far  as  known,  in  the 
first  dorsal  fin  of  the  common  existing  Raja  *. 

Shagreen  and  Dermal  Defences. 

A noteworthy  feature  in  the  Palseontological  history  of  the  Elas- 
mobranchs  is  the  relatively  great  development  of  the  exoskeleton  in 
the  majority  of  the  early  genera.  Pleuracantlms  and  Chondren- 
chelys,  it  is  true,  seem  to  have  been  almost,  if  not  quite,  destitute 
of  shagreen;  and  the  former,  at  least,  possessed  but  a single  spine. 
But  the  abundance  of  Ichthyodorulitcs,  both  paired  and  median, 
in  the  older  rocks,  testifies  to  the  frequent  armature  of  the  body  ; 
andilesoroic  genera,  like  Ihjbodus  and  Acrodus,  show  how  not  only 
the  dorsal  fins,  but  also  the  sides  of  the  head,  were  provided  with 
formidable  spines. 

iloreover,  the  early  types  of  shagreen  and  spinous  defences  are 
remarkable  for  their  degree  of  sculpturing.  The  small  conical 
tubercles  in  the  skin  of  Hgbodas  and  Acrodus  (and  the  presumably 
equivalent  Carboniferous  fossils  named  Petrodus)  exhibit  a some- 
times elaborate  stellate  ornamentation ; and  these  bodies  do  not 
usually  form  so  compact  and  continuous  an  investment  as  the  small 
quadrate  granules,  characteristic  of  modern  Sharks,  which  are 
apparently  first  met  with  in  Janassa,  of  the  Permian. 

Smooth  dorsal  fin-spines  are  also  rare  in  Palmozoic  rocks,  being 
only  known  at  present  in  the  Carboniferous  Pleuroplax  and  llelodus ; 
and  the  earliest  smooth  spines  covered  with  ganoine  are  those  of  the 
E.h®tic  and  Liassic  Pakeospinax.  Except  in  Pleuroplax  and  Uelodus, 
the  spines  of  Palaeozoic  age  are  all  more  or  loss  sculptured  upon  the 
sides,  or  exhibit  two  series  of  powerful  denticles.  In  the  sculptured 
laterally-compressed  forms  of  this  period,  the  denticles  are  placed 
longitudinally  in  a scries  upon  each  edge  of  the  posterior  face ; but 
in  later  times  very  few  spines,  except  those  of  Chimaeroids,  continue 
to  exhibit  such  an  arrangement,  the  denticles  becoming  still  more 
prominent  and  approximating  to  form  a double  series  along  the 
middle  of  the  posterior  face. 

Paired  spines  doubtless  referable  to  Elasmobranch  or  Chim»roid 
fishes  are  numerous  in  Carboniferous  strata,  and  will  be  treated  in 
the  section  upon  Ichihyodoeulites  *.  Many  are  triangular,  and 

’ See  figure  by  Mivart,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  vol.  x.  pi.  Ixxviii.  fig.  7. 

^ Following  the  Holoeephali,  in  Part  II.  of  this  Catalogue. 


XXll 


I.N'lKODrCIlGN. 


attain  to  a considerable  size  (e.  g.,  Oracanihus)  ; and  these  may  have 
been  arranged  upon  the  ventral  surface  (like  the  spines  of  Acan- 
thodians),  or  may  perhaps  have  occupied  the  postero-lateral  angles 
of  the  head  (like  the  cornua  of  Ccphalaspidians)  ; some,  however 
are  long  and  slender,  and  seem  to  have  armed  the  front  margin  of 
the  pectoral  or  pelvic  fins.  In  the  Mesozoic  llyhodm,  Acrodiis,  and 
Astmicanthus,  two  pairs  of  largo  hooked  spines  upon  broad  bases 
also  occupied  the  lateral  regions  of  the  head ; but  no  discovery  of 
paired  fin-spines  in  deposits  later  than  the  Permian  has  yet  been 
recorded. 

Dentition, 

Pointed  teeth  and  obtuse  teeth  occur  among  the  earliest  Elas- 
mobranch  fossils ; but  the  former,  as  well  as  the  latter,  are  firmly 
articulated  together,  and  must  always  have  formed  part  of  a 
dentition  in  which  several  series  were  functional.  Though  the 
teeth  of  Cladodus  and  Diplodus  are  as  sharply  pointed  as  those  of 
most  recent  Sharks,  the  piercing  crown  is  placed  upon  a broad 
horizontally-expanded  base,  permitting  of  a considerable  amount  of 
interlocking  between  one  tooth  and  another — an  arrangement  most 
nearly  parallelled  in  the  surviving  Chlamydosdaclie.  It  is  evident, 
indeed,  that  all  the  modern  types  of  dentition,  in  which  not  more 
than  one  or  two  series  of  teeth  are  simultaneously  functional,  are 
highly  specialized  modifications  of  this  primitive  arrangement;  and 
the  change  results  from  the  deepening  and  lateral  compression  of 
the  root  of  each  tooth,  rendering  its  base  of  support  less  fixed,  and 
often  not  permitting  its  coming  into  use  until  after  attaining  the 
summit,  or  passing  to  the  outer  side,  of  the  jaw-cartilage. 

In  rare  instances,  the  stages  of  this  interesting  course  of  specializa- 
tion can  already  be  traced  to  a certain  extent ; and  no  case  is  more 
striking  than  that  of  the  genus  Kotidunm In  the  earliest  known 
Jurassic  species,  the  teeth  possess  few  coronal  cusps,  fixed  upon  a 
stout,  depressed,  and  backwardly-expanded  base  of  attachment ; in 
the  Upppp  Cretaceous  species  the  crown  is  longer,  and  the  root  or 
base  exhibits  considerable  lateral  compression ; and  in  the  Pliocene 
species  the  tooth  possesses  the  greatest  number  of  cusps,  and  its 
root  is  both  very  deep  and  extremely  compressed.  If  Ot-thacodus  is 
rightly  placed  in  the  Lamnid®,  this,  too,  is  an  illustration  of  the  same 
principle.  The  Jurassic  tooth  just  mentioned  has  a broad  hori- 


Geol.  Mag.  [3]  Tol.  iii.  (1886),  p.  257. 


ISTRODtTCIIOX. 


xxni 


zontally-expanded  root,  while  all  later  forms  are  characterized  by  a 
deeper  and  more  or  less  bifurcated  base  of  attachment. 

With  regard  to  the  disposition  of  the  teeth  in  the  mouth  as  a 
whole,  the  modern  Rays,  most  ScyUiida;,  and  Chlamydoselache  may 
be  looked  upon  as  retaining  the  most  primitive  arrangement.  In 
the  predaceous  Sharks  there  has  been  a tendency  towards  the  rela- 
tive enlargement  of  the  prehensile  teeth  upon  the  symphysis  ; in 
the  C««trnci(»i-like  Sharks  the  symj)hysial  teeth  have  become  small, 
though  prehensile,  and  the  lateral  teeth  well  adapted  for  tritu- 
ration. The  former  arrangement  is  particularly  characteristic  of 
modern  times ; the  latter,  it  is  interesting  to  note,  attained  its 
maximum  of  specialization  so  long  ago  as  the  Carboniferous  period. 
In  many  early  Carboniferous  genera  the  series  of  lateral  crushing- 
teeth  began  in  part  to  fuse  into  continuous  plates  (Pleuropla.v) ; 
two  of  these  plates  often  amalgamated  {Poscilodus) ; and  in  the 
most  specialized  of  these  “ Coohliodonts  ” (e.  g.,  Deltoptychlus)  all 
traces  of  the  boundaries  of  the  original  components  of  the  dental 
plates  became  obliterated. 

Taxonomic  Deductions  from  the  Comparison  op  Extinct 
WITH  Recent  Elasmobranchs. 

In  discussing  the  bearing  of  the  foregoing  facts  upon  published 
schemes  of  classification  of  the  Elasmobranchii,  the  first  point  to  bo 
considered  is  the  validity  of  Prof.  Cope’s  division  of  the  subclass 
into  the  two  orders  Ichthyotomi  and  SsLACHn.  If  the  characters 
of  the  dentition  are  of  any  systematic  importance — and  when  genera 
of  equivalent  age  are  under  comparison  wo  believe  they  are — there 
can  be  no  hesitation  in  associating  the  European  later  Palseozoic 
Pleuracanths  with  the  skuUs  of  the  so-called  Didymodus,  Cope, 
from  the  Permian  of  Texas.  It  is  thus  possible,  from  the  researches 
of  Kner,  Anton  Fritsch,  Traquair,  and  C.  Brongniart,  to  take  into 
consideration  all  the  more  prominent  skeletal  features  of  these 
primitive  Elasmobranchs ; and  the  study  of  nearly  complete  indi- 
viduals from  the  Middle  Coal-Measures  of  Commentry,  France,  has 
lately  led  jM.  Brongniart  to  attempt  the  restoration  given  in  the 
accompanying  fig.  B *. 

As  already  remarked,  we  are  inclined  to  believe,  with  Carman, 
that  Cope’s  determination  of  cartilage-bones  and  membrane-bones  in 
the  skull  of  “ Didymodus  ” was  founded  upon  misconception  ; and 

' Op.  cil.  p.  7,  fig.  2. 


XXIV 


INTRODUCTJOX. 


it  api)ears  tliat  tljis  Permian  fossil  is  a normal  example  of  an 
amphistylic  Elasraobrancli  skull.  One  feature  in  the  appendicular 
skeleton,  hou’cvcr,  amply  justifies  the  recognition  of  the  Ichthyotonii 
as  a distinct  order,  if  appeal  may  be  made  to  the  analogy  of  the 
accepted  classification  of  the  bony  hyostylic  fishes.  The  possession 


Fig.  li. 


Restoration  of  Pleumcanthus  gaudryi. — Coal- Measures,  t'ommentry,  France. 

[After  Charles  Brongniart.] 

of  a pectoral  archipterygium,  of  the  type  conceived  by  Gegenbaur, 
differentiates  the  Crossoptcrygii  from  the  higher  Ganoidei  or  Actino- 

pterygii ; and  the  same  character  separates  the  Ichthyotomi 

though  perhaps  less  widely — from  the  Selaehii.  The  division  of  the 
pelvic  girdle  into  two  distinct  halves  is  also  a feature  of  significance  ; 
and  the  primitive  character  of  the  axial  skeleton  is  worthy  of  note. 
According  to  Prof.  Cope’s  latest  proposition  in  regard  to  classifica- 
tion \ the  presence  of  a double  series  of  interspinous  cartilages  will 
also  enter  into  the  ordinal  definition  “ ; but  the  characters  of  the 
median  fins  themselves,  though  in  many  respects  primitive,  cannot 
be  quoted  at  present  as  of  more  than  family  rank. 

Having  thus  eliminated  the  Ichthyotomi,  and  attempting  no 
further  division  into  suborders,  on  account  of  the  slight  character 
of  available  evidence,  it  remains  to  determine  the  possible  classifi- 
cation of  the  Selaehii  into  minor  groups.  As  is  well  known,  most 
zoologists  divide  these  roughly  into  Sharks  and  Pays,  in  accordance 
with  the  lateral  or  inferior  situation  of  the  gill-clefts  ; Owen  seems 
to  overestimate  a character  of  family  value  (the  possession  of  dorsal 
fin-spines),  and  thus  adds  a third  suborder;  Gill  adopts  four 
divisions  (“  suborders  ”)  of  Sharks,  based  upon  the  characters  of  the 

' Auier.  Xat.  vol.  xxi.  (1887),  p.  1015. 

» This  feature,  however,  has  not  been  noted  in  Chvndrmvhehjs  ■ but  the  circum- 
sUne«  is  perhaps  explained  by  the  imperfect  preservation  of  known  specimens. 


INTKODUCTION. 


XXV 


skull ; and  Hasse  four  great  suborders,  based  upon  the  condition  of 
the  axial  skeleton. 

"With  regard  to  the  earliest  of  these  classifications — the  subdi- 
vision into  Sharks  and  Eays — it  must  be  regarded  as  approximately 
natural.  For  although  some  Sharks  (e.ff.,  Scylliidse)  live  upon  the 
sea-bottom  almost  as  constantly  as  the  typical  Eays,  and  although 
a certain  amount  of  depression  of  the  trunk  and  elongation  of  the 
slender  tail  naturally  result  from  this  circumstance,  the  pectoral 
fins  never  tend  to  enlarge,  and  the  anal  fin  in  no  case  disappears. 
On  the  other  hand,  even  in  such  little-modified  members  of  theEay- 
series  as  the  freely-swimming  Pristidae,  the  pectorals  have  so  far 
enlarged  as  to  grow  forwards  and  turn  the  gill-clefts  to  the  ventral 
aspect,  while  the  anal  fin  is  completely  wanting  ; and  every  grada- 
tion can  be  traced  from  this  t3-pe  to  the  most  modified  Trj'gonid® 
and  Myliobatidae. 

At  the  same  time,  it  must  be  remembered  that,  if  the  two  sub- 
divisions just  mentioned  are  solely  defined  in  the  ordinary'  manner 
({.  e..  Sharks  with  lateral  gUl-clefts,  and  Eays  with  ventral  gill- 
clefts),  aE  survivors  of  the  primitive  families  of  the  Eay-series  will 
become  included  unnaturally  among  the  Sharks.  The  Squatinid® 
and  Pristiopihoridffi,  for  example,  possess  lateral  giU-clefts,  like 
Sharks ; but  the  structure  of  the  vertebr®,  the  partial  growth 
forwards  of  the  pectoral  propterygium  in  Squaiina,  and  several 
striking  resemblances  existing  between  Prist ioqiJiorus  a,ni  Pristis  and 
Rhinobatus,  aU  point  to  the  Squatinid®  and  Piistiophorid®  as  pro- 
bably survivors  of  ancestral  Eays.  Moreover,  the  lowly  family  of 
Spinacid®  may  bo  as  justly  placed  in  one  group  as  in  the  other, 
so  far  as  the  situation  of  the  gill-clefts  is  concerned  ; but  from  the 
circumstance  that  in  some  of  the  typical  genera  (o.  g.,  AcanthUis) 
considerable  depression  of  the  trunk  is  accompanied  by  a semi- 
ventral  disposition  of  the  clefts,  while  the  anal  fin  is  totally  absent, 
it  seems  most  philosophical  to  place  the  family  provisionally  with 
the  less  differentiated  Eaj's. 

External  features,  indeed,  though  suggesting  a broad  natural 
classification,  do  not  suffice  for  precise  subordinal  diagnoses ; and 
it  is  therefore  necessary  to  take  into  account  the  distinctive  features 
presented  by  the  endoskeleton. 

It  might  be  supposed,  at  first  sight,  that  the  various  modifications 
of  the  cranium  and  mandibular  and  hyoid  arches  would  afford 
some  satisfactory  basis  for  the  definition  of  subordinal  groups  ; but 
Pal®ontology  combines  with  modern  zoological  results  to  demon- 


XXVI 


INTHODtrCTION. 


strato  that  no  such  points  of  broad  systematic  importance  can  bo 
found. 

I’rof.  Gill,  for  example,  regards  Hotidanus  as  the  typo  of  a 
“ suborder  Opisiharthbi,”  on  account  of  the  articulation  of  the 
ptery  go-quadrate  cartilage  with  the  postorbital  region  of  the 
cranium.  According  to  Dr.  Gunther  ‘,  however,  the  recently  dis- 
covered ChJumydoselache  falls  into  the  same  family  as  JS’utidanns ; 
and,  from  any  point  of  view,  it  would  certainly  be  impossible  to 
relegate  the  two  genera  just  mentioned  to  groups  more  widely 
separated  than  families.  Nevertheless,  in  Chlamydoselache  there 
is  no  articulation  between  the  pterygo-quadrate  cartilage  and  the 
cranium ; and  the  hyomandibular  is  as  robust  as  in  many  types 
that  would  rank  as  modern.  Tt  ought  also  to  bo  added  that  even 
in  Notidanus  itself  the  postorbital  articulation  does  not  arise  until 
late  in  the  history  of  the  embryo  ’ ; while  in  the  adults  of  such 
widely  diverse  genera  as  FUnracauthws  and  SynecJiodus  a precisely 
similar  feature  of  specialization  is  to  bo  observed. 

Prof.  Gill's  “ suborder  PROARinar,”  typified  by  the  existing  Ces- 
traclon,  would  doubtless  prove  equally  inconsistent  with  facts,  if  the 
relations  of  the  mandibular  and  hyoid  arches  in  its  extinct  allies 
could  be  ascertained.  One  Cretaceous  genus  {Si/nechodus),  indeed, 
which  cannot  yet  bo  separated  from  the  Cestraciontidm,  exhibits  the 
postorbital  articulation  of  the  pterygo-quadrate,  exactly  as  in  Koti- 
danus. 

Turning  to  the  axial  skeleton  of  the  trunk,  the  elaborate  researches 
of  Prof.  Carl  Hasse  have  provided  ample  materials  for  discussion. 
As  already  explained,  the  Professor  points  out  that  the  division  of 
the  Sclachii  into  Sharks  and  Hays  very  nearly  corresponds  to  a 
grouping  suggested  by  the  structure  of  the  vertebral  centra.  In 
the  Rays  (Tectospondyli)  a series  of  concentric  laminse  surrounds 
the  primitive  double-cone  of  each  vertebral  centrum ; in  the  majo- 
rity of  Sharks  (Asterospondyli)  the  arrangement  of  the  secondary 
lamina)  is  such  as  to  impart  a stellate  aspect  to  transverse  sections 
of  the  contra. 

These  features  are  distinctive  to  such  an  extent,  that  we  venture 
to  adopt  the  arrangement ; and  in  this  wa}'  it  is  possible  to  jilaco 
the  Pristiophoridso  and  Squatinid®  in  their  apparently  natural 
position  in  proximity  to  the  Rays. 

‘ “Eeport  on  the  Deep-Sea  Fishes”  (‘  Challenger’  Eeports,  Zool.  vol.  xxii. 
1887),  p.  2. 

T.  H.  Huxley,  Proc.  Zool.  Soo.  1876,  p.  44. 


INTEODUCTION. 


XXVll 


The  latest  results  of  Palceontology,  however,  do  not  justify  other 
features  in  Prof.  Hasse’s  classification,  and  absolutely  negative  some 
of  the  details. 

Ssotidanus,  for  example,  is  made  the  type  of  a primitive  division, 
the  “ Pal®onotidani  ” or  “ Plagiostomi  Diplospondyli,”  because  the 
notochord  is  persistent,  though  intercalary  cartilages  are  developed 
in  the  arches  ; hut,  as  shown  in  the  following  Catalogue,  the  Liassic 
llyhodux  possessed  a persistent  notochord,  and  even  Prof.  Hasse 
himself  admits  that  other  well-known  features  place  this  genus  in 
immediate  proximity  to  Cestracion. 

Again,  the  Spinacidoe  are  regarded  as  representing  a distinct 
division,  the  “ Cyclospondyli,”  in  which  there  are  simple  vertebral 
centra  without  an)’  secondary  calcifications.  This  is  obviously  a 
stage  in  advance  of  the  “ Palmonotidani,”  being  halfway  between 
these  and  either  of  the  two  higher  groups,  the  Tectospondyli  and 
Asterosiiondyli.  Put,  like  the  Paheonotidani,  the  Sharks  with  an 
axial  skeleton  in  this  stage  of  development  exhibit  no  other  features 
widely  separating  them  from  the  Selachians  of  the  modern  groups ; 
and  it  appears  to  the  present  writer  that  there  are  known  cyclo- 
spondylic  members  of  each  of  these  groups.  As  already  remarked, 
the  semiventral  position  of  the  gill-clefts  in  some  Spinacidae,  and 
the  absence  of  the  anal  fin  in  these  fishes,  are  characters  suggesting 
that  they  form  the  base  of  the  Tectospondylic  series.  Palaeospinax 
of  the  Lias,  with  its  cyclospondylic  vertebrae  and  distinct  anal  fin, 
scarcely  differs  from  the  Cretaceous  asterospond5’lio  Synechodus, 
except  in  the  lower  degree  of  calcification  of  the  vertebrae ; and  the 
Lias.sic  genus  may  therefore  be  placed  with  the  Cestracionts  in  the 
Asterospondylic  series. 

In  the  sum-total  of  characters,  indeed,  the  degree  of  development 
of  the  vertebral  centra  is  of  small  importance ; and  the  members  of 
Haste's  “ Pala;onotidani  ” and  “ Cyclospondyli  ” may  be  variously 
distributed  in  the  Tectospondyli  and  Asterospondyli,  according  as 
they  approach  weU-dofined  types  of  the  one  group  or  the  other. 
The  acceleration  of  vertebral  development,  and  the  retardation  of 
the  same,  are  singular  features  apparently  having  little  correspon- 
dence with  the  specialization  or  otherwise  of  characters  still  more 
likely  to  change.  In  Chlumydoselache  the  dentition  is  primitive, 
and  in  its  close  ally,  ^otidanus,  the  teeth  attain  extreme  specializa- 
tion ; but  the  former  has  distinct  cyclospondylic  vertebra;,  while  the 
latter  only  exhibits  slight  calcifications  sometimes  in  the  caudal 
region.  The  Hybodont  dentition  persists  in  the  notochordal  IJybo- 


XXVlll 


INTRODUCTION. 


dus,  the  e5’clospon(lylic  Palicosjnnaa.’,  and  the  asterosiiondylic  Syne- 
chodax ; and  an  extremely  specialized  dentition  occurs  in  the  existing 
cyclospondylic  Spinacidsc,  while  in  many  of  the  asterospondylic 
Scylliidae  the  teeth  have  quite  a primitive  aspect  and  disposition. 

With  regard  to  the  minor  grouping  of  the  Selachii  into  families 
and  genera,  it  is  proposed  to  adopt  the  arrangement  formulated  by 
Dr.  Gunther  in  his  Catalogue  of  1870,  for  the  recent  forms ; and 
the  various  extinct  families  and  genera  will  he  incorporated  among 
these  in  such  provisional  positions  as  the  available  evidence  may 
seem  to  justify.  Except  in  the  few  instances  in  which  complete 
skeletons  are  known,  this  evidence  is  necessarily  very  slight,  and 
often  admits  of  more  than  one  interpretation  ; and  no  fossils  are 
more  difficult  of  satisfactory  determination  than  scattered  and  iso- 
lated teeth. 

The  teeth,  in  fact,  can  often  be  only  satisfactorily  identified  when 
something  is  known  of  their  geological  age  and  associations.  There 
are  ITybodont  teeth  in  the  Chalk  which  would  be  named  Orodus  if 
found  in  the  Carboniferous  ; and  some  of  the  teeth  of  Ithastio  age 
might  well  be  mistaken  for  Cladodns.  Lawley  also  doubtless  had  a 
prehensile  tooth  very  similar  to  those  of  the  Cochliodonts  when  ho 
announced  tho  discovery  of  Ilelodm  in  the  ITiocene.  But  the  evi- 
dence of  associated  remains  demonstrates  the  improbability  of  all 
these  identifications ; and  the  same  kind  of  evidence  must  be  care- 
fully taken  into  account  when  the  minor  matters  of  specific  nomen- 
clature are  under  discussion. 

With  regard  to  synonymy,  under  such  circumstances  there  is 
scope  for  endless  differences  of  opinion ; and  it  seems  necessary  to 
accept  as  sufficiently  defined  each  name  applied  to  any  part  of  a fish 
precisely  and  correctly  described,  which  can  afterwards  be  identified 
when  satisfactory  examples  of  that  particular  genus  or  species  happen 
to  be  discovered.  In  recent  Zoology  it  is  possible  to  observe  a 
stringent  rule  with  reference  to  complete  diagnoses ; but  in  the 
Paheontology  of  the  Vertebrata,  if  each  investigator  is  permitted  to 
decide  whether  a recognizably  described  fossil  is  sufficient  to  justify 
the  retention  or  otherwise  of  the  name  originally  proposed  for  it, 
generic  and  specific  synonymy  will  multiply  ad  wfinitnm. 

In  the  present  state  of  Palaeontology,  it  also  seems  advisable  to 
employ  generic  and  specific  names  in  a somewffiat  extended  sense ; 
and  the  progress  of  research  will  doubtless  lead  to  a further  sub- 
division of  many  of  tho  groupings  now  adopted.  This  Catalogue, 
however,  can  only  be  regarded  as  a provisional  attempt  to  systematize 


INTEODTTCTION. 


XXIX 


and  arrange  the  ascertained  facts  of  Elasmobranch  Palfcontology  for 
convenience  of  reference;  and  the  writer  would  claim  indulgence 
for  the  numerous  imperfections  which  further  studios  will  soon 
reveal. 

As  the  following  pages  demonstrate,  the  collection  of  the  Britisli 
Museum  is  now  so  extensive  that  actual  specimens  of  nearly  all 
the  principal  genera  and  species  have  been  available  for  examina- 
tion ; and  the  present  undertaking  has  been  all  the  more  facilitated 
by  the  orderly  arrangement  of  this  collection,  due  to  the  long-con- 
tinued labours  of  Jlr.  William  Davies.  To  this  gentleman  the  writer 
is  under  the  greatest  obligation,  not  only  for  continual  advice  aud 
the  benefit  of  his  wide  experience,  hut  also  for  reading  the  whole  of 
the  proofs ; and  both  to  him  and  to  many  other  friends  cordial 
thanks  are  respectfully  tendered.  To  Dr.  Gunther  the  writer  is 
indebted  for  help  in  regard  to  modern  Selachians  ; to  Dr.  11.  H. 
Traquair  and  Mr.  James  W.  Davis,  in  regard  to  ralacozoic  genera. 
Mr.  John  Ward,  of  Longton,  has  freely  placed  his  unique  series  of 
Coal-Measure  fishes  at  the  writer’s  disposal ; and  Mr.  Henry  Willett, 
of  Brighton,  has  extended  similar  favours  in  permitting  the  use  of 
his  fine  collection  from  the  Sussex  Chalk.  Among  fellow-workers 
in  Palaeichthyology  on  the  Continent,  Prof.  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  of 
Munich,  Prof.  W.  Dames,  of  Berlin,  and  Dr.  Anton  Fritsch,  of 
Prague,  have  rendered  much  assistance  ; and  wherever  the  writer 
has  sought  information,  either  in  Britain  or  abroad,  it  has  invariably 
been  most  liberally  accorded. 

ARTHUB  SillTII  WOODWARD. 

Geological  Department, 

March  8th,  1889. 


List  op  Colleciioks. 

In  the  foUowing  Catalogue  aU  Donations  are  acknowledged  in 
full,  with  the  Donor’s  name  and  the  date,  whether  the  specimens 
form  part  of  a large  scries  or  were  separately  presented.  In  the 
case  of  collections  acquired  by  purchase,  only  the  name  of  the 
founder  of  each  of  these  is  mentioned,  and  detaOed  particulars  are 
given  in  the  list  below  : — 

Bavrjh  CoUeciion. — A series  of  fish-remains,  chiefly  teeth  and  fill- 


XXX 


iXTUontrcTioN. 


spines  from  tlie  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Shropshire,  purchased 
from  the  executors  of  the  late  Mr.  T.  Baugh,  of  Bewdlcy,  1870. 

Mus  Baker’s  Oollcction. — A miscellaneous  collection  from  North.*- 
amptonshire,  purchased  from  Miss  Baker,  of  'Northampton,  about 
1843. 

Bai/Jield  Collection. — Fossil  fishes  and  reptiles,  chiefly  from  the 
Upper  Chalk  of  Norfolk,  purchased  from  Mr.  T.  G.  Bayfield,  of 
Norwich,  1878. 

Bean  Collection. — Miscellaneous  fossils,  chiefly  Oolitic,  from  York- 
shire, purchased  from  Mr.  William  Bean,  of  Scarborough,  1859. 

Bowerhank  Collection. — This  collection  comprises  many  remains  of 
fishes  from  the  English  Cretaceous  and  Eocene,  and  was  purchased 
in  1865  from  the  late  Dr.  J.  S.  Bowerhank,  F.Il.S.,  of  Highbury. 

Braun  Cdlection. — Vertebrate  fossils  from  the  Continental  Trias, 
purchased  from  Dr.  Alexander  Braun,  about  1836. 

Byne  Collection. — Miscellaneous  fossils  from  the  Jurassic  of  Glou- 
cestershire, purchased  from  Mr.  Byne,  before  1845. 

Caleb  Evans  Collection. — This  collection  comprises  several  fossil 
fish-remains  from  the  English  Eocene  and  Cretaceous,  and  was 
purchased  from  the  executors  of  the  late  Mr.  Caleb  Evans,  1888. 

Capron  Collection. — A fine  series  of  English  Chalk  fossils,  pur- 
chased from  Mr.  J.  Hand  Capron,  of  Guildford,  1879. 

CmMiwjton  Collection. — This  collection  comprises  numerous  re- 
mains of  fossil  fishes,  chiefly  from  Wiltshire,  and  the  main  portion 
was  purchased  from  Mr.  MTlliam  Cunnington,  of  Devizes,  in  1875, 
though  earlier  instalments  were  received  in  1849,  1859,  and  1861. 

Daniels  Collection. — Fossils  from  the  English  Chalk  and  Eocene, 
purchased  from  the  executors  of  Mr.  H.  Daniels,  about  1860. 

Dawson  Collection. — Vertebrate  fossils  from  the  Wealden  of  the 
neighbourhood  of  Hastings,  collected  by  Mr.  Charles  Dawson,  of  St. 
Leonards.  The  first  portion  of  the  collection  was  purchased  in 
1884,  since  which  date  additions  have  been  continually  made  to  the 
series. 

Di.von  Collection. — A series  of  specimens,  mainly  from  the  Ter- 
tiaries  and  Chalk  of  the  South  of  England,  purchased  in  1851  from 
the  executors  of  the  late  Mr.  Frederic  Dixon,  of  Worthing. 

Edwards  Collection. — ^This  collection  comprises  numerous  remains 
of  fossil  fishes  from  the  Eocene  of  Hampshire,  and  was  purchased 
from  Mr.  F.  E.  Edwards,  in  1867  and  1873. 

Eyerton  Collection. — A very  extensive  collection  of  fossil  fishes. 


INTROBtrCTIOJf. 


XXXI 


purchased  from  the  executors  of  the  late  Sir  Philip  do  Malpas  Grey 
Egerton,  Bart.,  M.P.,  F.ll.S.  (Trustee  Brit,  if  us.),  in  1882. 

Eniiislillen  Collection. — A very  extensive  collection  of  fossil  fishes, 
purchased  from  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  F.R.S.,  in 
1882. 

Fox  Collection, — An  important  series  of  vertebrate  fossils,  chiefly 
reptilian,  from  the  Wealden  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  purchased,  in 
1882,  from  the  executors  of  the  late  Rev.  W.  Fox,  of  Brixton,  Isle 
of  Wight. 

Gardner  Collection. — llisceUaneous  specimens  from  the  English 
Cretaceous  and  Eocene,  collected  by  Mr.  J.  Starkie  Gardner,  and 
purchased  from  that  gentleman  in  1870,  1879,  and  1881. 

Gilbertson  Collection. — Carboniferous  fossils,  chiefly  from  Carboni- 
ferous Limestone  and  Yoredale  Rocks  of  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire, 
coUected  by  Mr.  William  Gilbertson,  of  Preston,  and  purchased  in 
1841. 

Hdherlein  Collection. — Fossils  from  the  Lithographic  Stone  of 
Bavaria,  purchased  from  Dr.  Carl  Hiiberlcin,  of  Pappenheim,  in 
1862. 

Harford  Collection. — A miscellaneous  collection,  comprising  nume- 
rous remains  of  fossil  fishes  from  the  Chalk  of  Kent  and  the  English 
Tertiaries,  purchased  from  Mr.  F.  Harford,  of  South  Norwood,  in 
1888. 

Harris  Collection. — Fossils  from  the  Kentish  Chalk,  collected  by 
the  late  Mr.  Harris,  of  Charing,  purchased  in  1881  from  Prof.  Rupert 
Jones,  F.R.S. 

Home  Collection. — Fossil  teeth  of  Elasmobranch  fishes  from  the 
Yoredale  Rocks  of  Wensleydale,  Yorkshire,  purchased  in  1885  from 
Mr.  WiUiam  Home,  of  Leyburn. 

Johnson  Collection. — Fossils  from  the  English  Lias,  coReeted  by 
Dr.  .1.  R.  Johnson,  of  Hot  IVclls,  Bristol,  and  purchased  in  1845. 

ManUll  Collection. — A large  and  important  collection,  mainly 
comprising  specimens  from  the  Cretaceous  of  the  South  of  England, 
acquired  in  two  portions.  The  first  portion  was  purchased  in  1838 
from  the  late  Dr.  Gideon  A.  Mantell,  F.R.S.,  and  the  second  from  his 
executors  in  1853. 

Sharp  Collection.— A aeiies  of  specimens  chiefly  from  the  .Jurassic 
of  Northamptonshire,  purchased  in  1876  from  Mr.  Samuel  Sharp,  of 
Dallington  Hall,  Northamptonshire. 

Sloane  Collection.— 'Pwch&sei  from  the  executors  of  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  Bart.,  F.R.S.,  of  (Jhelsea,  in  1753. 


XXXll 


INTRODUCTION. 


Mrs.  Smith’s  Collection. — Possil  fishes  and  reptiles  from  the  Chalk 
of  Kent,  collected  by  the  late  Mrs.  Smith,  of  Tunbridge  Wells,  and 
purchased  in  1878  from  her  daughter  Mrs.  Bishop. 

Taylor  Collection. — Chalk  fossils  purchased  from  Mr.  H.  W . Taylor. 

Tesson  Collection. — A series  of  specimens  from  the  Jurassic  of 
Normandy,  purchased  in  1857  from  the  late  Mens.  Tesson,  of  Caen. 

Toxdmin-Smith  Collection. — Chalk  fossils  purchased  in  1869  from 
the  widow  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  Toulmin  Smith,  of  Highgate. 

Van  Breda  Collection. — This  collection  comprises  numerous  re- 
mains of  fossil  fishes,  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Maastricht, 
the  Eocene  of  Aix-en-Provence,  and  the  Miocene  of  Oeuingen, 
Switzerland,  and  was  purchased  in  1871  from  the  executors  of  the 
late  Professor  Van  Breda,  of  Haarlem  h 

Weaver-Jones  Collection. — Possil  teeth  and  fin-s]iines  of  Elasmo- 
branch  fishes  from  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Shropshire,  pur- 
chased in  1880  from  the  executors  of  the  late  Mr.  Weaver  Jones,  of 
Cleobury  Mortimer. 

Wetherell  Collection. — A miscellaneous  series  of  specimens  from 
the  English  Chalk  and  Eocene,  purchased,  through  the  late  Mr.  J. 
Tennant,  from  the  late  Mr.  N.  T.  Wetherell,  of  Highgate,  in  1871. 

Wigham  Collection. — Norfolk  fossils  collected  by  Mr.  Wigham,  of 
Norwich,  purchased  in  1859  from  Mr.  T.  G.  Bayfield,  of  the  same 
city. 

Wilson  Collection. — A series  of  teeth  of  Elasmohranch  fishes, 
chiefly  from  the  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Ticknall,  near 
Melbourne,  South  Derbyshire,  purchased  in  1887  from  Mr.  Edward 
Wilson,  of  Bristol. 

Almost  all  the  Cretaceous  fishes  from  Mount  Lebanon  mentioned 
in  this  Catalogue  were  collected  by  the  Rev.  Professor  E.  11.  Lewis, 
M.  A.,  late  of  the  Syrian  Protestant  College,  Beirut,  and  were  obtained 
by  purchase,  in  several  series,  from  Mr.  11.  Damon,  of  Weymouth. 

Bequests. 

Cowderoy  Bequest. — By  iliss  Cowderoy,  about  1854. 

Cracherode  Bequest. — By  the  Rev.  C.  M.  Cracherode,  1799. 

Trevelyan  Bequest.— My  Sir  W.  C.  Trevelyan,  Bart.,  1879. 


1 Professor  van  Breda  was  son-in-law  to  Dr.  Petrus  Camper,  the  celebrated 
Dutch  Anatomist,  from  whom  he  inherited  much  of  his  collection.  Many  of 
tlie  Oeningen  specimens  were  also  collected  by  Prof.  Oswald  Heer,  of  Zuricli. 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX 


OF 

GENERA  AND  SPECIES 

DESCKIBED  IN  PAllT  I. 


Page 

Subclass  ELASMOBRANCHII 1 

Order  ICHTHYOTOMI 1 

FamUy  PLEURACANTHIDiE 1 

Pleuracanthus 2 

decheni 3 

laevissimus 5 

robustus 7 

arcuatus 8 

cylindricus 8 

Diplodus  gibbosus 10 

tenuis 11 

parvulus 12 

latus 12 

compressus 12 

gracilis 13 

acinaces 13 

bohemicus 14 

Chondrenchelys 15 

problematica 16 


XX  XIV 


SYBTEMA.TIC  INDEX 


Family  CLADODONTIDJi  . 

Cladodus  . . . 

mirabilis  . 

marginatus 

striatus 

curvus  . . 

grandis  . . 

robiistus  . 

spinosus 

springeri  . 

DicentroduB  . . 

— biciispidatus 
Pha3bodus  . . 

Lambdodus  . . 

Uicreiiodus  . 

dentatus  . 

Hybocladodus 


Page 

16 

16 

16 

18 

19 

20 
21 
21 
22 
22 
26 
26 
27 

27 

28 
28 
29 


Order  8ELACHI1 

Suborder  TEOTOSPONDYLl  . 

Family  SPINACID^  . . 

Centrina  . . . 

Aeanthias  . 

latidoiis 

CentroplioruB 

primaevus  . 

Spinax 

Scymnus  . . . 

major!  . 

Fchiiiorhinus 

Family  PETALODONTID^ 
Janassa  . . 

bituminosa 

linguffiformis 

clavata  . . 


30 

30 

30 

30 

31 

31 

32 

32 

33 
33 

33 

34 


34 

34 

35 

36 

37 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 


XXXV 


Kiiraily  PETALODOXTID.;E  (continued). 

Page 

Janassa  imbricata 38 

Fissodus 40 

PetaloThynchus 40 

psittacinus 40 

psittacinus,  var.  minor 41 

Petalodus 42 

acuminatus 42 

hastingsiae 44 

grandis 45 

flabellula 45 

linearis 45 

davisii 46 

alleghaniensis 46 

Ctenoptycbius 49 

apicalis 50 

dentatus 51 

lobatus 51 

serratus 52 

Callopristodus 54 

pectinatus 55 

Polyrhizodus 56 

maguus  . 57 

colei 57 

sinuosus 58 

elongatus 58 

attenuatns 68 

concavus 69 

Glossodus 60 

lingua-bovis 60 

Mesolophodus 61 

problematicus 61 


Family  PEISTODONTID /E 62 

Pristodus 62 

falcatus 63 


c2 


xxxvi 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 


Family  PRISTODONTIDiE  {continued). 

Pristodus  concinnus 

benniei 


Page 

64 

64 


Family  SQU^IlTINID^  . . 

Squatina  . . . . 

alifera  . . 

speciosa  . . 

baumbergensis 

crassidens  . . 

cranei  . 


65 

65 

65 

67 

68 

69 

70 


Family  PRISTIOPHOMD^ 

Family  PRISTID^  . . , 

Pristis  .... 

bisulcatus  . 

contortus  . 

Propriatis  . . . 

Sclerorhynchus  . 
atavus  . . 


72 

73 
73 

73 

74 
76 
76 
76 


FamUy  RHINOEATID^  . 
llhinobatua  . . 

bugesiacus 

morinicus  . 

maronita  . 

tenuirostris 

intermedius 

latua 

obtusatus 

primmvus 

Trygonorhina 

Belemnobatis 

sismoudffi 

Aaterodermus 
platypterua 


77 

77 

78 
80 
80 
81 
82 
82 
82 
82 
83 

83 

84 
84 
84 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX.  XXXvii 

Page 

Family  RAJID.® 84 

Raja 85 

expansa 85 

minor 85 

primarmata 85 

clavata 87 

Dynatobatis 89 

Acant.bobatis 89 

Oncobatis 90 

Family  TORPEDINID.^ 90 

Torpedo 90 

FamUy  PSAilMODOJfTID^ 91 

Copodus 91 

comutus 91 

spatulatus 93 

furcatus 94 

lingua 94 

auriculatus 95 

minimus 95 

planus 96 

oblongus 96 

prototypus 97 

angulatus 98 

(?)  cuneatus 98 

PsammoduB 99 

rugosus 100 

expansus 105 

salopiensis 105 

trapeziformis 105 

angustus 106 

specularis 107 

Archseobatis 108 


XXXViii  SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 

Page 

Family  MYLIOBATID^ 109 

Myliobatis 109 

dixoiii 109 

striatus 112 

gonioplourus 115 

toliapicus 110 

, latidens 118 

stokcsii 118 

angustidens 119 

(?)  fcumidens 119 

Ehinoptera 125 

daviosii 126 

studeri 127 

woodwardi 127 

Aetobatis 127 

irregularis 128 

marginalis 129 

Apocopodon 132 

Ptyebodus 132 

mammillaris 133 

rugostiH 136 

oweni 138 

deourrens 138 

polygyrus 143 

multistriatus 146 

latissimus 147 

mortoni 149 

Family  TEYGONID^ 152 

Trygou 152 

Tseniura  . . . . 152 

Xiphotrygon 153 

acutidens 154 

Urolophus 154 

princeps  . . . . ' 154 

Cyclobatis 155 

oligodactylus 155 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX.  XXXix 

Famil)’  TEYGONID.®  (continued). 

Page 

Cyclobatis  major 155 

sp.  ind 156 

Tectospondyli  incertse  sedis 156 

Suborder  ASTEBOSPONDTLI 157 

Family  NOTIDANID.1E I57 

Notidanus I57 

muensfceri 158 

serratus I59 

dentatus 159 

lanceolatus 160 

microdon  . 160 

serratissimus 162 

primigenius 163 

gigas 165 

Chlam}-doselache 168 

Family  COCHLIODONTID^  169 

Helodus 171 

simplex I7I 

Pleuroplax I73 

rankinei 173 

attheyi I75 

woodi 175 

Psephodus 176 

magnus I77 

lasvissimus 181 

salopiensis 182 

dubius 183 

Sandalodus 

morrisii 185 

minor _ I87 

angustus 187 

carbonarius 188 

laevissimus 188 


xl 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 


Pamily  COCHLIODONTIDjE  (continued). 

Page 

Sandalodus  complanatus 

Tomodus 

convexus 

Xystrodus 

striatus 



(?)  egertoni 

Deltodus 

Bublaivis 

gibbus 1®' 

rugosus 

concha 

occidentalis 

spatulatus 

PcEcilodus ' 

• . 902 

jonesn 

gibbosus 

Cochliodus 

contortus 

— 208 

Stroblodus 209 

oblongus 209 

colei ■ • 210 

91 1 

egertoni . 

Deltoptychins 212 

acutus 212 

gibbcrulus 214 

Diplaoodus 216 

bulboides 216 

Cyrtonodus 216 

hornei 216 

Family  CESTEACIONTID^ 229 

Orodus 230 

cinctus 230 

ramosns 231 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX.  xli 

Family  CESTRACIONTIDjE  {continued). 

Page 

Orodus  ornatus 233 

elongatus 233 

catenatus 234 

tuberculatus 234 

moniliformis 234 

mammillaris 235 

elegantulus 235 

tenuis 236 

(?)  gibbus 236 

Campodus 238 

agassizianus 238 

Diclitodus 241 

scitulus 241 

Sphenacanthus 241 

serrulatus 242 

costellatus 242 

hybodoides 242 

Tristychius 244 

arcuatus • . 245 

Wodnika 248 

althausi 248 

Pala;obates  . ^ 248 

angustissiraus 249 

Hybodus 250 

plicatilis 250 

mougeoti 252 

polycyphus 253 

cuspidatus 253 

apicalis 254 

minor 254 

lawsoni 255 

cloacinus 256 

raricostatus 257 

delabechei 259 

medius  264 

reticulatus 266 


xlii 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 


Famil}'  CESTEACIONTIDjE  {continued). 

Page 

Hybodus  polyprion 268 

levis 269 

grossiconus 270 

obtusus 272 

basanus 273 

sp.  inc.  (?  strictus) 275 

sp.  inc.  (?  striatulus) 276 

sp.  inc 276 

Acrodus 279 

gaillardoti 279 

lateralis 280 

keuperinus 281 

minimus 282 

nobilis 283 

anningise 289 

leiodus 295 

leioplourus 295 

hirudo 296 

ornatus 296 

levis 296 

nitidus 297 

(?)  illingworthi 297 

Asteracanthus 307 

ornatissimus 307 

, var.  flettonensis 312 

semisulcatus 312 

acutus 313 

verrucosus 313 

granulosus 314 

Strophodus  magnus 314 

tenuis 317 

lingualis 319 

Bdellodus 321 

bollensis 321 

Palfcospinax 321 

prisons 322 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX.  xUii 

Family  CESTEACIONTID.®  (continued). 

- Page 

Palmospinax  egertoni 324 

Synechodus 325 

dubrisiensis 327 

tenuis 329 

recurvus 329 

sulcatus 330 

Cestracion 331 

falcifer 332 

sulcatus 333 

canaliculatus 334 

rugosus 335 

Family  SCYLLllD^ 338 

Palffioscyllium 338 

formosura 338 

minus 339 

ScyUium 340 

angustum 34O 

antiquum 340 

dubium 341 

elongatum 341 

curtirostre 342 

(?)  tumidens 342 

Pristiurus 344 

hossci 344 

Mesiteia 344 

sahel-almm 345 

emilim 343 

Chilosey  Ilium 

Crossorhinus 34y 

CantioscyUium 347 

decipiens 347 

Ginglymostoma 348 

serra 

Family  LAMYIDjE 349 

Orthacodus 349 


xliv 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 


Family  LAMNID^E  (continued). 

Page 

Ortliacodus  longidens 349 

Scapanorhynchus 351 

lewisii 351 

elongatus 353 

rhaphiodon 353 

(?)  subulatuR 356 

(?)  gigas 358 

Odontaspis 360 

bronni ' 360 

rutoti 361 

elegans 361 

contortidens 366 

cuspidata 368 

complanata 372 

inourva 372 

vorax 373 

(?)  crassidens 373 

Alopecias 375 

Oxyrhina 376 

manteUi 376 

subbasalis 380 

angustidens 380 

macrorhiza 381 

crassidens 382 

triangularis 382 

desorii 382 

vanieri 385 

hastalis 385 

crassa 389 

Lamna 392 

appendiculata 393 

lata 

scmiplicata 397 

sulcata 398 

macrorhiza 399 

crassa 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 


xlv 


Family  LAMNIDjE  (continued). 

Lamna  serra 

divergeus  .... 

trigonata  .... 

macrota  .... 

vincenti  .... 

(?)  obliqua  .... 

Carcharodon 

subserratus  . . . 

lanciformis  . . 

auric ulatus .... 

megalodou  .... 

rondeletii  .... 

Corax 

pristodontus  . . . 

falcatus 

affinis 

Cetorhinus  . . . 

duponti 

FamUy  CAECHAllIID^  .... 

Carcharias 

(Scoliodou)  orpionsis 

(Scoliodou)  eocsenus  . 

-= (Aprionodon)  gibbesii 

(Prionodon)  egertoni 

(Prionodon)  aculeatus 

Galeocerdo 

contortus  .... 

latidens  .... 

aduncuB  .... 

minor 

Hemipristis 

serra  

Galeus 

Spbyma 

prisca 

Mustelus 


Page 
. 400 

. 401 
. 401 
. 402 
. 403 
. 404 
. 410 
. 411 
. 411 
. 411 
. 415 
. 420 
. 422 
. 423 
. 424 
. 427 
. 429 
. 430 

. 435 
. 435 
. 436 
. 436 
. 437 
. 439 
. 440 
. 443 
. 443 
. 444 
. 444 
. 446 
. 448 
. 449 
. 452 
. 453 
. 453 
. 455 


xlvii 


LIST  OF  WOODCUTS, 


Page 

Fig.  A.  Cyclobatis  oligodactylus.  Pelvis xx 

li.  Pleuracanthus  gaudryi.  Restored  slceleton  ....  xxiv 

1.  Squatina  alifera.  Slceleton 66 

2.  spcciosa.  Skeleton 68 

3.  Rhinobatus  bugesiacus.  Skeleton 79 

4.  Myliobatis  dixoni.  Section  of  tooth Ill 

5.  striatus.  Section  of  tooth 114 

6.  Ptychodus  decurrens.  Plan  of  dentition  ....  132 

7.  Notidanus  gigas.  Teeth 166 

8.  Cocliliodus  contortu8.  Dentition 207 

9.  Acrodus  anningiae.  Teeth 290 

10.  anningia).  Dtoitition 293 

11.  Astoracanthus  ornatissimus.  Dentition  . . . . 310 

12.  Synechodus  dubrisiensis.  Dentition 326 

13.  Cestracion  philippi.  Jaw,  with  dentition  ....  332 


CATALOGUE 


OF 

FOSSIL  FISHES. 


Class  PISCES. 

Subclass  I.  ELx\SMOBRANCHII. 

Skeleton  cartilaginous,  membrane-bones  absent  (?  except  rarely, 
ill-defined).  Mandibular  suspensorium  articulated  with  the  cranium ; 
gill-clefts  separated,  without  external  cover.  Exoskeleton,  when 
pre.sent,  structurally  identical  with  the  teeth.  In  the  living  forms 
— optic  nerves  not  decussating,  bulbus  arteriosus  of  the  heart  with 
three  series  of  valves,  intestine  with  a spiral  valve,  and  ovaries  with 
few  large  ova. 


Order  I.  ICHTHYOTOMl. 

Endoskcletal  cartilage  permeated  throughout  with  granular  calci- 
fications. Notochord  rarely  or  never  constricted ; calcifications  of 
the  sheath  arrested  at  the  most  primitive  “ rbacbitomous  ” stage, 
except  in  the  caudal  region.  Neural  and  haimal  arches  and  spines 
long  and  slender  ; no  intercalary  cartilages.  Pectoral  fins  with  long 
segmented  axis  (“  archipterygial  ”). 

Family  PLEURACANTHIDiE. 

Body  slender,  but  slightly  depressed ; mouth  terminal ; tail  diphy- 
cercal.  Dorsal  fin  elongate,  low,  continuous  along  the  back  from  a 
point  shortly  behind  the  head  ; slender  interneural  cartilages  more 
numerous  than  the  neural  spines.  Pectoral  fin  with  biserial  arrange- 
ment of  cartilaginous  rays. 

4 B 


2 


ICHTHYOTOMI. 


Genus  PLEURACANTHUS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Fosb.  vol.  iii.  1837,  p.  66.] 

Syn.  Diplodus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  181.%  p.  204. 

Oflhacanthus!,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  1843,  pi.  4.5,  figs.  7-9. 

Xenacanthiis,  E.  Beyricli,  Monatsb.  Verb.  k.  Prenss.  Akad.  Wiss. 
1848,  p.  24. 

Triodus,  Jordan,  Neues  Jahrb.  1849,  p.  843. 

Compsaeanthtm,  J.  8.  Newberry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbilad. 
1856,  p.  100. 

Dittodus,  It.  Owen,  Trans.  Odont.  See.  toI.  v.  1867,  p.  326. 

Ayanodtm,  R.  Owen,  tom,  cit.  p.  3.59. 

Ochlodtis,  R.  Owen,  tom.  cit.  p.  346. 

Pternodm,  R.  Owen,  tom.  cit.  p.  .363. 

Thrinacodu^,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  1876, 
p.  289. 

Lophacanthus,  T.  Stock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [6]  vol.  v.  1880, 
p.  217. 

Anodontacanthus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxvii.  1881,  p.  427. 

Didymodu.1,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbilad.  1883, 

p.  108. 

Body  probably  destitute  of  shagreen  ; a long  barbed  spine,  with 
two  series  of  denticles,  placed  dorsally  immediately  behind  the  head. 
Tooth  with  thick  depressed  root,  the  crown  consisting  of  two  prin- 
cipal divergent  cones,  generally  of  unequal  size,  with  a more  or  less 
minute  intermediate  denticle,  and  often  a round  flat-topped  boss 
(“  button  ”)  behind. 

The  generic  identity  of  the  fishes  bearing  the  spines  named 
Plmracanthus  and  Xenacanthns,  and  the  teeth  named  Diplodus,  was 
first  pointed  out  by  Egerton  ’.  Triodus  was  also  referred  to  the 
same  genus  by  Schnur  and  Orthacanthus  by  J.  W.  Davis  *.  Zittel 
ha.s  already  remarked"  upon  the  probable  identity  of  CompsacantJius 
with  the  so-called  Orthacanthus  ■,  and  Traquair  has  determined®  the 
identity  of  Anodontacanthus,  in  part,  with  the  spines  of  the  present 
genus.  The  name  Thrinacodus  was  given  by  St.  John  and  \Yorthen  to 
teeth  differing  from  those  Diplodus'’  in  the  absence  of  a “ button  ” 

a character  apparently  inconstant,  as  noted  by  Cope  Dittodus, 


‘ Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  xx.  (1857),  p.  423. 

® Zeitschr.  deutsch.  geol.  Gesell.  vol.  viii.  (I860),  p.  542. 
® Quart.  .Toum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xxxvi.  (1880),  p.  331. 

" Handb.  Palseont.  vol.  iii.  pt.  i.  (1887),  p.  90. 

® Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v.  (1888),  p.  101.  ’ 


PLEURACANTHIDiS. 


3 


Aganodtis,  Ochhdut,  and  Pternodug,  according  to  Hancock  and 
Atthey  are  supposed  genera  founded  upon  fragments  of  the  teeth 
named  Diplodus.  Didgmodus  must  also  be  included  here  until 
satisfactory  evidence  as  to  its  true  position  is  obtained ; the  dis- 
tinctive features  noted  by  Prof.  Cope  * are  most  probably  due  to  the 
perfection  of  the  Texas  fossils  as  compared  with  those  of  Europe. 

The  teeth  of  most  species  of  Pleuracanthus  cannot  yet  be  corre- 
lated with  the  spines,  and  it  is  thus  necessary  stiU  to  retain  the 
provisional  name  of  Diplodus. 

I.  Species  already  Icmwn  with  much  completeness. 

Pleuracanthus  decheni  (Goldfuss). 

1847.  Orthacanthus  decheni,  Goldfuss,  Neues  Jahrb.  p.  404. 

1847.  Orthacanthus  decheni,  Goldfuss,  Beitr.  vorw.  Fauna  Steink.  p.  23, 
pi.  v.  figs.  0-11. 

1848.  Xenacanthus  decheni,  E.  Beyrich,  Monatsh.  Verb.  k.  Preuss. 
Akad.  Wiss.  p.  24. 

1840.  Triodus  sessUis,  Jordan,  Neues  Jahrb.  p.  843. 

1851-66.  Xenacanthus  decheni,  F.  Koemer,  in  Bronn's  Letb.  geogn. 
3rd  ed.  vol.  i.  p.  C03,  pi.  ix*.  fig.  15. 

1856.  Xenacanthus  decheni,  Schnur,  Zeitscbr.  deutsch.  geol.  Ges. 
vol.  viii.  p.  642. 

1857.  Xenacanthus  decheni,  F.  Roemer,  Zeitscbr.  deutsch.  geol.  Ges. 
vol.  ix.  p.  CO. 

1857.  Pleuracanthus  decheni,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2] 
vol.  XX.  p.  423. 

1861.  Xenacanthus  decheni,  H.  B.  Geinitz,  Byas,  p.  23,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  1. 

1867.  Xenacanthus  decheni,  R.  Kner,  Sitzungsb.  k.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien, 
vol.  Iv.  pt.  i.  p.  640,  pis.  i.-x.’ 

1808.  Xenacanthus  decheni,  C.  Liitken,  Geol.  Mag.  vol.  v.  p.  376. 

1880.  Pleuracanthus  decheni,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxvi.  p.  321. 

1883.  Pleuracanthus  and  Xenacanthus,  C.  Ilasse,  Neues  Jahrb.  vol.  ii. 
p.  65. 

Type.  Imperfectly  preserved  skeleton  ; Berlin  Museum. 

A comparatively  small  species,  the  barbed  spine  not  attaining  a 
greater  length  than  about  0-11  m.  in  the  adult.  Spine  much 
compressed  and  flattened  antero-posteriorly  ; denticles  thick,  pointed 
hut  not  hooked,  placed  in  very  clo.se  series  upon  each  lateral  margin. 
Principal  cones  of  the  dental  crown  compressed,  smooth  or  slightly 
striated,  with  a slender  intermediate  denticle. 

‘ Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumb.  & Durham,  vol.  iii.  p.  113. 

’ See  detailed  description  in  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1884,  pp.  572-590,  plate. 

’ This  is  the  most  exhaustive  account  of  the  genus  and  species  yet  published. 

B 2 


4 


ICHTHYOTOMI. 


•It  is  uncertain  at  present  whether  all  the  specimens  commonly 
referred  to  this  species  are  truly  identical,  but  we  venture  to  adopt 
the  provisional  arrangement  of  Kner.  Many  of  the  differences 
noted  between  the  various  fossils  are  undoubtedly  duo  to  accident 
in  preservation ; moreover,  it  appears  that  errors  in  description  must 
also  bo  taken  into  account*. 

Form.  4"  Loc.  Lower  Permian  (Eothliegendes)  : Bohemia,  Silesia, 
Ilhonish  Prussia. 

19665-6.  Two  imperfect  skeletons,  one  showing  a portion  of  the 
spine  in  position,  the  other  a part  of  the  pectoral  fin  ; 
Ituppersdorf,  Bohemia.  The  first  of  these  specimens 
exhibits  distinct  calcifications  in  the  sheath  of  the  noto- 
chord, and  is  referred  to  by  Hasse,  Neues  Jahrb.  1883, 
vol.  ii.  p.  65.  Purchased,  1845. 

35015.  Imperfect  skeleton,  with  the  impression  of  the  complete 
spine  and  a well-preserved  fragment  of  this  defence 
(PI.  VI.  fig.  1)  ; llupporsdorf.  This  specimen  exhibits 
complete  broad  ring-like  calcifications  in  the  sheath  of  the 
notochord  in  the  caudal  region,  and  is  noticed  by  Hasse, 
loc.  cit.  Purchased,  1860. 

P.  1729.  Crushed  skull  and  pectoral  arch,  with  the  spine  in  position  ; 

Euppersdorf.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  3182.  A similar,  but  smaller  specimen  ; Euppersdorf. 

Emiiskillen  Coll. 

38154.  Specimen  0-325  m.  in  length,  showing  imperfect  teeth  and 
spine,  a portion  of  the  pectoral  arch,  the  vertebral  column, 
and  impressions  of  the  dorsal  and  pectoral  fins ; Braunau, 
Bohemia.  In  the  abdominal  region  there  appear  to  be 
calcifications  in  the  sheath  of  the  notochord.  The  acutely- 
lobato  character  of  the  pectoral  fin  is  well  shown  by  the 
preservation  of  a fringe  of  horny  fin-rays,  such  as  are  also 
present  in  the  dorsal  flu. 

Presented  by  Sir  Itoderick  1.  Murchison,  K.C.B.,  1864. 

P.  3183.  Portion  of  axial  skeleton  of  the  trunk,  with  median  fin, 
doubtfully  referred  to  this  genus  and  species ; Braunau. 
The  expansion  of  the  bases  of  the  neural  and  haemal  arches 
is  well  shown.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

* £.  g.  Bee  Kner’e  remarks  upon  the  spine  described  by  Goldfuss,  loc.  cit. 
p.550. 


PLEUEACANTHIDiE. 


5 


P.  1728.  Eemains  of  the  head  and  anterior  portion  of  the  trunk  ; 

Klein  Neundorf,  near  Lowenberg,  Silesia.  A few  teeth 
are  shown,  having  the  coronal  cusps  smooth. 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3179.  A similar  specimen,  exhibiting  more  of  the  trunk,  but  no 
teeth  ; Klein  Neundorf.  EmiiskiUen  Coll. 

P.  3180.  Head  and  anterior  portion  of  the  trunk,  upper  and  lateral 
aspect ; Klein  Keundorf.  The  cartilages  of  the  appen- 
dicular skeleton  and  the  axial  skeleton  of  the  trunk 
exhibit  distinct  nodular  calcifications,  having  thus  a 
“beaded”  appearance.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3181.  Portion  of  trunk,  showing  imperfect  pelvic  girdle  and  fins  ; 

Klein  Neundorf.  Triangular  calcifications  are  distin- 
guishable, and  may  be  either  the  bases  of  the  arches  or 
elements  in  the  sheath  of  the  notochord.  Enniskillen  Coil. 

40046.  Portion  of  trunk,  preserved  in  counterpart,  showing  the 
supporting  cartilages  of  the  dorsal  fin  more  numerous  than 
the  neural  spines ; in  nodule  from  Lebach,  near  Saar- 
briicken,  llhcnish  Prussia.  The  bases  of  the  neural  and 
ha3mal  arches  exhibit  triangular  expansions,  and  no  dis- 
tinct calcifications  are  observed  in  the  sheath  of  the  noto- 
chord. Purchased,  1806. 

40047.  Head  and  anterior  portion  of  the  trunk,  preserved  in  coun- 
terpart; Lebach.  The  coronal  cusps  of  the  teeth  are 
smooth.  Purchased,  I860.. 

II.  Species  founded  upon  spines. 

Pleuracanthus  laevissimus,  Agassiz. 

18.37.  Pleuracanthm  Usvksimus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  CO,, 
pi.  4o.  figs.  4,  6. 

1843.  Pleuracant/ms planus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  177  (name  only). 

1873.  Plettraeanthus  Imvissimus,  T.  P.  Barkas,  Coal  Meas.  Palroont. 
p.  17,  pi.  i.  figs.  14-lC. 

1875.  Pleuracanthus  lavissimus,  .1.  Ward,  [Proc.’J  N.  Staffs.  Nat.  Field- 
Club,  p.  236. 

1880.  Compsaeanthus  major,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxvi.  p.  62,  woode.  fig.  2. 

1880.  Pleuracanthus  leevissimus,  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xxxvi.  p.  32.5. 

1880.  Pleuracanthus  erectus,  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xxxvi.  p.  320, 
woode.  fig.  2. 


ICHTHTOTOMI. 


1880.  Fieuracanthus  pulchelhts,  J.  W.  Davis,  he.  cit.  vol.  xxxvi.  p.  327, 
pi.  xii.  fig.  2. 

1881.  Anodemtacanthua  faatigiatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  he.  cit.  vol.  xxxvii. 
p.  428,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  12.J 

(?)  1881.  Anodontacanthua  obtusua,  J.  W.  Davis,  he.  cit.  vol.  xxxvii. 
p.  428,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  11. 

1888.  Fieuracanthus  leevissimus,  R.  II.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v. 

p.  101. 

Type.  Spine  from  8.  Staffordshire  Coal-Measures. 

Spine  of  adult  fish  attaining  a maximum  length  of  about  0-3  m., 
straight,  compressed  antoro-posteriorly  throughout  the  greater  por- 
tion. of  its  length,  but  with  a median  longitudinal  angulation  towards 
the  distal  extremity.  Denticles  placed  laterally,  of  moderate  size, 
very  sharply  pointed  and  reflexed. 

P.  erectus,  Davis,  is  evidently  founded  upon  an  abraded  portion 
of  a spine  pertaining  to  this  species.  P.  planus,  Agassiz,  is  identical 
with  P.  pulcJidlus,  Davis,  and  as  there  is  no  feature  except  size  sepa- 
rating it  from  the  typical  P.  lawissimus,  while  intermediate  forms  in 
this  respect  are  noted  below,  it  cannot  bo  regarded  as  distinct. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Coal-Measures  : Midlothian,  Lanarkshire,  Scotland  ; 
Northumberland,  Yorkshire,  Staffordshire,  England. 

41115.  Crushed  and  abraded  spine,  8 inches  (0’23  m.)  in  length  ; 

Dalkeith,  Edinburgh.  The  worn  extremity  shows  the 
characters  of  the  so-called  P.  erectus.  Purchased,  1868. 

33226-7,  36175.  Fragments  of  spines;  Dalkeith. 

Purchased,  1857,  1862. 
P.  3027,  P.  3027  a.  One  spino  0’255  m.  in  length,  and  the  terminal 
half  of  a smaller  example;  Dalkeith.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3178,  P.  3178a,  P.  3178b.  Three  incomplete  largo  specimens; 

Dalkeith.  The  first  spine  is  0'35  m.  in  length  ; in  the 
second  the  rows  of  lateral  denticles  are  more  posteriorly 
situated  than  ordinarily.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3028.  A much  abraded  imperfect  spine  ; Dalkeith. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1730.  Fragments  of  spines,  probably  all  of  this  species  ; Cauden- 
foot,  near  Dalkeith.  One  is  remarkable  for  the  small  size 
of  the  proximal  lateral  denticles.  Fjgerton  Coll. 

P.  1730  a.  Portion  of  small  spine  having  the  lateral  denticles  placed 
far  posteriorly,  as  in  No.  P.  3178  a ; Caudenfoot. 

Egerton  Coll. 


PLEURACAUTHIDvE. 


7 


P.1732.  Distal  two-thirds  of  small  spino ; locality  unknown.  This 
specimen  shows  several  of  the  lateral  denticles  detached 
from  the  spine.  Egerton  Coll. 

42035.  Portion  of  spine,  probably  of  the  same  type  as  Nos.  P.  1730  a 
and  P.  3178  a ; Airdrie,  Lanarkshire.  Purchased,  1870. 

21423  a.  Small  spine,  doubtfully  assigned  to  young  of  this  species  ; 

Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  Purchased,  1847. 

P.  1181.  Portions  of  two  medium-sized  spines,  and  the  impressions 
of  part  of  two  others ; lliddle  Coal-Measures,  Tingley, 
Yorkshire.  Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  1882. 

P.  1183.  Base  of  a large  specimen  ; Tingley. 

Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  1882. 

P.  1179.  Two  abraded  fragments,  named  P.  erectus,  J.  W.  Davis  ; 

Tingle}'.  Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  1882. 

P.  531.  Specimen  referred  to  by  .\gassiz,  lor,  cit.,  under  the  name 
of  P.  planus ; Leeds,  Yorkshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  1178.  Two  specimens  of  the  so-called  P.  pulchellus,  J.  W.  Davis ; 

Tingley.  Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  1882. 

P.  5170.  Somewhat  larger  and  much  abraded,  though  similar  spe- 
cimen; Longton,  North  Staffordshire.  Purchased, 

P.  1733.  Two  small  spines,  one  much  abraded,  probably  young 
of  this  species  ; Longton.  Egerton  Coll. 

Plenracantbus  robustus,  Davis '. 

1880.  Pleuracanthns  robustus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxvi.  p.  330,  pi.  xii.  fig.  5. 

Type.  Spine  ; Davis  Collection. 

Spine  (so  far  as  known)  not  attaining  a greater  length  than 
0'13  m.,  almost  straight,  round  or  triangular  in  section,  flattened 
posteriorly.  Denticles  large,  robust,  sharply  pointed,  arranged  in 
series  along  each  margin  of  the  posterior  flattened  area. 

Form.  4'  Loe.  Middle  Coal-Measures  : Yorkshire. 

P.  1177,  P.  1180.  Five  incomplete  specimens  ; Tingley. 

Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  1882. 
21423.  Four  small  spines,  doubtfully  associated  with  this  species ; 

Coal-Measures,  Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  Purchased,  1847. 

* It  is  not  improbable  that  the  so-called  Compsacanthus  triangularis  is 
founded  upon  an  abraded  spine  of  thb  species  (J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ. 
Geol.  Soc.  voL  xxxvi.  (18S01  p.  62,  woodc.). 


8 


ICHTHVOTOMI. 


Pleuracanthns  arcuatus,  Newberry. 

1856.  Plmracanthns  arcuatus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  p.  100. 

1873.  Orthacanthw  arcuatm,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio, 
vol.  i.  pt.  ii.  p.  332,  pi.  xl.  %.  4. 

Type.  Spine. 

Spine  (so  far  as  known)  not  more  than  0'15  m.  in  length,  slightly 
arched,  rounded  in  section,  but  flattened  posteriorly.  Denticles 
small,  but  very  robust,  numerous,  and  closely  arranged  in  series 
along  each  margin  of  the  posterior  flattened  area. 

Form.  hoc.  Coal-Measures  : Ohio,  U.S..\. 

P.  1734.  Impression  of  spine  in  shale  ; Linton.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5443.  A similar  fossil ; Linton.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Pleuracanthns  cylindricus  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Orthacanthus  eylindrinis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pi.  45. 
figs.  7 -9. 

1873.  Orthocanthus,  T.  P.  Barkas,  Coal  Meas.  Palsoont.  p.  20,  figs.  39-42. 
1875.  Orthacanthus  cylindricus,  J.  Ward,  [Proc.]  North  Staffs,  Nat. 
Field-Club,  p.  217. 

(?)  1879.  Phricacantkns  biserialis,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 

vol.  XXXV.  p.  186,  pi.  X.  figs.  10,  17. 

1880.  Lophacanthus  taylori,  T.  Stock,  Aun.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [5]  vol.  v. 
p.  217,  woodc. 

1880.  Pleuracanthns  cylindricus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxvi.  p.  331,  woodc. 

(?)1881.  Anodontacanthus  acutus,  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xxxvii. 
p.  428,  pi.  xxii.  fig,  10. 

1888.  Pleuracanthns  (^Orthacanthus')  cylindricus,  R.  H.  Traquair,  Geol. 
Mag.  [3]  vol.  V.  p.  101. 

Type.  Spine. 

Spine  of  adult  fish  attaining  a maximum  length  of  about  0‘5  m., 
straight,  or  slightly  arched  towards  the  apex,  and  cylindrical  in 
section.  Denticles  robust,  pointed,  arranged  in  double  series  upon 
the  posterior  aspect. 

Form.  6f  Loe.  Coal-Measures  : Scotch  Coalfield ; Northumberland, 
Yorkshire,  Lancashire,  Staffordshire. 

P.  1735.  Spine,  16  inches  (0'4  m.)  in  length ; probably  from  Dal- 
keith, near  Edinburgh.  Egertm  Coll. 

P.  3175.  An  equally  largo  specimen,  more  abraded  ; Dalkeith. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3176.  Abraded  fragment  of  small  spine  ; Low-moor,  Yorkshire. 

Enniskillen  Coll, 


PLErBACANIHlI)^. 


P.  3177.  i>inall,  much-abraded  spiue  ; Bassy-mine  Ironstone,  Long- 
ton,  Jf.  Staffordshire.  Enniskillen  CoU. 

P.  244,  P.  5447.  Fragments  of  large  spines ; New  Ironstone,  Fen- 
ton, N.  Staffordshire.  Purchased,  1880,  1886. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
spines,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  ; — 

Pleuracanthus  dUitus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxvi.  (1880),  p.  329,  pi.  xii.  fig.  4. — Middle  Coal- 
Measures  ; Tingley,  Yorkshire. 

Pleuracanthus  alternidentatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  328,  pi.  xii. 

fig.  3. — Coal-Measures  ; near  Leeds,  Yorkshire. 
Pleuracanthus  htserialis,  J.  S.  Newbeny,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

PhUad.  1856,  p.  100. — Coal-Measures;  Ohio. 
Pleuracanthus  bohemieus  : (h-thacanthus  hohemicus,  A.  Fritsch, 
Sitzungsb.  konigl.  bohm.  Gesell.  Wiss.  1877,  p.  47 ; 
loc.  cit.  1879,  p.  189  ; K.  A.  Zittel,  Handb.  Palaeont. 
vol.  iii.  pt.  i.  (1887),  p.  90,  woodc.  fig.  101. — Lower 
Permian ; Bohemia. 

Pleuracanthus  denticulatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  334,  pi.  xii. 

fig.  7. — Lower  Coal-Measures  ; near  Halifax,  Yorkshire. 
Pleuracanthus  dilatatus,  J.  S.  Newberrj’,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

PhUad.  1856,  p.  100. — Coal-Measures  ; Ohio. 
Pleuracantlms  elegans,  E.  H.  Traquair,  Gcol.  Mag.  [2]  vol.  viii. 

(1881), p. 36. — L.  Carboniferous;  Borough  Lee,  Edinburgh. 
Pleuracanthus  frossardi,  A.  Gandry,  Nouv.  Archiv.  Mus.  vol.  iii. 
(1867),  39,  pi.  iii.  fig.  6.—  Middle  Permian ; Autun, 

Saone-et-Loire,  France. 

Pleuracanthus  gaudryi,  C.  Brongniart,  Comptes  Bend.,  vol.  cvi. 

(1888),p.  1240. — Coal-Measures;  Coronientiy,  AlUer. 
Pleuracanthus  graciTlimus,  E.  H.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [2]  vol.  ix. 
(1881),  p.  540. — Lower  Carboniferous;  Borough  Lee, near 
Edinburgh. 

Pleuracanthus  horridulus,  E.  H.  Traquair,  tom.  cit.  p.  541 . — Lower 
Carboniferous ; Borough  Lee,  near  Edinburgh. 
Pleuracanthus  lavis:  Ccmpsacanthus  lavis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Proc. 
Acad.  Philad.  1856,  p.  100,  and  Eep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio, 
voL  i.  pt.  ii.  (1873),  p.  332,  pi.  xl.  fig.  5 ; (?)  Orthacanfhus 
gracilis,  id.  ojj.  cit.  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  p.  56,  pi.  lix.  fig.  7. — 
Coal-Measures;  Ohio. 

Pleuracanthus  guadriseriatu.s : Orihacanthus  quadriseriatus,  E.  D. 
Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1877,  p.  192. — Permian; 
Eastern  Illinois. 


10 


ICHTHTOTOIII. 


Pleuracanthus  tenuis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Gcol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxvi.  (1880),  p.  327,  pi.  xii.  fig.  1. — Lower  Coal- 
Measures  ; near  Halifax,  Yorkshire. 

Pleuracanthus  wardi,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  334,  pi.  xii.  fig.  6. 

— Coal-Metisures  (Ilagminc)  ; Penton,  N.  Stafibrdshire. 

Two  small  spines,  from  the  Devonian  of  llussia,  have  been  erro- 
neously referred  to  this  genus — the  one  named  P.  taberculatus 
(E.  d’Eichwald,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xix.  1846,  no.  iv. 
p.  293,  pi.  X.  figs.  8,  9),  the  other  P.porosus  (E.  d’Eichwald,  Lethma 
Rossica,  vol.  i.  (1860),  p.  1607,  pi.  Iv.  fig.  8). 

III.  Species  fowuled  upon  teeth. 

Diplodus  gibbosuS)  Agassiz. 

1841.  Diplodus  ffiblmus,  E.  W.  Hiuney,  Trans.  Manchester  Geol.  Soc. 

vol  i.  p.  169,  pi.  V.  tigs.  17,  18  (name  and  figure  only). 

1843.  Diplodus  gihbosus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  204,  pi.  22  b. 
fig.  1 (non  figs.  2-6)  (B.M.  Coll.). 

(?)  1843.  Diplodus  minutus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cd.  p.  205,  pi.  22  b.  figs.  6-8. 
1861.  Diplodus  gibbosus,  W.  C.  Williamson,  Phil.  Trans,  p.  680. 

1807.  Dittodus  paralklus,  R.  Owen,  Trans.  Odontol.  Soc.  vol.  v.  p.  326, 
pi.  i. 

1807.  Dittodus  divergens,  R.  Owen,  tom.  cit.  p.  3.34,  pi.  ii. 

1867.  Ochlodus  crassus,  R.  Owen,  toyn.  cit.  p.  340,  pi.  v. 

1807.  Aganodus  apicalis,  R.  Owen,  tom.  cit.  p.  369,  pi.  ix. 

1867.  Aganodm  undalus,  R.  Owen,  tom.  cit.  p.  302,  pi.  x. 

1867.  Plernodus  productm,  R.  Owen,  tom.  cit.  p.  .363,  pi.  xi. 

1870.  Diplodus  giblmsus,  A.  Hancock  & T.  Atthey,  Nat.  Hist.  Trans. 

Northumberland  and  Durham,  vol.  iii.  p.  111. 

1876.  Pleuracanthus  (Diplodus)  gibbosiis,  J.  Ward,  [Proc.l  North  Staffs. 
Nat.  Field-Club,  p.  224. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum  (P.  497). 

Teeth  having  principal  cones  of  the  crown  divergent,  compressed, 
with  lateral  carinm,  sometimes  delicately  serrated ; median  denticle 
short,  compressed,  and  slender,  and  posterior  “ button  ” prominent. 

Form.  hoc.  Coal-Measures : Northumberland,  Lancashire,  Staf- 
fordshire. 

P.  497.  Type  specimen  ; Silverdale,  S.  Stafiford shire.  Egerton  Coll. 
P.  1724.  Fragments  of  teeth  ; Silverdale.  Egerton  Coll. 

46294.  Eleven  teeth ; Longton,  N.  Stafibrdshire. 

Presented  by  John  Ward,  Esq.,  1874- 
46029.  Three  teeth  of  a small  variety,  with  very  divergent  prin- 
cipal cusps,  doubtfully  of  this  species  ; Longton. 

Presented  by  John  Ward,  Esq.,  1874. 
P.  1725.  Two  teeth  from  Deep-mine  shale;  Longton.  Egerton  Coll. 


PLEUKACANTHID^:. 


11 


P.  3025.  Thirteen  teeth,  one  of  unusual  size,  with  very  broad 
compressed  principal  cusps ; Longton.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5161.  Large  tooth  ; Longton.  Purchased,  1885. 

P.  5448.  Tooth,  associated  with  dermal  prickles  ; near  Manchester. 

P.  1726.  Imperfect  teeth  ; Leeds.  Egerton  Coll. 

41205  a.  Small  tooth  ; Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Presented  by  T.  P.  Barkas,  Esq.,  1808. 

Diplodus  tenuis,  sp.  nov. 

1843.  Diplodus  gibbosus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  voL  iii.  p.  204,  pi.  226, 
figs.  2-5. 

1861.  Pleuracanthus  {Xenacanthus)  gibbosus,  J.  W.  .Salter,  Iron  Ores 
Gt.  Britain — South  Wales  (Mem.  Geol.  Surv.),  p.  224,  pi.  i.  fig.  10. 
(?)  1873.  Diplodus  gibbosus  and  Diplodus  sp.,  T.  P.  Barkas,  Coal  Meas. 
Palaeont.  p.  16,  pi.  i.  figs.  6-13. 

1874.  Diplodus,  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental  Surgery,  vol.  ii. 
p.  346,  figs.  i.-v. 

Type.  Detached  teeth,  PI.  VI.  figs.  2-4  ; British  Museum. 

The  two  principal  cones  of  the  dental  crown  slender,  round  in 
section,  slightly  compressed  and  divergent  towards  the  extremities  ; 
intermediate  denticle  very  long  and  slender. 

i^orm.  Loc.  Coal-Measures  : Scotch  Coalfield  ; Northumberland, 
Yorkshire,  Lancashire,  Staffordshire ; South  Wales. 

P.  3026.  Remains  of  associated  teeth.  One,  exhibiting  the  anterior 
aspect,  is  shown,  of  twice  nat.  size,  in  PI.  VI.  fig.  2 ; 
another,  side  view,  in  fig.  4 ; Carluke.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

20695-6.  Four  pieces  of  shale  with  numerous  teeth  ; one,  exhibiting 
the  posterior  aspect,  is  shown,  of  twice  nat.  size,  in  PI. 
VI.  fig.  3 ; Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  Purchased,  1847. 

21422.  Portion  of  a similar  tooth ; Carluke.  Purchased,  1847. 
21975.  Four  teeth ; Carluke.  Purchased, 

P.  5444.  Associated  teeth ; Dalkeith,  Edinburgh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

41635.  Six  pieces  of  shale  with  teeth  and  fragments  of  cartilage,  and 
scattered  minute  pointed  tubercles,  suggestive  of  a sparse 
shagreen ; Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Presented  by  T.  P.  Barkas,  Esq.,  1869. 

P.  1182.  Associated  group  of  teeth,  with  fragments  of  cartilage  ; 
Middle  Coal-Measures,  Tingley,  Yorkshire. 

Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  1882. 

P.  1725a.  Tooth;  Deep-mine  shale ; Longton.  Egerton  Coll. 


12 


icnraroTOMi. 


Diplodus  parvulus,  Traijuair. 

1881.  Diplodus  parndus,  R.  H.  Traquair,  Qeol.  Mag.  [2]  vol.  viii. 
p.  30. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; Traquair  Collection. 

Teeth  of  comparatively  small  size.  Principal  cones  slightly 
compressed,  with  sharp  edges;  coronal  surface  smooth;  median 
denticle  in  the  form  of  a blunt  lobulated  boss  ; posterior  “button” 
present. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Middle  Carboniferous  Limestone : Edinburgh. 

P.  4495.  Six  specimens ; Blackband  Ironstone,  Borough  Lee,  near 
Edinburgh.  Two  of  the  teeth  are  showq,  of  the  natural 
size,  in  PI.  VI.  figs.  5,  6,  both  showing  the  anterior  aspect. 

Presented  hy  11.  H.  Traquair,  Esq.,  M.D.,  1884. 

P.  2295.  Similar  small  tooth  ; Loanhead.  Purchased,  1882. 

Diplodus  latus,  Newberry. 

1850.  Diplodus  latus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
p.  99. 

1800,  Diplodus  latus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  p.  69, 
pi.  iv.  fig.  1. 

187.'}.  Diplodus  latus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  vol.  i. 
pt.  ii.  p.  336. 

1875.  Diplodus  lotus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  p.  44, 
pi.  Iviii.  fig.  1. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

A comparatively  large  species.  Principal  cusps  of  dental  crown 
extremely  compressed  and  broad,  with  strongly  serrated  edges ; 
anterior  median  denticle  small ; posterior  “ button  ” prominent. 
Anterior  border  of  root  produced  downwards  into  an  acute  point. 
Form.  ^ hoc.  Coal-Measures : Illinois,  Ohio,  Indiana,  U.S.A. 

P.  1720.  Two  imperfect  teeth  ; Linton,  Ohio.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  3030.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Linton.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3031.  Portions  of  three  teeth  ; Posey  Co.,  Indiana. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

Diplodus  compressus,  Newberry. 

1866.  Diplodus  compressus,  J.  S.  Newberrv,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  p.  99. 

1860.  Diplodus  compressus,  Newbcri-v  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  00,  pi.  iv.  fig.  2. 


PLEURACANTHID^.  13 

1870.  Diplodiis  compresstis,  O.  St.  John,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xi. 
p.  432. 

1872.  Diplodus  cotnprestug,  O.  St.  John,  in  Hayden’s  Final  Rep.  U.S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Nebraska,  p.  240,  pi.  iv.  fig.  19. 

1873.  Diplodus  compressm,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio, 
vol.  i.  pt.  ii.  p.  335. 

1875.  Diplodus  compressus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  p.  4.5, 
pi.  Iviii.  fig.  2. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  as  large  as  those  of  D.  gihhosus.  Principal  cusps  of  dental 
crown  extremely  compressed,  divergent,  with  serrated  edges ; 
anterior  median  denticle  comparatively  long  and  slender. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  this  supposed  species  is  not  the  young  of 
D.  lotus. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Coal-Measures  : Indiana,  Ohio,  Nebraska. 

P.  1718.  Two  teeth;  Linton,  Ohio.  Egerton  Coll. 

Diplodus  gracilis,  Newberry. 

1866.  Diplodus  graoilis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
p.  99. 

1873.  Diplodus  gracilis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  vol.  i. 
pt.  ii.  p.  335. 

1875.  Diplodus  gracilis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  p.  45, 
pi.  Iviii.  fig.  3. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

DoubtfuUy  distinct  from  D.  compressus ; the  typical  teeth  only 
differ  from  those  of  the  latter  species  in  the  less  compressed  and 
more  slender  character  of  the  principal  cusps. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Coal-Measures : Ohio. 

P.  1719.  Two  teeth  ; Linton.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3029.  Another  tooth  ; Linton.  EnnisTciUen  Coll. 

Diplodus  acinaces,  Dawson. 

1860.  Diplodus  acinaces,  J.  W.  Dawson,  Acad.  Geol.,  Suppl.  p.  46,  fig.  43. 

1878.  Diplodus  acinaces,  J.  W.  Dawson,  Acad.  Geol.,  Sided,  p 211. 
fig.  58.  ’ V , 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  robust ; principal  cusps  of  the  crown  moderately  compressed, 
without  serrated  edges,  one  much  larger  than  the  other,  and  only 
slightly  divergent ; anterior  median  denticle  small,  slender. 

Form.  4r  Loe.  Coal-Measures  : Nova  Scotia. 

P.  1721.  Five  teeth ; Pictou. 


Fjgerton  Coll. 


14 


ICHTHTOTOMI. 


Diplodus  bohemicuS)  Quensledt. 

1882.  Diplodus  bohemicus,  F.  A.  Quenatbdt,  llandb.  Palseont.  3rd  edit, 
p.  277,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  35-37. 

Type.  Detached,  tooth. 

Adult  teeth  equalling  those  of  D.  lotus  in  size,  and  apparently 
only  differing  in  the  somewhat  greater  length  and  slenderness  of  the 
anterior  median  denticle. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Permian  (Gaskohle)  : Bohemia. 

47484.  Two  large  teeth,  almost  perfect ; Kounovd,  near  Rakonitz. 

Purchased,  1876. 

P.  3033.  Similar  tooth  ; Kounova.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

47486.  Two  small  teeth,  probably  of  this  species  ; Nyfan,  near 
Pilsen.  Purchased,  1876. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Diplodus  bieornis : Thrinacodus  hicornis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann. 
Rep.  Gcol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1879,  p.  344. — St.  Louis  Lime- 
stone ; Indiana. 

Diplodus  duplicatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
(1866),  p.  61,  pi.  iv.  flg.  3;  Thrinacodus  duplicate,  St. 
John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  (1875),  p-  289. 
— Keokuk  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Dip>lodus  incurvns,  Newberry  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  62,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  4;  Thrinac.odus  incurvus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom. 
cit.  p.  289. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Diplodus  levidens : Orthacanthus  levidens,  A.  Fritsch,  Sitzungsb. 
kiinigl.  bohra.  Ges.  Wiss.  1879,  p.  189  (undefined).  ■ 
Lower  Permian  ; Kounova,  Bohemia. 

Diplodus  nanus:  Thrinacodus  nanus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom. 

cit.  p.  289,  pi.  V.  figs.  1,  2. — Kindorhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 
Diplodus  penetrans,  J.  W.  Dawson,  Acadian  Geology,  Suppl.  Chap- 
ter, 1860,  p.  50,  fig.  42;  also  op.  cit.  3rd  edit.  (1878), 
p.  211,  woodc.  fig.  57. — Coal-Measures  ; Nova  Seofia. 
Diplodus  plicatus,  A.  Fritsch,  he.  cit.  1879,  p.  189  (undefined).— 
Lower  Permian  ; Knezoves,  Bohemia. 

Skulls  of  two  species  from  the  Permian  of  Texas,  possessing 
teeth  gonerically  identical  with  those  named  Diplodus,  have  been 
described  by  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope  under  the  names  of  Vidymodus 
lexers  and  D.  platypternus.  The  pterygo-quadrate  cartilage 
articulates  with  the  postorbital  process  of  the  cranium,  and  the 


PLEURACANTHID^. 


15 


hyomandibular  is  slender,  as  in  Notulanus  and  the  later  Hybodonts. 
The  cartilages  are  permeated  throughout  by  centres  of  calcification ; 
hut,  as  already  remarked  by  German  *,  Cope’s  determination  of  dis- 
tinct tracts  as  corresponding  to  several  “ elements  ” “ must  be 
regarded  as  very  doubtful.  The  following  is  the  synonymy  of  the 
two  species : — 

Didymodus  texe.nsis,  E.  D.  Cope,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xvi. 
(1887),  p.  285 ; Dtdi/modus,  Cope,  Amer.  Nat.  1884,  p.  412, 
and  D.  compms«« (New'berry),  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1884, 
p.  573 ; Diaeramdus  compresms,  S.  German,  Bull.  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.  Harvard  CoU.  vol.  xii.  no.  1 (1885),  p.  30. 

Didyinodus  platijptenius,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc. 
1884,  p.  590,  and  Amer.  Nat.  1884,  p.  412  ; Diacranodus 
plalyptlernus,  German,  loc.  cit.  p.  30. 

If  truly  generically  distinct  from  Pleuraeanthus,  it  will  be  pre- 
ferable to  adopt  the  name  Diacranodus,  the  term  Didymodon  having 
already  been  occupied  for  a mammal  (Blake,  Geologist,  vol.  vi. 
1863,  p.  8). 

Teeth  identical  with  those  named  Diphdm  also  occur  in  the 
Keuper  of  Somersetshire  (Moore  Collection,  Bath  Museum). 


Genus  CHONDRENCHELYS,  Traquair. 

[Geol.  Mag.  Dec.  3,  vol.  v.  1888,  p.  103.] 

This  imperfectly  known  and  remarkable  genus  is  provisionally 
associated  with  the  Pleuracanthidse,  on  account  of  the  striking 
resemblance  of  its  axial  skeleton  to  that  of  the  Permian  fishes 
described  above  as  Pleuraeanthus  decheni.  The  body  is  very  similar 
in  form ; there  is  the  same  long  dorsal  fin  and  pointed  tail ; the 
calcifications  in  the  sheath  of  the  notochord  appear  to  agree  in  every 
particular ; and  the  cartilaginous  apoph3'ses  have  a similar  “ beaded  ” 
appearance.  In  Chomlrenchelys,  however,  there  is  no  dorsal  spine ; 
the  intemeural  supports  of  the  dorsal  fin-rays  seem  to  be  in  a 
single  scries,  instead  of  in  two  ; and  no  paired  fins  are  distinguish- 
able in  known  specimens,  though  the  well-developed  character  of 
the  pectoral  girdle  is  suggestive  of  this  circumstance  being  due  to 
accident  in  preservation.  The  snout  is  pointed,  and  Dr.  Traquair 

describes  a “ spicular-looking  body  lying  longitudinally  in  the  middle 

of  the  head,  which  may  possibly  be  a parasphenoid  membrane- 
bone. 

' Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Harvard  Coll.  vol.  xii.  no.  1,  p.  29. 

’ Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1884,  pp.  573-577. 


16 


ICHTHYOTOMI. 


Chondrenchelys  problematica,  Traquair. 

1888.  Chomlrencheh/s  problemttica,  U.  II.  Traquair,  loc.  cit. 

Tijpe.  Iraporfeot  skeleton  ; Edinburgh  Museum. 

Single  known  species. 

Form.  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Calciferous  Sandstone) : 
Eskdale,  Dumfriesshire. 

P.  4085.  Skeleton,  0-17  m.  in  length,  more  or  less  perfectly 
preserved  in  the  caudal  region,  and  displaying  the  cha- 
racters of  the  type  specimen.  Purchased,  1883. 


Family  CLADODONTID^. 

An  indefinable  family,  apparently  closely  allied  to  the  Pleura- 
canthidse.  The  only  known  example  of  the  type  genus,  Cladodus, 
exhibits  a pectoral  fin  in  the  form  of  a unisorial  archiptorygium — 
intermediate  between  the  truly  biserial  one  of  Pleuracanthus  and 
the  pectoral  fin  of  modern  Sharks  '.  The  two  halves  of  the  pectoral 
arch  are  described  as  separate,  but  no  other  parts  of  the  skeleton 
are  yet  known. 


Genus  CLADODUS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Eoss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  190.J 

Head  broad,  depressed;  teeth  in  numerous  series.  Crown  of 
tooth  consisting  of  a principal  cone,  long,  subulate,  pointed  and 
conical,  with  one  or  more  similar,  but  smaller,  cones  on  either  side, 
the  outer  of  these  being  generally  the  largest.  Base  expanded  at 
right  angles  to  tho  crown  posteriorly,  the  front  margin,  bearing  the 
coronal  cones,  being  straight,  the  posterior  semicircular. 

Cladodus  mirabilis,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Cladodus  mirabilis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  197, 
pi.  22  b.  figs.  9-13. 

1843.  Cladodus  miUeri,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  199,  pi.  22  b.  figs.  22, 23. 

1855.  Cladodus  mirabilis,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palseoz.  Foss.  p.  619  (in 
part). 

I860.  Cladodus  mirabilis,  E.  d’Eichwald,  Lethsea  Rossica,  vol.  i.  p.  1604. 

1862.  Cladodus,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii. 
p.  105,  pi.  iii.  fig.  6. 

1864.  Cladodus  mirabilis,  H.  Romanowsky,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  vol.  xx.xvii.  no.  iii.  p.  166,  pi.  iv.  fig.  31. 


' B.  H.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v.  (1888),  p.  83. 


CLADOBOSTIDiE. 


17 


1883.  Cladodus  mirahilis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.'372,  pi.  xlii.  figs.  1-5. 

188.3.  Cladodm  destructor,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  376,  pi.  xlix. 
fig.  16. 

1883.  Cladodm  milleri,  J.  AV.  Davis,  tom.  dt.  p.  378,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  16. 

1883.  Cladodus  mucronatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  torn.  cit.  p.  380,  pi.  xlix. 
fig.  21. 

188.3.  Cladodm  hasalis,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  379,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  IS. 

1884.  Cladodm  mucronatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xl.  p.  619,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  10. 

1888.  Cladodus  mirMlis,  R.  H.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v.  p.  81. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  : Geological  Society  of  London. 

Teeth  very  robust,  the  crown  consisting  of  a median  principal 
cone,  and  two  or  three  large  lateral  cones  on  each  side.  The  cones 
are  very  slightly  compressed,  though  with  sharp  lateral  edges  to- 
wards the  apex,  which  is  acute  ; all  are  marked  from  the  base  up- 
wards throughout  the  greater  portion  of  their  length  with  delicate 
longitudinal  stri®.  The  summits  of  the  cones  are  slightly  inclined 
backwards,  and  those  of  the  extreme  lateral  pair  also  outwards. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone:  Armagh  and 
Wexford,  Ireland;  Somersetshire,  Shropshire,  and  Derbyshire, 
England.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  (Yoredale  Rocks) : Derby- 
shire and  Yorkshire,  England.  Lower  Carboniferous : Government 
of  Toula,  Russia. 

P.  2925-9.  Five  specimens,  figured  hy  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy. 
Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  pi.  xlix.  figs.  1-5 ; Armagh  and 
Tynan.  Ennisl-illen  Coll. 

P.  2938.  Type  specimen  of  C.  destructor,  Davis ; Armagh.  As 
noted  by  R.  H.  Traquair,  this  is  almost  certainly  a frag- 
ment of  a large  tooth  of  C.  mirahilis.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2930.  Eighteen  teeth  ; Armagh.  Four  are  small,  resembling 
the  so-called  C.  hasalis.  EhiniskUlen  Coll. 

P.  2937.  Very  large  tooth,  much  crushed;  Armagh. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1317.  Two  small  broken  teeth  ; Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  1318.  Small  abraded  tooth,  showing  a minute  cusp  beyond  the 
ordinarily  outermost  lateral  cone ; Hook  Point,  Wexford. 

Egerton  Coll. 

34972.  Imperfect  tooth  from  the  “ Black  Rock,”  Bristol,  similar  to 
the  type  specimen  of  C.  rralleri  preserved  in  the  Bristol 
Museum.  The  characters  of  the  coronal  stri®  appear  to 


0 


18 


ICHTHTOTOMI. 


vary ; and  teeth  of  this  form  may  thus  he  provisionally 
placed  with  G.  mirabilis.  Purchased,  1860. 

P.  1319  a.  Fragment  of  similar  tooth,  from  the  “ Black  Rock, 
labelled  by  Agassiz  G.  mirahilis.  Egerton  Goll. 

34973.  An  imperfect  tooth,  the  denticles  unusually  numerous  and 
slender;  Bristol.  Purchased,  1860. 

P.  2952.  Base  of  a large  and  a small  tooth ; Bristol. 

Ennislcillen  Goll. 

P.  1319,  P.  2919.  Group  of  much  broken  small  teeth  in  limestone, 
bearing  Agassiz’s  MS.  label ; Bristol. 

Egerton  ^ Ennislcillen  Golls. 

36465.  Two ‘imperfect  small  tooth,  one  figured  in  Quart.  Journ. 
Geol.  Soo.  vol.  xviii.  pi.  iii.  fig.  6 ; Groton,  Shropshire. 

Presented  by  0.  E,  Roberts,  Esq.,  1862.  • 

42216.  Seven  imperfect  teeth ; Groton.  Baugh  Goll. 

46821.  Small  tooth  ; Derbyshire.  Gilbertson  Goll. 

P.  5360.  Three  imperfect  teeth,  detached  from  matrix  ; Ticknall,  S. 

Derbyshire.  Wilson  Goll. 

P.  4893.  Four  teeth;  'W’ensleydalo,  Yorkshire.  Horne  Goll. 

49628.  Abraded  and  broken  tooth,  apparently  of  this  species ; 

Richmond,  Yorkshire.  Purchased,  1878. 

Cladodus  marginatas,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Cladodus  marginatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  198, 
pi.  22  b.  figs.  18-20. 

1843.  Cladodus  aeutus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  109,  pi.  22  b.  fig.  21. 
1848.  Cladodus  lavis,  F.  McCoy,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii. 
p.  133. 

1865.  Cladodus  leevis,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palseoz.  Foss.  p.  619,  pi.  3 k. 

fig.  6. 

1856.  Cladodus  mirabilis,  F.  McCoy,  op.  cit.  p.  619  (in  part). 

1883.  Cladodus  marginatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  373,  pi.  xHx.  figs.  7-9. 

1883.  Cladodus  conicus,  .1.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  664,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  6. 
1883.  CJadodus  acuius,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  377,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  17. 

Type.  Detached  teeth : Geological  Society  of  London. 

Teeth  robust,  the  crown  consisting  of  a median  principal  cone,  and 
not  more  than  two  lateral  cones  on  each  side.  The  cones  are  much 
compressed,  with  sharp  lati.'ral  edges ; except  when  worn,  they  are 
marked  by  few  small  irregular,  sharp  striae.  The  apex  of  the 


CLIDOBONTID^. 


19 


principal  cone  is  generally  obliquely  directed  to  one  side,  and  the 
lateral  cones  are  incompletely  separated,  the  exterior  diverging 
outwards. 

The  teeth  of  this  species  are  often  extraordinarily  worn. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2933-6.  Four  specimens,  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  pi.  xlix 
figs.  6-9.  Enniskillen  CoU. 

P.  2937,  P.  2951.  Twenty  more  or  less  broken  and  abraded  teeth. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2932.  Three  teeth ; Tynan,  Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

38508.  Small  worn  tooth,  smooth.  Purchased,  1864. 

P.  2943.  Five  small  teeth.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Cladodns  striatns,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Cladodtis  striatm,  L.  .iVgassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  197,  pi.  22  b. 
figs.  14-17. 

1865.  Cladodus  etriatus,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palseoz.  Foss.  p.  620. 

(?)  1878.  Cladodus  striatus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Garb.  Belg. 

(Ann.  Mus.  Roy.  d’Hist.  Nat.  Belg.)  vol.  ii.  pt.  i.  p.  26,  pi.  iii.  fig.  3. 
1883.  Cladodus  striatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  375,  pi.  xlix.  figs.  12, 13. 

1883.  Cladodus  eUmgatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  374,  pi.  xlix.  figs. 

10, 11. 

1883.  Cladodus  eurtus,  J.  W.  Davis  (non  C.  curtus,  Davis,  1881),  tom. 
cit.  p.  379,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  19. 

1883.  Cladodus  hornei,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  380,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  20. 

1884.  Cladodus  homei,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl. 
p.  619,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  11. 

1884.  Cladodus  striatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  619. 

1888.  Cladodus  striatus,  R.  H.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v.  p.  81. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Geological  Society  of  London. 

Crown  of  teeth  with  long  slender  principal  cone,  and  a numerous 
series  of  small  lateral  cones.  The  outer  pair  of  lateral  cones  is 
much  the  largest,  those  placed  between  being  very  small  and  five  or 
six  in  number  on  each  side ; the  anterior  margin  of  the  crown  is 
also  covered  by  a narrow  irregular  cluster  of  very  small  projecting 
points.  The  crown  is  marked  by  numerous  fine  longitudinal  stria;, 
and  the  principal  cone  is  compressed,  with  a pair  of  sharp  lateral 
edges. 

Form.  4r  Loc.  Lower  Carhoniferous  Limestone  : Armagh,  Ireland. 
Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone ; Northumberland,  Westmoreland, 
Yorkshire,  Derbyshire,  Shropshire,  England. 


c2 


20 


ICHTHTOTOMl. 


P.  2920-1.  Two  teeth,  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Eoy. 

Dublin  Sec.  [2]  vol.  i.  pi.  xlix.  figs.  12,  13;  Tynan, 
Armagh.  CoTl, 

P.  2923.  Twenty-six  teeth ; Armagh.  EnnisJnllen  Coll. 

P.  1317,  P.  1320.  Portions  of  two  small  teeth,  and  base  of 
tooth  ; Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2922,  P.  2944.  Thirteen  specimens,  variously  broken ; Tynan, 
Armagh.  EnnisJcillen  Coll, 

P.  2942.  Nine  small  teeth,  one  abnormal  and  double ; Armagh. 

EnnisJdllen  Coll. 

P.  5149.  Two  teeth;  Tynan,  Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

35468-71.  Four  small  teeth ; Richmond,  Yorkshire. 

Purchased,  1860. 

36176.  Tooth  associated  with  fragment  of  Erismacanthus  •,  Richmond. 

Purchased,  1862. 

P.  2924.  Seven  teeth,  one  detached  from  matrix  ; Richmond. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  4892,  P.  4898.  Six  teeth;  Yoredale  Rocks,  Wensleydale,  York- 
shire. Home  Coll. 

P.  1321.  Two  teeth,  probably  from  Yorkshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

46825-8.  Portions  of  ten  teeth ; Derbyshire.  Gilbertson  Coll. 

P.  5361.  Seven  portions  of  teeth  ; Ticknall,  S.  Derbyshire. 

Wilson  Coll. 

P.  210.  Tooth,  probably  of  this  species ; Oreton,  Shropshire. 

Weccver  Jones  Coll. 

36485.  Bases  of  two  teeth  : Oreton. 

Presented  by  0,  E.  Roberts,  Esq.,  1862. 

Cladodus  curvus,  Davis. 

1883.  Cladodus  curmcs,J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]vol.  i. 
p.  .376,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  14. 

Type,  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

Founded  upon  a unique  tooth,  with  a much  curved  principal 
cone,  and  two  very  largo  lateral  cones,  strongly  marked  with 
striations.  The  tooth  has  the  appearance  of  being  malformed. 

Form.  Sf  hoc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh. 

P.  2939.  Type  specimen.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


CLiDODONTIDai. 


21 


Cladodus  grandis,  Newberry  & Worthen. 

1866.  Cladodu$  grandis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  29,  pi.  i.  tig.  15. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  very  large  and  robust.  Principal  cone  broad,  moderately 
compressed,  with  sharp  lateral  edges  ; outermost  lateral  cones  large, 
slender,  diverging,  others  relatively  small,  4-7  in  number  on  each 
side.  Coronal  surface  marked  by  numerous  delicate  vertical  striae. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Chester  Limestone) : Illinois, 
U.S.A. 

P.  2948.  Two  broken  principal  dental  cones ; Pope  Co.,  Illinois. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

Cladodus  robustus,  Newberry  & Worthen. 

1866.  Cladodus  robustus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  20,  pi.  i.  fig.  1. 

1866.  Cladodtis  rrdcropus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  21,  pi.  i. 

tig.  2. 

1866.  Cladodus  angulatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  24,  pi.  i, 
figs.  7,  8. 

1866.  Cladodus  turritus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  tom  cit.  p.  28,  pi.  i. 
fig.  14. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Crown  of  tooth  relatively  high,  base  small.  Principal  cone  elon- 
gate, sigmoidal,  compressed,  with  sharp  lateral  edges,  and  delicately 
striated  ; lateral  cones  very  small,  not  more  than  two  on  either  side. 

Messrs.  Newberry  and  Worthen  have  already  suggested  the  possi- 
bility of  the  four  forms  of  teeth,  here  assigned  to  C.  robustus,  per- 
taining to  different  parts  of  the  mouth  of  one  individual.  It  is 
inconvenient  to  separate  them  specifically  by  characters  so  slight  as 
those  referred  to  in  the  several  diagnoses. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Keokuk  Limestone) : Illinois, 
U.S.A. 

P.  2950.  Broken  fragment  of  principal  cone  ; Warsaw,  Illinois. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2946.  Tooth  of  the  form  of  “ C.  micropus”;  Warsaw,  Dlinois. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2947.  Similar,  more  perfect  tooth  ; Warsaw,  Illinois. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2941.  Fifteen  fragmentary  teeth,  probably  of  this  species ; 

Warsaw,  Illinois.  Enniskillm  CoU. 


22 


ICHTHTOTOMI. 


Cladodus  spinosus,  Newberry  & Worthen. 

1866.  Cladodm  spinosus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  22,  pi.  i.  fig.  3. 

Tiji>e.  Detached  tooth. 

Principal  cone  of  tooth  long  and  slender,  circular  in  section  below, 
compressed  near  the  apex,  delicately  striated;  lateral  cones  6-7 
on  either  side,  the  outer  pair  much  the  largest.  Anterior  base-line 
of  crown  beset  with  numerous  minute  pointed  prominences. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (St.  Louis  Limestone) : Mis- 
souri, U.8.A. 

P.  2949.  Tooth  showing  posterior  aspect ; St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

Cladodus  springeri,  St.  John  & Worthen. 

1876.  Cladodus  springeri,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 
p.  259,  pi.  ii.  figs.  1-13. 

1878.  Cladodus  springeri,  L.G.  deKoninck,Faune  Calc.  Carb.  Belg.(Ann. 
Mus.  Koy.  d’Hist.  Nat.  Belg.)  vol.  ii.  pt.  i.  p.  28,  pi.  iii.  figs.  6-6. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Principal  cone  of  tooth  long  and  slender,  slightly  compressed,  with 
sharp  lateral  edges  throughout  its  length.  Lateral  denticles  long 
and  slender,  not  more  than  four  in  number  on  each  side,  and 
alternating  in  size  ; the  outer  pair  generally  the  largest  and  di- 
verging. The  anterior  base-line  of  the  crown  is  often  beset  with 
numerous  minute  pointed  prominences ; the  principal  cone  is  marked 
nearly  to  the  apex  by  few,  irregular,  delicate  sharp  strice,  the 
lateral  cones  also  with  the  bolder  striae  extending  to  the  apex. 

L.  G.  de  Koninck  ’ has  suggested  that  the  teeth  named  C.  alter- 
natus,  C.  succinctus,  and  C.  wachsmuthi,  not  improbably  belong  to 
this  species — a suggestion  which  the  respective  figures  and  descrip- 
tions appear  to  the  present  writer  to  render  most  justifiable.  It  is 
also  not  unlikely  that  some  of  the  Russian  teeth  referred  by  Traut- 
schold  “ to  C.  lamnoides  truly  pertain  to  C.  springeri.  The  original 
of  Trautschold’s  fig.  3 6,  pi.  xxviii.  loc.  eit.,  is  evidently  much 
abraded,  and  this  fact  may  account  for  some  of  the  differences  to  be 
observed. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Kinderhook  Formation) : Iowa, 
U.S.A.  Carboniferous  Limestone : Tournai,  Belgium ; Mjatsch- 
kowa,  Russia. 

’ Op.  dt.  pt.  i.  p.  29. 

> Nouv.  M^m.  Acad.  St.  P^tersb.  vol.  liii.  1874,  p.  286,  pi.  xirin.  figs.  Za-e. 


CLADODOI^TID^. 


23 


P.  5114.  One  nearly  perfect  tooth,  and  three  less  complete  speci- 
mens, probably  referable  to  this  species ; Mjatscbkowa, 
Government  of  Moscow.  Purchased,  1886. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  teeth, 
mostly  detached  and  isolated ; but  there  are  no  examples  in  the* 
Collection : — 

Cladodus  acuminatus,  J.  8,  Newberry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  1856,  p.  99 ; also  Eep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  vol.  ii. 
pt.  ii.  (1875),  p.  45,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  4. — Coal-Measures ; 
Tuscarawas  Co.,  Ohio. 

Cladodus  alUrnatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 
(1875),  p.  265,  pi.  ii.  figs.  14-18. — Kinderhook  Lime- 
stone; Iowa. 

Cladodus  hellifer,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  270,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  10 ; L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg.  pt.  i. 
(1878),  p.  27,  pi.  iii.  fig.  4. — Burlington  Limestone; 
Iowa.  L.  Carboniferous  Limestone  (Bed  1 e)  ; Toumai, 
Belgium. 

Cladodus  carinatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  eit.  p.  279,  pi.  iv. 

figs.  6,  7. — Coal-Measures  ; Dliribis,  Iowa. 

Cladodus  concinnus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Eep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio, 
vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  (1875),  p.  48,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  8. — Huron  Shale; 
Lorain  Co.,  Ohio. 

Cladodus  eonicus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  in.  (1843),  p.  199, 
pi.  22  h.  fig.  24 ; J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  378. — Lower  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone ; Bristol. 

Cladodus  costalus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 

(1866),  p.  27,  pi.  i.  fig.  13. — Chester  Limestone;  Illinois. 
Cladodus  deJU,rus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  iv.  (1870), 
p.  355,  pi.  iii.  fig.  3. — Burlington  Limestone ; Illinois. 
Cladodus  divaricatus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp. 

Nat.  Moscou,  voL  xiii.  (1874),  p.  267,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  4. 

L.  Carboniferous  Limestone ; Govt,  of  Toula,  Russia. 
Cladodus  divergens,  H.  Trautschold,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  51, 
pi.  vi.  fig.  11.— L.  Carboniferous  Limestone;  Mjatsch- 
kowa,  Moscow. 

Cladodus  eceentricus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  272,  pi.  iv. 

fig.  4. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Illinois,  Missouri. 

Cladodus  eUgans,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  eit.  vol.  iv.  (1870), 
p.  354,  pi.  iv.  fig.  9. — St.  Louis  Limestone  j Missouri. 


24 


ICHTHYOTOMI. 


Cladodus  euglypheus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  274,  pi.  iv. 
figs.  1-3. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri. 

Cladodus  exiguus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  261,  pi.  iii. 
figs.  13-15. — Kiuderhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Cladodus  exilis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  258,  pi.  i. 
figs.  1-6. — Kinderhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Cladodus  ferox,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  (1866), 
p.  26,  pi.  i.  fig.  11. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Missouri. 

Cladodus  fulleri,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  276,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  9. — Coal-Measures  ; lUinois,  Iowa. 

Cladodus  gomphoides,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  269,  pi.  iv. 
figs.  12-16. — Upper  Uurlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Cladodus  gracilis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  30, 
pi.  i.  fig.  17. — Coal-Measures  ; Indiana. 

(This  species  is  considered  as  young  of  C.  lamnoides  by 
H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xiii.  p.  287.) 

Cladodus  htrtzeri,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Hep.  Ohio,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii. 
(1876),  p.  46,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  5. — Limestone  below  Berea 
Grit ; Ohio. 

Cladodus  hiblerti,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  200,  pi.  22  b.  fig.  26. — 
Caleiferous  Sandstone  ; Burdiehouse,  near  Edinburgh. 

Cladodus  intercostatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  267,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  11. — Burlington  Limestone;  Illinois,  Iowa. 

Cladodus  ischypus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  iv.  p.  354, 
pi.  iv.  fig.  6. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Missouri. 

Cladodus  heohuk,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  268. Keokuk 

Limestone ; Illinois,  Iowa. 

Cladodus  lamnoides,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  30, 
pi.  i.  fig.  16. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Cladodus  magnificus,  Tuomey ; Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit. 
vol.  ii.  p.  24,  pi.  i.  fig.  6. — Lower  Carboniferous  ; Alabama. 

Cladodus  obtusus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  266,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  2.— L. 
Carboniferous  (U.  Devonian);  Govt.  ofToula,  llussia. 

Cladodus  occidentalis,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
1859,  p.  3;  Ext.  Vert.  West.  Territ.  (U.S.  Geol.  Surv. 
1873),  p.  311,  pi.  xvii.  figs.  4-6 : C.  mortifer,  New- 
berry & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  22,  pi.  i.  fig.  5 ; 0. 
St.  John,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xi.  (1870),  p.  431 ; 
also  in  Hayden’s  Final  Rep.  U.S.  Geol.  Surv.  Nebraska, 
1872,  p.  239,  pi.  iii.  fig.  6,  pi.  vi.  fig.  13.— U.  Coal- 
Measures  ; Kansas,  Nebraska,  Illinois. 


CLADODONIID^. 


25 


Cladodus  pandatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tmn.  cit.  p.  278,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  8. — Coal-Measures;  lUinois. 

Cladodus  parvulus,  J.  S.  Ifewberry,  Eep.  Ohio,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii. 
(1875),  p.  48,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  9. — Fish-bed  in  Valley  of 
Black  lliver,  Ohio. 

Cladodus  parvus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  200,  pi.  22  6.  figs.  26, 
27. — Calciferous  Sandstone;  Burdiehouse,  near  Edinburgh. 

Cladodus  pattersoni,  J.  S.  Newberrj',  Itep.  Ohio,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii. 
(1875),  p.  47,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  6. — Waverly  Group ; Ohio. 
[A  jaw  with  the  nearly  complete  dentition  is  noticed,  but 
not  figured  or  fully  described.  The  teeth  are  said  to 
vary  little  except  in  size,  and  the  total  number  in  one 
mouth  is  jjrobably  300-400.] 

Cladodus  politus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  (1866), 
p.  27,  pi.  i.  fig.  12. — Chester  Limestone  ; lUinois. 

Cladodus  pnenuntius,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  270,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  17. — Upper  Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Cladodus  primigenius,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp. 
Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  266,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  3. — 
Lower  Carboniferous  (U.  Devonian) ; Govt,  of  Toula, 
Russia. 

Cladodus  raricostatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  271,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  IS. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Cladodus  romiiigeri,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Rep.  Ohio,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii. 
(1875),  p.  49. — Waverly  Group  ; Michigan. 

Cladodus  simplea:,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  V.  Gres  Rouge,  1844, 
p.  124,  pi.  33.  figs.  29-31 : Uyhodus  longieonus,  E.  d’Eich- 
wald,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xix.  1846,  no.  iv. 
p.  293,  pi.  X.  fig.  14:  Homacanlhus  triangularis,  E. 
d’Eichwald,  Leth.  Ross.  vol.  i.  (1860),  p.  1601 : Cladodus 
simple.v,  Semenov  and  MbUer,  Bull.  Acad.  St.  Pe'tersb. 
vol.  vii.  (1864),  p.  235,  pi.  i.  fig.  12 ; H.  Trautschold, 
Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874), 
p.  265,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  1. — Devonian  ; near  St.  Petersburg. 

Cladodus  stenopus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  23, 
pi.  i.  fig.  4. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Cladodus  subulatus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Rep.  Ohio,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii. 
(1875),  p.  47,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  7. — Shale  over  Berea  Grit  • 
Ohio. 

Cladodus  succinctus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  265,  pi.  iii. 
» figs.  8-12. — Kinderhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Cladodus  vati-homei,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  273,  pi.  iv, 
fig.  5. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Illinois. 


26 


ICHIHrOIOMI. 


Cladodus  vachsmuthi,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  263, 
pi.  iii.  figs.  1-7. — Kinderhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Cladodus  zygopus,  Newberry  & W orthen,Jo^.  dt.  vol.  ii.  (1866), 
p.  25,  pi.  i.  figs.  9,  10. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

A portion  of  the  skeleton,  with  the  teeth,  of  a species  allied  to 
C.  mirabilis,  from  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  East  Kilbride, 
Lanarkshire,  has  been  briefly  noticed  by  R.  H.  Traquair  (Geol. 
Mag.  1888,  p.  82),  and  will  be  described  in  the  Trans.  Geol.  Soe. 
Glasgow. 

A fragmentary  fossil,  apparently  the  base  of  a cephalic  spine  of 
Hybodus,  from  the  Rhaetic  Bone-hod  of  Aust  near  Bristol,  has  been 
described  under  the  name  of  Cladodus  curtus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart. 
Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xxxvii.  (1881),  p.  424,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  9. 


Genus  DICENTRODUS,  Traquair. 

[Geol.  Mag.  dec.  3,  vol.  v.  1888,  p.  86.] 

Teeth  of  the  same  type  as  those  of  Cladodus,  but  having  the 
crown  unsymmetrical,  consisting  of  one  largo  cone,  with  a smaller 
cone  on  one  side  only — the  latter  rarely  absent. 

Dicentrodus  bicuspidatus,  Traquair. 

1881.  Cladodus^bicuspidatus,  R.  H.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [2]  vol.  viii. 
p.  35. 

1888.  Dicentrodus  Ucuspidatus,  R.  II.  Traquair,  loc.  cit.  [3]  vol.  v. 

p.  86. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Edinburgh  Museum. 

Usual  length  of  tooth  from  | to  j inch.  Base  narrow,  slightly 
reniform,  gently  convex  behind,  and  slightly  notched  in  front  at  the 
base  of  the  principal  cone.  Principal  cone  varying  much  in  slender- 
ness, smooth,  acutely  pointed,  sharply  carinated  on  both  sides  from 
its  origin,  more  or  less  flexed  backwards,  and  sometimes  also 
inclined  to  one  side. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Middle  Carboniferous  Limestone  (Blackband  Iron- 
stone) : Borough  Lee,  near  Edinburgh. 

P.  2295.  Large  tooth,  one  cone  being  broken  away  and  shown  in 
impression  (PL  VI,  fig.  7). 

Presented  by  Mrs.  Burton,  1882. 

P,  4496.  Seven  small  teeth,  two  shown  in  PI.  VI.  figs.  8,  9. 

Presented  by  Dr.  B,.  H.  Traquair,  1884. 


I 


CLADODONTIDiE.  27 

Genus  PHQIBODUS,  St.  John  & Worthen. 

[Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  1875,  p.  251.] 

Syn.  Bathycheihdiu,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  1876, 
p.  252. 

Teeth  very  similar  to  those  of  Cladodus,  but  having  the  outer 
lateral  cones  as  large  as,  or  larger  than,  the  median  cone.  Inter- 
mediate cones,  one,  two,  or  three  in  number,  very  small. 

Fhabodui  soj>hi<e,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  251,  pi.  i. 

fig.  14. — Middle  Devonian  ; Iowa. 

PJwebodus  madsaacmi:  Baihycheilodug  meisaacsii,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  252,  pi.  i.  figs.  12,  13. — Middle 
Devonian ; Iowa. 

Phoebodus  sprinyeri'^ : Pristicladodus  springeri,  St.  John  & Wor- 
then, tom.  cit.  p.  255,  pi.  i.  figs.  7-11. — Kinderhook 
Limestone ; Iowa. 


Genus  LAlMBDOCXJSy  St.  John  <fe  Worthen. 

[Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  1875,  p.  280.] 

Teeth  small,  similar  to  those  of  Cladodus,  but  destitute  of  lateral 
cones. 

Lamhdodus  calceolus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  281,  pi.  v. 
fig-  5. — Burlington  Limestone ; Iowa,  Illinois. 

Lamhdodus  costatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  280,  pi.  v. 
fig.  3. — Burlington  and  Keokuk  Limestones ; Iowa,  Illinois, 
Missouri. 

Lamhdodus  hamulus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  283,  pi.  v. 
tig.  26. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Lamhdodus  rejlexus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  284,  pi.  v. 
fig.  25. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illiuois. 

Lamhdodus  robustus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  282,  pi.  v. 
fig-  6. — Keokuk  Limek one  ; Iowa,  Illinois,  Missouri. 

Lamhdodus  transversus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  282, 
pi-  V.  fig.  4.— St.  Louis  Limestone;  Illinois. 

> S.  Garman  (BuU.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Harvard  Coll.  vol.  xii.  no.  1,  1885, 
p.  6)  proposes  the  generic  name  of  Ptemodus  for  this  species.  This,  however, 
seems  unnecessary,  and  the  term  has  already  been  occupied  by  B.  Owen  (Trans. 
Odontol.  Soc.  1867)  for  a supposed  Carboniferous  genus. 


28 


ICHTHTOTOMI. 


Genus  DICRENODUS,  llomanowsky 
[Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moseou,  vol.  xxvi.  no.  1, 1853,  p.  407.] 

Syn.  Carcharopsis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  313  (unde- 
fined) ; J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  1883, 
p.  381. 

Pristieladudui,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palseoz.  Foss.  1856,  p.  642. 

Crown  of  tooth  relatively  large,  thick,  and  conical,  but  much 
compressed,  with  the  two  cutting-edges  coarsely  denticulated ; 
lateral  cones  absent,  or  not  more  than  two  on  each  side.  Base 
expanded  at  right  angles  to  the  crown  posteriorly,  thick,  subsemi- 
circular  in  shape. 

Both  the  specimens  to  which  Agassiz  gave  the  name  of  Carcha- 
ropsis being  contained  in  the  Enniskillen  Collection  and  mentioned 
below,  it  can  bo  determined  definitely  that  they  are  geuerically 
identical  with  the  teeth  described  by  llomanowsky  as  Dicrenodus 
and  by  McCoy  as  Prist ieladodus.  The  present  writer  has  seen  no 
evidence  of  the  difference  in  the  form  of  the  root  remarked  upon 
by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit. 

Dicrenodus  dentatus  (McCoy). 

1843.  Carcharopsis  prototypns,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  313 
(name  only). 

1866.  Pristicladodus  dentatus,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palssoz.  Foss.  p.  042, 
pi.  3 G.  fig.  2. 

1883.  Pristicladodus  dentatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  voL  i.  p.  384,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  22. 

1883.  Carcharopsis  colei,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  383,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  2G. 

1884.  Pristicladodus  dentatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xl.  p.  020,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  4. 

1888.  P-isticladodus  dentatus,  R.  II.  Traquair,  Geol.  Ma‘>'.  [3]  vol.  v. 
p.  103. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Denticulations  of  coronal  margin  large,  well-defined,  abruptly 
truncated  ; no  lateral  cones. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone:  Armagh,  Ireland. 
Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone:  Ayrshire,  Scotland;  Yorkshire, 
Derbyshire,  England. 

46044.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Bcith,  Ayrshire. 

Presented  by  Itohert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

* The  identity  of  this  genua  with  Chilodus,  Giobel  (Fauna  Vorw.  vol.  i.  1847, 
p.  352),  asserted  by  Giebel  and  Heiutz  (Zeitschr.  gesammt.  Katurw.  1854,  p.  77), 
must  be  regarded  as  very  doubtful. 


CLADODONTIB^. 


29 


P.  544:5.  Impression  of  portion  of  dental  crown,  referred  by  Agassiz, 
loc.  cit.,  to  Carcharopsis  prototypus ; Pateley  Bridge,  York- 
shire. Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2267.  Portion  of  tooth  and  impression  ; Yorkshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  4886.  Two  teeth  ; Yoredale  Kocks,  Wensleydale,  Yorkshire. 

Ilorne  CoU. 

46822.  Broken  tooth  ; Derbyshire.  Gilbertson  CoU. 

P.  5446.  Tj*pe  specimen  of  Carcharopsis  colei,  Davis,  regarded  by 
Traquair  as  the  abraded  crown  of  a similar  tooth ; 
Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth  ; 
but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  ; — 

Dicreno'lus  youylii  : Pristieladodus  goxighi,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palaeoz. 
Foss.  185.5,  p.  643,  pi.  3x.  fig.  11. — Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone ; Kettlewell,  near  Kendal. 

Dicrenoilus  jerofeyewi  : Pristidadodus  jerofeyewi,  H.  Eomanowsky, 
Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  voL  xxxvii.  (1864),  pt.  iii. 
p.  165,  pi.  iv.  fig.  30. — Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Govern- 
ment of  Toula,  Russia. 

Dicrenodus  okensis,  H.  Romanowsky,  BuU.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xxvi.  no.  1 (1853),  p.  407,  pi.  viu. ; ibid.  vol.  xxx. 
no.  1 (1857),  p.  290. — Carboniferous  Limestone;  Govern- 
ment of  Toula,  Russia. 

Dicrenodus  vortheni:  Carcharopsis  wortheni,  J.  8.  Newberry,  Pal. 
Illinois,  vol.  ii.  (1866),  p.  69,  pi.  iv.  fig.  14. — Lower  Car- 
boniferous ; Huntsville,  Alabama. 

Genus  HYBOCLADODUS,  St.  John  & Worthen. 

[Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  1875,  p.  284.] 

Teeth  scarcely  distinguishable  from  those  of  Pristidadodus,  but 
destitute  of  crenulations  upon  the  edge  of  the  crown.  No  lateral 
cones. 

Hybodadodus  eompressus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  287, 
pL  V.  fig.  8.—Eelodus  eompressus,  Newberry  & Worthen, 
Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  1866,  p.  78,  pi.  v.  fig.  1.— Upper 
Burlington  Limestone ; Iowa. 

Hybodadodus  intermedius,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  287, 
pi.  V.  fig.  11. — Keokuk  Limestone;  Iowa,  Illinois. 

Hybodadodus  nitidus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  288,  pi.  v. 
fig.  7. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 


30 


SELACHn. 


Hyhocladodns  plicatilis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  iom.  eit.  p.  286, 
pi.  V.  fig.  9. — Upper  Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 
ffybocladodus  tenuicostatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  eit.  p.  286, 
pi.  V.  fig.  10. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Iowa,  Illinois. 


Order  II.  SELACHII. 

Endoskeletal  cartilage,  as  a rule,  only  superficially  calcified. 
Notochord  (except  in  a few  early  tj-pes)  alwa}’S  more  or  less  con- 
stricted in  the  adult.  Neural  and  h®mal  arches  and  spines  stout, 
with  intercalary  cartilages  in  the  more  specialized  forms.  Pectoral 
fins  without  segmented  axis.  Axial  cartilages  of  the  hind  limb 
prolonged  into  a clasper  in  the  male. 

Suborder  I.  TECTOSPONDYLI. 

Vertebrae,  when  fully  developed,  having  the  concentric  calcified 
laminae  predominating  over  the  radiating  laminae  (tectospondylie, 
Hasso).  Specialization  resulting  in  a depression  of  the  body,  and 
an  enlargement  of  the  pectoral  fins  ; spiracles,  of  large  size,  retained 
in  the  most  specialized  forms.  Anal  fin  absent. 

Family  SPINACIDiE. 

Body  round  or  trihedral,  and  very  slightly  depressed.  Mouth 
gently  arched  ; snout  obtuse.  Pectoral  fins  not  notched  at  their 
origin  and  not  produced  forward ; gill-slits  small,  lateral,  often  in 
the  line  of  the  pectorals,  often  half  below.  Spiracles  large,  behind 
the  eye. 

Genus  CENTRIPIA,  Cuvier. 

[Kegne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  130.] 

Syn.  O.rynotus,  Rafinesque  Schmalz,  Ind.  Ittiologia  Siciliana,  1810, 
p.  60  (incomplete  definition). 

Powerful  dorsal  fin-spines  present.  Trunk  rather  elevated,  trihe- 
dral, with  a fold  of  skin  extending  along  each  side  of  the  ventral 
surface.  Teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  erect,  triangular,  finely  serrated ; 
those  of  the  upper  slender,  conical,  forming  a group  in  front  of 
the  jaw. 

The  following  extinct  species  is  founded  upon  detached  teeth  from 
the  Pliocene  of  Orciano,  Tuscany,  described  as  scarcely  distinguish- 
able from  those  of  the  living  O.  salviani  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
figures  show  them  to  he  remarkably  similar  to  the  lower  teeth  of 
Scymnus. 


sprsAciB^.  31 

Centrina  bcutanii,  R.  Lawley,  Nnovi  Studi  sopra  ai  Peaci  fossili 
etc.  1876,  p.  39,  pi.  i.  fig.  18. 

Detached  teeth  from  the  Miocene  of  Castries,  Herault,  France, 
have  also  been  referred  to  Centrina  by  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  & Pal.  Got. 
(1867-69)  p.  238,  pi.  xlvii.  fig.  5. 


Genus  ACANTHIAS,  Risso. 

[Hist.  nat.  prod.  Europe  me'rid.  vol.  iii.  1826,  p.  131.] 

Syn.  CentrophoroideS)  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iii. 
1887,  p.  478. 

Dorsal  fin-spines  present.  Teeth  rather  small,  triangular,  com- 
pressed, with  the  apex  much  turned  aside,  one  margin  of  the  crown 
forming  the  functional  cutting-edge ; similar  in  both  jaws. 


Acanthias  latidens  (Davis). 

1887.  CentropJurroiden  latidens,  J.  \V.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 

[2]  voL  iii.  p.  478,  pi.  xv.  fig.  2. 

Type.  Anterior  portion  of  fish ; British  Museum. 

The  only  known  examples  of  this  species  being  very  imperfect,  it 
cannot  be  satisfactorily  defined.  No  character  is  shown  by  which 
it  can  be  separated  from  Acanthias.  It  has  the  form  and  propor- 
tions generally  characterizing  this  genus:  the  upper  teeth  exhibit 
the  same  obliquity  of  the  crown  as  the  lower,  only  differing  in  their 
smaller  size.  The  shagreen  granules  are  similar  to  those  of  such 
recent  species  as  A.  blainvUlei. 

Form.  4'  Loe.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Turonian)  : Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4021.  Type  specimen.  Purchased,  1883. 

P.  49467,  49470.  Two  fragments,  showing  shagreen,  dorsal  spines, 
and  vertebrae.  Purchased,  1878. 

To  this  genus  the  following  detached  teeth  have  also  been  pro- 
visionally referred.  They  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the  lower 
teeth  of  Centrophorus,  hut  not  being  accompanied  by  any  teeth 
similar  to  those  of  the  upper  jaw  of  the  last-named  genus,  the 
present  determination  is  perhaps  correct. 

Acanthias  radicans,  J.  Prohst,  Wurtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879), 
p.  1(3,  pL  iii.  figs.  31,  32. — Molasse ; Baltringen,  Wiir- 
temberg. 


32 


8ELACH1I. 


Acanihias  serratus,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  174,  pi.  iii.  fig.  33. 

Molasse ; Schemmerberg  and  Althcim,  Wurtembcrg. 

A tooth  of  the  living  Acanthias  vulgaris,  Risso,  is  recorded  from 
the  We)'bourii  Crag  of  East  llunton,  Norfolk,  by  E.  T.  Newton, 
Vertebrata  of  the  Forest-bed  Series  (Mem.  Gcol.  Surv.  1882),  p.  131, 
pi.  xix.  fig.  8. 


Genus  CETUTROPHORUS,  Miiller  & Henle. 

[Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiostom.  1841,  p.  88.] 

Dorsal  fin-spines  present.  Lower  teeth  as  in  Acanthias ; upper 
teeth  erect,  triangular,  or  narrow  lanceolate,  with  a single  cusp. 

Centrophorus  primsevus  (Pictet). 

1860.  Spina.T  primeevus,  F.  J.  Pictet,  Poiss.  Foss.  Mt.  Liban,  p.  63,  pi.  x. 
figs.  1-3. 

1884.  Cevtrophorus,  C.  Ilasso,  Palajontogi-aphica,  vol.  xxxi.  p.  3,  pi.  i. 
fig.  1. 

1887.  Spina.v  prinmvm,  ,T.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iii.  p.  477,  pi.  xvi.  fig.  2. 

Tppe.  Portions  of  fishes ; Geneva  Museum. 

Snout  gently  rounded,  the  length  of  the  prseoral  portion  being 
about  equal  to  the  maximum  width  of  the  head.  Dorsal  spines 
projecting  beyond  the  skin.  The  length  of  the  base  of  the  first 
dorsal  (without  the  spine)  equals  about  one  third  the  distance 
between  the  two  fins  ; distal  extremity  of  pelvic  fins  in  advance  of 
a point  opposite  the  second  dorsal.  Shagreen-scales  with  three  or 
four  keels. 

The  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  being  still  unknown,  the  reference  of 
this  species  to  Oentrophorus  cannot  be  regarded  as  quite  certain ; it 
is  not  referable  to  Spina.v,  but  may  bo  an  Acanthias. 

Form.  Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Turonian) : Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4779.  Specimen  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  he.  cit. 

Purchased,  1884. 

49468-9.  Less  complete  head  and  portion  of  the  trunk,  showing 
impressions  of  the  two  dorsal  fin-spines ; also  a smaller 
specimen  exhibiting  the  lower  teeth,  a pectoral  fin,  and 
the  two  imperfect  dorsal  fin-spinos.  Purchased,  1878. 

P.  4858.  Crushed  bent  specimen,  displaying  well  the  lower  aspect 
of  the  head  and  pectoral  fins.  Purchased,  1885. 


SPINACIDa;. 


33 


Genus  SPINAX,  Cuvier. 

[Regne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  129.] 

Syn.  Aeanthidimn,  R.  T.  Lowe,  Amn.  & Mag.  N.  H.  vol.  iv.  (1840),  p.  422. 

Dorsal  fin-spines  present.  Lower  teetli  broad  and  compressed, 
the  apex  of  the  crown  greatly  turned  aside ; upper  teeth  slende*, 
erect,  each  with  a long  pointed  principal  cusp,  and  one  or  two  small 
denticles  on  either  side. 

Spinax  honapartci,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  etc.  1876,  p.  39  (name 
only). — Pliocene;  Orciano  and  Volterra,  Tuscany. 


Genus  SCYMNUS,  Cuvier. 

[Regne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  130.] 

Dorsal  fin-spines  absent.  Upper  teeth  small,  pointed ; lower  teeth 
much  larger,  broad  and  compressed,  triangular,  erect  in  the  adult, 
but  somewhat  oblique  in  the  young. 

Scymnus  majori,  Lawley. 

1876.  Scymnus  majori,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  sopra  ai  Pesci  fossili 
etc.  p.  38,  pi.  i.  fig.  17. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

An  imperfectly  defined  species,  founded  upon  lower  teeth  with 
serrated  edges,  very  similar  to  those  of  the  living  S.  lichia. 

Form.  Loc.  Pliocene : Tuscany,  Italy. 

47029.  Three  teeth;  Orciano.  Purchased,  1875. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth 
but  there  arc  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

Scymnus  triangulus,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879), 
p.  175,  pi.  iii.  figs.  35,36. — Molasse;  Wiirtemberg. 
Scymnus  trituratus,  J.  Probst,  tom.  eit.  p.  176;  also  F.  Noetling, 
Sitzb.  Ges.  naturf.  Fr.  Berlin,  1886,  p.  17;  Corax  tritu- 
ratiis,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iv.  (1874), 
fasc.  i.  p.  27,  pi.  ii.  fig.  13.— Bruxellian ; Woluwe  St. 
Lambert,  near  Brussels. 

Scymnus  acutus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v.  (1888),  p.  315 ; 
“ Young  Carcharodon  angustidens,”  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans. 
Roy.  Dubl.  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iv.  (1888),  p.  11,  pi.  vi.  fig.  22.— 
Miocene;  New  Zealand. 


n 


34 


BELACHII. 


Genus  ECHINORHINUS,  Blainville. 

[Faune  frangaise — Poissons,  1828,  p.  60.] 

Syn.  Goniodus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  Tol.  iii.  1838,  p.  04. 

Dorsal  fins  very  small,  without  spine,  the  first  opposite  to  the 
pelvics.  Tooth  equal  in  both  jaws,  very  oblique,  the  point  being 
turned  outwards,  and  having  one,  two,  or  three  strong  horizontally 
directed  dentieulations  on  each  side.  Skin  with  scattered  largo 
round  tubercles. 

An  extinct  species  {E.  ricliiardii)  is  founded  by  K.  Lawley  (op- 
cit.  1876,  p.  41,  pi.  i.  fig.  8,  pi.  ii.  fig.  0)  upon  teeth  and  dermal 
tubercles  from  the  Pliocene  of  Orciano  aud  Volterra,  Tuscany. 

An  indeterminable  fragment  of  a fish  apparently  referable  to  the 
Spinacidas,  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Pictraroja,  Naples,  has 
been  described  under  the  name  of  Centroptei-us  lividm  by  0.  G. 
Costa,  Paleont.  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  iii.  (1857-63),  p.  123,  pi.  xii. 
fig.  13.  The  unsatisfactory  nature  of  the  specimen  has  already 
been  commented  upon  by  F.  Bassani,  Donkschr.  math.-naturw.  Cl. 
kais.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xlv.  (1882),  pt.  ii.  p.  37. 


Family  PETALODONTID^. 

Body  moderately  depressed;  pectoral  fins  largo,  continued  for- 
wards towards  the  head.  Teeth  compressed  antero-posteriorly,  with 
root  often  relatively  large ; crown  more  or  less  bent  backwards, 
either  with  a sharp  cutting-edge,  or  very  obtuse.  When  arranged 
in  the  mouth  the  teeth  form  a close  pavement. 

The  genus  Janassa  affords  the  most  complete  insight  into  the 
characters  of  this  famil)',  the  other  genera,  associated  with  it  on 
account  of  the  form  of  their  teeth,  being  only  known  by  these 
detached  fragmentary  fossils. 

Genus  JABJASSA,  MUnster. 

[Bcitr.  Petrefakt.  Heft  i.  1832,  p.  67.] 

Syn.  Eictea,  G.  Jliinster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  iii.  1840,  p.  124. 

llyzenos,  G.  Munster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  vi.  184.3,  p.  60. 

CKmaxodus,  F.  McCoy,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  1848, 

p.  128. 

Pdtodvs,  J.  S.  Newberry  & A.  H.  Worthen,  Pal.  llHnois,  vol.  iv. 

1870,  p.  302. 

TanavduK,  O.  St.  John  & A.  II.  Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 

1876,  p.  367. 

Striyilina,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Anier.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xvii.  1876,  p.  62. 


PETALODOiraD^. 


35 


Teeth  having  the  crown  so  much  reflexed  and  thickened,  that  the 
complete  dentition  forms  an  exclusively  tritoral  surface.  There  are 
three  principal  rows  of  teeth,  diminishing  greatly  in  size  towards 
the  front  of  the  mouth  ; and  one  or  two  smaller  rows  occur  on  each 
side,  having  the  summit  of  the  crown  less  bent  and  thickened  than 
the  others.  The  body  is  covered  with  fine,  smooth  shagreen  granules, 
largest  apparently  on  the  inferior  aspect  of  the  head. 

A.S  recognized  by  K.  A.  von  Zittel’,  the  inteqmetation  of  the 
arrangement  of  the  dentition  of  Janassa  proposed  by  Hancock  and 
Howsc  ’ is  undoubtedly  erroneous. 

Janassa  bitraminosa  (Schlotheim). 

1762.  Figure  in  Dresdinisches  Magazin,  vol.  ii.  pt.  4 (//.  B.  Geinitz). 
1820.  TrUobites  bitumino$us,  E.  Schlotheim,  Petrefaktenk.  p.  30. 

1823.  TrUobites  bitumirwstis,  E.  Schlotheim,  Nachtrag  Petref.  pt.  ii. 
pp.  30,  87,  pi.  22.  fig.  0. 

1832.  Janassa  angulata,  O.  Miinster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  i.  p.  67,  pi.  iv. 
figs.  1,  2. 

1832.  Janassa  kumboldi,  G.  Munster,  op.  cit.  i.  p.  122,  pi.  xiv.  fig.  4. 
1832.  Janassa  bituminosa,  G.  Miinster,  <p.  cit.  i.  p.  122. 

1830.  Acrodns  larva,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  147,  pi.  22. 
figs.  23-25. 

1839.  Janassa  angulata,  G.  A.  Kurtze,  Dissert.  Petrefakt.  Mansfeld, 

p.  20. 

1839.  Janassa  humboldti,  G.  A.  Kurtze,  op.  at.  p.  20. 

1840.  Janassa  angulata,  G.  Munster,  op.  cit.  iii.  p.  122,  pis.  iii.  & iv. 
fig.  5 a. 

1840.  Bictea  striata,  G.  Miinster,  op.  cit.  iii.  p.  124,  pis.  iii.  & iv.  figs.  1-4, 
pi.  viii.  figs.  3,  4,  0-10. 

1840.  Janassa  angulata,  F.  Germar,  Verstein.  Mansfeld  Kupferschief. 
p.  26,  fig.  15. 

1842.  Janassa  dictea,  G.  Miinster,  op.  cit.  v.  p.  38,  pi.  xv.  figs.  10-16. 
184.3.  Bictea  striata =Acrodus  larva,  L.  Agassiz,  op.  cit.  vol.  iii.  p.  376. 

1843.  Byzcnos  latipinnatus,  G.  Miinster,  op.  cit.  vi.  p.  50,  pi.  i.  fig.  2. 
1861-6.  Janassa  angulata,  F.  Roemer,  Bronn’s  Leth.  geogn.  3rd  edit. 

vol.  i.  p.  717,  pi.  ix'.  fig.  13. 

1851-6.  Bictea  striata,  F.  Roemer,  tom.  cit.  p.  718. 

1861.  Janassa  bituminosa,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  Dyas,  p.  24,  pi.  iv.  fig.  5,  pi.  v. 
figs.  1-4. 

1870.  Janassa  bituminosa,  A.  Hancock  & R.  Howse,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  [4]  vol.  V.  p.  47,  pis.  ii.,  iii. 

1887.  Janassa  bituminosa,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Handb.  Palseont.  vol.  iii. 
p.  98. 


* Handb.  Palseont,  vol.  iii.  (1887),  p.  98. 

^ Ann.  & Mag.  Sat.  Hist.  [4]  toL  v.  (1870),  p.  47.  pi.  ii. 


36 


SELACHir. 


Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Crown  of  principal  teeth  very  high,  the  lower  two  thirds  of  the 

posterior  face  being  covered  with  numerous  delicate  transverse 

parallel  rugce. 

Form.  Loc.  Permian  (Marl  Slate,  Kupferschiefer) : Germany, 

N.  England. 

P.  3034.  Portion  of  the  dentition  of  both  jaws,  naturally  associated. 

The  three  median  longitudinal  scries  are  preserved  in  one 
jaw,  but  of  the  opposing  dentition  only  two  transverse 
rows  from  the  hinder  part  of  these  series  and  the  adjoining 
outer  series  are  preserved ; Eiechelsdorf,  Hessen. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3035.  Broken  teeth,  cartilage,  and  shagreen ; Eiechelsdorf. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1374.  Four  much  broken  groups  of  teeth,  with  remains  of  calcified 
cartilage  and  shagreen ; Eiechelsdorf.  Egerton  Coll. 

43424-5.  Very  complete,  though  much  broken  dentition,  associated 
with  shagreen,  and  preserved  in  counterpart ; the  shagreen 
granules  arc  much  larger  immediately  round  the  mouth 
than  elsewhere.  Also  a more  fragmentary  specimen ; 
Eiechelsdorf. 

Presented  hy  Kenneth  Murchison,  Esq.,  1872. 

38592,  41084.  Broken  teeth,  cartilage,  and  shagreen ; Eiechelsdorf. 

Purchased,  1864. 

P.  1375.  Portions  of  dentition,  associated  with  shagreen  and  frag- 
ments of  calcified  cartilage,  in  nodule  ; llmenau,  Thuringia. 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3033.  Teeth  described  aud  figured  by  Hancock  and  Howse,  loc. 
cit.  p.  59,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1 ; Middcridge,  Durham. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1373.  Tooth ; Cullercoats,  Northumberland.  Egerton  Coll. 

Janassa  linguaeformis  (Atthey). 

1868.  Climaxodus  lingueeformis,  T.  Atthey,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [4] 
vol.  ii.  p.  321.  (Tyneside  Nat.  Field-Club,  Oct.  9th,  1867.) 

1868.  Climaxodus  omtus,  T.  P.  Barkas,  Oeol.  Mag.  vol.  v.  p.  406. 

1869.  Climaxodus  vermiformis,  T.  P.  Barkas,  Oeol.  Mag.  vol.  vi.  p.  381. 

1870.  Janassa  Kngnafurmis,  A.  Hancock  & T.  Atthey,  Nat.  Hist.  Trans. 
Northumb.  & Durham,  vol.  iii.  p.  330,  pi.  ix. 


PETALODONTID^. 


37 


1873.  Climaxodus,  T.  P.  Barkas,  Coal  Meas.  Palaeont.  p.  20,  pi.  i. 
figs.  36-38. 

1875.  Ja7Utssa  lingiuaforimt,  J.  Ward,  [Proc.]  North  Staffs.  Nat.  Field- 
Club,  p.  222.  fig.  8. 

1875.  Janassa  ovatus,  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental  Surgery, 
vol.  iii.  p.  153,  figs.  49-54. 

1875.  Janasf>a  minutns,  W.  J.  Barkas,  tom.  cit.  p.  156,  fig.  65. 

1876.  Janassa  proccstus,  W.  J.  Barkas,  tom.  cit.  p.  155,  tig.  66. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; Mns.  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Margin  of  crown  comparatively  thin,  but  much  reflexed  in  the 
principal  teeth.  Posterior  coronal  imbricated  ridges  few  and  rela- 
tively large  in  the  principal  teeth,  sometimes  absent  in  the  lateral 
teeth. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Coal-Measures : England,  Scotland. 

41211.  Tj’pe  specimen  of  CZimaaToduA  owf it* ; Newsham,  Newcastle- 
on- Tyne.  Presented  by  T.  P.  Barlcas,  Esq.,  1808. 

P.  3037.  Tooth;  Newsham.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1371-2.  Three  teeth;  Newsham.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  5233.  Tery  large  tooth  ; near  Dudley,  S.  Staffordshire. 

Purchased,  1880. 

P.  3036.  One  perfect  dental  crown  detached  from  the  matrix,  and 
another  embedded  upon  its  anterior  face  ; also  two  frag- 
ments ; Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3006.  Three  teeth  probably  of  this  species  ; Lowmoor,  Yorkshire. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1418.  Two  similar  teeth ; Lowmoor.  Eyerton  Coll. 

Janassa  clavata  (McCoy). 

1843.  ChomatoJiis  truncatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174 
(name  only). 

1855.  Chomahjdiis  daratus,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palmoz.  Foss.  p.  G17, 
pi.  3 K.  fig.  10. 

1855.  Chomatodus  tnmcatm,  F.  McCoy,  op.  cit.  p.  618,  pi.  3i.  fig.  1. 
1883.  Petalorhynchus  psittaeimis  (in  part),  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy. 
Dublin  Soc.  [2]  voL  i.  p.  618. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  with  extremely  robust  crowns.  The  basal  coronal  rugm 
arc  few  and  insignificant,  often  entirely  absent. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Carboniferous  Limestone  : England,  Scotland,  Ire- 
land. 


38 


SEIACHn. 


P.  2962,  P.  2962  a.  Twenty-five  isolated  teeth,  one  being  nearly 
perfect  and  detached  from  the  matrix ; Armagh,  Ireland. 
The  tablet  bears  the  original  label,  “ Howse  says  this  is 
allied  to  the  genus  Jemassa.”  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2962  b.  Broad  tooth,  like  4G036,  showing  delicate  rug®  or 
folds  at  the  base  of  the  crown ; Armagh.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.1462.  Four  similar  teeth,  named  Chomatodus  truncatus”  in 
Agassiz’s  handwriting  ; Armagh.  Efjerton  Coll. 

46036.  Almost  perfect  tooth  detached  from  matrix,  showing  no 
folds  at  the  base  of  the  crown,  figured  in  PI.  I.  fig.  3; 
Beith,  Ayrshire.  Presented  hy  Robert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

49624-6,49651.  Four  teeth,  either  of  this  or  an  allied  species; 

Eichmond,  Yorkshire.  Purchased,  1878. 

Jauassa  imbricata  (McCoy). 

1848.  Climaxodus  imbricatus,  F.  McCoy,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2] 
vol.  ii.  p.  129. 

1855.  Climaxodus  imbricatus,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Pal®oz.  Foss.  p.  C20, 
pi.  .3  o.  fig.  6. 

1870.  Janassa  imbricata,  A.  Hancock  and  T.  Atthey,  Nat.  Hist.  Trans. 
Northumb.  & Durham,  vol.  iii.  p.  338. 

Type.  Imperfect  tooth. 

Scarcely  defined.  The  teeth  are  very  similar  to  those  of  J.  cla- 
vata,  but  differ  in  the  prominence  of  the  folds  at  the  base  of  the 
crown.  The  original  fragmentary  tooth  was  misunderstood  by 
McCoy,  and  the  upper  extremity  described  as  the  posterior,  the 
hinder  face  of  the  crown  as  the  grinding-surface. 

Form.  Loc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone : Derbyshire. 

P.  5339.  Two  teeth  figured,  nat.  size,  in  PL  I.  figs.  1,  2.  The  larger 
specimen  differs  from  the  type  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
median  teeth  of  J.  lingucrforviis  differ  from  those  placed 
laterally  in  that  species  ; its  crown  is  much  worn,  appa- 
rently during  the  life  of  the  animal.  TicknaU,  near 
Melbourne,  South  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

The  following  species  have  been  recorded  from  the  Permian  of 
North  America,  the  type  specimens  being  detached  teeth : — 

.Tanassa  strigilina,  E.  D.  Cope,  Amer.  Nat.  1881 , p.  163,  and  Trans. 
Amer.  Phil.  Soe.  vol.  xvi.  (1887),  p.  285  : Strigilina  lin- 
gmrformis,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xvii. 
(1878),  p.  52. — Eastern  Illinois. 


PETALOBO:!?!!!)^®. 


39 


Janassa  gurleiatm,  E.  D.  Cope,  Amer.  Nat.  1881,  p.  103,  and 
Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xvi.  (1887),  p.  285;  Stri- 
gxlina  gitrleiana,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xvii.  (1878), 
p.  191. — Danville,  Illinois. 

Janassa  ordiana,  E.  D.  Cope,  Amer.  Nat.  1881,  p.  103,  and 
Trans.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xvi.  (1887),  p.  285  (name 
only). — Texas. 

The  detached  teeth  described  under  the  following  names  also 
appear  to  be  referable  to  Janassa,  as  here  defined : — 

Climaxodus  hrevis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
1850,  p.  100. — Coal-Measures  ; Ohio. 

Pellodus  qaadratus,  0.  St.  John  & A.  H.  M'orthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  vi.  (1875),  p.  410,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  0,  7. — St.  Louis  Lime- 
stone ; Illinois,  Missouri. 

PeJtodus  plicomphalus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  411, 
pi.  xiii.  fig.  9. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Peltodus  transversiis,  St.  John  & IVorthen,  tom.  cil.  p.  412,  pi.  xiii. 
fig.  8. — Coal-Measures  ; Illinois. 

Pdtodus  unguiformis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  lU.  vol.  iv. 
(1870),  p.  303,  pi.  ii.  fig.  7. — U.  Coal-Measures ; Illinois. 

Tanaodus  bellicinctus,  St.  John  & IVorthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  370,  pi.  xi. 
figs.  14^10,  25. — Chester  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Tanaodus  depressus,  St.  John  & Mhrthen,  tom.  cit.  j).  378,  pi.  xi. 
figs.  11-13. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Tanaodus  gross! plicatus,  St.  John  & AVorthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  375, 
pi.  xi.  fig.  20. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Tanaodus  pohjmorphus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  380,  pi.  xi. 
figs.  17-19,  24. — Chester  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Tanaodus  prtcnuntius,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  371,  pi.  xi, 
tigs.  6-10. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri. 

Tanaodus  pumilus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  369,  jd.  xi. 
figs.  1-5. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Illinois,  Iowa. 

Tanaodus  satlptus,  St.  John  & IVorthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  37-3,  pi.  xi. 
figs.  20-23. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Illinois,  Iowa,Missouri. 

Tanaodus  sublunatus,  St.  John&  Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  368,  pi.  xi. 
fig.  27. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Iliinois. 

The  genus  and  species  Thoracodus  emydinus,  Cope  (Proc.  Acad. 
Philad.  1883,  p.  108),  is  founded  upon  fossils  from  the  Permian  of 
Illinois,  evidently  eorrespondbg  each  to  half  of  a bilateral  tooth 
having  the  characters  of  that  of  Janassa.  Cymatodus  ohlonyus, 
Newberry  & Worthen  (Pal.  111.  vol.  iv.  p.  364,  pi.  iv.  fig.  7),  from 
the  Coal-Measures  of  Illinois,  also  seems  to  be  related  to  Janassa. 


40 


SELACniI. 


Genus  FISSODUS,  St.  John  & Worthen. 

[Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  1875,  p.  413.] 

Teeth  very  similar  to  those  of  Janassa  and  Petalorhynchus,  but 
distinguished  by  the  coronal  margin  being  deeply  cleft  or  divided 
into  two  or  three  broad,  acuminate  points. 

Fissodus  hifidm,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  414,  pi.  xiii. 
figs.  1,  2. — Chester  Limestone;  Illinois. 

Fissodiui  pattoni,  R.  Etheridge,  jun.,  Gool.  Mag.  [2]  vol.  iv.  (1877), 
p.  306,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  2,  3. — Lower  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone ; S.  Scotland. 

Fissodus  tricuspidatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  415,  pi.  xiii. 
fig.  3. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

The  genus  Cholodus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  415,  is 
founded  upon  imperfect  teeth  from  the  Upper  Coal-Measures  of 
Illinois  and  Iowa,  resembling  those  of  Fissodus  very  closely.  The 
only  described  species  is  C.  incequalis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit. 
p.  416,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  4,  5. 


Genus  PETALORHYNCHUS,  Newberry  & Worthen  (ex 
Agass.  MS.). 

[Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  1866,  p.  32.] 

Teeth  with  crown  compressed,  thin,  concavo-convex,  petal-shaped, 
relatively  high  and  narrow  ; basal  imbricating  folds  few.  The  root 
is  long,  tapering,  and  undivided.  The  complete  dentition  consists 
of  three  or  more  parallel  antero-posterior  series,  the  crowns  of  the 
teeth  in  the  median  row  being  very  high  and  narrow  compared  with 
those  on  either  side. 

Petalorh3mchus  psittacinus  (McCoy). 

1843.  Petalodus  psittaoinus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pp.  174, 
384  (name  only). 

1843.  Petalodus  sayilut’.us,  L.  Agn.ssiz,  tom.cit.p^.  174,384  (name  only). 

1856.  Petalodus  psittacinus,  P.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palmoz.  Foss.  p.  036,  pi.  3i. 
fig.  4. 

1855.  Petalodus  sagittatus,  F.  McCoy,  op.  cit.  p.  036,  pi.  3i.  figs.  2,  3. 

1802.  Petalorhgnchus  psittacinus,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol. 
Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1881.  Petalorhynchus  psittacinus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc,  p.  046. 


PETAtODOlTTXD^. 


41 


1883.  Petalorhynchus  psittacinm,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2J  vol.  i.  p.  610,  pi.  bd.  figs.  12-16. 

1883.  Petalodiu  hastinpsia,  J.  W.  Davis,  (am.  cii.  p.  494,  pi.  lix.  figs.  18, 

20,  21. 

1880.  Pelalorhynchm  psittacimu,  J.  W.  Davis,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 
p.  149. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Crown  in  the  larger  teeth  produeed  into  a sharp  mesial  point,  and 

base  extremely  elongate  and  tapering. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh,  Ireland. 

Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Derbyshire,  England. 

Except  where  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  are  from 

the  Enniskillen  Collection. 

P.  2954-8.  Specimens  described  and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis  Qoe. 

cit.  1883)  ; Armagh.  The  tooth  on  the  right  of  the  spe- 
cimen shown  in  fig.  1.5,  pi.  Ixii.  1.  e.,  was  unfortunately 
missing  when  the  collection  reached  the  Museum,  and  is 
now  only  seen  in  impression. 

P.  2995-7.  Three  unsymmetrical  teeth,  erroneously  ascribed  to 
Petalodus  hastinysice  by  J.  W.  Davis,  he.  cit. ; Armagh. 

P.  2961.  Eleven  series  of  teeth,  similar  to  the  original  of  fig.  16, 
loc.  cit. ; Armagh. 

P.  2953.  Sixty  detached  teeth  in  matrix,  exhibiting  anterior  aspect ; 

some  are  broken,  some  complete,  showing  variations  of 
form ; Armagh. 

P.  2960.  Twelve  detached  teeth,  showing  posterior  aspect,  and 
partly  anterior ; Armagh. 

P.  2959.  Fifteen  very  unsymmetrical  lateral  teeth ; Armagh. 

P.  1424.  Twelve  teeth,  some  broken  ; Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

28731-2,  28737,  28919.  Nine  teeth,  mostly  broken ; Armagh. 

Purchased,  1854. 

Var.  minor. 

P.  5340.  One  perfect  tooth,  and  four  portions,  detached  from  the 
matrix,  only  differing  from  the  type  specimens  of  P.  psit- 
tacinus  in  their  diminutive  size.  The  perfect  tooth  is 
shown,  twice  nat.  size,  in  PI.  I.  fig.  9 ; Tieknall,  near 
Melbourne,  S.  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

P.  5341.  Connected  series  of  four  small  teeth  ; Tieknall. 

Wilson  Coll. 


42 


SELACHir. 


The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  CoUoction  : — 

Pefalorhi/nchus  dislortus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 
(1875),  p.  400,  pi.  xii.  figs.  7,  8. — Upper  St.  Louis  Lime- 
stone ; Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri. 

FetalorJiynchus  indicas,  W.  Waagen,  Pal.  Ind.  ser.  13,  pt.  i.  (1879), 
p.  17,  pi.  i.  fig.  8. — Produotus  Limestone ; Salt  llange, 
India.  (?  Janassa.) 

Petnlorhynchus  pseudosngittatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit. 
p.  405,  pi.  xii.  tigs.  1-4. — -Upper  St.  Louis  Limestone ; 
Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri. 

PetalorhynoJms  spatidatm,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  408, 
pi.  xii.  figs.  5,  6. — Upper  St.  Louis  Limestone ; Illinois, 
Iowa. 

Petalorhynclius  striaius,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
■ vol.  ii.  (1860),  p.  40,  pi.  ii.  fig.  8. — Burlington  Limestone ; 
Illinois. 

Genus  PETALODUS,  Owen. 

[Odontography,  1840-4.5,  p.  61.] 

Syn.  Chomatodus,  L.  Aga.ssiz  (in  part),  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1838,  p.  108. 
Antliodus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pid.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  1800,  p.  33. 
Sicarius,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  vol.  vii.  1850, 
p.  414. 

Teeth  much  transversely  elongated  and  compressed.  The  crown 
is  petal-shaped,  with  a smooth  or  delicately  crenulated  margin.  In 
the  typical  species  the  root  is  relatively  large,  though  in  some 
(‘^Antliodus”  and  “Chomatodus”)  comparatively  short;  it  is  tumid 
and  truncated  at  its  lower  extremity. 

Petalodus  acuminatus  (Agass.). 

1838.  Chomatodus  acuminaius,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  108, 
pi.  10.  figs.  11-13. 

1840-45.  Petalodus  hastingsii,  II.  Owen,  Odontogr.  p.  01,  pi.  xxii. 
figs.  3-6. 

1843,  Petalodus  acuminatus,  L.  Agassiz,  to^n.  cit.  pp.  174,  384. 

(?)  184.3.  Petalodus  hastinqsii,  J.  F.  Portlock,  Kep.  Geol.  Londonderry, 
p.  408,  pi.  xiv.  fig.  10. 

18-48.  Petalodus  rhombus,  F.  McCoy,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii. 
p.  125. 

1856.  Petalodus  acuminatus,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palteoz.  Foss.  p.  035, 
pi.  3 G.  fig.  4. 

(?)  1878.  Petalodus  hastingsiee,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Ciiic.  Carbf. 
Belg.  pt.  i.  p.  60,  pi.  vi.  figs.  0-8. 


PETAMDONTII)^. 


43 


1883.  Petalodm  acurmnatug,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
Tol.  i.  p.  494,  pi.  lix.  figs.  22-24. 

1883.  Petalodm  ineguilateralis,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  497,  pi.  lx. 
figs.  3,  4. 

1884.  Petalodm  acuminatm,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  t>oc. 
vol.  xl.  p.  024,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  10. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Margin  of  the  crown  in  the  median  rows  of  teeth  more  or  less 
acuminate,  the  apex  being  either  sharp  or  rounded ; the  anterior 
face  is  approximately  rhombic  in  form. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Durham,  York- 
shire, and  Derbyshire,  in  England ; Fifeshire  and  Ayrshire,  in 
Scotland. 

P.  613.  Fragment  described  by  Owen,  loc.  cit.,  as  P.  hastinysii ; 

TicknaU,  South  Derbyshire.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  5343.  Twenty-five  teeth,  variously  broken  and  abraded ; Tick- 
naU. Four  of  these  are  shown  in  PI.  I.  figs.  4-7  , and,  as 
aU  the  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  same  bed  and 
at  the  same  spot  as  the  type  of  P.  Imstinysii,  Owen, 
the  latter  is  thus  proved  to  be  identical  with  Agassiz’s 
P.  aeuminatus.  Many  of  the  teeth  (e.  g.  fig.  5)  are  of  the 
same  form  as  the  Yorkshire  specimens  named  P.  inegui- 
lateralis  by  Davis.  Wilson  Coll. 

P.  261.  Worn  tooth  in  matrix;  Derbyshire.  Purchased,  1880. 

46816-7.  Two  smaU  teeth  and  one  larger.  The  latter  is  consider- 
ably broken,  but  has  a remarkably  short  root.  The  small 
teeth  are  apparently  distinguished  from  those  feund  in 
the  Armagh  limestone  by  the  relatively  greater  extent  of 
the  posterior  face  of  the  crown  occupied  by  the  basal  folds  ; 
Derbyshire.  Gilbertson  Coll. 

P.  2£36.  Specimen  figured  in  Trans.  Hoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i. 

pL  lix.  fig.  24  ; Eichmond,  Yorkshire.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2987.  Twelve  teeth  from  the  same  formation  and  locality, 
variously  broken  and  abraded.  One  is  of  the  type  of 
“ P.  inequilateralis.”  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  1420,  P.  1425.  Eleven  specimens ; Eichmond.  Egerton  Coll. 

35472-6,  35478-80,  35482,  36884,  36887,  49612.  Twelve  speci- 
mens ; Eichmend.  Purchased,  1860,  1862,  1878. 

P.  4899.  Three  teeth  ; Wensleydale,  Yorkshire.  Horne  Coll. 


44 


SELACHII. 


P.  2990.  Type  specimens  of  P.  inequilateralis,  Davis  ; Eichmond. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2991.  Two  similar,  but  less  perfect,  unsymmetrical  lateral  teeth  ; 

Yorcdale,  Yorkshire.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

35477,  35481.  Two  similar  teeth  ; Eichmond.  Purchased,  1860. 

39928,  P.  1421.  Incomplete  crown  {Purchased,  1866)  and  broken 
fragment  {Ejerton  Coll.}  ; Settle,  Yorkshire. 

46035.  Four  teeth  in  matrix  ; Beith,  Ayrshire. 

Presented  by  Robert  Craiy,  Esq.,  1874. 

P.  258.  Two  tooth  in  matrix  ; Beith.  Purchased,  1880. 

P.  2988.  Tooth  in  matrix ; Ladedda,  Fifeshire.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Petalodus  hastingsise,  McCoy  {non  Owen). 

184.3.  Petalodus  hastingsue,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pp.  174, 
384  (name  only). 

1843.  Petalodus  Icevissimus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pp.  174,  384  (name 
only). 

1855.  Petalodus  hastingsii,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Pah-coz.  Foss.  p.  633. 

1876.  Petalodus  hastiiigsiee,  W.  H.  Baily,  Figs.  Char.  Brit.  Foss.  p.  120, 
pi.  xli.  fig.  13. 

1883.  Petalodus  hastingsia,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  403,  pi.  lix.  figs.  10,  17,  19  {non  figs.  18,  20,  21). 

1880.  Petalodus  hastingsiee,  J.  W.  Davis,  GeoL  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  p.  149. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

A comparatively  small  species,  none  of  the  typical  teeth  having  a 
greater  transverse  measurement  than  0-018  m.  The  margin  of  the 
cro-mi  of  the  principal  teeth  is  almost  always  gently  rounded  ; that 
of  the  lateral  teeth  shows  more  tendency  towai-ds  an  acuminate 
form.  The  basal  coronal  folds  generally  occupy  a relatively  less 
space  upon  the  posterior  aspect  of  the  tooth  than  in  P.  acuminatus. 

Form.  4'  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh,  Tyrone, 
Ireland.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone;  Derbyshire  {Davis), 
(?)  Yorkshire,  Northumberland  {McCoy),  England. 

P.  2992-4.  Three  teeth  described  and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc. 

cit.  i Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2998.  About  twenty-six  teeth ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1422.  Fourteen  teeth;  Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

28733,  28922,  38504.  Twelve  teeth ; Armagh. 

Purchased,  1854,  1804. 


PETALODOmlD,®. 


45 


P.  2999.  Six  teeth,  either  of  this  species,  or  lateral  teeth  and  young 
of  P.  acuminatus  ; Eichmond,  Yorkshire. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  3007.  Fragmentary  tooth,  doubtfully  of  this  species  ; Bristol. 

EnnvsTc'dlen  Coll. 


Fetalodas  grandis,  Davis. 

1883.  Petalodus  grandis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  496,  pi.  lx.  fig.  1. 

Type.  Much  broken  tooth ; British  iluseum. 

This  name  is  given  to  a unique  tooth  of  very  large  size  (No. 
P.  2985)  in  the  Enniskillen  Collection. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh. 

Petalodus  flabellula,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Detached  tooth,  shown  of  nat.  size  in  PI.  I.  fig.  8. 

Crown  comparatively  high,  having  the  posterior  face  (probably 
also  the  anterior)  marked  by  large  vertical  and  slightly  diverging 
wrinkles  ; coronal  margin  very  gently  arched,  faintly  crenulated. 
Form.  4'  Toe.  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Oreton,  Shropshire. 

P.  227  a.  Type  specimen.  Weaver  Jones  Coll. 

42219.  Fragment  of  less  abraded  tooth.  Baugh  Coll. 

Petalodus  linearis  (Agassiz). 

1838.  Chomatodus  linearis,  L.  Agas.siz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  108,  pi.  xii. 

figs.  6,  9,  1 0,  ? figs.  6,  11  {non  figs.  7,  8, 12,  13). 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Bristol  Museum. 

Teeth  extremely  elongated.  The  margin  of  the  crown  is  arched, 
though  scarcely  tapering,  at  either  extremity  in  the  principal  teeth; 
anterior  and  pos  terior  faces  nearly  equal ; coronal  surface  smooth. 
The  root  is  very  short,  not  deeper  than  the  crown. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  the  tooth  shown  in  Agassiz’s  fig.  5 per- 
tains to  this  species,  the  crown  more  approximating  in  form  to 
P.  hastingsiee.  This  specimen  is  referred  to  “ Antliodus”  by  New- 
berry and  M'orthen*. 

Many  of  the  teeth  commonly  associated  with  this  species  may  be 
pronsionaUy  referred  to  Uelodus.  Such  are  the  originals  of 
Agassiz’s  figs.  7,  8,  12,  13,  and  one  described  and  figured  by  Davis  “ ; 

* Pal.  Dlinois,  vol.  ii.  p.  52. 

“ Trans.  Eov.  Dublin  Soe.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  508,  pi.  Ixi.  fig.  1. 


46 


8ELACHII. 


tho  homologous  parts  of  the  latter  are  misinterpreted,  the  apical 
edge  being  regarded  as  tho  anterior  coronal  margin,  and  the  pos- 
terior half  of  tho  coronal  face  as  a portion  of  the  root.  It  must, 
however,  bo  admitted  that  at  this  point  there  is  no  very  philoso- 
phical line  of  distinction  between  the  teeth  named  Helodus  and  tho 
Petalodonts. 

Form.  4"  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Bone-bed  in  Lower  Limestone 
Shales) : Bristol,  England. 

P.  2652.  Four  teeth ; Bristol.  One  of  those  specimens  is  unsym- 
metrical,  evidently  having  been  laterally  placed. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.1464.  Three  teeth;  Bristol.  Egerton  Coll. 


Petalodus  davisii,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  extremely  elongated,  very  similar  to  those  of  P.  recites,  but 
somewhat  smaller  and  even  longer  in  proportion  to  their  height ; 
coronal  surface  with  numerous  vertical  wrinkles  and  a tendency 
towards  crenulation  of  tho  margin ; root  considerably  crimped. 
Form.  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2656  a,  P.  2656.  Two  type  specimens  and  sixteen  similar  teeth. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1463.  Similar  imperfect  tooth  ; Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

A larger  imperfect  tooth  (P.  5456)  from  the  Upper  Carboniferous 
Limestone  of  Bichmond,  Yorkshire,  seems  to  indicate  a species  allied 
to  the  foregoing ; and  another  fragmentary  tooth  (P.  2913,  Ennis- 
killen Coll.),  from  tho  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Armagh, 
has  been  described  by  Davis  (Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soo.  [2]  vol.  i. 
1883,  p.  509,  pi.  Ixi.  fig.  2)  under  the  name  of  Chomatodus  acutus. 


Petalodus  alleghaniensis,  Leidy. 

1866.  Sicarius  extinctus,  .1.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  vol.  vii. 
p.  414. 

1866.  Petalodus  alleghaniensis,  J.  Leidy,  Joum.  Acad.  Not.  Sci.  Philad. 
[2]  vol.  iii.  p.  161,  pi.  xvi.  figs.  4-6.  [Specific  name,  extvmtus, 
withdrawn.]  , 

1866.  Petalodus  destructor,  J.  S.  Newberry  & A.  H.  Worthen,  Pal. 

Illinois,  vol.  ii.  p.  36,  pi.  ii.  figs.  1-3. 

1870.  Petalodus  destructor,  0.  St.  John,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil,  Soc,  vol.  xi. 
p.  433. 


PETALODOSTID^. 


47 


1872.  Petalodus  destructor,  0.  St  John,  Final  Rep.  U.S.  Geol.  Surv. 
Nebraska,  p.  241,  pi.  iii.  fig.  5. 

1873.  Petalodus  alleghaniemts,  J.  Leidy,  Extinct  Vert  Fauna  "West. 
Ten-it.  (Rep.  U.S.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ,  1873),  p.  312,  pL  xvii.  fig.  3. 

1875.  Petalodus  alleghaniensis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio, 
vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  p.  52,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  13. 

Type.  Detaclied  tooth. 

Crown  of  tooth  acuminate,  much  projecting  beyond  the  root  an- 
teriorly. Lateral  margin  of  the  root  sharply  bent  at  one  third  tho 
distance  from  its  tapering,  but  truncate,  extremity. 

Torm.  Loc.  Coal-Measures : Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Arkansas, 
Illinois,  Nebraska,  U.S. A. 

H.  Trautschold ' has  also  recorded  this  species  from  the  Carboni- 
ferous Limestone  of  Mjatschkowa,  near  Moscow;  but  the  determi- 
nation is  extremely  doubtful. 

35678.  Fine  tooth  from  Turkey  Creek,  Conway  Co.,  Arkansas. 

Purchased,  1859. 

P.  2981.  Crown  and  portion  of  root ; La  SaUe,  Illinois. 

EnnishUlen  CoU. 

Some  abraded  and  fragmentary  teeth  (Nos.  P.  4885,  4907,  Pur- 
chased, 1885)  from  the  Yoredale  Hocks  of  Wensleydsde,  Yorkshire, 
resemble  the  fossils  described  by  J.  W.  Davis’*  as  Glyphanoclus 
tenuis.  Upon  present  evidence,  however,  these  cannot  be  distin- 
guished from  worn  fragments  oi  Petalodus. 

The  following  species,  referable  to  Petalodus  as  here  defined,  have 
been  founded  upon  detached  teeth,  but  only  three  appear  to  be 
represented  in  the  Collection  : these  are  from  the  Enniskillen  Col- 
lection, Nos.  P.  2983  {P.  parvulus'),  P.  2980  {A.  sulcatus),  and 
P.  2984  {A.  2>oUtus) : — 

Petalodus  curtus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  iv. 
(1870),  p.  355,  pi.  iii.  fig.  2. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Petalodus  hyhridus,  St.  John  & "Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 
(18/5),  p.  394,  pi.  xii.  fig.  10. — St.  Louis  Limestone; 
Illinois. 

Petalodus  hnajypi,  J.  S.  Newberrj-,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana, 
1879,  p.  345. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Indiana. 

Petalodus  linguifer,  Newberry  & M’orthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  (1866), 
p.  3/,  pi.  ii.  figs.  4,  5. — Chester  Limestone;  Illinois. 

Petalodus  “ new  variety,”  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental 

> Nouv.  M^m.  Soc.  Imp.Nat.  Moscou,  vol.iiv.  1879,  p. 56,  pi  vii.flgs.  13,14 

= Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  386,  pi.  xlix.  figs.  24,  26;  and 

Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol  xl.  (1884),  p.  621,  pi  xxvii.  fig.  8. 


48 


SELACHII. 


Surgery,  vol.  ii.  (1874)  p.  537,  figs,  xxvii,  xxviii.— Coal- 
Measure.s;  Northumberland. 

Petalodus  parvulus  : AntUodus  Newberry  & Worthen, 

op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  38,  pi.  ii.  fig.  7.— Burlington  and  Keokuk 
Limestones  ; lUinoia. 

Petalodus  proximus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  eit.  p.  395,  pi.  xii. 
fig.  11. — Upper  Coal-Measures  ; Illinois. 

AntUodus  cucullus,  Newberry  & Wortben,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  (1866), 
p.  41,  pi.  iii.  fig.  1. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 

AntUodus  gracilis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  (1875), 
p.  393,  pi.  xi.  fig.  29. — Warsaw  Beds ; Illinois. 

AntUodus  minutus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  43, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  3 ; J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv. 
Indiana,  1879,  p.  341. — Keokuk  Limestone,  Illinois;  St. 
Louis  Limestone,  Indiana.  ? Also  A.  minutus,  L.  G.  de 
Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Bclg.  pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  52, 
pi.  vi.  fig.  9. — Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  (Bed  le) ; 
Toumai,  Belgium. 

AntUodus  mucronatus,  Newberry  <fc  Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  38, 
pi.  ii.  fig.  6. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; Illinois. 

AntUodus  perovalis,  St.  .Tohn  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  393, 
pi.  xi.  fig.  28. — Warsaw  Beds  ; Illinois. 

AntUodus  politus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  42, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  2. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 

AntUodus  rohustus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  39, 
pi.  ii.  fig.  9. — Chester  Limestone ; Illinois. 

AntUodus  similis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  41, 
pi.  ii.  fig.  10.  ?Also  J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol. 
Surv.  Indiana,  1879,  p.  346. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois, 
(?)  Indiana. 

AntUodus  simplex,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  44, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  4. — Burlington  Limestone ; Iowa. 

AntUodus  sulcaitts,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  45, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  5. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Chomatodus  nffinis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  54, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  15. — Keokuk  Limestone;  Illinois. 

Chomatodus  angxdaris,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  55, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  16. — Coal-Measures ; Illinois. 

Chomatodus  cultdhis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  52, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  13.— Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Chomatodus  gracillimus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  oj>.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  51, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  12. — Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Chomatodus  insignis  (Leidy),  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi. 
pi.  X.  A.  fig.  5 : (?)  Paloeobatis  insignis,  J.  Leidy,  Trans.  Amor. 


PETALODONTID^. 


49 


Phil.  Soc.  [2]  vol.  xi.  (1857),  p.  89,  pi.  v.  figs.  24-26. — 
Lower  Carboniferous,  Illinois ; and  St.  Louis  Limestone, 
Missouri. 

Choviatodug  lamelliformis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xl.  (1884),  p.  625,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  23. — Yoredale  Rocks ; 
'Wensleydale,  Yorkshire. 

Chomatodus  loriformis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  oj>.  eit.  vol.  ii.  p.  58, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  19. — ^Keokuk  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Chomatodus  molaris,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  56, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  17. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Dlinois. 

Chomatodus  multipUcatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii. 
p.  57,  pi.  iii.  fig.  18. — Burlington  Limestone ; Iowa.  ? Also 
Tanaodus  multipUcatus,  L.  G.  de  Koninok,  Faune  Calc. 
Carbf.  Belg.  pt.  i.  1878,  p.  53,  pi.  vi.  fig.s.  10, 11. — Lower 
Carboniferous  Limestone ; Tournai. 

Chvniatodus  parallelus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  358, 
pi.  x.A.  figs.  3,  4. — Warsaw  Beds;  Dlinois,  Missouri. 

Chomatodus  pusillus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  eit.  vol.  ii.  p.  53, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  14. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Chomatodus  sareululus,  Newberry  & W orthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  iv.  p.  356, 
pi.  ii.  fig.  8. — Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

The  genus  Litgtxlus,  St.  John  & Worthen  (op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  1875, 
p.  363),  is  difficultly  definable  from  Petalodus.  Four  species  are 
described — L.  eurtus  (tom.  cit.  p.  364,  pi.  x.  a.  figs.  20-22),  L.  selluli- 
formis  (tom.  eit.  p.  366,  pi.  x.A.  fig.  16),  L.  serratus  (tom.  cit.  p.  365, 
pi.  x.A.  figs.  17-19),  and  L.  affinis  (J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol. 
Surv.  Indiana.  1879,  p.  343).  The  first  and  third  are  from  the 
Upper  Burlington  Limestone,  Illinois  and  Iowa;  the  second  and 
fourth  from  the  Upper  St.  Louis  Limestone,  Illinois  and  Missouri. 

Closely  allied  also  is  the  genus  Calopodvs,  St.  John  & Worthen, 
represented  by  the  single  species  C.  apicalis,  St.  J.  & W.  (Pal.  111. 
vol.  vi.  1875,  p.  403,  pi.  xii.  figs.  16,  17),  from  the  Middle  Coal- 
Measures  of  Iowa. 

Genus  CTENOPTYCHIUS,  Agassiz. 

[Rech.  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1838,  p.  99.] 

Syn.  Ctenopetalus,  J.  W.  Davis  (ex  Agass.  MSS.),  Arm.  & Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  [5]  vol.  viii.  1881,  p.  426. 

Harpacodus,  J.  W.  Davis  (&v  Agass.  MSS.),  loc.  eit.  p.  426. 

Serratodus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg.  pt.  i. 
1878,  p.  53. 

PeripristU,  0.  St.  John,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  vol,  xi.  1870, 
p.  434. 

B 


50 


8ELACHII. 


Pet([lodopsis,  J.  W.  Davis  (iion  W.  J.  Barkas),  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin 
Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  1883,  p.  498. 

Teeth  as  in  Petalodus,  but  having  the  coronal  margin  coarsely 
denticulated. 


Ctenoptychius  apicalis,  Agassiz. 

1838.  Ctenoptychius  apicalis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  99, 
pi.  xix.  fig.  1. 

1841.  Ctenoptychius  apicalis,  E.  W.  Binney,  Trans.  Manchester  Geol. 
Soc.  vol.  i.  p.  109,  pi.  v.  fig.  19. 

1873.  Ctenoptychius  apicalis,  T.  P.  Barkas,  Coal  Meas.  Palseont.  p.  18, 
pi.  i.  fig.  21. 

1874.  Ctenoptychius  apicalis,  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental 
Surgery,  vol.  ii.  pp.  443,  482,  figs,  xiv.,  xv. 

1874.  Petahdus  apicalis,  W.  .T.  Barkas,  tom.  cit.  p.  638. 

1876.  Ctenoptychius  apicalis,  J.Ward,  [Proc.]  f^orth  Staffs.  Nat.  Field- 
Club,  p.  218,  fig.  12. 

T\jpe.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  with  coronal  margin  acuminate,  divided  into  few  (5-9) 
relatively  largo,  smooth,  but  pointed  dcnticulations ; anterior  base- 
line of  the  crown  slightly  curved.  In  the  principal  teeth  the  median 
denticulation  is  prominent  and  much  the  largest.  Root  markedly 
tumid  helow,  truncate. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Coal-Measures  : Lanarkshire,  Scotland;  Northumber- 
land, Yorkshire,  Lancashire,  Staffordshire,  England. 

P.  496.  Typo  specimen ; Silverdale,  Staffordshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3020,  P.  3023.  Seven  teeth,  variously  broken  and  abraded;  New 
Ironstone  (Rag-mine),  Fenton,  N.  Staffordshire. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  1458,  P.  1460-1.  Six  teeth  ; Fenton.  Egerton  Coll. 

34995-7,  P.  246.  Four  teeth ; Fenton.  Purchased,  1860,  1880. 

P.  5167-8.  Three  portions  of  teeth  ; Fenton.  Purchased,  1885. 

46028.  Crown  of  tooth ; Longton,  N.  Stafford.shire. 

Presented  hy  John  Ward,  Esq.,  1874. 

P.  3022.  Fine  tooth ; Harecastle,  N.  Staffordshire.  Ennishillen  Coll. 
P.  1459.  Tooth ; Lowmoor,  Yorkshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3021.  Three  teeth ; Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  Ennishillen  Coll. 
21423.  Tooth;  Carluke.  Purchased,  1847. 


PETALODONTIDiE. 


51 


Ctenoptychins  dentatus  (Owen). 


1843.  Ctmoptychitts  dentafut,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pp.  173, 
383  (name  only). 

1843.  Ctenoptyehius  macrodus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  dt.  pp.  173,  383  (name 
only). 

1840-45.  Petalodus  denfatm,  R.  Owen,  Odontography,  vol.  i.  p.  62. 

1843.  CtenoptycMvs  macrodus,  J.  E.  Portlock,  Rep.  Geol.  Londond. 
p.  467,  pL  xiv.  fig.  7 (inaccurate  figure). 

1862.  Harpacodus  detUatus,  J.  Morris  & O.  E.  Roberts,  Quart.  Joum. 
Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  100  (name  only). 

1881.  JTarpacodus  dentatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [.5] 
vol.  viii.  p.  420. 

1883.  Harpacodus  dentatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  614,  pi.  Ixi.  fig.  10. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; (?)  British  Museum*. 

Margin  of  dental  crown  not  acuminate,  divided  into  few  (about 
5-7)  relatively  large,  smooth,  pointed  denticulations ; anterior  base- 
line of  crown  gently  curved.  In  the  principal  teeth  the  median 
denticulation  is  scarcely  larger  than  those  immediately  adjoining. 
Root  markedly  tumid  below,  truncate. 

Form.  4'  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh. 

P.  3008.  Tooth  described  and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  dt. 


1875.  Petalodus?  hbatus,  R.  Etheridge,  jun.,  Geol.  Mag.  [2]  voh  ii. 
p.  244,  pi.  viii.  figs.  5,  6. 

1883.  Ctenopetalus  crenatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  513,  pi.  Ixi.  tig.  9 (broken  tooth). 

1884.  Ctenopetalus  crenatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xl.  p.  623,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  18. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; coll.  James  Bennie. 

Margin  of  dental  crown  acuminate.  Denticulations  in  principal 
teeth  about  9-13  in  number,  smooth  and  pointed,  but  appearing  as 
if  crenulated  when  worn ; those  of  the  unsymmetrical  lateral  teeth 
more  numerous  and  obtuse.  Anterior  base-line  of  crown  sharply 

* An  unmarked  specimen  in  Admiral  Jones’s  collection,  either  in  the  Museum 
or  in  the  posscssiou  of  the  Geological  Society.  ‘ 


P.  3009.  Twenty-two  teeth. 
P.  1441.  Six  teeth. 

28926,  28736.  Ten  teeth. 


Ennisldllen  Coll. 
Emiiskillen  Coll. 


Egerton  Coll. 
Purchased,  1854. 


Ctenoptyehius  lobatus  (Etheridge). 


52 


8ELACHII. 


angulated.  Root  elongated,  and  produced  to  a blunt  point  in  the 
principal  teeth. 

In  the  last-named  character  (7.  lobatus  bears  the  same  relation  to 
the  other  species  of  the  genus  that  is  borne  by  Petdlodus  alleghani- 
ensis  to  the  remaining  species  of  its  genus. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Lanarkshire. 
Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Yorkshire,  Derbyshire. 

P.  5342.  Nine  principal  teeth,  variously  broken,  detached  from 
matrix  ; Ticknall,  S.  Derbyshire.  One  specimen,  oocup)  - 
ing  apparentl}'  a median  position  in  the  mouth,  is  shown, 
twice  nat.  size,  in  PI.  I.  fig.  12.  Wilson  Coll. 

P.  5343.  Seven  very  unsymmetrical  lateral  teeth,  detached  from 
matrix,  with  numerous  obtuse  denticulations ; Ticknall. 
Two  specimens  are  shown,  twice  nat.  size,  in  PI.  !• 
figs.  10,  11.  Wilson  Coll. 

P.  3005.  Five  teeth,  more  or  less  broken,  embedded  in  matrix ; 

Yoredale  Rocks,  Wensleydale,  Yorkshire.  EnnisMUen  Coll. 

P.  4889.  Two  teeth  with  imperfect  roots,  one  detached  from  matrix  ; 

Wensleydale.  Iforne  Coll. 

Ctenoptychius  serratus  (Owen). 

184.3.  Ctenojitychins  serratus,  li.  Agas.siz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pp.  173, 
.383  (name  only). 

1840-4.5.  Petaloilus  serratus,  R.  Owen,  Odontography,  vol.  i.  p.  62. 

1855.  Ctenoptychius  serratus,  P.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palaeoz.  Foss.  p.  620, 
pi.  3 1,  figs.  21  -23. 

1802.  Ctenopetalus  serratus,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  .Toum.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  100  (name  only). 

1881.  Ctenopetalus  serratus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [6] 
vol.  viii.  p.  420. 

1883.  Ctenopetalus  serratus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  612,  pi.  bd.  figs.  6-8. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; Jones  Collection. 

Margin  of  crown  acuminate  in  principal  teeth,  often  gently  rounded 
in  others.  Denticulations  large,  truncate,  often  incompletely  sepa- 
rated, and  crenulated  at  the  summit.  Anterior  base-line  of  crown 
sharply  curved.  Root  obtuse. 

This  species  connects  the  typical  dentition  of  Ctenoptychius  with 
that  of  Petalodus.  The  coronal  denticulations  are  sometimes  only 
evident  at  the  extremities  of  the  tooth,  where  the}’  are  merely 
divided  by  short  vertical  folds. 


PETALOBONTIDa;. 


53 


Form,  if  Lot.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Armagh,  Ireland. 
Carboniferous  Limestone:  Shropshire  {Bainn),  Derbyshire  (McCoy). 

P.  3000-2.  Specimens  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin 
Soc.  loe.  cit. ; Armagh.  Ennislcilhn  Coll. 

P.  3003.  Twenty  teeth  ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3004.  Twelve  teeth  ; Tynan,  Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1443.  Six  teeth ; Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

28538,  28735,  28921,  28927,  38504.  Twenty-two  broken  teeth; 

Armagh.  Purchased. 


The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth, 
but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

CUnoptyehius  acuminatus : Pristodas'I  acuminatus,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  (1875),  p.  402,  pi.  x.  a.  fig.  6. 
— Kinderhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Ctenop>tychius  hellulvs-.  Ctenopetnlus  bellulus,  St.John  & Worthen, 
tom.  cit.  p.  398,  pi.  xii.  fig.  9. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Iowa, 
Illinois. 

Ctenoptychius  ceympactus ; llarpacodus  compactus,  St.  John  & Wor- 
then, tom.  cit.  p.  355,  pi.  x.a.  fig.  1. — Chester  Limestone; 
Dlinois. 

Ctenoptychius  elegans : Serratodus  elegans,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune 
Calc.  Carbf.  Belg.  pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  54,  pi.  vi.  fig.  12. — U. 
Carboniferous  Limestone ; Visd,  Belgium. 

Ctenoptychius  lirnatvlus:  Ctenopetalus  liniatulus,  St.  John  & Wor- 
then, tom.  cit.  p.  399,  pi.  xii.  fig.  18. — Chester  Limestone  ; 
Illinois. 

Ctenop>< ychius  medius'.  Ctenopetalus  medius,  St.  John  & Worthen, 
tom.  cit.  p.  400,  pi.  X.A.  fig.  26. — Chester  Limestone ; lUi- 
nois. 

Ctenoptychius  oceidentalis'^  ■.  Ctenopetalus  oecidentalis,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  tom.  dt.  p.  401,  pi.  xii.  fig.  14. — Lower  Coal- 
Measures  ; Iowa. 

Ctenojitychius  pertenuis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  382, 
pi.  X.  A.  fig.  27. — Chester  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Ctenoptychius  semicirctdaris,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 

' If,  as  the  present  writer  considers,  the  tooth  described  by  St.  John  & Wor- 
then (tom.  cit.  p.  355,  pi.  x.a.  fig.  2)  as  Harpacodus  oecidentalis  must  be  placed 
in  Ctenoptychius,  and  if  these  two  species  are  distinct  from  all  others,  one  will 
require  a new  specific  name. 


54 


SBLACHII. 


vol.  ii.  (1866),  p.  72,  pi.  iv.  fig.  18 ; Peripristis  semicireu- 
laris,  O.  St.  John,  Final  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Nebraska, 
1872,  p.  242,  pi.  iii.  figs.  3,  4,  pi.  iv.  fig.  20 ; Ctemptychius 
semicircularis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  vol.  ii. 
pt.  ii.  (1875),  p.  52,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  14. — Coal-Measures; 
Indiana,  Ohio,  Nebraska. 

Ctenoptychius  stevensoni,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  383, 
pi.  xii.  fig.  15. — Coal-Measures ; West  Virginia. 

Ctenoptychius  tripartitus : Petalodopsis  tripartitus,  J.  W.  Davis, 
Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soo.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  499,  pi.  Lx. 
fig.  6 ; and  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl.  (1884),  pi.  xxvi. 
fig.  16. — TJ.  Carboniferous  Limestone ; Wensleydale,  York- 
shire. 

Ctenoptychius  vinosus  : Ctenopetalus  vinosus,  St.  John  & Worthen, 
tom.  cit.  p.  396,  pi.  xii.  fig.  13.— Keokuk  Limestone ; 
Iowa. 

An  indeterminable  ichthyolite,  from  the  Scotch  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone, has  been  described  as  Ctenoj>tycJiius  priscus  by  Agassiz,  Poiss. 
Foss.  V.  Gres  Rouge,  1844,  p.  124.  An  unsatisfactory  fossil,  from 
the  Rhffitic  Beds  of  Aust  Cliff,  near  Bristol,  also  appears  to  form  the 
type  of  Ctenoptychius  ordii,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxvii.  (1881),  p.  422,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  8. 

A form  of  tooth,  from  the  Northumbrian  Coal-l»Ieasurcs,  very 
suggestive  of  Ctenoptychius,  was  described  under  the  name  of 
Petalodopsis  mirabilis  by  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental  Surgery, 
vol.  ii.  (1874),  p.  538,  figs,  xxx.-xxxii.,  and  vol.  iii.  p.  4,  figs,  xxxiii.- 
XXXV.  More  recent  researches,  however,  have  shown  that  this  is 
probably  the  vomerine  tooth  of  Ctemdus'. 

Genus  CALLOPRISTODUS,  Traquair. 

[Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v.  1888,  p.  85.] 

Syn.  Ctenoptychius,  L.  Agassiz  (in  part.). 

Teeth  with  low  crown,  coarsely  denticulated,  having  no  folds  at 
its  base-fine,  which  is  straight  both  in  front  and  behind.  Root  very 
long,  fibrous,  often  divided  below  into  a number  of  small  irregular 
“ rootlets.” 

W.  J.  Barkas  “ has  pointed  out  that  the  microscopical  structure  of 
the  typo  species  of  this  genus,  C.  pectinatus,  is  very  different  from 

* See  W.  J.  Barkas,  Proc.  Eoy.  Soo.  New  South  Wales,  vol.  x.  (187G),  p.  115, 
figs,  xiv.-xix.  Also  T.  Atthey,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [4]  vol.  xv.  (1875),  p.  310, 
pi.  xii.  fig.  4. 

“ Monthly  Rev.  Dental  Surgery,  vol.  ii.  (1874),  pp.  482,  .5.38. 


PETALODONUD^. 


55 


that  of  Ctenoptyehius  apiealis,  the  latter  more  approaching  Petalodus. 
Since,  however,  it  seems  advisable  to  retain  CUnoptychius,  Agassiz, 
as  a genus  distinct  from  Petalodus,  G.pectinatus  must  henceforth  be 
quoted  under  the  recently  proposed  generic  name  of  Callopristodus. 

Callopristodns  pectinatua  (Agassiz). 

1838.  Ctenoptyehius  pectinatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  100, 
pi.  19.  figs.  2—4. 

1838.  Ctenoptyehius  denticulatus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  101,  pi.  19. 
figs.  5-7. 

1841.  Ctenoptyehius  pectinatus,  E.  W.  Binney,  Trans.  Manchester  Geol. 

Soc.  voL  i.  p.  109,  pL  v.  figs.  20,  21. 

1867.  Ageleodus  diadeina,  R.  Owen,  Trans.  Odontol.  Soc.  vol.  v.  p.  340, 
pi.  iv. 

1870.  Cteiwptychius  pectinatus,  A.  Hancock  & T.  Atthey,  Nat.  Hist. 
Trans.  Northurab.  & Durham,  vol.  iii.  p.  115. 

1873.  Ctemptychius  pectinatus,  T.  P.  Barkas,  Coal  Meas.  Palseont.  p.  18, 
pi.  i.  tigs.  17-19. 

1874.  Ctenoptyehius  pectitiatus,  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental 
Surgery,  vol.  ii.  p.  440,  figs,  xiii.,  xviii.,  xix. 

1874.  Ctenoptyehius  denticulatus,  W.  J.  Barkas,  tom.  cit.  p.  441. 

1882.  Ctenoptyehius  pectinatus,  T.  Stock,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [5] 
voL  ix.  p.  266,  pi.  ■viii.  figs.  5-17. 

1888.  Callopristodus  pectinatus,  R.  H.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v. 
p.  85. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; coU.  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh. 

Margin  of  dental  crown  not  acuminate ; denticulations  sharply 
pointed. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Lower  Carboniferous : Scotch  Coalfield.  Coal- 
Measures  : Northumberland,  Yorkshire,  Lancashire,  Staffordshire. 

The  occurrence  of  this  species  in  the  Rhaetic  Bone-bed  of  Aust, 
recorded  by  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xxxvii.  p.  424, 
must  be  regarded  as  extremely  doubtful. 

50096.  Two  teeth  ; Calciferous  Sandstone,  Burdiehouse,  Edinburgh. 

Purchased,  1879. 

P.  4494.  Eleven  teeth ; Blackband  Ironstone,  Edge  Coal  Series, 
Borough  Leo,  Edinburgh. 

Presented  by  Ramsay  H.  Traquair,  Esq.,  M.D.,  1884. 

41197,  45901.  Seven  teeth;  probably  from  Borough  Lee. 

Purchased,  1868, 1874. 

41196,  41734.  Six  teeth;  Coal-Measures,  Neweastle-on-Tyne. 

Purchased.  1868,  1869. 


56 


SEIACHII. 


41204.  Four  teeth  ; Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Presented  hy  T.  P.  Barhas,  Esq.,  1868. 

P.  5289.  Two  teeth;  West  Cramliugton,  near  Newcastle-ou-Tyne. 

Presented  hy  Sir  liichard  Owen,  K.C.B.,  1884. 

34998-9,  P.  5169.  Four  teeth;  Upper  Coal-Measures  (New  Iron- 
stone— Rag-mine),  Fenton,  North  Staffordshire. 

Purchased. 

P.  1456.  Four  teeth  ; Fenton.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3017-19.  Eight  teeth ; Fenton.  Ennisldllen  Coll. 

P.  1457.  Impression  of  tooth  very  similar  to  those  of  this  species  ; 

Coal-Measures,  Nova  Scotia.  Egerton  Coll. 

Teeth  slightly  differing  from  those  of  C.  pectinatus  are  described 
from  the  Coal-Measures  of  Nova  Scotia  under  the  name  of  Cteno- 
ptycJiius  cristatus,  J.  W.  Dawson,  Acadian  Geology,  3rd  edit.  1878, 
p.  209,  woodcut.  It  is  possible  that  the  imperfect  fossil  last  named 
(P.  1457)  may  bo  truly  referable  to  this  species. 

With  Callopristodus  ma}’  also  be  placed  the  unique  tooth  from  the 
Northumbrian  Coal-Measures,  described  under  the  name  of  Cteno- 
ptychius  acicidatus  by  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental  Surgery, 
vol.  ii.  (1874),  p.  533,  figs,  xxiv.-xxvi. 

Genus  POLYRHIZODUS,  McCoy. 

[Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  1848,  p.  125.] 

Syn.  Bactylodus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  1866, 
p.  33. 

Teeth  very  robust,  with  crown  but  slightly  elevated  and  more 
adapted  for  crushing  than  cutting.  The  edge  of  the  crown  is 
generally  sharp,  but  rarely  crenulatcd ; its  base  is  marked  by  one, 
two,  or  three  ridges.  The  root  is  large,  and  deeply  divided  into 
several  distinct,  root-like  lobes  or  fangs. 

No  teeth  of  PolyrMzodus  have  hitherto  been  discovered  in  natural 
association,  and  it  is  thus  impossible  to  distinguish  between  specific 
characters  and  the  variations  exhibited  by  the  teeth  in  different 
parts  of  a single  jaw.  It  seems  certain  that  most  of  the  so-called 
specific  differences  belong  to  the  latter  category ; but  since  the 
various  types  have  unfortunately  received  names,  and  as  there  is 
yet  no  absolute  proof  of  their  pertaining  to  one  or  any  definite 
number  of  species,  it  is  considered  convenient  to  adopt  this  pro- 
visional arrangement. 


PETALODONTIDJ!. 


57 


Polyrhizodns  magnos,  McCoy 
1843.  Petalodus  radicans,  L.  Agasaiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pp.  174,  384 
(name  only). 

1848.  Potyrhizodug  magnug,  F.  McCoy,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2] 
vol.  ii.  p.  126. 

1855.  Polyrhizodm  magnus,  F.  McCoy,  Brit.  Pal®oz.  Foss.  p.  641, 
pi.  3 K.  figs.  6-8. 

1883.  Polyrhizodm  radkam,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  600,  pi.  lx.  figs.  7,  8. 

1883.  Polyrhizodm  constrictm,  J.  W.  Davis,  totn.  cit.  p.  506,  pi.  lx. 
fig.  15. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Crown  of  teeth  moderately  high,  with  the  base-line  curved  both 
in  front  and  behind.  “ Rootlets  ” six  to  eight  in  number,  each 
generally  divided  again  into  two. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh. 

P.  2963-4.  Specimens  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loe.  cit. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2965.  Twenty-three  specimens.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2978.  Seven  specimens  ; Tynan,  Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 
P.  1467.  Four  small  teeth,  approaching  P.  sinuosus.  Egerton  Coll. 
P.  1467  h.  Two  imperfect  large  teeth.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2977.  Type  specimen  of  P.  constnctus.  This  is  a fragment  of 
a tooth  similar  to  the  last.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


Polyrhizodus  colei,  Davis. 

1883.  Polyrhizodm  colei,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  502,  pi.  lx.  figs.  9, 10. 

1884.  Polyrhizodus  colei,  J.  AV.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl. 
p.  022,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  13. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

Crown  of  tooth  relatively  high,  with  much-curved  base-line,  con- 
siderably overhanging  the  root  in  front.  “ Rootlets  ” only  incom- 
pletely subdivided. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh.  Upper 
Carboniferous  Limestone  (Yoredale  Rocks) : Yorkshire  (/.  W.  Davis). 

' The  tooth  figured  by  Portlock  (Geol.  Londonderrj-,  pi,  xiv.  fig.  9)  under 
the  name  of  Petalodus  rectus,  Agass.,  is  considered  to  be  a young  example  of 
this  species  by  Morris  and  Boberts,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii  p.  102. 


58 


8ELACHII. 


P.  2974-5.  Type  specimens;  Armagh.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2976.  Ten  specimens;  some  from  Tynan.  Ennishillen  Coll. 


Polyrhizodus  sinuosus,  Davis. 

1883.  Polyrhizodus  ainuosus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  604,  pi.  lx.  figs.  11-13. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  very  similar  to  those  of  P.  colei,  but  with  less  elevated 
crowns,  and  unsymmetrical. 

Form.  4"  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh. 

P.  2970-2.  Type  specimens.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2973.  Four  teeth.  Ennishillen  Coll. 


Polyrhizodus  elongatus,  Davis. 

1883.  Polyrhizodus  eloitgaUta,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  i.  p.  603,  pi.  Lx.  fig.  16. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

Tooth  laterally  elongated,  crown  relatively  low,  with  scarcely 
curved  base-line  in  front  and  behind.  “Rootlets”  mostly  sub- 
divided. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh. 

P.  2966.  Typo  specimen.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2967.  Six  similar  teeth.  Ennishillen  Coll. 


Polyrhizodus  attenuatus,  Davis. 

1883.  Polyrhizodus  attenuatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  i.  p.  505,  pi.  lx.  fig.  14. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  scarcely  distinguishable  from  P.  elongatus,  but  much 
smaller.  The  unworn  coronal  edge  is  faintly  cremilated.  “ Root- 
lets ” much  subdivided. 

Form.  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh. 

P.  2968.  Type  specimen.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2969.  Fourteen  similar  teeth  ; some  from  Tynan. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 


PETAtODONTIDiE. 


69 


Polyrhizodus  concavus  (Trautschold). 

1874.  Dactylodm  concavus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mdm.  Soc.  Imp. 
Nat.  Moscou,  toI.  xiii.  p.  294,  pi.  xxviii.  6g.  1. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  of  the  t3pical  form  of  P.  magnus,  but  with  fewer,  often 
undivided,  “ rootlets.” 

Form.  Loc.  Carboniferous  Limestone : Mjatscbkowa,  Govern- 
ment of  Moscow,  Eussia. 

P.  4487.  Two  complete,  one  broken  tooth.  Purchased,  1884. 


The  Collection  also  comprises  a broken  tooth  (P.  227  a)  of  un- 
certain species,  from  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Oreton,  Shrop- 


The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth, 
but,  except  of  P.  lohatus,  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection. 
To  this  species  is  probablj’  referable  a broken  tooth  (P.  2979, 
Ennislcillen  Coll.)  from  the  St.  Louis  Limestone,  Monroe  Co., 
Illinois,  U.S.A. 

Polyrhizodus  amplus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 
(1875),  p.  387,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  13. — St.  Louis  Limestone; 
Illinois,  Missouri. 

Polyrhizodus  earhonarius,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  389, 
pi.  X A.  figs.  24,  25,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  10. — Coal-Measures ; 
Illinois. 

Polyrhizodus  (Dactylodus)  concavus,  St.  John  & Worthen  (non 
Trautschold),  tom.  cit.  p.  390,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  17,  18. — St. 
Louis  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Polyrhizodus  dentatvs,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 

(1866),  p.  .50,  pi.  iii.fig.  10. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 
Polyrhizodus  (Dactylodus)  excavatus,  St.John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit. 

p.  392,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  16.— Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 
Polyrhizodus  (Dactylodus)  injlexus,  Newberiy  & Worthen,  op.  cit. 

vol.  ii.  p.  48,  pi.  iii.  fig.  8. — Chester  Limestone ; DUnois. 
Polyrhizodus  littoni,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  iv.  (1870), 
p.  357,  pi.  iv.  fig.  10. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Missouri. 
Polyrhizodus  (Dastylodus)  hiatus,  Newbeny  & Worthen,  op.  cit. 
vol.  ii.  p.  47,  pi.  iii.fig.  7 ; Ctemptychius  digitatus,  J.  Leidj*, 


P.  5111.  Three  teeth. 

P.  5490.  Five  specimens. 


Purchased,  1886. 
Purchased,  1888. 


shire. 


Weaver  Jones  Coll. 


60 


SELACHn. 


Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  [2]  toI.  xi.  (1857),  p.  90,  pi.  v. 
figs.  27—29. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; Missouri,  Illinois. 
Polyrhizodus  longus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  vol.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  50,  pi.  vi.  figs.  9,  10. — Carbo- 
niferous Limestone  ; Mjatschkowa,  near  Moscow. 
Polyrhizodus  (Dactylodus)  minimus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit. 

p.  391,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  19. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Illinois. 
Polyrhizodus  modestus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Pop.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio, 
vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  (1875),  p.  50,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  10. — Lower 
Carboniferous ; Ohio. 

Polyrhizodus  nanus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  386,  pi.  xiii. 

fig.  15. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Polyrhizodus  piasaensis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  386, 
pi.  xiii.  fig.  12.— Warsaw  Beds;  Illinois. 

Polyrhizodus  ponticulus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii. 

p.  51,  pi.  iii.  fig.  11. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 
Polyrhizodus porosm,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  49, 
Burlington  Limestone ; Illinois,  Iowa. 
Polyrhizodus  (Dactylodus)  princeps,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit. 

vol.  ii.  p.  45^  pi.  ill.  Louis  Limestone ; 

Missouri. 

Polyrhizodus Jruncatus,  Newberry  & AVorthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  iv. 

p.  35/,  pi.  HI.  fig.  16.— Burlington  Limestone;  Illinois. 
Polyrlnzodus  williamsi,  St.  John  & AVorthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  384, 

pi.  X.  A.  fig.  23,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  11. — Keokuk  Limestone; 
Missouri,  Iowa. 


Genus  GLOSSODUS,  McCoy. 

[Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  1848,  p.  127.] 

Teeth  tongue-shaped.  Crown  very  thick,  and  coronal  margin 
obtuse  and  rounded.  Root  long,  as  wide  as  the  crown,  terminating 
below  in  two  points. 


Glossodus  lingua-bovis,  McCoy. 

^^‘=Coy,Ann.&  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2J 
18^.  Glossodus  marginatus,  F.  McCoy,  tom.  cit.  p.  128. 

pi  S Foss.  p.  029, 


] 


PETAIODOHIID^. 


61 


Type.  Detached  tooth  ; (?)  British  Museum  \ 

Single  known  species. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh. 

P.  2648-9.  Specimens  described  and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit. 

Ennigkillen  Coll. 

P.  2647,  P.  2650.  Four  similar  teeth.  Ennukillen  Coll. 

P.  2647  a.  Naturally  associated  series  of  three  teeth,  showing  the 
typical  Petalodont  arrangement.  This  specimen  forms 
the  basis  of  the  description  and  figure  by  J.  W.  Davis, 
loc.  cit.  p.  511,  pi.  Isi.  fig.  4.  EnnisIciUen  CoU. 

P.  1475.  Imperfect  tooth.  Egerton  Coll. 


Genus  MESOLOPHODUS,  nov. 

Teeth  robust.  Crown  relatively  thick,  elevated,  with  a sharp 
cutting-edge ; posterior  face  of  triangular  outline,  with  truncated 
summit,  slightly  hollowed  mesially,  and  with  straight  inferior 
margin  ; anterior  face  of  nearly  similar  form  and  size,  but  with  a 
sharp  vertical  median  ridge  and  W-shaped  base-line.  Base  of 
crown  with  at  least  one  largo  fold.  Hoot  as  deep  as  the  crown, 
abruptly  truncate. 

The  supposed  distinct  genus  represented  by  these  teeth  may 
perhaps  pertain  to  the  Petalodontidae.  In  some  respects  the  teeth 
are  suggestive  of  those  named  lAsgodw  and  Calopodus. 

Mesolophodus  problematicus,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  shown,  nat.  size,  in  PI.  I.  figs.  18,  19. 
Single  known  species. 

Form.  Toe.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh. 

P.  2641.  Type  specimens.  The  original  of  PI.  I.  fig.  18  is  a nearly 
complete  crown  displaying  the  anterior  aspect.  The 
tooth  shown  in  PI.  I.  fig.  19  is  nearly  complete  and  ex- 
hibits the  characters  of  the  posterior  aspect. 

Enniskillen  CoU. 

P.  2641  a.  Three  abraded  crowns.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

The  so-called  genus  Cymatodus,  H.  Trautschold,  1879  {non  New- 
berry and  Worthen,  1870),  may  also  probably  be  referred  to  the 

* An  unmarked  tooth  in  Admiral  Jones's  Collection,  either  in  the  Museum 
or  in  the  possession  of  the  Geological  Society. 


62 


SELACHII. 


Petalodontidsc.  The  two  described  species  are  from  the  Lower  Car- 
boniferous of  Russia,  and  named  Oymatodiis plicatu.lus,Tra,\it»a)^o\A, 
Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  53,  pi.  vii. 
fig.  3,  and  G.  reclinatus,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  1883,  pt.  ii. 
p.  109,  pi.  V.  figs.  3,  4.  The  tooth  is  very  much  compressed,  and  the 
coronal  margin  wavy. 


Family  PRISTODONTID^. 

An  indefinable  e.xtinct  family,  known  only  by  detached  teeth,  of  a 
type  very  similar  to  some  of  those  referred  to  the  Petalodontidae. 
Each  tooth  is  bilaterally  symmetrical,  and  the  coronal  contour  of 
one  is  hollowed  in  such  a manner  as  to  precisely  “ fit  ” the  crown  of 
the  other  tooth  directly  opposed  to  it.  These  characters  are 
suggestive  (though  not  conclusive  proof)  of  there  having  been  but 
a single  tooth  in  each  jaw  of  the  original  fish. 


Genus  PRISTODUS,  Davis  (ex  Agassiz,  MS.). 

[Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  sor.  2,  vol.  i.  1883,  p.  519.] 

Syn.  Diodontopsodm,  J.  W.  Davis,  Brit.  Assoc.  Rep.  1881,  p.  640.. 

Crown  of  tooth  comparatively  thin  and  plate-like,  vertical  in  front, 
but  sharply  bent  backwards  at  a short  distance  below  the  apex, 
thus  forming  a posterior  horizontal  portion.  The  latter  portion  is 
flat,  with  an  excavated  hinder  border,  and  the  vertical  portion  rises 
abruptly  from  its  semicircular  front  margin,  with  a sharp  cutting- 
edge,  highest  in  the  middle  and  gradually  becoming  less  elevated 
on  each  side.  Root  short  and  thick,  deepest  in  front,  fixed  to  the 
horizontal  portion  of  the  crown,  immediately  behind  the  anterior 
margin  (PL  I.  fig.  13). 

In  the  tooth  of  one  jaw  the  crown  is  much  thickened  at  its 
flexure,  and  thus,  though  appearing  sharply  bent  from  the  anterior 
asi)cot,  slopes  in  a gradually  ouired  plane  on  the  posterior  face 
(PI.  I,  fig.  13).  The  directly  opposing  tooth  “ bites  ” outside  this 
one,  and  accordingly  there  is  a well-marked  groove  upon  its  pos- 
terior face  at  the  boundary  of  the  sharply  separated  vertical  and 
horizontal  moieties  of  the  crown,  the  groove  becoming  gradually 
deeper  to  a pit  in  front  which  receives  the  opposing  apex.  There 
is  no  evidence  as  to  the  precise  relations  of  these  two  forms  of 
teeth,  but,  for  convenience  of  reference,  the  first  may  be  termed 
lower,  the  second  upper. 

As  already  recognized  by  William  Davies,  R.  Etheridge,  jun.,  and 


PRISTODONTID^. 


63 


Traquair,  the  resemblance  of  the  dentition  of  Pristodug  to  that  of 
the  Plectognath  Diodon  is  merely  one  of  analogy,  and  does  not 
imply  the  least  affinity. 


Pristodas  falcatoS)  Davis. 

1862.  Pristodus  falcatus  (Agassiz,  MS.),  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart. 
Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1883.  Pristodus  falcatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  619,  pi.  bti.  figs.  17-22. 

1884.  Pristodus  falcatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl. 
p.  623,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  19,  20. 

1888.  Pristodus  falcatus,  R.  H.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v.  p.  101. 
Type.  Detached  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

Coronal  margin  of  upper  tooth  divided  into  a series  of  10-18 
large,  acutely-pointed  denticulations,  diminishing  in  size*  from  the 
centre  laterally  ; the  centre  of  the  margin  is  the  line  of  division 
between  the  two  largest  denticulations,  there  being  no  median 
azygous  apex.  Coronal  margin  of  the  lower  tooth  smooth,  with  a 
series  of  minute  pittings  beneath,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  being 
finely  denticulated,  gradually  rising  from  either  side  to  a median 
acuminate,  but  not  produced,  apex. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Yorkshire. 

36888  a,  49640-42.  Four  upper  teeth ; Richmond. 

Purchased,  1862,  1878. 

P.  1442.  Nine  portions  of  similar  teeth  ; Richmond.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3015.  Eighteen  portions  of  similar  teeth,  some  small ; Richmond. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  4896-7.  Five  similar  teeth  ; Wensleydale.  • Horne  Coll. 

P.  3012-4.  Two  imperfect  upper  teeth,  and  impression  of  the  pos- 
terior aspect  of  one  lower,  figured  in  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin 
Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  pi.  bci.  figs.  20-22;  Richmond.  The 
original  of  fig.  21  is  wrongly  described  as  a lower  tooth  ; 
and  fig.  20  does  not  represent  the  “ under  surface  ” of 
such  a tooth,  as  stated  in  the  text.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3016.  Five  upper  and  lower  teeth  ; Toredale.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  1419.  Four  lower  teeth  ; Richmond.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3015  a.  Twelve  lower  teeth  ; Richmond.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  4895.  Two  lower  teeth  ; Wensleydale. 


Horne  Coll. 


64 


SELACHII. 


Pristodus  concinnus  (Davis). 
\9SiS.‘Pruticladodm  concinnus,  J.  VV.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  i.  p.  385,  pi.  xlix.  lig.  23. 

1884.  PrigtiHadodus\concinnus,  J.  W.  D.avis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xl.  p.  C21,  pi.  XX vi.  fig.  16. 

1888.  Pnstodm  concinnus,  R.  H.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v.  p.  102. 

Type.  Imperfect  tooth ; Horne  Collection,  York  Museum. 

Upper  tooth  probably  similar  to  that  of  P.falcatus;  lower  tooth 
differing  from  the  latter  species  in  having  the  coronal  apex  produced 
into  a narrowT'sharply-pointed  prominence. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Yorkshire. 

49637-9.  Three  crushed  lower  teeth  ; Richmond. 

Purchased,  1878. 

Pristodus',  benniei  (R.  Etheridge,  jun.) 

1876.  Petahrhynchus  (P)  henniei,  R.  Etheridge,  jun.,  Geol.  Mag.  [2] 
vol.  ii.  p.  243,  pi.  viii.  figs.  3,  4. 

^ 1888.  Pristodus  benniei,  R.  H.  Traquair,  ibid.  [3]  vol.  v.  p.  101. 

Type.  Upper  tooth  : Coll.  James  Bennie. 

Coronal  margin  of  upper  tooth  not  dentated,  but  acuminate  and 
smooth,  with  delicate  punctations,  like  the  margin  of  the  lower 
tooth  ; a prominent  fold,  with  traces  of  others,  is  seen  anteriorly  at 
the  base  of  the  vertical  portion  of  the  crown.  Lower  tooth  as  in 
P.  falealus. 

All  the  known  teeth  of  this  species  are  small  compared  with  those 
of  the  Yorkshire  species ; and  if  the  non-dentated  character  of  the 
margin  of  the  upper  tooth  be  eventually  regarded  as  of  generic 
value,  Etheridge’s  suggested  name  of  Eoplodus  may  be  adopted. 

Form.  4r  Tuoc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Scotland  : Derby- 
shire, England. 

46046.  Crown  of  upper  tooth,  referred  to  by  Etheridge,  loc.  cit. ; 

Beith,  Ayrshire.  Presented  by  Robert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

P.  5344.  Five  imperfect  upper  teeth ; Ticknall,  near  Melbourne, 
South  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

P.  5344  a.  Lower  tooth,  shown  of  nat.  size  in  PI.  I.  fig.  13  ; Tick- 

Wilson  Coll. 

P.  5344  b.  Four  imperfect  lower  teeth  ; Ticknall.  Wilson  Coll. 

P.  3015  b.  Upper  tooth  doubtfully  assigned  to  this  species;  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire.  This  specimen  appears  to  differ  from 
the  typical  teeth  only  in  size.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


BatTATINIB^. 


65 


Family  SQUATINID^. 

Body  depressed,  flattened.  Mouth  anterior.  Pectoral  fins  large, 
with  the  basal  portion  much  produced  forwards,  but  not  connected 
with  the  head.  Gill-openings  wide,  lateral,  partly  covered  by  the 
base  of  the  pectoral.  Spiracles  wide,  behind  the  ej-es.  Teeth 
conical  and  pointed.  Dorsal  fins,  without  spines,  upon  the  tail. 
Skin  more  or  less  provided  with  small  tubercles. 


Genus  SQUATINA  (Aldrovandi),  Dumeril. 

[Zool.  Analyt.  1806,  p.  102.] 

Syu.  Sgtmtina,  Aldrovandi,  De  Piscibus  Libri,  1G38,  p.  471. 

Rhina,  J.  T.  Klein,  Hist.  Pise.  Nat.  pt.  iii.  1742,  p.  13. 

Thtmmas,  Munster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  v.  1842,  p.  62. 

?Phorcyni3,  V.  Thiollifere,  Poiss.  Foss.  Bugey,  1854,  p.  9. 

Scaldia,  H.  Le  Hon,  Prdlim.  M4m.  Poiss.  Tert.  Belg.  1871,  p.  7. 
Trigonodus,  T.  C.  inkier,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iv.  1876, 
p.  14 

All  the  fossil  Siiuatinidae  hitherto  discovered  may  be  referred  to 
this,  the  single  surviving  genus.  The  teeth  are  destitute  of  distinct 
lateral  denticles,  and  are  characterized  by  a small  median  downward 
extension  of  the  crown  upon  the  front  of  the  root  beneath  the  large 
cone.  Three  or  four  rows  of  the  teeth  are  simultaneously  in  func- 
tion, and  they  are  arranged  in  widely-separated  transverse  series. 
There  is  a median  symphysial  row  in  the  upper  jaw. 

Squatina  alifera  (Munster). 

1842.  Thaumat  alifer,  Miinster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  v.  p.  62,  pi.  vii.  fig.  1. 

1843.  Thaumat  fimbriatut,  Munster,  op.  cit.  vi.  p.  63,  pi.  i.  fig.  4. 

1847.  Squatina  alifer,  C.  Giebel,  Fauna  d.  Vorw.  vol.  i.  pt.  iii.  p.  298. 
1864.  Squatina  acanthodenna,  O.  Fraas,  Zeitschr.  deutsch.  geol.  Ges. 

vol.  vi.  p.  782,  pis.  xxvii.-xxix. 

1857.  Thaumas  (Squatina)  alifer,  A.  Wagner,  Gelehr.  Anz.  bay.  Akad. 
Wise.  vol.  xliv.  p.  292. 

1859.  Squatina  alifera,  H.  von  Meyer,  Palaeontogr.  toI.  vii.  p.  3. 

1861.  patina  alifera  and  S.  acanthoderma,  A.  Wagner,  Abb.  k.  bay. 

Akad.  Wiss.  math.-phys.  Cl.  vol.  ix.  pp.  306,  306. 

1876.  Squatina  acanthoderma  and  S.  alifer,  C.  Hasse,  Morphol.  Jahrb 
vol.  ii.  p.  466,  pi.  XXX.  figs.  1,  2, 11,  pi.  xxxi.  figs.  16-18. 


F 


66 


SEIACmi. 


1882.  Thmmaa  alifer,  C.  Hasse,  Das  natiirl.  Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil, 
p.  132,  pi.  xvii.  figs.  10, 12,  10. 

1882.  Squatma  acanthoderma,  C.  Hasso,  op.  cit.  p.  130,  pi.  xvii.  figs. 
11, 17. 

1887.  Squatina  alifera,  K.  A.  Zittel,  Handb.  Palseont.  vol.  iii.  p.  92, 
fig.  106. 


Fig.  1. 


Squatina  alifera  (Munster).-Lithographic  Stone,  Eiohstatt,  Bavaria. 
(After  Zittel.)  (One-tentli  nat.  size.) 

Skeleton,  with  imperfect  head  and  displaced  pectoral  arch; 
Munich  Museum. 


SOTATINTD^. 


67 


Head  gently  rounded  and  blunt  in  front.  Dermal  granules  vary- 
ing from  simple  or  stellate  booklets  to  blunt,  rounded  tubercles ; no 
great  mass  of  the  latter  observed  in  advance  of  the  head  or  the 
paired  fins.  Caudal  fin  very  large. 

Fraas  published  a very  complete  description  of  the  fish,  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  S.  acanihoderma,  making  known  the  skeleton 
almost  in  its  entirety.  We  follow  von  Meyer  and  Zittel  in  iden- 
tifying this  form  with  the  species  previously  described  by  MUnster. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Lower  Kimmeridgian  (Lithographic  Stone) : Ba- 
varia. 

49149.  Plaster  cast  of  type  specimen.  Purchased,  1878. 

38002.  Plaster  cast  of  type  specimen  of  Squatina  acanihoderma, 
Fraas,  figured  loc.  cit.  pi.  xxvii.  Purchased,  1864. 

38151.  Plaster  cast  of  nearly  complete  disk,  with  caudal  vertebrsc, 
from  Eichstatt ; original  in  Haarlem  Museum. 

Purchased,  1864. 

Squatina  speciosa,  H.  von  Meyer. 

1856.  Thaumas  spedosus,  H.  v.  Meyer,  Neues  Jahrb.  p.  418. 

1859.  Squatina  {Thaumas)  speciosa,  H.  v.  Meyer,  Palaeontogr.  vol.  vii. 
p.  4,  pi.  I fig.  2. 

1861.  Squatina  speciosa,  A.  Wagner,  Abh.  k.  bay.  Akad.  Wiss.  math.- 
phys.  Cl.,  vol.  is.  p.  307. 

Type.  Complete  skeleton,  wanting  median  fins. 

A much  smaller  species  than  S.  alijera,  with  more  slender  body, 
and  comparatively  acute  anterior  termination  of  the  cephalic  region. 
Dermal  booklets,  upon  star-shaped  bases,  arranged  upon  the  middle 
of  the  head,  trunk,  and  tail,  and  on  the  basal  portions  of  the  paired 
fins.  Series  of  strong  rounded  dermal  tubercles  upon  the  anterior 
border  of  the  head  and  each  of  the  paired  fins,  and  upon  the  lateral 
aspect  of  the  tail. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Kimmeridgian  (Lithographic  Stone);  Ba- 
varia. 

37997.  Plaster  cast  of  type  specimen.  Purchased,  . 

37013.  Specimen  almost  identical  with  the  type,  shown  two  thirds 
nat.  size  in  the  accompanjing  woodcut  (fig.  2) ; Solenhofen. 

Haherlein  Coll. 

p 2 


68 


8EI.ACHII. 


Fip'.  2. 


Sjuatma  speciosa,  II.  Ton  Meyer. — Litbograpliio  Stone,  Solenhofen 
(No.  37013).  (Two-thirds  nat.  size.) 

a,  mandible ; b,  pectoral  arch  ; o,  pectoral  fin ; d,  pelrio  arch ; e,  pelvic  fin. 

Squatina  baumbergensisy  W.  von  der  Marck. 

1886.  Squatina  laumhergensis,  W.  v.  d.  Marck,  Palssontogr.  vol.  xxxi. 
p.  204,  pi.  XXV.  figs.  1-6. 

Type.  Head  and  trunk,  with  incomplete  paired  fins. 

This  species  agrees  in  size  with  Squatina  alifera,  but  is  distin- 
guished by  the  more  elongate  form  of  the  pectoral  fins,  and  possibly 
by  the  more  posterior  situation  of  the  pelvic  girdle.  W.  von  der 
Marck  describes  the  latter  as  being  placed  over  the  forty-second 
vertebra,  whereas  in  ^i.  aeantJioderma,  Fraas,  it  is  over  the  thirty- 
second  ; but  circumstances  of  preservation  may  perhaps  account  for 
a portion  of  the  difference.  The  shagreen-granules  are  merely 
conical,  without  recurved  spines. 

Form.  4i  Toe.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Senonian)  : Baumberg,  West- 
phalia. 


SaTJATlNH)^. 


r.9 


Squatina  crassidens,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  A nearly  complete  fish,  figured  (one  half  nat.  size)  in 
Plate  II.  fig.  1. 

Head  and  branchial  region  short ; the  pectoral  propterygium  ex- 
tending almost  or  quite  as  far  forwards  as  the  first  branchial  arch. 
The  pectoral  fins  much  elongated,  with  very  long  metapterygium. 
Pelvic  fins  also  elongate,  with  at  least  twenty  basal  cartilaginous 
rays.  Skin  covered  with  numerous  very  minute  prickles,  but  appa- 
rently without  larger  spinous  tubercles ; series  of  strong  rounded 
dermal  tubercles  upon  the  anterior  border  of  the  head  and  each  of 
the  paired  fins,  and  upon  the  lateral  aspect  of  the  tail.  Teeth  with 
very  low  crowns. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Turonian) ; Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4017.  Type  specimen,  figured  in  Plate  II.  figs.  1,  4.  Except 
the  median  fins,  almost  the  whole  of  the  fish  is  preserved, 
though  in  most  parts  much  defaced  by  crushing  and  ex- 
trication from  the  matrix.  The  total  length  of  the  fossil 
is  0'42  metre,  and  the  maximum  breadth  between  the 
outer  margins  of  the  pectoral  fins  would  probably  be 
about  0’25  metre.  The  vertebras  are  of  the  usual  type, 
and  strong  ribs  occur  posterior  to  the  pelvic  girdle.  In 
the  right  pectoral  fin  the  propterygium  (pr.p)  and  meso- 
pterygium  (ms.p)  are  seen  ; and  there  are  indications  of  a 
preaxial  thickened  ray  in  the  pelvic  fins.  The  teeth  are 
well  shown  in  a portion  of  the  mouth,  and  are  remarkable 
for  the  extreme  lowness  of  the  crown.  An  anterior  view 
of  one  of  these  teeth,  enlaiged  seven  times,  and  an  upper 
view,  on  the  same  scale,  are  given  in  fig.  4;  there  are 
radiating  striations  upon  the  posterior  portion  of  the  crown. 
The  dermal  tubercles  are  very  minute,  and  are  better 
shown  in  No.  48105  (fig.  5).  There  are  also  fossilized 
remains  of  the  muscles,  and  a portion  of  those  of  the 
caudal  region  (mu)  is  so  displaced  as  to  have  the  false 
appearance  of  being  a fin.  Purchased,  1883. 

49518.  Middle  portion  of  fish,  shown  five  ninths  nat.  size  in  Plato  II. 
fig.  2.  The  metapterygium  of  the  pectoral  fin  is  weU 
displayed,  with  its  cartilaginous  rays ; and  there  is  a 
distinctly  thickened  preaxial  cartilaginous  ray  in  the  pelvic 
fin.  Very  singular  is  the  fossilization  of  the  muscles,  not 


70 


8ELACHII. 


only  tho  septa  between  the  successive  myotomes  being 
distinguishable,  but  also  the  fine  fibres  of  the  niuscular 
substance  itself.  Purchased,  1878. 

48105.  Fragment  of  large  individual,  displaying  a portion  of  the 
vertebral  column  and  ribs,  with  parts  of  the  fins  and 
fossilized  muscles.  The  minute  dermal  tubercles  are  also 
well  seen  upon  parts  of  the  specimen,  and  are  represented 
(enlarged  about  15  times)  in  Plate  II.  fig.  5 ; they  have  an 
irregular  stellate  form,  with  a shallow  depression  in  the 
central  portion.  Purchased,  1877. 

49546.  Portion  of  large  individual,  viewed  from  below,  showing 
broken  vertebrae  with  ribs,  part  of  the  branchial  cartilages, 
a fragment  of  the  pectoral  arch,  tho  right  pectoral  fin, 
dermal  tubercles,  and  fossilized  muscle.  Tho  branchial 
apparatus  is  not  well  preserved,  but,  so  far  as  can  be  seen, 
it  appears  to  present  striking  differences  from  that  of  the 
living  Squatina,  as  figured  by  Gegenbaur’;  the  basi- 
branchial  cartilage  more  closely  resembles  that  of  Baja. 

Purchased,  1878. 

49547.  Fragmentary  specimen,  displaying  the  basal  pterygia  of 
the  pectoral  fins  (PI.  II.  fig.  3).  A wide  space  appears 
between  these  basal  cartilages,  but  is  not  improbably  due 
in  part  to  shrinkage.  At  least  fifteen  cartilaginous  rays 
are  articulated  with  the  metapterygium,  and  eight  with 
the  mesopterygium.  Purchased,  1878. 


Squatina  cranei,  A.  8.  Woodw. 

1888.  Squatina  cranei,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol. 
xliv.  p.  144,  pi.  vii.  figs.  1-6. 

P 1860.  Teeth  of  a Squaloid  Fish,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  xii,  pi.  xxx. 
fig.  35. 

Type.  Portions  of  skull,  teeth,  and  dermal  tubercles ; Willett 
Collection,  Brighton  Museum. 

An  imperfectly  known  species,  remarkable  for  the  great  size  of 
the  dermal  tubercles  with  recurved  spines,  probably  situated  upon 
the  paired  fins.  The  upper  anterior  teeth  are  very  small,  and  the 
opposing  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  comparatively  narrow  and  slender. 

Form.  ^ Lnc.  Lower  Chalk  : Susses. 

1 Kopfskelet  der  Selachier,  1872,  pi.  six.  fig.  1. 


SQTTATrsrD^. 


71 


The  following  detached  teeth  of  Squatina  have  been  obtained 
from  English  deposits,  but  it  seems  inadvisable  to  assigpi  them 
specific  names : — 

47120.  Tooth  with  high  crown,  probably  from  the  anterior  part  of 
the  lower  jaw  ; Gault,  Folkestone.  PurcJiated,  1876. 

25768.  Small  tooth,  with  downwardly-directed  process  of  crown 
very  large ; Upper  Chalk,  Brighton.  Dixon  Coll. 

R.  5322.  Tooth,  very  similar  to  the  hinder  teeth  of  S.  cranei ; Upper 
Chalk,  Lewes.  Presented  by  James  Fox,  Esq.,  1887. 

P.  5321.  Very  robust  anterior  tooth ; Upper  Chalk,  Norwich. 

P.  4104  a.  Small  tooth  ;Lo  wer  Eocene,  Chislehurat,  Kent. 

Presented  by  Sydney  C.  Coelcerell,  Esq.,  1883. 

43135.  Two  teeth  ; London  Clay,  Highgate  Archway. 

Weiherell  Coll. 

P.  5380.  Tooth  ; Red  Crag,  Suffolk. 

The  following  vertebra;  are  also  referable  to  Squatina  \ — 

49751.  Connected  series  of  four  large  vertebrae ; Chalk,  Dorking. 

Capron  Coll. 

42871.  Four  examples,  labelled  by  Dr.  C.  Hasse ; Upper  Cretaceous, 
Maastricht,  Holland.  Van  Breda  Coll. 

P.  1307.  Two  abraded  examples,  labelled  by  Dr.  C.  Hasse ; Tufeau 
do  Ciply,  Belgium.  Egerton  Coll. 

The  following  detached  teeth  have  been  described ; but  of  the 
species  thus  imperfectly  defined  there  are  no  examples  in  the 
Collection : — 

Squatina  data,  J.  Probst,  Wurtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv,  (1879), 
p.  177,  pi.  iii.  figs.  39,  40. — Molasse  ; Baltringen,  Wiir- 
temberg. 

Squatina  biforis:  Sealdia  biforis,  H.  Le  Hon,  Prelim.  Mem.  Poiss. 
Tort.  Belg.  1871,  p.  7. — Pliocene ; Belgium. 

Squatina  carinata,  C.  Giebel,  Fauna  d.  Vorw.  vol.  i.  pt.  iii. 
(1847),  p.  298. — ^L.  Eocene ; Klein  Spauwen,  Maastricht, 
HoUand. 

Squatina  caudata,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879), 
p.  1/8,  pi.  iii.  figs.  41,  42. — Molasse ; Baltringen. 

Squatina  d'anconai,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesci  CoUine  Tos- 
cane,  1876,  p.  37,  pi.  i.  fig.  16. — Pliocene  ; Tuscany. 


72 


8EI.ACHII. 


Squaiina  fraasi,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jaliresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879), 
p.  177,  pi.  iii.  figs.  37,  38. — Molasse ; Baltringen. 
Squatina  lobata,  A.  E.  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreideform.  pt.  ii. 
(1846),  p.  101,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  21 ; C.  Giebel,  oq>.  eit.  vol.  i. 
pt.  iii.  p.  299. — Planermergel ; Priesen,  Bohemia. 

? Squatina  moelleri,  V.  Kiprijanoff,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
1881,  pt.  ii.  p.  14,  pi.  ii.  figs.  1-3,  7-10. — Cretaceous ; 
Russia. 

Squatina  muelleri,  A.  E.  Reuss,  op.  eit.  pt.  ii.  p.  100,  pi.  xxi. 
figs.  18-20 ; C.  Giebel,  op.  cit.  vol.  i.  pt.  iii.  p.  299.— Pliiner- 
kalk;  Weisskirchlitz,  Borzen,  and  Kosstitz,  Bohemia. 
Squatina  prima,  F.  Noetling,  Sitzungsb.  Ges.  naturf.  Freunde 
Berlin,  Jahrg.  1886,  p.  16;  Trigonodits  pnrimus,  T.  C. 
Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iv.  (1876),  p.  14,  with 
figs. — L.  Eocene  (Heersian) ; Orji-le-Grand,  Belgium. 
Squatina  sp.  inc. : “ Oestradon  (?),”  E.  Delfortric,  Actes  Soo.  Linn. 
Bordeaux,  vol.  xxviii.  (1871),  p.  215,  pi.  x.  fig.  21. — 
Pliocene ; Salles,  Gironde,  France. 

Detached  vertebrae,  from  the  Samland  Eocene,  have  also  been 
named  Squatina,  heyrichi  by  F.  Noetling,  Abh.  geol.  Specialk. 
Preussen  u.  Thiiring.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 (1885),  p.  45,  pi.  vii. 
figs.  2-7. 

Others  are  recorded  and  described  by  Hasse  from  the  Pliinerkalk 
of  Strehlen,  near  Dresden  \ and  the  Upper  Chalk  of  Aix  Maas- 
tricht and  Ciply  ‘,  besides  from  several  European  Tertiaries. 


Family  PRISTIOPHORIDiE. 

Body  scarcely  depressed ; pectoral  fins  of  moderate  size,  not  ex- 
tending to  the  snout ; gill-openings  lateral.  Snout  produced  into  a 
long  flat  lamina,  armed  with  a series  of  teeth  on  each  edge ; pre- 
palatine cartilages  well  developed. 

This  family  is  as  yet  unrecognized  in  the  fossil  state,  except  by 
some  detached  vertebras  of  Pristiophorus  from  the  Molasse  of 
Baltringen,  M lirtemherg,  recorded  by  C.  Hasse,  ‘ Das  natiirl.  Syst. 
Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,’  p.  103,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  6,  7. 

* Nat.  Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  134,  pi.  xriii.  fig.  19. 

“ Morphol.  Jahrb.  vol.  ii.  p.  46(1,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  7. 

» Morphol.  Jahrb.  vol.  ii.  p.  4C6.  pi.  xxx.  fig.  5 ; Nat.  Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond. 
Theil,  p.  134,  pi.  rviii.  figs.  20-26. 

* Morphol.  Jahrb.  vol.  ii.  p.  467,  pi.  xxx.  figs.  3,  10,  12,  pi.  xxxi.  figs.  14,  15  ; 
Nat.  Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  132,  pL  xvii.  figs.  13-15, 


PR18TID>E. 


73 


Family  PRISTIDiE. 

Body  scarcely  depressed;  pectoral  fins  of  moderate  size,  not 
extending  to  the  snout;  gill-openings  ventral.  Snout  produced 
into  a long  flat  lamina,  armed  with  a series  of  strong  teeth  on  each 
edge ; prcpalatine  cartilages  inconspicuous. 

Genus  PRISTIS,  Latham. 

[Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  vol.  ii.  1794,  p.  276.] 

Syn.  Myriosteon,  J.  E.  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1804,  p.  164. 

Teeth  of  rostrum  firmly  implanted  in  sockets  of  calcified  cartilage : 
no  tentacles.  Teeth  in  jaws  minute,  ohtuse.  Spiracles  wide,  behind 
the  eyes.  Dorsal  fins  without  spine,  the  first  opposite  or  close  to 
the  base  of  the  pelvics  ; caudal  fin  large. 

The  known  fossil  remains  of  this  genus  being  only  detached 
vertebrse,  teeth,  and  fragments  of  the  rostrum,  it  is  impossible  to 
determine  the  number  and  characters  of  the  extinct  species  repre- 
sented in  collections.  The  specific  names  are  thus  aU  provisional. 

One  of  the  hoUow  cartilaginous  rods  of  the  rostrum  was  described 
by  Gray  as  Myriosteon. 


Pristis  bisulcatus,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Pristis  bisidcatm,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p,  382*, 
pi.  41. 

1833-43.  Pristis  hastingsicB,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  382*  (name  only). 

18.50.  Pristis,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  pi.  xii.  figs.  0,  7. 

1883.  Pristis  (?)  bisulcatus,  W.  Dames,  Sitzungsb.  math.-phys.  Cl. 
Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  pt.  i.  p.  139. 

Type.  Portion  of  rostrum,  wanting  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

As  already  pointed  out  by  Dames,  tho  character  to  which  Agassiz’s 
specific  name  refers  is  common  to  aU  known  Saw-fishes.  The 
original  specimen  was  almost  certainly  obtained  from  the  same 
stratum  as  the  majority  of  tho  detached  rostral  teeth  resembling 
that  forming  the  tj-pe  of  P.  Jiastinysia ; and  there  is  every  gradation 
from  tho  small  size  of  the  latter  to  the  largo.st  that  would  be  re- 
quired for  the  snout  indicated  by  the  fossil  cartUage.  The  rostral 
teeth  are  grooved  posteriorly,  and  not  bent. 

Form,  dr  Loc.  tipper  Eocene:  Barton  Cliff,  Hants.  Middle 
Eocene : Bracklesham  Bay,  Sussex. 


74 


SELACHIl. 


P.  5454.  Type  specimen,  probably  from  Bracklesham. 

History  unlcnown. 


P.  1487,  P.  3064,  5.  Portions  of  a slightly  larger  rostrum,  0‘145  m. 

in  diameter,  with  the  lateral  margins  preserved,  and  three 
detached  teeth ; Bracklesham. 

Eyerton  ^ EnnisMllen  Colls. 

P.  526.  Small  tooth,  named  P.  hastingsice,  Agassiz,  loc.  cii.  j Barton 
Cliff  (not  Sheppey,  as  stated).  Egerton  Coll. 

28879.  Larger,  broader  tooth  j Barton.  Purchased,  1854. 

25712,  25743.  Three  fragments  ; Bracklesham.  Dixon  Coll. 


25689.  Eleven  teeth ; Bracklesham. 


Dixon  Coll. 


40246.  Nine  small  teeth  j Bracklesham.  Purchased,  . 

38868.  Twelve  teeth ; Bracklesham.  Bowerhanlc  Coll. 


P.  1488.  Thirteen  teeth  and  fragments ; Bracklesham. 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  1490.  Twelve  small  teeth ; Bracklesham.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  4455.  Twelve  teeth  ; Bracklesham.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 

P.  5382.  Pour  teeth ; Bracklesham. 

Presented  hj  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq,,  1888. 


Pristis  contortus,  Dixon. 

1850.  Pristis  contortxis,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  202,  pi.  xii.  figs.  9, 10. 

Type.  Rostral  tooth ; British  Museum. 

Name  given  to  much  bent,  robust  rostral  teeth. 

Form,  ^ Loc.  Middle  Eocene : Bracklesham  Bay. 

25687.  Type  specimen.  Dixon  Coll. 

25688.  Two  smaller  teeth.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  1489.  One  similar  tooth.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3066.  Five  teeth.  . • EnnisMllen  Coll. 

P.  5383.  Similar  tooth.  Presented  by  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq.,  1888. 

The  Collection  also  comprises  detached  rostral  teeth  of  Pristis 
from  the  Eocene  of  Alabama  (P.  1491),  the  Calcairo  Grossior  of 
Parncs  in  France  (28848),  and  the  Lower  Eocene  of  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Brussels,  Belgium  (P.  4456),  aU  purchased. 


PBISTIB^. 


75 


The  following  extinct  species  have  also  been  determined,  but  are 
not  represented  in  the  Collection.  Except  when  otherwise  stated, 
they  are  founded  upon  rostral  teeth : — 

Pristis  aeutidens,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  382  **  (name 
only) ; Bagshot  Sands. 

Pristis  agassizi,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2] 
vol.  i.  (1847),  p.  11,  pi.  i.  figs.  6,  7. — ^Eocene;  South 
Carolina. 

Pristis  angustior,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxiii. 
(1877),  p.  82,  pi.  i.  figs.  19,  20  ; C.  Hasse,  Natiirl.  Syst. 
Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  125.  (Mouth-teeth  and 
vertebrae.)  Molasse  ; Baltringen,  'Wurtemberg. 

Pristis  aquiianieus,  E.  Delfortrie,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux, 
vol.  xxviii.  (1871),  p.  216,  pi.  x.  figs.  30-32.  IT.  Miocene ; 
Lcognan,  Gironde. 

Pristis  bassani,  A.  de  Zigno,  Mem.  E.  Istit.  Veneto,  vol.  xxi. 

(1879),  p.  783,  pL  xv.  figs.  13-15. — Eocene;  Italy. 
Pristis  eurvidens,  3.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1855, 
p.  414.  Green  Sand ; New  Jersey. 

Pristis  ensidens,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1855, 
p.  414 ; Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pldlad.  [2]  vol.  viii. 
(1877),  p.  252,  pi.  xxxiv.  figs.  31,  32. — Phosphate  Beds ; 
S.  Carolina. 

Pristis  laihami,  H.  Galeotti,  Mem.  Cour.  Acad.  Eoy.  Bruxelles, 
vol.  xii.  (1837),  no.  3,  p.  45,  pi.  ii.  (Portions  of  snout.) 
Middle  Eocene ; Melsbroek,  Belgium. 

Pristis  parisiensis,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  fran^.  pt.  v.  (Poiss. 
Foss.),  1852,  p.  4,  pi.  Ixviii.  figs.  3-7,  and  op.  cit.  2nd  edit. 
(1859),  p.  519,  pi.  Ixviii.  figs.  3-7. — M.  Eocene ; Soissons 
and  Magny. 

Pristis  pristinus,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jabresh.  vol.  xxxiii.  (1877), 
p.  81,  pi.  i.  figs.  17,  18 ; C.  Hasse,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasm., 
Besond.  Theil,  p.l25.  (Vertebrae.)  Molasse  ; Baltringen. 
Eostral  teeth  from  the  Miocene  of  Herault,  France,  have  been 
described,  without  specific  name,  by  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  gen. 
(1867-69),  p.  240,  woodcut,  p.  237,  pi.  xlvii.  fig.  2.  Vertcbr® 
from  the  German  Molasse  are  also  made  known  by  C.  Hasse,  Natiirl. 
Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  125,  pi.  xvi.  figs.  64-67.  The  sup- 
posed vertebra  from  the  Chalk  Marl  of  Saxony  (C.  Hasse,  op.  cit. 
p.  124,  pi.  xvi.  figs.  61-63)  is  probably  referable  to  Ptychodus. 

Short  and  broad  rostral  teeth  from  the  Eocene  of  Egypt  are 
assigned  to  a distinct  genus  and  species,  rLmhlgpristis  cheops.  Dames, 
SB.  Ges.  naturf.  Freunde  Berlin,  June  19, 1888. 


76 


8ELAC11II. 


Genus  PROPRISTIS,  Dames. 

[Sitzungsb.  math.-phys.  Cl.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1883,  pt.  i.  p.  136.] 

Fragments  of  rostrum  described  as  showing  that  the  ma^in 
supporting  the  teeih  was  not  calcified  as  in  the  living  Pristis.  ^ 
rostral  teeth  are  also  said  to  bo  distinguished  by  having  no 
tudinal  groove  upon  the  posterior  edge;  but  the  rostral  teet  o 
some  living  Saw-fishes  (o.  g.  P.  ewpidatm')  are  likewise  destitu  e o 
a posterior  groove. 

Propristis  schweinfurtJd,  W.  Dames,  tom.  cit,  p.  136,  p • 
figs.  1,  2,  is  the  only  known  species,  founded  upon  portions  of  t e 
rostrum  from  the  Lower  Tertiary  of  Birket-ol-Qurun,  Egypt. 


Genus  SCLERORHYNCHUS,  nov. 

The  portion  of  snout  described  below  indicates  a hitherto  r 
recognized  genus,  either  of  the  PristidiB  or  Pristiophoridai. 
robust  character  of  the  rostral  cartilages,  and  the  apparent  a senc^ 
of  prominent  pre-palatine  processes  in  advance  of  the  nasal  ® ^ 
suggest  that  it  may  most  probably  be  placed  in  the  first  o ese 
families.  The  teeth  of  the  rostrum  are  comparatively  small  an 
loosely  attached  to  the  skin. 

Sclerorhynchus  atavusj  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Imperfect  rostrum,  shown  in  PI.  III.  fig.  _ a nd 
Each  rostral  tooth  comprises  a high  round  base,  crimpe  , a 
having  a somewhat  stellate  appearance  when  viewed  from  benea 
upon  this  is  fixed  a baekwardly-directed  enamelled  “ crown, 
pressed  to  an  anterior  and  posterior  sharp  edge.  These  toe  a ^ 
arranged  in  single  series  upon  each  lateral  margin  of  thn  ® | 

increasing  considerably  in  size  towards  the  anterior  ex  rem  J 
miniature  tubercles,  of  the  same  kind,  are  also  place  upon 

upper  surface  of  the  base  of  the  snout.  a i,  i Alma 

Form.  4'  Toe-  Upper  Cretaceous  (Turonian)  : Sahe  > 

ilount  Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4776.  Type  specimen.  The  snout  is  broken  away  from  the  head 
at  the  level  of  the  nasal  capsules,  and  only  one  of  these  is 
imperfectly  displayed.  The  outline  of  the  skin  is  indicated 
by  the  marginal  series  of  pointed  dermal  tubercles,  whic 
become  considerably  enlarged  anteriorly,  and  merit  t e 


I 


KHEfOBATID^. 


77 


name  of  ‘‘rostral  teeth”;  the  rostral  region  is  thus  seen  to 
taper  gradually,  forming  a long  flattened  blade.  The 
endoskeletal  cartilages  are  much  crushed  and  broken,  and 
at  some  distance  from  the  base  of  the  snout,  where  the 
tapering  decreases,  they  evidently  occupy  its  entire  width, 
from  margin  to  margin.  In  addition  to  the  ordinary 
median  prolongation  of  the  cranium  itself,  there  is 
apparently  a laterally-placed  pair  of  large  cartilages, 
corresponding  to  those  of  the  existing  Pristis,  though  it  is 
not  possible  to  determine  whether  they  agree  with  the 
latter  in  structure.  Purchased,  1884. 


Family  RHINOBATID^. 

Tail  strong  and  long,  with  two  weU-developed  dorsal  fins;  a 
caudal  and  a longitudinal  fold  on  each  side.  Disk  not  excessively 
dilated,  the  rayed  portion  of  the  pectoral  fins  not  being  continued 
to  the  snout.  ~No  electric  organ  in  the  living  forms. 


Genus  RHINOBATUS,  Bloch  (Schneider). 

[Schneider,  ‘ Blochii  Systcma  Ichthyologioe,’  1801,  p.  .353.] 

Syn.  Eun/arthra,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  382. 

Aellopos,  G.  von  Munster,  Neues  Jahrb.  1836,  p.  681. 

Spathobatis,  ThiolliSre,  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Lyon  [2]  vol.  i.  1840, 
p.  63. 

Body  depressed,  gradually  passing  into  the  tail.  Cranial  cartilage 
produced  into  a long  rostral  process,  the  space  between  the  process 
and  pectoral  fin  being  filled  by  a membrane.  Nostrils  oblique, 
wide ; anterior  nasal  valves  not  confluent.  Teeth  obtuse,  with  an 
indistinct  transverse  ridge.  Dorsal  fins  without  spine,  both  at 
a great  distance  behind  the  pelvic  fins.  Caudal  fin  without  lower 
lobe. 

Spa(ho}Mtis  is  described  by  ThioUiere  as  having  the  disk  larger  in 
proportion  to  the  caudal  region  than  in  Bhinobatus,  the  pelvic  fins 
being  also  more  approached  to  the  pectorals ; but  there  seems  to  be 
an  imperceptible  gradation  between  the  types,  and  it  is  thus  con- 
venient, upon  present  evidence,  to  recognize  but  one  genus.  AU  the 
extinct  species  differ  from  the  recent  ones  in  the  approximation  of 
the  pelvics  to  the  pectorals,  though  this  may  sometimes  be  a false 
appearance,  due  to  crushing  during  fossilization. 


78 


SEIACHII. 


The  name  Euryarthra  was  proposed  by  Agassiz  for  the  pec  ora 
fin  of  a large  Tariety  of  RMnobatus  hityesiacus,  in  allusion  to 
great  distance  betwoen  the  successiTe  joints  in  the  cartilagmou 
rays.  , . 

Syrrhina ' is  also  unrecognizable  in  a fossil  state,  and  mus 

included  here. 


Rhinobatus  bugesiacus  (Thiollieue). 

(P)  1830.  Aelhpos  elongatus,  G.  von  Miinster,  Neues  Jahrb,  p-  681 
(incompletely  defined).  ...  gg2 

1843.  Eunjarthra  munsterii,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  m.  P- 

(incompletely  defined).  . rg-i 

1849.  Spathohatis  bugesiacus,  V.  Thiollifire,  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  yon  L 
vol.  i.  p.  63.  . j 

1864.  Spathohatis  bugesiacus,  V.  ThiolliSre,  Poiss.  Foss.  Bugey,  p • 

p.  7,  pis.  i.,  ii.  • . Atod. 

1857.  Spathohatis  miralnlis,  A.  Wagner,  Gelehrte  Anzoig.  ay. 

Wiss.  vol.  xliv.  p.  292.  Wiss- 

1801.  Spathohatis  mirahilis,  A.  Wagner,  Abh.  k.  bay.  A a 
math.-phys.  Cl.,  vol.  ix.  p.  813.  , 

1887.  Spathohatis  mirahilis,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Ilandb.  Palceon  . 
p.  103,  fig.  117  (woodcut). 


Type.  Complete  skeleton.  , 

Snout  produced  and  acute ; the  two  rostral  ridges  narrow, 
separated  by  a broad  groove  throughout  their  length.  o 
mouth  straight.  Disk  moderately  broad ; length  of  pcctora 
nearly  times  its  breadth  at  the  point  of  insertion.  Skin  covere 

with  fine  shagreen,  without  large  tubercles  or  spines.  ^ _ 

As  shown  by  Zittol’s  figure,  the  so-called  Spui^iobatis  niira  i 
is  only  a largo  variety  of  this  species.  The  Bavarian  specimen  i 
the  Munich  Museum  is  1'7  m.  in  length. 

Form.  Sf  Loc.  Lower  Kimmeridgian  (Lithogi'aphic  Stone) : op  • 

Ain,  France ; Bavaria. 

P.  2099.  Impression  of  a fossil,  showing  the  complete  fish, 

the  extremity  of  the  snout  and  right  pectoral  n , 

position  of  the  dorsal  fins  well  seen  ; Cirin,  Ain. 

Egerton  Volt. 


P.  2099  a-  Disk,  destroyed  in  advance  of  the  mouth,  and  including 

a portion  of  the  caudal  region  posteriorly ; Cirin, 

Egerton  Coll. 

1 Muller  and  Henle,  Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiostom.  1841,  p.  H3- 


EHIJfOBATIl)^. 


79 


Fig.  3. 


Ehinohatus  hugesiaxms  (ThioU.). — Lithographic  Stone,  Eichstatt.  (After  ZitteL) 
(One-twelfth  nat,  size.) 


80 


SBLACHII. 


Rhinobatus  morinicus  (SauTage). 

1873.  Spathobatis  moi'inicus,  H.  E.  Sauvage,  Bull.  Soc.  AcadSmiilue 
Boulogne-sur-Mer,  p.  94. 

Type.  Complete  skeleton. 

Described  by  Sauvage  as  difiering  from  B.  bugesiacus  m the  less 
tapering  form  of  the  snout,  the  disk  passing  more  graduaUy  into  tne 
tail,  and  other  characters. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Lower  Portlandian : Mont  Lambert,  Boulogne-sur 
Mcr,  France. 


Rhinobatus  maronita,  Pictet  and  Humbert. 

1860.  Rhinobatus  maronita,  F.  J.  Pictet  & A.  Humbert,  Nouv.  Bech. 

Poiss.  Foss.  M.  Liban,  p.  113,  pi.  xix.  a „ r21 

1887.  Rhinobatus  grandk,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  bo  . L J 
vol.  iii.  p.  482,  pi.  xvi.  fig.  1. 

Type.  Middle  portion  of  skeleton,  with  paired  fins;  GenevaMuseum^ 
Snout  acute,  but  slightly  produced  ; the  distance  from  e 
tremity  to  the  nasal  capsules  being  not  quite  equal  to  tho  roa 
at  the  latter  position.  Cleft  of  mouth  straight.  Disk  mu 
elongated ; pectoral  fin  gently  rounded,  its  length  equalling  “ 
three  times  the  breadth  at  its  point  of  insertion  ; pelvic  fin 
and  elongate.  Body  covered  with  fine,  dense  shagreen,  apparen  y 

without  larger  tubercles.  r t n nn 

Form.  Loc.  U.  Cretaceous  (Turonian)  : Hakol,  Mt.  Le  an  , 

Syria. 


39233.  Anterior  portion  of  disk,  wanting  extremity. 


Tristram  Coll- 


39234.  Middle  portion  of  trunk,  with  right  pectoral  and  both 

Tristram  CoU- 


fins. 


47319.  Portion  of  cranial  cartilage.  „ . _ 

Presented  by  Sir  Bithard  Owen,  K.V. 

49554.  Disk,  incomplete  in  advance  of  the  mouth,  and  wanting  one 
of  tho  pelvic  fins.  The  remaining  pelvic  fin 
preserved,  and  is  shown,  of  tho  natural  size,  in  • _ 

fig.  4.  There  are  twelve  pairs  of  ribs  in  advance  ° ® 

pelvic  girdle,  and  four  or  five  behind.  Purchased,  i 

49511.  Portion  of  disk,  showing  pectoral  fin  and  obscure  traces  of 
branchial  arches  and  cranium.  There  are  indications  o a 
slender  anteriorly-directed  process  from  the  outer  ang  e o 


EHnrOBATIDJB. 


81 


the  nasal  capsule,  which  may  probably  be  interpreted  as 
pre-palatine.  This  is  shown  in  PI.  III.  fig.  3,  pr.pa, ; 
and  the  antorbital  or  post-palatine  (pt.pa.)  is  also  seen,  of 
much  larger  size.  Purchased,  1878. 

49512.  Left  side  of  disk,  ventral  aspect,  shown,  of  two  thirds  nat. 

size,  in  PI.  III.  fig.  2.  The  specimen  is  slightly  distorted, 
and  the  extremity  of  the  snout  is  broken  away,  though  the 
form  of  this  is  distinctly  traceable  by  the  stain  in  the 
matrix.  The  first  dorsal  fin  is  seen,  of  the  ordinary  pro- 
portions, in  the  usual  situation,  at  a considerable  distance 
behind  the  pelvic  fins.  Purchased,  1878. 

49513.  Imperfect  large  example,  pectoral  fin  measuring  0-15  m.  in 
length.  Purchased,  1878. 

P.  4013,  P.  4012.  Two  imperfect  large  examples,  the  pectoral  fins 
measuring  0'24  m.  in  length.  The  former  is  described  as 
R.  grandis  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  484 ; but  neither  of 
the  specimens  appears  to  exhibit  specific  differences  from 
R.  viaronita,  and  the  snout  of  the  type  specimen  of 
R.  grandis  as  figured,  loc.  cit.,  is  evidently  erroneously 
restored.  Purchased,  1883. 

49510.  Half  of  disk,  doubtfully  referable  to  a variety  of  R.  maronita. 

This  fossil  is  very  imperfect,  but  appears  to  differ  from  the 
typical  specimen  in  its  greater  breadth  and  the  relatively 
larger  size  of  the  pelvic  fins.  Purchased,  1878. 


Rhinobatas  temurostria,  Davis. 

1887.  Rhinobatus  tenuiros/ris,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 

[2]  vol.  iii.  p.  487,  pi.  xix.  fig.  1. 

Type.  Nearly  complete  disk ; British  Museum. 

Snout  extremely  elongated  and  slender,  its  length  in  advance  of 
the  nasal  capsule  being  twice  as  great  as  the  breadth  at  the  latter 
position.  Rostral  ridges  separated  by  a narrow  groove.  Pectoral 
fins  relatively  broad,  rapidly  widening  to  the  maximum  breadth 
opposite  their  insertion.  Body  covered  with  fine,  dense  shagreen, 
apparently  without  large  tubercles.  ’ 

Form.  Sf  ^c.  U.  Cretaceous  (Turonian) : Sahel  Alma,  Mt. 
Lebanon,  Syria. 


P.  4770.  Type  specimen. 


Purchased,  1884. 


G 


82 


SELACHII. 


Rhinobatus  intermedius,  Davis. 

1887 . Rhinobatus  intermedim,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  iii.  p.  489,  pi.  xx.  fig.  1. 

Type.  Imperfect  disk,  wanting  snout  and  portion  of  tail ; British 
Museum. 

Pounded  upon  an  imperfect  specimen  related  to  R.  tenuirostris, 
but  apparently  differing  from  this  species  in  the  proportions  of  the 
vertebra),  which  are  relatively  shorter,  and  also  in  the  largo  size  of 
the  tooth.  This  example  being  a male,  however,  it  is  uncertain 
whether  the  differences  in  question  may  not  he  merely  sexual. 

Foim.  ^ Loc.  U . Cretaceous  (Turonian) : Sahel  Alma,  Mt. 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

49516.  Typo  specimen.  Purchased,  1878. 

Rhinobatus  latus,  Davis. 

1887.  Rhinobatus  latus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iii.  p.  485,  pi.  xvii. 

Type.  Disk,  wanting  snout  and  portion  of  tail ; British  Museum. 
Snout  probably  short.  Disk  broad,  gradually  passing  into  the 
tail.  Pectoral  fin  rounded,  length  about  1|  times  its  breadth  at  the 
point  of  insertion.  Skin  covered  with  fine  dense  shagreen,  without 
large  tubercles. 

Form,  ^ Loc.  XJ.  Cretaceous  (Turonian)  : Sahel  Alma,  Mt. 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4771,  P.  4014.  Type  specimen  and  counterpart. 

Purchased,  1883-4. 

Rhinobatus  obtusatus,  Costa. 

1805.  Rhinobatus  obtusatus,  O.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Prov.  Napoli,  Ap- 
pend. 1 A,  p.  109,  pi.  c. 

1882.  Rhmobaiiis  obtusatus,  P.  Bassani,  Denkschr.  math.-naturw.  Cl. 

kais.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xlv.  pt.  ii.  p.  228. 

Type.  Nearly  cemplete  fish. 

Snout  very  short  and  obtusely  rounded.  Cleft  of  mouth  straight. 
Disk  relatively  broad.  Length  of  pectoral  fin  equal  to  about  two 
and  a half  times  the  breadth  at  its  point  of  insertion.  Pelvics 
apparently  small.  Skin  covered  with  fine  shagreen. 

Form..  Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous  : Pietraroja,  Naples. 

Rhinobatus  primsevus)  Zigno. 

1874.  Rhinobatus  primeevus,  A.  de  Zigno,  ^ Cat.  rag.  Pesci  Boss.  Calc. 
Eocen.  M.  Bolca  e Postale,’  p.  176. 

1878.  Rhinobatus  2>rimavus,  A.  de  Zigno,  Mem.  real.  Istit.  Veneto  Sci. 
vol.  XX.  p.  460,  pi.  xvi. 


EHUfOBATlD^  . 


83 


Type.  Complete  skeleton,  except  hinder  portion  of  tail. 

Snout  apparently  rounded  and  obtuse.  Disk  much  elongated. 
Length  of  pectoral  fin  about  three  times  its  breadth  at  the  insertion. 

Form.  hoc.  Middle  Eocene : Monte  Bolca,  near  Verona. 

Bhinobatus  marlentii,  F.  Noetling  (Abh.  geol.  Specialk.  Preussen 
u.  Thiiring.  Staaten,  vol.  ri.  pt.  3 (1885),  p.  31,  pi.  vii.  fig.  1),  is 
founded  upon  vertebr®  from  the  Eocene  of  Samland,  East  Prussia. 
Other  vertebrae  hare  been  described  by  C.  Hasse  from  the  Senonian 
of  Aix-larChapelle  the  Uppermost  Cretaceous  of  Maastricht,  in 
Holland’,  and  Ciply  in  Belgium’,  the  BruxeUian  of  Etterbeck’, 
and  Woluwe  St.  Lambert  ’,  near  Brussels,  and  the  Molasse  of  Bal- 
tringen,  'W'iirtemberg  “. 

Vertebrae  of  Bhinobatus  also  occur  in  the  Kimmeridge  Clay  of 
England  (46332  a.  Three  examples  from  Culham,  Oxford.  Cunning- 
ton  Coll.). 

Genus  TRYGONORHINA,  Muller  & Henle. 

[Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiostom.  1841,  p.  124.] 

Genus  differing  only  from  Bhinobattis  in  having  the  anterior  nasal 
valves  confluent,  and  forming  a broad  quadrangular  flap. 

Trygonorhina  dezignii,  J.  J.  Heckel,  Sitzungsb.  math.-nat.  Cl.  k. 

Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xi.  (1854),  p.  124. — Middle  Eocene ; 

Monte  Postale,  N.  Italy. 

The  following  genera  appear  to  show  that,  in  Jurassic  times,  the 
Rhinobatidae  and  Rajidm  were  still  less  differentiated  than  at  the 
present  day.  They  do  not  precisely  accord  with  the  definition  of 
either  of  these  families. 

Genus  BELEMNOBATIS,  ThioUiere. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  Bugey,  pt.  i.  1854,  p.  8.] 

Tail  very  distinct  from  the  disk,  which  is  almost  of  rhombic 
shape.  Pectoral  fins  not  extending  forwards  beyond  the  base  of  the 
snout ; pelvics  not  notched.  Tail  with  two  smooth  spines  upon  the 
proximal  half,  and  apparently  two  dorsal  fins  on  the  distal  half,  with- 
out eaudal  fin  \ Body  partially  covered  with  conical  dermal  tubercles, 
the  larger  only  superficially  calcified.  Teeth  minute,  smooth. 

* Natiirl.  Syst,  Elasm.,  Besond.  Thefl,  p.  112,  pi.  liv.  figs.  17-19. 

“ Md.  pp.  Ill,  116,  118.  » Ibid,  p.  ii5_  pi  figs.  28-31. 

‘ Ibid.  pp.  112,  116,  118,  pL  xiT.  6gs.  20-26,  pL  jet.  figs.  32-35,  42-46. 

' Ibid.  p.  116,  pi.  IT.  figs.  36-39.  s p.  m. 

’’  The  known  fossils  do  not  clearly  elucidate  this  character. 


g2 


84 


SELACHII. 


Belemnobatis  sismondse^  ThioUiere. 

1864.  Belemmbatis  simnondce,  V.  TliiolliSre,  Poiss.  Foss.  Bugey,  pt-  *• 
p.  8,  pi.  iii,  fig.  1. 

1873,  Belemnobatis  sismondes,  V.  TMolliere,  op.  cit.  pt.  ii.  (edit.  P. 
yais),  p.  12,  pi.  i.  fig.  1. 

Type.  Complete  skeleton. 

Snout  moderately  obtuse ; tail  shorter  than  disk.  Dermal  tuber- 
cles largest  between  the  pelvic  fins  ; of  considerable  size  along  the 
median  line  of  the  back  and  on  the  anterior  portion  of  the  disk. 

Form.  ^ Loc,  Lower  Kimmoridgian  (Lithographic  Stone) : Cirin, 
Ain,  France. 

Genus  ASTERODERMUS,  Agassiz. 

[Reeh.  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  381.] 

Disk  elongate,  gradually  passing  into  the  tail.  Pectoral  fins  ex- 
tending forwards  as  far  as  the  nasal  capsules.  Most  preaxial  ray 
of  pelvic  fin  apparently  of  great  size.  Tail  with  two  smooth  dorsal 
spines  j disk  and  tail  covered  with  numerous  stellate  dermal  calcifi- 
cations. 

This  genus  is  placed  by  Hasse  among  the  IlajidiB. 

Asterodermus  platypterus^  Agassiz. 

1843.  Asterodermus  2>latyptfrus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  P- 
pi.  44.  figs.  2-0.  ’ 6 > 

1860.  Asterodermus  platyptcrus,  II.  von  Meyer,  Palffiontogr.  vol.  vii. 
p.  9,  pi.  i.  fig.  1. 

1861.  Asterodermus  platypterus,  A.  Wagner,  Abb.  k.  bay.  Akad.  Wiss. 
math.-phys.  Cl.  vol.  ix.  p.  .311. 

1882.  Astcrodermm  platxjpteni.s,  C.  Hasse,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond. 
Theil,p.  106.  > . J 

Type.  Skeleton,  wanting  cephalic  region  ; Mus.  Geological  Society 
of  London. 

Snout  produced  and  acute.  Second  dorsal  spine  somewhat  smaller 
than  the  first,  the  former  being  at  ono  fourth  the  length  of  the  tail 
from  its  extremity,  and  the  latter  being  another  fourth  in  advance. 
Dermal  tubercles  largest  upon  the  region  of  the  head  and  the  pec- 
toral girdle. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Kimmeridgian  (Lithographic  Stone) : Kehl- 
heim,  Bavaria. 

Family  RAJID^. 

Disk  broad,  rhombic,  generally  with  dermal  asperities ; no  barbed 
caudal  sjjine ; tail  with  a longitudinal  fold  on  each  side,  median  fins 
varying  in  development.  The  pectoral  fins  extend  to  the  snout. 
No  electric  organ  in  the  living  forms,  except  an  occasional  rudiment 
in  the  tail. 


RAJIB.«. 


85 


GenuB  RAJA,  Cuvier, 

[Eegne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  134.] 

Syn.  Actmobatis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foes.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  372. 

Tail  very  distinct  from  the  disk  ; body  rarely  destitute  of  aspe- 
rities. Pectoral  fins  not  extending  forwards  to  the  extremity  of  the 
snout ; pelvics  deeply  notched,  with  robust  foremost  cartilaginous 
ray.  Two  dorsal  fins  on  the  tail ; c.audal  fin  rudimentary  or  absent. 

Raja  expansa  (Davis). 

1887.  RMnohatut  expansus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iii.  p.  486,  pi.  xviii. 

Type.  Disk,  without  snout,  and  portion  of  tail;  British  Museum. 

Snout  unknown,  probably  obtuse.  Disk  extremely  broad,  the 
pectoral  fins  being  almost  triangular  in  shape,  and  their  maximum 
breadth  nearly  equal  to  their  length.  Outer  pectoral  angle  acute. 
Skin  covered  with  fine  shagreen,  apparently  without  asperities. 

The  form  and  projiortions  of  the  disk,  the  forward  extension  of 
the  pectoral  fins,  and  the  slendemc.ss  of  the  tail  separate  this  spe- 
cies from  the  Rhinobatidae,  and  suggest  its  probable  reference  to 
the  genus  Baja. 

Form.  4'  Loe.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Turonian) : Hakel,  Syria. 

P,  4772.  Type  specimen.  Purchased,  1884. 

Raja  minor,  Davis. 

1887.  Baja  minor,  J.  W,  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iii. 
p.  493,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  2. 

Type.  Imperfect  skeleton ; British  Museum. 

A small  species  (or  young  of  larger  form  ?),  with  rounded  pec- 
toral fins,  longer  than  broad.  Dermal  asperities  and  shagreen 
either  absent  or  very  minute,  except  on  the  tail,  where  one  or  more 
large  thorn-shaped  spines  are  situated. 

The  thickened  anterior  pelvic  fin-ray  is  wrongly  termed  a spine 
in  the  original  description  of  this  fish. 

Form.  4' Loe.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Turonian)  : Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4780.  Type  specimen.  Purchased,  1884. 

Raja  primarmata,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Specimens  figured  in  PI.  IV,  figs.  1-3. 

Snout  probably  acute.  Angle  of  pectoral  fin  acute.  A series  of 


86 


SELACHII. 


largo  oval  conical  tubercles,  radiately  grooved,  is  arranged  along  the 
middle  of  the  back  and  tail ; and  two  regular  series  of  similar 
smaUor  tubercles  are  placed  on  either  side  of  the  median  line. 

Borm.  ^ Loc,  Upper  Cretaceous  (Turonian)  : Sahel  Alma,  Syria. 


P.  4015-6,  49517.  Tj-pe  specimens  figured  in  PI.  IV.  figs.  1-3.  The 
second  is  preserved  in  counterpart. 

The  first  of  these  fossils  consists  of  the  much-crushed 
middle  portion  of  the  disk  and  anterior  extremity  of  the 
tail.  The  caudal  region  is  slender  at  its  commencement, 
and  a portion  of  one  of  the  pelvic  fins  is  preserved,  dis- 
playing the  thickened  preaxial  ray.  The  body  is  covered 
with  fine  shagreen ; and  larger  tubercles,  viewed  from 
below  or  only  seen  as  impressions,  have  the  characters 
and  disposition  idready  noted  in  the  specific  description. 

The  second  fossil  exhibits  the  complete  anterior  half  of 
one  of  the  pectoral  fins,  extending  to  the  snout,  in  addition 
to  portions  of  the  skull,  branchial  arches,  vertebral  column, 
and  pectoral  arch.  The  pectoral  fin  is  very  broad,  but 
rapidly  tapers  anteriorly.  The  region  in  advance  of  the 
pectoral  arch  is  elongated,  and  is  suggestive  of  an  acute 
snout.  The  teeth  are  rounded  and  minute.  The  hinder 
portion  of  the  fossil  is  much  crushed,  and  only  a few  of 
the  dermal  tubercles  are  shown,  scattered  and  displaced. 

Purchased,  1878,  1883. 


Raja  similis)  sp.  nov. 

Type.  IJermal  tubercles,  figured  in  PL  lY.  figs.  4,  5. 

A number  of  dermal  tubercles  from  the  Upper  Eocene  of  Hamp 
shire  are  so  similar  to  those  of  Raja  that  they  may  be  provisionally 
associated  with  this  genus.  They  are  rounded  or  oval,  and  all 
pointed  at  one  extremity ; the  inferior  surface  is  convex  and  smooth , 
the  exposed  surface  is  also  slightly  convex,  and  marked  with  a few 
delicate  concentric  and  radiating  ridges.  No  spine  is  preserved  in 
the  fossils,  but  a small  one  appears  to  have  been  affixed  to  the 
middle  of  most  of  the  tubercles. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Eocene  (Barton  Clay):  Hampshire. 

28094.  Eleven  specimens,  including  the  types  ; High  Cliff. 

Presented  by  F.  E.  Edwards,  Esq.,  1852. 

29023.  Four  specimens ; Chutan.  Cowderoy  Bequest. 


RAJID.®. 


87 


Raja  clavata,  Liun. 

1767.  Raja  clavata,  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Naturae,  vol.  i.  p.  397. 

1843.  Raja  antiqua,  L.  Agassiz,  Poias.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  371^  pi  37 
fig.  33. 

1876.  Raja  antiqua,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesci  loss.  CoUine  Tos- 
cano, p.  42,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1. 

1882.  Rqfa  clavata,  E.  T.  Newton,  Vert.  Forest  Bed  (Mem.  Geol.  Snrv.), 
p.  132,  pi.  xix.  figs.  10, 11. 

1886.  Raja  antiqua  (f),  Larrazet,  Bull.  Soc.  G4ol.  France  [3],  vol.  xiv. 
p.  261,  pi.  xiii.  %.  7. 

Type  of  “ Baja  antiqua.”  Spinous  dermal  tubercle. 

The  fossil  dermal  tnbereles  described  as  R.  antiqua  are  indistin- 
guishable from  those  of  the  living  R.  clavata,  and  the  Pliocene 
fossU  may  thus  be  provisionally  assoeiated  with  this  species.  New- 
ton records  teeth  from  the  Wey bourn  Crag  of  East  Eunton. 

Form.  4r  Roc.  Weyboum,  Norwich,  Bed  and  Coralline  Crags  : 
Norfolk,  Suflfolk.  Pliocene  : Tuscany. 

23200.  Nineteen  fragmentary  tubercles ; Norwich  Crag,  Postwick. 

Presented  by  Dr.  S.  P.  Woodward,  1849. 

P.  374.  Nine  similar  specimens ; Norwich  Crag,  near  Norwich. 

Bayfield  Coll. 

P.  5453.  Sixteen  tubercles,  and  nine  broken  spines  of  ditto ; 

Norwich  Crag,  near  Norwich.  Wigliam.  CoU, 

P.  267.  Abraded  tubercle  ; Coralline  Crag,  Orford,  Suffolk. 

Purchased,  1880. 

40402.  Tubercle,  probably  of  this  species;  Coralline  Crag,  Ged- 
grave.  Purchased,  1867. 

40403.  Abraded  tubercle ; Ked  Crag,  FeUxstow.  Purchmed,\8%7 . 

35863.  Two  specimens  ; Bed  Crag,  Suffolk. 

Presented  by  J.  Berners,  Esq.,  1861. 

41276.  Ten  specimens ; Bed  Crag,  Valdringfield.  Purctoccf,  1869. 

27615,30904,37742,  41853,  43325.  Twenty-three  specimens,  some 
of  very  large  size,  and  some  consisting  of  two  connected 
tubercles ; Red  Crag,  Woodbridge.  Purchased. 

P.  3063.  Eight  similar  specimens ; Bed  Crag,  Suffolk. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

47021.  ITiree  tubercles,  labelled  by  Lawley  ; Pliocene,  Orciano, 
Tuscany.  Purchased,  1875. 


88 


8ELACHII. 


The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  imperfect 
evidence,  and  do  not  appear  to  bo  represented  in  the  Collection. 
Except  where  otherwise  stated,  the  typo  specimens  are  dermal 
tubercles. 

Raja  agassizii,  Larra/.et,  Bull.  Sec.  Gcol.  Franco  [3J,  vol.  xiv. 
(1886),  p.  259,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  1-6.— Tertiary ; Villa  Urquiza, 
Bio  Parana,  S.  America. 

Raja  ajojilanata,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  33  (1877),  P- 
pi.  ii.  figs.  9-11. — Molasse  ; Baltringen,  Wiirtemberg. 
Raja  licornufa,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  79,  pi.  i.  fig.  15  (tooth). 
Molasse ; Baltringen. 

Raja  borussica,  F.  Noctling,  Abb.  geol.  Spccialk.  Preussen  u. 
Thiiring.  Btaaton,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 (1885),  p.  41,  ph  i^- 
figs.  1-5  (vertebra). — Eocene  ; Samland. 

Raja  cavernosa,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  75,  pi.  i.  figs.  1-4  (tooth). 
— Molasse ; Baltringen. 

Raja  conica,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  99,  pi.  ii.  figs.  13-15. — Molasse, 
Baltringen. 

Raja  evacuata,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  101. — Molasse;  Baltringen. 
Raja  grandis,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  78,  pi.  i.  fig-  14  (tooth) ; 
C.  Hassc,  Natiir].  Syst,  Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,  p-  l^^- 
Molasse ; Baltringen. 

Raja  (?)  Helvetica,  C.  v.  I’ischer-Ooster,  Mitth.  naturf.  GeseU.  Bern, 
1866,  p.  267  (with  fig.)  (egg-capsule). — Molasse ; bwit- 
zerland. 

Raja  lohata,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  99,  pi.  ii.  fig.  12. — Molasse, 
Baltringen. 

Raja  mammillaris,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  97,  pi.  ii-  figs.  7,  8.— 
Molasse ; Baltringen.  ^ 

Raja  molassica,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Handb.  Paleeont.  vol.  iii.  (1887), 
p.  104,  woodc.  fig.  118:  Acijtenser  molassicus,  J.  Probst, 
Wurtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  38  (1882),  p.  121,  pi.  ii.  figs-  l"^’ 
10-14,16. — Molasse ; Baltringen. 

Raja  (Actinobatis)  omata,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  184  , 
p.  372,  pi.  xxxvii.  fig.  34. — Pliocene  ; Piacenza,  Italy. 
Raja  pMlippi,  Munster,  Bcitr.  Petrcfakt.  vii.  p.  33,  jd.  ii.  fig- 22; 
J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  33,  p.  97,  pi.  ii-  fig- 
Molasse  ; Cassel  and  Baltringen. 

Raja  pulchra,  K.  E.  Schafhiiutl,  Siid-Bayorns  Leth.  Geogn.  1863, 
p.  249,  pi.  Ixiv.  fig.  12. — Eocene ; Bavaria. 

Raja  rhombidens,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  79,  pi.  i.  fig-  18  (tooth). 
— Molasse ; Baltringen. 


BAJiDa;. 


89 


Baja  rugosa,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  76,  pi.  i.  figs.  5-9  (tooth). — 
Molasse;  Baltringen. 

Baja  spiralis,  Munster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  vii.  p.  33,  pi.  ii.  fig.  24. 
— Sandstone  ; Jacobsberg,  Minden. 

Baja  strangulata,  J.  Probst,  tom,  cit.  p.  77,  pi.  i.  figs.  10-13  (tooth). 
— Molasse;  Baltringen. 

Baja  suhoxyrhynchrts,  11.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi,  etc.  1876,  p.  43, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  2,  5 (teeth). — Pliocene;  Orciano,  Volterra 
(Tuscany). 

Undetermined  species  of  Baja  are  recorded  by  C.  Hasse,  op.  cit., 
upon  the  evidence  of  detached  vertebrse  from  the  Upper  Chalk  of 
Maastricht  (p.  167,  pi.  xxii.  figs.  5-7),  the  Miocene  Molasse  of 
Baltringen  (p.  167,  pi.  xxii.  figs.  8,  9),  and  the  Pliocene  Crag  of 
Antwerp  (p.  170,  pi.  xxii.  figs.  16-20). 

Teeth  of  the  existing  Baja  hatis  have  been  determined  from  the 
■Weybonrn  Crag  of  East  Kunton,  Norfolk,  by  E.  T.  Newton,  Vert. 
Forest-bed  Series  (Mem.  Geol.  Suit.  1882),  p.  131,  pi.  xix.  fig.  9. 

Genus  DYNATOBATIS,  Larrazet. 

[BuU.  Soc.  Geol.  France  [3],  vol.  xiv.  1886,  p.  258.] 

Dermal  tubercles  with  enormous  base  and  very  small  spine. 

Three  species  are  determined  by  Larrazet,  two  from  the  Tertiary' 
of  the  Kio  Parana,  South  America,  the  first  of  unknown  formation 
and  locality : — 

Dynatohatis  gaudryi,  Larr.  loc.  cit.  p.  265,  pi.  xv.  fig.  2. 

Dynatobatis  paranensis,  Larr.  loc.  cit.  p.  263,  pL  xiv.  figs.  1-4. 

Dynatohatis  rectangular  is,  Larr.  loc.  cit.  p.  264,  pi.  xv.  fig.  1. 


Genus  ACANTHOBATIS,  Larrazet. 

[BuU.  Soc.  Geol.  France  [3],  vol.  xiv.  1886,  p.  258.] 

High  dermal  tubercles,  with  smaU  base,  several  fused  together. 
The  foUowing  species  are  recognized : — 

Acanihohatis  eximia,  Larrazet,  loc.  cit.  p.  265,  pi.  xv.  fig.  3,  pi.  xvi. 
fig.  1. — Molasse ; Gard,  France. 

Acanthohatis  tuberculosus,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Sitzungsb.  math.-phys. 
Cl.  k.  bay.  Akad.  Wise.  vol.  xvi.  1886,  p.  264 ; Handb. 
Palseont.  vol.  iii.  1887,  p.  105,  fig.  121 : Acipenser  luber- 
culosus,  J.  Probst,  IVurtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  38  (1882),  p.  127, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  6-9,  15. — Molasse;  Baltringen,  Wiirtemberg. 


90 


8EIACHII. 


Genus  ONCOBATIS,  Leidy. 

[Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1870,  p.  70.] 

Dermal  tubercles  of  pentagonal  outline,  with  the  under  surface 
convex  and  smooth  ; upper  surface  presenting  five  sloping  planes, 
more  or  less  well  defined  by  prominent  borders,  the  raised  central 
portion  covered  with  gano-dentine.  [?  Buja.'] 

Oncobatis  penta^onvs,  J.  Leidy,  loc.  eit,,  and  Extinct  Vert.  Fauna 
West.  Territ.  (Hep.  D.  8.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ.  vol.  i.  pt.  i- 
1873),  p.  204,  pi.  xvii.  figs.  18,  19. — Pliocene ; Sinker 
Creek,  Idaho. 


Family  TORPEDINID^. 

Disk  broad,  smooth ; skeleton  of  pectoral  fins  not  continued  for- 
wards beyond  the  base  of  the  snout.  Median  fins  well  developed, 
n electric  organ  between  the  pectoral  fins  and  the  head. 


Genus  TORPEDO,  Dumeril. 

[Zool.  Analyt.  1806,  p.  102.] 

Syn.  Narcobatis,  de  BlainvUle,  Faune  Francaise— Poissons,  1820-30, 
p.  43. 


Tail  nioderatcly  developed,  with  two  dorsal  fins;  pelvic  fins  sepa- 
rate ; spiracles  at  a short  distance  behind  the  eyes. 

Torpedo  egertoni,  A.  do  Zigno,  Mem.  R.  Istit.  Veneto,  vol.  xx. 

(1878),  p.  452,  pi.  xvii. — Middle  Eocene;  Monte  Bolca, 
near  Verona. 

Torpedo  gigantea,  L.  Agassiz,  Neues  Jahrb.  1835,  p.  297,  and 
Poiss.Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  382**:  Baja  torpedo  (Linn.),  Volta, 
Ittiolit.  Veron.  1796,  p.  261,  pi.  61 : Narhohatus  gigan- 
teus,  de  BlainvUle,  Nouv.  Diet.  d’Hist.  Nat.  vol.  xxvii. 
1818,  p.  33/ . — Middle  Eocene ; Monte  Bolca. 

Torpedo,  sp.,  C.  Hasso,  Natiirl.  8yst.  Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  176, 
pi.  xxiii.  figs.  15-18. 

Detached  vertebrse,  supposed  to  belong  to  Astrape,  have  been  re- 
corded from  the  amber-bearing  beds  of  Samland,  East  Prussia 
(F.  Noetling,  Abh.  geol.  Specialk.  Preussen  u.  Thiiring.  Staaten, 
vol.  vi.  pt.  3,  Lief.  i.  p.  36,  pi.  viii.  figs.  6-9).  They  are  named 
Astrape  (?)  media,  and  were  originally  referred  to  Torpedo  by 
C.  Masse,  Paheontogr.  vol.  xxxi.  (1884),  p.  5,  pi.  i.  figs.  6,  7. 

Vertebrae  of  Barcine  are  also  recorded  by  Hasse  from  the  Tufeau 
do  Ciply  (Natiirl.  Syst.  p.  178,  pi.  xxiii.  figs.  22,  23)  and  the  Brux- 
ellian  of  Woluwe  St.  Lambert  {op.  eit.  p.  178,  pi.  xxiii.  figs.  24,  25). 


PSAMMODONTID^. 


91 


Family  PSAMMODONTID^. 

An  extinct  family,  imperfectly  recognizable,  being  known  only  by 
remains  of  the  dentition.  As  shown  by  the  teeth,  the  two  rami  of 
the  jaws  were  evidently  placed  in  the  same  straight  line — a fact 
probably  indicating  a much-depressed  body,  like  that  of  the  existing 
Kays.  The  teeth  are  flattened,  more  or  less  quadrate,  and  have  the 
root  the  same  size  as  the  crown ; the  contour  of  the  base  of  the  root 
corresponds  to  that  of  the  crown,  and  the  attached  surface  exhibits 
only  slight  longitudinal  striations.  The  dentition  was  originally 
arranged  in  one,  two,  or  several  longitudinal  series,  arched  antero- 
posteriorly ; and  when  there  are  two  or  more  series,  the  correspond- 
ing rows  of  the  opposite  sides  are  symmetrical.  The  teeth  of  adjoining 
series  are  not  exactly  opposite  each  other,  but  slightly  alternating. 


Genus  COPODUS,  Davis  (ex  Agassiz  MS.). 

[J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Hoy.  Dubl.  Soc.  [2j  vol.  i.  1883,  p.  464.] 

Syn.  Labodus,  Agassiz  MS.,  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  468. 

Meeogomphus,  Agassiz  MS.,  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  470. 

Rhymodus,  Agassiz  MS.,  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  473. 

Characodiis,  Agassiz  MS.,  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  474. 

Pinacodui,  .4gassiz  MS.,  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  476. 

Teeth  bilaterally  symmetrical,  with  the  postero-lateral  angles  of 
the  root,  and  sometimes  also  of  the  crown,  much  produced  back- 
wards. They  are  narrower  in  front  than  behind,  and  the  anterior 
margin  is  generally  straight  or  convex.  Coronal  surface  slightly 
rugose  when  unabraded,  and  generally  almost  flat,  though  in  some 
cases  upturned  laterally ; root  about  twice  as  thick  as  the  crown. 
The  teeth  are  especially  characterized  by  the  presence  in  each  of  a 
transverse  sutural  line,  dividing  a smaller  or  larger  portion  from  the 
remainder,  sometimes  allowing  of  the  complete  separation  of  the 
parts,  sometimes  only  faintly  marked. 

The  dentition  of  each  jaw  probably  consisted  only  of  a single 
antero-posterior  series  of  teeth. 

The  following  is  a provisional  arrangement  of  the  species,  the 
number  of  which  will  doubtless  be  considerably  reduced  when  more 
perfect  specimens  are  known. 

Copodus  corautas,  Davis  (ex  Agassiz  MS.). 

1843.  Psammodus  comuttis,  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174  (name 
only). 


92 


SELACHII. 


(?)  1843.  Pmmmodus  corm/tug,  J.  E.  Portlock,  Rep.  Geol.  Londonderry, 
p.  461,  pi.  xiv.  a,  fig.  8. 

(?)  1855.  Psammodus  cornutm,  F.  M'Coy,  Brit.  Palaeoz.  Foss.  p.  643. 
1862.  Copodus  eornutus  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ. 

Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  100  (name  only). 

1862.  Copodus  lunvdutm  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Roberts,  loc.  ci  . 

p.  100  (name  only).  - 

1883.  Copodus  rornutm,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [ J 
vol.  i.  p.  404,  pi.  Iviii.  figs.  2-6  (non  fig.  1). 

(?)  1883.  Pinacodus  gmoplax  (Agassiz  MS.),  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit. 
p.  477,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  22. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  mostly  longer  than  broad;  a curved  transverse  suture 
dividing  the  posterior  fourth  (or  more)  of  the  tooth  from  the  ante- 
rior portion.  The  posterior  border  of  the  latter  is  excavated  and 
gently  curved,  and  the  postero-lateral  angles  are  not  greatly  prO" 
duced.  The  small  isolated  binder  portion  of  the  tooth  has  a sinuous 
posterior  margin,  strongly  convex  in  the  middle. 

It  does  not  appear  certain  that  the  tooth  originally  figured  y 
Portlock  as  pertaining  to  this  species  is  the  same  as  those  upon 
■which  the  foregoing  diagnosis  is  founded.  It  seems  advisable, 
however,  to  follow  Agassiz’s  intentions  as  interpreted  by  J . W.  Davis, 
who  first  fully  defined  the  form. 

Form.  Sf  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland , 
Northumberland  (M‘Coy).  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone : York- 
shire. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  are  from  the 
Enniskillen  Collection. 

P.  2580-3.  Four  type  specimens  described  and  figured  by  J- 
Davis,  loc.  cit. 

P.  2584.  Thirty-six  examples  of  the  main  portion  of  the  tooth. 

P.  2584  c.  Similar  specimen,  showing  a sinuous  transverse  suture 
near  the  anterior  extremity. 

P.  2584  a.  One  small  specimen,  showing  posterior  portion  of  tooth 
in  position,  half  as  large  as  the  anterior. 

P.  2584  h.  Two  detached  examples  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the 
tooth. 

P.  1406-7.  Six  examples  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  tooth. 

Egerton  CoU. 

26053-4,  38506.  Eight  similar  specimens.  Purchased,  1851, 1864. 


PSAMMODONTID^. 


93 


P.  2507.  Type  specimen  of  Pinacodtis  gomplaa;,  probably  referable 
to  the  present  species.  The  anterior  suture  has  already 
been  noted  in  P.  2584  c. 

49617.  Small  tooth,  probably  of  this  species ; Eichmond,  Yorkshire. 

Purchased,  1878. 


Copodns  spatulatus,  Davis. 

1862.  Copodus  spatulatus  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart. 

Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  100  (name  only). 

1883.  Copodus  spatulatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  467,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  7. 

1883.  Copodus  cornutus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  eit.  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  1. 

1883.  Mplacodus  quadratus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  480,  pi.  Iviii. 
figs.  27,  28. 

(?)  1883.  Mplacodus  sesamini,  J.  W.  Davis,  t.  c.  p.  481,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  29. 

1884.  Copodus  corntdus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl. 
p.  623,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  22. 

Ty2ye.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  mostly  longer  than  broad,  though  sometimes  of  the  reverse 
proportions ; crown  comparatively  flat ; a transverse  suture,  almost 
straight  and  sharply  curved  backwards  at  its  extremities,  dividing  a 
narrow  posterior  part  of  the  tooth  from  the  larger  anterior  portion. 
The  postero-lateral  angles  of  the  root  are  extraordinarily  produoed 
backwards,  but  the  corresponding  extensions  of  the  crown  are  very 
slight  or  absent.  The  small  hinder  portion  of  the  tooth  has  a nearly 
straight  posterior  margin,  being  of  equal  width  throughout. 

The  specimens  in  the  collection  exhibit  every  gradation  between 
the  typical  elongate  form  of  tooth  and  those  described  under  the 
names  of  Mylacodus  quadratus  and  M.  sesamini.  The  original  of 
J.  "W.  Davis’s  fig.  27,  pi.  Iviii.  loc.  cit.,  is  merely  a broken  and 
abraded  crown,  and  the  other  specimen  shows  the  base  of  the 
postero-lateral  “ horns  ” of  the  root.  The  coronal  surface  of  the 
last-named  fossil  also  shows  the  slight  rugosity  erroneously  described 
as  distinctive  in  M.  sesamini.  One  of  the  specimens,  broader  than 
long,  exhibits  the  narrow  posterior  portion  of  the  tooth  in  its  natural 
position ; and  the  form  of  the  hinder  margin  of  the  type  of  M.  sesamini 
is  largely  due  to  fracture. 

Form.  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 
Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone : Yorkshire,  Derbyshire. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  are  from  Armagh, 
and  in  the  Enniskillen  Collection. 

P.  2513.  Type  specimen,  figured  loc.  cit. 


94 


SELACHII. 


P.  2579.  A much  worn  and  abraded  specimen,  figured  by  J.  W- 
Davis,  1.  e.  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  1,  as  C.  cornutus. 

P.  2514,  P.  2585.  Eighteen  examples,  some  broken  and  much  ab- 
raded, some  perfect,  and  showing  more  or  less  of  the  pos- 
terior portion  of  the  tooth. 

P.  2496-7.  Type  specimens  of  Mylaeodm  quadratus. 

P.  2495.  Type  specimen  of  MylacodvLS  sesamini. 

P.  2498.  Thirty-two  specimens,  relatively  short,  some  much  broken 
and  abraded,  two  showing  the  posterior  portion  of  the 
tooth  in  position. 

P.  1408-9.  Four  imperfect  examples.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2504  a.  Perfect  tooth  with  base,  wanting  hinder  portion. 

26053  a.  Very  broad  broken  specimen,  showing  hinder  portion  of 
tooth  in  position.  Purchased,  185 

P.  5362.  Three  small  teeth ; Ticknall,  near  Melbourne,  S.  Derby 
shire.  Two  are  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI. 
figs.  14,  16.  Wilson  Coll. 

Copodus  furcatusy  Davis. 

1862.  Copodus  fcdcatus,  Morris  & Eoberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  100  (name  only). 

1883.  Copodus  furcatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soc.  L J 
vol.  i.  p.  460,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  10. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; Eritish  Museum. 

Teeth  similar  to  those  of  C.  spatidatus,  but  having  the  posterior 

portion  separated  by  a suture  strongly  bent  in  the  middle,  giving  to 

the  detached  piece  a triangular  form. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Irelan 

P.  2509.  Type  specimen.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


Copodus  lingua  (Davis). 

1862.  Mesogomphus  lingua  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Eoberts,  Quart, 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1883.  Mesogomphus  lingua,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soc.  |_ 
vol.  i.  p.  471,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  16. 

Type.  Imperfect  detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  longer  than  broad ; crown  flat ; the  anterior  margin 


PSAilMOBONTID^.  95 

rounded,  but  often  comparatively  acute.  A median  semicircular 
suture  separates  a very  small  posterior  portion  of  each  tooth. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2500.  Type  specimen.  EnnisMllen  Coll, 

P.  2501.  A less  perfect  example,  with  the  posterior  semicircular 
portion  broader,  and  the  anterior  margin  less  curved. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


Copodus  atirictilatus  (Davis). 

1862.  Pleitrogomphus  auriculatus  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Koberts, 
Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1883.  Plewogomphus  auriculatm,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin 
Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  472,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  16. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  similar  to  those  of  the  latter  species,  but  having  two 
postero-lateral  semicircular  portions  separated  by  suture,  instead  of 
the  single  median  one. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 
P.  2601.  Type  specimen.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2585.  Less  perfect,  but  larger  example.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


Copodus  minimus,  Davis. 

1883.  Copodus  minimus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  467,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  8. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  longer  than  broad ; crown  flat ; a curved,  almost  angu- 
larly bent,  transverse  suture  dividing  a small  posterior  portion  of 
each  tooth  from  the  remainder.  The  posterior  Wder  of  the  entire 
tooth  is  very  slightly  excavated;  and  the  tooth  rapidly  becomes 
narrowed  anteriorly,  the  front  margin  being  nearly  straight. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Kichmond,  York- 
shire. 

P.  2511.  Type  specimen.  The  suture  is  shown  in  this  fossil,  though 
not  noted  in  the  original  description  and  scarcely  in  the 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2512.  Two  much  abraded  teeth,  probably  referable  to  this  species, 
but  larger.  Enniskillen  Coll, 


96 


8ELACHII. 


Copodus  planus  (Davis). 

1862.  Labodm  planus  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ. 

Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1883.  labodus  planus,  J.W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i. 
p.  470,  pi.  Ivili.  figs.  12-14. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  mostly  broader  than  long,  though  sometimes  of  the  reverse 
proportions ; crown  comparatively  flat ; the  posterior  border  more 
or  less  strongly  convex  in  the  middle,  and  the  anterior  border  straight, 
with  gently  rounded  lateral  angles,  and  with  a slight  tendency  to 
median  excavation.  Anteriorly,  the  tooth  is  somewhat  narrower 
than  behind ; and  the  postero-lateral  angles  of  the  root  are  much 
produced  backwards.  The  unabraded  coronal  surface  is  slightly 
rugose,  and  there  is  rarely  any  trace  of  a transverse  suture ; when 
present,  this  is  faintly  marked  and  almost  median. 

This  diagnosis  is  founded  upon  the  specimens  in  the  collection, 
but  it  is  not  improbable  that  a small  narrow  portion  of  tooth  was 
originally  connected  with  the  posterior  margin  of  the  examples  thus 
described. 

Form.  Loc,  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2590-2.  Type  specimens.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2593.  Twenty-four  examples,  some  much  broken  and  abraded. 

Ennisl'illen  Coll. 

49618.  Small  imperfect  tooth,  doubtfully  associated  with  this 
species ; Dpper  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Richmond, 
Yorkshire.  There  is  a suture,  as  shown  in  No.  P.  2592 
(Davis,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  14),  but  the  tooth  is  relatively  broader 
and  more  arched  antero-posteriorly.  Purchased,  1878. 

49620.  A smaller  tooth,  without  suture ; Richmond. 

Purchased,  1878. 


Copodus  oblongus  (Davis). 

1802.  Mylax  hatoides  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ. 

Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only).  .. 

1883.  Rhymodus  oblonyus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [ J 
vol.  i.  p.  473,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  18. 

1883.  Mylax  hatoides,  J.  W.  Davis,  t07n.  cit.  p.  479,  pi.  Iviii.  figs.  25,  2 
Type.  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  much  broader  than  long;  crown  comparatively  flat,  the 
coronal  surface  only  slightly  raised  in  the  middle ; a posterior  portion 


PSAMMOBOSm)^. 


97 


separated  by  a straight  or  slightly  curved  transverse  suture,  about 
half  as  large  as  the  anterior  portion.  The  anterior  margin  of  the 
tooth  strongly  convex,  and  the  posterior  margin  slightly  so ; the  root 
extending  far  beyond  the  crown  on  either  side,  and  produced  back- 
wards at  the  postero-lateral  angles. 

Form.  hoc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2595-6.  Type  specimen  and  broken  tooth.  EtirdshUlen  Coll. 

P.  2493-4.  Type  specimens  of  Mylax  batoides,  both  fragmentary. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5325.  Two  more  perfect  examples.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


Copodus  prototypus  (Davis). 

1862.  Labodus  prototypus  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart. 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1883.  Labodus  prototypus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
voL  i.  p.  468,  pi.  Iviii.  figs.  0-11. 

1883.  Fhymodus  transversus,  J.  \V.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  473,  pi.  Iviii. 
fig.  17. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  much  broader  than  long,  and  strongly  arched  antero-pos- 
teriorly.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  crown  are  upturned  and  the 
median  portion  much  raised ; the  root  extends  considerably  beyond 
on  either  side,  and  its  postero-lateral  angles  are  somewhat  produced 
backwards.  The  unabraded  coronal  surface  is  very  slightly  rugose, 
and  there  is  occasionally  one  sinuous  transverse  suture — sometimes 
two — imperfectly  marked. 

These  are  probably  the  opposing  teeth  of  Copodus  spatulatus,  and 
perhaps  also  of  C.  lingua  and  C.  atiriculatus  ; they  have,  however, 
not  yet  been  discovered  in  their  natural  position,  and  it  is  thus  con- 
venient to  retain  provisionally  the  specific  name  already  proposed  for 
them. 

Form.  Toe.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  are  from  the 
Enniskillen  Collection : — 

P.  2586-8.  Tj-pe  specimens. 

P.  9258,  P.  2594.  About  forty  specimens  in  various  stages  of  wear 
and  abrasion.  Some  are  deeply  worn  in  the  middle,  one 
also  at  each  side.  A few  show  a single  transverse  suture, 
one  has  two  sutures. 

H 


98 


SELACHII. 


P.  1405.  Ten  examples,  some  abraded  and  broken.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2597.  Type  specimen  of  Bhy modus  transversus  (Agassiz  MS.), 
Davis.  This  only  differs  from  Copodus  prototypus  in  its 
great  lateral  elongation,  and  is  thus  probably  not  separable. 


Copodus  angulatus  (Davis). 

1862.  Chafacodits  angulatus  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart. 

Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  09  (name  only). 

1883.  Characodus  angulatus^  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  475,  pi.  Iviii.  figs.  10,  20. 

(?)  1883.  Pinacodus  gelasimus,  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  477,  pi.  Iviii- 
fig.  23. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  very'  similar  to  those  of  C.  prototypus,  but  differing  in  the 
smaller  lateral  extension  of  the  root,  and  in  the  straighter  posterior 
margin,  which  is  often  slightly  concave. 

This  may  possibly  be  the  opposing  dentition  of  0.  covnutus. 

Form,  ^ Loc,  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  are  from  the 
Enniskillen  Collection : — 

P.  2502-3.  Typo  specimens. 

P.  2504.  Ten  examples,  mostly  abraded. 

P.  5326.  A perfect  tooth,  detached  from  the  matrix. 

P.  1410,  11.  Three  small  specimens.  Egerton  Coll. 

38506  a.  Two  specimens.  Purchased,  1864- 

P.  2508.  Type  specimen  of  Pvnacodus  gelasimus.  This  is  an  ex- 
tremely abraded  tooth,  and  agrees  so  closely  in  outline 
with  0.  angulatus,  that  it  must  be  associated  with  this 
species  until  the  discovery  of  further  evidence  renders  its 
position  certain. 


Copodus  (?)  cuneatus  (Davis). 

1802.  Characodus  cuneatus  (Agassiz  MS.),  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart. 

Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  09  (name  only). 

1883.  Characodus  cuneatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  476,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  21. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  narrower  in  front  than  behind,  and  much  arched  antero- 
postcriorly.  Crown  thick  or  considerably  bent  downwards  laterally, 


PSAilMODONTID^. 


99 


with  the  lateral  margina  strongly  crimped ; posterior  border  straight 
or  convex. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2505.  Type  si>ecimen,  in  some  respects  very  suggestive  of  a 
Cochliodont  dental  plate.  Ennishillen  Coll, 

Dimylem  woodi,  J.  W.  Davis  (ex  Agassiz  MS.)  is  founded  upon 
an  indeterminable  broken  tooth  (P.  2602)  from  the  Upper  Carboni- 
ferous Limestone  of  Itichmond,  Yorkshire,  perhaps  referable  to 
Copodus,  perhaps  Cochliodont.  The  published  figure  is  misleading, 
the  remains  of  the  root  extending  considerably  on  either  side  of  the 
fragments  of  the  crown  represented ; the  division  between  the  two 
portions  is  evidently  an  accidental  fracture. 

The  following  species  of  Copodus  have  also  been  described  upon 
the  evidence  of  detached  teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the 
Collection : — 

C(ypodus  convexus  ; Bhymodus  convexus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Geol.  Mag. 
[3]  vol.  iii.  (1886),  p.  155,  woodc.  fig.  7. — Carboniferous 
Limestone ; Chapel-en-le-Frith,  Derbyshire. 

Copodus  van  Jioniii,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 
(1883),  p.  229,  pi.  XX.  figs.  2,  3. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; 
Missouri,  Illinois. 

Copodus  pusillus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  231,  pi.  xx. 
fig.  1. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Copodus  variabilis ; Mylaeodus  variahilis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Geol.  Mag. 
[3]  vol.  iii.  (1886),  p.  154,  woodc.  figs.  5, 6. — Carbonife- 
rous Limestone ; Chapel-en-le  F rith,  Derbyshire.  [?  Psam- 
modus.'] 

If  specifically  distinct,  and  rightly  to  be  placed  here,  Characodus 
•minimus,  Davis  (Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  p.  155,  woodc.  fig.  8),  will 
require  a new  specific  name. — Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Chapel-en- 
le-Frith. 


Genus  PSAMMODUS)  Agassiz. 

[Eech.  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1838,  p.  110.] 

Syn.  Komalodm,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  1883, 
p.481. 

Astrabodus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl.  1884, 
p.629. 

Teeth  quadrate,  more  or  less  elongated,  rarely  nearly  square; 
* Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  478,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  24. 

H 2 


100 


8ELA.CHII. 


root  much  thicker  than  the  crown,  and  readily  detached  from  the 
latter.  Coronal  surface  generally  marked  by  transverse  rugee.  The 
exterior  postero-lateral  angle  of  each  tooth  is  somewhat  produced 
backwards,  to  ensure  more  firm  articulation  with  the  succeeding 
tooth  ; and  there  appear  to  have  been  not  more  than  four  antero- 
posterior rows  in  each  jaw — a middle  pair  and  a lateral,  without 
any  median  azygous  series. 

Psammodus  ragosus,  Agassiz. 

1838.  Fmmmodus  rugosus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii'  P- 
pi.  xii.  figs.  14-18,  pL  xix.  fig.  16.  _ _ 

1838.  Psammodus  poroma,h.A.^ss\z,t(y)n.cit.Tg.  112,  pi.  xiii.  figs. 

1843.  Psammodus  nigosrn,  J.  E.  Portlock,  Rep.  Geol.  Londonderry, 
p.  406,  pi.  xiv  a,  fig.  1.  ■ -2 

1843.  Psammodus porosus,  J.  E.  Portlock,  op.  cit.  p.  466,  pi.  xiv  a, 

1844.  Psammodus  rugosus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Descr.  Anim.  Foss.  err. 

Garb.  Belg.  p.  oio,  pi.  Iv.  fig.  4.  ...  ^ g 

1844.  Psammodus  x>orosus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  op.  cit.  p.  016,  pi.  hii.  • 

1848.  Psammodus  canal icidatus,  F.  M'Coy,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 
vol.  ii.  p.  122.  o 

1855.  Psammodus  catudicidatus,  F.  M'Coy,  Brit.  Paleeoz.  Foss,  p-  > 
pi.  3 a,  fig.  12. 

1866.  Psammodus  rugosus,  F.  M'Coy,  op.  (At.  p.  044. 

1866.  Psammodus  ntgosus,  var.  porosus,  F.  M'Coy,  op.  cit.  p.  644. 

1800.  Psammodus  porosus,  E.  d’Eichwald,  Lethaea  Rossica,  'vo  . i- 
p.  1647. 

1862.  Psammodus  rugosus,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  102. 

1864.  Psammodus  ntgosus,  II.  Romanowsky,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp. 

cou,  pt.  ii.  p.  168,  pi.  iii.  figs.  3, 5.  - fi  4 

1864.  Psammodus  porosus,  II.  Romanowsky,  tom.  cit.  p.  168,  pi.  in-  ' 

1875.  Psammodus  porosus,  W.  II.  Baily,  Figs.  Char.  Brit.  Foss.  p.  > 
pi.  xli.  fig.  9. 

1877.  Psammodus  rugosus,  R.  Etheridge,  jun.,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vo  ■ i''- 

p.  308,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  7-9.  . 

1878.  Psammodus  porosus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Carb.  leg- 

pt.  i.  p.  41,  pi.  V.  figs.  1-6.  I 

1883.  Psammodus  rugosus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  boo.  [ J 

vol.  i.  p.  4.69,  pis.  Ivi.,  Ivii.  , 

1884.  ilsam»iorf!«r«(7osMs,  .T.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol. 

p.  029. 

1880.  Psammodus  rugosus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  P- 

Ti/pc.  Detached  teeth ; Bristol  and  British  Museums. 

A very  largo  species.  Teeth  comparatively  thick ; the  coronal 
surface  in  unworn  specimens  marked  by  numerous  strong,  coarse. 


PSAMMODOUTID^. 


101 


transverse  rugae.  Complete  dentition  apparently  consisting  of  a 
median  pair  of  teeth,  generally  broader  than  long,  with  a lateral 
pair  considerably  longer  than  broad. 

As  shown  by  J.  W.  Davis,  he.  ciU,  the  teeth  of  this  species  vary 
much  in  form — ^some  having  a convex  coronal  surface,  some  concave ; 
some  broader  than  long,  raised  at  each  narrow  extremity,  others 
longer  than  broad,  with  similarly  raised  lateral  margins  (C.  canali- 
culatus,  iI‘Coy) ; some  nearly  triangular  in  shape.  The  differences 
between  these  various  forms  are  as  great  as  many  considered  to  be 
of  specific  value  in  other  cases ; but  all  the  varieties,  except  one,  are 
fortunately  unnamed,  and  it  seems  advisable,  upon  present  evidence, 
to  recognize  only  a single  species. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Ireland,  Scotland,  Eng- 
land, Wales,  Belgium,  Kussia. 

(i.)  Co.  Sligo,  Ireland;  Enniehillen  Collection. 

P.  2555.  Type  specimen  described  and  figured  by  Agassiz,  loc.  cit. 
p.  Ill,  pi.  xix.  fig.  1.5 ; Easky. 

P.  4163.  Crown  of  much  abraded  broad  tooth;  Ballisodere. 

(ii.)  Armagh,  Ireland;  aU  from  the  EnnisMUen  Collection, 
unless  otherwise  stated. 

P.  2556.  Large  transversely  elongated  tooth,  figured  by  J.  "W.  Davis, 
loc.  cit.  pi.  Ivi.  fig.  1. 

P.  2562.  Large  tooth,  longer  than  broad,  figured  loc.  cit.  pi.  Ivii. 
fig.  6. 

P.  2563.  Detached  abraded  crown,  figured  loc.  cit.  pi.  Ivii.  fig.  5. 

P.  2561.  Abraded  small  tooth,  broader  than  long,  figured  loc.  cit, 
pi.  Ivii.  fig.  4. 

P.  2559,  60,  P.  2564.  Lateral  teeth,  figured  loc.  cit.  pi.  Ivii.  figs.  2, 
3,  7.  Upon  the  original  label  the  third  of  these  teeth  is 
said  to  have  been  obtained  from  the  Orton  Scar  Lime- 
stone, Ravenstone  Dale,  Westmoreland. 

P.  2566.  Thirty -four  teeth  of  large  size,  more  or  less  perfeet. 

P.  2567.  Four  fragmentary  teeth,  with  strong  rugose  ornament, 
said  to  have  been  found  associated. 

P.  4162.  The  finely  ornamented  crowns  of  seven  broad  teeth. 


102 


SELACHII. 


P.  2548.  Fifteen  large  broad  teetb,  with  much  abraded  coronal 
surface. 

P.  2572.  Twelve  small  broad  teeth,  somewhat  abraded. 

I*.  2547-50,  P.  2578.  Thirty-nine  broad  abraded  teeth,  mostly 
small. 

P.  2547  a.  Abraded  specimen  showing  portion  of  original  coronal 
surface. 

P.  2552.  Six  very  narrow  abraded  teeth  (?  partly  fragmentary)  of 
irregular  outline. 

28536,  28742,43,  28923,4.  Twenty-five  broad  teeth,  some  abraded 
and  some  broken,  and  two  polished  transverse  sections. 
Also  two  lateral  teeth. 

Dixon  Coll.,  and  Purchased,  1853. 

P.  1312,  P,  1315,  6.  Fifteen  broad  teeth,  some  abraded,  some 
broken.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  1312  a,  P.  1315  a.  Four  lateral  teeth.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2551  a,  P.  2571.  Fifteen  large  lateral  teeth,  the  two  of  the  first 
number  remarkably  thick. 

P.  2551,  P.  2553,  P.  2568-70.  About  eighty  examples  of  lateral 
teeth. 

P.  2576,  7.  Two  specimens  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loe.  cit.  pi. 
figs.  2,  3;  Tynan,  Armagh. 

P.2575.  Fine  unabraded  broad  tooth,  detached  from  matrix; 
Tynan,  Armagh. 

(iii.)  Ilooh  Point,  Wexford,  Ireland. 

23712.  Two  small,  much  abraded  broad  teeth.  Purchased,  1849. 

P.  4161.  Another  equally  small  broad  tooth.  EnnisMUen  Coll. 

P.  1478.  A lateral  tooth  of  corresponding  size.  Egerton  Coll. 

(iv.)  Beifh,  Ayrshire,  Scotland. 

P.  257.  Typical  example  of  broad  tooth,  somewhat  abraded;  Dang- 
side,  I’tirchased,  1880. 


PSAMJIODONTID^. 


103 


46037.  Small  much  abraded  specimen. 

Presented  hy  Robert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874, 

46034.  Fine  tooth,  as  broad  as  long,  with  ornament  as  in  No.  49623. 

Presented  hy  Robert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

(v.)  Kendal,  Westmoreland. 

P.  2566.  Two  large  broad  teeth,  with  very  coarse  ornament, 
slightly  abraded.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  4158.  Detached  abraded  crowns  of  four  smaller  teeth. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  1314.  Portion  of  unabraded  crown  of  very  large  tooth. 

Egerton  Coll. 

35662.  Crushed  and  abraded  lateral  tooth.  Purchased,  1859. 

(vi.)  Richmond,  Yorkshire. 

49623.  Tooth  longer  than  broad,  much  abraded,  and  partly  broken. 

Tbe  superficial  ornamentation  passes  posteriorly  into  pro- 
minent coarse  longitudinal  rugae.  Purchased,  1878. 


(vii.)  Derbyshire. 

46813.  Much  abraded  broad  tooth,  of  medium  size,  detached  from 
matrix.  Gilbertson  Coll. 

P.  5364.  Three  fragments ; TieknaU.  Wilson  Coll. 

(viii.)  Clifton,  Bristol. 

P.  2557.  Broad  tooth,  much  abraded,  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc. 

cit.  pi,  Ivi.  fig.  5,  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2558.  Much  abraded  fragment  of  tooth,  triangular  in  form, 
figured  loc.  cit.  pi.  Ivi.  fig.  7.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2574.  Three  large  unabraded  dental  crowns  (one  from  the 
“ Black  Rock  ”)  very-  broad.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

34966-68,  20825.  Four  broad  teeth,  moderately  large,  scarcely 
abraded.  Two  of  tbe  specimens  show  the  coronal  protu- 
berance noted  by  J.  W.  Davis  in  no.  P,  2557. 

Purchased,  1847,  1860. 


104 


BELAcinr. 


49985.  Very  largo  tooth,  as  broad  as  long,  much  abraded ; the 
superficial  ornament  posteriorly  becoming  well-marked 
longitudinal  ridges  and  furrows.  Purchased,  1879. 

49986.  Abraded  broad  tooth.  Purchased,  1879. 

I*.  9554.  Pour  much  abraded  specimens  from  the  “ Black  Rock ; ’ 
one  of  the  type  of  no.  49985,  another  very  broad,  the  two 
others  narrowed  at  one  extremity.  EnnisTcillen  Coll- 

34969,  34970.  Two  abraded  examples  of  medium  size,  the  one  of 
the  type  of  P.  2557,  the  other  ornamented  like  no.  49985. 

Purchased,  1860. 

P.  1313,  P.  1316.  Fourteen  broad  specimens,  mostly  abraded. 

Egerton  Coll. 

44851.  Three  similar  much  abraded  and  somewhat  broken  speci- 
^sns.  Presented  by  Benjamin  Bright,  Esq.,  18/3. 

20575,  34971,  36306,  7.  Five  broken  and  abraded  examples. 

Purchased,  1846,  1860,  1861. 

20828.  Eleven  small  specimens,  mostly  fractured  and  abraded. 

Purchased,  1847. 

20828  a.  One  small  specimen  from  the  “ Black  Rock,”  polished  to 
show  structure.  Purchased,  1847. 

P.  5224.  Throe  imperfect  examples. 

Presented  by  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  1316  a.  Three  lateral  teeth.  Egerton  Coll. 

20828  b.  Six  small  abraded  elongate  teeth,  each  tapering  at  one 
extremity.  One  example  shows  a very  thick  root. 

Purchased,  1847. 

P.  2565.  Two  similar  but  larger  specimens.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 
(ix.)  Clevedon,  Somersetshire. 

P.  4160.  Specimen  of  medium  size,  slightly  broader  than  long. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

(x.)  North  Wales. 

P.  5365.  Small  abraded  tooth,  detached  from  matrix ; Crags  near 
Llangollen,  Wilson  Coll, 


PSAMMODONTIDiB. 


105 


Psammodns  expansns  (Davis). 

1884.  Astrabodm  exparusus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
Tol.  xl.  p.  630,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  11, 12. 

Type.  Imperfect  teeth  ; Horne  Coll.,  York  Museum. 

Teeth  somewhat  saddle-shaped,  broader  than  long.  Near  the 
outer  lateral  margin  the  crown  is  raised  into  a prominent  ridge, 
which  extends  backwards  as  a process  beyond  the  remainder  of  the 
posterior  border. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  (Toredale  Eocks) : 
Yorkshire. 

P.  4903.  Fragmentary  abraded  tooth  ; Wensleydale.  Horne  Coll. 


Psammodus  salopiensis,  sp.  nov. 

1862.  A palate,  or  part  of  a palate,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ. 

Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  105,  pi.  iii.  fig.  5. 

Type.  Four  associated  teeth,  in  natural  relative  positions ; British 
Museum. 

A small  species.  Teeth  comparatively  thick;  the  inner  two 
thirds  of  the  crown  round  and  tumid,  rapidly  thinning  outwards 
laterally. 

Form.  Sf  Loc.  Carboniferous  Limestone  (zone  of  Ehynchonella 
pleurodon)  : Farlow,  Shropshire. 

36469.  Type  specimen,  figured,  of  the  natural  size,  by  Morris  and 
Roberts,  he.  cit.  Two  symmetrical  pairs  of  teeth  are 
shown,  one  behind  the  other.  Of  one  pair  each  tooth  is 
approximately  as  broad  as  long,  while  of  the  succeeding 
(or  preceding)  pair  the  length  equals  only  about  two 
thirds  of  the  breadth.  The  appearance  of  tapering  both 
anteriorly  and  posteriorly  is  due  to  accidental  fracture. 

Presented  by  O.  E.  Eoherts,  Esq.,  1862. 


Psammodus  trapeziformis  (Davis). 

1883.  Homahdus  trapeziformis,  J . Vf . Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc 
[2]  vol.  i.  p.  482,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  30. 

1883.  Homalodm  quadratus,  J.W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  482,  pi.  Ivih.  fig.  31. 
Type.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

The  teeth  are  comparatively  thin,  though  the  root  attains  about 
twice  the  thickness  of  the  crown  ; the  coronal  surface  seems  to  have 
been  flat,  smooth,  and  punctate.  The  length  and  breadth  of  each 


106 


SELACHII. 


tooth  are  approximately  equal,  the  latter  measurement  sometimes 
slightly  exceeding  the  former. 

The  third  of  the  specimens  mentioned  below  is  intermediate 
between  the  types  of  H.  trajpeziformis  and  II.  quadratus,  which  it 
seems  inadvisable  to  separate  specifically.  All  are  from  the 
EnniskiUen  Collection. 

Form.  ^ Loo.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh. 

P.  2599.  Type  of  llomalodus  trapeziformis,  Davis. 

P.  2600.  Type  of  II.  quadratus,  Davis. 

P.  5323.  Tooth  intermediate  between  the  foregoing. 

P.  5324.  Smaller  tooth,  probably  referable  to  the  same  species. 

Psammodus  angustus,  Eomanowsky. 

1804.  Psammodus  angustus,  II.  Eomanowsky,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  pt.  ii.  p.  150,  pi.  iii.  fig.  0. 

1874.  Psammodus  angustus,  II.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  M5m.  Soc.  Imp. 

Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  p.  289,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  6. 

1878.  Psammodus  angustus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Garb. 
Belg.  pt.  i.  p.  46,  pi.  v.  fig.  0. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

The  coronal  surface  of  unworn  and  unabraded  teeth  i^  probably 
rugose,  though  the  majority  of  the  fossils  only  show  such  markings 
upon  the  sides.  The  inner  teeth  are  mostly  about  two  and  a half 
times  as  broad  as  long,  the  crown  exhibiting  a tumid  rising  towards 
its  outer  lateral  extremity,  where  it  is  produced  into  a downwardly 
directed  plate  extending  over  the  root.  The  root  is  scarcely  as 
thick  as  the  crown,  and  likewise  bent  downwards  at  the  lateral 
extremity. 

Trautschold  mentions  the  occurrence  of  small  square  teeth  of 
Psammodtis  in  the  same  bod  as  the  remains  of  the  present  species  ; 
and  these  may  probably  be  regarded  as  lateral  teeth,  like  those  of 
P.  ruyosus. 

Form.  4'  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Alexine,  Govern- 
ment of  Toula,  and  Mjatschkowa,  Government  of  Moscow,  Eussia ; 
Feluy,  Belgium. 

P.  4485.  Five  detached  dental  crowns  and  one  complete  tooth ; 
Mjatschkowa.  Purchased,  1884. 

P.  5112.  Two  detached  dental  crowns  and  one  almost  complete 
tooth;  Mjatschkowa.  Purchased,  1886. 


PSAMMODONTID^. 


107 


Psammodas  specularis,  Trautschold. 

1874.  Psatnmodm  specularis,  II.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  M4m.  Soc.  Imp. 

Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  p.  288,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  4. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

The  coronal  surface  of  the  fossil  teeth  is  smooth,  though,  as  these 
are  all  more  or  less  abraded,  it  may  have  originally  been  rugose. 
The  inner  teeth  are  about  two  and  a half  times  as  broad  as  long, 
and  somewhat  twisted  round  the  long  axis.  The  crown  is  nearly 
twice  as  thick  as  the  root,  and  is  not  downwardly  bent  at  either 
extremity. 

As  already  remarked  by  Trautschold,  it  is  not  improbable  that 
these  teeth  may  be  truly  referable  to  P.  anyustus,  being  perhaps 
the  opposing  teeth  to  those  described  under  the  last-named  species. 
The  distinctness  of  their  shape,  however,  renders  it  convenient  to 
separate  them  until  further  evidence  as  to  their  relationships  is 
discovered. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone:  Mjatschkowa, 
Government  of  Moscow,  Kussia. 

P.  4486.  Four  teeth  and  one  detached  crown.  Purchased,  1884. 

P.  5113.  Two  detached  dental  crowns,  of  large  size. 

Purchased,  1886. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

Psarnmodus  angularis,  Newberry  and  Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  ii.  (1866),  p.  107,  pi.  xi.  fig.  2.  (?)  “ P.  porosus 

Agassiz,”  ibid.  p.  107,  pi.  xi.  fig.  1 ; P.  anyularis,  St. 
John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Dlinois,  vol.  vii.  (1883),  p.  222, 
pi.  xLs.  figs.  1,  2. — Chester  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Psarnmodus  ccelatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vii.  (1883), 
p.  217,  pi.  xviii.  fig.  1.— St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Psarnmodus  crassidetis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  q/j.  cit.  vol.  vii.  (1883), 
p.  218,  pi.  xviii.  figs.  2-6;  P.  ruyosus,  Newberry  & 
Worthen  (non  Agassiz),  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  108,  pi.  xi 
fig.  3. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; Illinois,  Iowa. 

Psarnmodus  glyptus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  209,  pi.  xiv. 
figs.  5,  6.— Upper  Burlington  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Psarnmodus  grandis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  211,  pi.  xv. 
figs.  1-3. — Keokuk  Limestone : Iowa. 

Psarnmodus  inflexus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 


108 


SELACHir. 


Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  271,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  12 ; Helodus, 
P.  Somonow  & W.  von  MdUer,  Pull.  Acad.  Imp.  Sci.  St. 
Petersb.  vol.  vii.  (1864),  p.  235,  pi.  i.  fig.  9.— Lower 
Carboniferous  Limestone  (L.  G.  do  Koninck)  or  Upper 
Devonian  (Trautschold) ; Government  of  Toula,  Eussia. 

Psammodm  lovianus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  torn.  cit.  p.  207,  pL  xiv. 
figs.  7-9. — Burlington  Limestone ; Iowa,  Illinois. 

Pmmmodus  plmus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  213,  pL  xvi. 
figs.  1-4,  pi.  xvii.  figs.  1-4. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; Mis- 
souri, Illinois,  Michigan. 

Pmmmodus  reticulatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  109, 
pi.  xi.  fig.  5 ; St.  J ohn  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  224,  pi.  xix. 
figs.  3,  5. — Chester  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Psammodus  springeri,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  202,  pi.  xx. 
figs.  4-11. — Uj^per  Burlington  Limestone ; Iowa,  Illinois. 

Psammodus  tumulus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  205,  pi.  xiv. 
figs.  1-4. — Upper  Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa,  Illinois. 

Psammodus  turgulus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  206,  pi.  xv. 

Upper  Burlington-Kookuk  Limestone;  Iowa. 

It  is  also  uncertain  w'hether  the  tooth  described  nndcr  the 
0 owing  name  may  not  bo  referred  to  a lateral  position  in  the  jaw 
of  Psammodus : — 

Solenodus  crenulatus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  293,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  H-— 
Carboniferous  Limestone ; Moscow,  Eussia. 

An  indeterminable  tooth  from  the  Eha3tic  of  Stuttgart,  certainly 
not  of  Psammodus,  is  described  under  the  name  of  P.  orbicularis, 
Then.  (Meyer  & Plieningor,  Pal.  Wiirttemb.,  1844,  p.  117,  pL  x. 


Genus  ARCH.fflOBATIS,  Newberry. 

[Ann.  Now  York  Acad.  Sci.  vol.  i.  1878,  p.  190.] 

“ Dentition  flat  and  pavement-like ; teeth  of  large  size,  thick  and 
massive,  in  several  rows,  the  different  series  arched  and  increasing 
r behind  forward;  under  surfaces  somewhat  excavated 

0^0  curvature  of  the  cartilaginous  jaw;  upper  third  of  teeth 
ormed  by  a coat  of  enamel,  transversely  corrugated  and  punctate.” 

Archmobatis  gigas,  J.  S.  Newberry,  foe.  cit.  p.  191 ; also  in  Ann. 
Eep.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1879,  p.  347.— St.  Louis  Lime- 
stone ; Greoncastle,  Indiana. 


MTLIOBATID^. 


109 


Family  MYLIOBATID^. 

Pectoral  fins  of  very  large  size,  interrupted  at  the  sides  of  the 
head,  but  reappearing  as  one  or  a pair  of  small  cephalic  fins  at  the 
extremity  of  the  snout.  Tail  very  slender.  Cleft  of  mouth  straight, 
and  dentition,  when  present,  in  the  form  of  a triturating  pavement. 


Genus  MYLIOBATIS,  Cuvier. 

[Eegne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  137.] 

Head  free  from  the  disk;  so-called  cephalic  fin  single.  Teeth 
large,  flat,  sexangular,  tessellated,  arranged  in  seven  antero-iwste- 
rior  series.  The  dentition  of  the  upper  jaw  strongl)’  arched  antcro- 
posteriorly,  that  of  the  lower  jaw  quite  flat.  Dental  crown  smooth 
or  slightly  striated ; attached  surface  of  root  longitudinally  ridged 
and  grooved.  Except  in  very  young  individuals — in  which  the 
teeth  are  all  approximately  of  equal  size — the  median  row  is  rela- 
tively very  broad,  while  the  teeth  of  the  three  lateral  series  on  each 
side  are  rarely  broader  than  long.  Tail  with  a dorsal  fin  near  its 
root,  generally  with  a posteriorly  situated  barbed  spine. 

The  relative  proportions  of  the  median  teeth  vary  with  the  age 
(or  size)  of  the  individual,  the  breadth  gradually  becoming  greater 
with  respect  to  the  length,  and  in  determining  the  fossil  teeth  it  is 
necessary  to  allow  for  this  change  *. 


Myliobatis  dixoni,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Myliobntis  dixoni,  X,  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  319. 

1843.  Myliobatis  heteropleurus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  323,  pL  xlvii. 
figs.  6-8. 

18.50.  Myliobatu  dixoni,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  108,  pi.  x.  fim  1 2 
_ pi.  xi.  %.  14,  pi.  xii.  fig.  3.  r , r b , , 

1850.  Myliobatis  contractvs,  F.  Dixon,  op.  cit.  p.  200,  pi.  xi  fig  17 

Pl-  xii.  fig.  2. 

(. ) 18o9.  Myhobates  do  Cuise  Lamotte,  P.  Gervais,  Pal.  Franc.  2nd  ed 
pl.  Ixvu.  lig.  14. 

^^^plTfigl^  H.  B.  Geinitz  {non  Agass.),  loe.  cit.  p.  38, 

1888.  Myliobatu  dtxmi  A.  S.  Woodward,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [6] 
vol.  1.  p.  41,  pl.  1.  figs.  1-4.  ° 


1 See  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [6]  voL  i.  1888,  pp.  36-47,  pl.  i. 


110 


SELACHlr. 


Type.  Upper  dental  plates;  British  Museum. 

Teeth  very  massive,  the  coronal  contour  transversely  arched, 
especially  in  the  upper  jaw.  Longitudinal  superficial  striae  well 
marked  in  unabradcd  specimens.  Median  teeth  in  the  adult  rarely 
or  never  more  than  five  times  as  broad  as  long ; lateral  teeth  much 
longer  than  broad. 

The  specimens  figured  respectively  under  the  names  of  M.  con- 
ttacius,  M.  slrialus,  and  M.  toliapicus,  by  Dixon  and  Qeinitz,  he.  cit., 
are  examples  of  the  lower  dentition  of  If.  clivoni  : so  also  probably 
is  the  type  specimen  of  M.  heteropleurvs,  Agassiz.  Numerous 
measurements  of  the  tooth  at  various  stages  of  growth  are  given 
by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit. 

Form.  Loc.  Barton  Clay  (Upper  Eocene)  : Hampshire.  Brack- 
Icsham  Beds  (Middle  Eocene) : Sussex.  Phosphate  Beds  (Middle  or 
Upper  Eocene) : Holmstedt,  near  Harzburg,  Brunswick.  (?)  Lower 
Eocene  : Cuise-Ia-Mottc,  Oise,  Erance. 

Upper  Dentition. — Bracklesham  Beds,  Bracklesham  Bay. 

25614,  25621,  25623,  P.  434.  Typo  specimens  figured  by  Dixon, 
op.  cit.,  and  noticed  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  41. 

DLvon  Coll.,  and  (P.  434)  Purchased,  1882. 

25644.  Abnormal  specimen,  having  the  lateral  plates  in  the  form  of 
irregular  parallelograms,  referred  to  by  Dixon,  op.  cit. 
p.  198.  Dixon  Coll. 

25645-6,  25648-9,  25654.  Plates  in  connected  series.  Dixon  Coll. 

25664.  A very  fine  connected  scries  of  nine  median  teeth,  with  two 
lateral  rows  on  each  side ; the  unworn  surface  is  somewhat 
longitudinally  striated  and  wrinkled.  Dixon  Coll. 

38839,  38841-46.  Plates  in  connected  series.  The  first  specimen 
is  noticed  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  41. 

Bowerhanlc  Coll. 

P.435,  P.437.  Six  examples.  Purchased, 

P.  5384.  Four  medium-sized  specimens. 

Presented  by  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

P.  1496,  P.  1498,  P.  1498  a,  P.1504  a,  P.  1507  c,  P.  1509.  Twenty 
examples.  No.  P.  1498  a is  noticed  by  the  present  writer, 
loc.  cit.  p.  41.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3044,  P.  3044  a-c.  Twelve  examples.  Nos.  P.  3044  a,  h,  are 
noticed  by  the  present  writer,  he.  cit.  p.  41. 

EnnisTcillen  Coll. 


MTLIOBATID^. 


Ill 


28082.  Five  median  teeth  in  connected  aeries,  very  small. 

Presented  hy  F.  E.  Edwards,  Esq.,  1852. 

P.  4457  a.  Six  small  examples  of  median  teeth.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Lower  Dentition. — (i.)  Bracklesham  Beds,  Bracklesham  Bay. 

25641.  Connected  series  of  seven  median  teeth,  with  parts  of  two 
rows  of  lateral  teeth,  of  adult,  described  and  figured  by  the 
present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  42,  pi.  i.  fig.  4.  A transverse 
section  of  the  dentition  is  shown  in  the  accompanying 
woodcut  (fig.  4).  Dixon  Coll. 

Fig.  4. 


Transverse  section  of  lower  dentition  of  Myliobatis  dixoni  (no.  25641). 

25642.  iluch  abraded  adult  specimen.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  4458.  Connected  series  of  five  median  teeth,  with  parts  of  two 
lateral  rows,  of  a larger  individual  than  the  preceding, 
noticed  loc.  cit.  p.  42.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

25821.  Specimen  figured  hy  Dixon,  op.  cit.  pi.  xii.  fig.  2,  as  M. 

striatus.  Dixon  Coll. 

25620.  Type  specimen  of  M.  contractus,  Dixon,  op.  cit.  p.  200, 
pi.  xi.  fig.  17.  Dixon  Coll. 

25660.  Similar  specimen,  noticed  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit. 

p.  42.  Dixon  Coll. 

40255.  Similar  less  perfect  specimen.  Edwards  Coll. 

P.  1505  b.  Another  small  example.  Eyerton  Coll. 

37758.  Somewhat  larger  specimen,  noticed  loc.  cit.  p.  42. 

Purchased,  1863. 

P.  438.  Specimen  described  and  figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc. 
cit.  p.  42,  pi.  i.  fig.  2.  Purchased,  1882. 

(ii.)  Barton  Clay,  Barton  Cliff,  Hampshire. 

P.1496,  P.1508  a.  Two  connected  series  of  five  median  teeth,  with 
two  latered  rows  : the  second  is  described  and  figured  he. 
cit.  p.  42,  pi.  i.  fig.  3.  Egerton  Coll. 


112 


SELACHII. 


P.  1508  b.  Fragment  of  very  large  dentition.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  4457  C.  Fragment  of  young  dentition,  described  and  figured  loo. 

dt.  p.  42,  pi.  i.  fig.  1,  EnnisJcillen  Coll. 

P.  3051.  Type  specimen  of  M.  heteropleurus,  Agassiz,  loc- 
p.  323,  pi.  xlvii.  figs.  6-8  ; locality  unknown. 

Enniskillen  Goll. 


Myliobatis  striatus,  Buckland. 

1837.  Myliobatis  striatm,  W.  Buckland,  Geol.  & Min.  2nd  edit.  vol.  ii. 

p.  4(5,  pi.  xxvii.  d,  fig.  14  (name  and  figure  only). 

1843.  Myliobatis  striatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  ^20. 

1843.  Myliobatis  punctatus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  322,  pi-  xlvii.  g®' 

11, 12. 

1850.  Myliobatis  irregularis,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  19% 
fig.  16. 

1860.  Myliobatis  edxcardsii,  F.  Dixon,  op.  cit.  p.  190,  pi-  xi.  fig- 
(?)1886.  Myliobatis  toliapictis,  E.’Eoe>i\vag  {non  Agassiz),  Abli-  geo  . 
Specialit.  Preussen  u.  Tliuting.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3,  p-  1%  P • 

fig-  1-  . rn-] 

1888.  Myliobatis  striatus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Ann.  & Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [ J 
vol.  i.  p.  42,  pi.  i.  figs.  6-9. 

Type.  Lower  dentition  ; Oxford  Museum.  , 

Dentition  large  and  thick,  the  coronal  contour  slightly  aic  e 
from  side  to  side,  almost  flat  in  the  adult  lower  jaw.  Longitudina 
superficial  stria)  or  wrinkles  generally  well  marked  in  unahra  e 
specimens.  Median  teeth  in  the  adult  at  least  six  times  as  broad  as 
long  ; lateral  teeth  longer  than  broad,  but  those  of  the  first  row  no 
so  elongate  as  in  M.  dLvoni. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Barton  Clay  (Upper  Eocene) : Hampshire.  Brae 
lesham  Beds  (Middle  Eocene)  : Sussex. 

Upper  Dentition. — Some  of  those  specimens  must  pertain  to  M. 
(jonipleurus,  others  perhai)S  to  M.  toUapicus.  Unless  otherwise 
stated,  they  were  all  obtained  from  the  Bracklosham  Be  s, 
Bracklosham  Bay. 

25671.  Fragment  of  dentition  of  very  young  individual,  remarkably 
thick,  and  showing  three  lateral  rows  of  teeth  ; figured  by 

the  present  writer,  loc.  dt.  p.  44,  pi.  i.  fig-  10. 

Diccon  Coll. 

25647,  25653,  25659.  Three  connected  series  of  median  teeth,  very 
young ; the  third  is  noticed  loc.  cit.  p.  44.  Dixon  Co  . 


MYLIOBATIB^. 


113 


P.  4457  b.  Connected  series  of  five  median  teeth,  and  two  lateral 
rows,  unabraded ; very  j’oung  individual. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

25662.  Small  crushed  median  teeth,  with  three  first  laterals. 

Dixon  Coll, 

38849.  Connected  series  of  six  median  teeth,  with  abraded  surface. 

Bowerhank  Coll. 

40257,40312-3.  Four  examples  of  median  teeth  in  series;  the 
second  and  third  specimens  are  noticed,  loe.  oil.  p.  44. 

Edwards  Coll.,  and  l^relutsed,  1 867. 

25643.  Connected  series  of  seven  large  median  teeth,  probably  re- 
ferable to  this  species.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  1501.  Type  specimen  of  M.  punctntus,  Agassiz ; Barton  Clay, 
Barton  Cliff,  Hampshire.  The  punctated  coronal  surface 
owes  its  characters  to  post-mortem  abrasion,  and  the  pro- 
portions of  the  teeth  agree  with  those  of  M.  striatus. 

Ejerton  Coll. 

P.  1505  C,  P.  1507  e.  Seven  examples,  very  young.  Ejerton  Coll. 

P.  1502.  Two  examples,  one  showing  seven  median  plates,  with 
first  lateral  row ; noticed  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit. 
p.  44.  Ejerton  Coll. 

P.  3046.  Connected  series  of  six  median  teeth ; Barton  Clay,  Barton 
Cliff.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3047.  Connected  scries  of  six  median  teeth,  showing  unworn 
surface ; noticed,  loc.  cit.  p.  44.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

40253.  Fragments  of  four  median  teeth ; Alum  Bay,  Isle  of  Wight. 

Edwards  Coll. 

P.  5388.  Two  abraded  specimens,  retaining  part  of  the  original 
coronal  surface,  one  showing  portions  of  two  lateral  series 
of  teeth.  Presented  by  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

Lower  Dentition. — Bracklesham  Beds,  Bracklesham  Bay. 

P.  433.  Type  specimen  of  M.  irrejularis,  Dixon. 

Purchased,  1882. 

25665-7.  Three  adult  examples,  showing  two  lateral  rows  in  ad- 
dition to  median  teeth  ; the  second  and  third  are  noticed 
by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  43.  Dixon  Coll. 

I 


114 


8ELACHII. 


40252.  Specimen  figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  dt.  pi.  !• 

A transverse  section  of  this  fossil  is  shown  in  the  ac- 
companying woodcut,  fig.  5.  Edwards  Co 


Fig.  5. 


Transverse  section  of  lower  dentition  of  MylidbaMs  striatns  (No.  4025w)- 


38838,  39245.  Two  large  specimens  ; the  first  figured  loc.  dt. 

fig.  8.  BowerlanK  vou. 

P.  3040.  One  large  example,  showing  14  median  teeth,  flanked  bj 

two  imperfect  lateral  series  ; noticed,  loc.  dt.  p-  43. 

EnnisJdllen  Coll. 

24843.  Medium-sized  abraded  specimen.  Purchased,  1^^ 

P.  1504.  Medium-sized  specimen,  with  striated  surface  partly  p 

served.  ^gerton  Coll. 

P.  1507  a,  b.  Three  very  small  examples  probably  referable  to  th 

species  ; two  are  figured,  loc.  dt.  pi.  i.  fig®-  „ ,, 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  1507.  Five  small  specimens.  Egeiton  (7a 

P.  1505.  One  small  specimen.  Egeiton  C 

25615.  Type  specimen  of  M.  edwardsii,  Dixon  ; evidently 

abraded  dentition  of  a half-grown  individual  oiM.  stria 

Dixon  Coll. 

25631-4,  25822.  Five  specimens,  four  about  the  size  of  the  so 
M.  edwardsii,  two  smaller.  Dixon 


1852. 


28082  a.  Another  similar  specimen. 

Presented  hy  F.  E.  Edwards,  Es<i 

P.  3043.  Unabraded  specimen  showing  three  rows  of  lateral  teet  , 
noticed,  loe.  dt.  p.  4.3.  The  lateral  teeth  are  broa  or  a ^ 
ordinarily,  though  not  equalling  the  breadth  of  t ose 
M.tolia/ncus.  EnnisJdlUn  Coll 

P.  3041,  P.  3048,  P.  4457,  P.  4459-60,  P.  4461  a.  Eleven  example® 
about  the  size  of  M.  edwardsii.  Enniskillen  o 

P.  3049  a.  Specimen  figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  dt.  J- 

fig.  7.  ^ Enniskillen  Coll 

P.  4461  b.  Two  very  young  specimens.  Enniskillen  Coll 


MTIIOBATID^. 


115 


P.  5386.  Twelve  examples,  of  various  sizes,  some  with  two  rows  of 
lateral  teeth.  Presented  hy  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq,,  1888. 

Myliobatis  goniopleurus,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Myliobatis  gomopleunts,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  319, 
pi.  xlvii.  figs.  9, 10. 

1888.  Myliobatis  goniopleurus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 
[6]  vol.  i.  p.  44. 

Type.  Abraded  lower  dentition  ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  of  similar  proportions  to  those  of  M.  striatus ; lower  den- 
tition dififering  in  the  greater  thickness  and  more  raised  contour  of 
the  crown  (see  PI.  III.  fig.  5 a). 

The  second  of  the  specimens  mentioned  below  seems  to  afiford  the 
requisite  proof  of  the  distinctness  of  this  species  from  M.  striatus, 
noted  as  wanting  at  the  time  of  publication  of  the  present  writer’s 
memoir,  loe.  cit.  All  these  specimens  represent  the  lower  dentition, 
that  of  the  upper  jaw  being  at  present  indistinguishable  from  the 
corresponding  dentition  of  M.  striatus. 

Form.  4'  Loc.  London  Clay  (Lower  Eocene) : Isle  of  Sheppey. 
Bracklesham  Beds  (Middle  Eocene) : Bracklesham  Bay. 

P.  3045.  Type  specimen  ; Sheppey.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5387.  Connected  series  of  eleven  median  teeth,  with  portions 
of  two  rows  of  lateral  teeth  on  one  side,  and  three  on 
the  other,  mostly  abraded,  hut  in  part  showing  the 
original  coronal  surface ; Bracklesham.  A portion  of  the 
specimen  is  represented,  of  tho  natural  size,  in  PI.  III. 
fig.  5,  and  the  coronal  contour  is  given  in  the  section, 
fig.  5 a.  The  median  teeth  measure  O'Oo  by  0-007- 
0'009,  and  are  slightly  curved  antero-posteriorly. 

Presented  hy  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq.,  1888. 
P.  5385.  Three  imperfect  abraded  series  of  median  teeth,  with  a few 
first  lateral ; Bracklesham.  The  median  teeth  measure 
respectively,  0-021  by  0-005,  0-032  by  0-007,  and  0-038 
by  0-008.  Presented  hy  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

38837.  Series  of  five  median  teeth,  with  portions  of  two  lateral  rows ; 

Bracklesham.  Bowerhank  Coll. 

43102.  Abraded  series  of  seven  median  teeth,  with  portions  of  two 
lateral  series  on  each  side ; Bracklesham.  The  median 
teeth  measure  0-031  by  0-007.  Wetherell  Coll. 

25663.  A very  similar,  hut  slightly  larger  specimen ; Bracklesham. 

Di.von  Coll. 

i2 


116 


SELACniI. 


P.  1505a,  P.15051),  P.  1507d.  Three  small  specimens;  Brack- 
losham.  The  first  is  referred  to  M.  the  present 

writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  43.  Eijirton  Coll. 

P . 3049,  P.  4457  d,  e.  Four  medium-sized  examples  ; Bracklcsham. 
The  median  teeth  of  the  largest  measure  0-037  by  0-008. 

EnnisJcillen  Coll. 

Myliobatis  toliapicuS;  Agassiz. 

184.3.  Myhdbatis  toUapicus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  P- 
pi.  xlvii.  figs.  15-20. 

1843.  Myliohatia  suturaUs,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  322,  pi.  xPi. 
12-10. 

1843.  Myhuhatis  nitidns,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  82.5. 

1847.  Myliohatk  atriatus,  II.  Owen  {non  Agassiz),  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  His  . 
[1]  vol.  xix.  p.  25,  woodcut. 

(?)  1850.  Myliobatis  toliapicus,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  v,  p ■ 
figs.  ,3-5. 

1888.  Myliobatu  toliapicus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  IBs  • 
[OJ  vol.  i.  p.  45. 

Type.  Lower  dentition  ; British  Museum. 

Dentition  comparatively  thin,  the  coronal  contour  flat  in  the  lower 
jaw,  nearly  so  in  the  upper.  Longitudinal  superficial  stria;  scarcely 
apparent.  Median  teeth  in  the  adult  at  least  six  times  as  broad  as 
long ; lateral  teeth  as  broad  as  long,  more  or  less  diamond-shape  . 

iorm.  Loc.  Barton  Clay-  (Uiipor  Eocene) : llampshire.  Brae ' 
losham  Beds  (Middle  Eocene) ; Sussex.  London  Clay  (Lower 
Eocene)  ; Isle  of  Shoppey.  Lower  Eocene  : Belgium. 

Upper  Dentition. — (i.)  London  Clay,  Isle  of  Sheppey. 

P.  1494.  Connected  series  of  nine  median  teeth,  with  remains  of 
three  lateral  rows.  Eyerton  Co 

30892.  Much  abraded  si)ecimcn,  with  fragments  of  cartilage. 

Purchcised,  1856. 

P.  1506  a.  Connected  series  of  seven  median  plates,  with  remains 
of  two  lateral  rows.  Ejerton  Co 

P.  528.  Connected  series  of  six  median  teeth,  probably  belonging  to 
a young  individual  of  this  species,  named  M.  nitidus^  by 
Agassiz,  loc.  cit.  It  is  described  by  the  present  writer, 
loc.  cit.  p.  45.  Eyerton  Coll. 

(ii.)  Bracklcsham  Beds,  Bracklcsham  Bay. 

P.  436  a.  Two  series  of  small  median  teeth.  Eurcliased,  1882. 


MTXIOBATID^. 


117 


40254.  Connected  scries  of  six  median  teeth,  young. 

Edwards  Coll. 

35658.  Connected  series  of  five  median  teeth,  -with  two  of  the  first 
lateral  row  ; coronal  surface  mostly  much  abraded,  having 
the  appearance  described  by  Agassiz  in  the  so-called  M. 
punctatus.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  1507  f.  Three  median  teeth,  with  the  first  lateral  row  of  each 
side,  belonging  to  a very  young  individual  either  of  this 
species  or  M.  striatus.  Each  median  tooth  measures 
approximately  0-011  m.  by  0-002  m.  E-jerton  Coll. 

Lower  Dentition. — (i.)  London  Clay,  Isle  of  Sheppey. 

P.  3038.  Type  specimen.  Ennisldllen  Coll. 

28764.  Conneeted  series  of  nine  median  teeth,  with  remains  of  two 
lateral  rows.  Purchased,  1853. 

P.  3042.  Very  large  specimen,  with  first  lateral  row  broad  and 
irregular ; noticed  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  45. 

Ennisldllen  Coll. 

35693.  Fragmentary  dentition  of  young  individual. 

Purchased,  1859. 


(ii.)  Bracklesham  Beds,  Bracklesham  Bay. 

25669-70,  25672.  Three  examples  of  moderate  size,  and  one  small ; 

the  first  is  noticed,  loc.  cit.  p.  45.  Dixon  Coll. 

38850-54.  Five  fine  specimens ; the  last  noticed,  loc.  cit.  p.  45. 

Bowerhank  Coll. 

25613.  Specimen  figured  by  Dixon,  op.  cit.  pi.  x.  figs.  3,  4. 

Dixon  CoTl. 

P.  3039.  Connected  scries  of  13  median  teeth,  with  two  lateral  rows 
on  each  side.  Ennisldllen  Coll. 

P.  1505.  Three  fragmentary  examples.  Ejerton  Coll. 

P.  1505  c,  P.  1507  c.  Two  small  specimens;  noticed,  loc.  cit.  p.  45. 

Eja-ion  Coll. 

P.  436.  Small  abraded  connected  series  of  seven  median  teeth. 

Purchased,  1882. 

P.  5426.  Two  small  specimens. 

Presented  hy  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq.,  1888. 


118 


SELACHn. 


(iii.)  Barton  Clay,  Barton  Cliff. 

P.  1500,  Connected  series  of  12  median  teeth,  with  two  lateral  rows 
on  each  side.  Egerton  Coll- 

(iv.)  Lower  Eocene,  near  Brussels,  Belgium. 

42856.  Connected  series  of  six  median  teeth,  with  two  lateral  rows. 

Van  Breda  Coll. 

P.  1510.  Fragment  of  dentition,  showing  three  lateral  rows  of  teeth. 

Egerton  Coll- 

Myliobatis  latidens,  A.  S.  Woodward. 

1888.  Myliobatis  latidens^  A.  S.  Woodward,  Ann,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [6] 
vol.  i.  p.  45,  pi.  i.  figs.  11, 12. 

Type-  Lower  dentition ; British  Museum. 

A small  species.  Coronal  contour  of  lower  dentition  flat,  that  of 
the  upper  only  slightly  transversely  arched.  Median  teeth  in  adult 
not  loss  than  eight  times  as  broad  as  long ; lateral  teeth  at  least  as 
broad  as  long. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Bracklesham  Bods  (Middle  Eocene)  : Sussex. 

25630  a.  One  of  the  type  specimens ; figured,  loc-  cit-  pi.  i-  fiS’ 

Diivon  Coll- 

P.  1507  g.  Second  type  specimen;  figured,  loc.  cit.  pi.  i.  Ag- 

Egerton  Coll- 

25630,  25637,  25672.  Three  similar  specimens,  the  second  showino 
two  series  of  lateral  tooth  on  each  side.  Dixon  CoU- 

P.  1506  a.  Abraded  series  of  six  median  teeth  of  large  individual , 
referred  to,  loc.  cit.  p.  46.  Egerton  Coll- 

25656.  Portion  of  upper  dentition  doubtfully  assigned  to  this  species , 
figured,  loc.  cit.  ifi.  i.  fig.  13.  Divon  Coll- 

The  two  species  M.  gyratus  and  M.jugalis,  ascribed  by  Agassiz 
to  the  London  Clay  of  Sheppey,  are  probably  founded  upon  the 
abraded  dentition  of  one  of  the  foregoing  species. 

Myliobatis  stokesii,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Myliobatis  stolcesii,  L.  Agassiz,  Polss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  318,  pi.  xlvii. 
figs.  1,  2. 

'I\jpe.  Half  of  lower  dentition ; British  Museum. 

Crown  of  median  tooth  very  thick,  though  flattened,  in  the  middle 

' Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  pp.  323, 324,  pi.  xlvi.  figs.  1-3,  pi.  xlvii.  figs-  13, 14' 


MYLIOBATID^. 


119 


portion,  rapidly  becoming  thinner  on  each  side ; the  extremities  of 
this  tooth  are  more  or  less  backwardly  reflexed,  and  the  lateral  teeth 
narrow,  sixHsided,  and  somewhat  obliqne. 

Form.  4r  Loc-  Miocene  : Maltese  Islands. 

Upper  Dentition. 

41768.  Connected  series  of  seven  broken  median  teeth,  measuring 
0-039  m.  by  0-0055  m.  The  extremities  of  the  teeth  are 
not  so  much  reflexed  as  those  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Purchased,  1869. 

P.  1493.  Large,  much  broken  specimen,  showing  portions  of  ten 
median  teeth  and  two  lateral  series,  and  exhibiting  the 
same  characters  as  the  preceding.  The  median  teeth 
measure  0-057  by  0-0075.  Egerton  Coll. 

Lower  Dentition. 

P.  460.  Typo  specimen.  Egerton  Coll. 

43036.  Fine  example,  smaller  than  the  type,  showing  two  lateral 
rows ; Isle  of  Gozo.  The  median  teeth  are  reflexed  at  the 
extremities,  and  measure  0-032  by  0-004-0-0055. 

Presented  hy  the  Rev.  Greville  Chester,  1871. 

Myliobatis  angustidens,  Sismonda. 

1849.  Myliobatis  angustidens,  E.  Sismonda,  Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino, 
[2]  vol.  I.  p.  62,  pi.  ii.  %3.  56,  56. 

1877.  Myliobatis  angustidens,  A.  Issel,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Stor.  Nat. 
Genova,  vol.  x.  p.  328. 

Type.  Lower  dentition ; School  of  Engineering,  Turin. 

Crown  of  lower  dentition  flat ; median  teeth  in  adult  about  ten 
times  as  broad  as  long ; lateral  teeth  longer  than  broad,  somewhat 
oblique. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Pliocene  : Tuscany. 

47030.  Six  fragments  of  lateral  and  median  teeth,  determined  by 
Lawley  to  belong  to  this  species  ; Lower  Pliocene,  Orciano, 
Tuscany.  Purchased,  1875. 

Myliobatis  (?)  ttimidens,  sp.  nov. 

An  incompletely  definable  species,  probably  of  Myliobatis,  is  indi- 
cated by  the  following  median  teeth  from  the  Red  Crag  of  Suffolk. 
The  coronal  contour  is  sharply  raised  in  the  middle,  as  in  M.  ju- 
gosus,  Leidy,  difi’ering  only  from  the  latter  tooth  in  the  greater  rela- 
tive breadth  of  the  rounded  elevation. 


120 


SELACniI. 


P.  5580.  Type  specimen  ; a median  tooth,  measuring  nearly  0'05  in 
breadth  and  O'Ol  in  length ; much  abraded. 

Harford  OoU. 

44043.  Two  thirds  of  median  tooth ; Woodbridgo.  Purchased,  1873. 

30905  a.  Fragment  of  a similar  smaUor  tooth  ; Woodbridge. 

Purchased,  1856. 

Nos.  43315-6  {Purchased,  1872)  are  two  abraded  thick-crowned 
median  teeth  ot  Myliohatk  ovAetohatis,  from  the  Eed  Crag  of  Wood- 
bridge,  Suffolk. 


The.  following  detached  barbed  caudal  spines  appear  to  be  gencri- 
cally  indeterminable,  and  may  probably  in  part  be  referable  to 
unknown  Trjgonidco : 


(i.)  Bracklesham  Beds,  Bracklcsham  Bay,  Sussex. 

25701-2.  Fragment  of  Myliohatxs  oweni,  Agas8.,”‘  figured  in 
Dixon’s  Foss.  Suss.  pi.  x.  fig.  10.  Also  two  more  com- 
plete examples.  Pixon  Coll. 

28085.  One  fragmentary  specimen  similar  to  the  last,  and  one  other 
smaller.  Presented  by  id  hJ.  Edwards,  Esq.,  1852. 

25702  c.  Specimen  of  Myliohatis  toliajpicus,  Agass.^  figured  by  Dixon, 
op.  at.  pi.  X.  fig.  36.  pixon  Coll. 


25702  a.  Comparatively  smooth  example. 
25702  b.  Fragment  of  small  unabraded  spine. 
38861-2.  Two  fragmentary  examples. 

P.  1511  a,  b.  Nearly  complete  small  spines. 


PLvon  Coll. 
PLvon  Coll. 
Powerhank  Coll. 
Eyerton  Coll. 


V W a namp.shire. 

S27.  irndoscnhed  type  specimen  of  JiyZwJafemaromoZu,  Agassiz, 
tom.  at.  p.  331.  Coll. 

28878.  Nearly  complete  much  larger  spine.  Paniels  Coll. 


p _ Cn-1  i^oroign  localities. 

ase  of  spine.  Foccne,  near  Brussels.  Egerton  Coll. 
36818.  Fragment  from  the  Miocene  of  the  Isle  of  Gozo. 

Presented  by  Prof,  A.  Leith  Adams,  1862. 
P.  1513.  Brjen  fragments  from  the  Eocene  of  Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama, 

Egerton  Coll. 

’ Foss.  Tol.  iii.  p,  3si,  pi.  xly,  figs.  n_i3. 

JsOCt  cit,  pi,  xlv,  figs.  21—23 


SfTI.TOBATrDJE, 


121 


The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  specimens  of 
the  fossil  dentition,  hut  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 
Myliohatis  alhis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iv. 
(1888),  p.  40,  pi.  vii.  figs.  1, 2. — Oamaru  Formation ; New 
Zealand. 

Myliohatis  americanus,  A.  Bravard,  Monografia  de  los  terrenes 
marinos  tcrciarios  de  los  Cercanias  del  Farana,  1858. 
Myliohatis  anyustm,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843), 
p.  326  (name  only). — “Eckelshcim,  Valley  of  the  Bhine.” 
Myliohatis  apennitvis,  O.  G.  Costa,  Pal.  Begno  Napoli,  pt.  i. 
(1850),  p.  129,  pi.  vii.  fig.  8 ; A.  Issol,  Ann.  ilus.  Civ.  Stor. 
Nat.  Genova,  vol.  x.  (1877),  p.  3:39. — Mormanno,  S.  Italy. 
Myliohatis  areiintiis,  J.  W.  Davis  (non  Schafhautl),  loe.  cit.  p.  40, 
pi.  vi.  figs.  20,  21. — Oamaru  Formation  ; New  Zealand. 
Myliohatis  hellardii,  A.  Isscl,  tom.  cit,  p.  331,  woodc. — Miocene 
(?  Lower  Tongrian) ; Carcare. 

Myliohatis  histilcns,  O.  C.  Marsh,  Proc.  Amcr.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci. 
1809,  p.  229. — Eocene  Marl ; Mammoth  Co.,  New  Jersey. 
[See  M.  fastiyiatus.'\ 

Myliohatis  hrongniarti,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  324  (name  only). — 
Tertiary ; Ghent,  Belgium. 

Myliohatis  colei,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  325  (name  only). — London 
Clay;  Sheppey. 

Myliohatis  curvipalatus,  B.  L3-dekker,  Pal.  Ind.  ser.  10,  vol.  iii. 

(1886),  p.  244,  pi.  XXXV.  fig.  9. — Eocene ; Each,  India. 
Myliohatis  dimorphas,  E.  Delfortric,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux, 
vol.  xxviii.  (1871),  p.  227,  pi.  xi.  fig.  39. — Epper  Miocene  ; 
Leognan,  Gironde. 

Myliohatis  diomedea,  It.  Ic  lion.  Prelim.  Mem.  Poiss.  Tert.  Bel- 
gique, 1871,  p.  13. — Eocene;  Belgium. 

Myliohatis  duplicatus,  G.  von  Miiustcr,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  pt.  vii. 

(1846),  p.  24. — Tertiary;  Vienna  Basin. 

Myliohatis  eleyans,  F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soc.  Vcncto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat. 

vol.  V.  (1878),  p.  279. — M.  Eocene  ; N.  Ital)% 

Myliohatis  enreodon,  K.  E.  Schafhiiutl,  Sud-Bayerns  Leth.  Geogn. 

(1863),  p.  238. — E.  Eocene ; Bavaria. 

Myliohatis  fastigiatus,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1876, 
p.  86;  also  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877), 
p.  238,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  11,  pi.  xxxiii.  fig.  6.^ — Eocene  Marl ; 
Monmouth  Co.,  New  Jersey.  [This  species  is  founded  upon 
the  upper  dentition,  and  Leidy  suggests  that  it  may  pertain 
to  the  species  of  which  Iklarsh  described  the  lower  dentition 
under  the  name  of  M.  himlcus.'\ 


122 


SELAOHII. 


Myliohatis  funiculatus,  E.  Delfortrie,  tom.cit.  p.  226,  pi.  x.  fig.  38. 
— Upper  Miocene ; Ldognan. 

Myliohatis  gigas,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PHlad.  1867, 
p.  140;  also  J.  Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii- 
(1877),  p.  241,  pi.  xxxiii.  fig.  4.  M.  vicomicanus,  E.  D- 
Cope,  tom.  cit.  p.  140,  and  J.  Leidy,  tom.  cit.  p.  242, 
pi.  xxxiii.  fig.  5.  As  suggested  by  Leidy,  the  latter  is 
almost  certainly  the  lower  dentition  of  the  former. — 
Miocene;  Charles  Co.,  Maryland,  U.S.A. 

Myliohatis  granulosus,  A.  Issel,  tom.  cit.  p.  335,  woodc.— Pliocene ; 
Bacedasco,  Parmesan,  N.  Italy, 

Myliohatis  guyoti,  M.  Kouault,  Comptes  Rendus,  vol.  xlvii.  1858, 
p.  101. — Miocene ; Rennes,  lUe-et-Vilaine,  France. 

Myliohatis  holmesii,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  i. 
(1850),  p.  299,  pi.  xlii.  figs.  1-3.  Myliohatis  magister, 
J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1876,  p.  86 ; and  Journ.  Acad. 
Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877),  p.  233,  pi.  xxxiii.  fig.  7.— 
Ashley  River  Phosphate  Beds,  South  Carolina. 

Myliohatis  jugosus,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1876,  p.  86  ; also 
Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877), p.  240,  pi.  xxxi. 
figs.  4, 5. — Marl ; Vincenttown,  Burlington  Co.,  New  J ersey. 

Myliohatis  Imvis,  H.  von  Meyer,  Ncues  Jahrb.  1844,  p.  333.— 
Lower  Miocene ; Weinheim,  Hessen-Darmstadt. 

Myliohatis  leognanensis,  E.  Delfortrie,  tom.  cit.  p.  228,  pi.  xi.  fig- 
— Upper  Miocene ; Leognan. 

Myliohatis  ligusticus,  A.  Issel,  tom.  cit.  p.  320,  woodc.— Lower 
Pliocene;  San  Fruttuoso,  Valley  of  Bisagno,  N.  Italy. 
[Probably  identical  with  M.  meridionalis,  Gervais.] 

Myliohatis  meridionalis,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Frang.,  Poiss- 
Foss.  (1852),  p.  15,  pi.  Ixxix.  figs.  2-4.  Myliohatis 
crassiis,  P . Gervais,  ihul.  figs.  5,  6. — Pliocene ; Mont- 
pellier, Languedoc,  France.  [?  Spines  figured,  op.  cit. 
pi.  Ixxx.  figs.  6,  7.] 

Myliohatis  micropleurus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  318,  pi.  xlvi.  fig.  17. 
The  formation  and  locality  of  the  type  (Faujas  CoU.,  Paris 
Museum)  are  unknown,  but  it  was  probably  derived  from 
the  Molasso  of  Maraval,  near  Castries,  Herault.  From 
this  locality  a lower  dentition  is  described  and  figured  by 
P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Frang.,  Poiss.  Foss.  (1852),  p.  15, 
pi.  Ixxx.  fig.  4 ; an  upper  dentition  by  P.  Gervais,  Zool. 
et  Pal.  Ge'ncr.  (1869),  pi.  xlvii.  fig.  10.  Another  speci- 
men, either  of  this  species  or  M.  dixoni,  from  the  Faluns 
of  Merignac,  is  described  and  figured  by  P.  M.  Pedroni, 


MTLIOBATID^. 


123 


fils,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux,  vol.  xiii.  (1843),  p.  291, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  1,  2. 

Myliohatis  microrhizus,  E.  Delfortrie,  tom.  dt.  p.  225,  pi.  x.  fig.  37 ; 
A.  Issel,  tom.  eit.  p.  337. — U.  Miocene ; Ldognan.  Also 
Pliocene,  Tuscany  (R.  Lawley , Nuovi  Studi  &o.  1876,  p.  47). 
Myliohatis  mordax,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1876,  p.  86  ; also 
Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877),  p.  234,  pi.  xxxiii. 
figs.  1-3. — Ashley-River  Phosphate  Beds,  South  Carolina. 
Myliohatis  omhonii,  F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soc.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat. 

vol.  V.  (1878),  p.  278. — M.  Eocene  ; N.  Italy. 

Myliohatis  pachyodon,  E.  D.  Cope,  tom.  eit.  1867,  p.  140 ; also 
J.  Leidy,  Joum.  Acad.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877),  p.  242, 
pi.  xxxii.  fig.  6. — Miocene ; Charles  Co.,  Maryland. 
[Doubtfully  distinct  from  M.  yigas.  Cope.] 

Myliohatis plieatilis',  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  39,  pi.  vi.  figs.  16-19. 

— Oamaru  Formation  ; Now  Zealand. 

Myliohatis  jtressidens,  H.  von  Meyer,  Neues  Jahrb.  1844,  p.  332  ; 
also  PaliEontogr.  vol.  i.  (1848),  p.  149,  pi.  xx.  figs.  5,  6. 
M.  arcuatus,  K.  E.  Schafhautl,  SUd-Bay.  Leth.  Gcogn. 
(1863),  p.  238,  pi.  Ixii.  fig.  14. — U.  Eocene;  Kressen- 
berg,  Bavaria. 

Myliohatis  reyleyi,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  320,  pi.  46.  figs.  6-11. 

— Eocene  ; near  Brussels,  Belgium. 

Myliohatis  rivkrei,  H.  E.  Sauvage,  Bull.  Soc.  Geol.  France  [3]  vol.  vi. 

(1880),  p.  623,  pi.  xi.  fig.  3. — U.  Eocene  ; Montmartre. 
Myliohatis  rugosus,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1855,  p.  395. 
Myliohatis  ohesus,  J.  Leidy,  ibid.  p.  396;  also  Joum. 
Acad.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877),  p.  236,  pi.  xxxi.  figs. 
6-10,  pi.  xxxiv.  fig.  44. — Tertiary  Greensand;  New  Jersey. 
Myliohatis  salentinus,  U.  Botti,  Atti  Soc.  Tosc.  vol.  iii.  (1878), 
p.  371,  woodc. — Middle  Miocene  ; Galugnano,  S.  Donato. 
Myliohatis  serratus,  H.  von  Meyer,  Neues  Jahrb.  184.3,  p.  703. 
— Lower  Miocene ; Flonhoim,  Hessen-Darmstadt.  [?  Spine 
figured  by  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Handb.  Paheont.  vol.  iii.  pt.  i. 
1887,  p.  101,  woodc.  fig.  114.] 

Myliohatis  serratus,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1855,  p.  395 ; 
also  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877),  p.  239,  pi. 
xxxii.  fig.  5. — Eocene  Marl ; Burlington  Co.,  New  Jersey. 
Myliohatis  strobeli,  A.  Issel,  tom.  cit.  p.  326,  woodc. — PUoceno  (?) ; 
Mulazzano,  N.  Tuscany. 

* To  this  species  probably  belong  some  fragmentary  indeterminable  teeth 
from  Canterbury,  New  Zealand  (42020,  Presented  by  J.  Davies  Enys,  Esq.,  1870), 
and  from  the  Xrelissick  Beds  (P.  2310,  By  exchange,  1876). 


124 


SELACHII. 


Myliohati^  superhm,  M.  von  Ilanlkcn,  Mitth.  Jahrb.  kon.  ungar. 
geol.  Anstalt  (Pest,  1875),  yol.iii.  pt,  iii.  p.  3G9,  pi.  xx. — 
Tertiary ; Central  Hungary. 

Myliolatis  testm,  II.  A.  Philippi,  Pa]®ontogr.  vol.  i.  (1840),  p.  25, 
pl.  ii.  fig.  8 ; A.  Isscl,  tom.  cit.  p.  333. — Formation  and 
locality  doubtful,  but  probably  found  with  Carcharodon 
meyctlodon  near  llagusa,  Sicily. 

Mylioha^  transversals,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  tom.  cit.  p.  299,  pl.  Ixii. 

l^alirstone  (Eocene)  Formation ; Orangeburg, 
South  Carolina. 

„ much  abraded  tooth  have  been  referred  to 

MyhohaUspunefaUs,  Agass.,”  by  P.  GciTais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Frang., 

p.  n,  pl.  t,.  {,  A.  I.„l,  m,.  elt. 

p.  38,  and  11.  Law%,  Nuovi  Studi  &c.  1870,  p.  48. 

A complete  fish  is  known  from  the  Upper  Eocene  of  Monto  Polca, 
near  erona  having  been  described  by  Baron  Achillo  do  Zigno  under 

l/azolai,  Mem.  E.  Istit.  Vencto,  vol.  xxii. 
(1887),  p.  081,  pl.  V.  fig.  1. 

_ The  following  detached  barbed  spines  have  been  named,  belonging 
in  part  to  Myhohat is  and  other  Myliobatidco,  but  perhaps  also  to 

unknown  Trygonid® > i i 

Myhohatis  amtHs,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.331, 

nr  r i I^o'nlon  Clay  ; Isle  of  Sheppey. 

Myliobats  {Zyyohatis)  acuminatus,  M.  von  Meyer,  Ncuos  Jahrb. 

nr  T I Pliocene  ; ■\Vcinheim. 

Mylmbat^  crmalicuhtas,  E.  Agassiz,  to,a.  p.  331,  pl.  xlv.  figs. 

“ ’ • IV  iirtt.  .Tahresh.  vol.  xx.viii.  (1877), 

P-  , p . li.  dg.  2. — London  Clay  ; Sheppey.  Molasse, 
Baltnngcn  (Prokst).  “ 

A.  de  Zigno,  Mem.  E.  Istit.  Yencto,  vol.  xxii. 
i,j-  T 7 • / — Ujiper  Eocene;  Monte  Jiolca. 

y 10  atis  faujasii  •,  Ptychacanthns  {Plychopleurus)  faiijasii,  L. 
Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  07  (1838),  pl.  xlv.  figs.  1-i  Piquant 
de  Pasfenaque,  Fanjas  St.  Fond,  Ann.  Museum  I’aris, 
vol  XIV.  (1809),  pl.  xxiv.  figs.  1-3.  Also  Myliobatis,  sp., 

. orvais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Frang.  Poiss.  Foss.(  18.52),  p.  10,  pl. 

10  7-;  ^(i'nicno;  near  Aigues-Mortes,  Gard,  France. 

IfyhohaUs  yvrmulims,  P.  M.  Pedroni,  Actes  See.  Linn.  Bordeaux, 
vol.  xm  0843),  p.  292,  pl.  i.  fig^.  42,  43.-Faluns ; 
Saucats,  Gironde. 

Mylwhatis  yraoilis,^  G.  yon  Miinstor,  Bcitr.  Petrefakt.  pt.  vii. 

( ),  p.  25,  pl.  iii.  fin._  4.  j 94^ — 

Miocene;  Vienna  and  Baltringen. 


MTLIOBATID^. 


125 


MyJiobatis  Jiaidingeri,  G.  von  Munster,  op.  cit.  pt.  vii.  p.  24, 
pl.iii.  fig. 3;  J.  I’robst,  tom.  cit.  p.  03. — Miocene;  Vienna 
and  Baltringen. 

Myliohatis  lateralis,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  331,  pi.  xlv.  figs.  24-27. 

— London  Clay  ; Isle  of  Slieppey. 

Myliohatis  leptacanihus,  A.  de  Zigno,  tom.  cit.  p.  686,  pi.  v.  fig.  5. 
— Upper  Eocene  ; Monte  Bolca. 

Myliohatis  marginalis,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  331. — Upper 
Eocene ; Barton  Cliff. 

Myliohatis  oweni,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  331,  pi.  xlv.  figs.  11-13  ; 
F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  jd.  x.  fig.  10. — Middle  Eocene; 
Bracklesham  Bay. 

Myliohatis  {Zyyohatis)  rima,  II.  von  ileycr,  Neues  Jahrb.  1844, 
p.  334. — L.  Miocene  ; Weinbeim,  Hessen-Darmstadt. 
Myliohatis  (Zyyohatis)  ruyosus,  II.  von  Meyer,  Eeues  Jahrb. 

1844,  p.  335. — L.  Miocene;  Weinbeim. 

Myliohatis  speciosvs,  G.  von  Munster,  op.  cit.  pt.  v.  (1842)  p.  67. 

— Miocene;  Ifeuddrfl,  near  Vienna. 

Myliohatis  sternheryii,  L.  Agassiz,  ton*,  cit.  p.  330,  pi.  xlv.  fig.  10. — 
Valley  of  Brenta. 

Myliohatis  <uZwp!Ci«,L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  331,  pi.  xlv.  figs.21-23; 
F.  Dixon,  op.  cit.  pi.  x.  fig.  36.  (?)  F.  Noetling,  Abb.  Geol. 

Specialk.  rreusseu  u.Thiiring.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 (1885), 
p.  22,  pi.  ii.  fig.  2. — Eocene ; S.E.  England. 

Bates  hiserratus,  J.  Probst,  Wiiitt.  Jabresb.  vol.  xxxiii.  (1877), 
p.  02,  pi.  ii.  fig.  5. — Molasse  ; Baltringen,  AVurtemberg. 
Bates  Jlaitans,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  01,  xd.  ii.  fig.  4. — Molasse  ; 
Baltringen. 

Bates  lineatus,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  00,  id.  ii.  fig.  3.— Molasse ; 
Baltringen. 

Bates  sjicetahilis,  J.  Probst,  tom.  dt.  p.  88,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1. — Molasse; 
Baltringen. 

Vertebrae  supjjosed  to  be  referable  to  Myliohatis  arc  described  by 
C.  Basse  (Xaturl.  Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond.  Tbeil,  p.  154),  from  the 
Jurassic,  Cretaceous,  and  Tertiary  of  the  Continent. 


Genus  RHINOPTERA,  Miiller  (“  ea;  Kuhl”), 

[Abb.  pbys.-matb.  Cl.  k.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1834,  p.  236.] 

Syn.  Zygfjbates,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  328. 

Mylorhina,  T.  GUI,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vol.  viii. 

1867,  p.  136.  ’ 

Miermrusus,  T.  Gill,  tom.  cit.  p.  1.36. 

Head  free  from  the  disk ; so-called  cephalic  fins  paired.  Teeth 


126 


SELACHII, 


broad,  flat,  tessellated,  in  five  or  more  series,  the  middle  being  the 
largest,  the  first,  or  first  and  second,  lateral  series  on  each  side  some- 
what smaller,  and  the  others  approximately  as  broad  as  long ; the 
dentition  of  both  jaws  strongly  arched  antcro-posteriorly.  Dental 
crown  smooth  or  slightly  striated ; attached  surface  of  tooth  longi- 
tudinally ridged  and  grooved.  Tail  with  dorsal  fin  in  front  of  a 
barbed  spine. 

The  crowns  of  the  teeth,  when  unworn,  are  usually  very  thick, 
but,  after  having  been  long  in  function,  they  become  relatively  thin. 
The  thickness  of  the  teeth,  therefore,  sometimes  noted  in  specific 
descriptions,  does  not  furnish  a reliable  diagnostic  character. 

Rhinoptera  daviesii^  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Portion  of  dentition  (PI.  III.  figs.  6,  6 «) ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  transversely  channelled,  arranged  in  nine  antero-posterior 
series.  Each  tooth  of  the  median  row  is  about  four  times  as  broad 
as  long ; the  teeth  of  the  first  and  second  lateral  rows  are  also  much 
transversely  elongated,  being  respectively  about  three  and  two-and-a- 
half  times  as  broad  as  long ; the  teeth  of  the  two  outer  rows  are 
slightly  broader  than  long. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  London  Clay  (Lower  Eocene) : Isle  of  Sheppey. 

P.  1514.  Type  specimen,  gencrically  determined  by  Mr.  William 
Davies.  The  fossil  consists  of  a large  portion  of  the  denti- 
tion with  parts  of  the  ptorygo-quadrate  and  mandibular 
cartilages,  embedded  in  hard  clay.  The  teeth  of  one  jaw 
are  much  scattered  and  displaced,  but  those  of  the  other 
are  scarcely  disturbed,  being  shown  in  transverse  section 
surrounding  the  cartilage,  and  more  than  half  exposed  from 
above.  The  upper  aspect  of  the  dentition,  as  far  as  pre- 
served, is  shown  of  the  natural  size  in  PL  HI-  ® > 
the  crowns  of  the  teeth  have  the  appearance  of  being  chan- 
nelled in  the  direction  of  their  long  axes,  and  they  exhibit 
a curious  mode  of  interlocking  antero-posteriorly,  well  seen 
in  the  transverse  fracture  (PI.  III.  fig.  6 a).  The  dental 
crown  is  thin  and  its  lower  portion  is  produced  into  a pro- 
jecting ridge  anteriorly,  which  fits  into  a corresponding 
groove  upon  the  posterior  face  of  the  tooth  immediately  iu 
front,  and  is  firmly  held  by  a small  projecting  ledge  ap- 
parently from  the  root  of  that  tooth.  Such  an  arrange- 
ment has  already  been  described  by  Agassiz  in  It.  studeri  . 
The  root  exhibits  the  usual  antero-posterior  grooves  and 
ridges.  Eyerton  GoU. 

'■  Poiss.  Foss.  Tol.  iii,  p.  333,  pi,  R.  flg.  4. 


MTLIOBATIDiB. 


127 


Rhinoptera  studeri  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Zt/ffobaten  studeri,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pp.  329,  333, 
pi.  R.  figs.  3-6. 

1882.  Zygobates  studeri,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  M6m.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat.  Saone-et- 
Loire,  vol.  iv.  p.  67,  pi.  i.  figs.  17, 18. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

A species  at  present  indefinable. 

Form.  4‘  Loc-  Dower  Miocene  (Molasse) : Switzerland,  (?)  and 
France. 

P.  1523.  Two  teeth,  one  apparently  median,  the  other  first  lateral, 
bearing  Agassiz’s  MS.  label.  These  must  be  regarded  as 
the  type-specimens  of  the  species ; Soleure.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3062.  Two  teeth  ; Soleure.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

Rhinoptera  woodward!  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Zygobates  woodwardi,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pp.  329, 
333,  pi.  R.  figs.  6,  7. 

1880.  Shinoptera  tcoodivardi,  A.  Giinther,  Introd.  Study  of  Fishes, 
p.  34C,  woodc.  fig.  132. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

An  indefinable  species  probably  of  this  genus.  The  restored 
figure  of  the  dentition  given  by  Dr.  Giinther  is  hypothetical. 

Form.  <Sf  Loc.  Red  Crag  and  Norwich  Crag  (Pliocene) : Suffolk, 
Norfolk. 

P.  4934.  Median  (?)  dental  plate ; Red  Crag,  Suffolk. 

Presented  hy  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  1524.  Fragments  ; Norwich  Crag,  Norwich.  Egerton  Coll. 

Detached  teeth  of  Rhinoptera  have  also  been  described  from  the 
Phosphate  Beds  of  South  Carolina,  under  the  name  of  Zygohatis 
dubius,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1855,  p.  396,  and  Joum.  Acad. 
Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877),  p.  247,  pi.  xxxi.  figs.  21-37. 

Vertebra)  supposed  to  be  referable  to  this  genus  are  also  described 
by  C.  Hasse  (Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  160),  from  the 
Upper  Cretaceous  of  Aix  and  Maastricht,  and  the  Lower  Eocene  of 
Brussels. 

Genus  AETOBATIS,  Miiller  & Henle. 

[Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiostom.  1841  p.  179.] 

Syn.  Oonidxitis,  Le  Hon,  Prelim.  M4m.  Poiss.  Tert.  Belg.  1871,  p.  10 
Head  free  from  the  disk ; so-called  cephalic  fins  paired.  Teeth 


128 


SELACHII. 


flat,  relatively  very  broad,  in  a single  antero-postcrior  series.  The 
upper  dentition  is  strongly  arched  antcro-posteriorly,  with  the  teeth 
slightly  and  irregularly  curved ; the  lower  dentition  is  flat,  and  the 
teeth  are  either  straight,  or  more  or  less  angularly  bent  in  the  middle. 
Dental  crown  smooth  or  slightly  striated  ; attached  surface  of  root 
longitudinally  ridged  and  grooved. 

In  this  genus  there  is  much  loss  variability  in  the  relations  of  the 
length  and  breadth  of  the  teeth  according  to  ago  than  \n  MyUuhatis 
blit  the  form  of  the  lower  teeth  is  so  inconstant,  that  species  cannot 
be  determined  upon  the  evidence  of  the  lower  dentition  alone. 

As  already  recognized  by  Dolfortrio',  Lc  lion’s  genus  Ooniobatis 
is  founded  upon  a fragment  of  the  lower  dentition  of  the  present 
form. 


Aetobatis  irregularis,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Aetobatis  irreyularis,  L.  Agassiz,  I’oiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  P- 
pi.  47.  figs.  .3-5. 

1850.  Aetobatis  irregularis,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  200,  pi.  x.  figs. 
pi.  xi.  figs.  2-4. 

18.50.  Aetobatis  rectus,  F.  Dixon,  op.  cit.  p.  201,  pi.  xi.  fig.  8. 

(?)  1885.  Aetobatis  irregularis,  F.  Noetling,  Abh.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preuss. 
u.  Thliring.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  .3,  p.  27,  pi.  ii.  figs.  4,  5. 

Type.  Fragment  of  upper  dentition  ; Ilritish  Museum. 

Dental  plates  of  the  upper  jaw  with  a relatively  low  crown,  ex- 
hibiting scarce!}'  any  elevation  in  the  median  portion  ; the  anterior 
and  posterior  border  of  each  tooth  usually  more  or  less  irregular,  and 
the  extremities  gradually  curved  backwards. 

A detached  tooth  has  been  described  by  Dixon  as  A.  rectus  on 
account  of  its  being  somewhat  straightcr  than  the  majority  referable 
to  this  species  ; but  the  differences  are  very  slight  and  appear  to  be 
diminished  by  intermediate  specimens,  so  that  we  venture  to  regard 
it  as  a variety. 

tonn,  ^ Loe.  London  Clay  (Lower  Eocene) : Isle  of  Sheppey. 
Bracklesham  Beds  (Middle  Eocene) : Bracklesham  Bay,  feussex. 
Barton  Clay  (Dpper  Eocene)  : Barton  Cliffs,  Uamiishire. 

P.  3054.  Typo  specimen,  figured  and  described  by  Agassiz,  loe.  cit. ; 

Isle  of  Shoppey.  EnnislciUen  Coll. 

38836.  Portion  of  upper  dentition  ; Isle  of  Sheppey. 

Boiuerbanlc  Coll. 

38835.  Portions  of  upper  and  lower  dentition,  naturally  associated  ; 

Isle  of  Sheppey.  Bowerhanh  Coll. 

^ Actes  Soc,  Linn.  Bordeaux,  vol.  xxviii.  1871j  p*  229. 


myliobatid-j:. 


129 


P.  1519.  Portion  of  upper  dentition  ; Braeklesham.  Egerton  Coll. 

40524.  Rolled  fragment  of  upper  dentition  ; Braeklesham. 

Purchased,  1867. 

25616.  Type  specimen  of  A.  rectus,  Dixon ; Braeklesham. 

DLvmi  Coll 

P.  5429.  Similar  specimen  ; Braeklesham. 

Presented  by  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 
40263.  Small  upper  dental  plate  ; Braeklesham.  Edwards  Coll. 

P.  3506.  Two  detached  upper  dental  plates,  and  two  in  natural 
association;  Braeklesham.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 

P.  1519  a.  Fragments  of  upper  dental  plates,  one  perfect,  and  two  in 
natural  association;  Braeklesham.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.5588.  Connected  series  of  si.x  imperfect  upper  teeth;  Brackles- 
ham.  Harford  Coll. 

P.  1517.  Upper  dental  plate  and  fragment ; Barton  Cliff. 

Egerton  Cold. 

P.  3055.  Portion  of  lower  dentition,  showing  parts  of  ten  plates  ; 

Isle  of  Sheppej . Ehiniskdlen  Coll. 

25618,  25626.  Single  dental  plate,  and  series  of  four,  referable  to  the 
lower  jaw,  figured  by  Dixon  as  pertaining  to  the  present 
species,  oq>.  ctt.  pi.  xi.  figs.  3,  4 ; Braeklesham. 

Idi.ron  Coll. 

25622.  Series  of  three  lower  dental  plates  ; Braeklesham. 

Dixon  Cold. 

Aetobatis  marginalis,  Dixon. 

1850.  Aetobatis  marginalis,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  201,  pi.  xii.  fig.  1. 

Type.  Portion  of  upper  dentition ; British  Museum. 

The  coronal  surface  is  much  raised  in  the  middle,  thus  exhibiting 
a strongly  arched  contour,  and  the  tooth  attains  a considerable  thick- 
ness. The  crown  becomes  suddenly  flattened  a short  distance  from 
each  extremity,  producing  a small  marginal  area  marked  with  large 
longitudinal  wrinkles. 

Form.  Loc.  Braeklesham  Beds  (Jliddle  Eocene) : Braeklesham 
Bay,  Sussex. 

25624.  Type  simcimen  figured  by  Dixon,  lot.  eit.  Dixon  Coll. 

25625.  Fragment  of  two  connected  upper  dental  plates,  referred  to 
by  Dixon,  loc.  cit.  (joll. 

P.  5428.  Fragments  of  three  teeth. 

Presented  by  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq.,  1888. 


K 


130 


SBLACHII. 


Aetobatis,  sp.  iiid. 

43317,  44050.  Fragments  of  dental  plates  ; lied  Crag,  W oodbridgo, 
Suffolk.  Purchased, 

The  following  detached  dental  plates  are  referable  to  the  lower 
jaw  of  Aetobatis,  but  cannot  be  specifically  determined.  They  arc 
all  from  the  Middle  Eocene  of  Bracklesham  Bay,  and  most  of  them 
probably  belong  to  A.  irregularis  : — 

25619,  25629.  Gently  curved  plates,  the  former  described  by  Dixon 
{op.  cit.  p.  201,  pi.  xi.  fig.  7)  under  the  name  of 
arcuatus,  Agass.  Dkron  Co 

P.  3058.  Gently  curved  plate,  of  similar  type  to  the  preceding. 

Eniiishillen  Coll 


P.  5430.  Two  similar  specimens. 

Presented  by  P.  E.  Goombe,  Esq.,  188^ 

25617*.  Small  worn  plate,  described  by  Dixon  {op.  cit.  p.  200,  pi- 

fig,  6)  as  typo  of  new  species,  A.  suheonve.rus. 

Diron  Coll 


25627,  25628,  29033.  Nine  detached  places,  and  two  naturall) 
united,  approaching  type  described  by  Dixon  {op- 
p.  200,  pi.  xi.  fig.  5)  as  A.  convexus.  Dixon  Co 

P.  3057,  P.  3060.  Five  similar  detached  plates.  EnnislnUen  Coll 
P.  1518.  Five  similar  detached  plates.  Egerton  CoV 

P.  5431.  Four  specimens.  Presented  by  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq-,  I88b 


The  following  species  have  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth,  bu 
they  are  mostly  undefined,  the  types  being  usually  fragments  of  t o 
lower  dentition : — 


Aetobatis  arcuatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p-  327.-- 
Molasse ; Switzerland.  Numerous  other  Tertiary  teet 
have  hcen  referred  to  this  species  by  Cope  (Proc.  ' 
Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1807,  p.  139),  Leidy  (Jouni.  Acad.  Nah 
Sci.  Philad.  [2j  viii,  p.  245,  pi.  xxxi.  figs.  14-18),  Gcrvais 
(Pal.Franq.  pi.  80.  figs.  1-3),  Delfortrie  (Actes  Soc.  Linn. 
Bordeaux,  vol.  xxviii.  p.  228,  pi.  xi.  fig.  41),  and  Probst 
(Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxiii.  1877,  pi.  i-  fig-  28). 

Aetobatis  brevisulcus,  II.  Lc  Hon,  Prtdim.  Mem.  Poiss.  Tort.  Belg. 

1871,  p.  13  (name  only). — Eocene;  Belgium. 

Aetobatis  giyanleus,  K.  E.  Schafhiiutl,  Siid-Bayerns  Leth.  Geogn. 
(1863),  p.  237,  pi.  Ixiii.  fig.  10. — U.  Eocene;  Bavaria. 


MYLIOBATID.®.  131 

Atlobatis  meneghinii,  F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soo.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci. 
Nat.  vol.  V.  (1878),  p.  278.— Eocene ; N.  Italy. 

Aeiobatis  omaliusi  : Goniobatis  omaliusi,  H.  Le  Hon,  Prelim.  Mem. 
Poiss.  Tert.  Belgique,  1871,  p.  10,  woodc. — Pliocene; 
Belgium. 

Aetobatis  omaliusi,  var.  cuHuUns,  E.  Delfortrie,  Actes  Soc.  Linn. 
Bordeaux,  vol.  xxviii.  (1871),  p.  230,  pi.  xi.  figs.  43-45.— 
Upper  Miocene ; Lcoguan,  Gironde. 

Aeiobatis  omaliusi,  var.  latidens,  E.  Delfortrie,  tom.  cit.  p.  229, 
pi.  xi.  fig.  42. — Lower  Miocene ; Taulignan,  Drome. 

Aeiobatis  jterspicuus,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1855, 
p.  390;  also  .Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhUad.  [2]  vol.  viii. 
(18/  / ),  p.  244,  pi.  XXXI.  fig.  13. — Eocene  (?)  ; Monmouth 
Co.,  New  Jersey,  U.  S.  A. 

Aeiobatis  profundus,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1867,  p.  139  ; 
.1.  Leidy,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877), 
p.  246,  pi.  xxxi.  figs.  19,  20.— Phosphate  Beds;  South 
Carolina. 

Aeiobatis  sxilcatius,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  eit.  p.  326,  pi.  xlvi.  figs.  4,  5. 
— Form,  and  loc.  unknown. 

Aeiobatis  tardiveli,  M.  Rouault,  Comptes  Rendus,  vol.  xlvii.  (1858), 
p.  101. — Miocene  ; Rennes,  Ille-et-VLlaine,  France. 

A dental  plate  of  Aeiobatis  is  referred  in  error  to  Myliobaiis 
dixoni  by  F.  Noetling,  Abh.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preuss.  etc.  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 
(1885),  p.  2/,  pi.  ii.  fig.  3.  Vertebrm  from  the  Samland  Eocene 
are  also  doubtfully  associated  with  this  genus  by  Noetling,  tom.  eit. 
p.  29,  pi.  viii.  figs.  3-5. 

^ ertebne  supposed  to  be  referable  to  Aeiobatis  are  described  by 
C.  Hasse  (Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  157),  from  the 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiaries  of  the  Continent. 

The  genus  and  species  Mesobatis  eximius,  Leidy’,  have  been 
founded  upon  a jiortion  of  the  dentition  from  the  Ashley  River  Phos- 
phate Beds,  South  Carolina,  differing  only  from  Aeiobatis  in  the 
presence  of  a row  of  minute  lateral  teeth,  occupying  the  interspaces 
of  the  bevelled  ends  of  the  broad  teeth. 

A dermal  tubercle  from  the  Phosphate  Beds  of  South  Carolina 
is  assigned  to  Ceratoptera  (Miiller  and  Henlc)  under  the  name  of 
C.  unios,  J.  Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii. 
(1877),  p.  248,  pi.  xxxiv.  figs.  1,  2. 

' Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1855,  p.  396  (Aetohatis) ; and  ,Toum.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii.  (1877),  p.  214,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  12. 

k2 


132 


SELACHII. 


The  following  extinct  genera,  being  known  only  by  the  dentition 
and  vcrtebraj,  are  provisionaUy  associated  with  the  family  of  Mylio- 
batidae,  Apoeopodon  has  already  been  placed  here  by  Cope,  and 
the  present  writer^  has  suggested  that  this  genus  is  not  improbably 
a link  between  the  more  typical  members  of  the  family  and  the 
Cretaceous  Ptychodus. 

Genus  APOCOPODON,  Cope. 

[Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xxiii.  1886,  p.  2.] 

Median  teeth  quadrate  in  form ; side  teeth  with  irregularly  an- 
gnlated  lateral  extremities.  Crown  elevated,  separated  from  the 
root  by  a constriction,  the  grinding  surface  covered  by  a dense  layer, 
with  fine  antero-posterior  wrinkles  ; attached  surface  of  root  with 
few,  verjf  shallow  grooves. 

Apocopodon  sericem.  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  is  the  only  known  species,  from 
the  uppermost  Cretaceous  of  Maria  Farinha,  Province  of  Pernam- 
buco, Brazil. 


Genus  PTYCHODUS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  183t),  p.  150.] 

Syn.  Aulodua,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  I860,  p.  .360. 

Teeth  quadrate  in  form,  with  elevated  crown,  somewhat  over- 
hanging, and  sharply  separated  from  the  root  by  a constriction. 
The  crown  is  enamelled  and  ornamented  with  large  transverse  or 
radiating  ridges,  surrounded  by  a more  finely-marked  marginal  area, 
of  greater  or  less  extent.  The  surface  of  attachment  of  the  root  is 
smooth. 

Fig.  6. 


Diagram  of  arrangement  of  teeth  of  Ptychodus  decurreus 
A.  Dpperjaw.  B.  Lower  jaw. 


Proc.  Qeol.  Assoc,  rol.  x.  (1888),  p.  207. 

Eedueed  from  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  vol.  x.  (1888),  p.  296. 


JITLIOBATID.i;. 


133 


In  the  one  jaw,  presumably  the  lower  (fig.  6,  B),  the  median 
series  of  teeth  is  the  largest,  and  the  lateral  rows  are  arranged 
symmetrically,  diminishing  in  size  to  the  left  and  right.  In  the 
opposing  dentition  (fig.  6,  A),  the  median  series  is  very  small, 
and  the  first  lateral  row  on  each  side  large,  with  the  outer  lateral 
series  successively  diminishing  in  size’. 

The  vertebrsB  are  very  deep  compared  with  their  length,  complete, 
and  apparently  “ cyclospondylic  ” in  strncture.  One  example,  from 
the  Chalk  of  Dorking,  has  been  described  by  C,  Hasse^,  under  the 
name  of  SelarJu 


Ptychodus  mammillaris,  Agassiz. 

1822.  Tooth  allied  to  Diodon,  G.  A.  Mantell,  Foas.  South  Downs,  p.  231, 
pi.  X.X.VU.  figs.  17, 18, 20, 21, 25, 27, 29. 

1839.  Ptychodm  mammillarii,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  151, 
pi.  XXV  b.  figs.  12-20  (?  fig.  11). 

1839.  Ptychodm  dcmrrem,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  154,  pi.  xxv.  h.  figa 
3,  5. 

1839.  Ptychodm  altior,  L.  .Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  155,  pi.  xxv.  b.  figs.  9, 

10. 

1845.  Ptychodm  mammillaris,  A.  E.  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide- 
form.  pt.  i.  p.  2,  pi.  ii.  figs.  11-13. 

1850.  Ptychodm  mammillaris,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  361,  pi.  xxx. 
fig.  6,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  4. 

1850.  Ptychodm  mammillaris,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  Charact.  bohm.-sachs- 
isch.  Kreidegeb.  2nd  edit.  p.  64,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  7. 

18.50.  Ptychodus  decurrens,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  op.  cit.  p.  64,  pi.  xvii. 
fig.a  8-12. 

1852.  Ptychodm  mammillaris,  V.  Kiprijanoff,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscon,  vol.  xxv.  pt.  ii.  p.  487,  pi.  xii.  fig.  .3,  pi.  xiiL  fig.  3. 

18*54.  Ptychodm  tnammillaris,  F.  J.  Pictet,  Pal^ont.  2nd  edit.  vol.  ii. 
p.  265,  pL  xxxviii.  fig.  27. 

1856.  Ptychodm  mammillaris,  C.  E.  Fischer,  Allgem.  deutsch.  naturh. 
Zeit.  Dresden,  n.  s.  vol.  ii.  p.  139,  pL  ii.  fig.  34. 

1870.  Ptychodm  mammillaris,  F,  Roemer,  Geol.  von  Oberschlesien, 
p.  324,  pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  8. 

1872.  Ptychodus  ynammillaris,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Biblioth.  Ecole  Ilautes 
Etudes,  voL  v.  art.  9,  p.  16,  pL  ii.  figs.  86-^9. 

1875.  Ptychodm  mammillaris,  H.  B.  Geinitz,  Palaeontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  i. 
p.  297,  pi.  btiv.  fig.  26 ; pt.  ii.  p.  213,  pi.  xl.  figs.  23-29. 

1878.  Ptychodus  mammillaris,X.  Fritsch,  Rept.  u.  Fische  bohm.  Kreide- 
form.  p.  14,  woodc.  fig.  33. 


' Science  Gossip,  vol.  xii.  (1885),  p.  109. 

“ Palaeontographica,  vol.  xxxi.  (1884),  p.  9,  pi.  ii.  figs.  16,  17 


134 


SELACmi. 


1878.  iHychodw  nwmmiltavk,  St.  Ziirecznego,  Sprawozdanie  Komi.syi 
Fizyjograf.  Galicyi,  vol.  xii.  p.  201,  pi.  viii.  fig.  9. 

188.5.  Ptychodus  mammilkiriis,  1*'.  A.  Quonstedt,  Ilandb.  Petrefakt.  .3rd 
edit.  p.  282,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  01,  02. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; British  lluseum  (in  part). 

The  crowns  of  all  the  teeth  are  much  elevated,  the  transverse!)' 
ridged  portion  being  sharply  defined  from  the  surrounding  finely- 
marked  area.  The  latter  is  relafivelv  extensive,  and  the  delicate 
rugae  are  mostly  elongated,  and  concentric  with  the  borders  of  the 
crown  : this  area  is  al.so  often  marked  by  radiating  grooves. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Senonian  and  Turonian  ; S.E.  England,  France, 
Germany.  Turonian  and  Cenomanian : Belgium,  Bohemia,  and 
Russia.  Cretaceous:  Delaware,  U.S. A.  (A;/«ss(‘r). 

Except  where  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  were  ob- 
tained from  undetermined  horizons  in  the  Upper  or  Lower  Chalk  : • 

4408,  4394-6.  Four  of  the  type-specimens  figured  by  Agassiz, 
tom.  cit.  pi.  2.5  h.  figs.  12,  14,  15,  18  ; Lewes,  Sussex. 

Mantell  Coll. 

25775,  28336.  Two  teeth  figured  by  Dixon,  oj>.  ciV.  ; Brighton, 
Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

28334.  Sixteen  naturally  associated  teeth  and  fragments  in  block 
of  Sussex  Chalk.  Dixon  Coll. 

28335.  Three  large  teeth,  and  four  smaller  ; Brighton. 

Dixon  Coll. 

4364,  4366-7.  Three  naturally  associated  series  of  teeth,  one  com- 
prising ten  teeth  and  fragments,  the  second  nine,  and  the 
third  fourteen  ; Lewes.  Mantell  Coll- 

4397,  4399,  4401,  4404,  4406,  4414,  4426-7,  4430-33,  4435-43, 
4447-8,  4450.  Twenty-seven  detached  teeth  ; Lowes. 

Mantell  Coll- 

49838-9.  Two  groups  of  teeth,  perhaps  belonging  to  the  same  indi- 
vidual ; Glynde,  near  Lowes.  Capron  Coll- 

P.  5389.  Group  of  eleven  naturally  associated  teeth,  with  very 
broad  marginal  area,  and  six  similar  teeth  (including  one 
lower  median),  probably  found  with  these  ; Lewes. 

Presented  by  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq.,  1888. 


P.  5389  a.  Another  group  of  eleven  teeth  ; Lewes. 

Presented  hy  P.  E.  Coonihe,  Esq.,  1888. 

P.  5390  -1.  Three  large  teeth  and  five  small  raised  teeth  ; Lewes. 

Presented  hy  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq.,  1888. 

27032.  Series  of  23  large  teeth,  probably  found  associated ; Guild- 
ford, Surrey.  Purchased,  18.51. 

49840-43.  Teeth  of  large  individuals  ; Upper  Chalk,  Guildford. 

Capron  Coll. 

47278.  Fourteen  detached  teeth  ; Dorking.  Purchased,  ISld. 

47279.  Group  of  about  .37  naturally  associated  teeth  ; Lower  Chalk, 
Dorking.  Purchased , 18 1 h. 

39126.  Group  of  about  50  naturally  associated  teeth;  Hailing, 
Jvent.  Bou'erhanh  Coll. 

39127.  Group  of  about  3<i  naturally  associated  teeth,  including  one 
median  upper  ; near  Chatham,  Kent.  Bowerhank  Coll. 

P.  1386-7.  Eleven  naturally  associated  teeth  in  block  of  Kentish 
Chalk  ; and  six  detached  teeth.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  4556.  Fine  crown  of  detached  lower  median  tooth : Kent. 

Enniskillen,  Coll. 

P.  5332-3.  Two  much-worn  teeth,  the  second  from  llochestcr,  Kent. 

Purchased. 

43266,  44028.  Two  detached  teeth,  one  considerably  worn  ; Upper 
Chalk,  Warne’s  Place,  Rochester.  Purchased,  1871,  1873. 

P.  5334.  Four  associated  teeth  ; Cuxton,  Kent.  Purchased. 

47902.  Fourteen  naturally  associated  teeth ; near  Maidstone,  Kent. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Marsham,  1877. 

35870.  Similar  tooth;  Lower  Chalk,  Dover,  Kent.  Pifrcfiowff,  1861. 

P.  5204.  Block  of  chalk  with  seventeen  teeth,  more  or  less  broken  : 
also  three  detached  teeth  ; Lower  Chalk,  Dover. 

Purchased,  1886. 

P.  1388.  Two  broken  teeth ; Lower  Chalk,  Heyteshurj’,  Wiltshire. 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2680,  2680  a,  P.  4555.  Group  of  sixteen  naturally  associated 
teeth  and  fragments ; another  of  ten ; and  two  detached 
teeth;  Normandy.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


]3G 


SELACHir. 


28720.  Two  teeth  ; Cenomanian,  Tournai,  Belgium. 

PureJmseeJ,  1853. 

P.  1390.  Six  detached  teeth  from  the  same  formation  and  locality. 

Egerton  CoV- 

P.  4557.  Two  teeth  ; Upper  Green.sand  or  Chalk  Marl,  Montignies, 
Belgium.  Ennishillen  CoU. 

42862.  Ihreo  small  teeth,  probably  of  this  species;  lloueourt,  near 
Perustetz,  Belgium.  Van  Breda  GoU. 

The  following  specimens  are  of  a very  coarsely  marked  variety: 

4388  93,  4398,  4400,  4408,4446.  Ten  teeth,  not  improbably  found 
associated  ; Lewes.  Mantell  Coll. 

49732.  Portions  of  block  of  chalk,  with  26  naturally  associated 
teeth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Guildford.  Oapron  Coll. 

49844.  Three  teeth,  found  associated  ; Upper  Chalk,  Shalford,  near 
Guildford.  Capron  Coll. 

35674.  Detached  tooth  ; locality  unknown.  Bean  Coll. 


Ptychodus  rugosus,  Dixon. 

1860.  nycliodm  myosus,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  .162,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  5- 
850.  Ptychodus  altiorj  F.  Dixon  {non  Agassiz),  op.  cit.  p*  362,  pi.  xxx. 

fig.  10. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

The  crowns  of  all  the  teeth  are  much  elevated  in  the  median 
portion,  and  marked  with  coarse  rounded  ridges.  The  latter  are 
irregular  and  considerably  interrupted,  only  about  three  being 
usually  complete  upon  the  transversely  ridged  centre.  Upon  the 
more  finely  marked  surrounding  area  the  ornament  tends  towards  a 
concentric  arrangement. 

In  some  of  the  teeth  the  median  portion  of  the  crown  is  raised 
into  a high,  laterally  compressed  eminence,  with  smooth  sides, 
buch  teeth  have  been  described  as  referable  to  a distinct  species, 
P.  altior,  but  the  examples  in  the  British  Museum  prove  their 
specific  identity  with  P.  rugosus.  It  is  also  not  improbable  that  the 
teeth  named  P.  trigeri  by  H.  E.  Sauvage’  may  belong  to  this 
species. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Senonian  and  Turonian  : S.E.  England. 

• Biblioth.  Ecole  Hautes  Etudes,  toI.  t.  art.  9 (1872),  p.  19 ; and  Bull.  Soc. 
G^ol.  France,  [3]  vol.  vi.  (1880),  p,  624,  pi.  li.  fig.  1.  Cenomanian ; Dept. 
Sarthe,  France. 


J1YLI0BATID.J5. 


LS7 


39793.  Group  of  about  5U  naturally  associated  teeth,  including  one 
from  the  upper  median  series  ; Upper  Chalk,  Purlcy,  Kent. 

Purchased,  186C. 

32352.  Fifteen  teeth,  probably  found  associated  ; Rochester,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1857. 

33249.  Four  teeth,  one  shown  in  PI.  V.  fig.  1 ; Rochester. 

Taylor  Coll. 

P.  1377.  Seven  broken  teeth  ; Greenhithe,  Kent.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2682-3.  Four  broken  teeth  and  one  much-worn  jiortion  of 
crown  : Greenhithe.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

28751.  Two  fragments  of  teeth  ; Greenhithe. 

Presented  hy  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  185.3. 

32755.  One  nearly  perfect  dental  crown;  locality  unknown. 

Purchased,  1857. 

43127.  Worn  and  abraded  crown  ; Kent.  Wetherell  Coll. 

39130.  Five  associated  fragmentary  teeth ; near  Chatham,  Kent. 

Bowerhank  Coll. 

The  following  specimens  mostly  belong  to  the  type  figured  by 
Dixon  (not  by  Agassiz)  as  P.  altior : — 

4421-25,  4428-9.  Seven  teeth  ; Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 

28247.  Four  teeth ; Upper  Chalk,  Sussex.  Dixon  Coll, 

49851.  Two  teeth  ; Houghton  Pit,  Arundel,  Sussex.  Capron  Coll. 

P.  1380.  Eight  teeth ; Sussex.  Egerton  Coll. 

49849-50.  Five  teeth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Guildford.  Capron  Coll. 

33250.  Group  of  six  naturally  associated  teeth,  including  one  of  the 
upper  median  series,  shown  in  PI.  V.  fig.  3,  and  another 
tooth,  shown  in  PI.  V.  fig.  2 ; Kent.  Taylor  Coll. 

P.  5335.  Four  naturally  associated  teeth  ; Kent.  Purchased. 

P.  2679.  Three  teeth  ; Dover,  Kent.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


SELICIIII. 


i;5s 


Ptychodus  oweni,  Dixon. 

1850.  P/ychoduH  owani,  F.  Di.xon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  364,  pi.  xxxi. 

Type.  Detaclied  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

Iceth  with  rounded,  moderately  elevated  crowns,  ornamented 
with  widely  separated  ridges,  whieh  rarely  extend  directly  from  side 
to  side,  but  arc  disposed  in  an  irregular  manner ; the  marginal 
fine!}'  marked  area  is  insignificant. 

Ibis  species  is  very  imperfectly  known  and  appears  to  be  rare. 

Form.  Lor.  Senonian  : S.E.  England. 

39125,  39125  a.  Type  specimen  and  four  associated  teeth  ; Upp®'" 
Chalk,  Snodland,  Kent.  One  of  the  teeth,  shown  in  I’h 
fig.  8,  evidently  represents  the  lower  median  row : a few 
of  the  transverse  ridges  upon  the  crown  are  continuous, 
regular,  and  parallel  in  the  middle,  but  those  placed  pos- 
teriorly are  very  irregular  and  discontinuous. 

Bowerhanh  Coll. 

39700.  Abraded  and  worn  tooth,  supposed  lower  median ; Kent. 

Purchased,  1866. 

P.  2688.  Similar  tooth ; Sussex.  Kmiiskillen  Coll. 

28342.  Typical  tooth  ; Lewes,  Sussex.  Di  j'on  Coll. 


Ptychodus  decurrens,  Agassiz. 

1762.  Dem  pUck  Osfracionk,  F.  E.  Bruckmann,  Acta  Phys.  Med 
vol.  ix.  p.  116,  pi.  V.  fig.  4. 

1811.  Palate  of  Unknown  Fish,  J.  Parkinson,  Organic  Kemain.s  vol.  iii- 
pi.  xviii.  fig.  12.  ® 

1839.  Ptychxhm  deeurrms,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  154, 
pi.  XXV.  b.  figs.  1,  2,  4,  6-8  {non  figs.  3,  S). 

1840-45.  Ptychodus  decurrens,  R.  Owen,  Odontography,  vol.'ii.  pD.  xviii., 

Ptychodus  deewrens,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  362,  pi.  xxx. 
figs.  7,  8,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  1,  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  .5. 

18M.  Ptychodus  depressus,  F.  Dixon,  op.  cit.  p.  303,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  0. 

18.52.  Ptychodus  decurrens,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  I’aL  Franc,  pi.  Ixxviii. 
fig.  5. 

18.52.  nychodus  decurrens,  V.  KiprijanofF,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 

P-  P*-  *fi‘-  4',  5. 

186^.  Ptychodus  decurrens,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  llandb.  Petrefakt.  p.  181, 
pi.  xiii.  fig.  59. 


P. 


The  original  of  this  figure  is  a doubtful  tooth  subsequently  assigned  to 
owem  (V.  Kiprijanotr,  toe.  cit.  1881,  pt.  jj,  p,  2). 


II  yliokatid.t:. 


139 


18o0.  Ptychodus  polyyyrvf,  C.  K.  Fisclier,  Allgein.  deutsclie  uaturh. 
Zeit.  Dresden,  n.  s.  vol.  ii.  p.  140,  figs.  3]-4i:l. 

1872.  Ptychodua  dectirnms,  H.  E.  .Sauvage,  Iliblioth.  Ecole  Hautes 
Etudes,  vol.  V.  art.  9,  p.  18. 

1875.  Ptychidus  deci/irens,  11.  I!.  Goinitz,  Palieontographica,  vol.  xx. 
pt.  i.  p.  2SX5,  pi.  Ixiv.  figs.  24,  26. 

1878.  Ptychodua  latksimua,  8t.  Zarecznego,  Sprawozdauie  Komisyi 
Fizyjogi’af.  Galicyi,  vol.  xii.  p.  200,  pi.  viii.  fig.  8. 

1878.  Ptychodus  decurrens,  A.  Fritscli,  Kept.  u.  Fische  bolim.  Kreide- 
form.  p.  14,  fig.  34. 

1882.  Ptychodus  decurrens,  F.  A.  Quenstedt.  llandb.  Petvefakt.  3rd  edit, 
p.  281,  woodc.  fig.  80,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  ()3,  04. 

1887.  Ptychodus  decurrem,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Quart.  .Journ.  Geol. 
Soc.  vol.  xliii.  pp.  123-130,  pi.  x.  figs.  1-10,  13. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; one  in  British  JIusoum. 

The  median  lower  teeth  are  moderately  elevated,  the  coronal 
contour  being  greatly  arched  ; and  the  lateral  teeth,  both  upper  and 
lower,  are  only  slightly  raised.  The  median  transverse  ridges  of 
each  tooth  are  straight,  small,  and  numerous,  aud  at  either  extre- 
mity pass  insensiidy  into  the  finely  marked  marginal  area,  with 
little  or  no  terminal  reflexion  ; sometimes  those  near  the  anterior 
border  are  irregularly  branching  and  broken,  and  aj^proximate  to  a 
diagonal  direction. 

The  arrangement  of  the  complete  dentition  of  this  species  is 
known,  and  two  types  are  distinguishable.  In  the  one  described  by 
the  present  writer,  loc.  ciL,  the  lower  median  teeth  ai'e  remarkably 
high,  and  both  these  and  the  first  lateral  series  are  much  trans- 
versely elongated.  In  the  second  type,  made  known  both  by  Dixon 
and  the  present  writer,  the  lower  median  teeth  are  less  elevated, 
and  both  these  and  the  first  lateral  series  are  considerably  longer  in 
proportion  to  their  breadth.  The  latter  dentition  may  belong  to  a 
distinct  species  {P.  depressus,  Dixon),  but,  upon  present  evidence, 
it  can  only  be  regarded  as  a variety. 

Form.  Loc.  Senonian  and  Turonian  : S.E.  England  and  France. 
Txironian  and  Cenomanian  : Germany  and  Bohemia. 

E.xcept  when  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  were  ob- 
tained from  undetermined  horizons  in  the  Upper  or  Lower  Chalk; — 

P.  5449.  Lo-wer  median  tooth,  figured  among  the  type-specimens  of 
P.  decurrens  by  Agassiz,  tom.  eit.  pl.  xxv.  h.  fig.  8 ; Lewes, 
Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 

25773-4,  25776.  Three  varieties  of  lower  median  teeth,  figured  by 
Dixon,  op.  eit.  pi.  xxx.  figs.  7,  8,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  1;  Brighton, 
Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 


140 


SELACHII. 


28344.  A group  of  eight  small  lateral  teeth,  and  several  detached 
examples ; Brighton.  Dixon  Coll. 

49852.  Two  very  small  teeth  ; Dorking,  Surrey.  Capron  Coll. 

47279.  Two  lower  teeth  ; Dorking.  Purchased,  1876. 

P.  5851.  Median  upper,  and  one  other  small  tooth ; Lower  Chalk, 
Guildford,  Surrey.  ' Capron  Coll. 

P.  1378.  Group  of  about  ninety  naturally  associated  teeth,  pertain- 
ing to  hoth  jaws  ; Kent.  This  and  the  throe  following 
specimens  comprise  teeth  agreeing  exactly  with  those  of 
the  very  complete  fossil  in  the  Willett  Collection,  Brighton, 
described  and  figured  by  the  present  writer,  loe.  cit.  p.  125, 
pi.  X.  figs.  4-10.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2678.  Group  of  about  eighty  naturally  associated  teeth  of  small 
size ; Kent.  Phtnislcillen  Coll. 

P.  379.  Group  of  about  forty  naturally  associated  teeth ; Kent. 

Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Dude,  1881. 

33247.  Group  of  seventeen  naturally  associated  teeth  ; Kent.  One 
of  the  much-worn  lower  median  teeth  is  described  and 
figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  dt.  p.  128,  pi.  x.  fig.  13. 

Taylor  Coll. 

38564-5.  Nine  teeth  of  upper  jaw  in  natural  position,  pertaining  to 
the  median  and  first  two  lateral  rows  of  the  left  side, 
described  and  figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  dt. 
p.  125,  pi.  X,  fig.  3 ; also  three  detached  teeth  from  the 
same  jaw;  Lower  Chalk,  Hailing,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1864. 

36636.  Thirteen  associated  lower  teeth ; Lower  Chalk,  Hailing. 

Purchased,  1862. 

30545,  33248,  36637,  43096,  44621.  Five  lower  median  teeth  from 
the  Chalk  of  various  localities  in  Kent.  Purchased. 

47903.  Seven  lower  teeth,  of  large  size,  pertaining  to  the  median 
and  first  lateral  series ; near  Maidstone. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Marsham,  1877. 

32748—9.  Seven  large  lower  teeth,  pertaining  to  the  median  and  first 
lateral  series ; Lower  Chalk,  Burham,  Kent.  One  of  the 
median  teeth  measures  0’065  transversely  by  0'045 
antero-posteriorly.  Purchased,  1857. 


MTLIOBATID^. 


J41 


32748  a,  36638.  Five  small  teeth ; Lower  Chalk,  Durham. 

Purchased,  1857,  1862. 

P.  1377.  Group  of  eight  small  lateral  teeth ; Lower  Chalk,  Kent. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

35883.  Lower  median  tooth,  with  much  elevated  crown  ; Lower 
Chalk,  Dover,  Kent.  Purchased,  1861. 

47282,  47284.  Nine  detached  teeth,  mostly  of  the  lower  jaw,  but 
including  one  median  upper  tooth  ; Lower  Chalk,  Dover. 

Purchased,  1876. 

P.  5331.  Detached  tooth  ; Cherry  Hinton,  Cambridgeshire. 

Cracherode  Bequest. 

29041.  Three  teeth,  including  one  upper  median,  and  one  of  the 
upper  first  lateral  series ; Whittington,  Norfolk. 

Presented  by  G.  B.  Hose,  Esq.,  1854. 

35020.  Large  tooth,  probably  referable  to  the  first  lateral  row 
of  the  upper  dentition  of  P.  decurrens  ; Greensand, 
Regensburg,  Davaria.  Purchased,  1860. 

P.  1379.  Large  tooth,  probably  referable  to  the  first  lateral  row  of 
the  lower  dentition  of  P.  decurrens ; Greensand,  Lippe, 
Westphalia.  Eyerton  Coll. 

The  following  specimens  mostly  belong  to  the  depressed  variety, 

with  narrow  first  lateral  series  of  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  : — 

28348-9.  Type  specimen  of  P.  depressus,  Dixon,  and  a similar 
tooth  ; Sussex.  Coll. 

28343.  Eight  naturally  associated  teeth;  Lower  Chalk,  Brighton. 

DLvon  Coll. 

4361.  Group  of  about  seventy  teeth,  naturally  associated  in  block 
of  Chalk ; Lewes.  Mantell  Coll. 

P.  5393.  Two  groups  of  seven  and  nine  teeth  respectively  ; near 

Lewes.  Ih-esented  by  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

39436.  Group  of  about  23  teeth,  naturally  associated  with  fragments 
of  cartilage  and  vertebrae,  from  the  Sussex  Chalk.  The 
vertebra;  are  of  the  same  type  as  the  one  described  by 
C.  Hasso  (he.  cit.)  as  Selache  Bowerhanh  Coll. 

39134.  Portion  of  lower  dentition,  showing  21  teeth  in  natural 
order,  described  and  figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc. 
cit.  p.  124,  pi.  X.  fig.  2 ; Dorking,  Surrey. 

Bowerhanh  Coll. 


142 


SELACHII. 


40056.  Group  of  thirty-four  teeth,  of  which  twenty-three  are  ar- 
ranged in  natural  order.  The  sjiecimen  is  described  and 
figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  123,  pi.  x.  fig.  h 
and  was  probably  obtained  from  the  Chalk  of  Maidstone. 

Purchased,  1866. 

30546.  Ten  naturally  associated  teeth,  including  one  lower  median 
and  one  upper  median  tooth,  probably  from  the  Chalk  of 
Maidstone.  Purchased,  1856. 

30547-8.  Twelve  teeth  not  improbably  found  with  the  last  group. 

Purchased,  1866. 

39138.  Twenty-one  naturally  associated  teeth,  two  abnomal  and 
much  worn,  and  exhibiting  considerable  irregularity  in 
the  surface-markings  ; Wouldham,  Rochester,  Kent. 

Bowerhanh  Coll- 

39137.  Group  of  about  45  teeth,  naturally  associated;  Lower  Chalk, 
Hailing,  Kent.  Buiverhanlc  Coll- 

41241.  Twelve  teeth,  including  one  lower  median,  found  associated; 

Lower  Chalk,  Hailing.  Purchased,  1 868. 

46962.  Nine  teeth  ; Lower  Chalk,  Burham,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1876. 

47279.  Nine  teeth,  including  two  lower  median ; Lower  Chalk, 

Purchased,  1876. 

39125.  Nine  coarsely  marked  teeth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Snodland,  Kent. 

Bowerbanh  CoU> 

P.  4550.  Eleven  teeth ; Kent.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

47904.  Pour  (?  lower)  teeth  ; locality  unknown. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  liohert  Marshaw,  1877. 

39132.  Seven  teeth  ; Triiig,  Herts.  Boiverbank  Coll. 

P.  5852.  Laterally-worn  tooth  ; Cherry  Hinton,  Cambridgeshire. 

Urcu-herode  Bequest. 

28351.  Detached  tooth  ; near  Cambridge.  DLvon  Coll. 

29038.  Seven  small  teeth  ; Swaffham,  Norfolk. 

Presented  by  C.  B.  Bose,  Esq.,  1854. 

28721.  Detached  tooth,  probably  of  this  species;  Upper  Greensand, 
Tournai,  Belgium.  Purchased,  1853. 


MYLIOIiATID.^J. 


143 


Ptychodus  polygyrus,  Agassiz. 

1822.  Teeth  allied  to  Diodon,  G.  A.  Maiitell,  Foss.  South  Downs, 
p.  231,  pi.  xxxii.  figs.  23,  24. 

1837.  Ptychodus  polygyrus,  W.  Buckland,  Geol.  & Min.  2nd  edit, 
vol.  ii.  pi.  xxvii.y. 

1839.  Ptychodus  polygyrm,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  156, 
pi.  XXV.  figs.  4-11,  pi.  XXV.  b,  figs.  21-23. 

1843.  l^ychodus  iatissimus,  L.  Agassiz,  tmn.  cit.  p.  157,  pi.  xxv.  a.  fig.  8. 

1860.  Ptychodus  polygyrus,  11.  \V.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  299,  pi.  .xlii.  figs.  6,  6. 

1850.  Ptychodus  jiolygynis,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  363,  pi.  xxx. 
fig.  9,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  10. 

1860.  Ptychodus  latissitmts,  F.  Dixon,  op.  cit.  p.  xii,  pi.  xxx.  figs.  1,  2. 

1852.  Ptychodus  polygyrvs,  V.  Kiprijanofi)  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xxv.  pt.  ii.  p.  494,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  6. 

1803.  Ptychodus  polygyrus,  S.  J.  Maclde,  Geologist,  vol.  vi.  p.  ICl, 
pi.  ix. 

1868.  IHychodus  polygyrus,  .1.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
p.  208. 

1887.  I'tychodus  polygynis,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xliii.  p.  127,  pi.  x.  fig.  11. 

Typie.  Detached  teeth  ; British  Museum  (in  jiart). 

The  median  transverse  ridges  upon  the  dental  crown  are  relatively 
large,  and  curve  round  more  or  less  at  the  lateral  extremities,  being 
sometimes  completely  reflexed.  The  finely  marked  marginal  area 
is  usually  of  considerable  extent  and  granulated,  showing  only  a 
tendency  towards  concentric  rugosity  immediately  adjoining  the 
extremities  of  the  median  transverse  ridges. 

Among  the  specimens  at  first  referred  to  this  species,  Agassiz 
distinguished  four  types,  which  he  considered  might  possibly  prove 
to  be  specifically  distinct.  In  the  absence  of  more  satisfactory 
materials,  however,  it  is  stiU  advisable  to  retain  the  original 
arrangement. 

Form.  Loc.  Senonian  and  Turonian  : 8.E.  England,  France, 
Belgium,  Eussiii.  Upper  Cretaceous  : United  States,  America. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  were  obtained 
from  undetermined  horizons  in  the  Upper  or  Lower  Chalk  : — 

4385,  4408,  4413.  Three  of  the  type  specimens  figured  by  Agassiz, 
tom.  cit.  pi.  xxv.  figs.  4,  5,  8 ; Lewes.  Mantell  Coll. 

4452.  Plaster  cast  of  lower  tooth,  referred  to  P.  Iatissimus  by 
Agassiz,  tom.  cil.  p.  1,57,  pi.  xxv.  a.  fig.  8 ; Sussex  (?). 

Mantell  Coll. 


144 


SKLACmi. 


4387,  4407,  4410-18.  Five  teeth,  the  third  figured  in  Maiitell’s 
Foss.  S.  Downs,  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  24 ; Lewes.  Mantell  Coll. 

39123.  Lower  median  footh,  figured  in  Dixon’s  Foss.  Suss.  pi.  xxx. 

fig.  1 (P.  latissimun).  Bowerhank  Coll. 

85771.  Tooth  of  uncertain  position,  figured  by  Dixon,  op.  cit. 
pi.  xxx.  fig.  2 (P.  latissimus) ; Southeram,  Sussex. 

Dixon  Coll. 

25772.  Tooth  figured  by  Dixon,  op.  at.  pi.  xxx.  fig.  9 ; Lewes. 

Dixon  Coll. 

25825.  Very  large  lower  median  tooth;  Lewes.  DLvon  Coll. 

28338.  Nine  large  teeth  ; Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

28337,  28340.  Six  teeth,  naturally  associated,  and  twenty-one 
others  ; Lewes.  DLvon  Coll. 

P.  5394.  Six  detached  teeth  ; near  Lewes. 

Presented  by  P.  B.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

P.  2690.  One  small  lower  median  tooth,  and  two  others ; Sussex. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2686.  One  large  lower  median  tooth,  and  two  other  teeth,  very 
flat  ; Sussex.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5450.  Seven  naturally  associated  small  teeth  ; Su.ssox. 

Purchased. 

44171.  Tooth  in  flint ; Seaford,  Sussex.  Purchased,  1870. 

49845.  Detached  tooth;  Upper  Chalk,  St.  Catherine’s  Hill,  Guild- 
ford. Capron  Coll. 

43094.  Kelatively  long  tooth,  probably  lower  median,  described  and 
figured  in  the  ‘Geologist,’  vol.  vi.  p.  101,  pi.  ix. ; Kent. 

Wetherell  Coll. 

40144.  Lower  median  tooth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Charlton,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1860. 

33251.  Similar,  but  larger,  tooth  ; Kent.  Taylor  Coll. 

33231.  Large  tooth,  possibly  lower  median  ; Northfleet,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1857. 

P.  318.  Large  tooth  with  narrow  peripheral  granulated  area; 

Charing,  Kent.  Uarris  Coll. 


mtliobatid.t:. 


145 


47905.  Three  lower  median  teeth  of  medium  size,  one  largo  worn 
example,  and  two  lateral  teeth  ; near  Maidstone.  One 
of  the  lower  median  teeth  is  shown  in  PI.  V.  fig.  7. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Marsham,  1877. 

41240.  Much  worn  tooth,  probably  lower  median ; in  Chalk  Flint, 
Bromley,  Kent.  Purchased,  1868. 

42291.  Lower  median  tooth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Rochester,  Kent. 

Ptirchased,  1870. 

39128.  Naturally  associated  aeries  of  nineteen  teeth,  including  one 
lower  median  ; Kent.  Bowerbank  Coll. 

39131.  Fourteen  naturally  associated  teeth  : Chatham,  Kent. 

Bowerbank  Coll. 

33252  a.  Sixteen  naturally  associated  teeth  ; Kent.  Taylor  CM. 

47907.  Group  of  about  eighty  naturally  associated  teeth ; Lower 
Chalk,  Hailing,  Kent. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Marsham,  1877. 

36747.  Group  of  about  fifty  similar  naturally  associated  teeth  ; 

Lower  Chalk,  Burham,  Kent.  Purchased,  1862. 

44837.  Seven  naturally  associated  large  teeth,  including  lower 
median  ; near  Dover. 

Presented  by  Benjamin  Bright,  Esq.,  1873. 

P.  319.  Three  small  teeth,  one  being  upper  median  and  described 
and  figured  by  the  present  writer,  loe.  cit.  p.  127,  pi.  x. 
fig.  11  ; Lenham,  Kent.  Harris  Coll. 

P.  5451.  Twelve  teeth ; Lenham. 

Presented  by  ,Tdhn  Brown,  Esq.,  1852. 

P.  4549.  Three  teeth,  and  one  small  group ; Kent. 

Enniskillen  Coll.  , 

46391.  Two  lower  median  teeth;  Winchester,  Hants. 

Cunnington  Coll. 

41297a,  47282.  Two  lower  median  teeth  of  small  size ; English 
Chalk.  Purchased,  1869,  1876. 

41297-8.  Four  large  teeth  ; English  Chalk.  Purchased,  1869. 

49029.  Seven  teeth  of  large  individual ; Kent.  Mrs.  Smith's  Coll. 

18777.  Four  teeth  of  large  individuals  ; English  Chalk. 

Presented  by  Edward  Charlesworth,  Esq.,  1845. 


146 


SELACHII. 


P.  382-4.  Three  groups  of  naturally  associated  teeth,  one  comprising 
thirteen,  the  second  six,  and  the  third  fourteen ; English 
Chalk.  Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Dude,  1881. 

P.  1394.  Two  teeth  ; France.  Egerton  Coll. 

42861.  Large  tooth ; Antoign,  near  Tournai,  Belgium. 

Van  Breda  Coll. 

P.  4554.  Detached  tooth ; Upper  Chalk,  Ciply,  near  Mons,  Belgium. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

The  following  teeth  are  of  the  flattened  variety  shown  in  Agassiz  s 
pi.  XXV.  figs.  10,  11,  and  pi.  xxv.  6.  fig.  23 : — 

P.  5395.  Detached  tooth  ; near  Lewes. 

Presented  by  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq,,  1888. 

49028.  Six  naturally  associated  teeth,  cemented  by  pyrites ; Dover. 

Mrs.  Smith’s  Coll. 

P.  1393.  Four  broken  teeth  ; Gravesend,  Kent.  Egerton  Coll. 

33258.  Four  similar  but  smaller  teeth ; Upper  Chalk,  Purfleet, 
Essex.  Taylor  Coll. 

P.  380.  Five  naturally  associated  teeth ; Grays,  Essex. 

Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Dude,  1881. 

33252.  Six  naturally  associated  large  teeth  ; Grays.  Taylor  Coll. 

P.  4551.  Five  broken  teeth  ; Normandy.  EnnisTciUen  CoU. 

Ptychodus  multistriatusy  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Teeth  shown  in  PI.  V.  figs.  4-6. 

Teeth  very  similar  to  those  of  P.  poly  gyrus,  but  having  the 
transverse  ridges  upon  the  crown  relatively  much  more  delicate  and 
numerous. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Turonian  and  Senonian  : S.E.  England. 

P.  2681.  Group  of  ten  naturally  associated  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw, 
forming  the  type-specimen.  PI.  V.  fig.  4 represents  a 
median  tooth  inadvertently  placed  with  the  anterior 
border  upwards  ; fig.  5 a first  lateral ; and  fig.  6 an 
outer  series  ; Kent.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  4549  a.  Two  teeth  ; Kent.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  4558.  Crown  of  lower  median  tooth  ; Kent.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


MYtlOBATID^. 


147 


P.  1383.  Group  of  seven  naturally  associated  teeth  ; Kent. 

Egerton  Coll. 

47281.  Two  large  teeth,  probably  a variety  of  this  species  ; Lower 
Chalk,  Dover.  Card  tier  Coll. 

47906.  Similar  lower  median  tooth ; near  Maidstone. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Marsham,  1877. 

33253.  Almost  similar,  but  broader  and  more  perfect  tooth  ; Kent. 

Taylor  Coll. 

P.  5605.  Three  associated  teeth  and  three  others ; Durham,  Kent. 

Harford  Coll. 


Ptychodus  latissimus,  Agassiz. 

1762.  Dens  piscis  Ostracionis,  Briickmann,  Acta  Phys.  Med.  vol.  ix. 
p.  116,  pi.  V.  fig.  3. 

1769.  Zahn  eines  Seejisches,  0.  F.  Wilckens,  Nachr.  Verstein.  Thier- 
reicbes,  p.  81,  figs,  xlv.-xlvii. 

1811.  Fish  Palate,  J.  Parkinson,  Org.  Remains,  vol.  iii.  pi.  xix.  fig.  18. 

1822.  Tooth  allied  to  Diodon,  G.  A.  Mantell,  Foss.  South  Downs, 
p.  231,  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  19. 

1822.  Hinterer  kieferzahn  einer  Rochenart  (P),  E.  F.  von  Schlotheim, 
Petrefakt.  Nachtr.  i.  p.  70,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  2. 

1827.  Diodon,  T.  A.  CatuUo,  Snggio  Zool.  Foss.  pi.  iii.  fig.  C. 

1843.  Ptychodus  latissimus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  167, 
pi.  XXV.  a.  figs.  1-8  (?  fig.  7,  non  fig.  8),  pi.  xxv  h.  figs.  24-26. 

1846.  Ptychodus  latissimus,  A.  E.  Reuse,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreideform. 
pt.  i.  p.  1,  pi.  ii.  figs.  6-8. 

1845.  Ptychodus  deeurrens,  A.  E.  Reuss,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  1,  pi.  ii. 
figs.  9, 10. 

1846.  Ptychodus  latissimus,  R.  Owen,  Odontogr.  vol.  ii.  pi.  xvii. 
figs.  1,  2. 

1845.  Ptychodus  latissimtis,  H.  B.  Geinitz,  Versteinerungsk.  p.  167, 
pi.  vii.  fig.  8. 

1860.  Ptychodus  latissimus,  H.  B.  Geinitz,  Charact.  bohm.-sachsisch. 
Kreidegeb.  2nd  edit.  p.  63,  pi.  vii.  fig.  6,  pi.  xvii.  figs.  1-3. 

1860.  Ptychodus  schlotheimi,  H.  B.  Geinitz,  op.  cit.  p.  63,  pi.  xvii. 
figs.  4,  6. 

1860.  Ptychodus  paucisulcatus,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  863,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  3. 

1861.  Ptychodus  latissimus,  F.  Oswald,  Zeitschr.  deutsch.  geoL  Ges. 
vol.  iii.  p.  631. 

1862.  Ptychodus  latissimus,  V.  Kiprijanoff, Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xxv.  pt.  ii.  p.  483,  pi.  xii.  figs.  1,  2. 

1870.  Ptychodus  latissimus,  F.  Roemer,  Geol.  Oberschlesien,  p.  323, 
pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  7. 

1873.  Ptychodus  latissimus,  F.  Stoliczka,  Cret.  Fauna  S.  India  (Pal. 
Ind.),  vol.  iv.  pt.  iv.  p.  66,  pi.  xii.  fig.  16. 


1.2 


148 


8ELACHII. 


1876.  Ptt/chodus  latissimus,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  Palseontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  ii. 
p.  212,  pi.  xl.  figs.  16-22. 

1878.  Ptychodus  latissimus,  A.  Fritsch,  Kept.  u.  Fische  bohm.  Kreide- 
form.  p.  15,  ■woodcut  fig.  30. 

1887.  Ptychodus  paiicisulcatus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol. 
8oc.  vol.  xliii.  p.  127,  pi.  x.  fig.  12. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  very  similar  to  those  of  P.  polygyrus,  but  having  the 
median  transverse  coronal  ridges  of  enormous  size,  never  completely 
reflexcd  at  the  extremities. 

As  proved  by  a specimen  in  the  Brighton  Museum,  the  lower 
median  tooth  of  this  species  is  very  coarsely  marked.  The  specimen 
figured  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xxv.  a.  fig.  8,  must  thus  be  regarded 
as  the  lower  median  tooth  of  P.  polygyrus. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Turonian  and  Senonian:  S.E.  England,  Germany, 
Bohemia,  and  Russia. 

Except  when  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  were  ob- 
tained from  undetermined  horizons  in  the  Upper  or  Lower  Chalk  : — 

4358.  Group  of  twelve  naturally  associated  teeth,  including  two 
of  upper  median  series,  one  of  which  is  described  and 
figured  by  the  present  writer,  loe.  cit. ; Lowes. 

Mantell  Coll. 

4355,  4360, 4368.  Group  of  ten  naturally  associated  teeth,  including 
one  of  lower  median  series,  another  of  five,  another  of 
six  teeth,  and  a smaller  group  of  nine  teeth ; Lewes. 

Mantell  Coll. 

4369,  4371-2,  4374.  Two  large  and  two  smaller  teeth ; Lewes. 

Mantell  Coll. 

P.  5396.  Large  tooth ; near  Lewes. 

Presented  by  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

25826.  Type  specimen  of  Ptychodus  paucisidcatus,  Dixon  ; Sussex. 

Dixon  Coll. 


25826  a,  28335,  28346.  Six  teeth ; Southeram,  Sussex. 

Dixon  Coll. 


28341.  Group  of  five  small  teeth;  Lewes. 
28339.  Eleven  small  teeth ; Lewes. 
49847.  Four  fragmentary  teeth  ; Lewes. 
P.  1394  a.  Lower  median  tooth ; Sussex. 


Dixon  Coll. 
Dixon  Coll. 
Capron  Coll. 
Egerfon  Coll. 


WYLIOBATID^. 


149 


P.  2684.  Coarsely  marked  large  tooth  ; English  Chalk. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

39129.  Very  large,  nearly  perfect  tooth  ; near  Croydon,  Surrey. 

Bowerhank  Coll. 

P.  5337.  Similar  tooth  ; English  Chalk.  History  unknown. 

P.  385-6.  Large  tooth,  and  two  groups  of  three  naturally  associated 
small  teeth  ; English  Chalk. 

Presented  hy  the  Earl  of  Dude,  1881. 

49848.  Small  tooth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Guildford.  Caj>ron  Coll. 

47469.  Twelve  detached  side-teeth,  probably  found  associated ; 

•near  Rochester,  Kent.  Purchased,  1876. 

47908.  Very  coarsely  ridged  largo  tooth  ; near  Maidstone,  Kent. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  liohert  Marsham,  1877. 

28345.  Large  tooth ; Kent.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  1382.  Detached  crown  of  large  tooth,  and  three  smaller  teeth  ; 

Kent.  Eyerton  Coll. 

37350.  Large  tooth  embedded  in  flint ; Suffolk.  Wetherell  Coll. 
P.  5864..  Large  lower  median  tooth ; Hertford. 

36103.  Very  large  tooth;  Orford,  Suffolk.  Purchased,  1861. 

P.  5336.  Small  tooth  ; Lower  Chalk,  Heytesbury,  Wilts. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

47498.  Plaster  cast  of  specimen  figured  by  Fritsch,  ojy.  dt. ; Lower 
Chalk,  near  Koschtitz,  Bohemia. 

Presented  hy  Prof.  Dr.  Anton  Fdtsch,  1876. 

28335.  Two  small  teeth,  probably  pertaining  to  young  of  this 
species ; Brighton.  Dixon  Coll, 

4373.  Small  tooth,  doubtfully  of  this  species,  figured  by  Mantell, 
op.  dt.  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  25 ; Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 

Ptychodus  mortoni,  Mantell  *. 

1834.  Palate-bones  of  a fish?,  S.  G.  Morton,  Synopsis  Org.  Remains 
Cretaceous  U.  S.  A,  pi.  xviii.  figs.  1,  2. 

* This  species  is  recorded  as  Platychodvs  mortoni  in  a “ Catalogue  of  Fossils 
in  Lorenzo  G-.  Yates’  Collection,  Santa  Barbara,  Cal."  (1886),  p.  20  ; but  the 
present  writer  has  failed  to  discover  the  authority  for  the  generic  name. 


160 


BELACHII. 


1839.  Ptychodui  mortoni  (Mantell  MS.),  S.  Q.  Morton,  Joum.  Aca 
Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  vol.  viii.  p.  216,  pi.  xi.  fig.  7. 

1843.  Ptyehodm  mortoni,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  P-  1 > 

pi.  XXV.  figs.  1-3.  _ 

1868.  Ptyehodm  mortoni,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  p. 

1887.  Ptyehodm  mortoni,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  oc. 
vol.  xliii.  p.  130. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  similar  in  form  to  those  of  the  typical  species  of  Ptyehodm, 
hut  differing  in  having  the  centre  of  the  crown  raised  into  a sharp 
point,  from  which  strong  branching  ridges  diverge ; the  broa 
marginal  area  is  marked  with  an  almost  reticulate  ornament.  ^ 

The  tooth  from  the  English  Chalk  referred  to  this  species  y 
Dixon  ' is  at  present  doubtfully  determined. 

Form.  ^ Loo.  Cretaceous  : Alabama,  TJ.S.A. ; also  Niobrara  re- 
taceous  of  Kansas  {Cope). 

28394.  Tooth  described  and  figured  by  Agassiz,  loo.  cit. ; Alab^a- 

Mantell  Coll- 

35586-9.  Four  detached  teeth,  one  being  perfect  and  unworn,  the 
others  worn  at  the  apex ; Alabama.  _ 

Presented  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Mallet, 

P.  1381.  Two  detached  teeth,  one  exhibiting  perfectly  the  super^ial 
coronal  markings  ; Alabama.  Egerton  o 

P.2687.  Eleven  detached  teeth.  One  is  of  very  large  size,  measuring 

0-05  in  breadth.  Alabama.  Enniskillen  Coil. 

Whole  or  fragmentary  teeth  of  Ptyehodus,  from  which  the  coronal 
layer  of  gano-dentine  has  been  broken  away  by  post-mortem  abrasion, 
are  sometimes  discovered  in  the  Chalk.  One  of  these  forms  the  type 
of  Aulodus  ayassizi^,  and  the  two  following  specimens  are  so 
figured  by  Dixon  as  “ Nascent  teeth  of  Ptyehodus.” 

28350.  Abraded  tooth,  figured  in  Dixon’s  Foss.  Suss.  pi. 
fig.  5 ; Chalk,  Sussex. 

39124.  Large  abraded  tooth,  figured  op.  cit.  pi.  xxx.  fig.  4 ; Chalk, 
Maidstone.  Bowerbank  Col  . 


^ Foss.  Subs.  pi.  xxxi.  figs.  6,  7. 

* See  Proo.  Geol.  Abboc.  vol.  x.  (1888),  p.  298. 


MTLIOBATIDa. 


161 


In  the  Collection  there  are  also  similar  teeth  and  fragments  from 
Burham  (41697),  Greenhithe  (P.  5452),  Bromley  (41698),  and 
Dover  (35871,  35875,  47285)  in  Kent,  besides  from  localities  in 
Sussex  (28389),  and  from  'Warminater,  Wilts  (46394). 

The  following  vertebrce  are  of  the  same  type  as  those  associated 
with  the  group  of  teeth  of  Ptychodus  decurrens  referred  to  above 
(no.  39436).  As  already  remarked,  a similar  vertebra  has  been 
described  in  detail  by  C.  Hasse,  under  the  name  of  Selache  dav- 
i[e']si.  The  radiating  lamellae  are  merely  represented  by  faint  lines 
upon  the  “ central  double-cone,”  while  the  concentric  lamellae  are 
numerous  and  well  developed  ; these  vertebrae  thus  appear  to  the 
present  writer  to  be  truly  “ tectospondylic,”  and  quite  comparable 
with  those  of  Myliobatis,  only  differing  from  the  latter  in  the 
presence  of  small  uncalcified  areas  having  the  form  of  an  X when 
viewed  in  transverse  section. 

4214-5.  Two  small  series  of  imperfect  vertebrae ; Chalk,  Sussex. 

ManteU  Coll. 

P.  4641.  Broken  specimens  in  chalk,  one  partly  shown  in  transverse 
section,  and  others  in  longitudinal  section ; Sussex. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

33295.  Large  imperfect  vertebra ; Gravesend,  Kent. 

Presented  by  M.  Wright,  Esq.,  1868. 

49016.  Vertebra  and  fragments;  Kent.  Mrs.  Smith’s  Coll. 

40644.  Detached  specimen  much  broken,  enclosed  in  flint ; Chalk, 
Norwich.  Presented  by  W.  Firth,  Esq.,  1864. 

The  following  species  of  Ptychodus  have  also  been  founded  upon 
detached  teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Ptychodtis  janevaii : Sporetodus  janevaii,  E.  D.  Cope,  in  Hayden’s 
Bulk  U.  S.  GeoL  Surv.  Territ.  no.  2,  1874,  p.  47. 
P.  janewayii,  E.  D.  Cope,  Vert.  Cret.  Form.  West  (U.  8. 
Gcol.  Surv.  Territ.  1875),  p.  244. — Cretaceous  (Niobrara 
Epoch) ; Kansas,  IJ.S.A. 

Ptychodus  occidentalis,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
1868,  p.  207  ; also  Extinct  Vert.  Fauna  West  Territ. 
(U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ.  1873),  p.  298,  pi.  xvii.  figs.  7, 
8,  pi.  xviii.  figs.  15-18. — Cretaceous  (Niobrara  Epoch) ; 
Smoky  Hill,  Kansas,  IJ.S.A. 


152 


SELACHJI. 


Ptjjchudus  papillosus,  E.  D.  Cope,  Yert.  Cret.  Form.  West  (U.  S. 
Geol.  iSurv.  Tcrrit.  1875),  p.  294. — Cretaceous  ; Colorado. 

Ptijtihodus  triunpularig,  A.  E.  lleuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreideform. 
1845,  pt.  i.  p.  2,  pi.  ii.  figs.  14—19.  Toetb  very  doubt- 
fully placed  in  this  genus  and  referred  to  Acrodus  by 
A.  Fritsch,  Kept.  u.  Fische  bohm.  Kreideform.  1878, 
p.  16,  fig.  38. — Upper  Cretaceous  ; Bohemia. 

Piychodus  wMppdeyi,  J.  Marcou,  Geol.  N.  America,  1858,  p-  33, 
pi.  i.  fig.  4;  J.  Leidy,  Extinct  Vert.  Fauna  West  lerrit. 
(U.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  Territ.  1873),  p.  300,  pi.  xviii.  figs- 
20;  J.  S.  Newberry,  Eep.  Expl.  Exped.  from  Santa  Fe 
to  Colorado,  1876,  p.  137,  pi.  iii.  fig.  2. — Cretaceous 
(Niobrara  Epoch) ; Colorado,  Kansas,  New  Mexico,  U-S.A. 

M ith  the  Myliobatidse  may  also  perhaps  be  associated  the  small, 
flattened,  rhomhoidal  teeth  from  the  Upper  Chalk  of  Maastricht, 
Holland,  described  under  the  name  of  lUiombodns  hinkhorsti, 
W.  Dames,  Sitzungsb.  Gesell.  naturf.  Freuude,  Berlin,  1881,  P- 
woodcuts. 


Family  TRYGONlDiE. 

Pectoral  fins  uninterruptedly  continued  to,  and  confluent  at,  the 
extremit)’'  of  the  snout.  Tail  slender,  sharply  marked  off  from  the 
disk.  Vertical  fins  absent  or  imperfectly  developed,  often  re- 
placed by  strong  serrated  spines. 

Genus  TRYGON,  Cuvier  (“  ex  Adanson  ”). 

[Begne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  136.] 

Genus  T.ffi]>IIURA,  Miiller  & Henle. 

[Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiost.  1841,  p.  171.] 

The  known  fossil  representatives  of  these  two  genera  have  not 
hitherto  been  exhaustively  studied  and  described.  Prof.  Dr.  Carl 
Hasso  has  made  known  * a detached  vertebra,  from  the  Low'er 
Chalk  (Aptian)  of  Dizier,  considered  to  bo  referable  to  Tryyon  or  an 
allied  genus  ; E.  Lawley  ^ has  referred  a Pliocene  dermal  tubercle 
to  a species  named  T.  tair/ionii ; and  several  nearly  comi)lete  fishes, 
probably  rightly  placed  here,  have  been  discovered  in  the  Middle 
Eoc.ene  limestone  of  Monte  Bolca,  near  Verona.  One  of  the  latter 

' IS'atiirl.  Elasinobr.,  B.-eond.  Tbcil,  p.  M-1.  pi.  xix.  figs.  4,  5,  6. 

’ Nuovi  Sliuli  I’esca  foss.  Colline  Tobcusic,  1870,  p.  45,  pi.  ii.  fig-  4. 


TRrGONID^. 


163 


was  first  figured  by  Volta',  under  the  name  of  Raja  muricata,  and 
subsequently  assigned  to  Trygonohatus  vulgaris  by  de  BlainviUe 
The  same  specimen  was  afterwards  named  by  Agassiz  * Trygon  gaz- 
zolce ; and  more  recently  Molin ' and  Baron  de  Zigno  ‘ have  founded 
the  genus  Alexandrinum  upon  a very  similar  fossil,  which  is  not 
clearly  distinguished  either  by  the  figure  or  in  the  descriptions. 
A second  species  was  described  by  de  BlainviUe  (loc.  cit.)  as  Trygo- 
nobatus  crassicaudatus,  and  likewise  re-named  by  Agassiz  (loc.  cit.) 
Trygon  oblongus. 

The  small  fragment  of  tail,  with  caudal  spine,  originally  figured 
upon  Volta’s  plate  of  “■Raja  muricata”  has  been  identified  with 
other  more  recently  discovered  specimens  considered  by  Heckcl  ® 
and  Molin to  he  referable  to  Tceniura,  and  accordingly  named 
T.  hnerii. 

Another  Monte  Bolca  fossil  has  been  described  by  Molin  “ as  re- 
ferable to  Anacanthus,  Ehrenb.  (=  Urogymnus,  Miill.  & Henle),  and 
named  A.  zigni.  Neither  this  description,  however,  nor  Baron  de 
Zigno’s  subsequent  figure  * appears  to  place  the  generic  determina- 
tion beyond  doubt.  There  are  no  dermal  asperities  such  as  specially 
characterize  the  living  Urogymnus,  and  it  seems  quite  possible  that 
the  brevity  of  the  tail  and  the  absence  of  caudal  spines  may  be 
merely  due  to  accident  in  preservation. 

The  New  Zealand  fossil  teeth  and  spines  named  Trygon  ensifer, 
J.  W.  Da'sds  (Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iv.  (1888),  p.  37, 
pi.  vi.  figs.  13-15),  are  evidently  not  Selachian.  Equally  doubtful 
also  is  the  so-called  Trygon  pastinacoides,  van  Bcneden  (T.  C.Winkler, 
Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iii.  1874,  p.  304),  from  the  Bruxcllian 
Eocene  of  Belgium. 

Genus  XIPHOTRYGON,  Cope. 

[Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  xiii.  1879,  p.  333.] 

Syn.  Ileliobatia,  O.  C.  Marsh,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  [3]  vol.  xiv.  1877 
p.  266  (undefined). 

Distinguished  from  Trygon  by  the  cuspidate  character  of  the  teeth. 

* Ittiolit.  Veron.  1706,  p.  37,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1. 

= Nouv.  Diet.  d’Hist.  Nat.  vol.  xxvii.  (1818),  p.  336. 

’ Neues  Jahrb.  1835,  p.  297.  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  382**. 

* SiUungsb.  math.-nat.  Cl.  k.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xlii.  (1861),  p.  579. 

' Mem.  B.  Istit.  Veneto,  vol.  xviii.  (1874),  p.  299,  pi.  xii.  (A.  molinii). 

‘ Sitzuiigsb.  math.-nat.  Cl.  k.  Ak.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  vii.  (1851),  p.  324. 

’ Loc.  cit.  vol.  xlii.  (1861),  p.  581.  » Ihid.  p.  578. 

' Mem.  R.  Istit.  Veneto,  vol.  iviii.  (1874),  p.  298,  pi.  xi. 


164 


iRLACHII. 


Xiphotrygon  acutideus.  Cope. 

1877.  Heliobatis  radians,  0.  C.  Marsh,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  [3]  vol.  xiv. 
p.  266  (undefined). 

1879.  Xiphotrygon  acutidcns,  E.  D.  Cope,  Amer.  Nat.  p.  333. 

1884.  Xiphotrygon  acuiidens,  E.  D.  Cope,  Vert.  Tert.  Form.  West, 
Book  1.  (Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Suit.  Territ.  vol.  iii.),  p.  30,  pi.  !• 
figs.  1,  6. 

Type.  Complete  skeleton. 

Disk  longer  than  broad,  and  pectoral  fins  prolonged  anteriorly 
into  a pointed  median  projection.  Caudal  spines,  triangular  in 
section,  three. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Middle  Eocene  (Green  River  Shales)  : Twin  Creek, 
S.W.  Wyoming,  U.S.A. 


Genus  UROLOPHUS,  Muller  & Henlo. 

[Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiost.  1841,  p.  173.] 

Tail  of  moderate  length,  with  a distinct  rayed  terminal  fin  and  a 
barbed  spine  ; rudimentary  dorsal  fin  sometimes  present.  Mouth 
and  dentition  as  in  Trygon. 


Urolophns  princeps,  Heckel. 


1864.  Urolophus  princeps,  J.  J.  Heckel,  Sitzungsb.  math.-nat.  Cl.  k.  Ak. 

Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xi.  p.  124. 

1863.  Urolophus  princeps,  R.  Kner  & F.  Steindachner,  Denkschr.  k. 

Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xxi.  p.  82,  pi.  vi.  fig.  2. 

Type.  Complete  skeleton  ; Hof-Museum,  Vienna. 

Disk  broader  than  long ; snout  apparently  not  projecting.  Tail 
shorter  than  disk ; caudal  spine  extremely  largo ; terminal  rayed 
fin  well  developed.  Skin  with  small  granular  calcifications,  not 
spinous. 

Form.  Loc.  Middle  Eocene  ; Monte  Postale,  N.  Italy. 


A vertebra  from  the  Middle  Eocene  (Bruxellian)  of  Etterbeck, 
Belgium,  is  referred  to  an  undetermined  species  of  Urolophus  by  C. 
Hasse,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasm.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  147,  pi.  xix.  figs.  10- 
14.  Others,  from  beds  of  corresponding  age  in  Samland,  East 
PrMsia,  are  described  as  Urolophus  (?)  Ucuneatus  by  F.  Noetling, 
Abh.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preussen  u.  Thiiring.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 
(1885),  p.  34,  pi.  vii.  fig.  8,  pi.  viii.  fig.  H. 


TETSONID^. 


165 


Genus  CYCLOBATIS,  Egerton. 

[Proc.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  iv.  1844,  p.  442.] 

Disk  circular  or  oval;  tail  very  short,  only  slightly  projecting, 
without  fins  or  spine.  Kays  of  paired  fins  few  and  well  sepa- 
rated ; pectorals  united  in  front  of  the  head ; pelvics  relatively  small, 
and  scarcely  extending  backwards  beyond  the  posterior  extremity 
of  the  pectorals.  Pelvic  arch  with  enormous  pre-pubic  and  iliac 
processes.  Body  with  one  or  more  median  longitudinal  series  of 
large  spinous  tubercles  extending  from  the  pectoral  arch  posteriorly; 
and  the  remainder  of  the  trunk  and  fins  more  or  less  sparsely  covered 
with  minute  prickles.  Teeth  small,  flattened,  smooth,  either  dia- 
mond-shaped or  discoidal. 

Cyclobatis  oligodactylus,  Egerton. 

1844.  Cyclobatis  oligodactylus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  loc.  cit.  p.  442,  pi.  v. 
1850.  Cyclobatis  oligodactylus,  F.  J.  Pictet,  Poiss.  Foss.  M.  Liban. 
p.  66,  pi.  X.  fig.  4. 

1887.  Cyclobatis  oligodactylus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  iii.  p.  491,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  3. 

1887.  Cyclobatis  oligodactylus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geo).  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iv. 
p.608. 

1888.  Cyclobatis  oligodactylus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  p.  128 
(fig.  of  pelvis). 

Type,  Nearly  complete  skeleton ; British  Museum. 

Fin-rays  comparatively  slender,  widely  spaced,  and  not  more  than 
50  in  number  in  the  pectorals.  Trunk  nearly  or  quite  three  times 
as  long  as  broad. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  TJ.  Cretaceous  (Senonian) : Hakel  and  Djebail, 
Mt.  Lebanon. 

P.  601.  Type  specimen,  male.  From  Djebail.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  4009.  Complete  skeleton,  female  ; from  Hakel.  The  proportions 
scarcely  differ  from  those  of  the  male,  the  first  being  only 
slightly  more  elongated.  Purchased,  1883. 

P.  99.  Disk,  apparently  female,  wanting  parts  anterior  to  mouth  ; 

from  Hakel.  This  specimen  is  referred  to  by  the  present 
writer,  loc.  cit.  Purchased,  1880. 

Cyclobatis  major,  Davis. 

1887.  Cyclobatis  major,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iii.  p.  491,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  1. 

1887.  Cyclobatis  major,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iv. 

p.  608. 


156 


SELACHII. 


Type.  Nearly  complete  disk;  British  Museum. 

Fill-rays  robust,  closely  arranged,  and  more  than  50  (usually 
about  55)  in  number  in  the  pectorals.  Trunk  scarcely  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  broad.  Attains  to  much  largo  dimensions  than 
G.  oliffodactyliis. 

Poem.  ^ Loo.  IT.  Cretaceous  (Senonian)  : Ilakel,  Mt.  Lebanon, 
Syria. 

P.  4011.  Type  specimen  and  counterpart.  Purchased,  1886. 

P.  4010.  Imperfect  disk,  smaller  than  type.  Purchased,  1883. 

P.  100.  Complete  disk,  slightly  obscured  by  matrix. 

Purchased,  1880. 

49514.  Greater  portion  of  disk  and  counterpart,  showing  dermal 
tubercles ; referred  to  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit. 

Purchased,  1878. 

49556.  Incomplete  disk  of  small  individual,  probably  young  of  this 
species.  The  small  dermal  tubercles  are  referred  to  by 
the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  Purchased,  1878. 

Cyclobatis,  sp.  ind. 

A single  specimen  (no.  49557,  purchased  1878)  not  improbably 
indicates  a distinct  species  from  both  tho.se  already  described.  The 
length  of  the  trunk  is  less  than  twice  its  breadth.  The  number  of 
pectoral  fin-rays  agrees  with  that  characterizing  G.  oliyodactylus, 
but  the  fins  are  relatively  broader,  and  the  tail  is  apparently 
longer,  and  armed  with  series  of  large  spinous  tubercles.  The 
specimen  is  referred  to  by  the  present  writer,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iv. 
1887,  p.  509. 

TECTOSPONDYLI  INCERTiE  SEDIS. 

The  two  following  genera  and  species  are  founded  upon  fragments 
of  pectoral  fins,  in  the  Bristol  Museum,  apparently  pertaining  to 
some  type  of  Hay. 

Arthropterus  rileyi,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843), 
p.  379. — Lias  ; Bristol. 

Gyclarthrus  macropterus,L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  382,  pi.  xliv.  fig.  1- 
— Lower  Lias  ; Lyme  Regis,  Dorsetshire. 

The  teeth  described  as  follows  may  also  pertain  to  Rays : — 
Gryphodohatis  uncus,  J.  Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2] 
vol.  viii.  (1877),  p.  249,  pi.  xxxiv.  figs.  8,  9.— Phosphate 
Beds ; South  Carolina. 


NOTIDANIDjE. 


157 


Suborder  II.  JSTEROSPONDYLI. 

Vertebrae,  when  fully  developed,  having  the  radiating  calcified 
laminae  predominating  over  the  concentric  laminae  (asterospondyUc, 
Hasse).  Specialization  resulting  in  no  marked  depression  of  the 
body,  and  the  pectoral  fins  never  growing  forwards  towards  the 
head ; spiracles  of  small  size,  almost  or  quite  absent  in  the  most 
specialized  forms.  Anal  fin  present. 


Division  A. — A single  dorsal  fin  present ; gill-clefts  more 
than  five  in  number. 

Tho  following  primitive  family  is  provisionally  placed  here,  its 
distinctive  subordinal  characters  being  not  yet  very  evident,  but  its 
relationships  being  ob-viously  closer  with  the  Cestraciontidae  than 
with  any  other  hitherto  recognized  family. 


Family  NOTIDANID.F. 

Single  dorsal  fin,  without  spine,  remote;  caudal  fin  large.  No 
nictitating  membrane ; gill-clefts  6-7 : spiracles  small.  Teeth 
with  sharply-pointed  coronal  cusps,  several  scries  simultaneously 
functional. 


Genus  NOTIDANUS,  Cuvier. 

[Ri'gne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  128.] 

Syn.  Heptranchias,  C.  S.  Ilafinesque  Schmalz,  Caratt.  Nuovi  Gen. 
Anim.  Sicilia,  1810,  p.  13. 

JIe.ranchus,  C.  S.  Rafinesque  Schmalz,  op.  cit.  p.  14. 

Monoptertdnus,  II.  D.  de  Blainville,  Hull.  Soc.  Philom.  1816, 
p.  121  fin  part). 

AeUopos,  L.  Agas.siz,  Roiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  376  (in  part). 

Xiphodolamia,  J.  Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii. 
1877,  p.  262. 

Body  moderately  elongated ; mouth  inferior ; gill-openings  six 
or  seven,  without  flaps  of  skin.  Principal  teeth  consisting  of  a 
series  of  compressed  cusps  fixed  upon  a long  base ; all  the  cusjis 
inclined  in  one  direction,  the  anterior  larger  than  tho  others,  with 
or  without  small  denticles  at  its  base  in  front.  Anterior  teeth  of 
the  upper  jaw  clustered,  awl-shaped  ; a median  symphysial  series  in 


158 


BELACHII. 


the  lower  jaw.  Principal  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  less  laterally 
elongated,  with  fewer  cusps  than  those  of  the  lower  jaw.  Noto- 
chord persistent,  except  occasionally  in  the  caudal  region  *. 

Notidanns  muensteri,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Notidanug  muemteri,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  222, 
pi.  xxvii.  figs.  2,  3. 

1849.  Notidanug  muemteri,  Beyrich  & Frisohmann,  Zeitschr.  deutsch. 
geol.  Qes.  vol.  i.  p.  436,  pi.  vi. 

1852.  Notidanus  mmnsteri,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Handb.  Petrefakt.  p.  167 , 
pi.  xiii.  fig.  4. 

1868.  Notidanus  muemteri,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Der  Jura,  p.  783,  pi.  xcvi. 
figs.  33,  34. 

1861.  Notidanus  eximius,  A.  Wagner,  Abh.  k.  bay.  Akad.  Wiss.  cl.  ix. 
vol.  ix.  p.  292,  pi.  iv.  fig.  2. 

1876.  Notidanus  eximius,  K.  Fricke,  Palaeontogr.  vol.  xxii.  p.  394, 
pi.  xxi.  fig.  22. 

1882.  Notidanus  (Neptanchus)  eximius,  C.  Hasse,  NatUrl.  Syst.  Elasm., 
Besond.  Theil,  p.  61,  pi.  vii.  figs.  21-25. 

1886.  Notidanus  eximius,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 
p.  209,  pi.  vi.  figs.  3-6. 

1887.  Notidanus  muemteri, td..  A.von  Zittel,Handb.  Palseont.vol.  iii.  p.66. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

A species  attaining  a maximum  length  of  not  less  than  2-8  metres ; 
snout  rounded  and  obtuse ; anal  fin  smaller  than  the  dorsal,  probably 
not  at  all  opposite  the  latter.  Vertebral  column  as  in  the  existing 
Bubgenus  Neptanchus  (according  to  Hasse).  Principal  cone  in  the 
lateral  teeth  relatively  large  and  broad,  without  anterior  denticles, 
and  followed  by  not  more  than  three  or  four  secondary  cones. 

A nearly  complete  fish  in  the  Munich  Museum  is  made  known  by 
Beyrich  and  Frischmann  and  by  Wagner ; but  the  supposed  young 
individuals  referred  to  by  the  latter  do  not  belong  to  the  family  of 
Notidanidm  (see  Pristiurus). 

Form.  4r  Poe-  Oxfordian  : Bavaria  and  Switzerland.  Corallian  : 
Wiirtemberg  and  Hanover.  Lower  Emmeridgian  : Bavaria  and 
Wiirtemberg. 

22500,  35763,  35763  a.  Three  teeth,  described  and  figured  by  the 
present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  210,  pi.  vi.  figs.  3-5  ; Corallian, 
Schnaitheim,  Wiirtemberg.  Purchased,  1848,  1860. 

22489-91,  35764.  Seven  imperfect  teeth;  Schnaitheim. 

Purchased,  1848,  1860. 

* A.  Kolliker  (Verb,  phys.-med.  Gesell.  Wurzburg,  vol.  x.  1860,  p.  198,  pi.  ii. 
fig.  3)  notes  t.be  presence  of  calcified  caiidal  vertebras  in  Hepfanchut,  feebly 
asterospondylic  in  structure. 


KOTIDAim)^. 


169 


P.  4708.  Tooth  exhibiting  abraded  apex  of  principal  cone,  noticed 
by  the  present  writer,  loc.  eit.  p.  210  ; Scbnaitheim. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  4709.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Scbnaitheim.  Ennislillen  Cull. 

22503.  Upper  tooth,  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species,  figured,  loc. 

cit.  pi.  vi.  fig.  6 ; Scbnaitheim.  Purchased,  1848. 


Notidanus  serratus,  Fraas. 

1856.  Notidanus  serratus,  O.  Fraas,  Wurtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xi.  p.  98. 
1858.  Notidanus  serratus,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Der  Jura,  p.  784,  pi.  xcvi. 
fig.  44. 

1886.  Notidanus  serratus  (?),  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 
p.  212,  pi.  vi.  fig.  7. 

Type.  Group  of  twelve  teeth  ; Tubingen  Museum. 

Principal  cone  of  lower  lateral  teeth  relativel}  large,  strongly 
serrated  anteriorly;  posterior  secondary  cones  often  as  many  as 
seven  in  number,  the  first  two  much  larger  than  the  others.  Base 
of  teeth  depressed. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Corallian  : Wurtemberg.  Oxfordian : Yorkshire. 

35667.  Upper  tooth,  from  the  Oxford  Clay  of  Scarborough,  York- 
shire, doubtfully  assigned  to  this  species  by  the  present 
writer,  loc.  cit.  A subsequent  examination  of  the  type 
specimen  in  Tubingen  has  confirmed  the  determination. 

Purchased,  1859. 


Notidanus  dentatusj  A.  S.  Woodward. 

1886.  Notidanus  dentatus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 
p.  214,  pi.  vi.  figs.  17,  18. 

1888.  Notidanus  dentatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iv.  p.  36,  pi.  vi.  figs.  9-12. 

Type.  Upper  and  lower  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

Principal  cone  of  lower  lateral  teeth  relatively  small ; secondary 
cones  three  or  four  in  number;  anterior  denticulations  of  very 
large  size. 

Form.  4'  Loc.  “ Lower  Greensand  ” : Amuri  BluS,  New  Zealand. 
P.  2303,  P.  2303  a.  Type  specimens.  By  e.vchange,  1876. 


160 


SELACHir. 


Notidanus  lauceolatus,  A.  S.  Woodward. 

1886.  Notidanm  lanceulatus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 
p.  214,  pi.  vi.  fig.  10. 

Type,.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

An  imperfectly  defined  species,  founded  apparently  upon  an  upper 
tooth,  remarkable  for  the  length  and  slenderness  of  the  coronal 
cones,  which  are  few  in  number ; the  two  anterior  denticles  are  of 
large  size. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Gault : (?)  Folkestone. 

P.  1227.  Typo  specimen.  Eyerton  Coll. 

Notidanus  micro  don,  Agassiz. 

1822.  Tooth  of  Squaltia?,  G.  A.  Mantell,  Foss.  South  Downs,  p.  227, 
pi.  xxxii.  fig.  22. 

1843.  Notidanus  miarodon,  L.  Agas.siz,  Poi.ss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  221, 
pi.  xxvii.  fig.  1,  pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  1,  2. 

(P)  1843.  Notidanus  pectinatus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  221,  pi.  xxxvi. 
fig.  3. 

1846.  Notidanus  microdon,  A.  E.  Reus.s,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreideforni. 
pt.  ii.  p.  98,  pi.  xlii.  fig.  8. 

1850.  Notidanus  mirrodon,  II.  B.Geinitz,Charact.  Schiclit.  u.  Potrefakt. 

sachs.-bilhni.  Kreidegeb.  2nd.  edit.  p.  38,  pi.  ix.  fig.  2. 

1850.  Notidanus  microdon,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Su.ssex,  pi.  x.xx.  fig.  30. 

1876.  Notidanus  microdon,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  Palfeontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  ii. 
p.  210,  pi.  xl.  fig.  1. 

1878.  Notidanus  microdon,  A.  Fritscb,  Kept.  u.  Fiaohe  biihm.  Kreide- 
fonn.  p.  12,  woodc.  fig.  25. 

1880.  Notidanus  microdon,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 
p.  213,  pi.  vi.  figs.  10-15. 

1888.  Notidanus  microdon,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  vol.  x. 
p.  287. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Principal  cone  of  lower  lateral  teeth  relatively  large,  sometimes 
slender  and  acutely  pointed  ; secondary  cones  not  more  than  seven 
in  number;  anterior  denticulations  numerous  and  fine,  but  well- 
marked. 

The  teeth  commonly  referred  to  this  species  exhibit  considerable 
variations,  but  none  of  the  observed  differences  can  at  present  be 
regarded  as  of  specific  value.  A series  from  the  English  Chalk  is 
described  and  figured  by  the  present  writer,  lor.  cit. 

Form,  cj-  Loc.  Cambridge  Greensand  : Cambridge.  Chalk  ; Bohemia, 
Germany,  and  S.E.  England. 


NOIIDANIB-E. 


IGl 


4164,  4167-8.  Four  teeth;  Lewes,  Sussex.  One  is  figured  by 
Mantell,  loe.  cit.,  and  another  by  the  present  writer, 
loc.  cit.  pi.  vi.  fig.  1 1.  Mantell  Cull. 

25793-4.  Six  teeth  ; Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 


49936.  Three  teeth  ; Brighton,  Sussex. 
49938.  Tooth ; Newtimber,  Sussex. 
49937.  Tooth;  Guildford,  Surrey. 


Cajiron  Coll. 
Capron  Coll. 
Cajiron  Coll. 


32342,  33175.  Two  teeth,  one  showing  a very  deep  root ; Lower 
Chalk,  Burham,  Kent.  Purchased,  1857. 

46960.  Tooth;  Lower  Chalk,  Burham.  Purchased,  1876. 


47918.  Eight  teeth  ; near  Maidstone. 

Presented  the  Mon.  liohcrt  Marshani,  18/7. 


P.  320.  Three  teeth ; Charing,  Kent. 
41706.  Two  teeth ; Kent. 

44214,  47292.  Three  teeth;  Kent. 


Harris  Coll. 
Touhnin  Smith  Coll. 
Purchased,  1873, 1876. 


44580.  Tooth,  figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  pi.  vi.  fig.  12  ; 

* Purchased,  1873. 


P.  4569.  Four  teeth  ; Kent. 


Ennishillen  Coll. 


29039.  Four  teeth  ; Swaffham,  Norfolk. 

Presented  by  G.  B.  Hose,  Esq.,  1854. 

24927-8.  Three  teeth  and  one  fragment ; Upper  Chalk,  Norwich. 

One  specimen  is  an  anterior  upper  tooth,  figured  by  the 
present  writer,  loc.  cit.  pi.  vi.  fig.  10;  another  is  either  a 

lower  or  upper  lateral  tooth,  figured  loc.  cit.  fig.  13. 

Purchased,  1850. 


35648.  Three  teeth;  Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  One  is  figured,  for.  ct«. 

pi.  vi.  fig.  14.  Bayfield  Coll. 

48950.  Three  teeth;  Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  One  is  figured,  loc. 

cit.  pi.  vi.  fig.  15.  Bayfield  Coll. 

P.  399.  Tooth  in  Chalk  from  uncertain  locality. 

Presented  by  the  Earl  of  Dude,  1881. 

P.  5596.  Seven  teeth  ; Chalk,  Kent.  Harford  Coll. 


162 


SELACHII. 


36595-6.  Eleven  more  or  less  fragmentary  teeth;  Cambridge 
Greensand,  Cambridge.  Purchased,  1862. 

46363.  Three  teeth,  probably  of  upper  jaw ; Cambridge  Greensand. 

Cunninyton  Coll. 

P.  5369.  Twenty  more  or  less  fragmentary  teeth ; Cambridge 
Greensand.  Presented  hi/  James  Carter,  Esq.,  1887. 


Notidanus  serratissimus,  Agassiz. 

1770.  TJem  Squall,  G.  Brander,  Fossilia  Hautonien.sia,  fig.  111. 

1843.  Notidnnus  srrrutmimus,  L.  Agassiz,  I’oiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  222, 
pi.  xxxvi.  tigs.  4,  5. 

1883.  NotiJanus  serratissimus,  II.  B.  Geiuitz,  Abb.  uaturw.  Ges.  Isis 
Dresden,  p.  108,  woodcut. 

1880.  Notidanus  serratissimus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  lii. 
p.  216,  pi.  vi.  tigs.  23-20. 

Tijjie.  Detached  teeth. 

rrincijial  cone  of  lower  lateral  teeth  relatively  large,  with  nume- 
rous strong  anterior  serrations,  diminishing  in  size  downwards  ; 
secondary  cones  sometimes  as  many  as  eight  in  number. 

The  specimens  in  tlie  collection  might,  at  first  sight,  bo  regarded 
as  pertaining  to  two  distinct  species,  the  small  teeth  described  and 
figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  eit,  p.  216,  pi.  vi.  figs.  24-26, 
being  very  different  in  character  from  the  type-specimens  made 
known  by  Agassiz.  A fossil  in  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geology, 
however,  shows  that  the  former  are  immature  teeth,  evidently 
referable  to  a lateral  position  in  the  lower  jaw  of  this  species.  The 
teeth  first  described  were  thus  probably  situated  in  the  upper  jaw. 

A tooth  from  the  Lower  Miocene  of  Zabrze,  Silesia,  described  by 
F.  lloemcr may  belong  either  to  this  species  or  to  N.  primir/enius. 
Some  teeth  from  the  Pliocene  of  Tuscany  are  also  very  similar  to 
tlie  type  specimens  of  N.  serratissimus,  and  those  are  associated  with 
small  lower  teeth  (so-called  N.  tanjionii)  closely  resembling  those 
alluded  to  above. 

Form.  4'  Loc.  Lower  Eocene  (London  Clay) : London  Basin. 
Upper  Eocene  : llelmstedt,  Brunswick. 

24618.  Nine  tcotb  of  the  typical  form  ; Lslc  of  Sheppey.  One  is 
figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  pi.  vi.  fig.  23. 

Pur  chased,  1850. 

■ Geol.  von  Obersehleeicn,  1870,  p.  379,  pi.  xlviii.  fig.  1. 

’ F.  microdon,  R.  Ijawley,  AUi  Soc.  Tosc.  vol.  iii.  1877,  p.  70,  pi.  ii.  fig- 


NOTIDANID.®. 


163 


28890,  30550,  32265,  Six  similar  teeth,  and  one  smaller ; Isle  of 
Sheppey.  Purchased. 

38866.  One  perfect  and  one  imperfect  tooth  ; Isle  of  Sheppey. 

Bowerbank  Coll. 

P.  440.  Two  similar  teeth  ; Isle  of  Sheppey.  Purchased,  1882. 

28890  a,  28890  b,  30550  a,  38866  a.  Small  lower  lateral  teeth  ; 

Isle  of  Sheppey.  The  first  and  third  are  described  and 
figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  213,  pi.  vi. 
figs.  24,  25 ; the  delicacy  of  the  anterior  serrations  is  a 
character  of  immaturity.  Purchased. 

43133.  Immature  lower  tooth  and  fragment,  the  first  described  and 
figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  216,  ])1.  vi.  fig.  26  ; 
Ilighgate.  Wetherdl  Coll. 

43142.  Small  tooth,  of  typical  form ; Kensal  Green.  Wetherdl  Coll. 

To  the  front  of  the  upper  jaw  either  of  this  species  or  li.primi- 
genius  may  also  probably  be  referred  the  following  specimeus : 

43141.  Three  teeth,  one  being  much  abraded,  of  the  form  named 
Xiphodolamia  by  J.  Leidy  ; London  Clay,  Sheppej'. 

Notidanus  primigenius,  Agassiz. 

184.3.  Notidanus  primiyenius,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  loss.  vol.  iii.  p.  218, 
pi.  x.wii.  figs.  6-8,  1-3-17  (?  figs.  4,  5). 

1843.  Xotidanus  recurvus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit,  p.  220,  pi.  xxvii. 
figs.  9-12. 

1843.  Sphyrua  denliculata,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  236,  pi.  xxvi.  a. 
figs.  60,  61. 

1844.  Xotidanus primiyenius,  P.  M.  Padroni,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux, 
vol.  xiii.  p.  281,  pi.  i.  figs.  10,  11. 

(?)  1849.  Xotidanus  pnmiycjiiits,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Is  at.  Sci. 

Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  195,  pi.  xxv.  fig.  9.5. 

1852.  Xotidanus primiyeniusjV.  Gervais, Zool.  etPal.  Fran9.,Poiss.p.  10, 
pi.  Ixxiv.  figs.  9,  10. 

1852.  Xotidanus  primiycnius,  F.  A.  Queustedt,  llandb.  Petrefakt. 
p.  107,  pi.  xiii.  tig.  3. 

1858.  Xotidanus  primigenius,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahre.sh.  vol.  xiv. 
p.  124,  svoodc. 

1863.  Xotidanus  primigenius,  K.  E.  Schafhautl,  Siid-Bayerns  Letb. 
Geogn.  p.  2.39. 

1879.  Xotidanus  primigenius,  F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soc.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci. 
Nat.  vol.  vi.  p.  66. 


164 


SELACIIII. 


1879.  Notidanug  renirvHs,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresb.  vol.  xxxv.  p.  162, 
pi.  iii.  lig.-5.  12-17. 

1879.  Notidanug  primigeniw>,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  158, pi.  iii.  figs.  1-6. 

1879.  Notidanm  d’ancotue,  J.  Probst,  to7ti.  cit.  p.  160,  pi.  iii.  figs.  6-11. 
(?)  1880.  Notidanus  jnicrodon,  V.  Kiprijanolf,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 

Moscou,  pt.  i.  p.  0,  pi.  i.  figs.  15,  10. 

1885.  Notidantts  primigenius,  F.  Noetling,  Abb.  Geol.  Specialk. 
Preussen  u.  Tbiiriug.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3,  p.  17,  pi.  i.  figs.  4,  6. 

1880.  Notidanus  primigenius,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 
p.  210,  pi.  vi.  figs.  10,  20,  22  (?  fig.  21). 


Tgpe.  Botached  teeth  ; Munich  Museum. 

The  limits  of  this  species  arc  at  present  unsatisfactoril}'  defined. 
The  teeth  appear  to  pass,  on  the  one  hand,  into  those  of  N,  serra- 
tissimus,  from  most  of  which  they  can  only  bo  distinguished  by  their 
larger  size  ; and,  on  tlio  other,  they  are  indefinitely  separated  from 
the  teeth  of  N.  rjigas,  the  lateral  mandibular  examples  of  which  are 
longer  and  gcnenill)'  possess  a greater  number  of  secondary  cones. 
The  statement  of  Agassiz,  repeated  by  the  present  writer,  that  the 
teeth  of  N,  prlmigenius  differ  from  those  of  N.  sei't'alissinius  in  the 
more  acute  character  of  the  cones,  and  the  less  uniform  size  of  the 
anterior  serrations,  is  shown  to  be  inaccurate  by  a study  of  the 
variations  in  a larger  scries  of  specimens  ; though  the  features  just 
mentioned  are  often  distinctive.  A specific  character  is  also  found 
in  the  lon  er  median  tooth,  which  almost  certainly  has  a well-defined 
median  cusp. 

It  is  probable  that  the  originals  of  Agassiz's  figs.  4,  5 do  not 
pertain  to  the  same  species  as  those  of  tigs.  0-8,  13-17,  which  are 
regarded  as  the  typical  teeth  ; but  N.  recurvus  may  be  referred, 
with  much  (wobability  of  correctness,  to  the  upper  jaw  of  N.primi- 
{jenitis.  The  localities  of  most  of  the  type  specimens  are  unknown, 
but  they  were  probably'  all  obtained  from  the  Molasse  ; and  it  seems 
advisable  at  present  to  restrict  the  name  to  teeth  from  the  Upper 
Eocene  and  Miocene,  no  undoubted  specimens  being  knowm  from  the 


I’liocene. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Eocene  : S.  England  and  N.  Germany.  Lower 
Miocene : Belgium,  llessen-Darmstadt,  Wiirtomberg,  and  bwitzei- 
land '. 


P.  1224.  Two  fine  teeth ; Upper  Eocene,  Barton  Cliff,  Hampshire. 

One  is  figured  by  the  present  writer,  Iw.  cit.  pi.  vi.  tig-  22. 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5802.  Similar  tooth  ; Barton  Cliff.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

' A very  doubtful  tooth  from  the  Molasse  of  Montpellier,  S.  France,  is  also 
referred  to  N.  primigenius  by  P.  Gervais,  Pal.  GiSn,  p.  230,  tig-  30  (woode.). 


NOTIDANID-H. 


1G5 


P.  4707.  Upper  anterior  tooth,  figured  by  the  present  writer,  loc. 
cit.  pi.  vi.  fig.  19 ; Upper  Eocene,  Hampshire. 

. Ennisl  illen  Coll. 

35541.  One  perfect  tooth,  and  two  fragments ; Rupelian  Beds, 
Klein  Spauwen,  Belgium.  Purchased,  1859. 

P.  1226.  Portion  of  tooth  ; Rupelian  Beds,  Boom,  near  Antwerp. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

35533-34.  One  anterior  upper  tooth,  figured  by  the  present  writer, 
loc,  cit.  pi.  ri.  fig.  20,  and  portions  of  seven  other  teeth; 
Molasse,  Baltringen,  Wiirtemherg.  Purchased,  1859. 

35535.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Molasse,  Canton  Aargau,  Switzerland. 

Purchased,  1859. 

P.  1225.  Tooth ; Molasse,  Switzerland.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5551.  Six  teeth  ; Miocene,  Weiiiheim,  Hessen-Uarmstadt. 

By  e.vchange,  1888. 

P.  441.  Typical  tooth  ; locality  unknown.  Purchased,  1882. 

P.  5803.  Tooth  with  very  large  anterior  denticulations,  doubtfully 
referred  to  this  species;  Molasse,  North  Germany. 


Notidanus  gigas,  Sismonda '. 

1857.  Xotidanus  gigas,  E.  Sismonda,  Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino  [2] 
vol.  xix.  p.  4C0,  fig.  13. 

1877.  Xotidanus  gigas,  R.  Lawley,  Atti  Soc.  Tosc.  vol.  iii.  p.  68,  pi.  i. 
fig.  6. 

1877.  Xotidanus  meneghmii,  R.  Lawley,  tom.  cit.  p.  72,  pi.  ii.  fig.  4. 
1886.  Xotidanus  meneghinii,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 
p.  255,  woodcut  fig.  2. 

1886.  Xotidanus  gigas,  A.  S.  Woodward,  tom.  cit.  p.  255,  woodcut  fig.  1. 
1886.  Xotidanus  gigas,  H.  M.  Platnauer,  Ann.  Rep.  ITorks.  Phil.  Soc. 
pi.  i.  fig.  4. 

1886.  Xotidanus  meneghinii,  II.  M.  Platnauer,  loc.  cit.  pi.  i.  fig.  6. 
Type.  Detached  lower  tooth. 

A somewhat  larger  species  than  N.  primigenius.  Lower  lateral 
teeth  differing  from  the  typical  teeth  of  the  latter  in  the  larger 

' Several  teeth,  perhaps  referable  to  this  species,  are  figured  by  A.  Scilla,"  De 
corporibus  marinis’  (1762),  pi  i.  figs.  1-8. 


160 


SKLACHII. 


number  of  the  cones,  and  the  relatively  greater  extent  of  the  anterior 
serrated  margin  ; the  crown  beneath  and  in  advance  of  the  principal 
cone  is  produced  far  down  upon  the  root.  As  suggested  by  Probst, 
it  is  not  impossible  that  the  lower  median  tooth  referred  by  Lawley ' 
to  N. primigenius  may  belong  to  this  species;  it  has  no  definite 
median  cone.  The  anterior  upper  teeth  from  the  Pliocene  of 
Tuscany  described  by  Lawley  * as  N.  primigenim  and  N.  recurvus 
are  also  probably  referable  to  N.  gigas. 


Fig.  7. 


Teeth  of  Nofidanus  gigas.  Red  Crag,  Suffolk. 


N.  meneghinii  appears  to  bo  founded  upon  the  less  abraded  teeth 
of  this  species. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Pliocene  : N.  Italy  and  S.E.  England. 

47019.  Portions  of  two  large  teeth  ; Oreiano,  Tuscany. 

Purchased,  1875. 

P.  5804.  Worn  fragment ; Red  Crag,  Eolixstowo,  Suffolk. 

Brown  Coll.  Presented  hy  l^of.Sir  Richard  Owen,  K.C.B.,\S59 . 

P.  5574.  Complete  tooth  with  eleven  cones ; Red  Crag,  Felixstowe. 

Harford  Coll. 

P.  5575.  Imperfect  tooth ; Red  Crag,  Orford  Castle.  Harford  Coll. 

P.  5576.  Two  smaller  teeth,  doubtfully  assigned  to  this  species ; 

Red  Crag,  Suffolk.  Harford  Coll. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  ; — 

Notidanus  anomalus,  R.  Lawley,  Atti  Soc.  Tosc.  vol.  iii.  (1877), 
p.  74,  pi.  iii.  fig.  6;  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Hag.  [3] 
vol.  iii.  p.  256. — Pliocene  ; Tuscany. 

Notidanus  aptiensis,  F.  J.  Pictet,  Ann.  Soc.  Lit.  Sci.  et  Art.  Apt. 

* Atti  Soc.  Tosc.  vol.  iii.  pi.  i,  fig.  4. 

* Tom.  cif.  pp.  66,  69.  pi.  i.  figs.  2,  3,  5,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1. 


KOTIDANIB^. 


167 


vol.  i.  (1865),  j).  67 : E.  Arnaud,  Bull.  8oc.  Gdol.  France 
[3],  vol.  X.  (1882),  p.  132. — Lower  Cretaceous;  Apt, 
Vaucluse,  France. 

Kotidamts  contrarins,  G.  von  Munster,  Beitr  Petrefakt.  vi.  (1843), 
p.  54,  pi.  ii.  fig.  3. — Lower  Oxfordian  ; Bavaria. 

Notidams  d’anconce,  K.  Lawle)-,  loc.  cif.  vol.  iii.  (1877),  p.  73, 
pi.  iii.  figs.  1,2;  non  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jabresh.  vol.  xxxv. 
(1876),  p.  106,  pi.  iii.  figs.  0-11. — Pliocene  ; Tuscany. 

Notidanus  dnviesii,  A.  8.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  (1886) 
p.  212,  pi.  vi.  fig.  8:  llffhodim  jtoli/prion,  J.  Phillips  (non 
Agassiz),  Geol.  Oxford  (1871),  p.  305,  pi.  xii.  fig.  18. — 
Oxford  Clay ; Oxford. 

Notidanus  delfortriei,  11.  Lawley,  he.  cit.  vol.  iv.  (1879),  p.  197. 
— Pliocene  ; Tuscany.  [Lower  median  tooth.] 

Notidanus  Jiuegeluv,  G.  von  Munster,  op.  cit.  vi.  (1843),  p.  54, 
pi.  i.  fig.  5 ; (?)  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Handb.  Petrefakt. 
(1852),  p.  167,pl.  xiii.  figs  5,  0,  and  Jura  (1858),  p.  519; 
A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  p.  211.— Corallian  ; 
Wiirtemberg. 

Notidanus  intermedins,  A.  M agner,  Abh.  k.-bay.  Akad.  Wiss. 
math.-phys.  Cl.  vol.  ix.  (1801),  p.  299,  pi.  iv.  fig.  3. — 
Lower  Kimmeridgian  (Lithographic  Stone)  ; Solenhofen, 
Bavaria. 

Notidanus  loozi,  G.  Vincent,  Ann.  Soc.  Boy.  Malaeol.  Belg.  vol.  xi. 
(1876),  p.  126,  pi.  vi.  fig.  5. — Lower  Landenian ; Belgium. 

Notidanus  marrfinalis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iv.  (1888),  p.  34,  pi.  vi.  fig.  8 (non  fig.  7).— Oamaru 
and  Waipara  Formations  ; New  Zealand.  [The  supposed 
upper  tooth  of  this  species  is  referable  to  Galeocerdo.'] 

Notidanus  nettdhladti,  T.  C.  M’inkler,  Archiv  Vereins  Fr.  d.  - 
Naturgesch.  Mecklenburg,  vol.  xxix.  (1875),  p.  Ill,  pi.  ii. 
fig.  5. — Miocene  ; Sternberg. 

Notidanus  plectrodou,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Philad. 
1867,  p.  141. — Miocene  ; United  States. 

Notidanus  jtrohlematkus,  B.  Lawley,  he.  cit.  vol.  iii.  (1877),  p.  74, 
pi.  iii.  figs.  3,  4. — Pliocene  ; Tuscany. 

Notidanus  repens,  J.  Prob-st,  WUrtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879), 
p.  163,  pi.  iii.  fig.  18  (?  19-22)  ; A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol. 
Jiag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  p.  254. — Miocene  ; Wiirtemberg. 

Notidanus  stoppani,  B.  Lawley,  he.  cit.  vol.  iv.  (1879),  p.  199. — 
Pliocene  ; Tuscany.  [Lower  median  tooth.] 

Notidanus  iargionii,  E.  Lawley,  he.  cit.  vol.  iii.  (1877),  p-  71, 
pi.  ii.  fig.  3. — Pliocene;  Tuscany. 


168 


SELACHII. 


Notidanus  thevenardi,  E.  Delfortrio,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux, 
vol.  xxxii.  (1878),  p.  256,  woodcuts. — Faluns;  St.  Mcdard, 
Girondo,  France.  [Lower  median  tooth.] 

Notidanus  urcianensis,  R.  Lawley,  loe.  cit.  vol.  iv.  (1879),  p.  198. 
— Pliocene ; Tuscany.  [Lower  median  tooth.] 

Of  the  above  species,  those  founded  upon  lower  median  teeth  are 
especially  doubtful.  The  so-called  Notidanus  amalthel,  Oppel  ‘,  from 
the  Lias  of  Wiirtembcrg  and  Yorkshire,  has  been  recorded  upon  the 
evidence  of  indeterminable  fragments ; and  the  present  writer  has 
been  unable  to  confirm  Munster’s  determination  “ of  a tooth  of  this 
genus  from  the  same  horizon.  A tooth  from  the  Oxfordian  of 
Switzerland  ascribed  to  Notidanus  by  PI.  Favre  ’ appears  also  to  be 
doubtfully  determined,  and  most  likely  pertains  to  ilyhodus. 

The  caudal  region  of  a Selachian  from  the  Lithographic  Stone  of 
Bavaria,  named  Adlopos  vow/neri  by  Agassiz  (Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii. 
1843,  p.  377),  is  also  referred  to  AbdefowMS  by  A.  Wagner,  Abh.  k.- 
bay.  Akad.  Wiss.  math.-phys.  Cl.  vol.  ix.  p.  296.  A nearly  complete 
fish,  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Mount  Lebanon,  is  also  described 
under  the  name  of  N.  yraciUs,  3.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  iii.  p.  470,  pi.  xiv.  fig.  1.  The  former  specimen  is  preserved 
in  the  Munich  Museum,  the  latter  at  liklinburgh. 

Notidanus  hiserratm,  Munster  (Beitr.  Petrefakt.  v.  1842,  p.  66, 
pi.  XV.  fig.  9),  from  the  Oligocene  of  the  Vienna  Basin,  is  founded 
upon  an  imperfect  tooth  of  Oaleoesrdo,  now  in  the  Munich  Museum. 

Some  awl-shaped  teeth  from  the  “ marls  of  New  Jersey,”  appa- 
rently referable  to  the  symph3’'si8  of  the  upper  jaw  of  Notidanus,  are 
described  under  the  name  of  Xiphodolamia  ensis,  J.  Leidy,  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii,  (1877),  p.  252,  pi.  xxxiv. 
figs.  25-30. 


Genus  CHLAMYDOSELACHE,  German. 

[Bull.  Essex  Institute,  vol.  xvi.  1884,  p.  52.] 

Body  much  elongated,  slender ; mouth  terminal ; gill-opcnings 
six,  with  anterior  flaps  of  skin,  the  first  especially  large.  Dentition 
similar  in  both  jaws,  but  a median  symphysial  series  of  teeth  only 

> A.  Oppel,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  x.  (1854),  p.  62,  pi.  i.  fig.  1 ; Tate  & Blake, 
Yorksh.  Lias,  1876,  p.  256;  A.  S.  Woodward,  Gteol,  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  (1886), 
pp.  208,  525.  The  described  specimens  are  respectively  in  the  Museums  of 
Munich  and  Whitby. 

’ Beitr.  Petrefakt.  vi.  (1843),  p.  55. 

’ M^m.  Soc.  Pal^ont.  Suisse,  vol.  iii.  (1876),  p.  16,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1. 


COCHLIOBOSTIDJ!. 


169 


present  in  the  mandible.  Q’eeth  with  broad,  backwardly-extendod 
bases,  overlapping ; crown  consisting  of  three  slender,  curved,  sub- 
conical  cusps,  separated  by  a pair  of  rudimentary  denticles.  Noto- 
chord mainly  persistent,  in  part  replaced  by  feeble  cyclospondylic 
vertebral  centra. 

A nearly  complete  description  of  the  t)-pe  specimen  (female)  of  the 
single  known  living  species,  C.  anf]uinett$,  from  Japanese  sea.s,  is 
given  by  S.  Garman  in  the  BuU.  ifuReum  Comp.  Zoology,  Harvard 
College,  vol.  xii.  no.  i.  (1885).  Further  notes,  and  a large  figure, 
are  published  by  A.  Gunther,  Rep.  Deep-Sea  Fishes  (‘  Challenger  ’ 
Reports,  vol.  xxii.  1887,  p.  2,  pi.  Ixiv.). 

Only  one  fossil  species  has  hitherto  been  recorded,  and  this  merely 
upon  the  evidence  of  detached  teeth: — 

Chlamydosdache  lawleyi,  J.  W.  Davis,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1887, 
p.  542  ; ineerto!  xedis,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  sopra  ai 
Pesci,  etc.,  delle  Collinc  Toscane,  1876,  p.  87,  jd.  i.  fig.  I. 
— Pliocene  ; Tuscany. 


Division  B. — Two  dorsal  fins  present ; gill-clefts 
five  in  number. 

Family  COCHLIODONTID^. 

An  imperfectly  definable  family,  apparently  related  to  the  Cestra- 
ciontida;,  but  with  a more  specialized  dentition.  At  least  one  of 
the  transverse  series  of  teeth  encircling  each  ramus  of  the  jaw  is 
fused  into  a continuous  curved  plate,  sometimes  with  an  even  coronal 
surface,  sometimes  with  ridges  and  furrows  marking  the  boundaries 
of  its  components  ; this  plate  increasing  in  size  by  additions  to  its 
inner  margin,  and  the  outer  border  graduallj'  coiling  inwards  instead 
of  becoming  detached.  The  root  and  the  crown  are  approximately 
of  corresponding  thickness,  the  attached  surface  of  the  former 
being  thus  almost  parallel  to  the  coronal  contour.  Coronal  surface 
punctate,  the  punctations  having  no  relation  to  the  extremities  of 
the  vertical  medullary  canals  *. 

The  priucipal  forms  of  teeth  of  this  family  were  originally  referred 
by  Agassiz  “ to  Psammodus,  and  placed  with  this  genus  in  the  family 
of  Cestraciontidffi.  Somewhat  later,  the  same  author  recognized  at 
least  their  generic  distinctness,  first  founding  the  genera  Helodus 

' E.  Owen,  Odontography,  vol.  i.  p.  .'59. 

* Poisa.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pis.  xiv.,  xv. 


170 


SELACmi. 


and  Coehliodus  and  then  naming  others  F.  M‘Coy  ^ described 
many  species  (some  already  bearing  Agassiz's  iMS.  names),  en- 
deavouring to  show  that  Coehliodus  itself  was  closely  related  to  Pla- 
endus  (now  known  to  bo  a reptile),  and,  by  mistaking  a fragment  of 
the  inwardly  coiled  outer  border,  considered  that  the  teeth  succeeded 
vertically,  as  in  the  Pycnodonts  In  1807°,  It.  Owen  founded  the 
family  of  Cochliodontidae,  having  already  remarked  “ that  “ it  would 
seem  as  if  the  several  teeth  of  each  obli(jue  row  in  Ceslracion  had 
been  w'eldcd  into  a single  dental  mass  in  Cocldiodus,  the  proportions 
and  direction  of  the  rows  being  closely  analogous.”  About  the 
same  year,  Newberry  and  AVorthen  described  an  American  fossil 
proving  the  occurrence  of  small  separate  teeth  together  with  the 
large  plates  in  an  ally  of  the  British  Cocldiodus.  In  1872,  Hancock 
and  Atthcy  * made  known  the  presence  of  at  least  one  dorsal  fin- 
spine  in  the  generalized  genus  Pleuroph.v  (“  Pleurodus  ”).  In  1878 
and  1883,  L.  0.  do  Koninck”,  J.  W.  Davis'",  and  St.  John  and 
Worthen  ",  added  much  to  our  knowledge  of  the  detached  dental 
plates  ; and  still  more  recently,  R.  II.  Traquair  has  made  known 
the  greater  part  of  the  dentition  of  Psephodus,  emphasizing  its 
generalized  character,  besides  pointing  to  Pleuroplax  {Pleurodus) 
and  Pmilodm  as  affording  a clue  to  the  true  homologies  of  the 
larger  teeth  characterizing  the  whole  family. 

It  seems  probable  that  the  Cochliodontida)  possessed  two  dorsal 
flns,  often  provided  with  spines.  In  some  beds,  however,  yielding 
Cochliodont  teeth — e.  g.,  those  of  Ticknall  and  Chapcl-eu-le-Frith 
(Derbyshire),  AVensleydalo  (Yorkshire),  and  Beith  (Ayrshire) — 
dorsal  fin-spines  are  almost  or  quite  unknown. 

The  genera  and  species  are  distinguished  by  the  form  and  pro- 
portions of  the  large  “ dental  plates  ” — morphologically,  compound 

‘ Tom.  ait.  pp.  104,  113  (1838). 

= Tom.  cU.  p.  174  (1843). 

’ Brit.  I’alaioz.  Foss.  (185.')). 

■*  Op.  cit.  p.  621. 

Gleol.  Mug.  Tol.  iv.  p.  .59. 

“ Palseontology,  2nd  edit.  (1801),  p.  128. 

Balajoiit.  Illinois,  toI.  ii.  p.  89. 

" Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northiimb.  and  Durham,  vol.  iv.  p.  408. 

* Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg.  pt.  i.  (Ann.  Miis.  Roy.  d’llist.  Nat.  Bclg. 
vol.  ii.). 

Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  pp.  327-600,  pis.  xlii.-Ixv. 

" PaliEont.  Illinois,  rols.  vi.,  vii. 

Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  vol.  vii.  (1884),  p.  396,  pi.  xvi. ; and  Geol. 
Mag.  [3]  vol.  ii.  (1885),  p.  340,  pi.  viii. 

‘3  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  r.  (1888),  p.  84. 


COCnr.IODONTID.^E. 


171 


teeth — which  are  nearly  always,  if  not  always,  placed  posteriorly 
upon  the  jaws.  For  convenience  of  description,  the  margin  to  which 
additions  are  made  during  growth  will  be  termed  the  “ inner  ” 
border,  the  opposite  in-roUed  margin  the  “ outer  ” border ; the 
other  pair  of  sides  will  be  named  the  “ antero-latcral  ” and  “ postero- 
lateral ” respectively,  and  a line  joining  these  will  be  transverse. 

The  most  generalized  members  of  the  family,  Helodm,  Pleuroplax, 
and  Pseplunhis,  will  be  treated  first,  the  most  specisilized  genus, 
Beltoptyclnus,  and  some  uncertain  forms,  being  jilaced  last.  Pleuro- 
plax is  the  only  genus  in  Europe  certainly  ranging  throughout  the 
Carboniferous  Period ; and  in  the  North- American  beds  Psephodus 
is  stated  not  only  to  occur  in  the  earliest,  but  also  to  have  the 
greatest  vertical  range  in  the  Lower  Carboniferous 


Genus  HELODUS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1838,  p.  104.] 

As  originally  defined  by  Agassiz,  the  generic  name  Ilelodus  is 
applicable  to  all  the  detached  anterior  teeth  of  Cochliodonts  {see 
p.  218)  ; but,  in  the  absence  of  definite  evidence,  it  seems  advisable 
to  restrict  the  term  provisionally  to  the  type  species,  which  repre- 
sents a genus  still  awaiting  elucidation.  This  fish  is  ob\4ously  very 
closely  related  to  Pleuroplax,  as  shown  both  by  the  dentition  and 
the  dorsal  fin-spine  “ ; but  in  the  known  examples  of  the  last-named 
genus  all  the  teeth  are  described  as  fused  into  plates,  while  in  the 
typical  Helodm  no  such  arrangement  has  been  discovered^.  If, 
indeed,  the  latter  observation  be  confirmed,  the  genus  does  not 
strictly  fall  under  the  accepted  definition  of  the  Cochliodontidse,  and 
some  modification  will  bo  required ; but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
in  whatever  family  Pleuroplax  bo  placed,  the  type  species  of  Helodm 
must  follow.  The  dental  crown  is  tumid,  and  the  coronal  surface 
coarsely  punctate. 


Helodus  simplex,  Agassiz. 

1838.  Helodm  simplex,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  104,  pi.  xix. 
figs.  8-10. 

1861.  Helodus  simplex,  J.  W.  Salter,  Foss.  S.  Welsh  Coal  Field  (Mem. 
Geol.  Surv.— Iron  Ores  Gt.  Brit.  pt.  iii.),  p.  225,  pi.  i.  %.  17. 


’ St.  John  and  Worthen,  Palaiont.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  (1883),  p.  59. 
’ J.  Ward,  [Proc.]  N.  Staffs.  Nat.  Field-Club,  1875,  p.  221, 

’ E.  H.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  r.  1888,  p.  84. 


172 


SEr.Acnii. 


1872.  Ilelodus simplex,  Ilancnclc  & Atthey,  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumb. 
& Piirhatii,  vol.  iv.  p.  422. 

1875.  Ilelodus  simplex,  J.  Ward,  [Proe.]  N.  Staffs.  Nat.  Field-Olub, 

p.  220. 

1876.  Ilelodus  simplex,  W.  .1.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental  Surgery, 
vol.  iii.  p.  101,  figs,  xlv.-xlviii. 

1888.  Ilehdus  simplex,  R.  II.  Trnquair,  Oeol.  Mag.  [.I]  vol.  v.  p.  84. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum  (in  part). 

Dental  crown  very  variable  in  form,  but  much  elevated  and 
generally  obtuse,  attaining  a maximum  breadth  of  O'Olo.  The 
species  is  still  imperfectly  known,  and  many  of  the  specimens  men- 
tioned below  are  only  provisionally  assigned  to  it. 

Form.  4)'  Toe.  Coal  Measures : Staffordshire,  Shropshire,  York- 
shire, and  Northumberland  ; South  Wales  ; Lanarkshire. 

P.  488.  Tooth  figured  by  Aga.ssiz,  torn.  dt.  pi.  xix.  fig.  0 ; Silver- 
dale,  Staffordshire.  Erjerton  Coll. 

P.  2906-7.  Two  groups  of  naturally-associated  imperfect  teeth, 
with  remains  of  cartilage  ; Longton,  Staffordshire. 

EnmsJciUeii  Coll. 

P.  2908.  Fragment  of  trunk,  with  imperfect  dorsal  fin-spine  ; 

Longton.  Eimishillen  Coll. 

P.  2909.  Six  comparatively  pointed  teeth  ; Longton. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  5160.  Ten  teeth;  Longton.  Purchased,  1S85. 

P.2910.  Four  teeth;  Fenton,  Staffordshire.  Ennisldllen  Coll. 

P.  5159.  Two  naturally-apposed  series  of  four  small  teeth  ; Fenton. 

Purchased,  1885. 

P.  1440.  Two  teeth ; Fenton  and  Silverdalo.  Egerton  Coll. 

21422,  21975.  Five  detached  teeth ; also  six  smaller  teeth  naturally 
arranged  in  two  adjoining  series,  doubtfully  assigned  to  this 
species ; Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  Purchased,  1847-8. 

P.  2905.  Associated  teeth  ; Carluke.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2283.  Two  teeth;  Carluke, 

Presented  hy  George  Griff^ths^  Esq.,  1882. 


C0CnLI0D0NIID,J5. 


173 


The  following  specimens  may  indicate  a hitherto  unknown 
species : — 

P.  5157-8.  Tooth  measuring  0-019  in  the  longer  diameter,  asso- 
ciated with  small  teeth;  also  two  associated  teeth  and 
fragments  pertaining  to  an  equally  large  fish;  Fenton. 

Purchased,  1885. 

Genus  PLEUROPLAX,  nomen  nov. 

Syn.  Pleurodus,  Hancock  & Atthey  (non  Pleuroilon,  IN'ood,  1S40,  nec 
Harlan,  1842),  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumb.  & Durham,  vol.  iv 
1872,  p.  408. 

Kami  of  jaws  meeting  at  an  acute  angle;  teeth,  so  far  as  known, 
mostly  fused  into  continuous  transverse  plates,  few  in  number, 
carinated,  and  having  indented  antero-  and  postero-latoral  borders, 
marking  the  free  extremities  of  the  components.  Body  depressed, 
covered  with  fine  shagreen  ; dorsal  fin-spine  laterally  compressed, 
broad,  smooth,  or  ornamented  with  delicate  longitudinal  stri®. 

Pleuroplax  rankinei,  Hancock  & -Itthey. 

1843.  Pkwodus  rankinei,  L.  .\gassiz,  Poiss.Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174  (name 
only). 

1843.  Pleurodm  affinis,  L.  Agassiz,  loc.  cit.  (name  only). 

18131.  Pleurodus  uffinis,i,  W.  .Salter  (w  Egerton,  MS.),  loss.  S.  Welsh 
Coal  Field  (Mem.  Geol.  Surv.— Iron  Ores  Gt.  Brit.  pt.  iii.),  p.  225 
pi.  i.  tigs.  18,  19  (figures  only). 

1801.  Paieilodas  (?)  sp.,  J.  W.  .Salter  (at-  Egerton,  MS.),  loc.  cit. 
p.  225,  pi.  i.  tig.  20  (abraded  tooth,  figure  only). 

1872.  Pleurodus  rankinii,  A.  Hancock  & T.  Atthey,  Nat.  Hist.  Trans. 
Northumb.  & Durham,  vol.  iv.  p.  408,  pi.  xv.  tig.  1. 

1873.  Pleurodus,  T.  P.  Barkas,  Coal  Meas.  I’aheont.  p.  18,  pi.  i. 
figs.  24-27. 

1874.  Pleurodus  nffnis,  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Kev.  Dental  Surgery, 
vol.  iii.  p.  0,  figs,  xxxvi.-xxxix. 

1876.  Pleurodus  ajfinis,  J.  Ward,  [Proc.]  N.  Staffs.  Nat.  Field-Club, 
p.  223. 

1876.  Pleurodus  rankinii,  J.  Ward,  loc.  cit.  p.  222,  fig.  13. 

1879.  Pleurodus  affinis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Gecd.  Soc.  vol. 
XXXV.  p.  181,  pi.  X.  figs.  1-11. 

Type.  Associated  deutal  plates,  and  anterior  portion  of  body  with 
dorsal  fin-spine ; Museum  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Axial  rounded  carina  of  the  dental  crown  prominent,  rarely 
marked  by  faint  transverse  sulci ; unabradod  coronal  surface  smooth, 
or  with  delicate  irregular  wrinkles  near  the  mai'giu.  Anterior 


174 


BELACHII, 


dental  plates  with  little  or  no  lateral  expansion ; posterior  dental 
plates  with  large  more  or  less  unsymmetrical  lateral  “wings,” 
broadest  in  the  middle,  diminishing  to  the  outer  and  inner  margin. 

The  dental  plates  vary  considerably  in  form,  but  they  are  asso- 
ciated in  such  a manner  that,  as  already  suggested  by  Ward  and  W.  J . 
Barkas,  it  seems  probable  that  they  pertain  to  a single  species.  A 
small  jaw  is  described  by  W.  J.  Barkas  indicating  the  presence  of 
about  three  dental  plates  in  each  ramus,  the  anterior  being  rela- 
tively narrower  than  the  posterior;  a portion  of  a fish  is  made 
known  by  Hancock  and  Atthey,  displaying  about  a dozen  dental 
plates  in  the  mouth,  lino  shagreen,  and  a dorsal  fin-spine ; and 
several  varieties  of  the  narrow  plates,  with  dorsal  spines,  are  de- 
scribed and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis.  The  tooth  figured  by  Salter  as 
P<ecilodt(s  (?)  sp.  is  evidently  a much  abraded  specimen. 

Form.  ^ Ijoc.  Coal  Measures : North  and  South  Wales,  Stafford- 
shire, Yorkshire,  Northumberland,  and  the  Scotch  Coalfield. 

P.  1416.  Small  imperfect  dental  plate,  with  broad  lateral  “ wings,” 
strongly  furrowed;  lluabon,  N.  Wales.  This  fossil  bears 
Agassiz’s  MS.  label,  “ Pleurodns  uffum,”  and  was  intended 
to  be  described  and  figured  as  the  typo  of  the  genus  and 
species.  E<jerton  Coll. 

P.  6162.  Throe  narrow  dental  plates  resembling  the  one  figured  by 
Ward  {loo.  cit.)  under  the  name  of  P.  ranldnn-,  Longton, 
N.  Stafibrdshire.  Purchased,  1885. 

P.  1415.  Eight  dental  plates,  variously  abraded,  mostly  of  the 
narrow  form  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis  (loc.  cit.),  but  one  of 
the  broader  typo,  and  some  smaller  ; Bone-bed  of  Bctterbed 
Coal  (Lower  Coal  Measures),  Lowmoor,  near  Halifax, 
Yorkshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2481.  Eiglit  similar  specimens,  one  of  very  largo  size  (long  axis 
measuring  0-02),  from  the  same  locality. 

Ennislcilleii  Coll. 

21422.  Twenty  examples,  variously  abraded,  with  lateral  “ wings  ” 
well  developed  ; Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  Purchased,  . 

21975.  Eight  narrow  dental  plates,  one  showing  a tendency  towards 
division  into  teeth  very  similar  to  those  of  Ilelodus  simple.v  ; 
Carluke.  Purchased,  1848. 


33300.  Two  specimens  ; Carluke. 


Purchased,  1858. 


COCHI.IODONIID.B. 


175 


P.  1414.  Three  fragmentary  dental  plates,  one  showing  a transverse 
suture,  another  with  broad  lateral  wings,  and  the  third  of 
the  form  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loe.  cit.  figs.  0,  7 ; Car- 
luke. Kgerton  Coll. 

P.  2281.  Fourteen  specimens  ; Carluke.  Emmhillen  Coll. 

P.  2480,  P.  2482.  Twelve  dental  plates,  mostly  abraded,  of  all  the 
different  forms  ; Carluke.  An  unworn  fragment  shows  a 
median  longitudinal  wrinkle,  with  short  branches,  and 
small  wrinkles  directed  towards  the  median  carina  upon 
the  lateral  prolongations.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

Pleuroplax  attheyi  (\V.  J.  Barkas). 

1843.  Pceeilodus  angttstus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174  (name 
only). 

1874.  Pwcilodm  attheyi,  W.  .1.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental  Surgery, 
vol.  iii.  p.  57,  figs.  xl.-.\liv. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plate. 

Axial  Carina  of  the  dental  crown  low,  but  sharply  angulated, 
divided  by  deep  transverse  sulci,  corresponding  to  the  divisions 
between  the  incompletely  coalesced  components.  Dental  plates 
approaching  an  elongated  oval  in  form,  usually  broader  at  one 
extremity  than  the  other,  witliout  prominent  median  lateral  expan- 
sions. 

Many  of  the  dental  plates  from  the  Scotch  Coalfield  are  twice  as 
large  as  the  t)'pical  examples  from  Northumberland. 

Form.  Loc.  Coal  Measures  : Northumberland  and  Lanarkshire. 

21423.  Eight  dental  plates,  some  abraded,  and  the  largest  0'012  in 
length;  Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  Two  examples  are  shown, 
of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  VI.  figs.  10,  11. 

Purchased,  1847. 

P.  2466.  Four  large  examples,  one  unabraded;  Carluke. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2282.  Two  specimens ; Carluke.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Pleuroplax  woodi,  Davis. 

1874.  Pleurodiis,  .sp.,  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental  Surgery, 
vol.  iii.  p.  9. 

1883.  P/eurodus  woodi,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  438,  pi.  lix,  figs.  12-15. 


]7G 


StLACniI. 


1884.  IHeurodus  looudi,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl. 
p.  024,  pi.  xxvii.  figs.  14-17. 

1880.  rieurodtts  woodi,  J.  \V.  Davis,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  p.  loG- 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates;  Heed  Collection,  York  Museum. 
Axial  Carina  of  the  dental  crown  narrow,  rounded,  divided  by 
transverse  sulci,  corresponding  to  the  divisions  between  the  incom- 
pletely coalesced  components  ; lateral  notches  very  deep. 

The  dental  plates  of  this  species  were  first  described  by  W.  J. 
llarkas,  but  were  not  figured  until  1883,  when  J.  W.  Davis  iiroposed 
the  name  by  which  the  species  is  now  known. 

Form.  4'  Toe.  Ujipcr  Carboniferous  Limestone : Yorkshire  and 
Derbyshire. 

P.  4887.  Eight  dental  plates  ; Yoredale  Hocks,  Wensleydale,  York- 
shire. Hovue  Coll. 

P.  5357.  An  abraded  dental  plate,  probably  referable  to  this  species  ; 

Ticknall,  near  Melbourne,  8.  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

Dental  plates  of  a species  of  PleuropUuv,  from  the  Lower  Car- 
boniferous Limestone  of  Belgium,  have  been  described  under  the 
name  of  Tomodus  lacimcUiis,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Eaune  Calc.  Carbf. 
Bolg.  pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  61,  pi.  vi.  fig.  20. 


Genus  PSEPHODUS,  Agassiz. 

[Morris  and  Hoberts  («.u  Agassiz,  M8.),  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  1862,  p.  101  '.] 

Syri.  llelodus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  18.38,  p.  104  (iu  part). 

Ltyphodus,  II.  Homanowsky,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol. 
xxxvii.  pt.  ii.  1864,  p.  1(10. 

Aspidodus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  1866, 
p.  92. 

T<eniodus,Sit.  John  & Worthen,  I’al.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  1883,  p.  75 
(•n  part). 

At  least  one  series  of  the  teeth  upon  each  ramus  of  the  jaw  repre- 
sented by  a large  gently  curved  plate,  quadrangular,  without  coronal 
ridges  or  any  marked  iurolmont  of  the  outer  border,  and  having  at 
least  the  antero-lateral  and  postero-latoral  margins  of  the  crown 

Xbe  name  only  ig  here  mentioned  and  applied  to  tlie  species  previously 
described  and  figured  by  M'Coy  and  Portlock  under  the  name  of  Cochliodas 
nwynm.  The  type  species  being  thus  already  well-defined  in  1802,  the  generic 
name  is  generally  regarded  as  dating  from  that  year. 


COCHI.IODOXTIDJi. 


177 


more  or  loss  crenulatcd.  Other  side-teeth  with  gently  rounded 
crowns  and  crcnulated  margins ; symphysial  teeth  smaller  and 
feebly  prehensile. 

A considerable  portion  of  the  dentition  of  the  type  species  of  the 
genus  has  been  described  by  It.  H.  Traquair  It  appears  that  there 
are  two  forms  of  the  large  dental  plates,  one  probably  in  each  jaw  ; 
and  it  seems  likely  that  there  was  originallj'  at  least  one  series  of 
small  teeth  situated  posteriorly  to  these.  The  “upper”  dental 
plate  has  a relatively  greater  antero -posterior  measurement  than 
the  “ lower,”  and  is  less  curved  round  the  supporting  cartilage. 

Psephodus  magnus  (M-Coy). 

184.S.  Cochliodus  7nngnux,'L,.  Aga-ssiz,  Poiss,  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174  (name 
only). 

1844.  Jlelvdus  planus,  L.  .Vgaasiz,  cit.  p.  17.3  (name  only). 

1843.  Ilelodiis  didgmus,  L.  Aga.ssiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  173  (name  only). 

1843.  Coehliodtts  maguHs,  J.  E.  Portlock,  Rep.  Geol.  Londonderry, 
p.  4C0,  pi.  .xiv.  <z.  fig.  4 (figure  only). 

1843.  Ilelodus planus=  CoaMiudu,s  nuifpius, .1.  E.  Portlock,  np.  cit.  p.  4(12. 

1855.  Cochliodus  magnus,  F.  11‘Ooy,  Rrit.  Palseoz.  Foss.  p.  022. 

18.55.  IModus  planus,  F.  M'Coy,  op.  cit.  p.  (531,  pi.  3 i.  figs.  12-15. 

1855.  Jlelodns  didgmus,  F.  M'Coy,  op.  cit.  p.  030,  pi.  3 1,  figs.  lA  20 
(in  part). 

1855.  Jlelodus  lavissimns,  F.  M‘0oy,  op.  cit.  p.  630  (in  part). 

1855.  Ilelodus  mdis,  F.  M‘Coy,  op.  cit.  p.  031,  pi.  3 k.  fig.  4. 

1802.  Psephodus  magnus,  Morri.s  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

(?)  1878.  Psephodus  magnus,  L.  G.  do  Koniack,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf. 
Belg.  pt.  i.  p.  (50,  pi.  iv.  fig.  10  (non  figs.  14,  15, 17). 

(?)  1878.  Tomodus  craigi,  L.  G.  de  Koniuck,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  61,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  8,  pi.  vi.  figs.  18,  10. 

1883.  Psephodus  magnus,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  4.30,  pi.  Iv.  figs.  1-14. 

1883.  Lophodus  Icecissimus,  .1.  W.  Davis,  totn.  cit.  p.  404,  pi.  li.  fig.  18 
(in  part). 

1883.  Lophodus  didgmus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  407,  pi.  li.  fig.  21  (in 
part). 

1883.  Ilelodus  rudis,  .1.  \V.  Davis,  tom.  (it.  p.  457,  pi.  lix.  fig.  11. 

1883.  Selachian  Fi.sh,  J.  Coutts,  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  vol.  vii. 
p.  104. 

1885.  Psephodus  magnus,  R.  II.  Traquair,  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow, 
vol.  vii.  p.  392,  pi.  xvi. ; and  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  ii.  p.  337, 
pi.  viii. 

1886.  Psephodus  magnus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  p.  151. 

'■  Trans.  Gteol.  Soa  Glasgow,  vol.  vii.  (1884),  p.  396,  pi.  xvi. ; also  Geol.  Mag. 

[3J  vol.  ii.  (1885),  p.  337,  pi.  viii. 


178 


8EI.ACHIT. 


Type.  Detached  largo  dental  plates. 

Tho  type  species,  of  comparatively  large  size,  the  antoro-postenor 
measurement  of  the  “ upper”  dental  plates  being  sometimes  as  great 
as  0'05,  and  the  distance  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  border  0'035. 
Outer  margin  of  “upper”  dental  plate  straight,  inner  margin 
nearly  straight  for  its  greater  extent  anteriorly  and  sharply  curved 
upwards  behind  ; coronal  contour  slight!}'  raised  along  a line  con- 
necting tho  bend  of  the  inner  border  with  tho  posterior  extremity  of 
the  outer  border,  and  the  abraded  hollows  in  worn  teeth  apparently 
confined  to  the  area  in  advance  of  this  elevation.  “ Lower  ” dental 
plate  gently  and  more  uniformly  rounded  than  the  “ upper;  ” inner 
border  curved  throughout  its  length. 

The  “ upper  ” dental  plate  is  described  as  “ posterior  ” by 
M‘Coy,  and  is  figured  by  Davis  {loo.  cit.  pi.  Iv.  figs.  1,  13,  Id)  and 
Traquair  (Joe.  cit.  pi.  xvi.  fig.  4);  tho  “lower”  dental  plate  is 
described  as  “middle”  by  M‘Coy,  and  is  figured  by  Davis  (loc.  cit. 
pi.  Iv.  figs.  2,  10)  and  Traquair  {loc.  cit.  pi.  xvi.  fig.  3). 

The  finest  example  of  the  dentition  yet  known  is  that  from  the 
Cement  Limestone  of  East  Kilbride,  Lanarkshire,  described  by 
Coutts  and  Traquair.  According  to  the  latter  it  exhibits,  in 
addition  to  the  ordinary  largo  dental  plates,  teeth  identifiable  with 
Ilelodus  planus.,  II.  rudis,  II.  Icevissimus,  and  II.  didymus. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ire- 
land ; Lanarkshire,  Scotland  ; Northumberland  and  Somersetshire, 
England.  Carboniferous  Limestone  (various  horizons)  : Ayrshire, 
Scotland;  Westmoreland  and  Derbyshire,  England;  Denbighshire 
and  Flintshire,  N.  Wales. 

(i.)  Armagh,  Ireland. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  the  following  specimens  are  from  the 
Enniskillen  Collection : — 

P.  2394,  P.  2406.  Three  “ upper  ” dental  plates,  figured  by  J.  W. 

Davis,  loc.  cit.  pi.  Iv.  figs.  1, 13,  14.  As  already  remarked 
by  Traquair  (loc.  cit.  p.  400)  the  inner  margin  of  the  first 
is  erroneously  placed  externally ; the  coronal  surface  of 
the  second  is  much  excavated  by  wear,  and  the  postero- 
lateral and  inner  margins  are  abraded  and  broken. 

P.  2409.  Twenty-five  “upper”  dental  plates,  of  large  size,  some 
much  worn,  and  others  showing  marks  of  incomplete 
division  into  teeth. 

P.  2409  a.  Five  large  dental  plates  of  irregular  shape. 


COnnLIODONTID.B. 


]79 


P.  2408.  Three  immature  examples  of  the  “upper  ” dental  plate. 

P.  1395.  Ten  “ upper”  dental  plates.  Egerton  Coll. 

28018,  28724,  41161.  Fifteen  “ upper  ” dental  plates. 

Purchased,  1853,  1868. 

P.  2395,  P.  2403.  Two  “ lower  ” dental  plates,  figured  by  J.  W. 
Davis,  Joe.  cit.  pi.  Iv.  figs.  2,  10. 

P.  2407.  Fourteen  “ lower”  dental  plates,  some  showing  marks  of 
incomplete  division  into  teeth. 

P.  1395  a.  Five  small  “ lower  ” dental  plates.  Egerton  Coll. 

28042,  28724  a,  41161  a.  Five  “ lower”  dental  plates. 

Ihtrchased,  1851,  185.3,  1868. 

P.  2397.  Three  teeth,  naturally  arranged,  the  group  having  pre- 
cisely the  outline  of  an  “ upper  ” dental  plate  ; figured  by 
J.  IV.  Davis,  loe.  cit.  pi.  Iv.  fig.  4. 

P.  2396,  P.  2398-P.  2404.  Eight  gently  rounded  teeth — the  so- 
called  Helodus  planus, — one  associated  with  two  narrow 
broken  teeth ; figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  pi.  Iv. 
figs.  3,  5-9,  11,  12. 

P.  2410,  P.  2614  a.  Sixty  similar  teeth  ; seven  in  associated  pairs. 

P.  2604.  Forty-five  similar  teeth,  mostly  very  narrow. 

P.  1399,  P.  1438,  P.  1476.  Sixteen  similar  specimens. 

Egerton  Coll. 

28746-7,  28750,  38505,  41163.  Thirty-three  similar  specimens. 

Purchased. 

P.  2604  a.  Eight  small  narrow  teeth,  some  of  the  form  figured  hy 
J.  W.  Davis  under  the  name  of  Helodus  Icevissimus,  loc.  cit. 
pi.  li.  fig.  1 8ff. 


(ii.)  Lanarkshire  and  Ayrshire,  Scotland. 

46048.  Two  “ upper  ” and  three  “ lower  ” dental  plates,  smaller 
than  the  adult  specimens  from  Armagh  ; Beith,  Ayrshire. 

Presented  hy  Robert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874, 

46049.  Two  small  flat  teeth — the  so-caUed  Helodus  planus ; Beith. 

Presented  hy  Robert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

N 2 


180 


SELACHTT. 


P.359.  “Upper”  dental  plate,  diifering  from  the  more  typical 
examples  of  this  species  in  its  relatively  less  anteio 
posterior  measurement  and  more  angulated  contour  of  the 
crown  ; Beith.  Purchased,  1880. 

(iii.)  Westmoreland. 

P.  2411.  Five  typical  “ upper”  dental  plates,  two  broken  ; Kendal. 

Ennishlllen  Coll. 

P.  1396.  Two  “ upper  ” dental  plates,  one  of  the  largest  size,  the 
other  smaller  ; Kendal.  Egerton  Coll. 

(iv.)  Derbyshire. 

46814.  “ Upper  ” and  portion  of  “ lower  ” dental  plate. 

Gilbertson  Coll. 

P.  5347,  P.  5347  a.  Two  “ upper  ” and  two  “ lower  ” dental  plates, 
of  comparatively  small  size  ; from  a bed  of  shale  in  the 
Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Tioknall,  near  Melbourne, 
South  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

(v.)  Bristol,  Gloucestershire. 

34978-9.  Small  abraded  “ upper  ” dental  plate,  and  “ lower  ” dental 
plate  exhibiting  strong  wrinkling  of  the  inner  coronal 
border,  the  ridges  and  furrows  being  at  right  angles  to 
the  margin.  Purchased,  I860. 

41154.  “Upper”  dental  plate,  with  two  small  clefts,  one  in  each 
lateral  border,  apparently  marking  the  limits  of  the 
orio-inal  tooth  forming  the  outermost  portion  of  the  plate. 

Purchased,  1868. 

P.  2412.  “ Upper  ” dental  plate.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5227.  Two  “ upper  ” and  one  “ lower  ” dental  plate. 

Presented  by  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  188.J. 

P.  1477.  Two  small,  almost  rectangular  teeth,  with  gently  rounded 
coronal  contour.  Egerton  Coll. 

(vi.)  North  Wales. 

P.  5348.  “ Low’er  ” dental  plate  ; Trevor,  Denbighshire. 

Wilson  Coll. 


roCUUOUONTlD.E. 


181 


Psephodus  Isevissimus  (Agassiz). 

1838.  Helodus  laiiissimm,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  104,  pl.xiv. 
figs.  1-14  {non  fig.  15). 

Type.  Detached  teeth  and  dental  plates  ; Bristol  iluseum  (in 
part). 

A small  pjjccies,  tlie  “ upper  ” dental  plate  measuring  about 
0 013  antero-posteriorly.  Inner  margin  of  “upper”  plate  nearly 
straight  anteriorly  for  more  than  half  its  length,  then  sharply 
bent  upwards  almost  at  right  jingles  and  equally  straight ; coronal 
contour  raised  into  a prominent  narrow  ridge  along  a line  connecting 
the  bend  of  the  inner  border  with  the  jiosterior  extremity  of  the 
outer  border.  “ Lower  ” dental  plate  gently  and  more  uniformly 
rounded  than  the  “ upper  inner  margin  very  slightly  curved. 

The  “ upper  ” dental  plato  is  shown  by  Agassiz,  loe.  cit.  fig.  13, 
but  the  specimen  Ls  imperfect  and  the  drawing  scarcely  accurate  ; 
the  “ lower  ” plate  is  apparently  the  original  of  fig.  14,  loc.  cit.,  and 
exhibits  two  small  flattened  teeth  (erroneously  shown  as  one  long 
tooth)  adjoining  its  postero-lateral  margin.  The  original  of  fig.  15, 
loc.  cit.,  is  very  suggestive  of  Tomoilns,  and  caunot  be  associated 
with  P.  Irn’issimus  upon  present  evidence.  It  is  also  uncertain 
whether  man}’  of  the  so-called  anterior  teeth  of  this  species  are 
correctly  so  determined,  some  being  very  large  and  perhaps  belonging 
to  other  unknown  Cochliodonts. 

Form.  & Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Bone-bed  in  Lower  Limestone 
tShales)  : Avon  Gorge,  near  Bristol,  Gloucestershire. 

P.  2620.  series  of  thirty  teeth,  comprising  two  much  worn 
examples  of  the  “ upper  ” dental  plate  and  imperfect 
specimens  of  the  “lower;”  the  anterior  teeth  re.semblc 
those  figured  by  Agassiz,  and  many  are  of  remarkably 
large  size,  if  timly  referable  to  this  species.  There  appears 
to  bo  a third  form  of  dental  plate,  closely  resembling  the 
“ lower  ” in  shape,  but  more  convex.  Ennwlnlkn  Coll. 

P.  2645.  Tooth  approaching  the  form  of  the  so-called  Uehdus 
mciminiltaris.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1434  a.  Two  “ upper  ” dental  plates,  one  shown  of  the  natural 
size  in  PI.  VI.  fig.  16.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  1434.  Twenty-foUr  anterior  teeth,  and  one  imperfect  small 
dental  plate,  apparently  like  the  “ lower,”  but  more 
convex.  Home  of  the  elongated  teeth  exhibit  wide  trans- 


182 


SKLACHII. 


verse  wrinkles  upon  one  of  the  longer  margins,  suggesting 
an  approximation  towards  the  teeth  of  Orodus. 

Jiijerton  Coll. 

44857.  One  “ upper  ” dental  plate,  another  suggestive  of  the 
“lower”  dental  plate  fused  with  one  small  adjoining 
tooth,  and  six  anterior  (//eZo(?«s-shaped)  teeth  of  largo 
size.  Presented  hij  Benjamin  Briejht,  Esq.,  18713. 

P.  5858.  Two  small  dental  jdates,  resembling  the  “ lower,”  hut 
more  convex,  and  an  elongated  anterior  tooth  with  a 
transverse  suture  dividing  the  crown  into  two  parts. 

P.  4213.  A very  large  dental  plate,  perhaps  of  this  species,  and 
apparently  consisting  of  three  of  the  7/e/ocftts-shaped 
teeth  fused  together.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

Fsephodus  salopiensis,  sp.  nov. 

Tyqn.  “ Upper”  dental  plate  shown  in  PI.  VI.  fig.  14. 

A small  species,  the  “ upper  ” dental  plate  usually  measuring 
about  0-012  antoro-postoriorly.  Outer  margin  of  “upper”  dental 
plate  outwardly  curved,  and  the  inner  margin  also  gently  curved 
throughout  its  length,  the  bend  being  almost  in  the  middle ; 
coronal  contour  gently,  though  considerably,  raised  along  a line 
connecting  the  bend  of  the  inner  border  with  that  of  the  outer. 
“Lower”  dental  plate  (probably)  strongly  convex,  very  oblique; 
antero-latoral  border  marked  by  large  indentations  ; inner  border 
curved. 

The  complete  dentition  of  this  species  not  yet  being  known,  and 
so  many  other  Coehliodonts  occurring  upon  the  same  horizon,  it  is 
impossible  to  identify  its  anterior  teeth,  which  are  probably  included 
among  the  anterior  teeth  described  below  as  of  the  form  of  Uelodus 
Icevissimus,  auctorum. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Shropshire. 

42189.  “ Upper  ” dental  plate,  shown  in  PI.  VI,  fig.  14,  of  the 
natural  size,  forming  the  type  sirecimcn  ; Orcton. 

Baugh  Coll. 

42188,  42215.  Two  smaller  abraded  examples;  Oreton. 

Baugh  Coll. 

42230.  Supposed  “lower”  dental  plate,  shown  in  PI.  VI.  fig.  lo,  of 
the  natural  size  ; Oreton.  A very  similar  dental  plate  is 
met  with  in  a llussian  species  of  Fsephodus  described 


COCHLIODONIIDJi. 


183 


under  the  name  of  Helodxis  dentatus,  H.  Romanowsky, 
Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  1864,  pt.  ii.  p.  159,  pi.  iii. 
fig.  15.  Baugh  Coll. 

42187.  Two  smaller  but  similar  dental  plates ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 


Psephodus  dublus,  sp.  uov. 

Type.  “ Lower  ” dental  plate  shown  in  PI.  VI.  figs.  13,  13  a. 

The  provisional  name  of  F.  dubias  may  bo  given  to  a species 
indicated  by  the  large  dental  plate  shown  in  the  figure.  This 
specimen  corresponds  most  closely  in  its  characters  and  dimensions 
to  the  “ lower  ’ dental  plate  of  F.  magnus,  exhibiting  a similar 
coronal  contour  and  coarsely  crimped  borders,  but  having  a rela- 
tively much  less  aiitero-posterior  measurement,  and  the  outer  portion 
of  the  plate  not  being  so  abruptly  truncated  but  prolonged  into  an 
inrollod  point,  la  addition  to  this  gradual  inrolmeut  the  plate 
is  sharply  bent  along  an  obli(]uo  transverse  line  about  its  middle, 
and  the  marks  of  wear  appear  to  be  confined  to  the  area  outside  this 
fiexure. 

Form.  4’  Loc.  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Shropshire. 

P.  4209.  Type-specimen  ; Oretou.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

42183.  A broken  specimen,  showing  the  considerable  thickness  of 
the  dental  plate,  and  faint  transverse  sutures  near  its 
inner  margin  ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

P.  227  a.  Smaller  dental  plate,  much  worn,  showing  the  inrolmeut 
of  the  outer  apex,  and  transverse  sutural  lines  across  the 
crown  near  its  inner  margin ; profile  outline  restored  in 
PI.  VI.  fig.  13  a;  Oreton.  Wearer-Jones  Coll. 

42191-93.  Three  small  dental  plates  of  similar  form,  either  per- 
taining to  young  of  this  species,  or,  if  the  so-called 
“ lower  ” dental  plates  of  F.  salopiensis  prove  to  be  erro- 
neously identified  above,  perhaps  referable  to  the  latter  ; 
Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

P.  227  b.  Small  “ upper  ” dental  plate,  having  an  antcro-posterior 
measurement  of  0-916,  and,  so  far  as  preserved,  very 
similar  in  form  to  the  corresponding  dental  plate  of 
F.  magnus;  it  is  shown  of  the  natural  size  in  PI.  VI. 
fig.  12,  and  may  possibly  be  referable  to  this  species; 
Oreton.  Weavej'-Jones  Coll. 

Two  undetermined  species  of  Fsephudus,  remarkable  for  the  rela- 


184 


6ELAC1UI. 


lively  small  antero-posterior  measurement  of  the  “ upper  ” dental 
plate,  are  indicated  by  the  following  specimens : — 

23712.  A small  dental  plate,  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  V'l. 

lig.  17 ; Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Hook  Point, 
Wexford,  Ireland.  Ihmhased,  1849. 

P.  227  C.  A larger  eorrcsponding  plate,  with  prominently-coloured 
transverse  bands,  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  VI. 
fig.  18 ; Carboniferous  Limestone,  Orcton. 

Weavev-Joaes  CoU. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
dental  plates,  but  there  are  no  c.^amiilcs  in  the  Collect  ion  : — 

I'sejihodus  crenidatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 
(1883),  p.  67  : Aspidodus  crmulatiin,  Aewbeiry  & Worthen, 
Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  (1866),  p.  93,  pi.  viii.  figs.  3-1 1 ; also 
J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Itei).  (leol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1876- 
78  (1879),  p.  341  : Afpidodum  convolvlus,  Newberry  & 
Worthen,  tom.  eit.  p.  94,  pi.  viii.  fig.  12. — Chester  Lime- 
stone; Illinois  and  Kentucky. 

Paepliodus  dentaUts:  Idelodus  dent(itu.<s,  JI.  Romanowsky,  Pull. 
Soc.  Imp.  ATit.  Moscou,  1864,  pt.  ii.  p.  159,  pi.  iii.  figs.  12- 
16. — Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone;  Government  of 
Toula,  Russia.  ? Ifdodus  i/entatus,  L.  G.  do  Koninck, 
Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Relg.  pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  40,  ))1.  iv.  fig.  18. — 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone;  Tournai,  Relgium. 

I'sephodus  indicus,  W.  Waagen,  Pal.  Ind.  ser.  13,  pt.  ii.  (1880), 
p.  73,  pi.  vii.  figs.  3, 5. — IToductus  Limestone ; Salt  Range, 
India. 

I’sephodus  latiis,  St.John  & Worthen,  op.  oil.  vol.  vii.  p.  72,  pi.  ii. 
figs.  1-3. — St.  Louis  Limestone;  Illinois,  Jlissouri. 

Psephodus  minor,  II.  Trautschold,  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  57,  pi.  vii.  figs.  9,  10  ( non  figs.  1 1,  12). 

Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Mjatschkowa,  iMoscow. 

Psejihodus  ohliquus,  St.  John  & IVorthen,  op,  eit.  vol.  vii.  p.  66, 
pi.  i.  figs.  1-5. — Kinderhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

1 sc^'hodus  plactntu,  St.  John  iSc  Worthen,  op.  eit.  vol.  vii.  p.  69, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  5-8  ; Ileloilns  plucnita,  Newberry  & Worthen, 
op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  80^  jjP  y_  4 — Kinderhook  Lime- 

stone ; Iowa. 

Psephodus  lyularis  : Ta-niodos  ree/nluris,  St.  John  & Worthen, 
op.  cit.  vol.  vii.  p.  77,  pl.  xiii.  fig.  11. — Warsaw  Lime- 
stone ; Indiana. 


COCIILIOUONTin.li. 


185 


Psephodus  simple.v,  J.  W.  Davis,  Geol.  Mag.  [11]  vol.  iii.  p.  151, 
figs.  1,  2.— Carboniferous  Limestone;  Derb^vshire. 

(^1)  Psephodus  symtnetricus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  oy».  cit.  vol.  vii. 
p.  71,  pi.  i.  figs.  6,  7. — Kinderhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

The  so-caUed  P.  lumdatus,  St.  John  & Wortlien  {op.  cit.  vol.  vii. 
p.  74,  pi.  ii.  fig.  4),  from  the  Chester  Limestone  of  Illinois,  appears 
to  be  founded  upon  a specifically  indeterminable  anterior  tooth  of 
Psephodus;  and  very  doubtful,  also,  is  7^.(?)  reikidatus,  St.  John  & 
M orthcn  {op.  cil.  vol.  vi.  1875,  p.  417,  pi.  vi.  figs.  19-24),  from  the 
Kinderhook  Limestone  of  Iowa.  Other  evidence  of  the  genus,  from 
the  Lower  Carboniferous  of  Russia,  has  been  described  and  figured 
by  Semenov  and  Mbller,  Bull.  Acad.  Imp.  Sci.  St.  Petersb.  vol.  vii. 
(1864),  p.  2134,  pi.  i.  fig.  10  (?  and  other  figs.) ; and  a doubtful  tooth 
from  the  Salt  Range,  India,  is  named  P.  dejiressus,  W.  AVaagon,  Joe. 
cit.  p.  75,  pi.  vii.  fig.  4. 

A tooth  from  the  Keokuk  Limestone  of  Illinois,  very  suggestive 
of  a broken  example  of  Psephodus,  has  also  been  described  under 
the  name  of  Trigonodus  minor,  Kewberry  & Wortben  (Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  ii.  1866,  p.  1 12,  pi.  xi.  fig.  7 ) ; and  a second  example  is  recorded 
from  the  St.  Louis  Limestone  of  Indiana  (J.  S.  Kewberry,  Ann.  Hep. 
Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1876-78  (1879),  p.  1341). 


Genus  SANDALODUS,  Newberry  & Wortben. 

[Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  1866,  p.  102.] 

Sy n.  Triyonodus,  Newberry  & Woi*lhen,  tom.  cit.  1 866,  p.  1 1 1 (in  pwt). 

Vaticinodus,  St.  Jolm  & Wortben,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  1880,  p.  80. 

Orthopteurodus,  St.  John  & Wortben,  tom.  cit.  p.  190  (in  part). 

Dental  plates  of  “upper”  jaw  triangular  in  outline,  slightly 
inrolled,  having  the  antero-  and  postero-lateral  borders  each  consi- 
derably longer  than  the  inner  margin.  Coron<il  contour  undulating 
in  transverse  section,  the  anterior  portion  raised  into  a low  rounded 
longitudinal  ridge,  passing  into  a slightly  hollowed  posterior  area. 
Dental  plates  of  “ lower  ” jaw  subtriangular  or  club-shaped  in  out- 
line, with  one  or  two  pointed  extremities,  considerably  inrolled,  and 
the  longer  axis  approximately  in  an  antero-posterior  direction  ; 
coronal  ridges  and  hollows  few  or  absent. 

Sandalodus  morrisii,  Davis. 

]i^62.  Dcltodus  sp.,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Ceol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  105,  pi.  iii.  figs.  1 .3. 

(H)  lf^02.  Dcltodus  .sp.,  Morris  ik  Roberts,  toe.  cil.  pi.  iii.  lig.  1. 


18G 


SELACIIII. 


1883.  ^undaliidus  mon'inii,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  ]).  437,  pi.  liv.  figs.  1-6. 

1883.  Vaticinodus  sp.,  St.  .John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  toI.  vii.  p.  81. 
1883.  Didlodopsia  sp.,  St.  .lolin  & Worthen,  turn.  cit.  p.  1(50. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates  ; Dritish  Museum. 

A very  large  species,  the  long  axis  of  the  “ u[)])er  ” dental  plate 
attaining  a length  of  0-12,  and  its  maximum  breadth  being  about 
O’O.u.j.  “ Upper  ” dental  plate  with  anterior  ridge,  extending  from 
the  outer  apex  to  the  inner  border,  prominent,  its  summit  ungulated, 
jilaced  very  near  to  the  antero-latcral  border.  “ Lower  ” dental 
jilute  much  thickened  towards  the  sharply  rounded  posterior  angle, 
and  the  root  e.xteriding  beyond  ; coronal  surface  moderately  convex, 
faintly  exhibiting  antoro-posterior  elevations  and  depressions  in  its 
anterior  portion. 

As  already  remarked  by  Davis,  the  association  of  the  two  forms 
of  large  teeth  ascribed  to  this  species,  both  in  the  Limestone  of 
Bristol  and  Oreton,  seems  sufficient  proof  of  their  pertaining  to  one 
and  the  same  fish.  The  so-called  genus  Vatieinodtm  also  appears  to 
the  present  writer  superfluous,  and  may  bo  conveniently  deemed  a 
synonym  of  Sandalodm ; indeed  the  type  species,  V.  vetustas, 
appears  almost  specifically  indistinguishable  from  (S'.  morrisH. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Cloucestershire 
and  Shropshire. 

(i.)  Trianyidar  Vai'iety  (?  Upper  Jaw). 

P.  202-3.  Type  specimens  figured  by  Morris  and  Eoberts,  tom.  cit. 

pi.  iii.  figs.  2,  3 ; Oreton,  Shropshire.  Weaver-Jones  Coll. 

P.  207-9.  Three  specimens ; Oreton.  Weaver-Jo7ies  Coll. 

42175-42180.  Six  specimens ; Oreton.  Baityh  Coll- 

41191.  Two  imperfect  specimens,  one  small ; Oreton. 

Purchased,  1868. 

P.  2484,  P.  2487.  Two  broken  dental  jdates,  the  first  figured  by 
Davis,  tom.  cit.  pi.  liv.  fig.  6 ; Oreton.  EnnishiUeti  Cod. 

P.  4717.  Very  largo  dental  plate,  measuring  0'12  from  the  outer 
apex  to  the  inner  border ; Oreton.  Pm'chased,  1884. 

36194.  Fragment  of  small  dental  plate  ; Oreton.  I^urcha.'ied, 

P.  215.  Small  dental  plate,  probably  of  a young  individual  of  this 
species,  showing  a deep  suture-like  transverse  line  near 
the  inner  margin  ; Oreton.  The  specimen  is  figured  by 
Morris  & Eoberts,  loc.  cit.  pi.  iii.  fig.  4,  and  is  associated 


COCaLIODONTIIl.B. 


187 


with  a smalt  quadrilateral  flat  tooth.  A second  example 
of  the  latter  occurs  in  the  Collection  (So.  42230,  Bimrjh 
Coll.),  and  it  would  be  comprised  under  the  accepted 
definition  of  Psammodus,  like  the  so-called  P.  salojnensis 
(suj)rn,  p.  105).  The  fact,  however,  that  small  quadran- 
gular flat  teeth  have  been  found  bordering  a dental  plate 
of  Psejihodus  Imnssimus  (supra,  p.  181 ) suggests  the  pos- 
sibility of  a similar  arrangement  in  Saiidalodus. 

IVeaver-Jones  Coll. 

P . 216.  Three  similar  triangular  dental  plates,  one  still  smaller  and 
showing  two  sutures  parallel  to  the  inner  margin  ; Oretou. 

Weaver-Jones  Coll. 

46909.  Medium-sized  dental  plate  ; Bristol.  Purchased,  1875. 

(ii.)  Incurved  Bounded  Variety  ('!  Lower  Jaw). 

P.  2483.  P.  2485-6.  Type  specimen  figured  by  Morris  & Roberts, 
tom.  cit.  pi.  iii.  fig.  1 ; also  fragments  of  two  smaller 
specimens  ; Oreton.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.204-6.  Three  dental  plates ; Oreton.  Weaver-Jones  Coll. 

42202-  9.  Eight  fragmentary  dental  plates  ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

42210.  Small  dental  plates  ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

36000,  37986,  41192.  Three  imperfect  dental  plates  ; Oreton. 

Purchased. 


Sandalodus  minor,  Davis. 

1834.  Sandalodus  minor,  J.  IV.  Davis,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl. 
p.  626,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  17. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plate ; York  JIuseum. 

A very  small  species.  “ Lower  ” dental  plate  narrow,  jwinted  at 
one  extremit}’,  broader  and  rounded  at  the  other ; crown  raised 
into  a low  rounded  longitudinal  ridge. 

Form.  Loc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Yorkshire. 

P.  4894.  “ Lower  ” dental  plate ; Yoredale  Rocks,  Wensleydale, 
Yorkshire.  Horne  Coll. 

Sandalodus  angustus,  Newberry  & Worthen. 

1860.  Sandalodus  anyustus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  I’nl.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  10;i,  pi.  X.  fig.  3. 

Type.  •‘Lower’’  dental  plate. 

A small  species,  the  long  axis  of  the  “ lower  ” dental  [)late  mea- 


188 


SKLACHIl. 


suring  about  0-022.  This  plate  is  narrow,  compressed,  and  pointed 
at  one  extremity,  with  the  crown  raised  into  a high  median  angulated 
ridge. 

Form.  Loc.  Keokuk  Limestone  (Lower  Carboniferous):  Illinois, 

U.  S.  A. 

P.  2488.  Typical  dental  plate  ; Warsaw,  Illinois.  EnnishiUen  Uoll. 

Sandalodus  carbonarius,  Newberry  & Worthen. 

1866.  Eamlalodus  carbonarius,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  ii.  p.  104,  pi.  X.  tigs.  4,  5. 

1660.  Dvltudm  anytdaris,  Newberry  & Worthen,  lorn.  cit.  p.  97,  pi.  ix. 
lig.  1. 

(P)1870.  EcUodun  (?)  anyukuis,  0.  St.John,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc. 
vol.  xi.  p.  467. 

(P)  1872.  Eeltodwi  (? ) anyularis,  O.  St.  Jtihn,  in  Tlaydeu’s  Final  Hep. 

U.S.  Geol.  Surv.  Nebiuska,  p.  244,  pi.  vi.  lig.  18. 

188.6.  Ovihopleurodm  ca/Jyo»nr«/.s,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  vii.  p.  192,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  0-8. 

'Fype.  “ Lower”  dental  plate. 

A small  species.  “ Lower”  dental  plate  sub-spatulate,  expanded 
anteriorly,  becoming  narrow  and  poitited  behind  ; crown  low,  with 
a faint  angulated  ridge  along  the  long  axis  of  the  plate  near  the 
straightor  margin.  “ Upper  ” dental  plate  originally  described 
as  Diiltodus  anyularis. 

Form.  Loc.  Coal-Measures : Illinois,  Kansas,  Indiana,  Iowa, 
(?)  Nebraska,  and  Missouri,  U.S.A. 

P.  2489.  Dental  plate,  wanting  narrowed  extremity ; La  Salle, 
Illinois.  Enmsl-illen  Coll. 

Sandalodus  Isevissimus,  Newbei'ry  & Worthen. 

1806.  Sandalodus  Icerissimus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  ii.  p.  104,  pi.  X.  figs.  0-8. 

1800.  Sandalodus  yrandis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  lOo,  pi.  x. 
fig.  9. 

1800.  Ihdtodus  yrandis,  Newberry  A W'orthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  101,  pi-  i-x. 
fig.  9, 

1800.  Coc/ihodus?  crassus,  Newberry  A Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  91,  pi.  viii. 
fig.  2. 

1860.  Psammodus?  semicylindricus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  tom.  at. 
p.  109,  pi.  xi.  Hg.  4. 

IbOf).  Psammodus?  r/nonAou/cMs, Newberry  & Worfheu,  fonn  «?.  p.  HO, 
pi.  xi.  fig.  0. 


COCHLIODONTin,®. 


189 


(?)  1879.  Deltodiis  grandis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv. 
Indiann,  1870-78,  p.  .344. 

188.3.  Sandahdus  krcinsimtis,  St.  John  & 'Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
Tol.  vii.  p.  186,  pi.  xii.  figs.  8,  9 (in  part). 

Tgps.  “ Lower  ” dental  plate. 

The  long  axis  of  the  “ lower  ” iwsterior  dental  plate  attaining  a 
length  of  0-09,  and  its  maximum  breadth  about  0-03;  obtuse 
anterior  ridgo  angulatod.  “Lower”  posterior  dental  plate  sub- 
triangular  ; coronal  surface  considerably  elevated,  with  one  or  two 
slight  median  ridges  c.xtending  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  border, 
becoming  angulated  outwards. 

The  above  synonymy  is  copied  from  Messrs.  St.  John  and  Worthen, 
who  have  had  the  opportunity  of  studying  the  original  specimens. 
The  same  authors  doubtfully  ascribe  a third  form  of  tooth,  much 
inroUed,  to  a “median”  position  upon  the  mandible  of  this  species ; 
they  also  reverse  the  terms  “ upper  ” and  “ lower  ” as  here  pro- 
visionally employed. 

Form.  Loc.  Keokuk  Limestone  (Lower  Carboniferous) : Iowa, 
Illinois,  and  Missoiu'i,  U.S.A.  (?)  St.  Louis  Limestone  : Indiana 

P.  2491.  Incomplete  “ lower  ” dental  plate  ; Warsaw,  Illinois. 

FnnisMlen  Coll. 

P.  2490.  Two  similar,  but  larger,  specimens  ; Warsaw,  Illinois. 

Ennisliillen  Coll. 


Sandalodus  complanatus  (Newberry  & Worthen). 

1806.  Delfodus  complanatiis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  ii.  p.  08,  pi.  ix.  fig.  4. 

• 1800.  Triyonodus  major,  Newberry  and  Worthen,  tom.  cif.  p.  112,  pi.  xi. 

figs.  8,  9. 

188.3.  Sandalodus  complanatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  vii.  p.  184,  pi.  xii.  figs.  1,  2,  (?  figs.  3,  4). 

Type.  (?)  “ Upper  ” dental  plate. 

“ Upper  ” dental  plate  having  the  antero-Iateral  margin  about 
equal  in  length  to  the  inner  margin ; two  rounded  coronal  ridges 
from  the  outer  to  the  inner  side  irregularly  connected  in  the  middle. 
“ Lower  ’’  dental  plate  subtriangular,  with  the  postero-lateral  border 
much  longer  than  either  of  the  others,  which  are  about  equal ; 
coronal  surface  raised  anteriorly,  though  with  a narrow  antero- 
lateral “ wing.” 

Form.  4'  Burlington  Limestone  (Lower  Carboniferous) : 

Illinois. 


190 


8ELACHII. 


P.  2451.  Imperfect  “ lower  ” denial  plate  ; Quincy,  Illinois. 

EimuhiUen  Coll. 


The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Sandalodus  convexus : Orthopleurodus  convexus,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  (1883),  p.  193,  pi.  xiii. 
figs.  4,  5. — Coal-Measures  (above  Slahoning  Sandstone) ; 
West  Virginia. 

Sandalodus  novo-mexicanus  : Orthopleurodus  novo-mexicanus,  St. 
John  & Worthen,  op.  eit.  vol.  vii.  p.  19.5,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  1- 
3. — Lower  Carboniferous  ; Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 

Samlalodus  parvulus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  eit.  vol.  ii.  (1866), 
p.  102,  pi.  X.  fig.  1 : Stenopterod.us  parvulus  (in  part),  St. 
John  & Worthen,  op.  c/t.  vol.  vii.  p.  107,  pi.  iv.  figs.  4-8. — 
St.  Louis  Limestone ; Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Iowa.  [Typo 
8pecie.s.] 

Sandalodus  robustus,  L.  0.  de  Koniuck,  Fauno  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg. 
pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  02,  pi.  V.  fig.  7. — Lower  Carboniferous 
Limestone;  Belgium. 

Sandalodus  spatulatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  q/n  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  1 03, 
pi.  X.  fig.  2 ; and  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vii. 
p.  188,  pi.  xii.  fig.  7 : Beltodus  rhonihoideus,  Newberry  & 
Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  100,  pi.  ix.  fig  8 : Sandalodus 
crassus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op. cit.  vol.  iv.  (1870),  p.  369, 
pi.  iv.  fig.  3. — St.  Louis  Limestone;  Illinois  and  Missouri. 
[Synonymy  given  by  St.  John  & Worthen,  he.  cit.'] 

Sandalodus  tenemmus  : Streblodus  lenerrimus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck, 
Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg.  pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  55,  pi.  vi.  fig.  13  : 
Vatichiodus  tenerrimus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  ojy.  eit. 
vol.  vii.  p.  81. — Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone;  Tournai, 
Belgium. 

Sandalodus  vetustus:  Vatieinodus  vetustus,  St.  John  & Worthen, 
op.  cit.  vol.  vii.  p.  82,  pi.  iii.  fig.  1. — Kinderhook  Lime- 
stone ; Iowa. 

According  to  Trautsehold  (Nouv.  5Iem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xiv.  1879,  p.  57),  teeth  of  Sandalodus  also  occur  in  the  Car- 
boniferous Limestone  of  Mjatschkowa,  Moscow. 

A number  of  imperfect,  mostly  indeterminable,  Cochliodont  teeth 
from  the  Carboniferous  of  the  United  States,  have  been  described 
under  the  names  of  'Eatidnodus  discr spans,  St.  John  & Worthen 
(op.  cit.  vol.  vii.  p.  83,  pi.  iii.  figs.  2,  3),  V.  (?)  carbonarius,  St.  J.  & 


COCHLIODONTID®. 


191 


{ihid.  p.  88,  pi.  iv.  fig.  20),  V.  (?)  hpis,  St.  J.  & W.  {ibid.  p.  88, 
pi.  iv.  fig.  21),  V.  {!)  similis,  St.  J.  & W.  {ibid.  p.  86,  pi.  iv. 
figs.  17-19),  and  V.(!)  simplex,  St.  J.  &,W.  (ibid.  p.  84,  pi.  iv. 
figs.  22-26).  The  last-named  “species”  comprises  a triangular 
tooth. 

Closely  related  to  Saiidalodus  is  the  genus  and  species  Platyodm 
lineatus,  J.  S.  Newberry  (Eep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  (1875), 
p.  58,  pi.  lix.  fig.  12),  founded  upon  a tooth  from  the  Waverly 
Shales  of  Kentucky. 


Genus  TOMODUS,  Davis  (ex  Agassiz,  MS.). 

[Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  L 1883,  p.  446.] 

Dental  plates  thick,  massive,  triangular  in  outline,  gently  arched, 
and  the  outer  apex  stronglj'  inrolled ; coronal  surface  smooth, 
punctate.  One  lateral  margin — apparently  the  antero-lateral — 
straight,  presenting  an  abrupt  face  with  a sharp  angulation  above  ; 
the  crown  at  the  opposite  margin  becoming  thinner,  with  an 
extension  of  the  root  beyond  ; inner  margin  gently  curved,  making 
a right  angle  with  the  antero-lateral  margin. 

Before  the  definition  of  this  “ genus,”  the  name  Tomodus  had 
already  been  proposed  by  Trautschold ' for  a narrow  high-crowned 
tooth  from  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Eussia  (see  p.  229).  Since, 
however,  the  term  is  in  each  case  provisional,  and  as  Trautschold 
has  more  recently  “ renamed  the  Eussian  tooth  Oxyiomodm,  it  does 
not  appear  advisable  to  alter  the  accepted  name  of  the  teeth  described 
below. 


Tomodus  convexus,  Davis. 

1838.  Cochliodus  contortus,  L.  Agassiz  (in  part),  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii. 
p.  llo,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  23-25. 

1862.  Tomodus  conve-xus,  Morris  & Koberts  (ex  Agassiz,  MS.),  Quart. 

Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1883.  Tomodus  convexus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  446,  pi.  Iv.  figs.  15-18. 

1883.  Tomodus  convexus,  St.  John  k Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 
p.  172. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates  ; Bristol  Museum. 

The  type  species.  Dental  plates  (according  to  Davis)  of  two 
kinds,  larger  and  smaller.  The  large  plate  convex  in  each  direction, 
the  coronal  surface  without  ridges  and  furrows ; maximum  distance 

1 If  OUT.  M^m.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moseou,  toI.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  65. 

’ Bull.  Soo.  Imp.  Nat.  Moseou,  1880,  pt.  ii. 


192 


sKr.Acnrr. 


from  t,ho  outer  apex  to  the  inner  margin  about  0'0:}5.  Small  plate 
relatively  narrower,  the  lateral  margins  of  the  crown  more  or  less 
raised,  with  a median  hollow  ; maximum  distance  from  the  outer 
apex  to  the  inner  margin  about  0-018. 

Form.  ^ Lor.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Bristol, 

80575,  36198,  41162.  Thirteen  largo  dental  plates. 

Purcham/,  1840,  1801,  1808. 

39169.  Abraded  largo  dental  plate,  with  a fragment,  either  of 
cartilage  or  of  the  root  of  a smaller  tooth,  attached 
posteriorly.  Bovierbank  Coll. 

P.  1403.  Twelve  large  dental  plates,  some  showing  indications  of 
wear  in  the  middle  of  the  crown.  Egerlon  Coll. 

P.  2492.  Four  largo  examples  and  five  of  the  small  variety. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

20575  a,  20828,  41169.  Six  small  dental  plates. 

Purchased,  1840,  1847,  1868. 

No  other  undoubted  species  of  Tomodus  is  yet  known.  The 
dental  ))lates  from  the  Belgian  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone, 
described  bj'  L.  G.  de  Koninck  under  the  names  of  'Pomodus  erai(/i  ’ 
and  T.  laciniatus m'dy  be  referred  respectively  to  Psephodus  and 
Pleuroplax.  Another  supposed  species  from  the  Burlington  Lime- 
stone (Lower  Carboniferous)  of  Iowa,  U.S.A.,  is  also  uncertain, 
namely  Tomodrts‘1  limitaris, lit.  Jobn&Worthcn,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 
(1883),  p.  173,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  12. 

Genus  XYSTRODXJS,  Agassiz. 

[Morris  & Roberts  (e.v  Agassiz,  MS.),  Quart.  Journ.  Geol. 

Soe.  vol.  xviii.  1862,  p.  101’.] 

Dental  plates  small,  thin,  delicate,  triangular  in  outline,  gently 
arched,  with  the  outer  apex  more  or  less  inrollcd  ; coronal  surface 
exhibiting  the  puuctations  closely  arranged  in  transverse  parallel 
rows,  generally  producing  a definite  striated  appearance.  Antero- 
lateral portion  of  the  crown  much  raised,  and  thicker  than  the  pos- 
tero-lateral,  which  is  also  slightly'  upturned  at  the  margin. 

' Faime  Calc.  C'arbf.  Belg.  pt.  i.  1878,  p.  61,  pi.  iv.  fig.  8,  pi.  vi.  figs.  18,  19. 

* Op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  61,  pi.  vi.  fig.  20. 

■'*  The  name  only  is  here  rnentionecl  and  applied  to  the  species  previously 
described  and  figured  by  M'Ooy  under  the  name  of  CocMwdus  sfiiafus.  The 
type  species  being  thus  already  well-defined  in  1862,  the  generic  name  may  be 
regarded  as  dating  from  that  year. 


COCHLIODOtrilD^. 


193 


As  already  remarked  by  St.  John  and  Worthen  *,  the  known  dental 
plates  of  each  species  arc  of  two  forms — the  one,  presumably  per- 
taining to  the  upper  jaw,  but  little  inroUed  and  very  narrow  antero- 
posteriorly,  tho  other  considerably  iuroUed  and  of  the  reverse 
proportions. 

So  far  as  known,  Xystrodus  may  bo  regarded  as  closely  allied  to 
Tomodus,  the  dental  plates  only  differing  from  the  small  plates  of 
tho  latter  genus  in  their  less  curvature  and  in  tho  peculiar  arrange- 
ment of  the  minute  coronal  punctations. 

Xystrodus  striatus  (M‘Coy). 

184.3.  CocUiudtts  siriattis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174  (name 
only). 

1856.  Cochliodus  striatus,  F.  M'Coy,  Brit.  Palasoz.  Foss.  p.  024,  pi.  3 1. 

^ fig.  27. 

1802.  Xystrodus  striatus,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1862.  Xystrodus  anyustus,  Monis  & Roberts,  tom.  cit.  p.  101  (name 
only). 

1883.  Xystrodus  striatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2J 
vol.  i.  p.  448,  pi.  liv.  figs.  7-10. 

1883.  Xystrodus  angustm,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  449,  pi.  Iv. 
figs.  19-21. 

1883.  Xystrodus  striatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 
p.  183. 

rype.  “ Upper  ” dental  plate  ; Woodwardian  Museum,  Cambridge. 

Transverse  striaa  upon  the  coronal  surface  very  prominent  and 
regular  in  unahraded  specimens.  “ Upper  ” dental  plate  regularly 
triangular,  the  inner  margin  of  the  adult  having  an  average  measure- 
ment of  about  O'Ol,  tho  distance  from  the  outer  apex  to  the  inner 
margin  being  about  0'022.  Angle  between  the  postero-lateral  and 
inner  borders  of  tho  “ lower  ” dental  plate  very  acute,  and  much 
elevated  ; antero-latcral  border  also  much  raised,  giving  the  plate  a 
twisted  appearance ; measurements  of  a typical  specimen — postero- 
lateral margin  0'018,  inner  margin  0'012. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Power  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh,  Ireland ; 
Northumberland,  England.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone : Ayr- 
shire, Scotland ; Derbyshire,  England. 

(i.)  “ Upper  ” dental  plates, 

P.  2467-9.  Three  specimens  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.,  under 
the  name  of  X.  angustus ; Armagh.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 

P.  2475.  Twelve  similar  dental  plates  ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll, 
' Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  p.  175. 


0 


1194 


SELiCHII. 


P.  1446.  Four  imperfect  specimens  ; Armagh.  Egerlon  Coll. 

46042.  Large  abraded  specimen  ; Boith,  Ayrshire. 

Presented  by  liohert  Craiy,  Esq.,  1874. 

P.  5354.  Five  fragments  of  abraded  dental  plates  detached  from 
the  matrix,  one  being  shown  in  PI.  I.  fig.  22 ; Ticknall, 
near  Melbourne,  S.  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

(ii.)  “ Lower  ” dental  jdates. 

P.  2471-4.  Four  specimens  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loo.  cit.,  under 
the  name  of  X.  striatus  ; Armagh.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2475  a.  Six  similar  specimens  ; Armagh.  EnnisJcdlcn  Coll. 

P.  1446  a.  Olio  dental  plate  ; Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 


Xystrodus  verus,  St.  John  & Worthen. 

1883.  Xystrodus  vents,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  lllinoi.s,  vol.  vii. 
p.  181,  pi.  viii.  figs.O,  7. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates. 

Transverse  stri®  upon  the  coronal  surface  largo,  irregular  and 
wavy,  coalescing  and  bifurcating.  “ Upper”  dental  plates  regularly 
triangular,  the  inuer  margin  of  the  adult  having  an  average  measure- 
ment of  about  0-009,  the  distance  from  the  outer  apex  to  tho  inuer 
margin  being  about  0'02 ; anterior  coronal  elevation  prominent  and 
the  antero-latcral  border  abruptly  descending  almost  vertically  from 
its  summit. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Chester  Limestone  (Lower  Carboniferous) : Illinois, 

U.S.A. 

P.  2479.  Two  “ up])or  ” dental  plates  detached  from  matrix  ; horizon 
unrecorded,  but  probably  from  the  Chester  Limestone. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

Xystrodus  (?)  egertoni,  Davis. 

1883.  Xystrodus  eyertoni,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Iloy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  4.10,  pi.  Iv.  figs.  22,  23. 

Type.  Abraded  dental  plates ; British  Museum. 

Founded  upon  comparatively  massive,  abraded  dental  plates,  with 
an  irregular  coronal  surface,  exhibiting  little  concavity,  and  large 
punctations  only  indistinctly  arranged  in  transverse  rows.  More 


COCHLIODOUTID*. 


195 


satisfactory  specimens  are  required  to  render  it  certain  that  the 
species  does  not  pertain  to  Tomodus. 

Fonn.  4'  Loc-  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Bristol. 


The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Systrodus  alatus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg, 
pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  64,  pi.  V.  fig.  9. — Upper  Carboniferous 
Limestone;  Vise,  Belgium. 

Xystrodus  hellidus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 
(1883),  p.  183,  pi.  viii.  fig.  3. — Lower  Coal  Measures ; 
Illinois. 

Xystrodus  imitatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  180,  pi.  viii. 
fig.  2. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; Missouri,  Illinois,  and  Iowa, 

Xystrodus  iMondiius,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  179,  pi.  viii. 
fig.  1. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; lUinois  and  Iowa. 

(?)  Xystrodus  (?)  occidentalis,  0.  St.  John,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc. 
1870,  p.  430,  and  in  Hayden’s  Final  Rep.  Geol.  Surv. 
Nebraska,  1872,  p.  244,  pi.  iv.  fig.  18. — Upper  Coal 
Measures ; Nebraska. 

Xystrodus  parheri,  J.  W.  Davis,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  (1886), 
p.  153,  figs.  3,  4. — Carboniferous  Limestone ; Derbyshire. 

Xystrodus  sim2)le.v,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  178,  pi.  viii. 
figs.  4, 5. — Upper  Burlington  Limestone;  Iowa  and  lUiuois. 

Genus  DELTODUS,  Agassiz. 

[Morris  & Roberts  (ex  Agassiz,  MS.),  Quart.  Jourii.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  1862,  p.  100  ‘.] 

Syn.  Teeniodua,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  188-3,  p.  76 
(in  part). 

Two  posterior  series  of  teeth  represented  by  two  separate  tri- 
angular dental  plates,  marked  by  numerous  rounded  transverse 
ridges  and  furrows  parallel  to  the  inner  border ; antero-  and  pos- 
tero-lateral  borders  usually  longer  than  the  inner  border,  not  indented. 
In  each  dental  plate  the  large  ridge  from  the  outer  to  the  inner 

* The  name  only  is  hero  mentioned  and  applied  to  the  species  previously  de  - 
scribed  and  figured  by  M'Coy,  under  the  name  of  Pceciludm  suhlcevis.  The  type 
species  being  thus  already  well-defined  in  1862,  the  generic  name  may  be 
regarded  as  dating  from  that  year . 


P.  2476-7.  Type  specimens. 

P.  2478.  A similar,  but  smaller  dental  plate. 


Eiinishillen  Coll, 
EnnisTcillen  CoU. 


o2 


196 


selachii. 


border  is  broad,  rounded,  and  placed  nearest  the  aiitoro-latoral 
margin. 

The  dental  plates  of  one  jaw  (presumablj’  the  lower)  aro  much 
more  inrollod  than  those  of  the  opposing  jaw. 

Deltodus  sublsevis  (M‘Coy). 

1843.  Paxilodus  mblavis,  L.  Agassiz,  llech.  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174 
(name  only). 

1843.  rcecilodua  piirallelm,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  174  (name  only). 
1856.  Poocilodus  sublesvis,  F.  M'Coy,  Brit.  Palasoz.  Foss.  p.  040, 
pi.  3 1,  figs.  7,  8,  9. 

1856.  FaxUodus  paralklus,  F.  M‘Coy,  op,  cit.  p.  040,  pi.  3i.  fig.  0. 
1802.  Ddtodm  mblmm,  Moms  & lloberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  100  (name  only). 

1883.  Deltodus  suhkevis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Hoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  428,  pi.  lii.  figs.  7-9. 

1883.  Deltodus  expansus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  431,  pi.  liii.  fig.  11. 
1883.  Pmcilodus  juHcsii,  J.  W.  Davis,  torn.  cit.  p.  442,  pi.  liii.  fig.  22. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates  ; Woodwardian  Museum,  Cam- 
bridge. 

A comparatively  small  species,  tlie  maximum  trausvorse  measure- 
ment of  the  supposed  lower  posterior  dental  plates  being  about  0'02. 
Transverse  ridges  and  furrows  of  the  dental  crown  numerous, 
rounded,  and  very  prominent  in  unabraded  specimens.  The  promi- 
nent elevation  extending  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  margin  is 
gently  rounded,  gradually  passes  into  the  narrower  postcro-latcral 
flattened  portion  of  the  plate,  and  immediately  adjoins  the  antero- 
lateral margin  ; inner  margin  gently  undulating. 

D.  e.vpaimis,  Davus,  appears  to  bo  founded  upon  a orushed  abraded 
“ lower  ” dental  plate  of  this  species. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

(i.)  Slightly  curved  variety  of  posterior  dental  plate  (?  up>per  jaw). 

P.  2442-3.  T wo  plates  described  and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc. 

cit.  p.  428,  pi.  lii.  figs.  7,  8.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2444.  Twenty  specimens  variously  abraded.  Ennislcillen  Coil- 
'S. 1450-1.  Eight  similar  specimens.  Egerton  Coll. 

(ii.)  Narrow  dental  plates  placed  in  advance  of  the  posterior  dental 
plates,  the  more  incurved  examples  referable  to  the  “lower”  juw, 
the  others  prohahly  to  the  “ upper.” 

P.  2445  a.  Fourteen  specimens. 


Ennislcillen  Coll. 


COCHLIODONTIB^. 


197 


P.  2459.  Abraded  example,  described  and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis, 
loe.  cit.,  as  an  anterior  tooth  of  Peecihdus  jowsii. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1449.  Three  similar  teeth.  Egerton  Coll. 

(iii.)  Inrolled  variety  of  posterior  dental  plates  (?  lower  jaw). 

P.  2441.  Specimen  with  the  narrow  anteriorly-placed  plate  in  its 
natural  position,  described  and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis, 
loc.  cit.  p.  430,  pi.  lii.  fig.  9.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2445-6.  Twenty-five  variously  abraded  plates. 

Enniskillen  Coll, 

P.  2447.  Much  abraded  and  crashed  dental  plate,  the  type  specimen 
of  D.  e.vpansiis,  Davis,  loc.  cit.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1447-8.  Seven  specimens.  Egerton  Coll. 


Deltodus  gibbus,  sp.  nov. 

'Type.  “Lower”  dental  plates,  shown  in  PI.  VI.  figs.  19,  20. 

A comparatively  small  species,  the  maximum  transverse  measure- 
ment of  the  supposed  lower  posterior  dental  plate  being  about  0‘014. 
Anterior  coronal  elevation  extending  from  the  outer  to  the  inner 
margin,  broad,  rounded,  but  having  a hump-backed  appearaneo 
when  worn,  gradually  passing  into  the  narrow  postcro-lateral 
fiattened  portion  of  the  plate,  and  immediately  adjoining  the  antero- 
lateral margin ; inner  margin  strongly  curved  throughout  the  greater 
portion  of  its  length,  the  rounded  elevation  projecting.  Transverse 
ridges  and  furrows  of  the  dental  crown  narrow,  feebly  marked. 

The  opposing  dental  plates  of  this  species  are  not  yet  certainly 
recognizable;  it  seems  likely  that  they  are  confounded  with  the 
supposed  upper  dental  plates  of  Deltoptychius  gibherulus. 

Form.  4’  Eoe.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Bristol. 

20575  b,  P.  5859.  Type  specimens,  readily  distinguished  from  the 
corresponding  dental  plates  of  Z).  suhlcevis  by  their  narrow- 
ness and  the  prominence,  obliquity,  and  sharplj’-bent  worn 
surface  of  the  rounded  coronal  elevation. 

Purchased,  1846,  and  History  unknown. 

P.  5860.  Similar  specimen.  History  unknown. 

34980.  More  imperfect  abraded  dental  plate.  Purchased,  1860. 


198 


8ELACHII. 


Deltodus  rugosus,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Upper  and  lower  dental  plates,  shown  in  I’l.  VI.  figs.  21, 

22.  ' 

A very  small  species,  the  maximum  transverse  measurement  of 
the  supposed  lower  posterior  dental  plate  being  about  O'Oll.  Trans- 
verse ridges  and  furrows  of  the  dental  crown  fine,  not  always  con- 
tinuous, more  or  less  w'avy.  Posterior  “ lower  ” dental  plate  notably 
elongated  in  an  antoro-posterior  direction,  the  gently  rounded 
coronal  elevation  extending  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  margin  not 
immediately  adjoining  the  antcro-lateral  border. 

Farm.  ^ Loc.  Carboniferous  Limestone : Shropshire. 

42186,  36193.  Type  specimens  shown,  of  twice  the  natural  size,  in 
ri.  VI.  figs.  21,  22,  the  first  being  an  “ upper  ” dental 
plate,  the  second  a “ lower  ” ; Oreton. 

Raugh  Coll.,  and  Purchased,  18G1. 

42186  a.  Imperfect  “ upper  ” dental  plate  ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

42186  b,  42225.  Four  imperfect  “ lower  ” dental  plates ; Oreton. 

Baugh  Coll. 


Deltodus  concha  (Trautschold). 

1874.  Poscilodus  oonchn,  11.  Trautschold,  MtSni.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xiii.  p.  290,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  (i,  pi.  xxix.  fig.  10. 

1874.  VcRcilodii'i  Umhatm,  II.  Trautschold,  tom.  cit.  p.  290,  pi.  xxviii. 
fig.  7. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

A comparatively  small  species,  the  maximum  transverse  measure- 
ment of  the  supposed  lower  posterior  dental  plate  being  about  O'OIG. 
Transverse  ridges  and  furrows  of  the  dental  crown  few,  largo, 
rounded.  Posterior  “ lower  ” dental  plate  (“  Pcecilodus  limhatus  ) 
slightly  elongated  antoro-posteriorly,  the  prominent  elevation  ex- 
tending from  the  outer  to  the  inner  margin  very  broad,  gently 
rounded,  immediately  adjoining  the  antero-lateral  margin.  Anterior 
“lower”  dental  plate  Pmihdus  concha")  rapidly  widening 
inwardly. 

dorm.  ^ Loe.  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Government  of  Moscow, 
Eussia. 

P.  5115.  Three  anterior  dental  plates  ; Mjatschkowa. 

Purchased,  1886. 


COCHLIODONTID^. 


199 


Deltodus  occidentalis  (Leidy). 

1857.  Cochliodm  occidentalis,  J.  Leidy,  Trans.  Araer.  Phil,  Soc.  [21 
vol.  xi.  p.  88,  pi.  V.  figs.  3-10. 

1866,  Deltodus  stellntus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  97,  pi.  i.x.  figs.  2,  3. 

18.83.  Deltodus  occidentalis  ?,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  dt.  vol.  vii. 
p.  160,  pi.  ix.  figs.  9,  10. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates. 

Transverse  coronal  folds,  when  present,  broad  and  faintly  marked, 
but  generally  absent.  “ Lower  ” posterior  dental  plate  "obliquely 
twisted,  gently  arched,  with  the  outer  apex  closely  inrolled ; 
anterior  coronal  elevation  extending  from  the  outer  to  the  inner 
margin  broad,  unequally  divided  by  a faint  angulation  along  its 
highest  part. 

St.  John  and  Worthen  describe  the  supposed  lower  median  dental 
plate  and  the  upper  posterior  dental  plate  of  this  species. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  St.  Louis,  Warsaw,  and  Keokuk  Limestones  (Lower 
Carboniferous) : Illinois,  U.S.A. 

P.  2453.  Two  abraded  examples ; Keokuk  Limestone,  Warsaw, 
Illinois.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

Deltodus  spatulatus,  Newberry  & Worthen. 

1866.  Deltodus  spatulatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  100,  pi.  ix.  fig.  7. 

1879.  Deltodus  spahdatus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv. 
Indiana,  1876-78,  p.  346. 

Type.  (?)  “ Upper  ” dental  plates. 

Supposed  upper  dental  plate  obliquely  spatulate  in  outline,  the 
broader  end  having  rounded  angles ; anterior  long  coronal  promi- 
nence gently  angulated;  nnabraded  coronal  surface  with  only  faint 
transverse  parallel  furrows. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Burlington  and  Keokuk  Limestones  (Lower  Car- 
boniferous) : Illinois  and  Indiana,  U.S.A. 

P.  2452.  Two  imperfect  specimens  ; Burlington  Limestone,  Quincy, 
Illinois.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection 

Deltodus  alatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  iv. 
(1870),  p.  308,  pi.  ii.  fig.  6. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Deltodus  ediformis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  431,  pi.  liii.  fig.  12 : Fadlodus  aliformis. 


200 


SELACHII. 


F.  M‘Coy,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  (1848),  p.  129  ; 
and  Brit.  Palacoz.  Foss.  1855,  p.  638,  pi.  3o.  fig.  10. — Upper 
Carboniferous  Limestone ; Derbyshire. 

Deltodus  angustm,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  iv.  p.  368, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  7 : Deltodopsis  angustus,  St.  .John  & Worthen, 
Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  pp.  160,  163,  pi.  xi.  figs.  7-10. — 
Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

DeUodug  cinctulus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 
(1883),  p.  146,  pi.  ix.  figs.  6,  7. — Warsaw  Limestone ; 
Missouri  and  Illinois. 

Deltodus  cinctuSj  J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Bop.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana, 
1876-78  (1879),  p.  344. — St.  Louis  Limestone;  Indiana. 
Deltodus  cingulatm,  Newberty  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  99, 
pi.  ix.  fig.  6. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Deltodus  circinans : Piecilodtts  circinans,  H.  Trautschold,  Mem.  Soc. 
Imp.  Nat.  Moseon,  vol.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  52,  pi.  vii.  fig.  1.- — 
Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Government  of  Moscow. 

(?)  Deltodus  eontm'tus  : Taeniodtis  contortus,  St.  John  & Worthen  («.v 
L.  G.  de  Koninck,  MS.),  oj).  cit.  vol.  vii.  (1883),  p.  76. — 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Vise,  Belgium. 

(!)  Deltodus  fasciatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  oj>.  eit.\<A.  iv.  (1870), 
p.  366,  pi.  iii.  fig.  17  : Temiodm  fa[s~\ciatus'l , St.  .lohn  & 
Worthen,  op.  dt.  vol.  vii.  (1883),  p.  76,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  9.— 
Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Deltodus  grmidis-.  Pcedlodus  gmndis,  H.  Trautschold,  loe.  cit. 
vol.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  51,  pi.  vi.  fig.  13.— Carboniferous 
Limestone  ; Government  of  Moscow. 

Deltodus  incrassatus,  II.  Trautschold,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xiv.  p.  54, 

pi.  vii.  fig.  5.— Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Government  of 
Moscow. 


Deltodus  mtermedius,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vii.  p.  153, 
pl.  ix.  figs.  14,  15. — St.  Louis  Limestone;  Iowa,  Illinois. 
{1)  Deltodm  lamimiris,  H.  Trautschold,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xiv.  (1879), 
P . vii.  fig.  6 : Cocliliodm  lurninaris,  H.  Trautschold,  loc. 
cit.  vol.  xiii.  (1874)^  291. — Carboniferous  Limestone; 

Government  of  Moscow. 

Deltodus  latior,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vii.  p.  145,  pl.ix. 

r\  u I ^®okuk  Limestone ; Illinois  and  Iowa. 

Deltodus  httom,  Newberry  & Worthen,  cit.  vol.  iv.  p.  367, 

p . IV.  fig.  8;  and  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vii. 

p.  149.— Lower  Carboniferous;  Missouri. 

Deltodu.^,u>rurei,J.B.  Newberry,  in  Hep.  Expl.  Exped.  from  Santa 
he.  New  Mexico,  to  Colorado,  1876,  p.  137,  pl.  iii.  fig.  1 J 


COCHLIODONTID^. 


201 


also  St.  John  & Worthcn,  op.  cit.  toI.  vii.  pi.  s.  fig.  2. 

Coal  Measures ; Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 

Deltodus  ohliquut:  Taniodus  ohliqmis,  St.  John  & Woithen,  op.  cit. 
vol.  vii.  p.  78,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  10. — Chester  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Deltodus  oniatus : Pwcilodus  ornatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op. 
cit.  vol.  ii.  (1866),  p.  95,  pi.  viii.  fig.  14. — Keokuk  Lime- 
stone ; Illinois. 

Deltodus  parvus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op>.  cit.  vol.  vii.  p.  151, 
pi.  ix.  figs.  1-5.— St.  Louis  Limestone;  Iowa,  Illinois, 
and  Missouri. 

Uelludus  poivellii,  St.  John  & Worthen,  oqi.  cit.  vol.  vii.  p.  154, 
pi.  X.  fig.  1 . — Carboniferous  Limestone  (?  Coal  Measures)  ; 
Utah. 

Deltodus proqnnquus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.vol.  vii.  p.  156, 
pi.  X.  figs.  3,  4. — Coal  Measures  ; Illinois. 

Deltodus  rossicies : Pcecilodus  rossicus,  A.  von  Kc3’serling,  Ileise  in 
das  Petschoraland  (1846),  p.  292,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  6.— Car- 
boniferous ; Kabosha. 

Deltodies  sandalinus,  L.  G.  do  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg. 
pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  63,  pi.  V.  fig.  8. — Upper  Carboniferous 
Limestone ; Vise,  Belgium. 

(?)  Deltodus  triangularis,  H.  Trautschold,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xiv.  pi.  vii. 
fig.  7 : Cochliodus  triangularis,  H.  Trautschold,  loc.  cit. 
vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  292. — Carboniferous  Limestone; 
Government  of  Moscow. 

Deltodus  trilohus,  St.John  ife  Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vii.  p.  148, 
pi.  ix.  fig.  8. — Warsaw  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Deltodus  undulatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  98, 
pi.  ix.  fig.  5. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Iowa '. 

The  so-caUed  Helodus(^.)  curvatus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck  (Faune  Calo. 
Carbf.  Bclg.  pt.  i.  1878,  p.  40,  pi.  iv.  fig.  15),  from  the  Carbon- 
iferous Limestone  of  Belgium,  is  probably  referable  to  Deltodus. 

Genus  PCBCILODUS,  M‘Coy  (emend.  A.  S.  W.). 

[Brit.  Palacoz.  Foss.  1855,  p.  638,  in  part.] 

Two  posterior  series  of  teeth  in  each  jaw  represented  by  a single 
much  inrolled  plate,  generally  antero-postcriorly  elongated  ; coronal 
surface  marked  by  more  or  less  distinct  transverse  ridges  and  fur- 
rows. Two  prominent  broadening  ridges  extend  from  the  outer 
margin  to  the  inner,  the  posterior  of  these  being  much  the  largest. 

^ Possibly  to  this  species  may  be  referred  a fragtnenhiry  fossil  from  Warsaw, 
Illinois  (P.  2455,  Enniskillen  CoU.). 


202 


sELAcnir. 


There  is  yet  no  evidence  of  any  fusion  of  the  teeth  in  advance 
of  the  great  posterior  plate  ; and  the  narrow  specimen  described  by 
J.  W.  Davis  ‘ as  the  “ anterior  tooth  ” of  Poecihdvs  jonmi  is  the 
foremost  of  the  two  dental  plates  of  Deltodus  mhhevis,  being  thus 
homologous  with  the  anterior  ridge  upon  the  single  dental  plate  of 
Poecilodns. 

As  remarked  below  (p.  212),  St.  John  and  Worthen  regard  the 
dental  plates,  assigned  in  England  to  the  lower  jaw  of  Delto- 
iHi/chitis,  as  truly  the  lower  dental  plates  of  Pcecilodm.  It  seems, 
liowevor,  much  more  probable  that  the  dentition  of  each  jaw  of 
Piedlodus  was  transversely  ribbed,  and  this  provisional  interpreta- 
tion is  hero  adopted.  Of  each  of  the  well-marked  British  and  Irish 
species  there  are  two  forms  of  dental  plates — one  with  the  ridges  from 
the  outer  to  the  inner  margin  rounded,  the  other  with  these  ridges 
angulated.  The  former  most  probably  pertain  to  the  one  jaw,  the 
latter  to  the  opposite. 

Poecilodus  jonesii  (M‘Coy). 

184.3.  Poecilodus  jonesii,  P.  ohliquus,  and  P.  tmnsversus,  Ij.  Agassiz, 
Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174  (names  only). 

1843.  Poecilodus  jonesii,  J.  E.  Poi'tlock,  Rep.  Qeol.  Ijondonderry, 
p.  468,  pi.  xiv. «.  fig.  0 (name  and  fig.  only). 

1843.  Pojecilodus  tramversus,  .1.  E.  Portlock,  o/i.  cit.  p.  408,  pi.  xiv.  «. 
fig.  7 (name  and  fig.  only). 

1856.  Pcecilodm  jonesii,  F.  M‘Coy,  Brit.  Palieoz.  Foss.  p.  630. 

185.6.  Pcecilodm  ohltcjuus,  F.  IM'Coy,  op.  cit.  p.  040,  pi.  3i.  fig.  5. 

1883.  Poecilodus  jonesii,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol  i. 
p.  442,  pi.  liii.  fig.s.  20,  21,  23  (non  fig.  22). 

1883.  Pcecilodm  obliquus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  443,  pi.  liii.  fig.  24. 

1883.  Pcecilodm  corruc/citus,  .1.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  444,  pi.  liii. 
fig.  26. 

1884.  Pcecilodm  corruyatns,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xl.  p.  625,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  21. 

1880.  Pcecilodm  jonesii,  J.  W.  Davis,  Qeol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  p.  152. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates. 

Dental  plate  much  elongated  antero-postoriorly  ; coronal  cor- 
nigations  numerous,  continuous,  and  prominent  in  unworn  speci- 
mens ; diverging  ridges  comparatively  low  ; inner  margin  slightly 
sinuous. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone:  Armagh,  Ire- 
land ; Ayrshire,  Scotland.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone : Nor- 
thumberland, Yorkshire,  and  Derbyshire. 

‘ Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  442,  pi.  liii.  fig-  22. 


COCHLIODONIID^. 


203 


(i.)  Rounded  variety  (?  upper  jaw). 

P.  2457-8,  P.  2460.  Three  dental  plates,  deseribed  and  figured  by 
J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  eit.  1883,  as  P.jonesH  ; Armagh. 

EnnisTcillen  Coll. 

P.  2456.  Thirty  similar  plates  ; Armagh.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 

P.  1412.  Ton  examples  ; Armagh.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2456  a.  Impression  of  a dental  plate,  of  which  only  the  anterior 
part  is  preserved;  Armagh.  This  is  the  type  specimen  of 
P.  transversus,  Agassiz  MS.,  and  bears  the  following 

labels. “ This  specimen  convinces  me  that  Mens.  Agassiz’s 

species  Pcecilodtis  transversus  is  a bad  one.  I consider  it 
to  he  a divided  tooth  of  Poecilodus  Jonesii.  [Signed] 
Enniskillen,  Florence  Court,  Feb.  4th,  1858.’’—“  I was 
certainly  mistaken  in  distinguishing  a Paicilodus  trans- 
versus as  distinct  from  P.  Jonesii.  [Signed]  Agass.” 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

28738.  Seven  dental  plates  ; Armagh.  Purchased,  1853. 

26039,  28741.  Six  fragments  of  dental  plates  similar  to  those  from 
Yorkshire  described  as  P.  corrugatus,  Davis  ; Armagh. 

Purchased,  1851,  1853. 

46038.  Typical  dental  plate ; Boith,  Ayrshire. 

Presented  hy  Robert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

P.  4902.  Two  fragments;  Yoredale  Bocks,  Wen sloy dale,  Yorkshire. 

Home  Coll. 

49615.  Similar  fragment ; Kichmond,  Yorkshire.  Purchased,  1878. 

46819.  Imperfect  dental  plate  ; Derbyshire.  GiUertson  Coll. 

P.  5356.  Seven  fragments  of  dental  plates,  one  figured  (I’l.  I.  fig.  25); 

Ticknall,  near  Melbourne,  S.  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

P.  5355  a.  Small  imperfect  example  ; Ticknall.  Wilson  Coll. 

(ii.)  Angulated  variety  (?  lower  jaw). 

P.  2461.  Dental  plate  described  and  figured  hy  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit. 

1883,  as  P.  obliquus  ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2462.  Thirty  dental  plates,  some  much  abraded ; Armagh. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


204 


SELACHII. 


P.  1413.  Seven  imperfect  examples ; Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

46818.  Small  specimen  ; Derbyshire.  Oilbertson  Coll. 

P.  5355.  Ten  fragmentary  small  dental  plates  ; Ticknall,  S.  Derby- 
shire. The  two  most  nearly  perfect  specimens  are  shown 
of  the  natural  size  in  PI.  I.  figs.  23,  24.  Wilson  Coll. 

Poecilodus  gibbosus,  Davis. 

1883.  l-cBcihdus  yibbosm,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [3] 
vol.  i.  p.  446,  pi.  liii.  fig.  27. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plate ; British  Museum. 

Maximum  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  dental  plate  not  much 
greater  than  its  breadth ; coronal  corrugations  numerous,  continuous. 
Anterior  diverging  ridge  small,  the  posterior  very  prominent,  though 
not  affecting  the  extreme  postero-lateral  margin ; inner  margin 
deeply  sinuous. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh  and 
Sligo,  Ireland. 


(i.)  Rounded  variety  {^.  ujiper  jaw). 

P.  2463-4.  Type  specimen,  and  two  similar  dental  plates;  Armagh. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2464  a.  A smaller  dental  plate,  probably  of  this  species ; Armagh. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

(ii.)  Angidated  variety  (?  lower  jaw). 

P.  2465.  Nearly  complete  tooth,  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in 
PI.  VI.  fig.  23  ; Callooney,  Sligo.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

An  undetermined  .species,  possibly  of  Peecilodus,  is  indicated  by  the 
following  tooth,  which  exhibits  no  ridges  extending  from  the  outer 
to  the  inner  border : — 

42231.  Tooth  measuring  0'013  by  0'007,  the  transverse  rugm  few 
and  irregular  ; Carboniferous  Limestone  : Croton,  Shrop- 
shire. Baugh  Coll. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

Faecilodvs  rarlmiarivs,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 
(1883),  p.  130,  pi.  viii.  figs.  20,  21.— Upper  Coal  Meas- 
ures; Illinois  and  Kansas,  U.8.A. 


COCHIIODONIID^. 


205 


Poecilodus  cestriensis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  eit.  p,  135, 
pi.  viii.  figs.  15-17. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

('!}Poedlodus  parado.viis,W.  Waagon,  Pal.  Ind.  ser,  13,  pt.  i. 
(1870),  p.  12,  pi.  i.  fig.  1. — Productus  Limestone;  Salt 
Eangc,  India. 

Poecilodus  rugosus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
(1866),  p.94,  pi.  viii.  fig.  13. — Keokuk  Limestone;  Illinois. 

Poecilodus  sancli-ludovici,^t.  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  132, 
j)l.  viii.  figs.  11,  12  (?  figs.  8-10). — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; 
Missouri,  Illinois,  and  Iowa. 

Poecilodus  varsouviensis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  131, 
pi.  viii.  figs.  13,  14. — Warsaw  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

The  so-called  P.  spritigeri  (St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  138, 
pi.  viii.  fig.  19),  from  the  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico,  and  P.  vortheni  (St.  John,  tom.  cit.  p.  136,  pi.  viii. 
fig.  18),  from  the  Chester  Limestone  of  Illinois,  are  founded  upon 
teeth  which  would,  in  Europe,  bo  regarded  as  referable  to  Delto- 
ptychius. 

The  tooth  from  the  Belgian  Carboniferous  Limestone  named 
Poecilodus  (1)  elegans  by  L.  G.  de  Koninck  (Faune  Calc.  Carbf. 
Belg.  pt.  i,  p.  59,  pi.  vi.  fig.  17)  is  generically  indeterminable. 
The  Russian  Carboniferous  teeth  named  P.  liiigulattis  and  P.  sul- 
catus  by  H.  llomanowsky  (Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  1864, 
pt.  ii.  p.  164,  pi.  iv.  figs.  28,  29)  are  extremely  doubtful  frag- 
ments, and  may  even  pertain  to  Jmuissa.  Tho  same  remark  applies 
to  P.  couvolutus,  Newberry  & Worthen  (Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  iv.  1870, 
p.  366,  pi.  ii.  fig.  9),  from  the  Keokuk  Limestone  of  Illinois. 

Genus  COCHIiIODUSy  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1838,  p.  113.] 

Two  posterior  series  of  teeth  in  tho  “ lower  ” jaw  represented  by 
two  separate  dental  plates,  having  the  outer  border  much  inrolled. 
Posterior  dental  plate  elongated  antero-posteriorly ; postcro-lateral 
and  autero-latcral  borders  rapidly  converging  outwards,  the  second 
almost  at  right  angles  to  the  long  axis  of  the  supporting  cartilage  ; 
coronal  contour  raised  by  a median  rounded  ridge,  extending  from 
tho  outer  to  the  inner  border.  Anterior  dental  plate  very  narrow’,  tho 
hinder  portion  of  the  crown  raised  into  a high,  obtuselj’-angulated 
ridge,  extending  from  tho  outer  to  tho  inner  border.  Coronal  surface 
without  transverse  corrugations.  Symphysial  teeth  small  and  feebly 
prehensile. 


206 


SELACHII. 


Owen  ' has  stated  that  there  is  evidence  of  a third  smaller  dental 
j)lato  in  advance  of  those  just  described ; but  the  original  specimen 
supposed  to  prove  this  circumstance  merely  shows  the  remains  of 
bases  of  teeth  in  the  position  indicated,  and  more  recent  discoveries 
render  it  i)robablo  that  there  was  no  such  triangular  plate,  but 
rather  a series  of  small  llelodusAiko  teeth. 


Cochliodus  contortus,  Agassiz. 

1838.  Cochliodm  contortus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  115, 
pi.  xix.  fig.  14  {non  pi.  xiv.  figs.  16-33). 

1840.  Cochliodus  contorttm,  K.  Owen,  Odontography,  vol.  i.  p.  62, 
vol.  ii.  p.  10,  pi.  xxii.  lig.  1. 

1855.  Cochliodus  contortus,  F.  M'Coy,  Brit.  Palajoz.  Foss.  p.  622. 

1856.  Cochliodus  contortus,  F.  lloemer,  in  Bronii’s  Leth.  geogn.  vol.  i. 
p.  708,  pi.  ix.  b.  fig.  4. 

1807.  Cochliodus  contoHus,  11.  Owen,  Gool.  Mag.  vol.  iv.  p.  69,  pi.  iii. 
__figs.  1,  3,  4,5. 

1867.  Tomodus  convexus,  R.  Owen,  t<nn.  cit.  p.  62,  pi.  iv.  figs.  2-5. 

1878.  Cochliodus  contortus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Fauue  Calc.  Coi'bf.  Belg. 
pt.  i.  p.  57,  pi.  vi.  fig.  14. 

1883.  Cochliodus  contortus,  J.  \V.  Uavis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  421,  pi.  Iii.  figs.  1-6. 

Ti/2>e.  Dental  plates  in  natural  position  upon  the  jaw ; British 
Museum. 

The  typo  s])ecic8.  Dental  plates  very  variable  in  form,  the  pro- 
portions ot  the  antero-lateral  and  postero-latcral  areas  of  the 
posterior  plate  on  each  side  of  the  ridge  especially  inconstant. 
Large  ridge  gently  rounded,  oblique,  attaining  the  inner  margin, 
where  it  is  broadest ; coronal  surface  smooth. 

None  of  the  dental  plates  from  Bristol  assigned  by  Agassiz  (mi. 
cit.  pi.  xiv.  figs.  16-33)  to  this  species  can  bo  correctly  retained  in 
this  i)osition.  Tho  specimens  described  by  Owen  were  from 
Armagh,  not  from  Bristol,  as  stated.  Some  Russian  teeth,  also 
ascribed  to  Cochliodus  contortus  by  Romanowsky  (BuU.  Soc.  Imp. 
Nat.  Moscou,  1864,  pt.  ii.  p.  159,  pi.  iii.  figs.  7-10),  are  very 
ijuestionably  determined. 

I'orni.  IjOC.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ire- 
land ; Belgium.  Upper  Cai'boniferous  Limestone  : Yorkshire, 
England;  Belgium. 


* Geol.  Mag.  vol.  iv.  1867,  p.  GO. 


COCHLIODO!frtD.®. 


207 


P.  2424.  Typo  specimen  shown,  somewhat  reduced  in  size,  in  the 
accompanying  woodcut  (fig.  8) ; Tynan,  Co.  Armagh. 

Emiislcillen  Coll. 


Fig.  8. 


Jaw  of  Coohliodus  contortm. — Carboniferous  Limestone,  Armagli.  [P.  2424.] 


P.  5849.  Plaster  cast  of  specimen  described  and  figured  by 
Owen,  loc.  cil.,  under  the  name  of  Tomodus  conve.vus. 
The  original  fossil  is  much  crushed  and  broken,  and  is 
preserved  in  the  Woodwardian  Museum,  Cambridge;  it  is 
correctly  determined  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  423,  and 
was  obtained  from  Armagh  (not  Pristol,  as  stated). 

Made  hi  the  Museum,  1888. 


P.  5850.  Plaster  cast  of  specimen  described  and  figured  by  Owen, 
loc.  cit.,  under  the  name  of  Cochliodus  contortm. 

Made  in  the  Museum,  1888. 


P.  2425.  Jaw  with  the  posterior  dental  plates  of  each  side  very 
completely  preserved  ; Armagh.  The  specimen  is  figured 
by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  pi.  lii.  fig.  1.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2426-7.  Posterior  and  anterior  dental  plates,  showing  the  iu- 
rolmont  of  the  outer  border ; Armagh.  The  siiecimens 
are  described  and  figured  by  J . W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  422, 
pi.  lii.  figs.  4,  6.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2429.  About  thirty  posterior  dental  plates,  of  various  sizes  and 
in  different  states  of  preservation,  some  with  the  anterior 
tooth  attached  in  position ; Armagh.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 


P.  2428.  Sixteen  detached  anterior  dental  plates ; Armagh. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 


P.  1402.  Six  small  detached  posterior  plates  ; Armagh. 

Eijcrton  Cull. 

P.  4904.  Small  posterior  dental  plate  shown,  of  the  natural  size, 
in  PI.  VI.  fig.  24,  doubtfully  assigned  to  a variety  of  this 
species ; Yoredale  Hocks,  Wensleydale,  Yorkshire. 

Home  Coll. 


208 


SELAcnir. 


Cochliodus  latuS)  Lcidy. 

1867.  CwMiodm  kctm,  J,  Leidy,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Sue.  [2]  vol.  xi. 

p.  88,  pi.  V.  fig.  17. 

1800,  Helodics  {Cochlioditu)  nobilis,  Newberry  & VVortheii,  Pal. 

Illinois,  vol.  ii.  p.  89,  pi.  vii.  figs.  1-4,  pi.  viii.  fig.  1. 

1880.  Chitonodus  lalus,  St.  John  & VVortlien,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 

p.  112. 

Type.  Portion  of  “ lower  ” dental  plate. 

A comparatively  largo  species,  the  posterior  “ lower  ” dental  plate 
having  an  antero-postorior  measurement  of  0'075.  Tho  large  ridge 
of  the  posterior  “ lower  ” plate  relatively  narrow,  with  a tendency 
towards  angulation,  and  not  quite  attaining  the  inner  margin  ; 
coronal  surface  slightly  wrinkled  at  right  angles  to  the  inner  mar- 
gin. Anterior  “lower”  dental  plate  W’ith  low  ridge  and  feeble 
plications.  Opposing  dental  plate  equal  in  antero-posterior  extent 
to  tho  two  teeth  just  described,  and  having  the  cliaracters  of  the  so- 
called  Strehlodus. 

In  the  lino  specimen  described  by  Newberry  and  Worthen,  lor. 
cit.,  there  are  several  scattered  series  of  i/eZo(?i«s-shai)od  teeth  in 
association  with  tho  large  tt^cth. 

Form.  Loc.  Keokuk  Limestone  (Lower  Carboniferous)  : Illinois, 

U.S.A. 

P.  2430.  An  almost  perfect  posterior  “ lower  ” tooth  ; Warsaw. 

Illinois.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

'I'lie  following  species  have  also  boon  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Cochliodus  costatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  iv. 
(1870),  p.  304,  pi.  iii.  figs.  10,  12. — liurlington  Lime- 
stone ; Iowa. 

Cochliodus  leidyi,  8t.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vii.  (1883), 
p.  127,  pi.  vii.  figs.  11-16. — Chester  Limestone;  Illinois. 
[In  this  species  are  also  included  N<re6?ocf«s-likc  teeth 
and  anterior  Ilolodont  teeth.] 

Cochliodus  tenuis,  L.  G.  do  Koninck,  Panne  Calc.  Carbf.  Lelg. 
pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  68,  pi.  vi.  fig.  15. — Lower  Carboniferous 
Limestone ; Soignios,  Tournai. 

Cochliodus  van  hornii,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vii.  p.  120, 
pi.  vii.  figs.  1-10. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; Illinois,  Missouri, 
afld  Iowa.  [Nfrcl>Zo(/Ms-like  tooth  are  hypothetically 
assigned  to  the  upper  jaw,  and  Uelodus-Y\V.Q  teeth  to  the 
more  anterior  region.] 


COCHLIODONTID^. 


209 


Genus  STREBLODUS}  Agassiz. 

[Morris  & Eoberts  (ex  Agassiz,  MS.),  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soo. 
vol.  xviii.  1862,  p.  101\] 

Posterior  dental  plate  much  inrolled ; antero-latoral  border  cross- 
ing the  supporting  cartilage  at  right  angles,  thus  giving  the  plate 
a truncated  appearance  in  front ; postero-lateral  border  inclined 
inwards  and  backwards,  and  forming  an  acute  angle  with  the 
inner  margin.  Hinder  portion  of  the  coronal  surface  tumid,  and 
separated  more  or  less  abruptly  from  the  less  elevated  front  portion ; 
the  latter  area  often  marked  by  small  ridges  and  grooves  proceeding 
directlj’  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  border. 

The  dental  plate  just  described  is  evidently  homologous  with  the 
single  posterior  plate  of  Poecilodus  and  Deltcqttychius,  and  with  the 
two  separate  posterior  i)lates  of  Cochliodtis.  In  at  least  two  species 
(S.  oblongus,  and  the  so-called  upper  dental  plate  of  Ddloptychim 
wachemuthi)  the  separate  eeries  of  small  teeth  immediately  in 
advance  of  this  large  tooth  is  known. 

By  St.  John  and  Worthen  the  dental  plates  referred  to  Sirehlodus 
are  considered  to  pertain  in  reality  to  the  genera  Cochliodus,  Delto- 
ptychius,  and  Chitonodus.  In  one  case,  indeed,  plates  of  this  charac- 
ter have  been  found  in  natural  association  with  an  undoubted  jaw 
of  Cochliodm  “ ; but  there  is  yet  no  proof  of  their  connection  with 
the  two  last-named  genera,  and  it  thus  seems  advisable  to  retain 
Strehlodus  provisionally  independent,  awaiting  further  evidence  of 
the  true  relationships  of  the  dental  fragments  on  which  it  has  been 
founded. 


Streblodus  oblongus  (Portlock). 

184.3.  Cochliodus  oblonyus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174  fname 
only). 

1843.  Cochliodm  dbhnyus,  J.  E.  Portlock,  Rep.  Geol.  Londonderir 
p.  4G0,  pi.  xiv.  o.  figs.  5, 10. 

18-5.5.  Cochliodus  oblonyus,  F.  M'Coy,  British  Palseoz.  Foss.  p.  623 
pi.  3 H.  fig.  19,  pi.  3 1,  fig.  28.  ’ 

1802.  Streblodus  oblonyus,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 


‘ The  name  only  is  here  mentioned  and  applied  to  the  species  previously 
figured  and  described  by  Portlock  and  M Coy  under  the  name  of  Cochliodus 
oblonyus.  The  type  species  being  thus  already  well-defined  in  1802,  the  generic 
name  may  be  regarded  as  dating  from  that  year. 

^ Cochliodus  lotus,  Leidy,  suprh,  p.  208. 


p 


'SKLAOUll. 


'2l0 

Ib(57.  Utrebli/dns  oblunytis,  K.  Owen,  Oeol.  Mag.  vol.  iv.  p.  02,  pi.  in- 
■lig.  3. 

1883.  Slrebhdus  obhmjun,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Trans,  lioy.  Dublin  Soo.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p,  424,  pi.  liii.  lig,s.  1-4. 

Tyi>e.  Detached  dental  plate. 

Dental  jdate  much  elongated  antoro-posteriorly  ; Linder  tumid 
portion  sharply  separated  by  an  abrupt  elevation  from  the  anterior 
portion,  with  which  it  is  equal  in  extent ; anterior  portion  crossed 
by  one  broad  low  ridge,  and  occasional  faintly-marked  grooves 
nearly  parallel  to  (.he  antero-latoral  margin. 

Tliis  is  supposed  to  be  the  upper  dental  plate  of  Cochliodm  con- 
turlxm  by  St.  John  and  Worthen'. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2417.  P ortions  of  two  associated  dental  plates  described  and 
figured  by  Owen,  luc.  cit.,  and  by  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit. 
p.  425,  pi.  liii.  fig.  4.  Ennislillen  Coll. 

P.  2414.  Incomplete  dentition,  described  and  figured,  and  referred 
to  the  lower  jaw  by  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  424,  pi.  liii. 
fig.  1.  The  two  rami  are  evidently  crushed  together,  and 
in  advance  of  the  largo  posterior  dental  plate  on  each  side 
are  indications  of  the  bases  of  two  small  series  of  teeth. 
Of  the  first  series  on  the  “ left  ” side,  one  of  those  small 
teeth  is  preserved  in  position,  exhibiting  the  characters  of 
the  so-called  genus  Lojihodas  or  Ilelodus. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2415-6.  Two  posterior  dental  plates,  one  exhibiting  the  inrol- 
ment  of  the  outer  border  ; figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  tom. 
cit.  pi.  liii.  figs.  2,  3.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2418.  Thirty  similar  specimens.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1400.  Twelve  specimens,  mostly  small.  Ejerlon  Coll. 

28727,  28917,  38502,  P.  260.  Soventeeu  speciuiens.  Purchased. 


Streblodus  colei,  Davis. 

1802.  Streblodus  colei,  Morris  & Roberts  (e.v  Agassiz,  MS.),  (iuart. 

Jouru.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1883.  Streblodus  colei,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i. 
p.  42(1,  pi.  liii.  figs.  5,  0. 

Tijpe.  Detached  posterior  dental  plates  ; Rritish  Museum. 


’ Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  (1883),  p.  02. 


COCHLIODONTlDiE. 


211 


Dental  plate  extremely  elongated  antero-posteriorly  ; hinder  tumid 
portion  passing  gradually  into  the  anterior  flattened  portion ; the 
latter  portion  longer  than  the  former,  and  crossed  by  a small,  faint, 
very  oblique  ridge. 

This  is  supposed  to  he  the  upper  dental  plate  of  Ddtoj)tychius 
acutus  by  St.  John  and  Worthen  h 

Form.  hoc.  Lower  Carheniferous  Limestone  : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2419-20.  Type  specimens.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 

P.  2421.  Thirty  similar  dental  plates,  the  largest  having  an  antero- 
posterior measurement  of  0-053.  Enniskillen.  Coll. 

P.  1401.  Four  similar  specimens.  Ejerton  Coll. 

28729.  Two  imperfect  dental  plates.  Purchased,  1853. 

A small  variety,  not  distinctly  separable  from  Slreblodus  colei  upon 
present  evidence,  appears  to  bo  indicated  by  the  following  speci- 
mens : — 

P.  4905.  Two  dental  plates,  one  figured,  of  the  natural  size,  in 
Ph  VI.  fig.  25 ; Yoredalo  Rocks  (Upper  Carboniferous 
Limestone),  Wensleydale,  Yorkshire.  Horne  Coll. 

P.  5349.  Four  portions  of  dental  plates,  somewhat  larger ; Upper 
Carboniferous  Limestone,  Ticknall,  near  Melbourne,  S. 
Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 


Streblodus  egertoni,  Davis. 

1862.  Streblodus  egcHoni,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  101  (name  only). 

1883.  Streblodus  egertoni,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2J  vol.  i. 
p.  426,  pi.  liii.  figs.  7,  8. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates  ; British  Museum. 

A comparatively  small  species,  the  antero-posterior  measurement 
of  the  largest  known  dental  plate  being  0-014.  Hinder  tumid  por- 
tion of  plate  sharply  separated  by  an  abrupt  elevation  from  the 
anterior  portion,  and  about  equal  to  it  in  extent ; anterior  portion 
flattened,  only  crossed  by  one  small  angulated  ridge,  near  to  and 
parallel  with  the  antero-lateral  margin. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Bristol. 

P.  2422-3.  Type  specimens.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

20575.  Similar  dental  plate.  Purchased,  1845. 

p 2 


' Pal.  Uinois,  vol.  vii.  p.  92. 


212 


SELACnll. 


By  St.  John  and  Worthen  (Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  1883),  dental 
plates  of  the  form  of  Streblodus  are  hypothetically  assigned  to  Vdto- 
ptychius  expamus,  U.  primus,  I),  wetchsmuthi,  and  1).  varsomknsis, 
and  to  various  species  of  Cochliodus.  Vulicmodus,  Stenoj>terodus,  and 
Chitonodus.  Another  dental  plate  forms  the  t}’po  of  Cochliodus 
ohliquus,  St.  John  and  Worthen  {tom.  cit.  p.  12G,  pi.  vii.  fig.  17) 
from  the  St.  Louis  Limestone  of  Missouri. 


Genus  DELTOPTYCHIUS,  Agassiz. 

[Morris  & llobcrts  {ex  Agassiz,  MS.),  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xvdii.  18G2,  p.  100 '.] 

Two  posterior  series  of  teeth  in  each  jaw  represented  by  a single 
triangular  dental  plate,  with  the  coronal  surface  destitute  of  trans- 
verse ridges  and  furrows ; postero-latcral  border  much  longer  than 
the  antero-lateral,  and  this  about  equal  in  length  to  the  inner  mar- 
gin. A large  broadening  ridge  extends  from  the  outer  apex  to  the 
inner  margin ; while  the  postero- lateral  border  is  somewhat  raised, 
and  the  antero-lateral  abruptly  ridged,  thus  giving  the  plate  a 
twisted  appearance. 

The  dental  plates  of  one  jaw  (presumably  the  lower)  are  much 
more  irirolled  than  those  of  the  opposing  jaw.  They  are  evidently 
the  homologuos  of  the  posterior  pair  of  largo  plates  in  Deltodus  and 
Cochliodus-,  and  appearances  are  suggestive  of  there  having  been  no 
fusion  of  the  teeth  immediately  in  front  into  a second  smaller  plate. 

By  8t.  John  and  Worthen  “ the  dental  plates  here  assigned  to 
the  lower  jaw  of  Deltopti/ckius  are  considered  as  referable  to  I’oecil- 
odus,  while  the  “ upper”  plates  are  regarded  as  truly  pertaining  to 
the  lower  jaw  of  the  genus  under  consideration.  The  true  upper 
dental  plates  of  DdtoptycMus  are  identified  by  the  same  authors 
with  species  of  Streblodus.  We  prefer,  however,  to  adopt  the  inter- 
pretation of  M‘Coy  ^ as  amended  by  Davis  ^ 

Deltoptychius  acutus,  M‘Coy. 

1843.  Cochliodus  acutus,  L,  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174  (name 
only). 

* The  name  only  is  here  mentioned  and  applied  to  the  species  previously 
described  and  figured  by  M'Cuy  under  (he  name  of  Cochliodus  acutus.  The 
typo  species  being  thus  already  well-defined  in  1862,  the  generic  name  may  be 
regarded  as  dating  from  that  year. 

‘‘  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.  (1883),  p.  92. 

^ Brit.  Palteoz.  Foss.  p.  621. 

' Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  432. 


COCHLIODONTID^. 


213 


I860.  Cochliodus  amituf,  F.  M‘Coy,  Brit.  Palsooz.  Foss.  p.  021,  pi.  3 i. 
fig.  24. 

1862.  Deltoptychius  acutm,  Morris  & Roberts,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xviii.  p.  100  (name  only). 

1867.  Coe/tlmltis  compacts,  R.  Owen,  Geol.  Mag.  vol.  iv.  pi.  iv.  fig.  1. 
1883.  Dcltoptychius  avutue,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Tran.s.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  433,  pi.  liii.  figs.  13-17. 

1883.  Deltodus  e.vpamm,  .1.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  431,  pi.  liii.  figs.  9, 10 
(non  fig.  11). 

(?)1884.  DeltoptycMus  plicattis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart,  .lourn.  Geol. 

Soc.  vol.  xl.  p.  628,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  13,  14. 

(?)  1886.  Deltoptychius  plicatux,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Geol.  JIag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 

p.  162. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates  ; Woodwardian  Museum,  Cam- 
bridge. 

“ Upper  ” dental  plate  expanded  posteriorly  towards  the  inner 
border ; the  large  coronal  ridge  angulated ; lateral  borders  raised 
into  sharp  ridges.  “ Lower  ” plate  with  the  large  median  ridge 
angulated,  sharply  separated  from  the  upturned  postcro-lateral  area. 

Form.  4'  Toe.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland, 
and  Ayrshire,  Scotland.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone ; York- 
shire and  Derbyshire. 

(i.)  Sliylitly  curved  variety  (‘^  upper  jaw). 

P.  2433-35.  Three  dental  plates  described  and  figured  by  J.  W. 
Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  4.33,  pi.  liii.  figs.  15-17  ; Armagh. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2448-9.  Two  specimens  described  and  figured  as  referable  to  the 
upper  jaw  of  Deltodus  expansus,  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit. ; 
Armagh.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2436.  Thirty  specimens  ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1455.  Four  small  abraded  dental  plates  ; Armagh. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

28725.  Two  similar  plates  ; Armagh.  Purchased,  1853. 

46045.  Imperfect  dental  plate  probably  of  this  species  ; Beith,  Ayr- 
shire. Presented  by  It.  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

(ii.)  Inrolled  variety  (?  loiver  jaw). 

P.  2431-2.  Two  dental  plates  descjibed  and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis. 
loc.  cit.  p.  433,  pi.  liii.  figs.  13,  14;  Armagh. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  2437.  Twenty  specimens;  Armagh. 


Enntskillen  Coll. 


214 


SELACHII. 


P.  1455  a.  Six  specimens,  one  associated  with  a tooth  of  llelodus 
didymus ; Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  4888.  Two  dentil!  plates  only  differing  from  the  foregoing  in 
their  smaller  size;  Yoredale  Rocks,  Wensleydalo,  York- 
shire. Coll. 

P.  5353.  One  imperfect  specimen  and  fragment;  Tiokuall,  near 
Melbourne,  South  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

Deltoptychius  gibberiilus,  Davis. 

1838.  Cochliodm  contortus,  L.  Agassiz,  I’oiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  116, 
pi.  xiv.  figs.  21,  29-33. 

1802.  IJeltojitycMu?  yihhet'vlu^  Morris  tS;  Roberts,  Quart.  Journ.  Cieol. 
Soc.  vol.  xviii.  p.  100  (name  only). 

1883.  Ddtoptychius  (jibbendiis,  S.W . Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 

[2]  vol.  i.  p.  436,  pi.  liii.  tigs.  18,  19. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plates ; British  Museum. 

“ Upper  ” dental  plate  much  expanded  posteriorly  towards  the  inner 
border  ; the  large  coronal  ridge  broad,  rounded  ; lateral  borders  not 
riiised  into  ridges.  “ Lower  ” plate  with  the  largo  median  ridge 
gentl}' rounded  and  relatively  broad;  antero-lateral  border  laised 
into  a sharp  ridge. 

Form.  4- Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Wexford,  Ireland  ,: 
Cloucestershiro,  Somersetshire,  and  Shropshire,  England.  Upper 
Carboniferous  Limestone : Derbyshire. 

(i.)  Slightly  curved  variety  {2  tqiper  jaw),shown  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit. 
])1.  xiv.  figs.  29-31 , arid  by  Davis,  tom.  cit.  pi.  liii.  fig.  19. 

P.  2439.  Type-specimen ; Bristol.  Ennislcillen  Coil- 
's. 2440.  Five  dental  plates ; Bristol.  EmiisHllen  Coll. 

P.  5225.  One  specimen  ; Bristol. 

Presented  by  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  1478,  P.  1452.  Three  similar  plates  ; Bristol.  Egerton  Coll. 

20575  b,  41167.  Six  specimens  ; Bristol.  UiOT'/insetf,  1815,  1868. 

40331.  Three  small  dental  plates;  Clevedon,  Somersetshire. 

Purchased,  1867. 

42189.  Small  abraded  specimen  ; Orcton,  Shrop.shire.  Baugh  Coll. 

P.  14^8  a.  Two  specimens  ; Hook  Point,  Wexford.  Egerton  Coll. 

23712.  Three  small  specimens  ; Hook  Point,  Wexford. 

Purchased,  1849. 


COCHLIODONTID^. 


215 


(ii.)  Inrolled  variety  (?  lower  jaw),  shown  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xiv. 
figs.  32,  H3,  and  by  Davis,  toin.  cit.  pi.  liii.  fig.  18. 

P.  2438.  Type  specimen ; Bristol.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2440  a.  Imperfect  dental  plate  ; Bristol.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

20575  a.  Imperfect  dental  plate ; Bristol.  Purchased,  ISAo. 

P.  1478  B.  Two  specimens  ; Black  Hock,  Bristol.  Eyerton  Coll. 

40329.  Perfect,  though  abraded,  specimen  ; Clevedon,  Somersetshire. 

Purchased,  1807. 

P.  1478c.  Similar  specimen;  Hook  Point,  Wexford.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  5351.  Imperfect  specimen  shown  of  the  natural  size  in  PI.  I. 
fig.  21 ; Ticknall,  near  Melbourne,  South  Derbyshire. 

Wilson  Coll. 

P.  5350.  Two  fragments  of  worn  dental  plates,  probably  of  this 
species  ; Ticknall.  Wilson  Coll. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
dental  plates,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

DiltoptycMus  e.vpansus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii. 
(1883),  p.  98,  pi.  V.  figs.  9-11  (also  figs.  12,  13,  Slreblo- 
tfus-platcs).— St.  Louis  Limestone;  Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri. 

Delloptyehius  nitidus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  99,  pi.  v. 
fig.  16 : Cochliodiis  nitidus,  J.  Leidy,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil. 
Soc.  [2]  vol.  xi.  (1857),  p.  87,  pi.  v.  fig.  2. — Chester 
Limestone;  Illinois. 

I)dto2)tychi.us  primus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  93,  pi.  v. 
fig.  6 (also  figs.  7,  8,  /Sfr€6fof?««-plates). — Upper  Burling- 
ton Limestone ; Iowa. 

Deltoptycliius  wnchsmuthi,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  93. 
pi.  V.  figs.  1,  2 (also  figs.  3-5,  StreiZorfas-plates). — Keokuk 
Limestone;  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Missouri. 

Deltoptycliius  varsouviensis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  96, 
pi.  V.  fig.  14  (also  fig.  15,  *8</’e?<7ofb»s-plate). — Warsaw 
Limestone ; Illinois. 

As  already  remarked  (p.  205),  dental  plates  of  the  form  hero  re- 
garded as  Deltoptychius  are  described  by  St.  John  and  Worthen  as 
Poecilodus  vortheni  and  P.  sprinyeri.  The  Belgian  tooth  named 


216 


SELACHir. 


Strehlodus  oblongus  by  L.  0.  do  Koninck  (Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Folg. 
pt.  i.  p.  55,  pi.  vi.  fig.  22)  also  appears  to  be  referable  to  Deltojiiy- 
ehius. 


Genus  DIPLACODUS  Davis. 

[Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  See.  vol.  xl.  1884,  p.  632.J 

An  uncertain  genus  founded  upon  a fragment  of  a dental  plate 
resembling  tbo  original  of  I’l.  VI.  fig.  27,  aiiparently  only  differing 
from  the  supposed  lower  dental  plates  of  Bellojitychitts  in  the  re- 
markable extension  of  the  antero-laterul  border  indicated  by  the 
plain  line. 


Diplacodus  bulboides,  Davis. 

1884.  Diplacodus  hulhoides,  J.  VV.  Davis,  luc.  ci7.p.  0.33,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  20. 

Type.  Fragment  of  dental  plate ; Horne  Collection,  York  Museum. 
The  single  known  species. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Yorkshire. 

P.  4913.  Dental  plate  shown  of  the  natural  size  in  PI.  VI.  fig.  27  ; 

Yoredale  Rocks,  Wenslcydule.  The  coronal  surface  of  the 
antero-lateral  extension,  shown  in  outline,  is  covered  by 
matrix,  but  appears  to  be  certainly  of  tlio  form  indicated. 

Horne  Coll. 


Genus  CYRTONODUS,  Davis. 

[Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  8oc.  vol.  xl.  1884,  p.  630.] 

A doubtful  and  provisional  genus  founded  upon  triangular  dental 
plates  very  suggestive  of  those  of  Deltoptyrhius,  but  exhihiling  a 
largo  rounded  coronal  prominence  antero-lateral ly,  expanded  into  a 
wing  po.stero-laterally  ; the  root  also  extending  cou.siderably  beyond 
the  crown  outwardly.  The  type  species  is  Uyrtonodvs  yihhus,  Davi.s 
{loc.  cii.  p.  031,  pi.  xxvii.  figs.  1,  6),  from  the  Yoredale  Rocks  of 
Wensleydale,  Yorkshire ; and  it  may  bo  noted  that  the  published 
figures  of  the  plates  are  so  arranged  that  the  antero-lateral  mar- 
gin is  directed  upwards,  and  the  postero-latcrul  downwards. 

Cyrtonodus  hornei,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Detached  dental  plate  ; British  Museum. 

‘ Tin’s  name  is  preoccupied  {Diplacodmi,  O.  0.  Marsh,  Amer.  Joiirii.  Sci.  [3] 
vol.  ix.  187.3,  p.  246),  but  being  only  provisional,  it  may  be  retained  until  Curtber 
evidence  oC  the  nature  of  the  teeth  is  discovered. 


COCHLIODONIID^. 


217 


Dental  plates  differing  from  tkose  of  C.  gibhus  in  the  relatively 
less  antero-posterior  extension  and  the  more  rounded  and  prominent 
character  of  the  coronal  elevation. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Yorkshire. 

P.  4908.  Type  specimen  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  VI.  fig.  26 ; 

also  a more  imperfect  dental  plate  ; Toredale  llocks,\Vens- 
Icydale.  Horne  Coll. 

49634.  Pragmeut  of  dental  plate  ; Richmond.  Purchased,  1878. 

According  to  the  views  of  Agassiz,  as  interpreted  by  J.  W.  Davis, 
the  so-called  genera  Sienopterodus,  Chitonodus,  and  Deltodoptsis, 
proposed  by  St.  John  and  Worthen  (Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vii.),  must  be 
regarded  as  comprising  miscellaneous  dental  plates  of  the  various 
genera  enumerated  above. 

The  dental  plates  oi  Stenopiterodus"  (lorn.  cit.  p.  100)  might 
well  be  assigned  to  Beltodus  and  “ Streblodas.”  They  are  described 
under  the  names  of  F.  ehngatus  {tom.  cit.  p.  106,  pi.  iv.  figs.  1-3), 
from  the  Warsaw  Limestone  of  lUiuois  ; S.  planus  {tom.  cit.  p.  102, 
pi.  iv.  figs.  0-14),  from  tlie  Upper  Rurlingtoii  Limestone  of  Iowa 
and  Illinois ; and  F.  sp.‘?  {tom.  cit.  p.  105,  pi.  iv.  figs.  15,  16),  from 
the  Keokuk  Limestone  of  Illinois.  The  tyiio  species  of  Sandalodus 
(/S',  parvulus,  Newberry  and  Worthen)  is  also  placed  here. 

The  dental  plates  of  “ Chitonodus  ” {tom.  cit.  p.  100)  seem  to  bo 
assignable  to  Cochliodns,  Beltodus,  Poecilodus,  and  “ Streblodus,” 
and  the  genus  is  said  (p.  112)  to  include  Cochliodus  latus,  Leidy, 
Poecilodus  rugosus,  Newberry  and  Worthen,  and  P.  ornalus,  New- 
berry and  Worthen.  Four  other  species  are  distinguished  as  fol- 
lows : C.  aniiquus  (to»i.  cit.  x>.  116,  pi.  vi.  fig.  2),  from  the  Low'er 
Burlington  Limestone  of  Iowa;  C.  liratus  {tenn.  cit.  p.  110,  pi.  vi. 
fig.  1),  from  the  St.  Louis  Limestone  of  Illinois  ; C.  springeri  {tom. 
cit.  p.  112,  pi.  vi.  figs.  3-15),  from  the  Upper  Burlington  Limestone 
of  Iowa  and  Illinois;  and  6’.  tribidis  {tom.  cit.  p.  117,  pi.  vii. 
figs.  18-21),  from  the  Keokuk  Limestone  of  Iow  a and  Illinois. 

Beltodopsis  {tom.  cit.  p.  158)  is  separated  with  hesitation  from 
Beltodus,  and  also  includes  some  dental  plates  assignable  to  Sanda- 
lodus—e.  g.,  the  large  “ upper  ’’  x>latc  of  S.  morrisii.  The  following 
species  are  distinguished:  B.  affinis  {tom.  cit.  p.  160,  pi.  xi.  fig.  1), 
from  the  Warsaw  Limestone  of  Dlinois ; B.'l  hialveatus  {tom.  cit. 
X).  169,  pi.  xi.  fig.  15),  from  the  Upper  Burlington  Limestone  of 
Iowa ; B.  ? convexus  {tom.  cit.  p.  169,  pi.  xi.  figs.  17,  18),  from  the 
Upper  Burlington  Limestone  of  Iowa ; B.  ? convolutus  {tom.  cit. 
p.  16-5,  pi.  xi.  figs.  11,  12),  from  the  Upper  Burlington  Limestone 


218 


BELAcnir, 


of  Towa  and  Illinois  ; Z».  ? e.roruatun  (iom.eit.  p.  108,  pi.  xi.  fig.  14), 
from  tho  Warsaw  Limestone  of  Illinois;  D.?  injlexits  (turn.  cit. 
p.  167,  pi.  xi.  fig.  18),  from  the  Keokuk  Limestone  of  Illinois  ; D.? 
Iceolcuh  {tom.  cit,  p.  169,  pi.  xi.  fig.  16),  from  the  Keokuk  Limestone 
of  Illinois  ; and  J).  mncii-ludovici  {tom.  cit.  p.  161,  pi.  xi.  figs.  2-6), 
from  the  St.  Louis  Limestone  of  Iowa,  Illinois,  and  Missouri.  Del- 
todm  miffustus,  Newberry  and  Worthen,  is  also  j)lacod  hero. 

The  genus  Chalcodus,  Zittel  (llandb.  Paheont.  vol.  iii.  pt.  i.  1887, 
p.  72),  from  tho  German  Kupfcrschiofer,  though  originally  referred 
to  the  CochliodontidsD,  does  not  appear  to  belong  to  this  family  ; 
and  a brachiopod  shell ' from  the  Upper  Carboniferous  of  Lo-Ping, 
China,  has  also  been  placed  here,  under  tho  name  of  Lcptodiui 
ri('kiIiofeni,  E.  Kayser  (Richthofen’s  Beitr.  Paliiont.  China,  1883, 
p.  161,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  9-11). 


Undetermined  Anterior  2'eeih. 

Tho  anterior  teeth  of  the  Cochliodontidm  have  been  described 
under  tho  provisional  generic  names  of  Jldodvs,  Agassiz  (Poiss. 
Loss.  vol.  iii.  1838,  p.  104)  ; Chomatudvs,  Agassiz  {tom.  cit. 
p.  107);  Lojihodus,  Romanowsky  (Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xxxvii.  1864,  pt.  ii.  p.  160);  and  perhaps  Venusiodiw,  St.John 
and  Worthen  (Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  1875,  p.  344).  Those  named 
Uehdns  planus  by  Agassiz  are  known  to  bo  certainly  referable  to 
Psephodus  mat/ints ; and  most  of  the  teeth  from  tho  Bristol  Bone- 
bed,  named  Jfelodus  loivissimus,  doubtless  pertain  to  Psephodus 
lirvissimus.  Tho  other  teeth,  however,  except  //.  simplex,  are  pro- 
bably common  to  one  or  more  genera  or  species,  and  it  is  thus  con- 
venient, upon  present  evidence,  to  retain  tho  provisional  determina- 
tions, as  follow.  Unless  otherwise  stated,  tho  specimens  were  all 
obtained  from  undetermined  horizons  in  the  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone. 

I.  Largo  elongated  depressed  teeth,  generally  with  a longitudinal 
elevation  near  one  of  the  long  margins,  often  rising  into  a 
median  prominence.  Such  have  been  described  under  the 
names  of  Chomatndus  einctus,  Agassiz  ^ lltlodvs  timjidus, 

> Lytfonia,  W.  Wangen,  Paheont.  Jndica  [13]  ])t.  iv.  (1882),  p.  395. 

» Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1838),  p.  107,  pi.  xv.  ligs.  13-21  (in  part).  Also 
.1.  E.  I’ortloek,  Rep.  Gool.  Londonderry  (1843),  p.  407,  pi.  xiv.fl.  fig.  9 ; L.  G.  de 
Koninek,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  lielg.  pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  40,  pi.  iv.  fig.  3,  pi.  vi.  figs.  1-5. 
Heludus  cincim,  P.  McCoy,  Brit.  Palacoz.  Foss.  (1855),  p.  017. 


COCHLIODONTID-®. 


219 


Agassiz  Helodtis  gihbenilus,  Agassiz Helodus  rrassus,  Davis  , 
and  Helodus  e.vpansus,  Davis 

P.  2918.  Typo  specimen  of  Chomatodm chictus,  Aga.ssiz,^gnTcd  tom. 

cit.  pi.  XV.  fig.  13';  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone, 
Bristol.  Etiniskillen  Coll. 

20573,  20575,  28537,  34974.  Fifteen  nearly  similar  teeth,  with  a 
more  prominent  coronal  ridge  ; Bristol.  Purchased. 

32739-40.  Two  teeth  named  Uelodus  iurgidus  ; Bristol. 

Presented  hy  S.  P.  Pratt,  Esy.,  1857 . 

44853.  Similar  tooth  ; Bristol. 

Presented  hy  Benjamin  Bright,  Esep,  1873. 

P.  1426,  P.  1466.  Ten  similar  teeth  ; Bri.stol.  Egerton  Coll. 

50009.  Detached  tooth  ; Bristol.  Trevelyan  Bequest,  1879. 

P.  2616,  P.  2658.  Twelve  similar  teeth  ; Bristol.  Ennislillen  Coll. 

36467,  41189.  Four  teeth  ; Orcton,  Shropshire.  Purchased,  1868. 

42217.  Forty  teeth  ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

P.  1427.  Similar  tooth ; Settle,  Yorkshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2617.  Similar  tooth;  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Eichmond, 
Yorkshire.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  217.  Six  similar  teeth,  two  with  a sharp  longitudinal  ridge, 
approaching  “ Uelodus  expansus  ” ; Oreton. 

Weaver-Jones  Coll. 

35483.  Abraded  tooth  ; Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Eichmond, 
Yorkshire.  Purchased,  1860. 

P.  1474.  Tooth  of  the  same  kind  ; Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone, 
Hook  Point,  \V oxford,  Ireland.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2618.  Two  teeth ; Hook  Point.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

' Poisa.  Foaa.  toI.  iii.  p.  106,  pi.  xv.  figs.  1-12.  Also  F.  M'Coy,  op.  cit. 
p.  023 ; L.  G.  de  Koninck,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  39,  pi.  iv.  figs.  13,  14,  pi.  vi.  fig.  21. 

^ Tom.  cit.  p.  106,  pi.  xii.  figs.  1,2;  (?)  also  II.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem. 
Soo.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  269,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  9.  Lophodus 
gibbcrulus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soo.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  405, 
pi.  li.  fig.  19 ; (?)  also  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  34,  pi.  iv.  fig.  7. 

^ J.W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  453,  pi.  lix.  figs.  1,  2.  Including  duymatodns 
cinctus,  Ag.,  in  part. 

* J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  p.  457,  pi.  lix.  fig.  U).  Including  Chamatodus  linearis, 
Ag.,  in  part. 


220 


SELACniI. 


41201.  Five  more  rounded  teeth,  with  marginal  concentric  wrinkles; 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Tournai,  Belgium. 

Purchased,  18G8. 

P.  2619,  P.  2646.  About  sixty  tooth  of  similar  form,  but  with 
smooth  coronal  surface  and  having  the  middle  of  the 
crown  raised  into  a largo  rounded  boss ; Lower  Car- 
boniferous Limestone,  Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2912.  Smaller  tooth  with  a low  lateral  boss  in  addition  to  the 
median,  described  as  Lojthotlus  gihberultts,  Agass.  sp.,  by 
J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Iloy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2J  vol.  i.  p.  405, 
pi.  li.  fig.  19  ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2629.  Si.x  similar  teeth  ; 


Armagh. 


Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  2630-1.  Two  very  largo  teeth,  with  delicate  marginal  concentric 
wrinkles,  and  with  the  sharp  longitudinal  coronal  ridge 
raised  into  a pointed  median  apex,  forming  the  type 


W.  Davis,  loc.  cit. ; 
Enniskillen  Coll. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

Fjgerton  Coll. 

Purchased,  1847. 


specimens  of  I/elodus  crassns,  J. 

Armagh. 

P.  2632.  Twelve  similar  teeth  ; Armagh. 

P.  1465.  Three  similar  tooth  ; Armagh. 

20824.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Bristol. 

P.  4914.  Nearly  similar  tooth;  Yorcdalo  Books,  Wensleydale, 
Yorkshire.  Horne  Coll. 

P.  2611.  Tooth  with  concentric  marginal  wrinkles  and  the  longi- 
tudinal ridge  low  and  sharp,  though  ri.sing  to  a median 
eminence,  forming  the  typo  specimen  of  Helodme.vpansus, 
J.  W.  Davis,  loe.  cit. ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5862.  Four  teeth  of  the  same  kind,  but  less  symmetrical ; 

Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2654  a.  Three  teeth,  nearly  similar,  but  without  the  median 
eminence  ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2653.  Three  similar  teeth ; Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone, 
Eichmond,  Yorkshire.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2651.  Tooth  of  the  same  form,  though  slightly  curved,  resembling 
some  of  the  teeth  included  by  Agassiz  in  Chomatodvs 
linearis,  and  described  under  tins  name  by  J.  W.  Davis, 
Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  .508,  pi.  Ixi.  fig.  1 ; 
Bristol.  Fmniskillen  Coll. 


COCHLIODONTIDa;. 


221 


P.  2615.  Throo  teeth  of  the  form  named  Helodm  anffidatus,  New- 
berry & Worthen';  Burlington  Limestone,  Quincy,  Illi- 
nois. Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2603.  Tooth  of  the  form  named  Jlelodus  sulcatiis,  Newberry  & 
Worthen  “ ; Keokuk  Limestone,  near  Warsaw,  Illinois. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

II.  Large  laterally  compressed  teeth,  with  a median  eminence. 

P.  2633-4.  Two  typo  specimens  of  Ilelodus  tenuis,  J.  W.  Davis, 
Trans.  Koy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  454,  pi.  lix.  figs.  3, 
4 ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2635.  About  forty  similar  teeth,  only  differing  from  those  of 
Ilelodus  entssus,  Davis,  in  their  extremo  lateral  com- 
pression ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2608-9.  Two  teeth,  forming  the  ty[)o  specimens  of  Ilelodus 
elavatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Hoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i. 
(1883),  p.  455,  pi.  lix.  figs.  5,  6 ; Armagh. 

Enniskillen  Cull. 


111.  Small  conical  teeth. 

P.  2636.  Type  specimen  of  Ilelodus  richmondiensis,  J.  W.  Davis, 
Trans  Hoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2j  vol.  i.  p.  450,  pi.  lix.  fig.  8 ; 
Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Hichmond,  Yorksliiro. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  4900.  Similar,  but  slightly  larger  tooth ; Yoredalc  Hooks,  Wens- 
leydale,  Yorkshire.  llome  Coll. 

P.  2606.  Type  specimen  of  Ilelodus  triangularis,!.  W.  Davis, Trans. 

Hoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  450,  pi.  lix.  fig.  9 ; Lower 
Carboniferous  Limestone,  Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2612.  Similar  tooth ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  CoU. 

P.  4191  a.  Smaller  tooth,  with  crimped  margin  ; Armagh. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2607.  Type  specimen  of  Ilelodus  acutus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Hoy. 
Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  455,  pi.  lix.  fig.  7 ; Armagh. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


' Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  (1866),  p.  83,  pi.  v.  figs.  9-15. 
“ Tom.  cit.  pi.  V.  fig.  16. 


222  sELAcnii. 

/ 

IV.  Teeth  witli  rounded  or  gently  elevated  crown,  soraetiraes 
elongated  and  sometimes  of  irregular  shape,  commonly  ascribed 
to  Hdodus  loivissimus,  Agassiz'. 

P.  2623.  Six  small  series  of  flat  teeth,  more  or  less  nearly  perfect, 
resembling  the  specimen  flgured  by  F.  M‘Coy,  Frit. 
PaloDoz.  Foss.  pi.  3 I.  fig.  17  ; Armagh.  EmmlciUen  Coll. 

P.  2622.  Three  small  examples  ; Hook  Point,  Wexford. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

36193.  Fourteen  teeth,  of  irregular  elongate  shape,  with  gently 
rounded  or  raised  crowns ; Carboniferous  Limestone, 
Oreton,  Shropshire.  Purchased,  1861. 

42225.  About  one  hundred  small  teeth,  of  irregular  shapes,  more  or 
loss  elongated  and  rounded  ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

35468-7,  35485-7.  Six  teeth  ; Oreton.  Purchased,  1860. 

P.  2621.  Twenty-five  irregular  rounded  tooth,  some  relatively  largo 
and  approaching  “ Chomatodus  ductus  ” in  characters ; 
Oreton.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

42218,  42322.  Twenty-four  tooth,  mostly  much  elongated  and 

elevated  in  the  middle  ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

42223-4.  Two  examples  of  two  elongated  teeth  associated  in 
natural  sequence ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

41190.  Throe  associated  elongated  teeth,  with  a largo  coronal 
prominence  at  one  extremity  ; Oreton.  Purchased,  1868. 

P.  210,  P.  221-6.  Seven  examples  of  relatively  largo  teeth,  with 
slightly  elevated  crowns,  and  two  groups  of  three  in 
series  ; Oreton.  Weaver-Jo7ies  Cod. 

P.  2825,  P.  4538,  P.  4539.  Fifteen  small  teeth,  mostly  similar ; 

Oreton.  EnHisklllen  Coll. 

40330.  Two  associated  small,  flat,  elongated  teeth,  two  fused  to- 
gether, and  one  imperfect  broader  tootli ; Carboniferous 
Limestone,  Clovedon,  Somersetshire.  Purchased,  1867. 

' L.  G.  do  Koiiinck,  Descr.  Anim.  Foss.  Terr.  Oirbf.  Belg.  (1844),  p.  014, 

pi.  Iv.  flg.  3;  F.  M‘Ooy,  Brit.  Bokcoz.  Foss.  (185,5),  p.  G30,  pi.  3i.  fig.  17. 

Lophodus  Icevmimus,  L.  G.  do  Koninok,  Fau  no  Calc.  Cnrbf.  Belg.  pt.  i.  (1878), 

p.  33,  pi.  iv.  fig.  6 ; also  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]vol.  i.  (1883), 

p.  404,  pi.  li.  fig.  18. 


COCHLIOBONTIDiE. 


223 


P.  4909  a.  Small  tootli,  approaching  the  form  described  by  J.  W. 

Davis  as  Lophodus  conicvs  ‘ ; Yoredalc  Hocks,  Weiisley- 
dale,  Yorkshire.  Horne  Coll. 

V.  Small  elongated  teeth  with  one  half  of  the  crown  broader  and 

much  more  raised  than  the  other,  the  elevation  abruptly 
terminating  about  the  middle  of  the  tooth  ; described  as 
Chomaiodus  (Helodas)  obliquus  by  M‘Coy 

P.  2626.  Forty  teeth ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

VI.  Small  elongated  teeth  with  a relatively  large  quadrangular 

coronal  elevation,  often  slightly  cleft  by  a small  groove 
upon  one  side  of  its  summit,  described  by  M‘Goy  as 
Helodus  dkhjnms 

P.  2638.  Eighty  specimens  ; Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2605,  P.  2639,  P.  2640,  P.  4927.  Sixty  specimens,  mostly  with 
the  quadrangular  elevation  very  broad  ; Armagh. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1429.  Two  similar  teeth ; Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  1431-2.  Twelve  teeth,  and  three  abraded  teeth  in  natural 
sequence;  Armagh.  Egerton  Coll. 

28746,  28749,  38507.  Seventeen  specimens  ; Armagh. 

Purchased,  1853,  1864. 

46040.  Small  tooth,  with  elevation  more  pointed  ; Beith,  Ayrshire. 

Presented  by  liobert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

46041.  Much  depressed  tooth,  with  broad  elevation;  Beith. 

Presented  by  liobert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

P.  1430.  Typical  tooth  ; Monmouthshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  218.  Tooth ; Orcton,  Shropshire.  Weaver-Jones  Coll. 

P.  2657.  Three  imperfect  teeth  ; Oreton.  ' Enniskillen  Coll. 

‘ Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl.  (1884),  p.  027,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  18. 

Aim.  Mag.  Kat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  (1848),  p.  124 ; Brit.  Palitoz.  Foss.  (185.5), 
p.  018,  pi.  3 K.  fig.  3. 

^ Brit.  Palaioz.  Foss.  (1855),  p.  030,  pi.  3i.  figs.  18-20.  Lopkodus  didymus, 
II.  Eomaiiowsky,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  1804,  pt.  ii.  p.  162,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  23 ; also  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  407, 
pi.  li.  fig.  21. 


224 


8ELACHII. 


P.  4909.  Two  teeth,  with  relatively  narrow  coronal  elevation, 
resembling  the  type  of  Lopliodus  hifurcatm,  J.  W.  Davis ' ; 
Torcdalo  Hocks,  Wensleydale,  Yorkshire.  Horne  Coll. 

P.  5346.  Two  small  teeth,  and  six  fragments  with  more  rounded 
coronal  elevations  ; Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone, 
Tioknall,  near  Melbourne,  S.  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

VII.  Similar  teeth,  with  the  coronal  eminence  pointed,  described 

by  M‘Coy  as  Ilelodiis  appendicvlatus 

P.2827-8.  About  fifty  specimens  ; Armagh.  Ennisldllen  Coll. 

P.  2916.  Two  small  series  of  five  naturally  associated  teeth ; 

Armagh.  Ennisldllen  Coll. 

P.1433.  One  tooth;  Armagh.  E(/erton  Coll. 

36194,  42218,  42229a.  Forty-five  teeth,  more  or  loss  broken; 

Oreton,  Shropshire.  Purchased,  18G1,  and  Bauijh  Coll. 

P.224.  Four  teeth  : Oreton.  Weaver-Jones  Coll. 

P.  2627  a.  Eight  specimens,  one  showing  three  imperfect  teeth  in 
series,  and  one  with  two  of  unequal  size  ; Oreton. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

35743.  Tooth;  Bewdley,  Worcestershire.  Purchased,  ^860. 

34981,  34981  a.  Three  teeth  ; Black  liock,  Bristol.  Purchased,  1860. 

P.  2637.  Tooth ; Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone,  llichmond,  York- 
shire. Enniskillen  Coll. 

VIII.  Much  elongated  narrow  teeth,  with  a more  or  less  pointed 
and  transversely  ridged  coronal  eminence,  nearer  one  extremity 
than  the  other,  described  by  M‘Coy  as  Ilelodus  mammillaris 
Some  are  not  readily  distinguishable  from  abraded  teeth  of 
Orodus  elonr/atus. 

P.  2644.  About  forty  specimens;  Armagh.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

' Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  toI.  i.  1883,  p.  408,  pi.  li.  fig.  25 ; and  Quart. 
Joum.  Geol.  Soe.  vol.  xl.  (1884),  p.  028,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  6. 

” Ann.  Mag.  Hat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  (1848),  p.  123. 

^ Brit.  Palffioz.  Foss.  (18.55),  p.  631,  pi.  3i.  fig.  16.  Lophodm  mammillaris, 
L.  G.  de  Koniuok,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg.  pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  35,  pi.  iv.  figs,  fi- 
ll ; also  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  406,  pi.  li- 
fig.  20. 


COCntlODONTi  D J5. 


225 


P.  2614  b.  Tooth  associated  with  one  of  “ Heloilm  didymus ; ” 
Armagh.  EnniskiUen  Coll. 

P.  2644  a,  P.  2644  h.  Very  narrow  tooth,  with  sharply  pointed 
eminence  ; also  two  others  apparently  similar ; Armagh. 

EiinisJciUen  Coll. 

P.  1436.  Pour  teeth  naturally  arranged  in  series ; Hook  Point, 
Wexford.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2645.  Small  tooth ; Bone-hed  of  Lower  Limestone  Shales, 
Bristol.  Ennishilleii  Coll. 

P.4911.  Two  small  teeth;  Yoredale  Hocks,  Wensleydale,  York- 
shire. llorne  Coll. 

28723.  Perfect  tooth;  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Tournai, 
Belgium.  Purchased,  1853. 

IX.  Elongated  teeth  with  a longitudinal  median  keel  rising  into  an 
eminence  and  cremJated ; margins  with  more  or  less  distinct 
concentric  wrinkles.  [Venustodus,  St.  John  & Worthen.] 

P.  5290.  Tooth  of  the  form  described  by  J.  W.  Davis  as  Lojdiodiis 
serratus  * ; Yoredale  Hocks,  Yorkshire.  Purchased,  1880. 

P.  4910.  Three  similar  teeth ; Wensleydale,  Yorkshire.  Horne  Coll. 

P.  5345.  Four  similar  teeth,  imperfect,  two  figured,  of  the  natural 
size,  in  PI.  I.  figs.  10,  17 ; Upper  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone, Ticknall,  Melbourne,  S.  Derbyshire.  Wilson  Coll. 

44855.  Larger  tooth,  with  more  feeble  serrations ; Bristol. 

Presented  by  Benjamin  Bright,  Esq.,  1873. 

P.  2628  a.  Nearly  similar  tooth,  and  fragment  with  more  pointed 
coronal  eminence ; Armagh.  EimisJcillen  Coll. 

46043.  Unabraded  tooth ; Beith,  Ayrshire. 

Presented  by  Robert  Craig,  Esq.,  1874. 

P.  3010,  P.  3011.  Type  specimen  of  Harpacodus  clavatus,  Davis 
and  a fragmentary  tooth,  differing  only  from  the  fore- 
going in  their  smaller  size,  and  the  relatively  less  number 
and  larger  dimensions  of  the  coronal  denticulations ; 
■A-rmagh.  Enniskillen  Cod. 

' Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  voL  i.  (1883),  p.  408,  pi.  li.  figs.  23,  24 ; Quart. 

Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl.  (1884),  p.  G27,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  19.  More  robust  teeth 

of  the  same  type  from  Armagh  are  named  Chomatodus  denticulatus,  F.  SI‘Coy 

(Ann.  M.ig.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  1848,  p.  124 ; and  Brit.  Pateoz.  Foss.  1855, 

p.  618,  pi.  3 K.  fig.  9). 

“ Trans.  Eoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  .515,  pl.lxi.  Gg.  20. 

U 


226 


SKLACHII. 


X.  Much  arched  narrow  tooth. 

P.  2911.  Typo  specimen  of  lihumphodm  dUpar,  J.  \V.  Davis, 
tom.  eit.  p.  402,  pi.  li.  fig.  17  ; Armagh.  Eimiskillen  Coll. 


Most  of  the  teeth  upon  which  the  following  “ species  are 
founded  are  also  referable  to  the  anterior  portion  of  the  jaws  o 
Cochliodonts,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : 

Jldodus  antiquisdniuK,  E.  von  Eichwald,  Leth.  Uoss.  vol.  i.  (1869), 
p.  1545. — Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Government  of  Toula. 

Helodus  aversus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  8oc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  268,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  8.-  Car- 
boniferous Liirestone  ; Government  of  Toula,  liussia. 

t/elodus  hiformis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  77,  pi.  iv.  fig.  22. — Kinderhook  Limestone ; Iowa. 

Hdodus  carbomrhts,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  75, 
pi.  iv.  fig.  20. — Coal-Measures  ; Illinois. 

Helodus  compnssus,  Newbcriy  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  iv.  (18i0), 
p.  360,  pi.  iii.  fig.  15. — Burlington  Limestone  ; Illinois. 
[Aon  Newberry  & TVortbon,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  <8,  pi.  v. 
fig.  1, — see  llijhodadodus  compressus,  p.  29.J 

Helodus  eoniculus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p-  75, 
pi.  iv.  fig.  19;  J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Hop.  Geol.  Surv. 
Indiana,  1879,  p.  344. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Illinois.  8t. 
Louis  Limestone  ; Indiana.  Burlington  Limestone ; Iowa. 

Helodus  consolidatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  87, 
pi.  vi.  figs.  1 , 2. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Missouri  and  Illinois. 

Helodus  crenulatus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  82, 
pi.  v.  fig.  7. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Helodus  dens-liumani,  Newberry  & W’orlhen,  oj>.  cit.  vol.  ii. 
p.  76,  pi.  iv.  fig.  21. — Keokuk  Limestone:  Illinois. 

Helodus  dcnticulatus,  Newberry  & W orthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  81, 
pi.  V.  fig.  6.  Helodus  (1)  denticidatus,  St.  John&  W-orthen, 
Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  (1875),  p.  317.— Keokuk  Lime- 
stone ; Illinois. 

Helodus  elytra,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  /8,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  23. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Helodus  yihhus,  J.  Leidy,  Trans.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  [2]  vol.  xi. 
(1857),  p.  88,  pi.  V.  fig.  18.— Carboniferous  Limestone ; 


Illinois. 

Helodus  liEvis,  J.  8.  Newberry,  Ann.  Hep.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana, 
1876-78  (1879),  p.  343.— St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Indiana. 
Helodus  limeuv,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  80,  pi. 
fig.  5. — Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 


COCHLIODONIlD^. 


22'7 

Ududas  mons-canxts,  II.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  288,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  2. — 
Carboniferous  Limestone  ; !Mjatschkowa,  Moscow. 
llehdus  placenta,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  80, 
pi.  V.  fig.  4. — Kindorhook  Limestone ; Iowa. 

Jlelodus  polilus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  79, 
pi.  V.  fig.  2. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 
llelodus  pusillus : Polyrhizodus  pusiUus,  F.  M‘Coy,  Ann.  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  (1848),  p.  126;  and  Brit.  Palteoz. 
Foss.  (1855),  p.  612,  pi.  3 k.  fig.  2. — Lower  Carboni- 
ferous Limestone ; Armagh. 

Helodns  rttgosus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  iv.  (1870), 
p.  359,  pi.  ii.  fig.  10. — Coal-Measures;  Illinois. 

Helodus  wuhdattis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  82, 
pi.  V.  fig.  8. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Ilelodopsis  ahhreviata,  W.  Waagen,  Pal.  Ind.  [13]  pt.  i.  (1879), 
p.  15,  pi.  i.  fig.  6. — Productus  Limestone ; Salt  Range, 
India. 

Ilelodopsis  elongata,  W.  Waagen,  loc.  cit.  p.  14,  pi.  i.  figs.  3,  4. — 
Productus  Limestone ; Salt  Range. 

Lophodus  angularis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl. 
(1884),  p.  628,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  25. — Yoredale  Rocks; 
Wensleydale,  Yorkshire. 

Lophodus  contractus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg. 
pt.  i.  (1878),  p.  33,  pi.  iv.  figs.  4,  5.  Hehdus  contractus, 
H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  270,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  10  (misprinted 
H.  angustus). — Carboniferous  Limestone ; Government  of 
Toula,  Russia,  and  Belgium. 

Lophodus  irregularis,  II.  Romanowsky,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  1864,  pt.  ii.p.  161,  pi.  iii.  fig.  21. — Carboniferous 
Limestone  ; Government  of  Toula. 

Lophodus  laneeolatus,  H.  Romanowsky,  tom.  cit.  p.  162,  pi.  iv. 
fig.  22 ; L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg.  pt.  i. 
(1878),  p.  36,  pi.  iv.  fig.  12. — Carboniferous  Limestone ; 
Government  of  Toula,  Russia,  and  Belgium. 

Lophodus  levis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i. 
(1883),  p.  409,  pi.  U.  figs.  26,  27 ; Quart.  Journ.  Geol. 
Soc.  vol.  xl.  (18841,  p.  627.— Yoredale  Rocks ; Wensleydale, 
Lophodus  linearis,  H.  Romanowsk)-,  tom.  cit.  p.  162,  pi.  iv.  fig.  26. 

— Carboniferous  Limestone ; Government  of  Toula. 
Lophodus  marginalis,  H.  Romanowsky,  tom.  cit.  p.  161,  pi.  iii. 

fig.  20. — Carboniferous  Limestone ; Government  of  Toula. 
Lophodus  margodentatus,  H.  Romanowsky,  tom.  cit.  p.  162,  pi.  iv. 

ft2 


228 


SELACnII. 


lig«.  24,  25. — C'arbouit'erous  Limestone ; Govcnimeut  of 
Toula,  llussia. 

(?)  Lopliodus  reticulatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Iloy.  Dublin  8oo.  [2] 
vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  407,  pi.  li.  fig.  22  ; Quart.  Jouru.  Gool. 
8oc.  vol.  xl.  (1884),  p.  G20,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  2. — Yoredalo 
Hocks ; Wenslej-dalo,  Yorkshire. 

Lophodus  simtosus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans,  lloj.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  40b,  pi.  li.  fig.  28. — -Upper  Carboniferous 
Limestone ; Yorkshire. 

Vfiomalodus  amjustus,  J.  8.  Newberry,  Ann.  Hep.  Geol.  Surv. 
Indiana,  1870-78  (1870),  p.  342. — 8t.  Louis  Limestone; 
Indiana. 

Chomatodus  arcuatus,  0.  St.  John,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xi. 
(1870),  p.  435,  and  in  Hayden’s  Final  Hep.  Geol.  Surv. 
Nebraska  (1872),  p.  243,  pi.  vi.  fig.  14;  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  (1875),  id.  x.  fig.  23. — 
Upper  Coal-Measures  ; Nebraska  and  Iowa. 

Chumaiodus  chestereusis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 
(1875),  p.  363,  pi.  X.  figs.  15-17. — Chester  Limestone; 
Illinois. 

Cfioinatodiis  compfus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  o^).  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  356, 
pi.  X.  figs.  10-22. — Burlington  Limestone;  Iowa. 
Chomatodus  (leyans,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit,  vol.  ii.  p.  86, 
pi.  V.  fig.  18. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Iowa. 

(?)  Chomatodus  iiiconstmis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi. 

p.  360,  pi.  X.  figs.  5-14. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; Iowa. 
Chomatodus  ohlhpius,  J.  S.  Newberr}',  loc.  cit.  p.  342. — St.  Louis 
Limestone;  Indiana. 

Chomatodus  obscuncs,  J.  Leidy,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  [2]  vol.  xi. 
(1860),  ]j.  80,  pi.  V.  figs.  22,  23. — Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone ; Illinois.  [Tanaodus,  St.  John  & Worthen.] 
Chomatodus  sellifonnis,  J.  S.  Newberry,  loc.  cit.  p.  341. — St. 
Louis  Limestone,  Illinois. 

Chomatodus  varsouvieiisis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  ojy.  cit.  vol.  vi. 
p.  363,  pi.  X.  figs.  1—4. — Warsaw  Limestone;  Illinois 
and  Missouri. 

I eiiustodus  aryutus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  352, 
id.  ix.  figs.  6,  6. — Chester  Limestone;  Illinois. 

I enustodus  leidyi,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  350, 
pi.  ix.  figs.  1-4  : Chomatodus  venustus,  J.  Leidy,  Trans. 
Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  [2]  vol.  xi.  (1857),  p.  80,  pi.  v.  figs.  19- 
21. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Illinois  and  Missouri. 
Venustodus  robustus,  St.  John  & Woi'then,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  345, 
pi.  ix.  figs.  15-18. — Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 


CESTEACIONTIDiE. 


229 


Venvstodm  temdcristutns,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  dt.  yol.  vi. 
p.  348,  pi.  ix.  figs.  19-24. — Keokuk  Limestone  ; Illinois, 
loyya,  and  Missouri. 

Venmtodvs  varialilis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  346, 
pi.  ix.  figs.  7-14. — Burlington  Limestone;  Illinois  and 
Iowa. 

(?)  Cranodus  zonatus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp. 
Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  .54,  pi.  vii.  fig.  4.— Car- 
boniferous Limestone ; Government  of  Moscow,  Russia. 

(?)  Totnodug  argutus,  H.  Trautschold,  iom.  cit.  p.  55,  pi.  vii.  fig.  8 : 
Oxgtomodus  arguUis,  II.  Trautschold,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  1880,  pt.  ii.  p.  140. — Carboniferous  Limestone ; 
Government  of  Moscow,  Russia. 

Other  anterior  teeth  of  Cochliodonts,  from  the  Lower  Car- 
boniferous of  Russia,  have  also  been  described  by  Semenow  & Mbller, 
Bull.  Aead.  Imp.  Sci.  St.  Petersb.  vol.  vii.  (1864),  p.  234,  pi.  i. 
figs.  1-8,  10. 

To  the  Cocbliodontida;  also  may  possibly  bo  assigned  the  small 
prehensile  teeth  described  under  the  following  names : — 

Peripleeirodvs  eompressus,  St.  .John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  vi.  (1875),  p.  326,  pi.  viii.  fig.  26. — St.  Louis  Lime- 
stone ; Illinois. 

Periplectrodus  expansns,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  327, 
pi.  viii.  fig.  27. — Chester  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Periplectrodus  warreni,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  325, 
pi.  viii.  fig.  25. — Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

A single  undetermined  tooth  from  the  Pliocene  of  Tuscany, 
certainly  not  Cochliodont,  is  described  under  the  name  of  Udodus 
hriignond  by  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  sopra  ai  Pesci,  etc.,  Coiline 
Toscane  (1876),  p.  83;  and  an  equally  doubtful  fossil  from  the 
Rhoetic  of  Stuttgart  is  named  Cliomatodus  sphenodisevs,  Plion.,  in 
kfeyer  & Plieningcr’s  Beitr.  Pal.  Wiirttembergs(1844),  p.  55. 


Family  CESTRACIONTID^. 

Dorsal  fins  each  armed  with  a spine,  the  first  opposite  to  the 
space  between  the  pectoral  and  pelvic  fins.  Teeth  mostly  obtuse, 
never  fused  into  continuous  plates ; several  series  simultaneously  in 
function. 

No  distinctive  characteristics  of  value  having  yet  been  discovered, 
the  so-called  OEODoaTin.as  and  HiiionosTiiiiE  are  included  in  this 
family. 


230 


8ELACHII. 


Genus  ORODUSy  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1838,  p.  96.] 

An  indefinable  Carboniferous  genus  known  only  by  teeth,  which 
are  not  genorically  distinguishable  from  those  of  the  Mesozoic 
llyhodm.  The  tooth,  however,  are  not  associated  with  other 
remains  characteristic  of  the  latter  genus,  and  may  thus  bo  regarded 
as  pertaining  to  a distinct  fish.  They  are  laterally  elongated, 
having  the  coronal  contour  raised  mesially,  and  the  surface  orna- 
mented by  more  or  loss  prominent  transverse  wrinkles,  rising  from 
each  long  margin,  or  from  a median  longitudinal  crest.  The  root  is 
often  much  deeper  than  the  crown. 

It  is  probable  that  the  dorsal  fin-spines  originally  named  Gtena- 
cantlius  pertain  to  this  genus 

Orodus  cinctus,  Agassiz. 

1838.  Orodus  cinctus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  90,  pi.  xi. 
figs.  1-4. 

1878.  Orodus  cinctus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg.  pt.  i. 
p.  31,  pi.  iv.  fig.  2. 

1883.  Orodus  cinctus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i. 
p.  392,  pi.  1.  figs.  8,  9. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Bristol  Museum. 

The  type  species,  of  medium  size.  Median  coronal  prominence 
large,  more  or  loss  rounded  : longitudinal  median  ridge  rounded, 
nearly  even ; transverse  ridges  and  furrows  bi’oad  and  large. 

It  is  uncertain  at  present  to  what  extent  the  rounded  character 
of  the  teeth  of  0.  cinctus  is  due  to  post-mortem  abrasion.  Excepf; 
in  size,  the  teeth  exhibit  a very  close  approximation  to  those  of 

O.  ramosns,  as  already  rcm.arked  by  L.  G.  do  Iloninck  and  J.  W. 
Davis.  It  seems  advisable,  however,  to  retain  the  species  provision- 
ally distinct. 

Form.  hoc.  Eone-bed  of  Lower  Limestone  Shales : Bristol. 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  (Bod  I e)  : Tournai,  Belgium 

P.  2713.  Abraded  tooth,  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  ioc.  cit.  pi.  1. 

fig.  9.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1472.  A broken  similar,  but  less  abraded  tooth.  Eyerton  Coll. 

■ See  especially  J.  S.  Newberry,  Rep.  Geol.  Siirv.  Ohio,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  p.  54. 

A very  doubtful  tooth  from  the  Lower  Carboniferous  of  Russia  is  also 
recorded  under  the  name  of  0.  cinctus  by  II.  Truutschold,  Norv.  Mem  Soc 
Imp.  Nat.  Moseou,  vol.  xiv.  (1S79),  p.  .52,  pi.  vii.  lig.  2. 


CESIBACIONIlDiE. 


231 


P.  2713  a.  Two  fragments  of  small,  much  elongated  teeth. 

EnnislHllen  Coll. 

P.  5863.  Two  small,  much  elongated  teeth. 

P.  2677.  Two  small  teeth,  naturally  associated,  with  prominent 
longitudinal  crest,  probably  of  this  species. 

EnnislHllen  Coll. 


Orodus  ramosus,  Agassiz. 

18.j8.  Orodus  ramostts,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  9",  pi.  xi. 
figs.  0-8. 

18.18.  Helodus  mhteres,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit,  p.  lOo,  pi.  xii.  fig.s.  3,4. 

1844.  Orodus  ramosus,  L.  G.  de  Koninek,  Descr.  Anim.  Foss.  Terr. 
Carbf.  Pelg.  p.  613,  pi.  Iv.  fig.  2. 

1875.  Orodtts  ramosus,  W.  H.  Baily,  Figs.  Charact.  Brit.  Foss.  p.  120, 
pi.  xli.  fig.  10. 

1870.  Orodus  ramosus,  F.  Roemer,  Leth.  Palajoz.  pi.  xlviii.  fig.  8. 

1878.  Orodus  ramosus,  L.  G.  de  Koninek,  Faune  Calc.  Carbf.  Belg. 
pt.  i.  p.  30,  pi.  iv.  fig.  1. 

1883.  Orodus  ramosus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  1.  p.  300,  pi.  1.  figs.  1-7. 

1883.  Orodus  mbteres,  .1.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  309,  pi.  li.  fig.  16. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum  (in  part). 

A very  large  species,  the  teeth  sometimes  attaining  a length  of 
0-1.  Dental  crown  gently  raised  to  a transversely  angulatcd,  more 
or  less  median  eminence ; the  elongated  lateral  portions  with  a 
sharp,  low,  wavy  longitudinal  ridge,  rarely  mesially  prlaccd,  but 
commonly  much  nearer  to  one  side  than  to  the  other.  The  coronal 
surface  is  wrinkled  by  a numerous  scries  of  branching  angulatcd 
ridges,  sometimes  crenulated,  extending  transversely  from  the  low 
longitudinal  crest. 

The  so-called  Helodus  sulieres  may  be  regarded  as  a much 
abraded  tooth  of  this  species.  The  Russian  teeth  described  by 
Romanowsky  ' and  Trauti^chold  ^ as  0.  ramosus  are  very  doubtfully 
determinable  as  such  ; and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  tooth  from 
Hook  Point,  Wexford,  figured  by  Portlock’. 

Form.  4>  Toe.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Somersetshire, 
Gloucestershire,  and  Belgium.  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Shropshire 
and  Monmouthshire. 

‘ Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscoii,  1864,  pt.  ii.  p.  l.^S,  pi.  iii.  fig.  2. 

“ Nouv.  M^m.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moecou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  292,  woodcut. 

® Hep.  Geol.  Londonderry  (1843),  pi.  xiv  A.  fig.  8. 


232 


SELACHII. 


P.  8703.  One  of  the  type  Bpecimens,  figured  by  Agassiz,  (om.  cit. 

pi.  xi.  fig.  7 ; Bristol.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  2700.  Two  associated  teeth,  figured  by 
pi.  1.  fig.  3 ; Bristol. 

P.  2701  b.  Very  largo  tooth  ; Bristol. 

P.  1469.  Two  large  teeth  ; Bristol. 


J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit. 
Enniskillen  Coll. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

Ejerton  Coll. 


20829.  Largo  imperfect  tooth  ; Bristol.  Purchased,  1847. 

P.  2701  a,  P.  8701.  A very  broad  curved  hootb,  and  four  smaller; 

Bristol.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  2702.  Two  imperfect  abraded  small  teeth ; Bristol. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  1470.  Throe  small  teeth,  closely  approaching  0.  cinctus ; Bristol. 

Ejerton  Coll. 

20830-1,  34976.  Portions  of  three  small  teeth  ; Bristol. 

Purchased,  1847  and  1800. 

P.  2696.  Large  abraded  tooth ; Clevcdon,  Somersetshire. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


42169-71.  Three  examples  of  two  large  teeth  in  juxtaposition, 
slightly  broken  ; Oroton,  Shropshire.  Baujh  Coll. 

42168.  About  fifty  specimens,  some  large,  some  small,  many  with 
the  abraded  coronal  surface  as  smooth  as  in  the  so-called 
llelodus  suhteres,  and  three  displayed  in  vertical  longitu- 
dinal section  ; Oreton.  Baugh  Coll. 

42172.  Portions  of  three  small  teeth  in  natural  series ; Oreton. 

Baugh  Coll. 

36196.  Large  long  narrow  tooth  ; Oreton.  Purchased,  1861. 

41186-88.  Eight  teeth,  large  and  small,  one  abraded  ; Oreton. 

Purchased,  1868. 

P.  814.  A large  narrow  tooth,  and  one  abraded  ; Oreton. 

Weaver-Jones  Coll. 


P.  234.  Two  abraded  teeth,  and  two  similar  fragments  ; Oroton. 

Weaver-J^ones  Coll. 

P.  2697-8.  Two  small  teeth  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis,  fom.  cit.  pi.  1. 

figs.  6,  7 : Oreton.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


CESIEACIONIII)^. 


233 


P.  2695.  An  abraded  specimen,  and  three  similar  portions  of  teeth  ; 

Ennislilkn  Coll. 

P.  2694,  P.  2699,  P.  2712.  Twenty  small  teeth  ; Oreton. 

Ennishillm  Coll. 

36191.  Small  tooth;  Cleobury,  Shropshire.  Ptirchased,  1861. 

35463-65.  Three  imperfect  teeth  ; Breton,  near  Glee  Hill,  Shrop- 
sliire.  Purchased,  1859. 

P.  1471.  Fine  dental  erown  ; Monmouthshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

28752.  Tooth  figured  by  L.  G.  do  Koninck,  Anim.  Foss.  1844,  pi. 

Iv.  fig.  2 ; Fcluy,  Belgium.  Purchased,  1853. 

42882.  Small  perfect  tooth,  detached  from  matrix ; Belgium. 

Yan  Breda  Coll. 

Orodus  ornatus,  Newberry  & Worthen. 

1800.  Orodus  omaUis,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinoi.s,  vol.  ii.  p.  0.), 
pi.  iv.  tigs.  7, 8. 

1879.  Orodus  ornatus,  .1.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana, 
1870-78,  p.  .340. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  of  small  size,  not  attaining  a greater  length  than  0’015. 
Goronal  contour  gradually  ri.sing  into  the  median  eminence,  coveied 
with  numerous  very  largo  transverse  wrinkles,  irregulai  and 
branching,  radiating  from  the  median  cone  and  from  the  iraperfectlji 
marked  median  longitudinal  crest. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Keokuk  Limestone)  : Illinois 
and  Indiana,  U.8.A. 

P.  2717.  Two  teeth  ; Warsaw,  Illinois.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Orodus  elongatus,  Davis. 

188.3.  Orodus  elongatus,  J.  W.  Davis  (e.r  Agaasiz,  MS.),  Trans.  Roy. 

Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  394,  pi.  li.  figs.  1-.3. 

1883.  Orodus  angustus,  J.  W.  Davis  (ex  Agassiz,  MS.),  tom.  cit.  p.  396, 
pi.  li.  fig.  4. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; British  JIuscum. 

Teeth  extremely  long  and  n.arrow.  Coronal  contour  gradual!} 
rising  into  a more  or  less  median,  transvei’sely  angulated  eminence ; 
longitudinal  crest  sharp,  slightly  wavy,  with  prominent  transverse 
wrinkles,  extending  on  cither  side,  usually  not  branching,  but 
rarely  bifurcated  distally. 


234 


SELACHII. 


Form.  4"  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Aimagh,  Ireland. 
P.  2722-24.  Typo  specimens.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2725.  Five  teeth,  two  much  abraded.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Orodus  catenatus,  Davis. 

184.3.  Orodua  catenatus,  J.  E.  Portlock  (e.v  Aga»siz,  MS.),  Rep.  Geol. 

I.ondonderry,  p.  4C1  (name  only).  ^ 

1883.  Orodus  catenatus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  .305,  pi.  li.  fig.  6. 

Ti/pe.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  comparatively  small,  the  type  specimen  only  measuring 
0-008  in  length.  Coronal  contour  gradually  rising  to  the  median 
eminence,  which  is  almost  pointed  and  strongly  wrinkled  ; longitu- 
dinal crest  slightly  divided  into  a scries  of  small  eminences,  from 
each  of  which  diverges  a prominent,  transverse,  bifurcating  wrinkle 
on  either  side. 

Form.  4"  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2715.  Typo  specimen.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2715  a.  Imperfect  tooth,  and  three  teeth  associated  in  series. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

Orodus  tuberculatus,  Newberry  & Worthen. 

18G0.  Orodus  tuhei'culatus,  Newberry  Si  Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  CO,  pi.  iv.  fig.  0. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  small,  shoit,  the  coronal  contour  gradually  rising  to  the 
pointed  median  eminence  ; lateral  portion  of  crown  on  each  side 
faintly  divided  into  two  or  three  small  eminences.  Coronal  surface 
completely  ornamented  with  large  wrinkles,  diverging  from  the 
apices. 

Form.  4‘  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Burlington  Limestone) : 
Illinois  and  Iowa,  U.S.A. 

P.  2729.  Tooth  ; Burlington,  Iowa.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Orodus  moniliformis,  Davis. 

188.3.  Orodus  mmiiliformis,  J.  W.  Davi.s,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [..] 
vol.  i.  p.  398,  pi.  li.  figs.  10-12. 

1883.  Orodus  ornatus,  J.  W.  Davis  {non  Newberry  «&  Worthen),  tom. 
cU.  p.  307,  pi.  li.  fig.  9. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  much  elongated,  of  small  size,  having  the  crown  divided 


CESTEACIONTIDjK. 


235 


into  a ssries  of  more  or  less  rouiiietl  eminences  by  deep  transverse 
furrows.  Median  coronal  eminence  very  large  and  prominent,  dome- 
shaped,  with  an  apical  point  from  which  radiate  short  delicate 
wrinkles.  The  sides  of  the  crown  are  marked  by  large  rounded, 
transverse  plications,  which  are  sometimes  beaded,  and  often  extend 
nearly  to  the  apices  of  the  lateral  eminences. 

Form.  Lor.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh,  Ireland. 
Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone : Yorkshire,  England. 

P-  2719-21.  Type  specimens ; Armagh.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 

P.  2714.  Twelve  broken  teeth ; Armagh.  Some  show  the  beaded 
character  of  the  transverse  wrinkles ; and  in  two  there 
are  indications  of  a longitudinal  beaded  crest. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  4903.  Typical  tooth;  Yoredale  Rocks,  Wonsleydalo,  Yorkshire. 

Horne  Coll. 

P-  2718.  Specimen  described  by  J.  W.  Davis,  loe.  cit.,  as  0.  oriiatus  ; 

Richmond,  Yorkshire.  hnnislcillen  Coll. 

Orodus  mammillaris,  Newberry  & Worthen. 
lf^06.  Orodus  mammillaris,  XewbeiTy  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 

p.  0(5,  pi.  iv.  lig.  10. 

'Fype.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  scarcely  distinguishable  from  those  of  0.  moniliformis, 
by  the  greater  proniinonco  and  more  beaded  character  of  the  trans- 
verse plications  upon  the  median  eminence. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Keokuk  Limestone) : Illi- 
nois, U.S.A. 

P-  2728.  Three  imperfect  teeth  ; Warsaw,  Illinois. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P-  2 <16.  Small  narrow  tooth,  perhaps  of  this  species;  Wansaw. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

Orodus  elegantulus,  Newberry  & Worthen. 

18C(j.  Orodus  elegantulus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
p.  64,  pi.  iv.  fig.  6. 

(P)  1876.  Orodus  elegantulus  (P),  J.  S.  Newbenw,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio, 
vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  p.  61,  pi.  Iviii.  tig.  12. 

I87tt.  Orodus  elegantulus,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  In- 
diana, 1876-78,  p.  346. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  very  similar  to  those  of  0.  moniliformis  and  0.  mammillaris, 
but  with  the  transverse  wrinkles  short  and  faintly  marked. 


236 


SELACHII. 


Form.  4"  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Burlington  Limestone)  : 
Iowa,  U.S.A.  Keokuk  Limestone : Indiana  {Newberry).  (?)  Cleve- 
land Shale : Ohio. 

P.  2727.  Tooth  with  much  pointed  eminences  ; Augusta,  Iowa. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

Orodus  tenuiS)  Davis. 

1883.  Orodus  tenuis,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i. 
p.  399,  pi.  li.  fig.  14. 

Type.  Detached  abraded  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

Founded  upon  a much  abraded  imperfect  tooth,  long  and  nar- 
row, with  very  high  pointed  median  eminence,  and  with  an  angu- 
lated  longitudinal  median  crest.  Only  two  transverse  wrinkles 
remain  at  the  base  of  tho  median  cone. 

Form.  Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2710.  Typo  specimen.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Orodus  (?)  gibbus,  Davis. 

1843.  Orodus  yibhus,  .1.  K.  Portlock  (e.v  Agassiz,  MS.),  Rep.  Geol. 
Londonderry,  p.  401  (name  only). 

1883.  Orodus  yihlms,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i. 
p.  .390,  pi.  li.  figs.  6,  7. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

A very  doubtful  species  founded  upon  tho  teeth  mentioned  below. 
The  median  eminence  is  prominent  and  gibbous  ; there  is  no  longi- 
tudinal crest,  and  the  transverse  wrinkles  are  reduced  to  small 
marginal  crcnulations. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone : Armagh,  Ireland. 

P.  2704-5.  Type  specimens,  the  second  very  suggestive  of  a tooth 
of  Psephodus  maynus.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2709.  Three  teeth  regarded  as  probably  belonging  to  this  species 
by  J.  W.  Davis,  loc.  cit.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Tho  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Orodus  alleni,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  (18/5), 
p.  310,  pi.  vii.  fig.  19. — Low’er  Coal-Measures  ; Iowa. 
Orodus  earinatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  30/, 
pi.  V.  fig.  24. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Iowa. 

Orodus  collctti,  J.  S.  Newberry,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana, 
1876-78  (1879),  p.  343.— St.  Louis  Limestone ; Indiana. 
Orodus  compressus,  F.  M‘Coy,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  n. 


CESTEACIONTIDiE. 


237 


(1848),  p.  131 : J.  AV.  Davis,  Trans.  Hoy.  Dublin  8oc. 
[2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  394,  pi.  1.  fig.  1 1. — Lower  Carboni- 
ferous Limestone ; Armagh,  Ireland. 

Orodus  daxlahus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  oj).  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  301, 
pi.  vi.  figs.  7,  8. — Kinderhook  Limestone ; Iowa. 

Orodus  decussatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op,  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  300, 
pi.  vi.  figs.  10-15. — Kinderhook  Limestone ; Iowa. 

Orodus  eleyans,  H.  Ilomanowsky,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Kat.  Moscou, 
1864,  pt.  ii.  p.  157,  pi.  iii.  fig.  1 : (?)  0.  ramosus,  H.  llo- 
manowsky  (non  Agassiz),  ibid.  p.  158,  pi.  iii.  fig.  2. — 
Carboniferous  Limestone ; Government  of  Toula,  llussia. 
Orodus  e.i’centncus,  II.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  268,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  6. — Car- 
boniferous Limestone  ; Government  of  Toula,  liussia. 
Orodus  fastiyialus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  j).  306, 
pi.  vi.  figs.  1-3. — Upper  Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 
Orodus  inoquilaUrus,  H.  Trautschold,  loc.  ciL  vol.  xiii.  (1874), 
p.  292,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  8. — Carboniferous  Limestone ; 
Government  of  Moscow,  llussia. 

Orodus  major,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  302,  pi. 

vii.  fig.  10. — Lower  Burlington  Limestone  ; Iowa. 

Orodus  miuusculus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Bal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii. 
(1866),  p.  67,  pi.  iv.  tig.  11. — Keokuk  Limestone; 
Uliiiois. 

Orodus  minutus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  68, 
pi.  iv.  fig.  12. — Keokuk  Limestone ; Illinois. 

Orodus  (?)  midticarinutus,  Newberry  & AVorthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii. 

p.  62,  pi.  iv.  fig.  13. — Kinderhook  Beds  ; Indiana. 

Orodus  mylectus,  St.  John  & AA’orthen,  oy).  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  308, 
pi.  vi.  fig.  26. — St.  Louis  Limestone ; Illinois  and  Iowa. 
Orodus  ('!)2>aralle1us,at.  John  & AA’orthen,  o^).  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  295, 
pi.  V.  fig.  23. — Upper  Kinderhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 
Orodus  parvulus,  St.  John  & AA'orthcn,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  309, 
pi.  vi.  fig.  6. — Upper  St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Orodus  plicatus,  Newberry  & AA’orthcn,  op>.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  63,  pi.  iv. 

fig.  5. — St.  Louis  Limestone  ; Missouri. 

Orodus  porosus,  P.  M‘Coy,  Ann.  JIag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii. 
(1848),  p.  131;  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  i.  p.  393,  pi.  1.  fig.  10. — Lower  Carboniferous 
Limestone ; Armagh,  Ireland. 

Orodus  mrff,  J.  AAL  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2J  vol.  i. 
(1883),  p.  398,  pi.  li.  fig.  13. — Carboniferous  Limestone; 
Settle,  Yorkshire. 


238 


BELACHn. 


Orodus  sculptus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  396,  pi.  li.  fig.  8. — 
Lower  Cai-boiiiforous  Limestone  ; Bristol. 

Orodus  sublcevis,  H.  Trautscliold,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  268, 
pi.  xxvi.  fig.  7. — Carboniferous  Limestone;  Government 
of  Toula,  Russia. 

Orodus  tumulus,  II.  Trautsehold,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xiii.  p.  267,  pi.  xxvi. 
fig.  6. — Carboniferous  Limestono  ; Government  of  Toula. 

Orodus  turtjidus,  St.  John  & Worthon,  op.  (At.  vol.  vi.  p.  310, 
pi.  vi.  figs.  4,  6. — Chester  Limestone  ; Illinois. 

Orodus  varudAlis,  J.  S.  NewboiTj-,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  vol.  ii. 
pt.  ii.  (1875),  p.  50,  pi.  Iviii.  fig.  11. — Wavcrly  Group; 
Ohio  and  Kentucky. 

Orodus  variocostatus,  St.  John  & Wortlicn,  op.  <At.  vol.  vi.  p.  304, 
pi.  vii.  figs.  1-9  : (?)  Ildodus gibhosus,  Newberry  &Worthen, 
op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  79,  pi.  V.  fig.  3.— Upper  Burlington 
Limestono;  Iowa  and  Illinois. 

Orodus  whitei,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  297,  pi.  vi. 
fig.  25. — Upper  Kinderhook  Limestone  ; Iowa. 


Genus  CAMPODUS,  L.  G.  do  Koninok. 

[Descr.  Auim.  Ross.  Terr.  Carbf.  Belg.  1844,  p.  61 7. J 

Svu.  Lophodus,  Newberry  & Worthen  Own  Romanowskyj,  Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  iv.  1870,  p.  300. 

Ayassizodus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  1875,  p.  311. 

Arpayudus,  II.  Trautsehold,  Nouv.  Mdm.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  xiv.  1879,  p.  50. 

Dentition  very  similar  to  that  of  Orodus,  but  distinguished  by  the 
buttressed  condition  of  the  coronal  borders,  and  “ the  relatively 
fewer  rows  of  acuminate  teeth,  as  inferred  from  this  feature  being 
so  prevalent  in  all  collections  of  Orodi,  while  the  linear  forms  are 
least  commonly  met  with  ” (St.  John  & Worthen). 

A large  portion  of  the  dentition  of  one  jaw  of  the  so-called 
Agassizodus  vanahilis  is  described  by  St.  John  & Worthen  \ and  the 
restoration  amended  by  M.  Lohest 

Campodus  agassizianus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck. 

1844.  Campodus  ayassizianus,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Descr.  Anim.  Foss. 

Terr.  Carbf.  Belg.  p.  617,  pi.  Iv.  fig.  1. 


* Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  p.  311,  pi.  viii.  figs.  1-22. 
^ Ann.  Soc.  Q^ol.  Belg.  vol.  xi.  (1883),  p.  305. 


CESTRACIONTIDiE. 


239 


(?)  1875.  AijasaaijdM  virt/Mumun,  St.  John  & VV'oitheu,  I’al.  Illinois, 
vol.  vi.  p.  321,  pi.  Tiii.  fig.  23. 

1833.  Campudtts  a//assizumus,  M.  Loliest,  Ann.  Soo.  G6ol.  13elg.  vol.  xi. 
p.  305,  pi.  ilL  figs.  1—3,  pi.  iv.  figs.  1,  4-0. 

'I'ype.  Associated  teeth ; British  Museum  aud  Paris  School  of 
Mines. 

Teeth  with  a few  prominent  large  buttresses  upon  each  long 
border,  and  all  the  crests  ornamented  with  short  transverse  wrinkles. 

An  elaborate  description  of  the  dentition  is  given  by  Lohest  (/oc. 
cit.),  who  assigns  Agnssizodus  virginianus  to  this  species. 

Form.^'  Lioc.  Lower  Carboniferous  (Ampelite):  Belgium.  (?)Uppcr 
Coal-Measures:  West  Virginia,  U.S.A. 

28754.  Portion  of  type  specimen  described  and  figured  by  L.  G.  do 
Koniuck,  op.cit.;  from  the  “Ampelite  alunifere,”  Chockier, 
near  Liege.  FureJutsed,  1853. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  teeth,  but 
there  aro  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Camjjodus  con-ugaius : Orodus  corrugatus,  Newberry  & Worthen, 
Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  iv.  (1870),  p.  358,  jJ.  iii.  fig.  18  : Agas- 
sizodus  corrugatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 
(1875),  p.  323,  pi.  viii.  fig.  24. — Lower  Coal-Measures ; 
Illinois.  Upper  Coal-Measures ; Kansas. 

Vantpodus  reclangulus:  Arpagodus  rectangalm,  H.  Trautschold, 
Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  59, 
pi.  vi.  fig.  12. — Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Government  of 
Moscow,  llussia. 

Vampodus  scitulus : Agassizodus  scitulus,  8t.  John  & Worthen, 
op.  cit.  vol.  vi.  p.  322,  pi.  vi.  figs.  10-18. — Lower  Coal- 
Measures  ; Illinois.  Middle  Coal-JIeasures  ; Iowa. 

Campodus  variabilis:  Lophodus  variahilis,  Newberry  & Worthen, 
op.  cit.  vol.  iv.  p.  301,  pi.  iv.  figs.  4,  5,  11 : Agassizodus 
variabilis,  St.  John  & Worthen,  op.  cit.  vol.  v'i.  p.  318, 
pi.  viii.  figs.  1-22. — Upper  Coal-ileasures  ; Illinois,  Iowa, 
and  Kansas. 

Some  Carboniferous  Selachian  teeth  closely  related  to  those  of 
Orodus  and  Agassizodus  have  been  described  under  the  generic 
names  of  Mesodmodus  (St.  John  & Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 
1875,  p.  290)  and  Hybodopsis  (\\.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Kev.  Dental 
Surgery,  vol.  vii.  1878,  p.  191).  To  the  former  are  referred 
Mesodmodus  explanutus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  293,  pi.  v. 


240 


SELACHII. 


figs.  15-17,  from  tho  Kinderliook  Limestone,  Iowa;  M.  exsculptns, 
St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  oil.  p.  291,  pi.  v.  fig.  18-22,  from  the  same 
formation  and  localit}' ; and  M.  ornatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom. 
cit.  j).  294,  pi.  V.  figs.  12-14,  from  the  Upper  Burlington  Limestone, 
Illinois  and  Iowa.  To  Hybodopsis  is  assigned  only  one  species, 
II.  wardi,  W.  J.  Barkas,  tom.  cit,  p.  191  (with  figs.),  founded  upon 
a fragment  of  jaw  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  John  Ward,  of  Longton, 
from  tho  Coal-ilcasures  of  Burnley,  Lancashire.  In  the  original 
description  of  the  latter  tho  calcified  cartilage-granules  are  referred 
to  as  shagreen,  tho  actual  shagreen- granules  being  much  larger, 
flattened  and  elongated,  with  more  or  less  transversely-disposed 
wrinkles. 

Closely  similar  also  are  tho  Carboniferous  teeth  described  under 
the  names  of  Leiodus,  St.  John  & Worthen'  (Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi. 
1875,  p.  335),  Desmiodus,  St.  John  & Worthen  {tom.  cit.  p.  337), 
and  Ohiastodus,  Trautschold  (Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
vol.  siv.  1879,  p.  58). 

To  the  first  are  assigned  two  species : — Leiodus  culcaratus,  St.  J ohn 
& Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  33(5,  pi.  vii.  figs.  11-18,  from  tho  Upper  Bur- 
lington Limestone,  Iowa  and  Illinois;  and  L.yrossipunctatus,  St.  J ohn 
& Worthen,  tom.  cit.  xj.  337,  from  the  Keokuk  Limestone,  Iowa  and 
Illinois.  Some  of  these  teeth  are  not  much  unlike  a few  Armagh 
8X)ceimens  commonly  referred  to  the  so-called  Uelodus  appendi- 
culatus,  M‘Coy. 

Desmiodus  comprises  four  species,  as  follow : — D.  costcllifems, 
St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  341,  pi.  x.a.  figs.  10,  11,  from  the 
UiJpor  St.  Louis  Limestone,  Illinois  and  Missouri;  D.{?)JlaheUum, 
St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  343,  pi.  x.  a.  fig.  15,  from  the 
Upper  Keokuk  Limestone,  Missouri;  D.{‘!)  ligoniformis,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.  342,  pi.  x.a.  figs.  12-14,  from  the  Upper 
Keokuk  Limestone,  Missouri  and  Iowa ; and  D.  tumidus,  St.  J ohn 
& Worthen,  tom.  cit.  jj.  339,  pi.  x.a.  figs.  7-9,  from  the  Upx>or  St.  Louis 
Limestone,  Illinois  and  Missouri. 

A single  species  is  referred  to  Chiastodiis,  namely,  C.  obvcdlatus, 
Trautschold,  tom.  cit.  p.  58,  pi.  vii.  figs.  19-22.  It  is  from  the 
Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Mjatschkowa,  near  Moscow. 

' This  name  is  preoccupied,  Leiodon  having  been  employed  by  Sir  Eichard 
Oweji  for  a genus  of  Mosasaurian  Eeptiles  (Odontogr.  1840-45,  p.201). 


CESTRACIONTIDJE. 


241 


Genus  DICLITODUS,  Davis. 

[Trans.  Key.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  1883,  p.  410.] 

An  indefinable  Carboniferous  genus,  known  only  by  the  teeth, 
which  are  of  very  small  size,  narrow  and  elongated.  The  dental 
crown  is  elevated  at  each  extremity  and  depressed  mesially. 

Diclitodus  scitulus,  Davis. 

188.3.  Biclitndus  scitulus,  3.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [21 
vol.  i.  p.  410,  pi.  li.  fig.  29. 

1884.  BicUiodus  scitulus,  3.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xl. 
p.  023,  pi.  xxvii.  tig.  12. 

Ty/jc.  Detached  tooth  ; Horne  Collection,  York  Museum. 

The  single  known  species. 

, Form.  4"  Loc.  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone : Yorkshire. 

49629.  Tooth  ; Richmond.  Purchased,  1878. 

P.  4890.  More  imperfect  tooth ; Yoredale  Rocks,  Wensleydale. 

Home  Coll. 

P.  4891.  Tooth  on  slab,  with  PUuro^lax  and  Pctalodus ; Wensley- 

Home  Coll. 


Genus  SPHENACAJMTHUS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1837,  p.  23.] 

Teeth  moderately  high,  with  a large  principal  coronal  cusp,  and 
smaller  lateral  cusps  diminishing  in  size  outwards,  more  or  less 
marked  by  superficial  wrinkles;  root  depressed,  forming  a slight 
expansion  backwards.  Dorsal  fin-spines  ornamented  by  robust 
longitudinal  ridges,  in  part  nodose;  posterior  denticles  small, 
numerous,  in  two  scries,  one  upon  each  lateral  margin  of  the 
flattened  or  slightly  concave  posterior  face.  Cephalic  spines  appa- 
rently absent’ ; shagreen  sparse,  consisting  of  minute  comb-shaped 
granules. 

Though  the  dorsa  fin-spines  of  this  fish  arc  indistinguishable  from 
those  named  CUnacanthus  by  Agassiz,  the  absence  in  the  Carboni- 
ferous Limestone  of  teeth  gcncrically  identical  with  those  just  de- 
scribed indicates  that  the  ichthyodorulites  in  question  are  common 
to  more  than  one  genus.  The  writer  thus  ventures  to  foDow  a 

’ The  spine  assigned  to  the  head  by  J.  Thomson  (Trans.  GeoL  Soc  Glasgow 
vol.  iv.  pt.  i.  1871,  p.  59,  pi.  iii.  fig.  2)  is  evidently  a dorsal  spine  of  Plcuracaufkus. 

K 


242 


SELACHII. 


suggestion  marie,  with  liesitation,  by  Dr.  Traquair,  and  adopt  the 
provisional  name  of  Sphenaeanthus  for  the  fish. 


Sphenacanthus  serrulatus,  Agassiz. 

1837.  SpJienacemthns  serrulatm,  L.  Agassiz,  I’oiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  24, 
pi.  i.  figs.  11-1.3. 

1884.  Ctenacanlhus  (P)  serndatus,  R.  II.  Traquair,  Geol.  5Iag.  [3]  vol.  i. 
p.  G. 

Type.  Imperfect  dorsal  fin-spine  ; Edinburgh  'Museum. 

The  type  species  known  only  by  the  dorsal  fin-spine,  which  attains 
a ma.ximura  length  of  about  0-15,  and  is  ornamented  by  sharp 
ridges,  in  part  sparsely  nodose. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Calciferous  Sandstones  : Burdiehouse,  near  Edin- 
burgh. 

15506  a.  Very  imperfect  .spine  ; Burdichouse.  Piti-chased. 


Sphenacanthus  costellatus  (Traquair). 

1884.  Ctenacanthm  costellatus,  R.  II.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  i. 
p.  3,  pi.  ii. 

(?)  1888.  Ctenacanthm  costellatus  (?),  R.  H.  Traquair,  loc.  cit.  vol.  v. 

p.  81. 

Type.  Nearly  complete  fish  ; British  Museum. 

Crown  of  tooth  with  slender  cusps  almost  or  quite  smooth.  Ribs 
of  the  dorsal  fin-spines  ornamented  with  numerous  finely-grooved 
tubercles. 

Form.  Loc.  Calciferous  Sandstones  : Dumfriesshire. 

P.  5900.  Type  specimen,  partly  preserved  in  counterpart,  described 
by  11.  II.  Traquair,  he.  cit.,  1884.  Purchased,  1883. 

Sphenacanthus  hybodoides  (Egerton). 

1853.  Ctenacanthus  hybodoides.  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol. 
Soc.  vol.  ix.  p.  280,  pi.  xii. 

186.3.  Ctenacanthus  nodosus.  Sir  P.  Egerton,  ibid.  p.  281. 

1809.  Ctenacanthus  major,  .1.  Thomson,  Brit.  Assoc.  Rep.,  Trans.  Sect. 

p.  102. 

1871.  Ctenacanthtts  hybodoides,  J.  Thomson,  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow, 
vol.  iv.  pt.  i.  p.  69,  pis.  ii.,  iii. 

1873.  Ctenacanthus  (?  and  Cludodus),  T.  P.  Barkas,  Coal-Meas.  Palmont. 
p.  21,  figs.  4.3-68  (Pp.  19,  figs.  31-.34). 

1874.  Ilybodus,  W.  J.  Barka.s,  Geol.  Jlag.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  103. 


CESTRACIOJTTID^.  243  ; 

1876.  Ctenacantlms  hyhodoides,  J.  Ward,  [Proc.]  N.  Staffs.  Nat.  Field- 
Club,  p.  215. 

(?)  1878.  Hybodm  davisi,  W.  J.  Barkas,  Monthly  Rev.  Dental  Surgery  . 
vol.  vii.  p.  192. 

1878.  Ilybodus,  W.  .1.  Barkas,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  vol.  xi. 
p.  145. 

Type,  Dorsal  fin-spine. 

A species  larger  than  either  of  the  preceding,  and  not  yet  pre- 
cisely defined.  Crown  of  tooth  robust  and  prominently  striated; 
lateral  denticles  well  developed.  Ribs  of  the  dorsal  fin-spines 
generally  smooth  and  rounded,  sometimes  in  part  nodose. 

The  dorsal  fin-spines  named  by  Egerton  Ctenacantlms  hyhodoides 
and  C.  nodosus  appear  to  the  present  writer  to  belong  respectively 
to  the  anterior  and  posterior  dorsal  fins  of  the  same  fish.  The 
nodose  character  of  the  superficial  ornamental  ridges  varies  greatly  ; 
in  all  the  specimens  examined  from  Staffordshire  and  Derbyshire 
the  ridges  are  smooth. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Coal-Measures  ; Scotch  Coal-field,  Northumberland, 
Yorkshire,  Derbyshire,  Staffordshire,  and  N.  Wales. 

21428,21975.  Three  teeth,  one  having  a smooth  principal  cone; 

Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  Purchased,  1847. 

P.  1322.  Two  teeth ; Longton,  Staffordshire.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5234.  Imperfect  tooth  ; near  Dudley,  S.  Staffordshire. 

Purchased,  1880. 

36173.  Supposed  anterior  dorsal  fin-spine,  with  most  of  the  orna- 
mental ridges  slightly  nodose ; Dalkeith,  near  Edinburgh* 
The  posterior  face  is  well  shown,  and  also  the  extent  of 
the  posterior  excavation.  Purchased,  1862. 

P.  2222.  Three  spines  of  similar  proportions,  with  the  ornamental 
ridges  less  nodose ; Caudenfoot,  Dalkeith.  Egerton  Coll, 

P.  3123.  Two  imperfect  associated  spines,  perhaps  pertaining  to  the 
two  dorsal  fins  of  one  fish;  Dalkeith.  The  exserted 
portion  of  one  specimen  would  probably  measure  0'265 
in  length  when  complete,  that  of  the  other  perhaps 
0-305.  Both  are  similarly  ornamented,  most  of  the  super- 
ficial ridges  being  finely  nodose;  but  the  fossil  is  too 
imperfect  to  allow  of  the  precise  relative  proportions  of 
the  spines  being  compared.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.3121.  Type  specimen  of  Ctenacanthus  nodosus,  Egerton;  Dal- 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

B 2 


244 


SELACnil. 


P.  2223.  Four  similar  specimens;  Dalkeith.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3117-20,  P.  3122.  Five  similar  specimens;  Dalkeith. 

EnnisTciUen  Coll. 

P.  3232.  Imperfect  small  spine,  the  ornamental  ridges  not  nodose ; 
Lowmoor,  Yorkshire.  EnnislcUlen  Coll. 

P.  241.  Fragment  of  small  spine ; Deep  Mine,  Longton,  Stafford- 
shire. Weaver-Jones  Coll. 

P.  5572.  Nearly  complete  small  spine ; Tihshelf  Colliery,  near 

Alfreton,  Derbyshire. 

Presented  hy  Edward  Wilson,  Esq.,  1888. 

Two  fragmentary  spines  from  the  /S^jjVorifVLimostone  (D.  Coal- 
Measures)  of  Ardwick,  Manchester  (41251  a.  Purchased,  1869),  are 
also  referable  to  Sjohenacanfhus ; and  the  following  species  have  been 
founded  upon  detached  spines,  of  which  there  are  no  examples  in 
the  Collection ; — 

Sj>henacanthus  aquistriatus : Ctenacanilius  acjuislriatus,  J.  W. 
Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Gcol.  Soc.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879),  p.  185, 
pi.  X.  fig.  15. — Lower  Coal-Measures ; Yorkshire. 
Sqdienacantlms  minor:  Ctenacauthns  minor,  J.  W.  Davis,  Geol. 
Mag.  [2]  vol.  vi.  (1879),  p.  5!51. — Lower  Coal-Measures 
(Black-bed  Coal)  ; near  Bradford,  Yorkshire. 

Another  ribbed  spine  from  the  Carboniferous  of  Fermanagh, 
Ireland,  evidently  of  a similar  type,  is  named  Tristychius  minor, 
J.  E.  Portlock,  Bop.  Geol.  Londonderry  (1843),  p.  464,  pi.  xiv. 
fig.  6 ; and  a fragmentary  fossil,  from  the  Coal-Measures  of  South 
Wales,  is  referred  to  “ Byssafanthusl  ” by  J.  W.  Salter,  Iron-Ores 
Gt.  Britain,  pt.  iii.  (Mem.  Gcol.  Suit.,  1861),  p.  224,  pi.  i.  fig.  21. 

The  fragmentary  tooth  from  the  Lower  Carboniferous  of  Russia, 
named  IJybochis  irregularis,  H.  Eomanowsky  (Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  1864,  pt.  ii.  p.  166,  jd.  iv.  fig.  32),  may  belong  cither 
to  Sqihenacanthus  or  to  Cladodus. 

Genus  TRISTYCHIUS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1837,  p.  21.] 

Syn.  Ptychacanthus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  1837,  p.  22. 

Teeth  not  certainly  identified,  but  probably  resembling  those  of 
Sphenacanthus  and  Hyhodus.  Dorsal  fin-spines  with  a few  sharp 
longitudinal  ridges  distally,  three  only — one  upon  the  front  margin 


CESTKACIONIID^. 


245 


and  one  on  each  side — extending  far  downwards ; inserted  portion 
not  definifely  separated  from  the  exserted  portion ; posterior  face 
narrow,  concave,  bounded  by  two  prominent  longitudinal  edges,  each 
with  a series  of  large  recurved  denticles  immediately  within. 

Though  the  spines  of  this  genus  were  considered  to  be  paired  by 
T.  Stock',  the  fish  is  now  shown  to  be  a typical  Cestraciont  (Hybo- 
dont)  by  E.  H.  Traquair’. 

Tristychius  arcuatus,  Agassiz. 

1837.  Tristi/chius  aremtus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  22,  pi.  i.a. 
figs.  9-11. 

1837.  Ptijchacanthm  siMeevis,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  23,  pi.  v.  figs.  1-3 
1883.  Trhtychius  arcuatus,  T.  Stock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  tllst.  [5]  vol.  xii. 
p.  177,  pi.  vii. 

1888.  TrUlijchim  arcuatus, 'R.  II.  Traquair,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v.  p.  83. 

1889.  Tristychius  arcuatus,  K.  II.  Traquair,  loc.  cit.  [3]  vol.  vi.  p.  27. 

Type.  Dorsal  fin-spine  ; Anderson’s  College,  Glasgow. 

The  single  described  species  *. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Carboniferous : Scotch  Coal-field. 

42083.  Imperfect  spine;  Calciferous  Sandstones,  Anstruthcr,  Fife- 
shire.  Purchased,  1870. 

To  TrUtychim  have  also  been  doubtfully  assigned’  the  teeth  from 
the  Coal-ileasures  of  Wettin,  Prussia,  described  under  the  names  of 
Hybodus  carbonarius,  Giebel  (Fauna  Vorwclt,  Fische,  1847,  p.  313) 
and  Germar  (Verstein.  Steinkohlcngeb.  Wettin,  1849,  p.  71,  pi.  xxix. 
fig.  5),  and  JI.  vieinalis,  Giebel  (Fauna  Yorwclt,  Fische,  p.  313)  and 
Germar  (o/).  cit.  p.  72,  pi.  xxix.  figs.  6,  7). 

A number  of  small  Carboniferous  fossils,  probably  to  bo  regarded 
as  the  dermal  tubercles  of  some  of  the  foregoing  genera,  have  been 
described  under  the  names  of  Petrodus,  F.  M‘Coy  (Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  1848,  p.  132),  Stemmatodus,  St.  John  & Worthen 
(Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  1875,  p.  328),  and  Styracodus,  E.  F.  Germar 
(Verstein.  Steinkohlengeb.  Wettin,  1849,  p.  70). 

The  bodies  named  Petrodus  are  conical  and  more  or  less  circular 
in  form,  usually  with  a very  thin  root;  the  exserted  portion  is 
deeply  furrowed,  with  rough  radiating  ridges,  and  its  height  does 

' Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Iliat.  [5]  vol.  xii.  (1883),  p.  188. 

2 Geol.  Miig.  [3]  vol.  v.  (1888),  p.  83. 

® This  is  considered  to  be  the  spine  of  the  adult  by  Dr.  R.  H.  Traquair. 

* The  supposed  T.fimhriatus,  Stock  {tom.  cit.  p.  177,  pi.  vii.  fig.  1),  is  founded 
upon  a spine  of  a distinct  genus,  now  named  Harpacanthus  (R.  H.  Trauqair, 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [5]  vol.  xviii.  p.  493). 

5 T.  Stock,  tom.  cit.  p.  183. 


246 


SELACHII. 


not  exceed  its  maximum  breadth.  The  fossil,  in  fact,  is  very  similar 
to  the  dermal  tubercles  of  Ilyhodas  (PI.  VIII.  figs.  2, 3),  and  though 
regarded  as  a tooth  by  M‘Coy,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  and  .1.  \V.  Davis, 
it  may  be  reasonably  assigned  to  the  outer  skin,  as  already  suggested 
by  Newberry  & Worthen,  Traiitschold,  and  Lohest.  In  accordance 
with  this  determination,  Trautsohold  proposes  to  substitute  the  name 
of  Ostinasjiis  for  that  of  Petrodus,  as  being  more  appropriate  h 

The  following  examples  of  Patrodus  are  comprised  in  the  Col- 
lection : — 

P.  2244.  Two  tubercles  from  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Derby- 
shire, similar  to  those  in  the  Woodwardian  ^Museum, 
Cambridge,  named  P.  palelliformis,  JDCoy  The  ex- 
serted  2)ortioii  has  a pointed  apex,  and  the  radiating 
ridges  arc  about  13  or  14  in  number,  terminating  at  the 
base,  very  strong,  sometimes  dichotomously  branching, 
and  sometimes  slightly  marked  by  transverse  sulci. 

EfjiHon  Coll. 

46823-4.  Six  similar  sjiecimcns,  and  piece  of  limestone  exhibiting 
six  others ; Yoredale  Hocks,  near  Todmorden,  Lancashire. 

Gilbertson  Coll. 

P.  2863.  Three  almost  similar  tubercles,  of  the  form  named  P.  occi- 
dentalis,  Newberry  & Worthen®;  Coal-Measures,  Belle- 
ville, Illinois.  EiuiislcUhn  Coll. 

P.  4734.  Small  example,  with  comparatively  smooth  ridges,  referable 
to  P.  harhotanns,  II.  Ilomanowsky  ^ ; Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone, Mjatsohkowa,  near  Moscow,  Ilussia. 

Purchased,  1884. 

P.  5855.  Smoother  tubercle ; Yoredale  Hocks,  near  Todmorden. 

Presented  by  S.  Barlcer,  Esq.,  1888. 

P.  5116.  Hive  larger  specimens  ; Mjatschkowa.  Purchased,  \SS15. 
P.  4734  a.  Two  tubercles,  oval  in  shape,  not  pointed,  but  with 

‘ Nout.  M(Sm.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  JIoscou,  Tol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  2'.)8. 

® Aim.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  (1848),  p.  132,  and  Brit.  I’aliroz.  Foss.  (1855), 
p.  G."7,  pi.  3 0.  figs.  6-8  ; J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soo.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883), 
I).  400,  pi.  li.  Hg.  16;  M.  Lobest,  Ann,  Soc.  Gool.  Belg.  vol.  xi.  (1883),  p.  318, 
pi.  iii.  figs.  4-0, 1)1.  V.  fig.  1. 

3 Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  (1866),  p.  70,  pi.  iv.  figs.  15,  16. 

s Bull.  Soo.Imp.Nat.  Mosoju,  1864, pt.  ii.p.  164, pi.  iv.fig.36;  Tubercnle isoU 
dune  plaque  de  I’Asterolepis  (?),  II.  Eoraanowsky,  loc.  cit.  p.  170 ; Ostinaspis  har- 
hoiana,  11.  Trautsohold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soo.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874), 
p.  2!)8,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  12,  a-d. 


CESTEACIONIIDiE. 


247 


a short  acute  central  crest,  from  which  a few  sharp 
simple  ridges  diverge ; Mjatschkowa.  These  are  very 
similar  to  P.  acutus,  Newberry  & Worthen'. 

Purchased,  1884, 

P.  5117.  A similar,  hut  more  nearly  perfect  specimen  ; Mjatschkowa. 

Purchased,  1886. 

The  following  “ species  ” of  Petrodus  are  not  represented  in  the 
Collection  : — P.  coronatus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp. 
Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiv.  (1879),  p.  60,  pi.  vii.  fig.  14  {Ostinaspis),  from 
the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Mjatschkowa,  near  Moscow  ; P.  (?) 
pustalosus,  Newberry  & IVorthcn,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  iv.  (1870),  p.  309, 
pi.  ii.  fig.  h,  pi.  iii.  fig.  0,  from  the  Purlingtou  Limestone  of  Iowa ; 
P.  rycholti,  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Faunc  Calc.  Curbf.  Belg.  pt.  i.  (1878), 
p.  37,  pi.  V.  fig.  12,  from  the  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  of 
Tournai,  Belgium;  and  P.  simplicissimus,  H.  Trautschold,  Nouv. 
Me'ni.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  12,  g-i 
(Ostinasjns),  from  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Mjatschkowa. 

The  tubercles  named  Stemmalodus^  are  small  clusters  of  sharp 
denticles.  They  occur  in  the  English  Coal-Measures,  and  are  repre- 
sented in  the  Collection  by  four  specimens  (Nos.  3500(1-1.  Pur- 
chased, 1 860)  from  Fenton,  North  Btaftbrdshire.  From  the  -Imerican 
Lower  Carboniferous  the  following  “ species  ” are  distinguished  : — 
S.  cheiriformis,  St.  John  & 'Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  vi.  (1875), 
p.  330,  pi.  viii.  fig.  30,  from  the  Burlington  Limestone  of  Iowa ; 
S.  bicrisUiim,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom.  cil.  p.  331,  pi.  viii.  figs.  32, 
33,  35,  from  Iowa ; S.  hifurcatus,  St.  John  & Worthen,  tom,  eit. 
p.  330,  pi.  viii.  fig.  31,  from  Iowa;  S.  compacitis,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  torn.  eit.  p.  334,  pi.  viii.  fig.  38,  from  the  Chester  Lime- 
stone, Illinois;  <S'. St. John  & Worthen,  tom.cit.  p. .334,  from 
the  Keokuk  Limestone,  Illinois  and  Iowa;  /S',  simple.v,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  tom.cit.  p.  332,  pi.  viii.  figs.  36,  37,  from  Iowa;  and 
S.  sgmmetricus,  St.  John  ife  Worthen,  tom.  cit.  p.333,  pi.  viii.  fig.  28, 
from  Iowa. 

To  Slgraeodus  is  referred  one  species,  S.  acutus,  Giebel,  sp.  (Germar, 
Verstein.  Steinkohlengeb.  Wettin,  1849,  p.  70,  pi.  xxix.  fig.  3),  from 
the  Coal-Measures  of  Wettin,  Prussia.  It  had  previously  been 
described  as  Centrodus  acutus,  Giebel  (Fauna  Vorwclt,  Fische,  1847, 

» Pal.  IllinoiB,  Tol.  ii.  (18GC),  p.  72,  pi.  iv.  fig.  17 ; (?)  Ostinaspis  acuta. 
H.  Trautschold,  Kouv.  Mum.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  299, 
pi.  xxviii.  fig.  12,  e, /. 

2 This  name  is  preoccupied,  having  been  employed  by  Ileokel  for  a Jurassic 
Pycnodont  (Denksuhr.  math.-naturw.  Cl.  k.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xi.  1856, 
p.  202). 


248 


SELACniI. 


p.  344),  and  is  noticed  by  T.  Stock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [5] 
vol.  xii.  p.  187,  pi.  vii.  fig.  19. 

A remarkable  denticulated  plate,  from  the  Yoredale  Rocks  of 
Wenslcydale,  Yorkshire,  perhaps  also  referable  to  the  outer  skin,  is 
, named  Echinodus  imradoxus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xl.  (1884),  p.  631,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  7. 

Genus  WODNIKA,  G.  von  Munster. 

[Boitr.  Petrefakt.  vi.  1 843,  p.  48.] 

Teeth  of  large  size,  all  adapted  for  crushing ; coronal  surface 
smooth  and  gently  rounded.  Symphysial  teeth  few.  Dorsal  fin- 
spines  longitudinally  ridged  and  grooved,  the  ridges  few  and 
relatively  large. 


Wodnika  althausi  (Munster). 

1840.  Acrodus  al/haumi,  G.  von  Sliinster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  iii.  p.  123, 
pis.  iii.  & iv.  fig.  0,  pi.  viii.  fig.  5. 

1840.  Strophodm  areiiafus,  G.  von  Miinstor,  op.  cit.  iii.  p.  123,  pis.  iii. 
& iv.  fig.  7,  pi.  viii.  fig.  11. 

1843.  Sfrophodiu  aretiatm,  G.  von  Munster,  op.  cit.  vi.  p.  r>0,  pi.  i.  fig.  3. 
1843.  Wodnika  striatula,  G.  von  Miinster,  op.  cit.  vi.  p.  48,  pi.  i.  fig.  1. 
1843.  Strophodm  anffustus,  G.  von  Munster,  op.  cit.  vi.  p.  .51. 

1861.  Wodnika  striatula,  11.  B.  Qeinitz,  Dyas,  p.  26,  pi.  v.  figs.  5-7. 

Tijpe,  Detached  tooth ; Munich  Museum. 

The  single  known  species. 

Form,  4’  dLoc.  Upper  Permian  (Kupfersehiefor)  : Thuringia. 
38591.  About  ten  associated  teeth  ; Ricchelsdorf.  l\rcha,sed,  1864. 

43423.  Portion  of  jaws  showing  some  of  the  principal  teeth  and  the 
two  series  immediately  in  advance ; Ricchelsdorf. 

Presented  by  Kenneth  Murchison,  Esq.,  1872. 

P.  2774.  Some  of  the  teeth  of  three  postoro-lateral  series  in  natural 
order;  Ricchelsdorf.  Emiiskillen  Coll. 

Genus  PAL.ffiOBATES,  H.  von  Meyer. 
[Palasontogr.  vol.  i.  1849,  p.  234.] 

A very  imperfectly  known  genus,  the  species  of  small  size.  Teeth 
with  low  crowns,  not  longitudinally  keeled,  without  lateral  denticles  ; 
coronal  surface  coarsely  j^unctate,  almost  reticulated.  Principal 
teeth  elongated,  flat  or  gently  rounded ; anterior  teeth  slightly 
elevated,  obtuse,  of  relatively  largo  size. 


CESTEACIONTIDJE. 


249 


Though  not  entirely  appropriate  in  significance,  this  name  may  bo 
provisionally  retained  for  the  Triassie  Selachians  with  teeth  much 
resembling  those  termed  Strophodus — no  dorsal  fin-spines  with 
tubercular  ornament  having  hitherto  been  discovered  in  the  Trias, 
and  other  facts  suggesting  the  generic  distinctness  of  the  fish  in 
question. 

Palaeobates  angnstissimus  (Agassiz). 

1837.  Punmmothis  anguMissimm,  II.  B.  Geinitz  (ex  Agassiz,  MS.),  Beitr. 
Kennt.  Thiiriiig.  Muschelkgeb.  p.  22,  pi.  iil.  figs.  6,  7. 

1838.  Strophodus  angustissimus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  128, 
pi.  xviii.  figs.  28-30. 

(?)  1838.  Strophodus  elytra,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cU.  p.  128  b,  pi.  xviii.  fig.  31. 
1849.  Paleeobates  angustissimus,  II.  von  Meyer,  Palajontogr.  vol.  i. 
p.  233,  pi.  xxviii.  figs.  14,  V>. 

1801.  Paleeobates  angustissimus,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Caes. 

Leop.-Car.  vol.  xxix.  no.  9,  p.  8,  pi.  i.  figs.  4-15. 

1861.  Paleeobates  oralis,  E.  E.  Schmid,  loc.  cit.  p.  9,  pi.  i.  figs.  16-  24  *. 
1801.  Paleeobates  acrodiformis,  E.  E.  Schmid,  he.  cit.  p.  9,  pi.  i. 
figs.  25-27. 

(?)  1801.  Paleeobates  angustus,  E.  E.  Schmid,  loc.  cit.  p.  7,  pi.  i.  figs.  1-3. 
1805.  Strophodus  angustissimus,  II.  Eck,  Form.  bunt.  Sandst.  u. 
Muschelk.  Oberschlesien,  p.  62. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Scarcely  yet  definable.  Principal  teeth  very  long  and  narrow 
with  rounded  extremities. 

As  already  recognized  by  Eck,  the  supposed  specific  differences 
between  three  of  the  forms  of  teeth  described  by  Schmid  correspond 
merely  with  differences  of  situation  in  the  jaw.  Agassiz’s  Strophodus 
elytra  and  Schmid’s  Palaiubates  angustus  may  be  distinct,  but  cannot 
yet  be  definitely  separated. 

Form.  4’  Poe.  Muschelkalk:  Silesia,  Thuringia,  Bavaria,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  Saxe-Weimar,  Alsace-Lorraine,  and  Eastern  France.  Epper 
Bunter : Rhenish  Bavaria. 

P.  5563.  Two  elongated  teeth ; Upper  Muschelkalk,  Beuthen, 
Silesia.  Purchased,  1888. 

1115-6.  Two  moderately  elongated  teeth,  and  one  anterior  tooth ; 

Laineck,  near  Bayreuth,  Bavaria.  Braun  Coll. 

P.  2666.  Elongated  tooth,  the  crown  slightly  raised  towards  one 
extremity;  Laineck.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 

' Another  tooth  from  tlie  Muschelkalk,  probably  of  Paleeobates,  is  named 
Strophodus  oralis,  C.  G.  Giebel,  Fauna  d.  Vorw,,  Fische  (1847),  i>.  330. 


250 


BELACHII. 


P.  2122.  Imperfect  narrow  tooth  ; Jena.  Egerton  Coll. 

28476  a.  Three  imperfect  elongated  teeth,  and  one  from  a more 
anterior  situation  ; Cruilshcim,  Wiirtemberg. 

Purchased,  1853. 

P.  2667.  Abraded  elongated  tooth ; Crailshoim.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2129.  Two  anterior  teeth  ; Wiirtemberg.  Egerton  Coll. 

Genus  HYBODUS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Poss.  vol.  iii.  1837,  p.  41.] 

Syn.  Sphenmehus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  184.1,  p.  201  (in  part). 

(P)  Meristvdon,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  1843,  p.  280. 

(?)  Selachidea,  F.  A.  Qiicnstedt,  llandb.  I'otrefakt.  1862,  p.  17.3. 

Teeth  conical  or  cuspidate,  the  crown  more  or  le.ss  striated,  with 
one  principal  elevation,  and  one  or  more  lateral  prominences  on  eitlicr 
side  diminishing  outwards ; root  much  or  moderately  depressed. 
Symphysial  teeth  few,  relatively  large.  Dorsal  fin-spine.s  longi- 
tudinally ridged  and  grooved,  the  ridges  not  denticulated ; two 
posterior  longitudinal  scries  of  denticles,  not  marginal,  but  placed 
together  mesially.  Anterior  dorsal  spine  longer  and  more  slender 
than  the  posterior.  Shagreen  sparse,  consisting  of  small  conical, 
radiately-grooved  tubercles,  sometimes  fused  into  groups  of  three. 
Two  largo  hook-shaped,  semi-barbed  dermal  spines  immediately 
behind  each  orbit.  Notochord  persistent. 

It  will  be  convenient  to  arrange  the  species  of  this  genus  in 
stratigraphical  order,  the  detached  teeth  from  some  horizons  being 
doubtfully  i)laced  here  until  the  discovery  of  more  satisfactory 
specimens. 

The  dorsal  fin-spines  do  not  appear  to  afford  constant  specific 
characters,  and  all  determinations  attempted  below  must  thus  be 
regarded  as  provisional. 

Hybodus  plicatilis,  Agassiz. 

1837.  Ilyhodus  plicatilis,  II.  B.  Geinitz  (cz  Agassiz,  MS.),  Beitr.  Kennt. 
Thiiring.  Muschelkalkgeb.  p.  22,  pi.  iii.  lig.  8. 

1843.  Hybodus  plicatilis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  189,  pi.  xxn. «. 
fig.  1,  pi.  xxiv.  ligs.  10,  13. 

(?)  1843.  llybodiis  lonyicmms,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  191,  pi.  xxiv.  figs. 
19-21,  23  (71011  fig.  22). 

1844.  Hybodus  plicatilis,  U.  von  Meyer  & T.  Plieninger,  Beitr.  Pal. 
Wiirttembergs,  p.  Ill,  pi.  .xii.  figs.  51,  70,71. 

1844.  Hybodus  lonyiconus,  II.  von  Meyer  & T.  Plieninger,  op.  cit.  p.  66; 
pi.  xii.  figs.  64,  6G. 


CESTRACIONTIDiE. 


251 


1849.  Ilijhodus  plicatilis,  II.  von  Meyer,  Paloeontogpr.  vol.  i.  p.  224, 
pi.  xxviii.  figs.  35,  30,  40. 

1849.  Ilybodus  mougeoti,  II.  von  Meyer,  tom.  cit.  p.  225,  pi.  xxviii. 
fig.  37. 

1849.  Ilyhodas  obtiquus,  II.  von  Meyer,  tom.  cit.  p.  227,  pi.  xxviii. 
fig-  41. 

(?)  1849.  Ilybodus  lonyiconm,  II.  von  Moyer,  tom.  cit.  p.  227,  pi.  xxviii. 
fig.  39. 

18-52.  Ilybodus  plicatilis,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran^.,  Explic.  PI., 
Poisson.s  Foss.  p.  12,  pi.  l.vxvii.  tig.  3 (non  figs.  1,  2,  4, 5). 

1850.  Ilybodus  plicatilis,  C.  Giebel,  Zeitschr.  gcsammt.  Naturw.  vol.  viii. 
p.  420,  pi.  i.  fig.  0. 

1837.  Ilybodus  plicatilis,  0.  Chop,  Zoitsclir.  ge,sammt.  Naturw.  vol.  ix. 

p.  128. 

1801.  Ilybodus  plicatilis,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Cses.  Leop.- 
Car.  vol.  x.xix.  no.  9,  p.  18,  pi.  iii.  figs.  7-12  (non  figs.  1-0). 

1805.  Ilybodus  plicatilis,  II.  Eck,  Form.  hunt.  Sandst.  u.  Mu.schelk. 
Oberschlesieii,  p.  05. 

1806.  Ilybodus  lonyiconus,  II.  Eck,  op.  cit.  p.  119  (in  part). 

1870.  Ilybodus  plicatilis,  F.  Roemer,  Geol.  von  Oherschlesien,  pi.  xii. 
tigs.  1.3, 14. 

1883.  Ilybodus  plicatilis,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Pull.  Soc.  Geol.  France,  [3] 
vol.  xi.  p.  495,  pi.  xii.  figs.  0-11. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  small,  with  a relatively  high  crown,  strongly  marked  by 
vertical  superficial  wrinkles.  The  lateral  denticle.s  are  two,  three, 
or  four  in  number  on  each  side,  well  separated,  elongate,  and 
slender. 

Detached  teeth  only  being  known,  it  is  impossible  at  present  to 
determine  the  precise  characters  of  the  dentition  of  this  species. 
The  teeth  named  H.  lonyiconus,  Agass.,  maj'  almost  certainly  be 
referred  to  the  symphysial  portion  of  the  jaw;  and  Sauvage  (loc. 
cit.)  is  inclined  to  think  that  II.  anyustus,  Agass.,  is  founded  upon 
posterior  teeth  of  this  species.  Schmid  (loc.  cit.)  also  proposes  to 
include  Agassiz’s  II.  mouyeoti.  If.  anyustus,  II.  polynjphus,  II.  ohli- 
quus,  II.  cuspidalus,  II.  suhlcevis,  and  H.  apicalis.  IVithout  a larger 
number  of  specimens,  however,  it  does  not  appear  justifiable  to 
extend  the  synonymy  beyond  that  given  above. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Muschclkalk  : Upper  Silesia,  Bavaria,  Wiirtemberg, 
Brunswick,  Thuringia,  Saxc-Weimar,  Lorraine,  and  Eastern  France. 

28464.  Small  posterior  tooth;  Bayreuth,  Bavaria.  PurcJia.'ied,  1853. 
1533.  Similar  tooth  ; Bayreuth.  Braun  Coll. 

P.  2769,  P.  2775.  Two  typical  teeth,  and  one  resembling  II.  lonyi- 
conus, Agass. ; Bayreuth.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


252 


BELACHII. 


P.  2179,  P.  2180,  P.  2191.  Six  toeth,  three  being  of  the  form  of 
//.  lorujiconus,  and  showing  lateral  denticles ; Bayreuth. 

Egerlon  Coll, 

P.  2770,  P.  2770  a.  Three  teeth,  and  one  largo  tooth  either  of  this 
species  or  II.  mougeotl ; Brunswick.  Ennisk'dlen  Coll. 

Hybodus  mougeoti,  Agassiz. 

184.3.  Hybodus  mougeoti,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  190,  pi.  xxiv. 
figs.  7,  8,  11,  12,  16. 

1843.  Hybodus  ohliquus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  192,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  3-0 
(non  figs.  1,  2). 

1844.  Hybodus  obliqiius,  II.  von  Meyer  & T.  Plieniuger,  Beitr.  Pal. 
Wurtteiiibergs,  p.  .'30,  pi.  xii.  fig.  58. 

1844.  Hybodus  (ohliquus,  Ag.  ?)  adunnis,  Plieninger,  in  II.  von  Meyer  & 
T.  Plieninger,  oj>.  cit.  p.  1 12,  pi.  xii.  fig.s.  .56,  88. 

(?)  1844.  Hybodus  aduncus,  Plieninger,  in  II.  von  Meyer  & T.  Plieninger, 
oj>.  cit.  p.  112,  pi.  xii.  figs.  20,  !t5,  80. 

18.52.  Hybodus  jdicatilis,  I’.  Oervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran?.  Explic.  PI. 

Poiss.  Foss.  p.  12,  pi.  Ixxvii.  figs.  I,  2,  4 (non  tig.  3). 

1850.  Hybodus  mougeoti,  C.  Giebel,  Zeitschr.  gesammt.  Nalurw.  vol.  viii. 
p.  420,  pi.  i.  fig.  7. 

1801.  Hybodus  plicatilis,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Cses.  Leop.- 
Car.  vol.  xxi.x.  no.  9,  p.  19,  pi.  iii.  figs.  1-6. 

186.5.  Hybodus  mougeoti,  II.  Eck,  Form.  bout.  Sandst.  u.  Muschelk. 
Ober.schle.sien,  p.  118. 

1883.  Hybodus  mougeoti,  II.  E.  Saiivage,  B ill.  Soc.  Gdol.  France,  [.3] 
vol.  xi.  p.  49.5,  pi.  xii.  fig.  12. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  very  robust,  with  a relatively  high  crown,  strongly  marked 
by  numerous  vertical  superficial  wrinkles.  Lateral  denticles  small, 
robust,  sometimes  absent. 

Some  of  the  teeth  referred  to  this  species  do  not  differ  much  from 
those  of  //. 2>liccitllls,  but  we  follow  Sauv.agc  in  regarding  it  as  distinct. 

Form,  tj"  Loe.  Mnschelknlk  and  Lettonkohl : Bavaria,  WUrtemberg, 
Hanover,  and  Eastern  France. 

1534-5.  T wo  small  toeth,  and  one  larger ; Bayreuth,  Bavaria. 

Braun  Coll. 

19684.  Largo  tooth,  with  worn  or  abraded  principal  cone ; Bayreuth. 

Purchased,  1845. 

P.  2180  a.  Typical  tooth ; Bayreuth.  Egerlon  Coll. 

P.  2782.  Tooth,  with  worn  or  abraded  principal  cone ; Hildesheim, 
Hanover.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


CESTEACIOSTID^. 


2^53 


28479.  Three  tooth-fragments,  perhaps  of  this  species  ; Crailsheim, 
Wiirtemberg.  Purchased,  1853. 

P.  2179.  Similar  fragment ; Crailsheim.  Etjerion  Coll. 

Hybodus  polycypbus,  Agassiz. 

184.3.  Jlyhodus  polycyphus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  193, 
pi.  xxiv.  figs.  17,  18. 

1843.  Jlyhodus  lonyiconus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  22. 

1844.  Jlyhodus  rugosus,  T.  Plieninger  in  II.  von  Meyer  & T.  Plieninger’s 
Beitr.  Pal.  IViirtteiuhergs,  pp.  50,  117,  pi.  xii.  figs.  52,  59. 

1849.  Jlyhodus  mougeoti  and  JI.  pUcatilis,  II.  von  Meyer,  Palaeontogr. 
vol.  i.  p.  220,  pi.  xxviii.  figs.  40-48. 

1852.  Jlyhodus  rugosus,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Handb.  Petrefakt.  p.  177, 
pi.  xiii.  fig.  29. 

1805.  Jlyhodus  polyeyphus,  II.  Eck,  Form.  bunt.  Sandst.  u.  Muschelk. 
Obcrschlesicn,  p.  119. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  very  thick  and  robust,  with  a moderately  elevated  crown. 
Coronal  surface  mostly  smooth,  with  rugose  markings  extending 
downwards  from  the  summit  of  the  principal  cone,  and  also  from 
the  summit  of  the  stout  lateral  denticles. 

Fonn.  4'  Loc.  Muschelkalk  and  Lettenkohl : E.  France,  Wiirtem. 
berg,  Saxony,  and  Silesia. 

28476.  Three  broken  teeth ; Bone-hed,  Crailsheim. 

Purchased,  1853. 

P.  2189.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Crailsheim.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2790.  Similar  specimen  ; Crailsheim.  Ennisl-Ulen  Coll- 

28481.  Tooth;  Halle,  Saxony,  Purchased,  1853. 

Hybodus  cuspidatus,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Jlyhodus  cuspidaius,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  194, 
pi.  xxii.  a.  figs.  6-7. 

1844.  Jlyhodus  euspidatus,  II.  von  Meyer  & T.  Plieninger,  Beitr.  Pal. 
WUrttenibergs,  p.  113,  pi.  xii.  figs.  57,  01,  62. 

1882.  Jlyhodus  robustus,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Handb.  Petrefakt.  3rd  edit, 
p.  277,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  31. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  with  a relatively  high  conical  crown,  strongly  marked  by 
vertical  superficial  wrinkles.  Lateral  denticles  robust  and  conical. 
Form.  4'  Loc-  Upper  Muschelkalk  and  Keuper:  Wurtemberg. 

28465.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Ludwigsburg.  PurcJiased,  1853. 

19691.  Tooth  fragment;  'Wurtemherg.  Purchased,  1845. 


254 


SELACniI. 


Hybodus  apicalis,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Ilyhudm  apicalis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  195,  pi.  xxiii. 
figs.  1(5-20. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Tooth  very  minute,  with  a higli  crown,  tlio  principal  cone  tapering 
to  a very  sharp  point. 

Fonn.  ^ Loc.  Lcttoukohl : Hanover. 

P.  2190.  Throe  broken  teeth ; Hildosheim.  Ejerton  Coll. 

Hybodus  minor,  Agassiz. 

1837.  Hybodus  minor,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  48,  pi.  viii.  h. 
figs.  2,  3 (spine). 

1843.  llybodtts  minor,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  183,  pi.  xxiii.  figs.  21-24 
(teeth). 

1844.  Hybodus  vtinor,  II.  von  Meyer  & T.  Plieninger,  Beitr.  Pal.  Wiirt- 
tumbergs,  p.  109,  pi.  xii.  fig.  28. 

1872.  Hybodiis  minor,  R.  Etheridge,  Proc.  Cardiff  Naturalists’  Soc. 
vol.  iii.  pi.  ii.  figs.  12-14. 

Type.  Dorsal  fin-spino ; Bristol  Museum.  Teeth ; British 
Museum. 

A relatively  small  sjjecies.  Teeth  with  a high  crown,  much 
resembling  U.  apicalis,  but  having  the  principal  cone  more  slender 
and  loss  sharply  pointed.  Lateral  denticles  1-3,  robust,  and  the 
coronal  superficial  wrinkles  prominent.  Base  depressed,  flattened, 
expanded  posteriorly. 

U2>on  the  dorsal  fin-spines,  referred  by  Agassiz  to  the  same 
species,  the  longitudinal  ridges  arc  rounded,  strong,  and  of  approxi- 
mately equal  size ; the  posterior  face  is  slightly  convex,  and  the 
denticles  largo.  Some  of  these  sinncs,  however,  must  pertain  to 
Acrodus  minimus. 

Form.  Loc.  Ehoctic : Somersetshire,  Gloucestershire,  Devonshire, 
Leicestershire,  and  Wiirtemberg. 

P.  2783-4.  Teeth  described  and  figured  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  183, 
pi.  xxiii.  figs.  23,  24 ; Axmouth,  Devonshire. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2786,  P.  2789.  Fourteen  detached  teeth ; Axmouth. 

EiinisJcilleii  Coll. 

P.  2771.  One  tooth  labelled  H. plicatilis  by  Agassiz;  Axmouth. 

Ennislcdlen  Coll. 

Eyerton  Coll. 


P.  2194.  Two  detached  teeth ; Axmouth. 


CESTKACIONTID^. 


255 


P.  2788.  Tooth  associated  with  fragment  of  cephalic  dermal  spine 
(Sphenonchtis) ; Axmouth.  EnnishilUn  Coll. 

P.  2193  a.  Tooth ; Aust  Cliff,  near  Bristol.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5338.  Seven  teeth  detached  from  matrix ; Aust  Cliff. 

P.  2787.  Fragment  of  Aust  bone-bod,  with  two  largo  teeth,  a small 
broken  cephalic  spine,  and  a fragment  of  the  dorsal  spine. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

19692.  Anterior  tooth ; Wurtemberg.  Purchased,  1845. 

Of  the  following  dorsal  fin-spines,  the  majority  doubtless  pertain 
to  Uyhodus  minor,  but  some  almost  certainly  to  Acrodus  minimus  : — 

P.  3169.  Incomplete  slender  spine ; Aust  Cliff.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 
P.  2176.  Imperfect  dorsal  spines ; Aust  Cliff.  Egerton  Coll. 

34986.  Two  portions  of  dorsal  spines,  showing  posterior  denticles ; 

Aust  Cliff.  Purchased,  1860. 

41293.  Abraded  dorsal  spine ; Aust  Cliff.  Purchased,  1869. 

24840.  Two  much  broken  dorsal  spines  ; Aust  Cliff. 

Purchased,  1850. 

P.  430.  Imperfect  dorsal  spine ; Axminster.  Purchased,  1882. 

Hybodus  lawsoni,  Buff. 

1842.  Uyhodus  lawsoni,  P.  Duff',  Geol.  Moray,  pp.  61,  63,  pi.  iv.  figs.  1, 
2,  6,  6. 

(?)  1842.  Tooth  of  Sphenonchus,  P.  Duff',  op.  cit.  p.  63,  pi.  iv.  fig.  11. 

• 1843.  Ilyhodm  dubius,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  voT.  iii.  p.  188,  pi.  xxii.  a. 
figs.  8-10. 

(?)  1843.  Sphenonchus  martini,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  203,  pi.  xxii.  a. 
figs.  16-17. 

Type.  Dorsal  fin-spines  and  teeth. 

A small  species.  Teeth  with  a high  crown,  the  principal  cone 
long,  slender,  and  pointed,  and  at  least  one  well-separated  lateral 
cone  on  each  side ; coronal  surface  strongly  wrinkled.  Base  of 
tooth  slightly  expanded  posteriorly. 

Form.  Loc.  llhaetic : Linksfield,  near  Elgin,  Scotland'. 

P.  2174.  Two  teeth.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2174  a.  A small,  abraded  dorsal  spine,  and  fragment  of  a larger 
specimen.  Egerton  Coll. 

* A tooth  from  the  'Wealden  of  Hanover  is  referred  to  H.  dubius,  Agaes.,  by 
C.  Struckmann,  'Vt^ealden-Bild.  Pmgegend  Hannover,  1880,  p.  92,  pi.  iii.  fig.  10. 


256 


SELACnil. 


P.  2839.  Imperfect  large  dorsal  spine.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 

34992-3.  Two  fragments  of  spines.  Purchased,  1860. 

Hybodus  cloacinus,  Qucnstcdt. 

1858.  Hybodus  doacinus,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Tier  Jura,  p.  34,  pi.  ii.  fig.  15. 
1872.  Hybodus  reticulahis,  R.  Etheridge,  Proc.  Cardiff  Naturalists’  Soc. 
vol.  iii.  pi.  ii.  fig.  11. 

(?)1881.  Hybodus  austtensus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxvii.  p.  416,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  1. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; Tubingen  Museum. 

Teeth  narrow  and  much  laterally  elongated  ; the  principal  coronal 
eminence  slender  and  bluntly  pointed,  its  height  not  equalling  half 
the  length  of  the  tooth  ; lateral  cones  short,  blunt,  3-4  on  each  side ; 
superficial  coronal  wrinkles  large,  generally  few  and  widely  spaced, 
but  variable.  Root  not  expanded  posteriorly. 

Form.  Loc.  Rhoetic : Wiirtemberg,  Somersetshire,  Gloucester- 
shire, and  Devonshire.  (?)  Lower  Lias  ; Lyme  Regis,  Dorsetshire. 

23153  a.  Three  fragments  of  teeth;  Aust  Clifif,  near  Bristol. 

Purchased,  1849. 

P.  2193.  Five  teeth;  Aust  Clifif.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.2776-7.  Two  imperfect  teeth ; Aust  Clifif.  EnnisTcillen  Coll. 

P.  5100.  Tooth;  Garden  Cliff,  Westburj'-on-Severn. 

Presented  by  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  2771.  Small  tooth;  Axmouth,  Devonshire.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

The  following  dorsal  fin-spines  are  of  the  form  described  by  J.  W. 
Davis  (loc.  cit.)  as  //.  austiensis,  and,  on  account  of  their  size,  may  be 
provisionally  assigned  to  II.  cloarunis.  The  lower  portion  of  the 
posterior  face  appears  to  exhibit  a more  prominent  longitudinal 
eminence  than  in  the  spines  assigned  to  II.  minor. 

36165.  Abraded  middle  portion  of  spine ; Aust  Clifif.  Johnson  Coll. 

P.  2177.  Two  imperfect  abraded  spines  ; Aust  Clifif.  Egerton  Coll, 

P.  2778.  A slightly  crushed  spine,  wanting  the  extremity  of  the 
base  ; Aust  Clifif.  The  exserted  portion  measures  about 
0’185  in  length,  and  exhibits  large  posterior  denticles 
much  abraded,  as  in  the  specimen  figured  by  Davis,  loc. 
<^il.  EnnisJi  illen  Coll. 

P.  2779.  Incomplete  exserted  portion  of  a slightly  larger  spine; 

Aust  Clifif.  Eiinislcillen  Coll. 


cEsTKAcroiniiD^, 


257 


There  is  still  some  doubt  as  to  the  propriety  of  assigning  the  fol- 
lowing specimens  to  II.  doacinus,  but  the  teeth  seem  to  agree  most 
closely  with  those  of  this  species  : — 

P.  2196.  Crushed  remains  of  the  head  and  dentition,  four  of  the 
teeth  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  X.  figs.  10-14 ; 
Lower  Lias,  L}'me  Eegis.  Most  of  the  teeth  preserved  are 
referable  to  the  principal  lateral  rows,  and  are  scarcely 
distinguishable  in  form  from  the  typical  teeth  of  II.  doa- 
cinm.  The  superficial  coronal  wrinkles  are  numerous  in 
all  but  few  examples,  and  they  are  sometimes  more  closely 
arranged  and  prominent  on  one  side  of  the  crown  than  on 
the  other.  E<jtrton  Coll. 

39785.  Small  group  of  anterior  teeth,  two  shown,  of  the  natural 
size,  from  the  posterior  and  anterior  aspect  respectively,  in 
ri.  X.  figs.  8,  9 ; Lyme  Eegis.  Purchased,  1862. 

Hybodus  raricostatus,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Hybodus  raricostatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  187, 
pi.  xxiv.  fig.  24. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; Bristol  Museum. 

Teeth  with  a relatively  low  crown,  the  median  eminence  broad 
and  pointed,  and  all  the  lateral  cones  and  the  longitudinal  crest 
acute ; superficial  coronal  wrinkles  generally  few,  though  variable. 
The  hinder  lateral  teeth  are  much  elongated,  with  the  sharifiy- 
pointed  coronal  cu8i«  partially  fused  together,  and  the  longitudinal 
acute  crest  especially  prominent. 

This  species  appears  to  bo  intermediate  between  //.  doacinus  and 
H.  delahediei,  and  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  distinguish  some  of  the 
teeth  from  those  of  the  latter  species. 

Form.  Sf  J^oc.  Lower  Lias:  Lyme  Eegis,  Dorsetshire*. 

43972.  A group  of  verj-  largo  postero-lateral  teeth,  many  with  few 
and  insignificant  coronal  wrinkles.  Several  of  the  teeth 
are  more  elongated  than  any  met  with  in  II.  delahechd. 

Purchased,  1872. 

P.  2800.  Half  of  a naturall5'-arranged  transverse  series  of  seven 
large  teeth,  with  few  coronal  wrinkles,  cut  across  the 
median  apices,  and  the  section  polished.  EnnisJeUUn  Coll. 

* A fragmentary  tooth,  not  of  II.  raricostatus,  is  described  under  this  name 
by  K.  Fricke,  Paleeontogr.  vol.  xxii.  (1875),  p.  393,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  20. 


258 


8ELACH1I, 


P.  2798.  Group  of  postoro-latoral  teeth,  and  shagreen. 

I'JimisIcilleti  Uoll. 

P.  2796.  Portions  probably  of  the  three  hinder  series  of  tooth 
(nos.  VII.  to  IX.),  with  very  low  crowns,  shown,  of  the 
natural  size,  in  PI.  X.  flg.  15.  In  the  teeth  of  the  small 
terminal  row  the  longitudinal  crest  gradually  rises  to  a 
median  eminence,  and  there  are  only  faint  indications  of 
one  or  two  lateral  points  on  each  side.  The  teeth  of  the 
second  row  are  more  than  three  times  as  long  as  those, 
and  the  principal  eminence,  which  is  narrow  and  pointed, 
is  idaeed  at  about  one  third  of  the  length  of  the  crown 
from  its  anterior  extremity  ; the  latend  cusps  vary  in 
their  relative  prominence,  and  are  three  or  four  in  number 
anteriorly  and  about  eight  posteriorly.  The  third  scries  of 
teeth  is  too  imperfect  for  description,  but  there  is  distinct 
evidence  that  the  median  coronal  elevation  is  much  larger 
than  in  the  series  behind.  The  number  and  proportions 
of  the  superficial  wrinkles  upon  the  crown  vary'  consider- 
ably, but  they  are  often  sparse  and  delicate. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

The  following  small  specimens  arc  not  certainly  determinable,  but 

may  pertain  to  young  individuals  of  this  species  : — 

P.  2797.  Obscure  remains  of  the  jaws,  branchial  arches,  and  other 
curtilages,  with  the  scattered  dentition,  and  part  of  a 
tSjiJtenonckus.”  Two  of  the  teeth  arc  shown,  of  the 
natural  size,  in  PI.  X.  figs.  6,  7,  and  they  are  all  re- 
markable for  the  fewness  and  prominence  of  the  coronal 
wrinkles.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3168.  The  crushed  head  and  anterior  portion  of  the  trunk  of  a 
small  Hybodont,  probably  to  bo  regarded  as  a young  indi- 
vidual. The  skull  must  have  originally  measured  about 
0-08  in  length ; and  the  first  dorsal  fin-spine  attains  a 
total  length  of  0’U95,  inserted  at  a distance  of  about  0’2 
from  the  end  of  the  snout.  The  remains  of  the  head  are 
exposed  from  below,  displaying  the  characteristic  basi- 
occipital  region  of  the  cranium  and  portions  of  the  man- 
dibular and  hyoid  arches,  with  a few  scattered  teeth.  The 
right  ccratohyal  is  shown,  slightly  curved,  very  broad  and 
large,  attaining  a length  of  about  O-OG ; but  the  precise 
outlines  of  the  other  oleracnts  are  obscured.  The  teeth 
exhibited  have  sharp,  broad,  coronal  cusps, — one  principal. 


CESIEACIONIID^. 


259 


placed  more  or  loss  mesially,  with  two  or  three  smaller 
cusps  on  either  side ; the  superficial  coronal  wrinkles  are 
few  and  largo,  and  the  base  of  the  tooth  in  each  case  is 
somewhat  depressed.  Portions  of  the  branchial  apparatus 
are  preserved,  but  the  number  and  proportions  of  the 
arches  cannot  bo  determined.  Still  more  posteriorly  aro 
to  be  observed  the  two  long  slender  halves  of  the  pectoral 
arch,  tai>ering  above;  each  division  measures  about  O'l  in 
length,  but  it  cannot  be  determined  whether  they  were 
united  ventrally.  The  dorsal  fin-spine  is  not  much  broken ; 
the  base  is  about  equal  in  size  to  the  oxserted  part ; the 
posterior  denticles  are  very  largo ; and  the  lateral  orna- 
mental ribs  are  few,  widely  spaced,  and  sharp.  In  those 
characters  the  spine  much  resembles  that  named  by  Agassiz 
][.  croissispinua.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

11262,  11282.  Two  groups  of  small  low-crowned  teeth,  with  the 
cusps  slightly  oblique,  bearing  the  MS.  name  of  Ilijbodus 
homopryon,  Agassiz.  Mantell  Coll, 


Hybodus  delabechei,  Charlesworth. 

1839.  Hybodus  delabechei,  E.  Charlesworth,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  n.  s. 
vol.  iii.  p.  242,  pi.  iv. 

184;l.  Hybodus  pyramidalis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  182, 
pi.  xxii.  a.  figs.  20, 21 . 

186.5.  Hybodus  delabechei,  E.  C.  11.  Day,  C eol.  Mag.  vol.  ii.  p.  565. 

Type.  Imperfect  head  associated  with  dorsal  fin-spines. 

Teeth  with  a relatively  low  crown,  the  median  eminence  largo 
and  prominent,  conical  or  pyramidal,  with  two,  three,  or  four  small 
lateral  cones  of  similar  form ; superficial  coronal  wrinkles  numerous, 
acute.  The  median  coronal  eminence  is  relatively  the  largest  and 
broadest  in  the  principal  lateral  teeth  ; and  both  it  and  the  lateral 
cones  aro  narrowest  and  highest  in  the  symphysial  teeth.  The 
hindermost  lateral  teeth  are  small,  very  low,  long,  and  narrow,  and 
have  the  cones  rounder  than  in  other  parts  of  the  dentition. 

The  type  specimen  of  U.  pyramidalis  appears  to  have  been  de- 
scribed only  from  the  drawing,  which  is  misleading,  inasmuch  as  it 
does  not  exhibit  the  considerable  variations  of  the  teeth  in  the 
associated  group. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Lias  : Lyme  llegis,  Dorsetshire. 

39880.  Crushed  head  and  anterior  portion  of  the  trunk,  exhibiting 
the  shagreen,  cephalic  spines,  and  a few  teeth,  shown,  of 


260 


HKLACHll. 


one-third  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  Vlll.  fig.  1,  and  already 
briefly  noticed  by  E.  C.  H.  Day,  loc.  cit.  The  parts  are 
much  disturbed,  and  the  thick  covering  of  shagreen 
obscures  the  internal  skeleton  ; but  there  is  the  appearance 
of  a blunt  rounded  snout,  and  the  position  of  the  right 
orbit  (orb.)  is  distinguishable.  A few  teeth  are  seen 
bordering  the  lower  margin  of  the  right  pterygo-quadrate 
cartilage,  and  t hose  are  of  the  ordinary  type  characterizing 
the  species.  The  left  pterygo-quadrate  (ptg.)  is  displaced 
upwards.  The  shagreen -granules  (PI.  Vlll.  figs.  2-5)  are 
conical  in  shape,  with  ridges  and  deep  furrows  diverging 
from  the  apex,  and  with  a well-defined  base ; being,  indeed, 
very  suggestive  of  the  small  Carboniferous  fossils  named 
Fetrodm.  These  granules  are  largest  upon  the  top  of  the 
head  (figs.  2,  3),  and  are  espcciiiUy  conspicuous  between, 
and  immediately  in  advance  of,  the  orbits ; they  are  much 
smaller  behind  the  head,  and  tend  towards  fusion  into 
small  groups  of  three  (figs.  4,  5).  Their  relative  propor- 
tions are  shown  by  the  figures,  which  are  all  drawn  of 
three  times  the  natural  size.  Pohind  the  orbit  on  the 
right  side,  and  on  the  same  level  as  this  aperture,  arc  fixed 
two  largo  rocurved  semi-barbed  spines,  upon  triradiate 
bases  (fig.  1 c.s.‘,  c.s.*),  which  have  already  been  recognized 
by  Charlesworth  and  Day  as  identical  with  the  supposed 
teeth  described  by  Agassiz  under  the  name  of  Sphoion- 
chus.  Though  probably  slightly  displaced,  these  append- 
ages have  the  ii2>pearance  of  being  almost  in  their  natural 
Ijosition  ; and  the  corresponding  spines  arc  scon  uj)ou  the 
left  side.  Each  of  the  anterior  jiair  has  two  protuber- 
ances at  the  base  of  the  “crown,”  while  in  the  posterior 
pair  these  are  absent.  Purchased,  1866. 

P.  3159.  llemains  of  a larger  fish,  comxnising  cartilage-fragments 
of  the  head  and  aj)pendicular  skeleton,  two  broken  cephalic 
spines,  the  imperfect  dorsal  sjunes,  and  shagreen. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3160.  Crushed  skull  and  mandible,  side  view,  showing  a portion 
of  the  disidaced  dentition  and  traces  of  shagreen,  associated 
with  other  fragments  of  cartilage,  and  the  two  dorsal  fin- 
spines.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3161.  llemains  ol  the  left  mandibular,  ^Aerygo-quadratc,  and 
other  cartilages,  with  the  scattered  dentition  and  traces  of 
shagreen.  The  specimen  has  been  broken  across  the  middle 


CESTRACrONTID.®. 


261 


of  the  head,  and  the  anterior  fragment  somewhat  misplaced, 
a small  intermediate  portion  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
fracture  being  wanting.  EnnisJdllen  Coll. 

40352.  Imperfect  remains  of  the  skull  and  mandible  and  other 
cartilages,  with  part  of  the  slightly  scattered  dentition, 
shagreen,  and  three  of  the  SphenoiicM,”  Purchased,  1867. 

P.  3171.  Imperfect  left  mandibular  and  pterygo-quadrate  cartilages, 
and  other  fragments,  with  a few  broken  teeth. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

35792.  Fragment  of  cartilage  and  teeth.  Purchased,  1860. 

P.  2781.  Remains  of  cartilage,  shagreen,  and  a few  large  teeth,  in 
very  hard  matrix,  identical  in  character  with  that  of  the 
next  specimen.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

20570.  Group  of  displaced  teeth,  forming  the  type  specimen  of  If. 

pi/ramidalis,  Agassiz.  As  remarked  above,  the  teeth 
exhibit  much  variation  in  size  and  form,  and  four  are 
shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  X.  figs.  1-4.  Only  a few 
have  the  median  eminence  relatively  so  largo  as  indicated 
in  the  figure  in  the  ‘ Poiss.  Foss.’  Johnson  Coll. 

P.  2795.  A broken  small  slab  of  Lias,  showing  about  seventy  teeth, 
some  in  their  natural  relative  positions.  Those  originally 
occupying  the  middle  of  the  side  of  the  jaw  measure 
0-023  in  their  long  diameter,  while  those  at  the  symphysi.s 
only  have  a corresponding  measurement  of  about  0-01.5. 
In  the  latter,  the  coronal  cusps  are  relatively  high,  and  the 
large  fibrous  base  is  very  broad.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2791.  Teeth  of  the  four  hindermost  series  in  the  jaw,  arranged 
in  their  original  relative  positions,  and  shown,  of  the 
natural  size,  in  PI.  X.  fig.  .5.  The  teeth  of  the  third  row 
preserved  (6)  arc  very  similar  to  the  imperfect  example 
from  the  type  specimen  of  II.  pyramidalis  Ugarcdm  PI.  X. 
fig.  4,  and  those  of  the  second  row  also  resemble  one  of 
the  last-named  fossil.  There  can  thus  be  little  doubt  as 
to  the  specific  determination  of  the  present  specimen.  As 
shown  in  side  view  (figs.  5 a-c),  the  coronal  cusps  are  less 
elevated  and  more  rounded  than  those  of  the  more  an- 
teriorly placed  teeth.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2799.  Portions  of  four  series  of  teeth,  naturally  arranged,  with 
fragments  of  cartilage  and  shagreen.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


262 


SELACHII. 


P.  8198.  Fossil  of  a very  similar  character  to  the  preceding,  but 
showing  more  anterior  teeth.  Egerton  Coll. 

20600.  A scattered  group  of  teeth.  Johnson  Coll. 

20600  a.  Small  group  of  naturally  arranged  principal  teeth,  much 
abraded  and  broken.  Johnson  Coll. 


18989.  Group  of  about  twenty  tooth.  Purchased,  1 854. 

P.  4174.  A few  scattered  teeth,  associated  with  two  broken  cephalic 
sjnnes.  Ennishillen  Coll. 


32750.  Group  of  small  toeth. 
39148.  Seven  associated  teeth. 
40092.  Four  teeth. 

P.  2201-2.  Four  teeth. 


Purchased,  1857. 
BowerhcmJc  Coll. 
Purchased,  1866. 
Egerton  Coll. 


P.  2203.  Four  groups  of  teeth,  either  of  this  species  or  of  H.  ran- 
costatas.  Egerton  Coll. 


P.  2793.  Seven  tooth. 


Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  2791  a.  Group  of  small  teeth,  partly  arranged  in  natural  series, 
probably  referable  to  the  young  or  a small  individual  of 
this  species.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


39784.  Group  of  small  teeth. 


Purchased,  1862. 


38103.  Largo  group  of  scattered  small  teeth,  including  some  from 
the  hindermost  rows,  associated  with  a fow  small  fragments 
of  cartilage,  shagreen,  and  portions  of  two  “ Sjjhenonchi.” 
This  specimen  may  be  referred,  without  much  hesitation, 
to  the  young  of  the  present  sjjecics  Purchased,  1864. 

38127.  Teeth  and  first  dorsal  fin-spine  of  a still  smaller  fish,  either 
of  this  species  or  II.  medius.  Purchased,  1864, 


It  is  impossible  at  present  to  distinguish  the  dorsal  fin-spines  of 
II.  delahechei  from  those  of  //.  medius  and  II.  ruricostntus,  and  they 
are  therefore  provisionally  grouped  together  below.  The  dorsal  spine 
of  II.  delahechei  is  shown  in  No.  P.  3160,  and  that  of  11.  medius  in 
No.  P.  340;  that  of  II,  raricostatus  is  still  unrecognized.  The 
spine  is  robust,  and  the  lateral  ribs  very  numerous  and  closely 


CESTRACIONTID^.. 


2P3 


arranged,  sharp  distallj’,  rounder  and  more  nodose  proximally  ; the 

denticles  are  very  large,  placed  upon  a longitudinal  elevation  of  the 

posterior  face. 

42512.  Tavo  much  abraded  spines  of  one  individual,  free  from  matrix. 
The  posterior  face  exhibits  the  median  longitudinal  eleva- 
tion ; and  the  exscrted  portion  of  the  first  measures  0-355 
in  length,  that  of  the  second  0-255.  Purchased. 

P.  3231.  Anterior  dorsal  spine,  about  0-425  in  total  length,  exhib- 
iting two  alternating  series  of  verj- large  posterior  den- 
ticles -,  with  three  imperfect  cephalic  spines. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

38544.  Anterior  spine,  0-48  in  total  length,  the  denticles  towards 
the  extremity  smaller  and  more  nuraorous  than  usual. 

Purchased,  1864. 

P.  5869.  Crushed  and  broken  spine,  with  larger  denticles,  exserted 
portion  0-34  in  length.  EumsJAllen  Coll. 

39853.  Much  curved  crushed  and  broken  spine,  the  exserted  portion 
measuring  about  0-275  in  length.  Purchased,  1866. 

P.  2165.  Imperfect  anterior  spine.  Efjerton  Coll. 

P.  2166.  Crushed  spine,  about  0-42  in  total  length.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2802.  Spine  about  0-35  in  total  length,  with  several  characteristic 
denticles.  Ennislcillen.  Coll. 

P.  4279.  Large  crushed  spine.  EnnisHllen  Coll. 

P.  3164.  Large  crushed  spine,  0-43.5  in  total  length,  with  a few 

characteristic  denticles.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

20006.  Posterior  dorsal  spine,  about  0-23  in  total  length. 

Johnson  Coll. 

P.  5866.  Imperfect  posterior  dorsal  spine.  Egerton  Cull. 

P.  5870.  Less  incomplete  posterior  dorsal  spine,  with  characteristic 
denticles,  the  exserted  portion  measuring  about  0-19  in 
length. 

P.  2166  e.  Corresponding  spine,  with  very  numerous  closely  arranged 

lateral  ribs.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  4327.  Imperfect  much  curved  posterior  spine.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 


264 


SELACHII. 


P.  2166  C.  Small  spine,  the  exscrted  portion  measuring  0‘24,  and 
the  base  0*105  ; a few  largo  denticles  are  closely  arranged 
^towards  the  extremity.  Egerton  Goll. 

P.  2166  g.  Imperfect  spine,  labelled  by  Agassiz  Ifyhodus  Jiomojrrion. 

Egerton  Coll. 


Hybodus  medius,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Ilyhodua  medius,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.p.  184,  pi.  xxiv. 
fig.  25. 

Type.  Group  of  teeth. 

Teeth  with  a relatively  low  crown,  the  contour  gradually  rising 
into  a median  conical  pointed  eminence ; lateral  cones  generally 
inconspicuous  ; superficial  coronal  wrinkles  numerous  and  prominent. 
The  lateral  cones  are  relatively  the  hirgost  in  the  most  anterior 
teeth ; and  the  most  posterior  teeth  are  not  much  elongated. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Lower  Lias  : Lyme  llcgis,  Dorsetshire. 

P.  340.  Head  and  anterior  portion  of  the  trunk,  preserved  upon  a 
slab  of  Lias,  1’17  m.  (3  ft.  o in.)  in  length,  partly  dist  urbed 
by  the  head  of  an  Ichthyosaurus.  The  specimen  is  shown 
of  one-fifth  the  natural  size,  in  I’l.  VII.  fig.  2,  and  exhibits 
the  crushed  head  and  dentition  from  the  lower  aspect, 
the  partly  disturbed  axial  skeleton  of  the  trunk  in  side- 
view,  and  the  two  dorsal  fin-spines  ‘.  The  outlines  of 
the  pterygo-quadrato  (ptq.)  and  mandibular  (md.)  carti- 
lages are  distinguishable,  exhibiting  the  usual  form  ; and 
the  adjoining  extremities  of  the  left  hyomandibular  (hni.) 
and  ccratohyal  (ch.)  project  beyond  the  loft  mandibular 
ramus.  The  dentition  is  somewhat  scattered,  and  is  closely 
similar  to  that  shown  in  No.  P.  2199,  many  of  the  teeth 
having  more  distinctly  separated  lateral  cones  than  in 
No.  41103.  Obscure  traces  of  the  branchial  apparatus 
(l>r.)  and  the  pectoral  arch  (p>ct.)  occur  behind  the  head  ; 
and  still  more  posteriorly  the  neural  arches  and  spines 
(na.)  arc  arranged  in  broken,  though  comparatively  regu- 
lar series.  The  latter  are  broad  and  elongate,  not  clearly 
s(!parated  at  their  base,  but  without  any  indications  of 
intercalary  cartilages;  and  immediately  below  the  series 
is  a narrow  vacant  space,  evidently  implying  the  persis- 
tence of  the  notochord  (not.).  The  abdominiJ  region  is 
well  supported  by  strong  ribs  (r.),  which  are  all  unfortu- 
nately displaced,  crushed,  and  broken.  Towards  the 

' The  second  dorsal  spine  being  detached  is  not  shown  in  the  figure. 


CESTRACI0NTIDJ5. 


•265 


hinder  portion  of  the  abdominal  region,  where  the  axial 
skeleton  abruptly  terminates  in  the  fossil,  a series  of  about 
nine  broad  elongated  cartilages  (m  ?)  occurs  higher  upon 
the  slab,  with  the  appearance  of  having  all  the  superior 
extremities  fused  together  ; and  this  may  be  interpreted, 
either  as  a displaced  portion  of  the  axial  skeleton  itself,  or 
as  the  support  of  a dorsal  fin.  Both  the  dorsal  fin-spines 
are  much  broken,  the  anterior  being  situated  verj' 
far  forwards,  and  the  posterior  being  entirely  detached 
from  the  slab.  The  back  of  the  anterior  spine  is  not  quite 
fiat,  but  raised  into  a slight  median  longitudinal  keel,  upon 
which  are  fixed  two  sparse  series  of  large  denticles. 

I‘urchased,  1881. 

41103.  A large  slab  of  Lias  exhibiting  the  greater  part  of  the  left 
pterygo-quadrate  {ptq.)  and  mandibular  (mrf.)  cartilages, 
side  view  (PI.  IX.  fig.  1),  with  the  dentition,  scattered 
shagreen,  and  three  imperfect  displaced  “ Sq^henonchi.” 
The  outer  teeth  of  each  transverse  series  in  both  jaws  aro 
nearly  all  in  position,  and  there  thus  appear  to  be  eight 
series  in  each  ramus,  without  a median  symphysial  row, 
as  shown  by  the  figure.  There  are  also  numerous  other 
scattered  teeth,  exhibited  from  various  aspects.  In  the 
lower  jaw,  the  first  tooth  (i.)  has  much  the  highest  and 
most  prehensile  crown,  there  being  two  large  and  perhaps 
one  small  lateral  denticle.  The  second  tooth  (ii.)  is  some- 
what more  elongated,  with  smaller  lateral  denticles ; and 
in  the  teeth  beyond,  the  denticles  become  very  insignificant. 
The  teeth  of  series  iv.  and  v.  arc  the  largest,  and  the 
hindermost  are  much  the  smallest.  In  the  upper  jaw  the 
most  anterior  teeth  aro  much  displaced,  and  there  is  a 
close  general  correspondence  with  the  lower  dentition, 
those  teeth  nearest  the  sym])hysis  only  differing  from  the 
opposing  teeth  in  their  relatively  larger  size. 

Purchased,  1868. 

P.  2199.  Group  of  scattered  large  teeth,  mostly  of  the  typical  form, 
but  some  with  unusually  prominent  lateral  cusps. 

Eijerton  Coll. 

36878-81,  38539-40.  Twenty  teeth,  some  with  cleft  summits,  one 
of  the  latter  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  IX.  fig.  2. 

Ihirchased,  1862,  1804. 

Etjerton  Coll. 


P.  2200.  About  twenty-five  teeth. 


266 


SELACHII. 


P.  2793,  P.  2794.  Seventeen  teeth,  two  having  the  central  eminence 
cleft,  and  two  with  the  crown  divided  near  one  extremity 
(PI.  IX.  fig.  3).  Ennislcillen  Coll. 


Hybodus  reticulatus,  Agnfisiz. 

1822.  Fossil  jaw  with  a triple  row  of  teeth,  II.  T.  De  la  Beclie,  Tran."*. 
Geol.  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  44,  pi.  v.  fig.  -3. 

18.37-43.  IlyhoduK  retir-ulattis,  L.  Agassiz,  I’oiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pp.  50, 
180,  pi.  ix.  figs.  1-0*,  pi.  xxiv.  lig.  26,  pi.  xxii.  a.  figs.  22,  2.3. 

(?)  18.37.  Ilyhodns /ormosws,  L.  Agassiz,  fo»n.c(y.  p.51,  pi.  ix.figs.  10, 11. 

Type,  Associated  teeth,  cartilage,  and  dorsal  spines;  Oxford 
Museum. 

Teeth  narrow,  with  a relatively  high  crown,  the  median  eminence 
and  all  the  lateral  cones  slender  and  sharply  pointed ; superficial 
coronal  wrinkles  fine  and  numerous,  often  not  extending  to  the 
apex.  In  the  anterior  and  principal  teeth,  the  height  of  the  median 
eminence  is  often  equal  to  two-thirds  or  oven  three-quarters  of  the 
long  diameter  of  the  tooth  ; and  this  cone  is  almost  invariably  much 
bent  both  backwards  and  laterally.  The  root  is  of  very  loose 
texture. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Power  Lias : Lyme  Eegis,  Dorsetshire. 

P.  3163.  Crushed  head,  showing  the  partially  distorted  outlines  of 
one  ptery go-quadrate  cartilage  and  a number  of  scattered 
teeth.  Ennielcillen  Coll. 

40335.  Portion  of  crushed  head,  showing  shagreen  and  a few  of 
the  anterior  teeth.  Some  of  the  teeth  (PI.  X.  figs.  16-18) 
are  of  a more  prehensile  character  than  any  figured  by 
Agassiz.  Purchased,  1867. 

P.  2198.  Small  specimen  of  associated  cartilage,  shagreen,  and 
teeth.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2198  a.  Portions  of  the  cartilages  of  the  jaws,  associated  with  a 
few  teeth,  and  one  “ Sphenonchvs.”  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2198  h.  Two  groups  of  teeth.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2203  a.  Fragmentary  teeth  associated  with  two  “ Spihenonclnl’ 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2203  h.  Three  broken  teeth,  associated  vith  fragments  of  sha- 
green and  two  “ Sphenowhi.”  Egerton  Coll. 


^ Some  of  these  spines  mny  pertain  to  Acrodus. 


CESIEACIONTID^,. 


267 


P.  2208.  Portions  of  left  pterygo- quadrate,  mandibular,  hyoman- 
dibular,  and  ceratohyal  cartilages,  with  a few  imperfect 
teeth,  and  fragments  of  three  SjohenoncM”  and  one 

dorsal  spine.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3162.  A few  scattered  teeth,  associated  with  fragments  of  carti- 
lage and  shagreen.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5876.  Fragments  of  skull,  jaws,  and  branchial  arches,  associated 
with  teeth  and  the  two  dorsal  fin-spines.  Some  caudal 
vertebra;  of  a small  Ichthyosaurus  are  mingled  with  the 
remains.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3156.  Remains  of  a crushed  head,  with  traces  of  teeth,  two 
“ Sphenonchi,”  and  the  first  dorsal  spine.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  423.  Remains  of  the  head,  about  five  teeth,  the  first  dorsal  fin- 
spine,  and  shagreen. 

Presented  hy  F.  Seymour  linden,  Esr/.,  1882. 

The  dorsal  fin-spines  of  this  species  are  not  readily  distinguishable 
from  those  of  Acrodus  anningice.  The  anterior  dorsal  is  long  and 
slender,  with  the  lateral  ribs  more  or  less  acute  and  evenly  spaced, 
and  the  denticles  of  moderate  size,  placed  upon  a longitudinal 
elevation  of  the  posterior  face.  The  following  specimens  are  provi- 
sionally placed  here : — 

P.  3170.  Anterior  and  posterior  dorsal  fin- spines,  associated  with 
fragments  of  cartilage.  The  superficial  ganoino  layer  of 
the  spines  is  almost  destroyed.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5865.  Associated  anterior  and  posterior  spines,  the  exserted 
portion  of  the  first  measuring  0'22  in  length,  that  of  the 
second  0-185.  History  unknown. 

42297.  Much  abraded  and  broken  spine.  Purchased,  1870. 

P.  2166  h.  Broken  anterior  spine,  labelled  by  Agassiz  Hyhodus  in- 
curvus.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2162.  Slender  spine,  with  comparatively  flat  posterior  face,  the 
exserted  portion  measuring  0-37.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2826.  Anterior  spine,  wanting  posterior  denticles  and  most  of 
the  inserted  portion  ; the  exserted  portion  measures  0-295, 
and  the  lateral  ridges  are  not  crowded  behind  in  the 
proximal  half.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


268 


SELACHII. 


P.  3165.  Very  long  slender  spine,  wanting  posterior  denticles,  0'435 

Kimishillen  Coll. 


in  total  length 
37387.  Small  spine,  exsertod  0-14. 

46564.  Small  spine,  0-143  in  total  length. 

P.  2167.  Small  slender  spine,  exsertod  0-105. 
P.  2805.  Small  slender  spine,  exsorted  0-17. 


Purchased,  1863. 
Purchased,  1875. 

Egerton  Coll. 
Eiinislillen.  Coll. 


P.  2825,  P.  2829.  Two  small  spines,  exsorted  0-08  and  0-0.9  respec- 
tively. Ennisldllen  Coll. 

P.  2817-  Much  abraded  posterior  spine,  exsertod  0-2. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 


An  undetermined  species  allied  to  Ihjhodus  reticulatus  is  indicated 
by  a largo  slab  from  the  Lias  of  Boll,  Wiirtemberg  (P.  5880),  ex- 
hibiting remains  of  the  cartilages  of  the  mandibular,  hyoid,  and 
branchial  arches,  with  a few  imperfect  teeth  and  one  dorsal  fin- 
spine. 

Hybodus  polyprion,  Agassiz. 

184.3.  Ilyhodm  poli/prion,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  185, 
pi.  xxiii.  figs.  1-15  b 

1871.  Ihjlmlm  pohjprion,  J.  1‘liillips,  Geol.  Oxford,  p 177,  diagr. 
.xxxvii.  (ig.s.  2,  3. 

1871.  Ili/bodus  juj/osm,  .1.  Phillips,  op.  dt.  p.  177,  diagr.  xxxvii.  fig.  1. 

1886.  Hylxidiis  polyprion,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Oool.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii, 
p.  257,  pi.  vi.  figs.  1,  2. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; School  of  Mines,  Paris. 

Teeth  with  a high  much  compressed  crown  ; median  cone  ob- 
lique, except  in  the  most  anterior  teeth  ; lateral  cones  two  or  three 
in  number,  broad.  Coronal  surface  of  the  anterior  and  princi]>al 
teeth  smooth,  except  near  the  base,  where  marked  by  short  vertical 
wrinkles ; a few  of  the  superficial  wrinkles  in  the  po.sterior  teeth 
extending  to  the  apices  of  the  cones.  Root  short,  depressed. 

As  already  remarked  by  Agassiz  and  the  present  writer,  some  of 
the  teeth  of  this  species  exhibit  considerable  resemblance  to  those 
of  Notidamis. 

Form.  Loe.  Bathonian  (Stoncsfiold  Slate)  : Oxfordshire  and 
(?)  Somersetshire  *. 

' It  is  not  unlikely  that  some  of  these  are  small  tooth  of  H.  gro.mconus. 

“ Quenstedt  (I)er  J lira,  1858,  p.  348,  pi.  47.  tigs.  21),  30)  refers  some  teeth  to 
this  species  from  the  Continental  “Brauner  Jura  /3”;  the  detormin.ation  is, 
however,  very  doubtful.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  tooth  from  the  CoraUian 


CF^TKACJONTIDJS. 


269 


11123,  11124.  Three  typical  teeth,  one  shown,  of  the  natural  size, 
in  PI.  XI.  fig.  2 ; Stonesfleld.  Mantdl  Coll. 

28497.  Two  similar  teeth ; Stonesfleld.  Dixon  Coll. 

35494.  Tooth  with  relatively  small  anterior  denticles,  described 
and  flgured  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  257,  pi.  vi. 
flg.  1 ; Stonesfleld.  Purchased,  1800. 

38026,  39778.  Two  teeth;  Stonesfleld.  Purchased,  18G2-63. 

39203.  Four  typieal  teeth,  one  of  the  hindermost  shown,  of  the 
natural  size,  in  PI.  XI.  flg.  1 ; Stonesfleld. 

Bowerhanlc  Coll. 

47974.  Two  similar  teeth  ; Stonesfleld. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  llobert  Marshain,  1877. 

P.  2182.  Four  teeth  ; Stonesfleld.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2186,  P.  2186  a.  Two  tooth,  one  with  relatively  small  anterior 
denticles  and  serrations,  described  and  flgured  by  the  pre- 
sent writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  257,  pi.  vi.  flg.  2 ; probably  from 
the  Great  Oolite  of  Bath.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2845.  Two  teeth,  one  flgured,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XI. 

flg.  3 ; Stonesfleld.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5103.  Typical  tooth ; Stonesfleld. 

Presented  by  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

11139.  Two  teeth  of  the  form  named  II.  jugosus  by  Phillips  ; Stones- 
field.  So  far  as  can  be  determined  from  these  and  the 
following  specimens,  it  seems  most  jnobable  that  they  are 
the  posterior  teeth  of  II.  polyprion.  Mantdl  Coll. 

28590.  Two  similar  teeth,  one  approaching  the  more  typical  II. 

polyprion  ; Eyeford.  Purchased,  1853. 

P.  2182  a,  P.  2845  b.  Two  similar  teeth  ; Stonesfleld. 

Eyerton  ^ Enniskillen  Colls. 

P.  2182  b,  P.  2845  a.  Two  anterior  teeth,  either  of  this  species  or 
H.  levis ; Stonesfleld.  Egerton  ^ Enniskillen  Colls. 

Hybodus  levis,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  (PI.  XI.  flg.  5)  ; British  Museum. 

The  provisional  name  of  II.  levis  may  bo  given  to  the  teeth  from 

of  Hanover,  noticed  by  Munster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  vii  (1810),  p.  47.  The 

North  German  Wealden  and  Purbeck  teeth  figured  by  Hunker  and  Meyer 

(Nordd.  Wealdenbild.  1840,  p.  68,  pi.  xv.  fig.  22)  and  Stnickmann  (Wealdenbild. 

Umgegend  Hannover,  1880,  p.  58,  pi.  iii.  flg.  9)  do  not  pertain  to  this  species. 


270 


sELAcnir. 


Stones  field  mentioned  below.  In  size  they  arc  as  small  as  the 
teeth  of  Jf.  polijiirion,  but  seem  to  be  specifically  distinsuished  by 
the  following  characters : — Crown  of  principal  teeth  high,  com- 
pressed, with  a largo  erect  median  cone  and  two  or  three  lateral 
cones,  narrow  and  acutely  pointed ; coronal  surface  of  all  the  teeth 
smooth,  except  (juite  at  the  base,  where  vertically  wrinkled.  Hoot 
depressed,  flattened,  expanded  posteriorly. 

Form.  ^ Lor.  Hathonian  (Stoncsfield  Slate) : Oxfordshire. 

33474.  Type  specimen,  shown,  of  twice  the  natural  size,  in  I’l.  XI. 

fig.  5;  Stonosficld.  Purchased,  1858. 

39203  a.  Less  perfect  tooth  ; Stonesfield.  Bowerbank  Coll. 

P.  2182  d.  Tooth,  posterior  aspect,  shown,  of  twice  the  natural  size, 
in  ri.  XI.  fig.  6 ; Stonesfield.  The  root  has  a consider- 
able rounded  posterior  extension.  Er/erton  Coll. 

P.  2845  C.  Low-crowned  posterior  tooth,  shown,  of  twice  the 
natural  size,  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  7 ; Stonesfield.  Ihc  lateral 
cones  are  relatively  broader  and  apparently  more  rounded 
than  in  the  principal  teeth.  Enniskillen  Coll' 

P.  2845  d.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Stonesfield.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

Hybodus  grossiconus,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Ilyhodus  grossiconus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  184, 
pi.  xxiii.  figs.  26-41  (.’’fig.  2b). 

1868.  Ilyhodus  grossiconus,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Der  Jura,  p.  348,  pi.  47. 
fig.  3.3. 

(1)18.58.  Hybodus  monoprion,  F.  A.  Queustedt,  ep.  at.  p.  848,  pi.  4/. 
fig's.  31,  32. 

1871.  Ilyhodus  grossiconus,  J.  Phillips,  Geol.  Oxford,  p.  177,  diagr. 
xx.vvii.  figs.  4-0. 

(?)  1876.  Hybodus  polyprion,  K.  Fricke,  Palajontogr.  vol.  xxii.  p.  393, 
pi.  xxi.  tigs.  17,  18. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; School  of  Mines,  Paris  ; British  Museum  ; 
and  Caen  Museum. 

Teeth  with  a very  high,  much  compressed  crown ; median  cone 
very  broad  and  nearly  erect  in  the  large  principal  teeth,  narrower 
in  the  smaller  tooth  ; lateral  cones  two  or  three  in  number,  narrow 
and  shaiidy  pointed.  Coronal  surface  marked  by  numerous  deli- 
cate vertical  wrinkles,  extending  to  the  apices  in  the  lateral  cones, 
but  only  reaching  the  apex  of  the  median  cone  in  the  hinder  small 
teeth.  Root  anfcro-postcriorly  compressed. 


CESTRACIONTIDJE, 


271 


Form.  Luo.  Bathoaiau  : Uxt'ordsLire  (iStoaestiold  Slate),  Somer- 
setsliiro,  Gloucestershire,  Wiltshire,  aud  Normandy. 

(i.)  Stonesfield  Slate  and  Great  Oolite. 

P.  2840.  Tooth  figured  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  i>l.  xxiii.  fig.  40  ; 

Stonesfield,  Oxfordshire.  Ennvskilleii  Coll. 

P.  2841.  Two  similar  specimens,  marked  as  types  by  the  Earl  of 
Enniskillen,  but  not  agreeing  with  any  of  Agassiz’s  figures  ; 
Stonesfield.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2842.  Slightly  smaller  tooth  ; Stonesfield.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2183-4.  Six  large  teeth,  more  or  loss  imperfect,  the  first  bearing 
Agassiz’s  MS.  label ; Stonesfield.  Eyerlon  Coll. 

P.  5105.  Imperfect  large  tooth  ; Stonesfield. 

Presented  by  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

47972.  Three  large  teeth  ; Stonesfield. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Marsham,  1877. 

11049,  11121,  11150.  Two  large  and  two  small  teeth;  Stonesfield. 

Mantell  Coll. 

39202.  Two  imperfect  large  teeth  ; Stonesfield.  Eowerbank  Coll. 

28589.  Ten  teeth,  some  large,  some  small ; Eyeford,  near  Stones- 
fielfi*  Purchased,  1853. 

28497  a,  32741,  35495,  36314,  37750.  Seven  teeth,  mostly  smaU. 

Purchased. 

48041.  Three  small  teeth  ; Stonesfield. 

John  Brown  Coll.  Presented  by  Sir  Richard  Owen,  1859. 

47973.  One  large  and  two  small  teeth  ; Stonesfield. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Marsham,  1877. 

P.  2181.  One  small  tooth  labelled  by  Agassiz  II.  polyqjrion,  and  five 
others;  Stonesfield.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2845  e.  Small  tooth  ; Stonesfield.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5104.  Pour  small  teeth ; Stonesfield. 

Presented  by  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

28590  a.  Pour  comparatively  low-crowned  hinder  teeth,  one  shown, 
of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  4 ; Stonesfield. 

Purchased,  1853. 

P.  2186  b.  Large  imperfect  tooth ; near  Bath.  Ejerton  Coll. 


272 


SELACHII. 


P.  5877.  Ten  imperfect  teeth,  mostly  small ; 
Gloucestershire. 


Minchinhampton, 
Byne  Coll. 


P.  4214.  Two  teeth;  Lansdown,  Bath.  Ennislillen  Coll. 

32566.  Three  teeth  ; Caen,  Normandy.  Tesson  Coll. 


(ii.)  Forest  Marble. 

24770.  Tooth ; Wiltshire. 

28442.  Three  small  teeth  ; Stanton,  Wiltshire. 
28441.  Ten  teeth,  one  showing  the  complete  root ; 

32355.  Tooth ; Malmesbury,  Wiltshire. 

30556.  Two  teeth;  Atford,  near  Bath. 

46340.  Five  teeth  ; Atford. 

P.  2185.  Two  teeth  ; Atford. 


Cunnington  Coll. 

Cunnington  Coll. 

Wiltshire. 
Cnnnington  Coll. 

Purchased,  1857. 

Purchased,  1856. 

Cunnington  Coll. 

Egerton  Coll. 


Hybodus  obtusus,  Agassiz. 

1813.  Jlyhodm  obtusus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  186,  pi.  xxiii. 
figs.  43,  44. 

1876.  Ilyhodus  crassus,  K.  Fricko  {non  Agassiz),  Palffiontogr.  vol.  xxii. 
p.  393,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  10. 

1887.  Ilyhodus  obtusus,  II.  M.  Platnauer,  Ann.  Hop.  Yorks.  Phil.  Soc. 
p.  35,  pi.  i.  figs.  1-16. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Caen  Museum. 

Teeth  with  a high  crown,  moderately  compressed.  Median  cone 
broad,  sharply  pointed  in  the  anterior  teeth,  more  obtuse  in  the 
posterior ; lateral  cones  two  or  three  in  number,  broad,  high  and 
pointed  in  the  anterior  teeth,  considerably  fused  together  in  the 
posterior  teeth.  Coronal  surface  mostly  smooth,  with  occasional 
faint  wrinkles,  and  prominent  excrescences  at  the  base. 

A fine  series  of  fifteen  detached  teeth  is  figured  by  Platnauer 
from  the  Corallian  of  Malton,  Yorkshire.  The  same  author  also 
makes  known  an  imperfect  dorsal  fin-spine,  probably  of  this  speeies. 

Form.  Loc.  Bathonian ; Caen,  Normandy.  Oxfordian:  Hun- 
tingdonshire. Corallian : Yorkshire  and  Hanover.  Lower  Kim- 
meridgian  : Oxfordshire  and  Dorsetshire. 

39205.  Six  teeth  ; Coral  Bag,  Malton,  Yorkshire.  Purchased,  1865. 
35670-73.  Four  teeth ; Coral  Bag,  Malton.  Bean  Coll. 


CESTRACIOJfTID.i:. 


273 


47988.  Two  teeth  ; Coral  Rag,  Wheatley. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  Itohert  Marsham,  1877. 

41223.  Ten  teeth,  one  figured,  of  the  natural  size,  anterior  a.spect, 
in  PI.  XI.  fig.  8 ; Kimmoridge  Clay,  near  Weymouth. 

Purchased,  1808. 

41875.  Seven  large  teeth,  two  figured,  of  the  natural  size,  anterior 
aspect,  in  PI.  XI.  figs.  9, 10  ; also  four  imperfect  anterior 
teeth ; near  Weymouth.  Purchased,  1869. 

43569.  Seven  large  teeth,  one  figured,  of  the  natural  size,  posterior 
aspect,  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  11  ; near  Weymouth. 

Purchased,  1872. 

45927.  Seven  teeth,  mostly  smaller,  and  six  fragments;  near  Wey- 
mouth. Two  specimens  are  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in 
PI.  XI.  figs.  12,  13.  Purchased,  1874. 

P.  2195.  Five  imperfect  teeth ; Kimmeridge  Bay.  Egerton  Coll, 

P.  5871.  Three  teeth;  near  Weymouth.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

21430,  31367,  46352.  Three  teeth  ; Oxford  Clay,  Christian  Malford, 
near  Chippenham,  Wiltshire.  Purchased. 

40463  a.  Two  derived  teeth  ; Xeocomian  Bone-hed,  Potton,  Bedford- 
shire. Purchased,  1867. 

46382  a.  Three  fragmentary  derived  teeth  ; Xeocomian,  Farringdon, 
Berkshire.  Cunnington  Coll. 


Hybodus  basauus,  Egerton. 

(?)  1837.  Ilyhodm  sulcafus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  44,  pi.  x.  b. 
tigs,  lo,  16. 

1845.  Hybodus  basanus.  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sec. 
vol.  i.  p.  197,  pi.  iv. 

1886.  Hybodus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii.  p.  238. 

Type.  Head,  with  dentition. 

Teeth  with  a very  high,  much  compressed  erowii ; median  cone 
narrow,  slender,  slightly  arched  inwards ; lateral  cones  two,  short 
but  sharply  pointed.  Coronal  surface  marked  by  numerous  very 
fine  vertical  wrinkles,  often  extending  to  the  apices  of  the  lateral 
cones,  but  always  absent  upon  the  smooth  upper  half  of  the  median 
cone. 

Fonn.  Loc,  Upper  Wealden  : Isle  of  Wight  and  Sussex. 

I 


i 


274  sELAcnii. 

P.  2083.  Plaster  cast  of  type  specimen  ; Isle  of  Wight. 

E^erton  Coll. 

P.  2082.  Skull,  mandibular,  hyoid,  and  branchial  arches,  with  re- 
mains of  the  dentition,  referred  to  by  the  present  writer, 
he.  cit. : Pevensey  Bay,  Sussex.  A side  view  of  the  spe- 
cimen is  given,  of  one  half  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XII. 
tig.  1,  indicating  the  general  proportions  of  the  ptery go- 
quadrate  and  mandibular  («id.)  cartilages.  The 

upper  jaw  projects  forwards  beyond  the  lower,  and  there 
is  no  evidence  of  an  articulation  of  the  pterygo- quadrate 
with  the  cranium,  cither  in  advance  of  or  behind  the 
orbit.  The  hyomandibular  cartilage  is  only  imperfectly 
shown,  but  seems  to  have  been  slender  ; and  there  is  dis- 
tinct evidence  of  five  pairs  of  branchial  arches.  Portions 
of  the  latter  of  the  left  side  are  shown,  one  half  nat.  size, 
in  PI.  XII.  fig.  3,  A/-.1-5  ; they  rapidly  diminish  in  size 
backwards,  the  fifth  being  very  small  and  slender.  The 
granular  calcifications  in  all  the  cartilages  appear  to  be 
entirely  superficial.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2082  a.  A more  imperfect  head,  with  a portion  of  the  dentition  ; 

Pevensey  Bay.  The  anterior  extremities  of  the  ccratohyal 
cartilages  (c7u/.),  with  a large  rounded  basihyal  (l>7i 
well  shown  (PI.  XII.  fig.  2).  Kyertou  Coll. 

P.  3172.  Head,  scarcely  crushed,  with  a nearly  complete  mandible, 
remains  of  the  dentition,  and  indications  of  the  large 
ceratohyal  cartilages;  Pevensey  Bay.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3172  a.  Portion  of  crushed  head,  with  many  imperfect  teeth  in 
at  least  three  erect  scries,  and  also  remains  of  the  eerato- 
hyals  and  branchial  arches ; Pevensey  Bay. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3172  h.  A very  imperfect  large  head ; Pevensey  Bay. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3172  C.  Smaller  head,  uncrushed,  displaying  part  of  the  dentition, 
and  showing  the  form  and  proportions  of  the  occipita 
region  of  the  cranium  ; Pevensey  Bay.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3172  d.  Portions  of  a small  head,  with  the  much  broken  anterior 
dorsal  fin-spine ; Pevensey  Bay.  The  massive  character 
of  the  large  ceratohyal  cartilages  is  shown. 

Enniskillen  Coll- 


CE9TR\CI0NIII).B. 


275 


P.  2082  b.  Remains  of  a small  head,  showing  part  of  the  dentition 
and  some  of  the  branchial  arches  ; Pevensey  Bay. 

Eyerton  Cull. 

P.  2082  C.  A very  small  head,  with  remains  of  the  dentition,  and 
indications  of  a very  large  massive  ceratohyal  cartilage ; 
Pevensey  Bay.  Eyerton  Cull. 

P.  2082  d.  Associated  imperfect  teeth  ; Pevensey  Bay. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

40717-8.  Two  very  imperfect  heads,  one  large,  the  other  small ; 

Bexhill.  Purchased,  1807. 

40716.  Very  imperfect  head  ; Ilollington.  Purchased,  1867. 

P.  2833.  Portions  of  two  associated  dorsal  fin-spines,  probably  of 
II.  basanas,  one  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XII. 
fig.  5 ; Hastings.  EnnisJcillen  Coll. 

P.  2833  a,  P.  2834.  Proximal  portions  of  two  similar  spines ; 

Hastings  and  Tilgate  Forest.  Ennisk-illen  Coll. 

39254.  Imperfect  spine  stouter  and  apparently  distorted  ; Hastings. 

Purchased,  1865. 

P.  5880.  Two  fragments  of  spines,  probably  of  this  species,  from 
the  Wealden,  de.scribed  as  having  been  obtained  from  tho 
Chalk  of  Lewes,  and  named  Hyhodus  sulcatus,  Agassiz, 
Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  44,  pi.  x.  b.  figs.  15,  16. 

Mantell  Coll. 

Hybodus  sp.  inc.  (?  strictus,  Agassiz). 

/ 

The  following  teeth  were  obtained  from  the  Purbeck  Beds  of  the 
neighbourhood  of  Swanage,  Dorsetshire,  and  may  pertain,  at  least  in 
part,  to  II.  strictus,  Agassiz',  hitherto  only'  known  by  dorsal  fin- 
spines. 

21349.  High-crowned  tooth,  very  suggestive  of  II.  yrossiconus,  with 
a single  lateral  cone  on  each  side  ; coronal  surface  smooth, 
merely  wrinkled  near  the  base.  Also  a fragmentary  smaller 
tooth,  with  narrower  principal  cone.  Purchased,  1 847. 

P.  5296.  Incomplete  abraded  tooth,  probably  similar. 

21349  a.  Fragment  of  a very  largo  tooth,  showing  the  long  first 
lateral  cones.  Purchased,  1847. 

* Poiss,  Foss.  Tol.  iii.  (1837),  p.  45,  pi.  x.  figs.  7-9. 

t2 


276 


8ELACHII. 


Hybodus  sp.  inc.  (?  striatulus,  Agassiz). 

Teeth  with  a very  high,  much  comprosscd  crown ; median  cone 
moderately  broad ; lateral  cones  one,  two,  or  three  in  number,  the 
inner  pair  very  long,  slender,  and  pointed.  Coronal  surface  marked 
with  numerous  delicate  vertical  wrinkles,  rarely  extending  more 
than  half  the  height  of  the  median  cone,  but  often  reaching  the 
apices  of  the  lateral  cones. 

Those  teeth  are  most  probabl)’  referable  to  the  species  indicated 
by  the  dorsal  fin-spines  named  Ilyhodm  striatulus,  Agassiz  ' ; but 
there  is  yet  no  evidence  of  association,  and  other  spines  occur  in 
the  same  beds.  A very  similar  tooth  from  the  Wealden  of  Hanover 
is  named  If.  pohjimon  hy  C.  fttruckraann,  Wealden- JSild.  Umgegend 
Hannover  (1880),  p.  .58,  pi.  iii.  fig.  0. 

Form.  4-  Loe.  Wealden  : Tilgato  Forest,  Sussex. 

2685,  2693,  2692,  2697,  3027,  3029,  3032,  3136,  3139  41,  3144, 
3147-8.  Sixteen  teeth,  some  very  fragmentary,  one  shown 
of  the  natural  size  in  I’l.  XI.  fig.  15.  Mantell  Coll. 

26024,  26026,  26038.  Three  teeth  and  two  fragments,  one  shown 
of  the  natural  size  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  14.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  1276,  P.  5823.  The  abraded  principal  cones  of  two  similar  teeth, 
figured  among  the  type  specimens  of  Merktodon  paradoxus 
by  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  53,  54. 

Eyerton  4 Ennislcillen  Colls. 

28410,  28420.  Xino  more  or  loss  perfect  teeth.  Mantell  Coll. 

48377.  Median  cone  of  a very  largo  smooth  tooth.  Purchased,  1877. 

P.  2844.  Two  teeth  and  two  imperfect  associated  teeth. 

EimisJcilJen  Coll. 

Three  fragments,  possibly  of  similar  teeth,  have  also  been  obtained 
from  the  Lower  Greensand  of  Godaiming,  Surre}'. 

(P.  5520.  Caleb  Evans  Coll.) 

Hybodus  sp.  inc. 

Teeth  with  a relatively  low  crown  ; lateral  denticles  broad,  two 
or  three  in  number ; coronal  surface  marked  by  few  widely  spaced 
wrinkles,  many  extending  to  the  apices. 

Form.  4 Loc.  Wealden:  Sussex.  Neocomian  ; Isle  of  Wight. 

28420  a.  Specimen  figured  of  the  natural  size  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  16  ; 

Tilgate  Forest.  Mantell  Coll. 

' L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  44,  pi.  viii,  b.  flg.  1. 


CESTBACIOSTIDa:. 


277 


26027.  Tooth  with  imperfect  crown,  but  complete  root ; Tilgate 
Forest.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  4919  a.  Three  imperfect  smaller  teeth,  with  higher  median  cone ; 

Hastings.  Dawson  Coll. 

P.  4680.  An  abraded  tooth  ; Lower  Greensand,  Isle  of  Wight. 

Presented  hij  C.  Westendarp,  Esq.,  1884. 
The  following  specimens  may  indicate  late  Cretaceous  species  of 
Hybodus,  but  the  determination  in  each  case  is  uncertain : — 

45311.  Group  of  eight  naturally  associated  teeth  and  fragments,  in 
form  and  proportions  much  resembling  the  Ehsctic  teeth 
named  Hybodus  cloacinus;  English  Chalk. 

Purchased,  1872. 

P.  5878.  iledian  portion  of  a very  robust  large  tooth,  the  principal 
cone  measuring  O'OKJ  in  height,  and  O'Ol  in  breadth  at 
the  base,  and  the  coronal  surface  almost  smooth  ; Chalk, 
Knapton,  Yorkshire.  Bean  Coll. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth, 
but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Hybodus  auavslus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.  191, 
pi.  xxiv.  6gs.  9,  1.5 ; (?)  H.  von  Meyer,  Palteontogr.  vol.  i. 
(1849),  p.  227,  pi.  xxviii.  tig.  45 ; H.  Eck,  Form.  bunt. 
Sandst.  u.  Muschclk.  Oberschlesien  (1865),  p.  119  (non 
Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran^.,  Poiss.  p.  12,  pi.  Ixxvii.  fig.  6). 
— Muschelkalk  ; E.  France,  (?)and  Silesia. 

Hybodus  attenuatus,  H.  von  Meyer  and  T.  Plieniuger,  Beitr.  Pal. 
AViirltembergs  (1844),  p.  110,  pi.  xii.  figs.  33,  34,  72,  76. 
H.  bimaryinntus,  Aleyer  & Plieninger,  op.  cit.  p.  114, 
pi.  xii.  figs.  27,  53,  60,  84. — Rhaitic  ; Stuttgart. 

Hybodus  cristatus,  A.  E.  lleuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreideform.  pt.  i. 

( 1 845),  p.  2,  j)l.  ii.  fig.  20. — L.  Planerkalk  ; Bohemia. 
Hybodus  injlatus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  r-it.  p.  186,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  42. 

— Inferior  Oolite;  Caen,  Yormandy. 

Hybodus  Iceuperianm,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  v. 

(1880),  p.  116,  pi.  vi.  figs.  15,  16. — Keuper;  Wurzburg. 
Hybodus  mahrothi,  II.  B.  Geiniiz,  Ilyas  (1861),  p.  27,  pi.  iv. 

fig.  4. — Kupferschiefer  ; Gera,  Saxony. 

Hybodus  non-striatus,  T,  C.  Winkler,  tom.  cit.  livr.  2,  p.  121, 
pi.  vi.  figs.  17,  18. — Keuper  ; Wurzburg. 

Hybodus  orthoconus,  Meyer  & Plieninger,  op.  cit.  pp.  Ill,  119, 
pi.  xii.  figs.  77,  85,  87,  89. — Rhaitic  ; Stuttgart. 

Hybodus  pusillus,  W.  Duuker,  Xordd.  Wealdenbild.  (1846),  p.  68, 
pi,  XV.  fig.  23. — AVcaldcn  ; X.  (iermany. 


278 


SELAOHII. 


llylodus  radix,  C.  G.  Giebel,  Fauna  d.  Vorw.,  Fischo  (1847), 
p.  317. — Lias  : Quedlinbiirg;,  Prussia. 
llylodus  stschiirovskii : Cladodvs  stschurovskii,  V.  Kiprijanoff, 
Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  1880,  pt.  i.  p.  1,  pi.  i.  figs. 
1-11.  Sjdienodus  maeer,  11.  Trautschold,  Ergiinz.  Fauna 
lluss.  Jura  (1870),  pi.  iii.  fig.  {i. — Jurassic;  Govt,  of 
Moscow,  llussia.  [H.  Trautschold  (Bull.  8oe.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  1880,  pt.  i.  p.  190)  assigns  Kiprijanoff ’s  fig.  1 to 
Sphenodm  lonyidevs,  Ag.,  and  figs.  2,  3,  5-9,  to  S.  maeer, 
Quenst.  P'ig.  4 evidently  represents  a tooth  of  Oa-yrhina, 
but  the  others  more  resemble  llylodus.'] 
llylodus  sublavis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  Hi.  (1843),  p.  194, 
pi.  sxii.  a,  figs.  3,  4 {non  fig.  2) ; Meyer  & Plieningor, 
Beitr.  Pal.  lYiirttembergs  (1844),  p.  113,  pi.  .xii.  figs.  73, 
74, 86 ; F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Ilandb.  Petrefakt.  (1852),  p.  176, 
pi.  xiii.  fig.  21. — llheetic ; Wiirtemborg. 
llylodus  undidatus,  L.  Agassiz,  torn.  cit.  p.  188,  pi.  xxii.  a.  fig.  11. 
— llha;tic ; I.inksfield,  Elgin. 

A tooth  of  llylodus,  from  the  J urassic  of  Berne,  Switzerland,  is 
also  figured  by  Thurmann  & Etallon,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Helv.  Sci. 
Nat.  vol.  xviii.  (1804),  pi.  Ixi.  fig.  11  ; another  (under  the  name  of 
Kolidanvs  sp.)  from  the  Oxfordian  of  Switzerland,  by  E.  Favre, 
Foss.  Terr.  Oxford.  Alpes  Tribourg.  (Mem.  Soc.  Pal.  Suisse,  vol.  iii. 
1870),  pi.  ii.  fig.  1 : and  a doubtful  tooth  (under  the  name  of 
llylodus  personati),  from  the  Braun  Jura  of  Wiirtemberg,  by  F.  A. 
Queustedt,  Jura  (1858),  p.  339,  pi.  xlvi.  fig.  14. 

As  already  remarked  (p.  270)  imperfect  teeth  precisely  resembling 
those  of  llylodus  are  also  described  under  the  name  of  Meristodon, 
L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.  286,  the  type  species 
being  O.vyrltina  (Meristodon)  2>arado.va,  Agassiz  (loc.  cit.).  Other 
teeth  of  a similar  type,  from  the  Jurassic  of  Manganischlak,  Caspian 
Sea,  arc  named  Oivyrhina  carinata  by  E.  von  Eichwald,  Geogn.- 
palu'ont.  Bemerk.  llalbinsel  Manganischlak  (1871),  p.  14,  pl-  i- 
figs.  1-3;  and  Oxyrhina  (Aleristodon)  sp.”  is  recorded  by  S'- 
Stoliezka,  Cretaceous  Fauna  S.  India  (Pal.  Indica),  vol.  iv.  (1873), 
pt.  4,  p.  08,  pl.  xii.  fig.  34.  A distinct  species,  Aleristodon  jurensis, 
Sauvago,  has  also  been  determined  by  41.  E.  Sauvago  from  the 
B.ijocian  Beds  of  Montmorot,  Jura  Jits.  (Bull.  Soc.  Geol.  France,  [3] 
vol.  xi.  (1883),  p.  480,  pl.  xii.  figs.  13,  14). 

An  indeterminable  tragment  of  a tooth  of  a somewhat  similar 
character,  from  the  “Braun  Jura  «”  of  Wiirtemberg,  is  named 
Selachidca  tondosi,  F.  A.  Uuenstedt,  Ilandb.  Petrefakt.  1852,  p.  173, 
pl.  xiii.  fig.  10. 


CESTBACIOSTID^. 


279 


Genus  ACRODUS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1838,  p.  139.] 

Syn.  Sphenonchiis,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  1843,  p.  201  (in  part). 

Thectodus,  Meyer  & Plieninger,  Beitr.  Pal.  Wiirttembergf),  1844 

p.  116.  ’ 

A genus  only  differing  from  Ihjhodus  in  the  rounded,  non-cuspidate 
character  of  the  teeth. 

As  in  the  case  of  Ilybodits,  the  species  are  arranged  in  stratigra- 
phical  order ; and  all  determinations  of  dorsal  fin-spines  must  be 
regarded  as  provisional. 


Acrodus  gaillardoti,  Agassiz. 

1837.  Ao'odus  gaillardoti,  II.  B.  Geinitz  (ex  Agassiz,  MS.),  Beitr. 

Kennt.  Tbiiring.  Muschelkgeb.  p.  21,  pi.  iii.  fig.  5. 

1839.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  146, 
pi.  xxii.  figs.  16-20. 

1839.  Acrodite  bratmii,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  147,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  26. 
1849.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  II.  von  Meyer,  Palaeontogr.  vol.  i.  p.  229, 
pi.  xxviii  figs.  3-8,  12,  13. 

1849.  Aerodm  bratmii,  II.  von  Meyer,  he.  cit.  p.  231,  pi.  xxviii. 
figs.  1,  2. 

1862.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran^.,  Explic.  PI. 
Poissons  Foss.  p.  13,  pi.  Ixxvii.  tig.  14. 

1856.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  C.  Giebel,  Zeitschr.  gesammt.  Naturw. 
vol.  viii.  p.  428. 

1857.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  C.  Chop,  Zeitschr.  gesammt.  Naturw.  vol.  ix. 
p.  130. 

(? J 1859.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  K.  von  Schauroth,  Sitzungsb.  k.  Akad. 

IViss.  matb.-iiaturw.  Cl.  vol.  xxxiv.  p.  350,  pi.  iii.  tig.  21. 

1861.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Cses.  Leop.- 
Car.  vol.  xxix.  no.  0,  p.  10,  pi.  ii.  tigs.  29-32. 

1865.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  II.  Eck,  Form.  bunt.  Sandst.  u.  Muschelk. 
Oberschlesieu,  p.  116. 

1870.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  F.  Roemer,  Geol.  von  Oberschlesien,  pi.  xii 

fig.  10. 

1880.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  v. 
livr.  2,  p.  109,  pi.  V.  figs.  1-3. 

1883.  Aerodm  gaillardoti,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Bull.  Soc.  Gdol.  France,  [3] 
vol.  xi.  p.  494,  pi.  xii.  tig.  4. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

A species  of  moderate  size,  the  principal  teeth  not  measuring 
more  than  0'035  in  length,  gently  rounded,  marked  by  numerous 
fine  branching  and  bifurcating  wrinkles.  Anterior  teeth  slightly 
keeled,  not  much  elevated. 


280 


SELACHII. 


temberg,  Hessen,  Saxe-Weimar,  Upper  Silesia,  Lorraine,  and  E. 
Prance.  Kcupor  : Thuringia  {Giehel,  Chop). 

P.  2131  a,  P.  2755.  Pour  typical  teeth  ; Bunter  Sandstone,  Bruns- 

Eger  ton  Enniskillen  Colls. 

P.  2760.  Type  specimen  of  Acrodus  braunii,  Agassiz  ; Bunter  Sand- 
stone, Zweihriicken,  Brunswick.  Eiiniskillen  Coll. 

1117-8.  Two  imperfect  broad  teeth,  one  much  worn  ; Muschelkalk, 
Bayreuth,  Bavaria.  Braun  Coll. 

19683.  Large  tooth,  measuring  0-032  in  length,  and  a small  narrow 
tooth,  slightly  keeled  ; Bayreuth.  Purchased,  1S45. 

P.  2131.  Small  (?  anterior)  tooth  and  three  larger ; Bayreuth. 

Egertun  Coll. 

P.  2756.  Narrow  longitudinally  keeled  tooth,  with  prominent  median 
rounded  elevation  ; Bayreuth.  Enniskillen  Cull. 

P.  2757.  Small  keeled  tooth,  probably  of  most  anterior  series  ; 

Muschelkalk,  Mattstadt,  Jicar  Jena.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

28474.  Seventeen  small  teeth,  many  longitudinally  keeled,  probably 
of  this  species  ; Hauptmuscholkalk  Bone-bed,  Crailsheim, 
Wiirtemberg.  Purchased,  1853. 

P.  298.  Two  small  teeth  ; Muschelkalk,  Meissner,  Hessen. 

Transferred  from  Mus.  Practical  Oeologg,  1880. 

32556.  Narrow  tooth ; Muschelkalk,  Lunevillo.  Tesson  Coll. 

Acrodus  lateralis,  Agassiz. 

1839.  Acrodus  lateralis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Poss.  vol.  hi.  p.  147,  pi.  xxii. 
figs.  21,  22. 

1843.  Ilyhodus  obliquus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  1,  2. 

(t)  1849.  Acrodus  acutus,  II.  von  Meyer,  Palajoutogr.  vol.  i.  p.  2.‘11, 
jil.  xxviii.  figs.  9,  10. 

18G2.  Acrodus,  1’.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  I’al.  Praiif.,  Explic.  I’l.  Poiss.  Poss. 
p.  13,  pi.  Ixxvii.  fig.  9. 

1856.  Hyhodus  obliquus,  0.  Giebel,  Zeitschr.  gesammt.  Naturw.  vol.  viii. 
p.  427,  pi.  i.  tig.  8. 

1866.  llybodus  thnrinyiee,  C.  Giebel,  tom.  cit.  p.  427,  pi.  i.  fig.  9. 

1857.  llybodus  thuringia,  C.  Chop,  Zeitschr.  gesammt.  Naturw.  vol.  ix. 
p.  120,  pi.  iv.  fig.  .3. 

1857.  Acrodus  bruuni,  0.  Chop,  fenn.  cit.  p.  1.30,  pi.  iv.  fig.  4. 

1801.  Acrodus  lateralis,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Cues.  Leop.- 
Car.  vol.  xxix.  no.  9,  p.  1.5,  pi.  ii.  figg.  8-28. 


CESTBACIONTID^. 


281 


1865.  Acrodu*  lateralis,  II.  Eck,  Form.  bunt.  Sandst.  u.  Muschelk. 
Oberschlesien,  p.  GO. 

1883.  Acrodus  lateralis,  II.  E.  Sauyage,  Bull.  Soc.  Gdol.  France,  [3] 
vol.  xi.  p.  493. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

A small  species,  the  principal  teeth  not  measuring  more  than 
0-01  in  length,  very  similar  to  those  of  A.  yaillunloti,\i\i\,  often  more 
elevated  and  keeled  (according  to  Schmid).  Anterior  teeth  longi- 
tudinally keeled  and  much  elevated  at  the  broader  extremity ; 
superficial  wrinkles  dichotomously  branching. 

Fom.  Loc.  lluschelkalk  : Lorraine,  Saxe- Weimar,  and  Bavaria. 
Lettenkohl  and  Keuper  : Saxe- Weimar  (Schmid).  Keuper : Thu- 
ringia. 


P.  2133,  P.  2161.  Small  comparatively  low-crowned  tooth,  probably 
of  this  species  ; also  one  slightly  larger,  with  the  surface 
ornament  in  part  reticulate,  and  obtained  from  Count 
Munster  under  the  MS.  name  of  A.  pumtatus,  Miinst.  ; 
Benk,  Bavaria.  EytHon  Coll. 

P.  2133,  P.  2149.  Seven  typical  teeth,  five  received  from  Count 
Munster  under  the  MS.  name  of  A.  pmlulosus,  Munst. ; 
Bttnk.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2758,  P.  2761.  Five  teeth;  Benk.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  2133  a.  Tooth  in  matrix  ; Laineck,  Bavaria.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2768.  Broken  tooth;  Schlotheim,  Gotha.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


Acrodus  keuperinus  (Murchison  & Strickland.) 

1840.  llyhudus  keuperinus,  Murchison  & Strickland,  Trans.  Geol.  Soc. 

[2]  vid.  V.  p.  338,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  3. 

1840.  Tooth  of  llyhudus,  Murchison  & Strickland,  ibid.  fig.  3*. 

IHil.  I.uphodns,  W.  S.  Symonds,  Old  Bones,  p.  103. 

18G3.  Kemacanthus,  S.  J.  Alackie,  The  Geologist,  vol.  vi.  p.  243. 

Type.  Dorsal  fin-spines  and  teeth. 

Teeth  of  small  size,  mostly  much  elongated,  compressed  at  right 
angles  to  the  long  axis.  Coronal  contour  elevated  mcsially  ; longi-' 
tudinal  ridge  prominent,  dividing  the  surface  into  two  unequal 
halves  ; superficial  stri®  strong,  directly  transverse. 

Form.  Loc.  Keuper  ; Worcestershire  and  Warwickshire. 

P.  2152.  Three  teeth  ; Pendock,  Worcestershire.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2764.  Six  teeth,  two  shown,  of  twice  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XIII. 

figs.  1,2;  Pendock.  Enniekillen  Coll. 


282 


SELACHII. 


P.  5848.  Three  tooth  ; Shrewley,  Warwickshire. 

Presented  by  the  llev,  P,  B.  Brodie,  1888. 

P.  2767.  Nearly  com])leto  dorsal  fin-spine  destitute  of  posterior 
denticles,  rosemhling  that  assigned  to  this  species  by  Mur- 
chison and  Strickland;  llowiugton,  Warwick. 

EnnisJrillen  Coll- 

P.  4092.  Extremely  abraded  fragmentary  spine ; Rowington. 

Presented  by  the  llev.  P.  B.  Brodie,  1883. 

46958.  Three  fragments ; Upper  Keuper  Conglomerate,  Hippie, 
Worcestershire.  Parclutsed,  1876. 

P.  2766.  Portion  of  base  of  spine,  apparently  less  laterally  compressed 
than  No.  P.  2767  ; Purgehill,  Worcester.shire. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2153,  P.  2156.  Five  fragments  ; Pendock.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2765.  Four  fragments,  two  showing  traces  of  posterior  denticles  ; 

Pendock.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

43957.  Imperfect  large  cephalic  spine,  associated  with  dorsal  fin- 
spine;  Hippie.  Purchased,  18/6. 

Acrodus  minimus,  Agassiz. 

1839.  Acroilus  minimus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  145,  pi.  xxu. 
figs.  G-12. 

1839.  Acrodus  acutus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  ctf.  p.  146,  pi.  xxii.  figs.  13-15. 
1844.  Acrodus  minimus,  11.  von  Meyer  & T.  I’lieninger,  Beitr.  Pal. 

Wtirttembergs,  p.  115,  pi.  x.  figs.  25,  26,  pi.  xii.  figs.  63,  82. 

1844.  Thectodw  iujiatus,  Meyer  & Plieuinger,  oy.  cit.  p.  116,  pi.  x. 
fig.  20. 

1844.  Thcctodus  (jlaber,  Meyer  & Plieuinger,  op.  at.  p.  116,  pi.  x. 

fig-  21- 

1844.  Thcctodus  crenatus,  Meyer  & Plieninger,  op.  cit.  p.  116,  pi.  x. 

fig.  22,  pi.  xii.  fig.  39.  . , , , 

1844.  Thcctodus  tricuspidatus,  Meyer  & Plieninger,  op.  cit.  p.  116,  pi.  x. 
fig.  27,  pi.  xii,  tig.  20. 

1862.  Acrodxis  minimus,  F’.  A.  Quenstedt,  Ilandb.  Petrefakt.  p.  l/9> 
pi.  xiii.  figs.  47-50. 

1861.  Acrodus  acutus,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Ca;s.  Leop.-Car. 

vol.  xxix.  no.  9,  p.  17,  pi.  ii.  fig.s.  33-37. 

1861.  Acrodus  minimus,  E.  E.  Schmid,  loc.  cit.  p.  17,  pi.  ii.  fig.  38. 
186.5.  Acrodus  minimus,  II.  Eck,  Form.  bunt.  Sandst.  u.  Musclielk. 
Obersehlesicn,  p.  1 18. 

1871.  Acrodtts  tninimics,  R.  Etheridge,  Proc.  Cardiff  Naturalists’  Soc. 
vol.  iii.  pi.  ii.  tigs.  15-17. 


CESTRACIONTIDiB. 


283 


Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Bristol  Museum. 

A small  species,  the  principal  teeth  not  measuring  more  than 
0-01  in  length.  Longitudinal  keel  moderately  developed  in  all  the 
teeth,  a mediaji  transverse  keel  also  in  many  ; minute  lateral  denticles 
often  present ; superficial  wrinkles  large,  occasionally  feeble,  some- 
times bifurcated. 

Fonn.  Loc.  Kcupor  : Saxe-Weimar,  Wiirtemberg,  and  Hanover. 
Khatic  ; S.W.  England,  and  (?)  Elgin,  Scotland. 

23153.  Two  portions  of  bone-bed,  with  numerous  teeth  ; llhmtic, 
Aust  Chff,  near  Bristol.  l\irchased,  1849. 

P.  2155.  About  one  hundred  teeth  from  the  Ehsetio  fissure  at  Hol- 
well,  near  Erome,  Somersetshire  *.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2135.  Twenty  teeth  ; Ehsetie,  Axmouth,  Devonshire. 

Ejerton  Coll. 

P.  2130.  Slab  with  several  teeth  ; Axmouth.  Egerton  Coll. 

P-  2759.  Twelve  teeth;  Axmouth.  Ennisidllen  Coll. 

P.  2136.  Twelve  teeth,  supposed  to  have  been  obtained  from  the 
Bhmtic  of  Liuksfield,  Elgin.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2150.  Two  small  teeth,  probably  of  this  species,  received  from 
Count  Miinster  under  the  MS.  name  of  A.  angustus, 
Miiust. ; Hildesheim,  Hanover.  Egerton  Coll. 


Acrodus  nobilis,  Agassiz. 

1837.  Acrodue  nobilis,  \V.  Buckland,  Geol.  & Min.  2nd  edit.  vol.  ii. 
p.  47,  pi.  27  e (name  and  fig.  only). 

1838.  Acrodus  nobilis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Fo.ss.  vol.  iii.  p.  140,  pi.  xxi. 

1839.  Acrodus  lotus,  L.  .\gassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  144. 

1839.  Acrodus  gihberulus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  144,  pi.  xxii.  figs.  1-3. 

1840.  Acrodus  jiobilis,  K.  Owen,  Odontography,  vol.  i.  p.  54,  vol.  ii. 
pis.  xiv.,  XV. 

1868.  Acridus  arietis,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Jura,  p.  00,  pi.  viii.  fig.  10. 

Type.  Incomplete  dentition ; Bristol  Museum. 

The  type  species,  of  very  large  size,  the  principal  teeth  often 
measuring  0-045  in  length.  Coronal  contour  gently  rounded, 
covered  by  very  fine  wrinkles,  frequently  branching  and  reticulate ; 
longitudinal  crest  undeveloped,  and  only  indicated  by  the  divisional 
line  of  the  ornament.  Anterior  teeth  short  and  broad,  without 


‘ 8ee  Charles  Moore,  Quart.  Joiirn.  Geol.  Soe.  vol.  xxiii.  (1867),  p.  463. 


284 


SEtACHir. 


longitudinal  keel,  and  with  only  faint  indications  of  lateral  denticles 
in  one  jaw;  a median  symphysial  series  present. 

As  shown  hy  the  series  of  specimens  described  below,  there  is 
considerable  variation  in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  successive 
rows  of  teeth,  exactly  as  is  to  be  observed  in  the  dentition  of  the 
living  Cestracioii.  it  seems  probable  that  the  two  principal  series 
of  teeth  were  always  relatively  smaller  in  one  jaw  than  in  the 
opposite  ; and  this  jaw  is  here  provisionally  regarded  as  the  uj>per. 

Though  the  originals  of  Agassiz's  pi.  xxi.  tigs.  4-7  are  stated  to  be 
in  the  Enniskillen  and  Egertou  Collections,  they  cannot  now  be 
identified. 

Fonn.  ^ Loo.  Lower  Lias : Dorsetshire,  Wiirtemberg,  Somerset- 
shire, and  (?)  N.  France. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  all  the  specimens  were  obtained  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Lyme  llegis,  Dorsetshire. 

P.  3154.  The  crushed  anterior  portion  of  a fish  of  moderate  size, 
exhibiting  no  definite  outline,  hut  merely  fragments  ot 
cartilage  associated  with  scattered  teeth,  shagreen,  and 
the  two  dorsal  fin-spines.  The  teeth  exhibit  the  charac- 
teristic roiinduess  and  finely-marked  coronal  surface  of 
those  of  A.  noliili%  and  those  from  the  anterior  portion  of 

. the  jaw  show  traces  of  lateral  prominences  ; the  largest 

measure  0-022  in  length.  The  shagreen- granules  pre- 
served are  minute,  slender  and  conical,  longitudinally 
ribbed  and  grooved.  The  first  dorsal  s])inc  is  incomplete 
in  the  distal  half  and  much  broken,  but  the  second  dorsal 
is  nearly  perfect.  The  latter  is  comparatively  short  aud 
stout,  measurit)g  0-255  in  total  length  ; the  lateral  ribs 
are  broad,  lounded,  and  irregularly  wavy  ; and  the  x)os- 
terior  face  has  the  appearance  of  being  slightly  convex. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2736.  A large  portion  of  the  dentition,  figured,  of  the  natural 
size,  in  PI.  XI 11.  fig.  II.  The  specimen  shows  about  forty- 
four  teeth  arranged  in  natural  order,  and  comprises  the 
symphysial  region,  portions  of  the  first  three  rows  on  one 
side,  and  portions  of  live  on  the  other.  Throe  small  teeth 
(o)  represent  the  median  symphysial  series,  each  mea- 
suring about  0-015  in  length  and  exhibiting  three  lateral 
points.  Ot  the  first  lateral  series  (i.),  the  teeth  measure 
0-018  in  length,  and  arc  unsym metrical,  each  having  the 
greatest  elevation  near  the  anterior  extremity,  with  three 
or  four  lateral  j)oints,  -widely  separated  behind,  closely 


CESTRACIOSTID.’E. 


235 


approximated  in  front.  Of  series  ii.,  the  teeth  measure 
0-025,  and  still  show  faint  traces  of  lateral  denticles,  while 
considerably  raised  and  broadened  mesially.  Of  series  in., 
the  teeth  nearly  equal  those  of  series  iv.‘  in  length,  the 
former  measuring  0-037  and  the  latter  0-04 ; they  are 
also  considerably  raised  mesially.  Of  series  v.,  only  two 
imperfect  teeth  are  preserved,  slightly  shorter  (0-035),  less 
elevated,  and  narrower  than  those  of  series  iv. 

Ennisl'iHen  Cell. 

P-  2142.  Group  of  eighteen  teeth,  associated  with  fragments  of  car- 
tilage and  shagreen,  and  partly  displaced ; one  aspect 
figured,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XIll.  fig.  4.  The  teeth 
of  series  n.  measure  0-018  in  length  ; those  of  in.  about 
0-026 ; those  of  iv.  and  v.,  0-035  and  0-038  respectively  ; 
and  those  of  series  vi.  0-032.  Some  of  the  teeth  of  series 
IV.  and  V.  exhibit  a constriction  at  each  end  of  the  much 
broadened  central  portion ; and  those  of  series  vi.  are 
notably  narrow.  Eyerton  Coll, 

20573.  Group  of  twenty  teeth,  nearly  perfect,  in  natural  order; 

Weston,  near  Bath.  Series  n.  to  v.  are  represented,  and, 
though  slightly  larger,  the  relative  proportions  of  the  suc- 
cessive rows  are  very  similar  to  those  of  Xo.  P.  2142. 

Johnson  Coll. 

35054.  Group  of  about  sixty  naturally  associated  teeth,  of  nearly 
similar  proportions  to  those  of  Xo.  P.  2736.  The  anterior 
teeth  exhibit  the  slight  indications  of  lateral  denticles. 

rnrehased,  1860. 

P-  2738.  About  seventy-five  teeth  embedded  in  hard  matrix,  partly 
scattered  and  partly  in  natural  order,  indicating  a denti- 
tion of  very  similar  proportions  to  the  preceding,  but 
remarkable  for  the  breadth  of  all  the  teeth. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P-  2140,  P.  2743.  Group  of  comparatively  broad  teeth,  much  broken. 

Egerton  Enniskillen  Colls. 

P-  2737,  P.  2739.  Two  specimens,  figured,  of  the  natural  size,  in 
PI.  XIV.  figs.  1,  2,  displaying  the  complete  dentition  of 
one  ramus  of  the  jaw.  They  may  possibly  pertain  to  the 
same  jaw,  though  they  cannot  have  been  found  naturally 
apposed,  as  shown  by  the  form  of  the  matrix.  Eight 

' The  tooth  marked  a in  the  figure  is  evidently  misplaced. 


286 


SETACHII. 


series  are  indieahed,  seven  as  in  the  type  specimen,  and 
one  additional  hinder  tow.  The  proportions,  however, 
are  slightly  different,  as  shown  by  the  following  measure- 
ments : — 


Series. 

No.  of  teeth 
preserved. 

Length  of 
tooth. 

I. 

7 

0-017 

II. 

8 

0-022 

III. 

8 

0-028 

IV. 

8 

0-04(5 

V. 

8 

0-049 

VI. 

8 

0-031 

VII. 

7 

0-014 

VIII. 

2 

0-0O8 

In  the  first  three  series  the  teeth  are  relatively  very 
broad,  with  rapidly  tapering  extremities ; those  of  series 
IV.  are  blunt  at  each  end,  but  narrowest  anteriorly,  and 
slightly  bent  at  a faintly  marked  constriction  near  this 
extremity  ; the  teeth  of  series  v.  are  narrowest  and  least 
blunt  posteriorly ; the  front  half  of  each  tooth  of  series 
VI.  is  much  broader  than  the  hinder  half,  gradually 
tapering  posteriorly;  the  teeth  of  series  vir.  are  nearly 
the  same  in  breadth  throughout,  somewhat  tapering  at 
each  extremity;  and  those  of  series  viii.  are  almost  tri- 
angular, with  the  outwardly  directed  ape.x  rounded,  and 
the  longitudinal  divisional  line  of  the  surface-ornament 
arched.  Of  series  r.,  three  teeth  show  signs  of  wear  ; of 
II.,  three  ; of  in.,  three  ; of  iv.,  three  ; of  v.,  four  ; and 
of  VI.,  VII.,  and  viii.,  none  but  two  exhibit  distinct  traces. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2740.  A group  of  naturally-arranged  teeth  of  scries  v.,  vi.,  vii., 
partly  figured,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XIV.  fig.  3.  The 
teeth  of  scries  vi.,  vii.  are  much  longer  in  proportion  to 
those  of  series  v.  than  in  Xo.  P.  2739,  the  former  mea- 
suring respectively  0-037  and  0-018,  while  the  latter 
measure  only  0-045.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2741.  Eight  teeth  of  series  vi.,  naturally  arranged,  with  indi- 

cations of  scries  v.  and  vii.,  and  two  of  the  hindermost 
triangular  teeth.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2742.  Eorty-eight  scattered,  but  naturally  associated  teeth, 
mostly  very  similar  to  those  of  Nos.  P.  2737,  P-  2739, 
but  somewhat  larger.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


CESTRACIONTID.®. 


287 


P.  3173.  A smaller  group  of  more  imperfect  scattered  teeth  in  matrix. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  418.  77umerous  scattered  teeth,  naturally  associated  in  matrix. 

Presented  hy  F.  Seymour  lladen.  Esq.,  1882. 

P.  2144.  Group  of  about  ten  imperfect  teeth.  Egerlon  Coll. 

P.  5872.  Six  naturally-associated  broad  teeth  ; Weston,  near  Bath. 

11258.  Four  detached  teeth  ; Weston.  Mantell  Coll. 

P.  2141.  Six  detached  teeth  ; Weston.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2744,  P.  2746-7.  Five  detached  teeth  ; Weston. 

Ennislillen  Coll. 

P.  2748.  Three  associated  teeth  ; Keynsham,  near  Bath. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

11279,  20161.  25850,  32753,  35727,  41280,  43393.  Twelve 
detached  teeth.  Purchased. 

P.  424.  Five  teeth.  Purchased,  1882. 

P.  2143.  Two  detached  broad  teeth,  one  showing  a tendency  towards 
a transverse  division  into  two.  Eyerton  Coll. 

The  dorsal  fin-spines  of  Acrodus  nohilU  are  large  and  curved  ; the 
lateral  ribs  are  rounded  and  widely  spaced  ; and  the  posterior  den- 
ticles arc  of  enormous  size,  placed  upon  a longitudinal  elevation  of 
the  hinder  face.  The  spines  are  associated  with  the  teeth  in 
No.  P.  3154;  and  they  occur  in  the  Lias  of  AVeston,  near  Bath, 
where  the  only  known  Acrodxts-toot\^  are  referable  to  this  species. 
The  following  examples  occur  in  the  Collection : — 

P.  3158.  Naturally  associated  anterior  and  posterior  dorsal  spines, 
much  crushed,  and  the  latter  incomplete  proximally.  The 
exserted  portion  of  the  first  measures  about  0'41  in  length, 
and  the  base  0-14.  Ennislcillen  Coll., 

19814.  Imperfect  large  spine.  Purchased,  1845. 

20008.  Imperfect  large  stout  spine.  Johnson  Coll. 

30868.  Imperfect  pyritized  large  spine,  the  exserted  portion  mea- 
suring 0 25  in  length.  Purchased,  1856. 


38126.  Typical  spine,  the  exserted  portion  measuring  0-4  in  length, 
and  the  base  0-14.  Purchased,  1864. 


288 


SELACniI. 


38543.  Incomplete  very  large  spine,  abraded,  with  raised  posterior 
face.  Purchased,  1 864. 

37747.  Imperfect  largo  sjnno  ; locality  unknown.  Purchased,  1 863. 

P.  419.  Very  largo  typical  spine,  O'Sl.o  in  length. 

Presented  by  F.  Seymour  Haden,  Esq.,  1882. 

P.  2164.  Gently  curved  anterior  spine,  showing  denticles?,  exserted 
0'3.55.  Eyerton  Goll. 

P.  2165  b.  Large  curved  spine,  somewhat  broken.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2186  d,  P.  2163-9.  Three  imperfect  large  stout  spines. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2301,  P.  2823.  Two  largo  curved  spines,  the  exserted  portion  of 
the  first  measuring  0'33  in  length.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2810,  P.  2813-4,  P.  2816.  Four  abraded  largo  spines. 

Etmislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2811,2812  a.  Two  large  spines  in  matrix,  somewhat  emshed, 
one  with  very  largo  posterior  denticles  and  exserted  0’35, 
the  other  almost  wanting  denticles  and  exserted  0-38. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2812.  Spine,  wanting  most  of  the  posterior  denticles,  the  exserted 
portion  measuring  0-24  in  length,  and  the  base  0‘1. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

20007  a.  Nearly  complete  exserted  portion  of  a stout  spine,  with 
very  largo  denticles  upon  a posterior  ridge,  and  the  stout 
lateral  ribs  much  interrupted  proximally ; Weston,  near 
Bath.  Johnson  Coll. 

P.  2819.  Very  similar  spine,  more  comjdeto,  originally  about  0-44 
in  total  length.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3157.  Crushed  and  abraded  curved  spine.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2185  a.  Small  spine,  with  posterior  denticles,  exserted  0'235. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

33288,  35726.  Two  imperfect  large  stout  spines,  perhaps  posterior 
dorsal.  Purchased,  1858,  1859. 

20007.  Posterior  spine,  wanting  the  greater  portion  of  the  base  and 
posterior  denticles,  exserted  0-225,  and  the  hinder  face 
notably  flattened;  Weston.  Johnson  Coll. 


CESIBACIONTID^. 


289 


P.  2165  c.  Smallspine,  probably  posterior,  with  large  denticles  upon 
a median  ridge,  exserted  0'145 . Jigerton  ColL 

P.  2165.  Similar  spine,  exserted  0'2.  Egerion  Coll-. 

P.  2818.  Imperfect  posterior  spine.  Enniskillen  Cdl. 

P.  4175.  Fragment  of  spine ; Lias,  Normandy.  Enniskillen  CoU. 


Acrodus  anningise,  Agassiz. 

1837.  Hgbodm  curtus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  49,  pi.  viii.  b. 
6gs.  4-6  (dorsal  fin-spines). 

1839.  Acrodus  undulatus—- Acrodus  anningice,  L.  Agassiz,  torn.  cit. 
p.  144,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  4. 

1804.  Acrodus  anningice,  E.  C.  II.  Day,  Geol.  Mag.  vol.  i.  p.  67, 
pis.  iii.,  iv. 

'Eype.  Series  of  teeth,  artificially  arranged ; British  Museum. 

A species  closely  related  to  A.  nohilis,  but  smaller,  the  principal 
teeth  not  measuring  more  than  0'03  in  length.  Coronal  contour 
ot  the  teeth  less  rounded  than  in  A.  nohilis,  and  the  superficial 
wrinkles  coarser.  Anterior  teeth  moderately  elongated,  almost  in- 
variably with  well-marked  lateral  prominences  ; a median  symphy- 
sial  series  present. 

It  is  stiU  uncertain  whether  this  “ species  ” may  not  be  founded 
— at  least  in  part — upon  the  immature  individuals  of  A.  nohilis ; 
hut  the  Collection  does  not  afford  any  very  definite  evidence  of  a 
passage  between  the  two  forms,  and  one  specimen  at  least  (No.  .37371) 
seems  to  show  that  in  A.  nohilis  the  dorsal  fin-spines  were  relatively 
smaller  than  in  A.  anningice.  In  this  species,  however,  as  in  A. 
nohilis,  the  principal  teeth  of  one  jaw  appear  to  be  smaller  than 
those  of  the  other ; and  the  former  is  proved  to  he  the  upper  by 
specimen  No.  P.  2140. 

Form.  4"  Icoc.  Lower  Lias  : Dorsetshire. 

All  the  following  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  neighbourhood 
of  Lyme  Eegis. 

P.  2731.  Tyix;  specimen,  consisting  of  forty  teeth,  probably  found 
associated,  but  artificially  and  incorrectly  arranged. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3153.  The  crushed  anterior  portion  of  a small  fish,  exhibiting  a 
few  of  the  teeth,  shagreen,  and  the  first  dorsal  fin-spine. 
The  shagreen  consists  of  minute  slender  conical  tubercles, 
longitudinally  grooved,  and  sometimes  fused  into  groups 
of  two  and  three,  as  in  Ilyhodus.  The  dorsal  spine  is 
much  compressed  laterally,  and  marked  by  sharp  even 
/ ribs,  widely  spaced.  Enniskillen  Coll, 


u 


290  SELAOHli. 

P,  2733.  Twelve  teeth  associated  with  the  anterior  dorsal  fin-spine 
of  a still  smaUer  fish.  The  spine  exhibits  very  large 
denticles  upon  the  slightly  convex  posterior  face ; and  the 
lateral  ridges  are  widely  spaced,  and  rounded  and  nodose 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  3152.  Very  fragmentary  remains  of  the  anterior  portion  of  a 
larger  fish.  A few  scattered  teeth  arc  shown,  in  associa- 
tion with  three  imperfect  ec]ihalic  spines,  and  the  crushed 
first  dorsal  fin- spine.  The  latter  is  much  abraded  and 
broken,  but  the  superficial  longitudinal  ridges  upon  the 
proximal  portion  are  evidently  more  rounded  than  in  that 
of  No.  P.  3153,  and  faintly  nodose  ; and  the  posterior  den- 
ticles seem  to  bo  fixed  in  the  lower  part  upon  a median 
elevation  of  the  hinder  face.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


38125.  Remains  of  the  head,  with  scattered  teeth,  portions  of  three 
cephalic  spines,  and  shagreen,  in  association  with  the  first 
dorsal  fin-spine.  The  fin-spine  is  more  perfect  than  in 
the  last  specimen,  and  exhihits  no  prominent  elevation 
upon  the  posterior  face  ; in  other  features  it  is  similar. 

Purchased,  1 804. 

l-'ig.  9. 


Associated  Leetli  ul’  Acrodm  annwrji(Bj  Agaesiz.— Lower 

(No.  37371).  Nat,  size. 


Lius,  Lynie  Kegis 


37371.  Twenty-throe  teeth  associated  with  the  two  dorsal  flu-spines. 

Five  of  the  teeth  and  the  spines  arc  described  and  figured 
by  E.  C.  II.  Day,  loc.  cit. ; the  figures  of  the  teeth  being 
reproduced  in  the  accompanying  woodcut  (fig.  9)- 

Purchased,  1863. 


CESTRACIONTIB^. 


291 


P.  3155.  Remains  of  a largo  head,  exhibiting  fragments  of  car- 
tilage, shagreen,  and  several  teeth.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2146.  An  imperfect  laterally  compressed  head,  exhibiting  teeth, 
shagreen,  and  the  bases  of  three  cephalic  spines,  'fhe 
outlines  of  none  of  the  cartilages  can  be  discerned,  but 
the  left  ptcrygo-quadrate  is  pressed  slightly  upwards,  thus 
exposing  the  dentition  of  the  right  side,  as  shown,  of  the 
natural  size,  in  PI.  XV.  fig.  1.  The  lateral  prominences  of 
the  anterior  teeth  are  scarcely  evident,  and  thus  suggestive 
of  A.  yiobUis  ; but  the  coarseness  of  the  coronal  markings 
and  the  form  of  the  principal  teeth  point  rather  to 
A.  annimjice,  with  which  the  specimen  is  here  provision- 
ally associated.  The  teeth  of  series  ii.  to  n.  are  readily 
recognizable;  and  two  teeth  in  front  and  one  behind 
ajipear  to  be  respectively  referable  to  series  i.  and  vii. 
The  last-named  tooth  measures  O’Oll  in  length,  and  is 
notably  broad,  with  blunt  extremities.  In  series  ix.  and 
III.  the  teeth  are  elevated  to  an  obtuse  point,  with  the 
longitudinal  division-line  of  the  coronal  ornament  forming 
a slight  crest ; and  they  measure  respectively  about  0-015 
and  0-02  in  length.  The  teeth  of  the  succeeding  series 
are  more  flattened;  those  of  no.  rv.  are  broadest  near 
the  anterior  extremity,  measuring  0-023 ; those  of  no.  v. 
(0-025  in  length)  are  narrow  in  front  and  relatively  broad 
in  the  posterior  halt,  where  each  is  almost  divided  into 
two  by  a transverse  suture.  In  series  vi.  the  teeth  taper 
only  slightly  at  each  extremity,  though  most  behind,  and 
these  attain  a length  of  about  0-017.  The  shagreen  is 
similar  to  that  already  described  upon  the  head  of  llybodus 
ddahei  hei  (p.  2G0,  PI.  VIII.),  the  largest  tubercles  being 
upon  the  frontal  region,  and  the  smallest  behind  ; but  the 
l.atter,  so  far  as  preserved,  do  not  exhibit  any  fusion  into 
groups  of  three.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2735.  Fragment  of  a head,  exhibiting  a cephalic  spine  and 
numerous  teeth.  The  cephalic  spine,  of  which  the  pro- 
jecting portion  is  almost  perfect,  is  very  similar  to  that  of 
llybodus.  The  teeth  are  characteristic  of  the  species, 
and  those  situated  anteriorly  have  distinct  lateral  pro- 
minences. Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2145.  Fragment  apparently  of  the  upper  jaw  showing  minute 
comparatively  blunt  shagreen-granules  and  some  of  the 
principal  teeth.  The  crown  of  one  of  the  larger  teeth  is 

c 2 


292 


SEIACHII . 


slightly  divided  into  two  unsymmetrical  emincuces,  one 
smaller  than  the  other,  with  traces  of  lateral  denticles. 

Ef/erton  Coll. 

P.  2734.  night  ])torygo  quadrate  and  mandibular  cartilages,  with 
about  twenty  teeth,  much  displaced.  Enniul'iUen  Coll. 

39925.  Plaster  cast  of  the  dentition  probably  of  the  lower  jaw, 
described  and  figured  by  E.  C.  II.  Day,  loe.  cit.,  and  shown 
iu  the  accompanying  woodcut  (fig.  10);  original  in  the 
collection  of  S.  H.  Deckles,  Esq.,  of  St.  Leonards. 

Purchased,  18G0. 

P.  2732.  Portions  of  the  dental  series  ii.  to  vi.  of  one  half  of  a 
similar,  but  larger  jaw,  shown  of  the  natural  size  iu 
PI.  XIV.  fig.  4.  The  length  of  the  teeth  of  the  successive 
soi'ies  is  as  follows  : — ii.  O’OlO,  ui.  0'024,  iv.  0'028, 
V.  0-U24,  VI.  0-UlG.  Slight  indications  of  lateral  pro- 
niineiices  arc  observed  in  nearly  all  the  teeth,  and  the 
coronal  contour  is  much  raised  in  scries  n.  to  iv.  In 
series  v.  the  teeth  are  very  obtuse  iu  front,  but  gradually 
taper  behind  : and  those  of  no.  vi.  are  comparatively 
narrow,  tapering  at  each  extremity.  Ennislcillai  Coll. 

32751.  A group  of  teeth,  also  probably  of  the  lower  jaw,  having 
less  elevated  crowns  than  iu  the  last  B])ecimon. 

Purchased,  1857. 

P.  2137-8.  Three  small  groups  of  typical  teeth.  Ejerton  Coll. 

32752.  Eive  detached  teeth,  the  crown  of  one  divided  into  two  well- 
marked  eminences,  and  three  of  the  others  approaching  a 
similar  form.  Purchased,  1857. 

P.  2139.  A posterior  series  of  four  small  teeth,  and  nine  detached 
teeth.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2745.  Elongated  principal  tooth,  the  crown  marked  by  two 
faint  transverse  constrictions.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

As  already  remarked  (p.  207)  the  dorsal  fin-spines  of  Acrodus 
anningite  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  those  of  llyhodus 
reticulalus.  They  were  first  described  by  E.  C.  II.  Day  (Joe.  cit.), 
who  pointed  out  that  the  second  dorsal  formed  the  t3  pe  of  Agas.siz  s 
Uyhodus  nirlus.  The  first  dorsal  is  long  and  slender,  and  seems  to 
differ  from  that  of  //.  retieidatus  iu  the  more  rounded  character  of 
the  ribs  and  the  relulivoly  wider  spaces  between  those  placed 
anteriorly.  The  posterior  face  bearing  the  denticles  is  not  much 


CESTRACIONTTD^, 


293 


294 


SELACniI. 


raised,  only  slightly  convex.  Most  of  the  following  specimens  may 

be  assigned  to  this  species. 

(i.)  Anterior  dorsal  fin^spines. 

28282.  Large  crushed  specimen  in  matrix.  Purchased^  1853. 

29012.  Incomplete  specimen.  Pur  chased,  1854. 

P.  2206.  Imperfect  pyritized  spine.  Eijerion  Coll. 

P.  2166  a.  Imperfect  specimen,  exsertod  about  0’24.  E(/erton  Coll. 

P.  2750.  Much  crushed  spine,  showing  few  denticles,  exsorted  0’4. 

Ennisl'Ulen  Coll. 

P.  2803-4.  Two  imperfect  specimens.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5007.  Fine  specimen,  exserted  about  0'26 ; the  posterior  face 
almost  flat,  and  the  denticles  large  and  alternating. 

Presented  hy  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  5868.  Spine  with  very  largo  denticles,  0'37  in  length. 

P.  2822.  Type  .specimen  of  Ilyhcdits  carinatus,  Agassiz probably 
referable  to  the  young  of  Acrodus  anninyke. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2815,  P.  2824.  Two  similar  spines.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3167.  Doubtful  small  spine,  with  widely  spaced  nodose  ribs, 
associated  with  a portion  of  the  posterior  spine. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2167.  Small  spine,  with  ornament  very  similar  to  that  of 
No.  P.  2733.  ’ Eyerton  Coll. 

(ii.)  Posterior  dorsal  fin-sjoines. 

P.  491.  Specimen  figured  by  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pi.  viii.  l>- 
fig.  4 (Jlylodus  ciirtus).  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2808.  Specimen  figured  by  Agassiz,  tom.  ait.  pi.  viii.  b.  fig-  ^ 
{Hyhodus  curtus)  ; Keynsham,  near  Hath. 

Enniskillen  Coll- 

P.  2807,  P.  2809.  Two  imperfect  examples,  the  second  labelled 
“ Hyhodus  curtus  ” by  Agassiz.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2821.  Small  spine,  0-2  in  total  length,  perhaps  correctly  placed 
here.  Enniskillen  Cull. 

' Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1837),  p.  52,  pi.  ix.  figs.  13,  14. 


cestraciontih^. 


295 


P.  5867.  Small  spine,  0-33  in  total  length,  with  traces  of  moderately- 
sized  denticles,  perhaps  correctly  placed  here. 

Acrodas  leiodus,  A.  S.  Woodward. 

1844.  Acrcdus  leiodus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  i.  p.  xxxviii  (name 
only). 

1871.  Acrodus,  J.  Phillips,  Geol.  Oxford,  diagr.  xxxvii.  p.  177,  fig.  10. 
1887.  Acrodus  Modus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Jlag-  [3]  vol.  iv.  p.  101, 
woodc. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

Principal  teeth  not  attaining  to  a greater  length  than  0-01. 
Coronal  contour  gently  rounded,  with  an  obtuse  median  longitudinal 
keel,  and  very  little  elevated  even  in  the  anterior  teeth.  Super- 
ficial ridges  large  and  rounded,  disposed  in  the  usual  manner  ; traces 
of  lateral  prominences  in  the  anterior  teeth  indistinct. 

Form.  Loc.  Bathonian  : Wiltshire,  Oxfordshire,  and  Gloucester- 
shire. 

P.  5873.  Typo  specimen,  figured,  of  twice  the  natural  size,  in 
PI.  XIII.  fig.  G;  Great  Oolite,  Minchinhampton,  Glou- 
cestershire. Byne  Coll. 

P-  5874.  Six  teeth,  five  abraded  and  broken,  the  sixth  from  the 
syraphysial  region,  and  shown,  of  twice  the  natural  size, 
in  PI.  XIII.  fig.  5 ; Great  Oolite,  Minchinhampton. 

Byne  Coll. 

36583,  41316.  Three  teeth  ; Stonesfield  Slate,  Stonesfield,  Oxford- 
shire. Purchased,  1862,  1869. 

P.  2134.  Three  abraded  and  broken  teeth  bearing  Agassiz’s  MS. 

label ; Stonesfield  Slate,  Stonesfield.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2753.  Fourteeth,  one  shown,  of  thrice  the  natural  size, in  PI.  XIII. 

fig.  7 ; Stonesfield  Slate,  Stonesfield.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

30559.  Tooth  ; Forest  Marble,  Atford,  near  Bath. 

Purchased,  1856. 

Acrodus  leiopleurus,  Agassiz. 

1839.  Acrodus  leiopleurus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  146, 
pi.  xxii.  fig.  5. 

1887.  Acrodus  Mopleurus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [.3]  vol.  iv. 

p.  102. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; Bristol  Museum. 

A small,  imperfectly  known  species,  characterized  by  the  con- 


296 


SELACniI. 


sidcrable  elev ation  of  the  dental  crown,  and  the  angularity  of  the 
numerous  branching  superficial  coronal  wrinkles ; lateral  pro- 
minences in  the  known  teeth  distinct  and  large. 

Form.  TjOC.  Bathonian  : Gloucestershire. 

P.  5875.  Perfect  tooth,  described  by  the  present  writer,  hr.  cit.,  and 
figured,  of  twice  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XIIT.  figs.  8,  8 « ; 
Great  Oolite,  Minchinhampton.  Byne  Coll. 

Acrodus  hirudo,  Agassiz. 

1839.  Acrodus  hirudo,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  148,  pi.  xxii. 
fig.  27. 

1887.  Acrodus  hirudo,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  IMag.  [3]  vol.  iv.  p.  102. 
Type.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

Principal  teeth  about  0-025  in  length.  Coronal  contour  gently 
rounded,  the  surface  marked  by  extremely  fine  wrinkles  diverging 
from  a central  faintly-marked  longitudinal  groove. 

Form.  4’  hoc.  Wealden  : Sussex. 

2706.  Typo  specimen,  invcited  in  the  figure  given  by  Agassiz; 

Tilgatc  Forest.  Muntell  Coll. 

P.  4994.  A smaller  more  perfect  tooth,  described  by  the  present 
writer,  lor.  cit.,  and  shown,  of  twice  the  natural  size,  in 
PI.  XIII.  figs.  9,  9 a ; Telham,  near  Battle. 

Presented  hy  ./.  K.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

Acrodus  omatus,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

An  imperfectly  known  species,  founded  upon  the  small  tooth, 
shown,  of  thrice  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XIII.  fig.  10.  The  dental 
coronal  contour  is  low  and  gently  rounded,  marked  by  a longi- 
tudinal median  wrinkle ; the  laterally  directed  wrinkles  are  short, 
stout,  and  marginal,  but  few  extending  to  the  middle  line. 

Form.  Sf  Loc.  Wealden;  Isle  of  Wight. 

P.  5275,  P.  5275  a.  Type  specimen  and  a more  elongated  abraded 
tooth  ; Brixton.  Fox  Coll. 

Acrodus  levis,  A.  S.  Woodward. 

1887.  Acrodus  levis,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  it',  p. 
woodc.  figs.  2,  3. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

Principal  teeth  attaining  a length  of  about  0-013.  Coronal  con- 


CESTRACIONTIDiE. 


297 


tour  rounded  and  much  elevated,  often  notably  smooth,  being  marked 
only  by  a few  sharp  wrinkles.  Anterior  teeth  with  distinct  indi- 
cations of  lateral  prominences. 

Form.  Lot.  Gault : Kent. 

47293a,  P.  Ha,  P.  11  b.  Two  type  specimens,  and  a tooth  with  a 
smoother  coronal  surface,  shown,  of  twice  the  natural 
size,  in  PI.  XIV.  figs.  5-7  ; Folkestone.  Oardner  Coll. 

47223,47293-4,  P.  11,  P.  17.  Six  teeth;  Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 

Acrodus  nitidus,  A.  S.  Woodward. 

1888.  Acrodus  A.  S.  Woodward,  .‘X.nn.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [C] 

vol.  ii.  p,  135. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

An  imperfectly  recognizable  species,  founded  upon  the  unique 
tooth  shown,  of  thrice  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XIV.  fig.  8.  The 
dental  crown  is  low  and  rounded  and  remarkably  smooth,  the  faint 
wrinkles  being  only  exhibited  near  the  margin,  though  perhaps 
partly  destroyed  by  abrasion. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous:  Bahia,  Brazil. 

P.  5536.  Type  specimen.  Presented  by  Joseph  Mawson,  Esq.,  1888. 

Acrodus  (?)  illingworthi,  Dixon. 

18-50.  Acrodus  iUinyioorthi,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Suss.  p.  301,  pi.  xxx. 
figs.  11,  12,  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  9. 

1887.  Acrodus  (?)  iUinyioorthi,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3J 
vol.  iv.  p.  101. 

1888.  Acrodus  (?)  illinyworthi,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc, 
vol.  X.  p.  200. 

Type.  Imperfect  detached  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

A species  of  uncertain  generic  position  founded  upon  teeth  much 
like  those  of  Acrodus,  but  more  elongated,  and  some  very  suggestive 
of  Orodus.  Mosially,  each  tooth  is  considerably  elevated,  and  there 
are  faint  indications  of  numerous  lateral  denticles ; the  coronal 
wrinkles  are  numerous,  prominent,  and  sharp. 

Form.  Loc.  Chalk  : Sussex,  Surrey,  and  Kent. 

25777-8.  Two  imperfect  teeth,  the  type  specimens  figured  by  Dixon, 
op.  cit.  pi.  xxx.  figs.  11,  12 ; Southeram,  Sussex. 

Dixon  Coll. 

49858.  Typical  tooth  ; L.  Chalk,  Guildford,  Surrey.  Capron  Coll. 
39059.  Typical  tooth ; Dorking,  Surrey.  Bowerhank  Coll. 


298 


SELACniI. 


37161.  Elongated  tooth  ; L.  Chalk,  Dover,  Kent.  IMrchaml,  1863. 

P.  5879.  Much  elongated  tooth ; Southeram. 

J’resented  hy  the  Rev.  E.  A.  lUingivorth. 

P.  2148.  Similar  tooth ; Sussex.  Egerton  Coll. 

P-  2752.  Imperfect  similar  tooth  ; Southeram.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  5397.  Fragments  of  throe  similar  teeth,  associated;  Lowes. 

Presented  hy  P,  /?.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

P.  5398.  A comparatively  short  much  rounded  tooth,  pertainitig 
cither  to  this  species  or  to  A.  levis  ; referred  to  the  latter 
by  the  present  writer  in  I’roc.  Gool.  Assoc,  vol.  x.  p.  290 ; 
Lewes.  Presented  hy  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

The  following  specimens  may  pertain  either  to  Acrodus  or  Ces- 

traeion : — 

22492.  Two  small  teeth  with  a longitudinal  ridgo-fold,  and  the 
lateral  markings  semi-reticulate,  of  the  form  namced  yfcTO- 
dns  semirugosus,  T.  I’lieninger,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  iii. 
(1847),  p.  227,  pi.  ii.  fig.  17 ; Corallian,  Schnaitheim, 
Wurtemberg.  Purchased,  1848. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth, 

but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection 

Acrodus  affinis,  A.  E.  lleuss,  Verstcin.  biihm.  Kreideform.  pt.  i. 
(1845),  p.  1,  pi.  ii.  figs.  3,  4;  A.  Fritsch,  llcpt.  u.  Fische 
bohm.  Kreideform.  1878,  p.  15,  fig.  37;  II.  B.  Geinitz, 
Pal0contogr.  vol.  XX.  pt.  ii.  (1875),  p.  212. — Pliinorkalk  ; 
Bohemia  and  Saxony. 

Acrodus  angustus,  C.  G.  Giobcl,  Fauna  d.  Vorw.,  Fische  (1848), 
p.  327. — Lias ; Quedlinburg. 

Acrodus  emmonsi,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1872, 
p.  163.  “yicrodits,  Emmons,  N.  Carolina  Gcol.  Surv. 
185  f,  p.  244,  fig.  97. — Miocene  ; North  Carolina  ” (?). 

Acrodus  jlemingiunus,  L.  G.  do  Koninck,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xix.  (1863),  p.  17,  pi.  viii.  fig.  5. — Productus  Lime- 
stone ; Salt  Range,  Punjab,  India. 

Acrodus  humUis,  J.  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1872, 
p.  163;  Ext.  Vert.  Fauna  West.  Torrit.  (U.S.  Geol.  Surv. 
Territ.  vol.  i.  1873),  p.  301,  pi.  xxxvii.  fig.  5. — Cre- 
taceous ; New  Jersey, 


CESTK  ACIONTID  iE . 


299 


Acrodus  immarffbuttus,  H.  von  ifcyer,  Palseontogr.  vol.  i.  (1849), 
p.  232,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  11.— Upper  Musehelkalk ; Silesia. 
[OroJ.us  triadeits,  Schmid  (Nova  Acta  Acad.  Cms.  Leop.- 
Car.  vol.  xxix.  no.  9,  p.  11,  pi.  i.  figs.  38-40),  is  also 
referred  to  this  species  by  H.  Eck,  Form.  bunt.  Sandst. 
u.  Muschelk.  Oberschlesieu,  1865,  p.  02.] 

Acrodus  microdus,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  v. 
livr.  2 (1880),  p.  Ill,  pi.  v.  figs.  4—11. — Trias  ; Wurzburg. 

Acrodus  personati,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Jura  (1858),  p.  339,  pi.  xlvi. 
fig.  11. — Braun  Jura/3;  Wiirteraberg. 

Acrodus  pulvinatus,  H.  Eck,  Form.  bunt.  Sandst.  u.  Muschelk. 
Oberschlesien,  1865,  p.  117:  Stropdtodus  pulvimhts, 
E.  E.  Schmid,  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Cms.  Leop.-Car.  vol.  xxix. 
no.  9 (1861),  p.  13,  pi.  ii.  figs.  2,  3. — Upper  Muschel- 
kalk ; Jena.  [To  this  species,  also,  H.  Eck  (op.  eit.)  adds 
A.  gaillardoti,  H.  von  Meyer,  Palrcontogr.  vol.  i.  p.  229, 
pi.  xxviii.  figs.  3-5.] 

(?)  Acrodus  riff/osus  : Strophndus  riujosus,  E.  E.  Schmid,  loe.  eit. 
p.  14,  pi.  ii.  fig.  4. — Upper  Musehelkalk;  Jena.  [This 
species  is  accepted  and  recorded  from  France  by  II.  E. 
Sauvage,  Bull.  Soc.  Geol.  France,  [3]  vol.  xi.  (1883),  p.  493, 
pi.  xii.  fig.  1 ; but  the  name  is  regarded  as  a synonym  of 
A.  (jaillardoti  by  H.  Eck,  oj).  eit.  p.  110.] 

Acrodus  simplex'.  Ilyhodus  simphx,  H.  von  Meyer,  Palaeontogr. 
vol.  i.  (1849),  p.  228,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  42. — Musehelkalk ; 
Silesia. 

Acrodus  spitzbergensis,  J.  W.  Hulke,  Bihang  k.  Svenska  Vet.- 
Akad.  Handl.  vol.  i.  (1873),  no.  9,  p.  10. — Saurie  Hook, 
Spitzbergen. 

Acrodus  suhstriatus,  H.  Eck,  op.  eit.  p.  62 : Strophodus  suh- 

slriatus,  E.  E.  Schmid,  loc.  eit.  p.  12,  pi.  ii.  figs.  6,  7. 

Upper  Musehelkalk ; Jena. 

(?)  Acrodus  virgatus:  Strophodus  virgatus,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Joe.  eit. 
p.  14,  pi.  ii.  fig.  5. — Keuper ; Jena. 

Teeth  of  Acrodus,  from  the  Ilhoctio  or  Lias  of  Linksfield,  near 
Elgin,  are  also  figured  by  P.  Duff,  ‘ Geology  of  Moray,’  1842,  pi.  iv. 
figs.  12,  13.  A species  closely  related  to  A.  lateralis,  from  Chen- 
deroo,  in  the  Punjab,  India,  is  recorded  by  L.  G.  de  Koninck,  Quart. 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xix.  (1863),  p.  16. 

A doubtful  tooth,  from  the  Miocene  of  Turin,  is  also  named 
Acrodus  gastaldi,  0.  G.  Costa,  Ann.  Accad,  Aspir.  Nat.  Napoli,  [3] 
vol.  iii.  (1864),  p.  30,  pi.  v.  fig.  1 : another,  from  the  tipper  Eocene 


300 


SELACniI. 


of  Bavaria,  is  named  Acmlus  Jlexnosm,  K.  E.  Schafhiiutl,  Siid- 
Bayerns  Loth.  Geogn.  (1803),  p.  244,  pi.  Ixiv.  fig.  2. 

The  following  ribbed  dorsal  spines  and  hook-liko  cephalic  spines 
pertain  to  various  species  of  Ifi/hodwf  and  Acrodus,  but  cannot  yet 
bo  even  approximately  dotermined.  They  may  bo  conveniontly 
arranged  in  stratigrapliieal  order  : — 

I.  MusenEtKALK.  (a)  Dorsal  Fm-sjnnes. 

48205.  Basal  portion  of  a largo  spine,  assignable  to  the  so-called 
Jfyhodus  major,  Agassiz  ' ; Luneville.  I’lireltased,  1877. 

19685,  21509.  Fragments  of  two  smaller  spines;  Bayreuth,  Bavaria. 

Ptirchased,  1845,  1847. 

P.  2160,  P.  2175.  Imperfect  small  spine,  and  fragment  of  one  still 
smaller ; the  latter  labelled  “ Ifyhoiliis  dimidiatus,  Agass.,” 
by  Egerton,  but  not  showing  notches  in  the  posterior 
denticles,  and  more  resembling  TT.  femiis,  Agassiz  ^ ; Bay- 
reuth. Kyerton  Coll. 

P.  2780.  Small  broken  spine  ; Bayreuth.  Ennidrillen  Coll. 

II.  Keupeu. 

P.  2178.  Short  dorsal  fin-spine;  Schlotheim,  near  Gotha. 

Egerton  Coll. 

III.  Lias. — In  addition  to  numerous  fragments,  the  following  in- 
determinable spines  from  the  Lower  Lias  of  I^yme  Begis, 
Dorsetshire,  may  be  enumerated  : — 

(a)  Dorsal  Fin-spines. 

30869,  32748-9,  41381.  Five  small  spines,  approaching  the  spine 
named  If.crassispimis.  Purchased,  185(5-.57,  1809. 

P.  152.  Slender  spine,  the  exserted  portion  measuring  O'l. 

Purchased,  1880. 

P.  425.  Two  smaller  spines.  Purchased,  1882. 

’ L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  62,  pi.  viii.A  figs.  7-12;  (?)  II.  von 
Meyer,  Palaioiitogr.  vol.  i.  (1849),  p.  222,  pi.  xxx.  figs.  3-6 ; P.  Eoeuier,  Geol. 
von  Obcrschlesien  (1870),  pi.  lii.  fig.  21. 

“ Ij.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  .63,  pi.  viii.  h.  figs.  13,  14. 

® Jj.  Agassiz,  tom.  eit.  p.  64,  pi.  viii.  b.  fig.  16.  (?)  II.  von  Meyer,  Palicontogr. 
vol.  i.  (1849),  p.  223,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  0 ; II.  v.  Meyer  & T.  Plieninger,  Boitr.  Pal. 
Wiintembergs,  p.  60,  pi.  xii.  fig.  09.  (f)0.  Oiebel,  Zeilsdir.  gesainint.  Natnrw. 
vol.  viii.  (1866),  p.  426,  pi.  i.  fig.  5. 


CESTEACIOirnD^. 


301 


P.  2167.  Eleven  small  spines,  mostly  with  large  posterior  denticles, 
some  approaching  “ U.  crassisjnnus,”  some  much  larger. 

Eyerton  CoU, 

P.  2828.  Type  specimen  of  11.  crassispinus  described  by  Agassiz, 
Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1837),  p.  48,  pi.  viii.  b.  fig.  7. 

Enniskillen  Coll, 

P.  2815,  P.  2823,  P.  2829,  P.  4427-9.  Twenty  small  spines,  some 
like  “ H.  crassispinus”  some  more  slender  and  more  finely 
ribbed,  others  much  larger.  Enniskillen  Coll, 

(h)  Cephalic  Epines. 

36164.  Jfearly  complete  spine  with  small  protuberances  at  the  base 
of  the  exserted  portion,  the  so-called  Ephenonchus  liamatus, 
Agass. ' Purchased,  18C1. 

41350.  Three  e.xamples.  Purchased,  1869. 

38538.  Exserted  portion  of  a similar  spine.  Purchased,  1864. 

P.  2204.  Three  more  or  less  complete  examples,  one  with  broad 
rounded  base,  the  othere  with  the  base  more  compre.ssed  ; 
one  is  labelled  in  Agassiz’s  haiidwiiting,  E^dieiwtulius 
hamatus,  Ag.”  Eyerton  CoU. 

P.  2772.  Seven  specimens,  five  nearly  perfect,  showing  a single 
barb.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  4630.  Two  spines,  associated  with  cartilage  and  shagreen. 

Enniskillen  Coll, 

IV.  Lower  Oolite.  (a)  Dorsal  Fin-spines. 

47144.  Type  specimen  of  Hybodus  crassus,  Agassiz,  described  and 
figured,  tarn.  cit.  p.  47,  pi.  x.  fig.  23,  said  to  have  been 
obtained  from  the  Inferior  Oolite  of  Eraunston,  Oakham  ; 
the  locality  cannot  be  accurate,  and  is  given  by  Agassiz  as 
llodmore  Pits,  near  Towcester.  Eharji  Coll. 

47439.  A small  finely-ribbed  compressed  spine,  the  exserted  portion 
measuring  about  0'09  in  length,  and  its  base-line  very 
oblique  ; posterior  denticles  small,  though  mostly  de- 
stroyed ; Inferior  Oolite,  Stamford,  Lincolnshire. 

Sharp  Coll. 

P.  2153.  Extremity  of  a spine  resembling  that  named  Hyhodus  apn- 
adis,  Agassiz’;  Stonesfield Slate,  Stonesfield.  Erjerlon  CoU. 

' L.  Agas.siz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843)  p.  2U2,  pi.  xxii.  a.  figs.  12-14. 

^ Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1837),  p.  43,  pi.  i.  fig.  22.  This  is  not  H.  apicalis, 

Agats.,  tom.  cit.  p.  195,  pb  xxiii.  figs.  16-20. 


302 


SELACnil. 


P.  3831.'  Type  spocimon  of  JJyhodus  dorsalis,  Agassiz,  described  and 
figured,  tom.  cit.  p.  42,  pi.  x.  fig.  1 ; Stoucsfield  Slate, 
Stonesficld.  Ennislcillen  Coil- 

's. 2159.  The  fragmentary  extremities  of  two  similar  spines  ; Stoncs- 
field.  Eijerton  Coll. 

47148.  Portion  of  a nearly  similar  spine,  more  curved,  with  larger 
posterior  denticles  ; Great  Oolite,  Blisworth,  Northamp- 
tonshire. Sharp  Coll. 

P.  2904.  Type  specimen  of  Ilylodus  maryhialis,  Agassiz,  described 
and  figured,  tom.  cit.  p.  43,  pi.  x.  fig.  18;  Stonesfiold 
Slate,  Stonesfield  '.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  490.  Smaller  fragment  assigned  to  II.  maryinalis,  Agassiz,  tom. 

cit.  pi.  X.  figs.  19,  20;  Stonesfield.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2832.  Portion  of  still  smaller  spino,  labelled  “ Ilyhodus  maryin- 
alis, Agass.,”  in  Agassiz’s  handwriting  ; Stonesfield. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

47146-7.  T wo  imperfect  abraded  stout  spines,  larger  than  the 
foregoing ; Great  Oolite,  Orton,  near  Peterborough. 

Sharp  Coll. 

P.  2161.  Extremely  abraded  but  less  incomplete  example  of  the 
same  spine  ; Groat  Oolite,  Stonesfield  Eyerton  Coll. 

47143.  Worn  extremity  of  an  equally  large  and  stout  spino;  Great 
■ Oolite,  Wcodon,  Buckinghamshire.  Sharp  Coll. 

V.  Kimmeridge  Clay.  (a)  Dorsal  Fin-spines. 

P.  489.  Typo  specimen  of  Ilyhodus  acutus,  Agassiz,  described  and 
figured,  tom.  cit.  p.  45,  pi.  x.  figs.  4-0  Lower  Kim- 
meridgo  Clay,  Shotover,  near  Oxford.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2157.  Two  fragments  of  nearly  similar  spines,  the  larger  speci- 
men showing  the  posterior  dent  icles  more  clearlj"  separated 
into  two  longitudinal  series  than  in  the  type ; Lower  Kim- 
mcridge  Clay,Kimmeridge  Bay,  Dorsetshire.  Eyerton  Coll. 

’ A fragment  from  the  Upper  Corallian  of  Hanover  is  al.so  assigned  to  this 
species  by  K.  Fricke,  Pnlcconlogr.  vol.  xxii.  (187.')),  p.  3!)0,  pi.  xxii.  lig.  5.  See 
also  C.  Struckmann,  Wcalcleubild,  Umgegend  Hannover  (1880),  p.  01,  pi.  ii'- 

fig-  L „ 

“ Dorsal  fin-spines  from  Stonesfield  are  also  figured  under  the  names  oi 
H.  dorsalis,  H.  apkalis,  and  H,  marginatus,  by  J.  I'liillips,  Geol.  Oxford,  p.  178, 
diagr.  xxxviii.  figs.  1,  2,  6. 

A fragment  from  the  Upper  Corallian  of  Hanover  is  also  assigned  to  this 
species  by  K.  Fricke,  Palmontogr.  vol.  xxii,  (1875),  p.  300,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  0- 


CESIEACIONIID^. 


303 


41400.  Larger  distal  portion  of  a dorsal  fin-spine,  showing  the 
posterior  denticles  less  clearly  divided  into  two  series 
above  than  below ; Lower  Kimmeridge  Cla}%  near  Wey- 
mouth, Dorsetshire.  Purchased,  18G0. 

P.  155.  Imperfect  spine,  figured  in  Damon’s  ‘ Geol.  of  Weymouth,’ 
Append,  pi.  X.  fig.  4 ; near  Weymouth.  The  bases  of 
the  lower  posterior  denticles  are  seen  distinctly  separated 
into  two  series ; and  the  form  of  the  transverse  section 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  fragment  is  altered  by  the 
breaking  away  of  the  anterior  margin.  Purc/uised,  1881. 

41177,  41222,  41399.  Fragments  of  larger  spines,  with  more 
numerous  lateral  longitudinal  ridges ; near  Weymouth. 
One  specimen  shows  three  irregular  series  of  posterior 
denticles.  Purchased,  1808-69. 

46335.  Portions  of  a spine  closely  resembling  the  type  specimen  of 
Utjhodus  acutus  in  size  and  characters ; Kimmeridge  Clay, 
Foxhangers,  near  Devizes,  Wiltshire.  (Juunington  CoU. 

(b)  Cejihalie  Hinne. 

41876.  Exserted  portion  of  spine;  near  Weymouth. 

Purchased,  1869. 

VI.  PujiBECK. — The  following  s{)Ocimens  were  aU  obtained  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Swanage,  Dorsetshire. 

(a)  Dorsal  Fin-spines. 

33476.  Tw'o  spines  indistinguishable  from  H.  dorsalis,  Aga.ss.,  of 
the  StonesBeld  Slate.  Purchased,  1868. 

35569.  A less  perfect  similar  spine.  Purchased,  1859. 

44847  a.  Fragment  of  a more  curved  spine,  nearly  similar. 

Presented  by  Benjamin  Bright,  Esg.,  1873. 

21346,  24725.  A larger  more  robust  spine,  and  a portion  of  another. 

Purchased,  1847,  1849. 

46908.  Similar  spine,  nearly  complete,  but  wanting  posterior  den- 
ficles-  PureJutsed,  1875. 

21347-8.  Two  imperfect  crushed  spiucs  of  the  form  named  Ilyhodus 
strictus,  Agassiz  '.  Purchased,  1847. 

21974.  Two  imixirfect  similar  spines.  Purchased,  1848. 

' Poiss.  Foss.  Tol.  iii.  (1837),  p.  45,  pi.  x.  figs.  7-9. 


304 


BELACmi. 


28447.  A nearly  perfect  similar  spine,  the  exserted  portion  measuring 
0’08  in  length,  and  exhibiting  very  prominent  lines  of 
growth.  Cminimjton  Coll. 

44847.  More  slender  nearly  perfect  spine,  of  the  same  type,  the 
exserted  portion  measuring  0'007  in  length. 

Presented  by  Benjamin  Bright,  Esq.,  1873. 

48375.  Short  small  spine,  probably  of  the  same  species. 

Purchased,  1877. 

P.  2170.  A very  typical  spine  of  11.  strictus.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2835.  Three  nearly  perfect  similar  spines,  and  one  less  complete. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2836.  Basal  half  of  a slightly  larger  specimen. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2837.  Smaller  imi)erfect  spine,  probably  young. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 
(b)  Cephalic  Spine. 

P.  2205.  Exserted  portion,  and  fragment  of  the  base  of  a cephalic 
spine.  Egerton  Coll. 

Vll.  Wkalden.  (a)  Dorsal  Fin-sqnnes. 

2686,  2689.  Tj'pe  specimens  of  Uyhodus  striatulus,  Agassiz,  I’oiss. 

Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1837),  p.  44,  pi.  viii.  h.  fig.  1,  the  largest 
described  as  the  dorsal  fin  of  a fish  allied  to  Silurus,  m 
Mantell’s  Foss.  Tilgute  Forest  (1827),  p.  58,  pi.  x.  fig.  4; 
Tilgato  Forest,  Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 

2686  a,  2687, 2689  a,  2703, 2708.  Five  fragmentary  spines,  referable 
to  Ilnbodus  subcarinatus,  Agassiz  ’ ; Tilgato  Forest. 

Mantell  Coll. 

26036,  28418,  28421.  Abraded  nearly  complete  specimen,  and  two 
fragments  of  similar  spines  ; Tilgato  Forest. 

Mantell  CoH. 

P.  4992.  Incomplete  spine  ; St.  Leonards,  Sussex. 

Presented  by  ,J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  4918.  Two  fragmentary  similar  spines  ; Hastings. 

Dawson  CoU. 

* PoisB.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1837),  p.  40,  pi.  x.  figs.  10-12.  See  also  figure 
Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  [2]  vol.  ii.  (1829),  pi.  vi.  fig.  9. 


CESIEACIONTID^. 


305 


(b)  Cephalic  Sjtines. 

2691.  T}'pe  specimen  of  Sphenonehus  elongatus,  Agassiz,  tom.  cit. 

p.  202,  pi.  xxii.a.  fig.  18  ; Tilgate  Forest.  Mantell  Coll. 

P.  4919.  One  small  spine,  the  basal  portion  of  another,  and  the 
exserted  portion  of  one  larger  spine  ; Hastings. 

Dawson  Coll. 

VIII.  Cretaceous.  (a)  Dorsal  Fin-spitws. 

47228.  Portion  of  a small  spine,  with  few  widely-spaced  sharp  ribs ; 

Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 

30260,  35168,  35352-3,  35461.  Nine  more  or  less  abraded  frag- 
ments of  spines  ; Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Purchased. 

P.  2173.  Two  similar  fragments  ; Cambridge.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  4328.  Another  fragment ; Cambridge.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2830.  Large  abraded  and  crushed  spine,  described  under  the 
name  of  Hyhodws  complaiuitus,  11.  Owen,  Geol.  Hag.  vol.  vi. 
(1869),  p.  482  ; Upper  Greensand,  Maidstone,  Kent. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

(b)  Cephalic  Spine. 

P.  2296.  Portion  of  a spine  equalling  those  of  the  Liassic  Hybo- 
donts  in  size  ; Grey  Chalk,  Dover,  Kent. 

Presented  by  Mrs.  Burton,  1882. 

The  following  dorsal  fin-spines  resembling  those  of  Hyhodus  and 

Acrodus  have  also  been  named: — 

Hyhodus  acanthophoi-us,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv,  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  v. 
livr.  2 (1880),  p.  122,  pi.  vi.  figs.  19-21,  pi.  iii.  figs.  22- 
26. — Keuper  ; Wurzburg. 

Hyhodus  angulatus,  G.  von  Munster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  iv,  (1841), 
p.  141,  pi.  xvi.  fig.  17.— Trias ; S.E.  Tyrol. 

Hyhodus  dewalquei,  H.  Forir,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belg.  vol.  xiv. 
(1887),  p.  29,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1. — Upper  Cretaceous  ; Belgium. 

Hyhodus  ekhwaldi,  V.  Kiprijanoff,  BuU.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
1853,  pt.  i.  p.  331,  pi.  vi. ; ihid.  1855,  pt.  i.  p.  392,  pi.  ii. 
— Cenomanian  ; Government  of  Kursk,  Kussia. 

Hyhodus  ensatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1837),  p.  51, 
pi.  ix.  fig.  12. — Lower  Lias ; Lyme  EegLs. 


X 


30G 


SELACIIII. 


Ihjhodas  Jltloni,  W.  Bunker,  Nordd.  Woaldeiibild.  (184(5),  p.  07, 
pi.  xiii.  fig.  34. — Wcalden ; N.  (Icrmany. 

Jli/hodus  furcatostriatiis,  K.  Martin,  Zeitschr.  deutsch.  gcol.  <jes. 
vol.  xxvi.  (1874),  p.  819,  pi.  xxix.  figs.  3,  4. — llhrotic ; 
Ilildeskeim,  Hanover. 

Hijhodus  hexMjonus,  G.  von  Miinstor,  o^.  cii.  iv.  (1841),  p.  141, 
pi.  xvi.  fig.  10. — Trias;  S.E.  Tyrol. 

llyhodus  laviusctdus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  40,  pi.  x.  figs.  24-20  ; 
(? ) II.  von  Mcyor  & T.  Plieninger,  Beitr.  Pul.  W iirttonibergs 
(1844),  p.  108,  pi.  xii.  fig.  07. — llbiotic  ; Aust  Cliffi 
Bristol,  and  (?)  Wiirtcmborg.  Memacanthus.'j 

llyhodus  leptodm,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  44,  pi.  x.  figs.  ' 

Form,  and  loc.  unknown. 

llyhodus  pliiodus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  45,  pi.  x.  figs.  13-1 1 
Form,  and  loc.  unknown. 

llyhodus  punctatus,  J.  W.  Bavis,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol. 
xxxvii.  (1881),  p.  417,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  2. — lUuetic;  Aust 
Cliff,  Bristol. 

Leiacanthus  falcatus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  55,  pi.  viii.  fiS-  1®' 
— Muschelkalk ; I.undville,  E.  France. 

Lnaciinthus  (llyhodus)  o^xttoivitznnus,  U.  von  Moyer,  Palieoutogr. 
vol.  i.  (1849),  p.  221,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  1. — Muschelkalk; 
Silesia. 

Leiacanthus  (llyhodus)  tarnowitzanvs,  II.  von  Mcyor,  tom, 
p.  221,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  2. — Muschelkalk ; Silesia. 

The  so-called  llyhodus  panderi  (E.  von  Eichwald,  Leth.  Kossica, 
vol.  i.  1800,  p.  1003),  from  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  the 
Government  of  Toula,  Russia,  is  founded  upon  a spine  probably  of 
Ctenacanthus. 

A small  cephalic  dermal  spine  (Spdienonchus)  from  the  Trias  of 
Wurtemberg,  now  in  the  Stuttgart  Museum,  is  named  Ceratodus 
heteromorphns,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1838),  p. 
pi.  xviii.  fig.  32.  Other  spines  arc  figured  under  the  same  name  by 
F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Handb.  Potrefakt.,  3rd  edit.  (1883),  p.  298,  pi- 
xxiv.  figs.  9-13. 

Some  similar  spines  from  the  llhaetic  Bone-bed  of  Aust  Cliff,  near 
Bristol,  arc  named  Sphenomdius  (llyhodus)  ohtusus,  J.  W.  Bavis, 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  8oo.  vol.  xxxvii.  (1881),  p.  420,  ^d.  xxii.  fig- 
See  also  T.  Webster,  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  [2]  vol.  ii.  p.  35,  ph  ''"I- 
fig-  (**  Tooth  of  fish  ”),  where  a Wealdcm  example  is  noticed. 

“ SpJienonchus”  is  also  recorded  from  the  Lias  of  Weston,  near 
Bath  (ilag.  Nat.  Hist.  n.  s.  vol.  iii.  p.  282),  and  the  Wcalden  of 
■ Sandown,  Isle  of  Wight  (ibid.  p.  279). 


CESTBACIOSIID^. 


307 


Genus  ASTERACANTHUS,  Agassiz. 

[I’oiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1837,  i>.  31.] 

Syn.  Strophodm,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  1838,  p.  110. 

Curtodus,  II.  E.  8auvage,  Catal.  Poiss.  Form.  Second.  Iloulonnals 
(M^m.  Soc.  Acad.  lioulogne-sur-Mer,  yol.  ii.),  1807,  p.  53. 

Principal  teeth  elongated,  irregularly  quadrate,  with  slightly 
arched,  but  flattened,  crown  ; sympliysial  teeth  few,  relatively  large, 
much  arched,  without  lateral  denticles,  longitudinally  keeled  ; all 
superficially  ornamented  by  reticulate  markings.  Dorsal  tin-spines 
marked  by  stellate  tubercles,  sometimes  in  part  fused  into  short 
longitudinal  ribs ; two  posterior  longitudinal  series  of  denticles 
placed  mesially.  Large  hook-shaped,  semi-barbed  spines  present 
upon  the  head.  Notochord  persistent. 

The  teeth  and  spines  have  hitherto  only  been  found  associated  in 
the  type  species ',  and  it  is  thus  necessary  at  present  to  retain  the 
duplicate  provisional  names  for  all  others.  As  in  the  case  of 
Ifyhodus  and  Acrodus,  the  superficial  ornamentation  of  the  dorsal 
fin-spines  is  so  variable,  that  no  species  founded  upon  these  fossils 
alone  can  be  regarded  as  satisfactorily  defined. 

Asteracanthus  oraatissimus,  Agassiz. 

1753.  Snout  of  gome  animal  of  the  JUh  tribe,  II.  Baker,  Phil.  Trans, 
p.  118,  pi.  vi. 

1837.  Agteracaulhug  omaliggimug,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  31, 
pi.  viii. 

1838.  Strophodug  reticulatug,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  123,  pi.  xvii. 

1838.  Strophodug  gubreticulatug,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  125,  pL  xviii. 

figs.  ^10. 

1840.  Strophodug  radiatug,  G.  von  Miinster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  vii.  p.  47, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  14. 

1848.  Agteracanthm  preuggi,  \V.  Dunker,  Paheontogr.  vol.  i.  p.  188, 
pi.  x.vri.  fig.  3. 

1851.  Agteracaathug  ornatiggimtu,  AV.  Dunker,  Palaeontogr.  vol.  i. 
p.  310,  pi.  xxxvii.  fig.s.  1-7. 

1855.  Agteracaulhug  papillosus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Figs,  and  Descrips. 
Brit.  Org.  Bemains  (Mem.  Geol.  Surv.),  dec.  viii.  no.  3,  p.  .3. 

1801.  Agteracantkug  omaliggimug,  AA'agner,  Abh.  k.  bay.  Akad. 
AViss.,  math.-phys.  CL  vol.  ix.  p.  317. 

1804.  Strophodug  gubreticulatug,  J.  Tliurmnnn  & A.  Etallon,  Letb.  Brun- 
trutana,  (Xouv.  Mem.  Soc.  llelv.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.  xx.)  p.  432,  pi.  ki. 
figs.  10,  20. 

1864.  Agteracauthug  omatiggimug,  11.  Damon,  Geol.  AVeymouth,  Suppl. 
pi.  X.  fig.  2. 


' Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [6]  vol.  ii.  1888,  p.  336,  pi.  xii. 

x2 


308 


SELACmi. 


1868.  Stropkodus  ratisbonensts,  C.  W.  vou  Giimbol,  Oeogn.  Ilesclireib. 
Ostbay.  Grenzgeb.  (Googn.  Beschreib.  Konigr.  Bay.,  pt.  ii.),  p-  762, 
woodc. ' 

1860.  Strophodtis  medius,  11.  Owen,  Geol.  Mag.  vol.  vi.  p.  103,  pi.  vii. 

1876.  Asteracmdhux  ornalissimus,  K.  Fricke,  Palroontogr.  vol.  xxii. 
p.  387,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  4. 

1875.  Asteracanthua preusii,  K.  Fricke,  tom.  cit.  p.  388,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  !• 

1876.  Strophodm  reticulatng,  K.  Fricke,  tom.  cit.  p.  391,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  16. 

1888.  Aateracanthus  ornaimimtta,  var.  ficUonemu,  A.  S.  Woodward, 

Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [6]  vol.  ii.  p.  3!16,  pi.  xii. 

Type.  Dorsal  fin-spine;  Paris  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

The  type  species,  of  very  largo  size,  the  oxscrtcd  portion  of  the 
dorsal  fin-spine  sometimes  attaining  a length  of  0-48. 

Dorsal  fiti-spines  robust,  ornamented  by  relatively  largo,  rounded 
or  elongated,  stellate  tubercles,  of  unequal  size,  generally  arranged 
in  longitudinal  series,  sometimes  very  irregular,  rarely  in  part 
fused  into  short  ridges  ; anterior  face  rounded,  sometimes  keeled  ; 
posterior  face  raised  into  a median  longitudinal  ridge,  with  two 
series  of  largo  denticles. 

Crowns  of  the  small  hindermost  teeth,  and  those  of  series  in.) 
IV.  gently  rounded,  coarsely  reticulated,  without  longitudinal  keel, 
but  the  most  jirominent  superficial  markings  often  becoming  in  part 
nearly  parallel  and  transverse ; teeth  of  series  i.,  ii.  considerably 
elevated,  prominently  keeled  in  the  (?  lower)  jaw,  less  so  in  the 
opposite,  the  superficial  ornament  partly  reticulate,  but  the  principal 
markings  more  or  less  transverse  and  radiating  or  parallel. 

That  the  dentition  named  Stropliodna  reticulutujt  by  Agassiz 
pertains  to  this  species,  is  proved  by  specimens  from  the  Oxford 
Clay,  described  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit. ; and  the  nearly 
complete  dentition  of  one  jaw  is  made  known  by  the  so-called 
S.  medius. 

Form. ^ Loc.  Lower  Oolite : Normandy.  Middle  Oolite:  8. England. 
Upper  Oolite:  8.  England,  N.  France,  W.  Switzerland,  and  N. 
and  S.W.  Germany. 

(i.)  Dorsal  Fin-spines. 

P.  586.  Type  specimen  of  A.  papillosus  described  by  Egerton,  loc. 

cit. ; Great  Oolite,  Caen,  Normandy.  Eyerton  Coll. 

32731-2.  Greater  portion  of  a smaller  spine,  with  very  largo 
posterior  denticles,  and  the  tubercular  ornament  finer  than 
in  the  last ; also  a portion  of  a spine  of  similar  size,  with 
relatively  larger  tubercles  ; Caen.  Tesson  Coll- 

^ This  species  i®  described  as  obtained  from  the  Oreensand;  biitDr.  K.  A* 
von  Zittel  informs  the  present  writer  that  it  was  moat  probably  obtained  from 
tlie  underlying  Juraaeic  rocks. 


CESTKACIONIIDJE. 


309 


39473-4.  Basal  halves  of  two  spines,  with  very  numerous  elongated 
tubercles ; Lower  Oxford  Clay,  Christian  Malford,  Wilt- 
shire. Purchased,  1865. 

P.  461-2.  Two  specimens  figured  hy  Agassiz,  tom.  at.  pi.  viii. 
figs.  7,  8 ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Shotover,  near  Oxford. 

Egerton  CoU. 

43157.  Nearly  complete  spine,  the  exserted  portion  0'225  in  length ; 

Kimmeridge  Clay,  Shotover.  WetJiereU  Coll. 

P.  2545.  Imperfect  larger  spine,  the  exserted  portion  about  0'35 
in  length  ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Ely,  Cambridgeshire. 

Ennislillen  Coll. 

P.  2860  a.  Portion  of  smaller  spine  ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Ely. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

40318.  Distal  third  of  small  spine ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Hartwell, 
Buckinghamshire.  Purchased,  1867. 

46330.  Two  fragments  ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Devizes,  W iltshire. 

Cunnington  Coll. 

47331.  Several  small  fragments ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Swindon, 
Wiltshire. 

Presented  hy  the  Swhulon  Brick  and  Tile  Co.,  18/6. 

50091.  Fine,  nearly  complete  spine,  measuring  0'43  in  length ; 
Kimmeridge  Claj’,  Weymouth,  Dorsetshire. 

Purchased,  1879. 

45924.  Fragment  of  spine,  showing  very  long  base ; Kimmeridge 
Cla}’,  Weymouth.  Purchased,  1874. 

48162.  Small  spine,  nearly  complete  and  well-preserved,  some  of 
the  tubercles  fused  into  short  ridges;  Kimmeridge  Clay, 
Sandsfoot,  near  Weymouth.  Purchased,  187/. 

P"  156.  Much  abraded  small  spine,  the  distal  extremity  broken 
away  and  the  preserved  termination  thus  deceptive  in 
form,  figured  b}'  Damon,  op.  cit. ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  M ey- 
mouth.  Purchased,  1881. 

P-  2860.  Incomplete  small,  very  robust  spine ; Kimmeridge  Clay, 
Weymouth.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P-  4682.  Distal  portion  of  small  spine ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Wey- 
mouth. Presented  by  C.  Westendarp,  Esq.,  1884. 


310 


REr.\ciiir. 


P.  2210.  Two  fine  spines,  somcwliat  abraded,  Ibc  cxserted  portion 
measuring  0'28  in  length  ; also  three  fragments ; Kim- 
meridgo  Clay,  Kimmoridgo,  Dorsetshire.  K<jerton  Coll. 

25300.  Greater  portion  of  an  enormous  spine,  the  exsorted  portion 
originally  about  0-48  in  length,  and  the  extremity  exhi- 

. biting  longitudinal  ribs,  as  in  lfijhoclus\  Kimmeridgc  Cla) , 

Havre,  N.  Trance.  I’uixhased,  1850. 

32547.  Five  fragments ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Vaches  Noircs,  N.  France. 

Tesson  Coll. 

32771.  Abraded  fragment;  Kimmeridge  Clay,  Boulogne, N.  France. 

I'lirfhased,  185 1. 

P.  2211.  Portion  of  very  small  spine  ; Portlandian,8oleurc,  Switzer- 
land. E(jerton  Coll. 

P.  4183.  Portion  of  larger  spine  ; Portlandian,  Solourc. 

KimisJcillen  Coll. 


(ii.)  Cephalic  Spine. 

32772.  Imperfect  cxserted  portion  of  a large  cephalic  spine,  pro- 
bably of  this  species  ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Boulogne. 

I’ur  chased,  185/. 

(iii.)  Dentition. 

41378.  A large  portion  of  the  dentition  of  the  (?  upper)  jaw,  de- 
scribed by  Owen  {loc.  cit.)  under  the  niime  of  S.  medius, 
and  shown,  of  one  third  the  natural  size,  in  the  accom- 
panying woodcut,  tig.  11  ; Great  Oolite,  Caen,  Normandy. 

I'urehased,  18611' 

Fig.  11. 


Dentition  of  Aderacanthus  ornatUdmus  {Slnphodus  medins,  Owen). 
Great  Oolite,  Caen,  One  third  nat.  size.  (No.  41378.) 


CESTRACIOXTID^. 


311 


32532.  Three  imperfect  teeth,  probably  of  this  species ; Caen. 

Tesson  Coll. 

41309.  Tooth  of  series  iv.,  wanting  root ; Great  Oolite,  Calvados, 
France.  PurcJutsed  1869. 

22494,  22496,  22658.  Six  teeth,  doubtfully  assigned  to  this  species; 

Corallian,  Schnaitlieim,  Wiirtemlmrg.  Purchased,  1848. 

P.  499.  Anterior  tooth,  figured  by  Agassiz,  torn.  eit.  pi.  xvii.  fig.  5, 
and  five  other  teeth;  Kirameridge  Clay,  Shotover,  near 
Oxford.  Efjerton  Coll. 

P.  2668.  Twenty  teeth,  figured  hy  Agassiz,  tom.  eit.  pi.  xvii.  figs.  1-4, 
C-21;  Shotover.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2669.  Thirty  similar  teeth  ; Shotover.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

20288.  Tooth  of  series  iv. ; Kimmeridge  Clay,  Ely,  Cambridgeshire. 

Purchased,  1846. 

41221,  41398.  Fifteen  teeth,  including  one  example  of  the  hin- 
dermost  series  and  two  of  series  iv. ; Kimmeridge  Clay, 
Weymouth,  Dorsetshire.  Purchased,  1868,  I860. 

41874.  Four  hindermost  teeth,  two  of  series  iv.,  and  six  other  teeth , 
Weymouth.  Purchased,  1869. 

45925.  Seven  dental  crowns;  Weymouth.  Purchased,  1874. 

P.  2663.  Two  principal  teeth,  one  being  much  abraded,  and  three 

imperfect  small  anterior  teeth  ; eymouth. 

Enniskillen  Cull. 

40464,  42103.  Five  teeth,  more  or  less  perfect,  from  the  Keocommn 
Bone-bed,  Fotton,  Bedfordshire,  derived  from  Kimmeridge 
^2^  P nvcftcLscd  9 

46459.  Two  teeth  ; Potton.  Cunnington  Coll. 

P.  2126.  Two  imperfect  teeth  ; Portlandian,  Soleure,  Switzerland 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5295.  Tooth ; Upper  Jurassic,  Switzerland. 

Presented  hg  the  Duchess  of  St.  Allans,  18i6. 

P.  2.  Eight  more  or  less  fragmentary  large  teeth,  doubtful!}  assigned 
to  this  species  ; Upper  Jurassic,  Favara  Villabate,  Sicily. 

Purchased,  1879. 


312 


SELACHII. 


Var.  flettonensis.  Tuberclns  upon  tho  dorsal  fin -spines  com- 
paratively small,  fused  into  rldgos  distally.  Teeth  of  series  iv. 
narrow  ; coronal  prominence  in  most  teeth  well  marked. 

39475.  Fragment  of  spine  ; Upper  0.x.ford  Clay,  Chippenham. 

Purchased,  1865. 

P.  5881.  Plaster  cast  of  cephalic  spine,  dcscrihod  and  figured  by  the 
present  writer,  loc.  cit.  p.  3-10,  pi.  xii.  figs.  7,  8 ; Oxford 
Clay,  Flctton,  near  Peterborough. 

Made  in  the  Museum,  1888. 

47440.  Forty-four  associated  teeth  ; Fletton.  Two  of  series  iv.  are 
shown,  of  tho  natural  size,  in  Plato  XV.  fig.  14. 

Sharp  CoTl. 


I.  Species  founded  upon  detached  dorsal  Jin-spines  with  which  the 
teeth  have  not  yet  been  found  associated. 

Asteracanthus  aexnisulcatus,  Agassiz. 

1837.  Asteracanthus  semisulcatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  hu 
p.  34,  pi.  vili.  a.  figs.  7, !),  10  (P  fig.  8). 

1871.  Asteracanthus  teuuistriatus,  J.  Phillips,  Qeol.  Oxford,  p.  178, 
diagi-.  xxxviii.  fig.  7. 

Ty2>e.  Imperfect  dorsal  fin-spine  ; British  Museum. 

Dorsal  fin-spine  about  equal  in  size  to  that  of  A.  acutus,  hut  less 
laterally  compressed  and  more  robust ; anterior  face  rounded,  but 
keeled ; posterior  face  slightly  convex,  with  largo  denticles.  Orna- 
mental tubercles  relatively  large,  elongated,  arranged  in  close  series, 
often  fused  iu  part  into  short  ribs. 

The  teeth  of  this  species  are  probably  described  under  the  name 
of  Strophodus  magnus,  Agassiz. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Great  Oolite  : Oxfordshire. 

P.  2855.  Typo  specimen  described  and  figured  by  Agassiz,  loc.  cit. 

fig.  7 ; Stonosfield  Slate,  Stonesfleld.  Ennislcillen  Coil- 
'S. 463.  A smaller  imperfect  spine  associated  with  this  species  by 
Agassiz  {loc.  cit.  fig.  8),  but  exhibiting  striking  resem- 
blances to  A.  acutus  ; Stonosfield.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2856—7.  Two  abraded  fragments  of  spines  equal  in  size  to  the 
type,  and  one  imperfect  larger  specimen ; Stonosfield. 

Ennisl'illen  Coll. 


CESTBACIONIID^. 


313 


Asteracanthus  acutns,  Agassiz. 

18.37.  Aiteracanthus  acutus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  loss.  vol.  iii.  p.  3.3, 
pL  viii.  a.  figs.  1-3. 

Type.  Distal  half  of  dorsal  fin-spine  ; Bedford  Museum. 

Dorsal  fin-spine  attaining  a length  of  about  0‘27,  much  laterally 
compressed;  anterior  face  keeled;  posterior  face  slightly  convex, 
with  large  denticles.  Ornamental  tubercles  relatively  large,  elon- 
gated, arranged  in  close  series,  rarely  fused  into  ribs  in  known 
specimens. 

The  teeth  of  this  species  are  probably  described  under  the  name 
of  Strophodus  tenuis,  Agassiz. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Great  Oolite  : Oxfordshire.  Combrash : Northamp- 
tonshire. (?)  Forest  Marble : Dorsetshire. 

43616.  Much  abraded  but  nearly  complete  spine,  originally  measuring 
about  0-27  in  length ; Stonesfield  Slate,  Stonesfield,  Oxford- 

Purchased,  1872. 

28597.  Extremity  of  spine,  with  some  of  the  tubercles  fused,  pro- 
bably of  this  species ; Stonesfield  Slate,  Eyeford. 

Purchased,  1853. 

B.  5377.  Imperfect  exsertod  portion  of  spine  ; Great  Oolite,  Enslow 
Bridge,  Oxfordshire.  Purchased,  18  <7. 

47131.  Incomplete  crushed  exserted  portion  of  spine ; Cornbrash, 
Botolph’s  Bridge,  Peterborough.  Sharp  Coll. 

B-  2853.  An  imperfect  impression  of  a spine,  doubtfully  assigned 
to  this  species,  and  labelled  A.  stutchburyi,  Aga.ssiz  *,  by 
the  Earl  of  EnniskiUen ; Forest  Marble,  near  Bridport, 
Dorsetshire.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

Asteracanthus  verrucosus,  Egerton. 

1855.  Asteracanthus  verrucosus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Fi^.  & Descrips. 
Brit.  Organic  Remains  (Mem.  Geol.  Surv.),  dec.  xiii.  pi.  ii* 

Type.  Dorsal  fin-spine ; Dorchester  Museum. 

Dorsal  fin-spine  attaining  a maximum  length  of  about  0*32, 
laterally  compressed,  not  keeled  anteriorly ; posterior  face  slightly 
raised,  with  two  series  of  large  denticles.  Ornamental  tubercles 
ver)’  numerous,  closely  arranged,  mostly  oval  in  form  and  disposed 

* This  name  is  given,  vrithout  definition,  to  a fossil  said  to  have  been  derived 
from  the  Lias  of  Charmouth,  Dorset  (Poiss.  Foss.  voL  iii.  p.  1(7). 


314 


SELAcnir. 


in  Innwitudiniil  series,  becoming  fused  into  short  ribs  near  the 
apex.  « 

Teeth  unknown. 

Form,  cj-  Loc.  rurbcok  heds ; Swanage,  Dorsetshire. 


23407.  Nearly  complete  small  spine,  detached  from  matrix. 

Purchased,  1849. 


Purchased,  1800. 
Purchased,  1804. 
Purchased,  1 807. 


35571.  Crushed  si)inc,  0-3  in  length. 

38496.  Broader  imperfect  sjjino. 

40652.  Smaller  crushed  spine. 

44829.  Nearly  complete  spine,  detached  from  matrix,  the  extremity 
abraded.  Presented  by  Benjamin  BrUjht,  Esq.,  18/3. 

P.  2209,  P.  2209  a.  Well-preserved  large  spine,  and  a less  perfect 
smaller  spine.  Eyerton  CoU. 

P.  2859.  An  imperfect  large  spine,  and  two  smaller  specimens, 
one  much  abraded.  Ennislcillen  CoU. 


Asteracanthus  granulosus,  Egerton. 

1855.  Asteracanthus  i/ranulusus,  Sir  V.  Egerton,  Figs.  & Descripa. 

Brit.  Organic,  Remains  (Mem.  (ieol.  Surv.),  dec.  viii.  pi.  i- 
1859.  Asteracanthus  yramdosns,  I’ietet  & Oampiclie,  Foss.  Terr.  Cr5- 
. tac6  St.  Croix,  p.  08,  pi.  xii.  lig.  11. 

Type.  Dorsal  fin-spine  ; British  Museum. 

Dorsal  fin-spine  very  similar  iu  form  and  proportions  to  that  ot 
A.  verrucosus,  but  with  the  ornamental  tubercles  relatively  smaller, 
rounder,  and  less  closely  arranged. 

Teeth  unknown. 

Form.  ^ fiOC.  Wealden:  Tilgate  Forest,  Sussex.  L.  Neocomian  : 
Switzerland. 

P.  565.  Tj’pe  specimen.  Eyerton  Coll. 

2688,  2704.  Two  fragments  of  larger  spines,  the  second  figured  by 
Egerton,  loc.  cit.  pi.  i.  figs.  2,  3.  Muntcll  Coll. 

40166.  Plaster  cast  of  fragment  described  and  figured  by  Pictet  and 
Campiche,  loc.  cit. ; L.  Neocomian,  St.  Croix. 

Presented  by  Alotis.  Campiche,  1806- 

IT.  Species  founded  upon  detached  teeth  not  yet  correlated  ivith  the 
dorsa  I Jin-spines. 

Strophodus  magnus,  Agassiz. 

1838.  Strophodus  magnus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Fos.s.  vol.  iii.  1^*^> 
pi.  xviii.  figs.  11-15. 


CESTRACIONTID-E. 


315 


1843.  SlropJiodiusfavosHS,  L.  Agas.«z,  tom.  cit.  p.  175  (name  only).  • 
1871.  Strophudui  magma,  J.  Phillips,  Geol.  O.tford,  p.  177,  diagr.  x.x.\vii. 
fig.  7. 

188-5.  Slrophodut  favosns,  A.  S.  Woodward  (ex  Agassiz),  Science 
Gossip,  p.  107,  fig.  78. 

(?)  1886.  Strophodus  rigaiLvi,  K.  M.  Platnauer,  Ann.  Rep.  Yorkshire 
' Phil.  Soc.  p.  36,  pi.  i.  figs.  1,  2. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

' Crown  of  all  the  teeth  gently  rounded,  those  anterior  in  position 
exhibiting  little  or  no  traces  of  a longitudinal  keel ; coronal  surface 
finely  reticulated,  the  more  prominent  markings  becoming  straight, 
parallel,  and  directly  transverse  upon  the  longer  margins.  In  the 
most  posterior  series  the  teeth  are  small  and  oval,  with  very  coarse 
superficial  reticulations  (PI.  XV.  fig.  8) ; the  teeth  presumably  of 
series  no.  iv.  are  relatively  broad  and  Hat  (PI.  X\ . fig.  7) ; those  of 
no.  III.  somewhat  longer,  the  postcro-latcral  angle  gently  upturned, 
and  the  anterior  third  of  the  tooth  slightly  bent  forwards  and  down- 
wards (PI.  XV.  fig.  6).  The  teeth  assumed  to  belong  to  series  no.  n. 
are  broadest  posteriorly,  with  an  abrupt  hinder  margin,  the  antero- 
lateral angle  produced  and  the  postero-lateral  angle  rounded 
(PI.  XV.  fig.  5)  ; and  the  teeth  of  the  most  anterior  paired  series 
are  still  smaller  than  those  of  no.  ii.,  and  apparently  shorter 
(PI.  XV.  fig.  4). 

No  median  symph3’sial  tooth  is  recognizable  in  the  Collection. 
Form.  ^ Loc.  Inferior  Oolite : Lincolnshire.  Bathonian : Ox- 
fordshire, Northamptonshire,  Gloucestershire,  Somersetshire,  Wilt- 
shire, and  N.  France. 

(i.)  Inferior  Oolite. 

47441.  Seven  teeth  of  the  principal  series  ; Upper  Beds  of  the  Lin- 
colnshire Limestone,  Stamford,  Lincolnshire. 

SJuirp  Coll. 

(ii.)  Stmesjield  Slate,  Stonesfkld,  Oxfordshire. 

26010  a.  Much  abraded  tooth  of  series  iv.  Dixon  Coll. 

88599.  Nine  teeth  of  series  i.-iv. ; Eyeford,  near  Stonesfield. 

Purchased,  1853. 

33200.  Unabraded  tooth  of  series  iii.  Hastings  Coll. 

33472.  Ten  flat  teeth,  more  or  less  abraded.  Purchased,  1858. 

T.  2116-7.  Thirteen  flat  teeth,  some  extremely  abraded,  labelled 
in  Agassiz's  handwriting.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2661.  Eleven  flat  teeth,  slightly  abraded.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


316 


SELACHII. 


P.  5106.  Throe  abraded  flat  teeth. 

Presented  by  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  5883.  Naturally  arranged  series  of  the  hindermost  small  oval 
teeth,  shown  in  PI.  XV.  fig.  8.  Purchased. 

P.  2614.  Similar  tooth.  Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  2119.  Two  similar  examples,  one  largo  flat  tooth,  and  seven 
anterior  teeth,  labelled  by  Agassiz  Stroqdwdus  favosus. 

Eyerton  Coll. 


(iii.)  Great  Oolite. 

18997.  Tooth  of  series  iv. ; Sewardslee.  Miss  BalcePs  Coll. 

19491.  Three  teeth  of  8orio.s  in.,  iv.  ; Weston  Favell,  Northampton- 
shire. Miss  Baker's  Coll. 

19493.  Three  abraded  fragments ; Shutlangor,  Northamptonshire. 

Miss  Baker  s Coll. 

20926.  Six  abraded  teeth,  one  jirobably  of  series  ir. ; lloado,  near 
Blisworth,  Northamptonshire.  Miss  Baker’s  Coll. 

47134.  Fourteen  more  or  loss  abraded  teeth,  including  two  anterior  ; 

Orton,  near  Peterborough.  Sharp  Coll. 

47135.  Tooth  of  series  in. ; Buttock’s  Booth,  near  Peterborough. 

Sharp  Coll. 

47136.  Ten  flat  teeth  and  one  anterior  tooth  ; Kingsthorpe,  North- 
amptonshire. Sharq)  Coll. 

P.  2660.  Fourteen  teeth,  two  with  nearly  perfect  roots ; Orton, 
near  Peterborough.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2118.  Fifteen  fragmentary  and  abraded  teeth ; Cairnscross, 
Stroud,  Gloucestershire.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  4169.  Twelve  imperfect  teeth;  Cairnscross.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5883.  Four  teeth;  Minchinhampton,  Gloucestershire.  Byne  Coil- 

'S. 4173.  Two  flat  teeth  and  one  anterior  tooth  ; Molksham,  Wilt- 
shire. Enniskillen  Coll. 

(iv.)  Forest  Marble. 

28440.  Forty  teeth,  some  scarcely  abraded,  of  all  scries,  two 
anterior  teeth  shown  in  PI.  XV.  figs.  4,  5 ; Stanton, 
Wiltshire.  Cunninyton  Coll. 

30552.  Thirteen  flat  teeth ; Atford,  near  Bath.  Purcluised,  1856. 


CESTEACI0JITID3. 


317 


30564-68.  Two  hindcrmost  teeth,  one  of  series  iv.,two  of  series  iii., 
and  a much  abraded  tooth  of  series  ii. ; Atford. 

Purchased,  1856. 

p.  2659,  P.  2659  a,  b.  Twenty-four  teeth,  mostly  flat,  but  five  re- 
ferable to  an  anterior  series ; Atford.  A tooth  of  series  iv . 
is  shown  in  PI.  XV.  fig.  7,  and  another  of  series  iii.  in 
PI.  XV.  fig.  6.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

32353.  Tooth  of  series  it.  ; llalmesbury,  Wiltshire. 

Purchased,  1857. 

40535.  Two  flat  teeth;  Wiltshire.  Purchased,  1867. 

(v.)  Cornhrash. 

47132.  Thirteen  teeth  of  small  size  ; Botolph’s  Bridge,  near  Peter- 
borough. Sharp  Coll. 

47133.  Nine  teeth,  mostly  larger;  near  Peterborough.  Sharp  Coll. 

Strophodus  tenuis,  Agassiz. 

1838,  ^rophofhis  tenuis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  127,  pi.  x\  iii. 
figs.  16-2.5. 

1858,  Strophodus  tenuis,  F,  A.  Quenstedt,  Der  J ura,  p.  340,  pL  xlvi. 
figs.  12,  1,3. 

1871.  Strophodus  tenuis,  J.  Phillips,  Geol.  Oxford,  p.  177,  diagr.  xxxvii. 
fig.  9. 

^ype.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  long  and  narrow,  the  crown  in  all  except  the  hindermost 
rows  and  series  iv.  considerably  elevated;  anterior  teeth  much 
arched,  with  a longitudinal  keel,  superficial  coronal  ornament  as  in 
S.  maynus,  except  in  the  anterior  teeth.  Of  the  hindermost  series, 
the  teeth  are  small  and  oval ; those  of  series  no.  rv.  (Agass.,  fig.  21) 
®ncm  to  be  only  gently  rounded ; and  those  of  no.  iii.  (Agass., 
figs.  17-20)  are  much  longer  than  the  latter,  the  crown  raised  and 
tumid  at  one  half  or  one  third  the  distance  from  its  anterior  ex- 
tremity, and  bent  downwards  and  forwards  in  front.  The  teeth 
presumably  referable  to  series  no.  n.  (Agass.,  figs.  22,  23)  are  much 
elevated  mesially,  slightly  keeled,  and  narrowed  at  each  extremity, 
though  especially  in  front ; and  those  of  the  most  anterior  paired 
series  (Agass.,  figs.  24,  25)  are  strongly  arched,  the  apex  of  the 
crown  being  a blunt  point  and  the  longitudinal  keel  prominent. 
There  is  also  evidence  of  a high-crowned  median  symphysial  row 
of  teeth  in  one  of  the  jaws. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Bathonian  : Oxfordshire  (Stonesfield  Slate),  Xorth- 
amptonshire,  Lincolnshire,  Gloucestershire,  and  Wiltshire.  Brown 
Jura  /3 : Wiirtemberg. 


318 


SELACIIII. 


(i.)  Stonexjiehl  Slate,  Stonexjiehl,  Oxfordshire. 

11046,  Flue  tooth  of  series  iii.  Mauiell  Cull. 

33472  a,  33473,35497.  Nino  teeth,  including  one  iioslerior  oval  and 
two  anterior  raised  examples.  Purchased,  1858,  1300. 

36315.  Three  tooth ; Eyeford,  near  Stonesfield.  Daniels  Coll. 

P.  2120.  Eight  teeth,  including  a fine  example  of  series  iir-  and 
three  anterior  teeth,  five  being  labelled  by  Agassiz. 

Ei/erlon  Coll. 

P.  4632.  Six  small  teeth.  Eiinislcillen  Coll. 

(ii.)  Great  Oolite. 

47442.  Abraded  tooth  of  series  ii.,  and  two  fragments  ; tlreat  Oolite, 
Stamford,  Lincolnshire.  Sharji  Coll. 

47442  a.  Three  imperfect  anterior  teeth  ; Great  Oolite,  Kingsthorpe, 
Northamptonshire.  Sharii  Coll. 

P.  4173  a.  Two  anterior  teeth  ; Melksham,  Wiltshire. 

Ennislcillen  Coll. 

(iii.)  Cornhrash. 

P.  2662.  Six  abraded  imperfect  teeth  ; I’eterborough. 

Ennishdlcn  Coll. 

47132  a.  liaised  tooth  of  large  size;  llotoljdi’s  Fridge,  near  I’eter- 
borough. Shari>  Coll. 

(iv.)  Forest  Marble. 

47964.  Two  associated  teeth,  one  of  series  i.,  the  other  of  series  in-  j 
near  Oxford. 

Presented  by  the  lion.  liobcri  Marshum,  1877. 

28440  a.  Eighteen  teeth,  of  the  anterior  series  and  no.  ni. ; Stanton, 
Wiltshire.  Cunninyton  Coll. 

30558,  30562.  Three  teeth,  series  in.,  iv. ; Atford,  near  Bath. 

Purchased,  185(1. 

30553-4.  Three  anterior  raised  teeth  and  one  of  scries  in.,  three 
being  very  large  and  provisionally  assigned  to  this  species, 
and  one  of  the  raised  teeth  symmcti'ical ; Atford. 

Pur  chased,  1856. 

46339.  Two  teeth,  series  n.,  in. ; Atford.  Cunninyton  Coll. 

P.  5885.  Four  flat  teeth  ; (?)  Atford.  Dyne  Coll. 

P.  5884,  P.  5884  a,  b.  Twenty-five  teeth  of  scries  i.,  n.,  two  sho\^n 
in  ri.  XV.  figs.  2,  3 ; (?)  Atford.  Byne  Coll. 


CESIRACIOXTID,E. 


319 


P.  5891.  Three  large  anterior  teeth,  one  symmetrical ; Chippenham, 
Wiltshire. 

41295.  Two  teeth,  series  in. ; Jlox,  Wiltshire.  Purduised,  1869. 
P.  2115  a.  Four  anterior  teeth,  and  one  of  series  in.  Egerton  Coll. 
P.  4172  a.  Two  anterior  teeth.  Enni$Tcillen  Coll. 


Strophodus  lingtialis,  sp.  nov.  (e.v  Phillips). 

1871.  Strophodus  linguaJis,  J.  Phillips,  Geol.  O-Yford,  p.  177,  diagr. 
^ xxxvii.  fig.  8 (fig.  only). 

Tgpe.  Detached  tooth ; Oxford  JIuseum. 

The  following  teeth  appear  to  belong  to  the  same  species  as  the 
tooth  from  the  Stonesfield  Slate  figured  by  Phillips  (op.cit.),  without 
description,  under  the  name  of  Utrophodvs  lingttalis.  The)'  are  of 
verj’  small  size,  the  principal  teeth  narrow  and  not  measuring  more 
than  0-018  in  length ; the  coronal  surface  is  very  coarsely  reti- 
culated, the  transverse  markings  being  especially  prominent ; and 
there  is  occasionally  a longitudinal  ridge. 

J'orm,  Zoc.  Bathonian  : Oxfordshire  and  Wiltshire. 

88600.  Two  longitudinally  ridged  teeth,  one  having  a single  emi- 
nence near  one  extremity  (PI.  XV.  fig.  11),  the  other 
having  two  (PI.  XV.  fig.  10);  Stonesfield  Slate,  Fyeford. 

Purchased,  1853. 

11158.  A broader  flatter  tooth  (PI.  XV.  fig.  9);  Stonesfield  Slate, 
Stonesfield.  Mantell  Coll. 

P-  8121.  Two  teeth  longitudinally  ridged ; Stonesfield.  AJ/ri-fon  CWf. 
P.  2665.  Flatter,  worn  tooth  ; Stonesfield.  Ennislcdlen  Coll. 

32356.  Slightly  ridged  tooth  (PI.  XV.  fig.  12);  Forest  Marble, 
Malmesburj’,  Wiltshire.  Purchased,  1857. 

The  following  tooth,  from  the  Forest  Marble  of  Stanton,  Wilt- 
shire, is  also  probably  referable  to  a species  of  Asleracanthus  ; — 

P-  5886.  Tooth  probably  of  series  iii.,  measuring  0-035  in  length 
the  crown  raised  mesially,  and  marked  by  coarse  feather- 
like reticulations  (PI.  XV.  fig.  13).  Cunnington  Coll. 

The  supiiosed  tooth  (4158,  Mantell  Coll.)  from  the  Chalk  of 
ewes,  named  Strophodus  asper,  Agassiz  (Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii. 
P.  128  b.  pi.  X.  5.  figs_  1-3),  is  a fragment  of  a Crustacean. 


320 


SELACim. 


Tho  following  species  have  also  been  named,  but  there  appear  to 
bo  no  examples  in  tho  Collection  : — 

(i.)  Dorsal  Fin-spines. 

Asteracanthus  lepidus,  A.  Dollfuss,  Eauno  Kimm.  Cap  Do  La  Ileve 
(1863),  p.  34,  pi.  ii.  figs.  1-7. — Kimmeridgian  ; Ca^jo  Do 
La  lleve. 

Asteracanthus  minor,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1837), 
p.  33,  pi.  viii.  a.  figs.  4—6. — Form,  and  loc.  unknown. 

Asteracanthus  semiverrurosvs,  Sir  P.  Egorton,  Figs,  and  Descrips. 
Brit.  Org.  Remains  (Mem.  Geol.  Surv.  185.5),  dec.  viii. 
pi.  iii. — Purbcckian  ; Swanago,  Dorset. 

Asteracanthus  tetrastichodon,  K.  Fricko,  Palicontogr.  vol.  xxii. 
(1875),  p.  389,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  2. — Upper  Corallian ; Hanover. 

Asteracanthus  vastensis,  II.  E.  Sauvago,  Bull.  Soc.  Gdol.  France, 
[3]  vol.  viii.  p.  454,  jd.  xiv.  fig.  5.— U.  Callovian;  Bou- 
logne-sur-Mer. 

Tho  so-called  Asteracanthus  siderius,  J.  Leidy  (Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Philad.  1870,  p.  13,  and  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  vol.  i.  pt.  i. 
(18(3),  p.  313,  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  59),  from  the  Sub-Carboniferous  of 
Tennessee,  certainly  does  not  belong  to  this  genus. 

(ii.)  Teeth. 

atrophodvs  heaugrandi,  H.  E.  Sauvago,  Catal.  Poiss.  Secondaires 
Boulonn.(Mcm.  Soc.  Acad.  Boulogno-sur-Mcr,  vol.  ii.  1867), 
p.  52,  pi  iii.  fig.  6. — Kimmeridgian ; Boulogne-sur-Mcr. 

Utrophodus  corallinus : Curtodus  coralUnus,  H.  E.  Sauvago,  op. 
eit.  p.  53,  pi.  iii.  fig.  8.— Corallian  ; Boulogne-sur-ldcr. 

Strophodus  hamii,  II.  E.  Sauvago,  op.  cit.  p.  52,  pi.  iii.  figs.  4,  5 : 
Acrodus  ekgans,  II.  E.  Sauvago,  ibid.  p.  54,  pi.  iii.  fig.  9.— 
Bathonian ; lilarquise,  Boulonnais. 

Strophodus  irreejidaris,  L.  Agassiz  {ex  Munster,  MS.),  torn.  cit. 
(1838)  p.  127,  pi.  xviii.  fig.  26. — Lower  Oolite;  Bavaria. 

Strophodus  longidens,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  117,  pi.  xvi.— 
Bathonian ; Caen,  Normandy. 

Strophodus  nehrodensis,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Studi  Paleont.  Fauna 
Calc,  a Terebratida  janitor  N.  Sicilia,  pt.  i.  (1868-76), 
p.  10,  pi.  i.  figs.  48-56.— Jurassic;  N.  Sicily. 

Strophodus  normanianus,  A.  Dollfuss,  Faune  Kimm.  Cap  De  La 
Hove  (1863),  p.  33,  pi.  i.  figs.  3-16. — Kimmeridgian ; 
Capo  Do  La  Hove.  [11= Asteracanthus  lejiidus,  Dollfuss.] 

Strophodus  persotuiii,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Der  Jura  (1858),  p.  339, 
pi.  xlvi.  fig.  15. — Brown  Jura  (3;  "Wurtemberg. 


CESTRACIONTID^. 


321 


Stroj)hodug  punciatus,  L.  Agassiz  (ex  Jliinstcr  MS.),  tom.  cit. 
p.  128  b,  pi.  xxii.  figs.  1,  2. — Cenomanian;  Kelheim, 
Bavaria. 

Strophodus  radiato-punctatus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  128,  pi.  xviii. 
fig.  27. — Callovian ; Yorkshire. 

Strojdiodus  tridentinus,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Fauna  Aelt.  Ccphalopo- 
denfiihr  Tithonbild.  (Suppl.  to  Paloeontogr.  1870),  p.  24, 
pi.  i.  fig.  2. — Tithonian  ; Trient,  Tyrol. 

Teeth  of  Strophodus  are  also  figured  and  noticed  by  Pictet  and 
, Campiche,  Foss.  Terr.  Cretace  St.  Croix  (1858),  p.  02,  jd.  xii. 
%8.  1-0  (Lower  Jfeocomian)  and  p.  24  (Aptian) ; and  by  G.  G. 

emmellaro,  Studi  Paleont.  Calc,  a Terebratula  janitor,  pt.  i. 
(1868-76),  p.  9,  pi.  i.  figs.  35-47. 

Genus  BDELLODUS,  Quenstedt. 

[^iirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxviii.  1882,  p.  137.] 

Teeth  quadrate,  with  slightly  arched,  but  flattened  crown,  super- 
ciaUy  ornamented  by  reticulate  markings.  Symphysial  teeth  few. 
ceth  of  series  i.  to  m.  scarcely  increasing  in  size,  those  of  series  iv. 
relatively  very  large  and  elongated.  Dorsal  fin-spines  unknown. 

Bdellodiis  boUensis,  Quenstedt. 

1882.  Sdellvdus  bollensis,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxviii. 
P-  137,  pi.  iii. 

iype.  Associated  upper  and  lower  dentition ; Tubingen  Univer- 
sity Museum. 

Anterior  teeth  tumid,  not  keeled ; those  of  series  iv.  five  times  as 
as  these. 

Porm.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Lias  : Boll,  Wiirtemberg. 

Genus  PAL.fflOSPINAX,  Egerton. 

[Figs,  and  Descrips.  Prit.  Organic  Remains  (Mem.  Geol.  Survey, 

. 1872),  dec.  xiii.  no.  vii.] 

Body  long  and  slender ; the  first  dorsal  fin  opposite  the  space 
Ween  the  pectorals  and  pelvics,  the  second  partly  in  advance  of, 
part  y opposite,  the  anal.  Dentition  comparatively  specialized,  the 
_ nor  teeth  being  high-crowned  and  prehensile,  those  placed  pos- 
having  the  cusps  reduced  to  minute  beads  and  adapted  for 
ems  ing.  Symphysial  teeth  with  a single  pair  of  lateral  denticles, 
Co  with  two  or  three.  Dorsal  fin-spines  smooth,  the  sides 

ered  with  a dense  layer  cf  ganoine,  sometimes  forming  isolated 
ercles  immediately  above  the  inserted  portion ; posterior  denticles 

r 


322 


SELACniI. 


absent.  Shagreen  fine,  dense ; no  cephalic  spines  ; large  dermal 
hooks  upon  the  clampers  of  the  male.  Vertebras  cyclospoiidylic, 
sometimes  feebly  asterospondylio. 


Palseospinax  priscus  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Thyellina pritca,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  378,  pi.  xxxix. 
figs.  1,  2. 

1872.  Talaospinax  prucus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Figs.  & Descrips.  Brit. 
Organic  Remains  (Mem.  Geol.  Surv.),  dec.  xiii.  pi.  vii. 

1873.  PalcBospinax  prucus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  xxix.  p.  420. 

1881.  PalcBospinax  pnsem,  J.  W.  Davis,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [6] 
vol.  vii.  p.  420,  pi.  XX. 

1883.  Palmoipinax  priscus,  0.  Ilfisse,  Neues  Jahrb.  vol.  ii.  p.  00. 

1884.  Cestracion  (Acrodus'),  C.  Ilasse,  Palsoontogr.  vol.  xxxi.  p.  0,  pi.  ii- 
figs.  8,  9. 

1888.  Palaospinax  priscus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  v. 
p.  400. 

Type.  Vertebral  column  and  shagreen. 

The  type  species,  of  small  size.  Principal  cusp  of  the  anterior 
teeth  much  attenuated.  Shagreen-granules  often  striated  ; dermal 
spines  of  claspors  forked. 

Form.  Loc.  Lower  Lias : Lyme  Regis,  Dorsetshire. 

P.  3189.  Hoad  and  anterior  portion  of  the  trunk,  described  and 
figured  by  Egerton,  Mem.  Geol.  Surv.  dec.  xiii.  pL 
figs.  1,  4—6.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  3190.  Mandible  and  dentition,  described  and  figured  by  Egerton, 
loc.  cit.  pi.  vii.  figs.  2,  7,  8.  The  posterior  tooth  is  not  so 
smooth  as  shown  in  fig.  8,  the  crown  having  a more 
beaded  appearance,  as  in  Synecliodus.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  3192.  Imperfect  vertebral  column,  with  shagreen,  half  of  the 
pectoral  arch,  and  the  broken  second  dorsal  fin-spine, 
referred  to  by  Egerton,  loc.  cit.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1297.  Crushed  and  obscure  remains  of  a complete  fish,  the  out- 
lines not  being  recognizable.  The  specimen  is  described 
by  Egerton  in  the  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xxix. 
p.  420,  and  shows  the  relative  positions  and  proportions 
of  the  two  dorsal  fin-spines.  Both  spines  (especially  the 
first)  are  considerably  worn  obliquely  at  the  distal  end, 
and  Egerton  points  out  that  in  situation  they  agree  more 
closely  with  those  of  Cestracion  than  with  those  of  Acan- 


CESIEACIONTID^. 


323 


thias.  The  difference  between  the  anterior  and  posterior 
teeth  is  well  shown,  and  most  of  the  examples  exposed 
are  delicately  striated.  The  pectoral  arch  is  slender,  each 
upper  extremity  tapering  to  a fine  point ; and  in  the  ex- 
pansions of  the  pectoral,  pelvic,  and  first  dorsal  fins  there 
are  traces  of  delicate  exoskeletal  supporting-fibres.  The 
fine  shagreen-granules  are  more  or  less  quadrate  in  form, 
apparently  all  striated.  Egerton  (Jolh 

P.  3193.  A less  complete  male  individual,  much  crushed  and  broken, 
but  preserved  as  far  as  the  second  dorsal  spine.  The  few 
scattered  teeth  have  mostly  smooth  crowns.  The  two 
dorsal  fin-spines  are  comparatively  small  and  much 
abraded  distaUy ; and  some  of  the  shagreen-granules  are 
smooth,  though  the  majority  exhibit  prominent  striations. 
Exoskeletal  fibres  are  also  seen  in  the  pectoral  and  first 
dorsal  fins,  and  indications  of  large  spines  occur  at  the 
extremities  of  the  pelvic  claspers.  Enniskillen  CoU. 

P.  1396.  Half  of  the  abdominal  region  and  the  nearly  complete 
tail,  laterally  compressed,  and  mostly  exhibiting  a definite 
outline,  shown  of  two  thirds  the  natural  size  in  PI.  Til. 
fig.  1.  The  body  and  fins  are  enveloped  in  dense  shagreen, 
the  granules  being  especially  large  and  thick  upon  the 
upper  border  of  the  tail,  and  here  smooth  externally, 
having  only  dentated  margins.  The  shagreen  in  most 
parts,  however,  is  fine,  and  the  m ajority  of  the  granules 
appear  to  be  striated.  The  position  of  the  pelvic  fins  is 
in^catcd  by  the  remains  of  claspers  with  large  dermal 
spines  (<f.)  at  the  extremities  ; but  the  precise  characters  of 
the  latter  are  not  certainly  distinguishable.  Each  clasper 
appears  to  be  provided  with  two  bifurcating  spines  in 
contact  at  their  base,  which  is  expanded  and  flattened 
upon  the  apposed  side ; and,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  the 
exserted  portion  of  each  of  these  consists  of  two  com- 
pressed divergent  branches,  gently  curved,  and  unequal  in 
size.  The  second  dorsal  fin  is  placed  opposite  a point 
about  midway  between  the  pclvics  and  the  caudal ; and 
the  spine  is  relatively  small,  its  exserted  portion  not  ex- 
tending along  more  than  one  third  the  length  of  the  anterior 
border  of  the  fin.  Distinct  indications  of  an  anal  fin  (a.) 
are  to  be  observed  opposite  the  posterior  two  thirds  of  the 
second  dorsal,  but  the  outline  is  unfortunately  destroyed. 

T 2 


324 


SELACim. 


The  caiidal  fin  (c.)  is  also  imperfect,  but  evidently  large 
and  powerful.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3194.  Portion  of  a vertebral  column,  comprising  about  twenty- 
eight  centra,  with  shagreen  and  a dorsal  spine. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

P.  3195.  Series  of  thirteen  vcrtebruc.  Ennisicillen  Coll. 

P.  1299.  Series  of  about  twenty-nine  vertebrm.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  3191.  Anterior  dorsal  fin-spine,  figured  by  Egerton,  loc.  cit. 

pi.  vii.  fig.  3,  and  said  to  pertain  to  another  fossil  in  the 
Enniskillen  Collection  not  now  identifiable,  unless  it  bo 
No.  P.  3194,  inaccurately  described.  Ennisicillen  Coll. 

P . 1298.  A larger  remarkably  straight  dorsal  spine.  Egerton  Coll. 

47463.  A complete  spine,  unabraded,  long  and  straight. 

Purchased,  1876. 


Palseospinax  egertoni,  sp,  nov. 

1873.  Palceospina.i:  (?),  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Figs.  & Descrip.s.  Brit.  Organic 
Remains  (Mom.  Cool.  Suit.),  doc.  xiii.  no.  vii.  p.  3. 

figpe.  Crushed  head,  teeth,  and  vertebras  ; British  Museum. 

Ihe  unique  specimen  mentioned  below  may  bo  referred  with 
much  probability  to  the  genus  Palceospina.z,  and  indicates  a larger 
species  than  P.  priscus,  characterized  by  the  relatively  greater 
breadth  of  the  median  cone  in  the  anterior  teeth,  and  the  smooth- 
ness of  the  shagreen-granules,  of  which  the  margins  are  sometimes 
so  much  indented  as  to  give  them  a stellate  appearance. 

Form.  Loc.  Lower  Lias : Wiirtomberg. 

P.  1132.  A vertically  crushed  head  and  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
vertebral  column,  with  shagreen,  a few  prehensile  teeth, 
and  a displaced  cartilage,  to  bo  regarded  either  as  the  left 
mandibular  or  ceratohyal ; Ohraden,  Wiirtemberg.  The 
head  must  have  been  originally  at  least  0-075  in  length, 
and  the  snout  is  obtusely  rounded.  The  anterior  teeth 
are  quite  smooth,  showing  only  the  slightest  traces  of 
vertical  wrinkles  at  the  base,  and  the  median  cone  is  rela- 
tively broad,  gradually  tapering  to  a very  sharp  point ; a 
single  prominent  broad  lateral  denticle  occurs  on  each 
side.  The  shagreen-granules  are  largest  towards  the  end 
of  the  snout,  smooth,  and  more  or  less  quadrate,  but  often 
deeply  indented  on  two  or  more  borders,  thus  assuming 


CESTRACIONIID^. 


325 


an  almost  stellate  appearance.  On  the  right  side,  imme- 
diately behind  the  head,  four  or  five  faint  transverse 
grooves  in  the  shagreen-investment  appear  to  mark  the 
gill-slits,  diminishing  in  size  backwards.  Egerton  Coll. 

A fragmentary  example  of  Paloeosphmx  from  the  Lias  of  Holz- 
maden,  Wiirtemberg,  now  in  the  Stuttgart  JTuseum,  seems  to  differ 
from  both  of  the  described  species.  Detached  teeth  and  dorsal  fin- 
spines  of  an  undetermined  species  have  also  been  discovered  in  the 
Rha;tic  of  HolweU,  Frome,  Somersetshire  (iloore  Collection,  Bath 
Museum). 


Genus  SYNECHODUS,  A.  8.  Woodward. 

[Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  vol.  x.  1888,  p.  288.] 

A genus,  so  far  as  known,  scarcely  differing  from  Pahxospinax 
except  in  its  higher  degree  of  specialization.  The  pterygo-quadrate 
cartilage  in  the  adult  is  directly  connected  with  the  cranium  by  a 
postorbital  articulation',  and  the  vertebr®  are  distinctly  astero- 
spondylic.  Jfone  of  the  teeth  have  less  than  two  lateral  denticles, 
these  being  generally  numerous ; aU  are  in  part  delicately  striated, 
and  at  the  base  of  the  crown  the  ornament  is  often  reticulate. 

The  complete  dentition  of  one  jaw  of  the  type  species  of  this 
genus  is  made  known  b)'  a fine  fossil,  from  the  Chalk  of  Sussex, 
preserved  in  the  collection  of  Henry  Willett,  Esq.,  Brighton  Mu- 
seum. About  140  teeth  are  displayed  in  their  natural  relative 
positions ; and  the  specimen  is  shown,  of  twice  the  natural  size,  in 
the  accompanying  woodcut  (fig.  12),  with  the  first  and  second  teeth 
and  one  of  each  of  the  alteniato  succeeding  series,  still  further  en- 
larged separately.  There  are  eleven  dental  series  upon  either  ramus 
of  the  jaw,  each  of  those  posteriorly  placed  comprising  as  many  as 
eight  or  nine  teeth,  while  those  near  the  symph3-si8  have  not  more 
than  six.  There  is  no  median  sjmphj'sial  row  of  teeth,  and  the 
first  pair  (i.)  is  extremely  small.  In  the  latter  the  principal 
coronal  cusp  is  long  and  slender,  its  height  being  equal  to  the  entire 
width  of  the  tooth  ; and  there  arc  two  small  denticles  in  front  and 
one  behind.  The  teeth  of  series  ri . arc  nearly  four  times  as  wide 
as  those  of  no.  i.,  with  the  principal  coronal  cusp  still  very  pro- 
minent and  flanked  in  front  and  behind  by  three  large  denticles  and 
one  smaller  point,  of  which  those  behind  are  the  more  widely  spaced. 
The  teeth  of  series  in.  are  very  similar  to  those  of  no.  ii. ; but  in 
the  teeth  of  series  iiii.  and  v.  the  principal  cusp  rapidly  becomes 

' Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  188G,  p.  218,  pi.  xx.  figs.  1,  2. 


[Collection  of  Henry  W'illett,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  Brighton  Museum.] 


326 


SELACHIT, 


CESTBACIOXTIDai. 


327 


stouter  and  less  elevated,  and  there  are  five  denticles  in  front,  while 
only  three  or  four  can  be  distinguished  behind.  In  series  vi.  to  ix. 
the  size  of  the  teeth  only  gradually  decreases  backwards,  but  the 
principal  cusp  becomes  very  short  and  stout,  thus  more  resembling 
the  lateral  denticles,  which  arc  still  very  numerous  and  placed  well 
apart.  In  these  teeth  the  denticles  are  five  or  six  in  number, 
both  in  front  and  behind.  In  series  x.  the  teeth  are  only  about 
two  thirds  as  wide  as  those  of  no.  ix.,  while  those  of  series  xi.  are 
still  smaller  by  one  half  ; and  in  both  of  these  all  the  coronal  pro- 
niinenccs  have  become  insignificant,  though  yet  faintly  indicated  by 
a beaded  contour.  The  base  of  the  crown  in  all  the  teeth  is 
marked  by  fine  reticulating  wrinkles,  and  the  lower  portion  of 
the  coronal  cusps  is  often  vertically  striated. 

On  comparing  the  teeth  of  this  fossil  with  the  few  examples  of 
S.  duhritiensis  already  described,  one  important  difference  will  at 
once  be  noted.  Whereas  in  Mr.  Willett’s  specimen  the  most  an- 
terior teeth  are  very  small  and  delicate,  some  other  fossils  exhibit 
teeth  in  a corresponding  position  of  a very  large  and  robust  cha- 
racter, with  several  feebly-marked  denticles  on  each  side  *.  One 
specimen  noticed  below  (Jfo.  41673)  suggests  that  the  latter  per- 
tain to  the  upper  jaw ; and  in  that  case  the  Brighton  fossil  may 
represent  the  lower  dentition.  There  can  be  no  doubt,  indeed,  that 
the  two  types  belong  to  one  and  the  same  species ; hut  whether  the 
differences  in  the  anterior  teeth  depend  merely  upon  their  pertain- 
ing to  one  or  the  other  jaw,  or  whether  one  type  is  referable  to  the 
male  and  the  other  to  the  female,  remains  yet  to  bo  determined. 
The  present  writer  has  examined  no  specimen  in  which  the  small 
teeth  and  the  robust  teeth  occur  together. 

Synechodus  dubrisiensis  (Mackie). 

18C3.  Bybodtis  dubruiensis,  S.  J.  Mackie,  Geologist,  vol.  vi.  p.  241, 
pi.  xiii. 

1886.  Hyhodas  (?)  dubrisiensis,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 

p.  218,  pL  XX.  1 A 

1888.  Synechodus  dubrisiensis,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  GeoL  Assoc, 
vol.  X.  p.  288. 

1888.  Synechodus  dubrisiensis,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3] 
vol.  V.  p.  490,  woodcut. 

Type.  Jaws  with  dentition  ; British  Museum. 

Supposed  upper  anterior  teeth  robust,  the  coronal  surface  promi- 
nently striated  almost  to  the  apex,  and  the  lateral  denticles  three 

* Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1886,  pi.  xx.  fig.  3 a. 


328 


SELACHTT. 


or  four  in  number  and  small ; base-lino  of  crown  gently  arched. 

Supposed  lower  anterior  teeth  very  minute,  with  well-separated 

lateral  cusps. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Chalk  : Kent. 

36908.  Type  specimen,  described,  with  a very  imperfect  figure,  by 
llackie,  loc.  cit. ; Lower  Chalk,  Dover.  Farchased,  1862. 

41675.  Nearly  complete  mandibular  and  hyoid  arches,  with  a por- 
tion of  the  right  (?  upper)  dentition,  and  a few  teeth  on 
the  left,  described  and  figured  by  the  present  writer,  Proc. 
Zool.  8oc.  1886,  p.  218,  pi.  xx. ; Kent.  The  pterygo- 
quadratc  measures  about  0'075  in  length,  and  exhibits  a 
facette  for  a postorbital  articulation  with  tho  cranium; 
the  hyoid  arch  is  notably  slender.  An  anterior  tooth, 
probably  of  tho  upper  jaw,  is  shown,  of  three  times  tho 
natural  size,  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  17,  and  a posterior  tooth, 
similarly  enlarged,  in  fig.  20.  Touhnin  Smith  Coll. 

47287.  Fragments  of  cartilage  associated  with  shagreen  and  a few 
teeth  ; I.owor  Chalk,  Dover.  One  tooth,  representing 
about  tho  fourth  lateral  series,  is  shown,  of  three  times 
the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  18,  and  another,  of  about 
tho  sixth  series,  similarly  enlarged,  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  19. 
I ho  shagreen -granules  are  marked  by  prominent  ridges, 
terminating  in  a dcnticulateil  margin.  Gardner  Coll. 

41909.  Fragments  of  jaws,  with  a few  teeth,  mostly  of  tho  upper 
anterior  scries  ; (?)  Burham.  Mrs.  Smith's  Coll. 

49032.  Imperfect  remains  of  the  head,  pectoral  arch,  and  the  ante- 
rior half  of  tho  vertebral  column,  exposed  from  beneath, 
noticed  by  tho  present  writer,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1886, 
p.  223.  The  base  of  tho  cranium  exhibits  a longitudinal 
raised  line,  evidently  the  remains  of  the  primitive  invest- 
ment of  the  notochord  ; each  half  of  the  pectoral  arch  is 
long,  slender,  and  tapering  distally;  and  tho  vertobrm  are 
astorospondylic,  a few  being  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in 
PI.  XII.  fig.  6.  Mrs.  Smith's  Coll. 

43124.  Anterior  upper  tooth  ; Gravesend.  Weiherell  Coll. 

P.  4100.  Minute  anterior  upper  tooth,  doubtfully  referable  to  this 
species;  near  Margate,  Kent. 

Presented  hy  Sydney  C.  Cocleerell,  Esq.,  1 883. 

49960.  An  imperfect  aiitero-lateral  tooth,  doubtfully  referable  to 
S.  duhrisiensis ; Glyndo,  Sussex.  Caj^ron  Coll. 


CESTRACIONTID.®. 


329 


P.  1295.  Remains  of  a large  head,  the  pterygo-quadrate  cartilage 
originally  measuring  about  O' 11  in  length  ; Snodland, 
Kent.  Several  teeth  are  preserved,  and  only  differ  from 
those  of  S.  duhnsiensis  in  the  remarkable  smoothness  of 
their  coronal  surface ; the  shagreen-granules  resemble 
those  of  this  species ; and  the  fragmentary  cartilages  also 
exhibit  no  notable  differences.  It  thus  seems  probable 
that  the  fossil  pertains  to  S.  dubrisiensis,  and  indicates 
the  large  size  to  vehich  this  fish  sometimes  attained. 

Eijerton  Coll. 


S3mechodus  tenuis,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Detached  anterior  tooth,  shovrn  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  21. 

Coronal  cusp  of  the  largo  anterior  teeth  more  slender  and  pro- 
duced than  in  the  type  species,  the  superficial  wrinkles  less  conspi- 
cuous, and  apparently  confined  to  the  basal  portion  of  the  crown  ; 
base-line  of  the  crown  much  arched. 

Form.  Loe.  Xeocomian  : Kent. 

9297.  The  t5q)c  specimen,  shown,  of  three  times  the  natural  size, 
in  PI.  XI.  fig.  21,  and  two  less  perfect  teeth;  I.ower 
Greensand,  Maidstone.  Mantell  Cod. 

39218.  Tooth  ; Maidstone.  SowerbanJe  Coll. 


Synechodus  recurvus  (Trautschold). 

18/  7.  Sphmodus  recurxms,  II.  Trautschold,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
pt.  ii.  p,  3.3.5,  pi.  V.  fig.  4. 

Type.  Detached  anterior  tooth. 

The  specimens  mentioned  below  indicate  a large  species,  with  the 
teeth  of  the  anterior  half  of  the  jaw  so  similar  to  those  of  Syne- 
ehodvg  that  it  may  bo  provisionally  associated  with  this  genus. 
The  principal  cone  is  high  and  compressed,  and  all  the  lateral  cones 
slender,  pointed,  and  well  separated  ; superficial  ornament  confined 
to  short  vertical  wrinkles  at  the  base  of  the  crown.  The  base-line 
of  the  dental  crown  is  almost  straight,  and  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  flattened  root  crimped. 

If  the  generic  determination  be  correct,  the  most  posterior  teeth 
still  remain  unknown. 

Form.  Loc.  Cenomanian  : S.  Russia.  Gault : Kent. 

P.  6562.  Two  fragmentary  teeth  ; Cenomanian,  Saratov,  Russia. 

By  exchange,  1888. 


330 


sisLAcnii. 


47220  a,  47220  b.  Two  spccimoiis,  shown,  of  tho  natural  size,  in 
PI.  XI.  figs.  22,  23 ; Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  Goll. 

47220  C,  47220  d.  Two  smaller  teeth,  one  anterior,  one  from  tho 
side  of  the  jaw  ; Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  Goll. 

39219.  Tooth  as  largo  as  tho  typo  speeimens,  but  less  olovatod  and 
reforablo  to  a more  posterior  situation  in  tho  jaw  ; Gault, 
Folkostono.  Bowerhanh  Goll. 

Synechodus  sulcatus  (Davis). 

1888.  Odontaepis  aidcata,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soo.  [2] 
vol.  iv.  p.  25,  pi.  V.  figs.  11-13. 

1888.  Synechodus  sulcatus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mng.  [3]  vol.  v. 
p.  409. 

Type.  Detachod  toeth  ; Colonial  Museum,  Wellington,  New  Zea- 
land. 

A species  known  only  by  tho  lateral  teeth,  which  are  much  com- 
pressed. The  cones  are  well  separated,  each  having  a broad  base 
and  an  elongated  slender  extremity ; and  tho  lower  half  in  all  is 
marked  by  a few  widely-spaced  vertical  wrinkles. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Cretaceo-Tertiary  (Black  Grit  Scries)  : Amuri  Bluff, 
New  Zealand. 

P.  2314.  Imperfect  dental  crown.  By  exchange,  187d. 

Undetermined  species  of  Synechodus  are  indicated  by  tho  follow- 
ing teeth ; — 

48954.  Anterior  tooth,  measuring  0-008  from  side  to  side,  and  half 
of  a tooth  of  corresponding  size  from  the  middle  of  tho 
ramus  of  the  jaw ; Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  The  teeth  are 
very  suggestive  of  S.  dubrisiensis,  but  are  distinguished  by 
the  breadth  and  compression  of  the  lateral  denticles. 

Bayfield  Goll. 

P.  5846.  A still  larger  anterior  tooth,  measuring  0-009  from  side  to 
side,  differing  from  tho  foregoing  in  its  much  greater  height 
and  the  smoothness  of  the  coronal  surface ; Upper  Chalk, 
Norwich.  Presented  by  B.  B.  Woodward,  Esq.,  1888. 

48953.  Anterior  tooth  much  resembling  that  of  S.  recurvus,  but 
somewhat  larger,  and  with  the  lateral  cones  more  di- 
vergent ; shown,  of  tho  natural  size,  in  PI.  XII.  fig-  7 ; 
Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  Bayfield  Goll. 

P.  5847.  A loss  perfect  similar  tooth;  Upper  Chalk,  Norwich. 


CESTKACIONTIDiE. 


331 


P.  5834.  Imperfect  small  tooth ; Craie  phosphatee,  Ciply,  near 
Mens,  Belgium. 

Presented  hy  Mens.  A.  Houzeau  de  Lehaie,  1888. 

Sereral  teeth  of  Synechodus,  from  the  Lower  Pliinerkalk  of  Weiss- 
kirchlitz,  Bohemia,  have  been  described  by  A.  E.  Reuss,  Yerstein. 
bbhm.  Kreideform.  pt.  ii.  1846.  They  have  received  the  Mowing 
seven  names,  but  cannot  be  regarded  as  representing  so  many 
species: — Hybodus  bronnii  (p.  97,  ph  xxiv.  fig.  26,  pi.  xlii.  fig.  7); 
S.  dispar  (p.  98,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  27,  28) ; H.  gracilis  (p.  98,  pi.  xxi. 
figs.  12,  13);  H.  polyptychus  (p.  97,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  9,  10);  II.  regu- 
la,ri$(p.  98,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  11);  H.  serratus  (p.  98,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  14, 15); 
and  II.  Unuissimus  (p.  98,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  16, 17).  Of  all  of  these, 
figures  arc  also  given  by  A.  Fritsch,  Kept.  u.  Fischo  bbhm.  Kreide- 
form.  1878,  p.  6,  figs.  7,  8 (woodcuts),  p.  13,  figs.  28-32  (woodcute)  ; 
and  II.  gracilis  is  noticed  by  C.  E.  Fischer,  Allg.  deutsch.  Naturh. 
Zeitung,  n.  s.  vol.  ii.  (1856),  p.  140,  pi.  ii.  fig.  35.  II.  regularis  and 
II.  gracilis  are  considered  to  be  the  young  of  “ Otedus  sulcatus 
by  H.  B.  Geinitz,  Palaeontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  i.  (18/5),  p.  294,  and  by  A. 
Fritsch,  o^j.  cit. 


Genus  CESTRACION,  Cuvier. 

[Eegne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  129.] 

Syn.  Heterodontus,  A.  D.  de  Blainville,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1816,  p.  121  *. 

Tropidodus,  T.  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1862,  p.  489. 

Oyropleurodtis,  T.  Gill,  foe.  dt.  p.  489. 

Drepanephorus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Figs.  & Descrips.  Brit.  Organic 
remains  (Mem.  Geol.  Surv.  1872),  dec.  xiii.  no.  ix. 

Body  moderately  elongated ; the  first  dorsal  fin  opposite  to  the 
space  between  the  pectorals  and  pelvics,  the  second  in  advance  of 
the  anal.  Month  terminal  or  nearly  so.  Dentition  (fig.  13),  spe- 
cialized ; the  anterior  teeth  small,  numerous,  cuspidate,  generally 
■with  at  least  one  pair  of  lateral  denticles ; principal  teeth  without 
cusps,  but  relatively  broad  and  flattened,  having  a slight  longitudinal 
keel  and  a more  or  less  reticulate  ornamentation.  Dorsal  fin-spines 
smooth,  the  sides  covered  with  a dense  layer  of  ganoine ; posterior 
denticles  absent.  Shagreen  fine ; no  cephalic  spines ; no  lai^ 
dermal  hooks  upon  the  claspers  of  the  male.  Yertebrae  well  deve- 
loped, asterospondylic. 

This  name  being  prior  to  Cesiracion,  it  is  frequently  employed  in  syste- 
matic works ; it  Ls,  however,  preoccupied  by  Heierodon,  Palisot  de  Beauvois  (in 
lAlreille,  Bept.  vol.  iv.  1800,  p.  32),  applied  to  a recent  Ophidian. 


332 


SELACmi. 


The  jaw  shown  in  the  accompanying  woodcnt  (fig.  13),  is  some- 
times termed  upper  *,  and  sometimes  lower  In  his  latest  remarks 
upon  the  subject,  Sir  llichard  Owen  states  that  it  represents  the 
lower  dentition,  which  differs  from  the  upper  in  the  presence  of  an 
uzygous  series  of  syraphysial  teeth.  So  far,  however,  as  the  present 
writer  has  had  the  opportunity  of  observing,  this  character  is  not 
constant. 


Jaw  of  Cestracio>i  philipj/i. — Bocont. 

In  the  living  species  the  ptcrygo-qnadrate  cartilage  articulates 
with  the  preorhital  region  of  the  cranium,  but  it  is  impossible  to 
determine  whether  such  was  the  case  in  the  extinct  species  here 
referred  to  the  same  genus. 

Cestracion  falcifer,  Wagner. 

18-')2.  Cegtraciem,  F.  A.  Quenstodt,  Ilandb.  Potrefakt.  p.  178. 

1867.  Cestracion  falcifer,  A.  Wagner,  Gelehr.  Auz.  bay.  Akad.  Wiss. 
vol.  xliv.  p.  290. 

1803.  Acrodus  falcifer,  A.  Wagner,  Abh.  k.  bay.  Akad.  Wiss.,  niath.- 
phys.  Cl.  vol.  ix.  p.  301,  pi.  v.  fig.  1. 


‘ E.  Owen,  Paleontology,  2nd  edit.  (1801),  p.  127,  fig.  41. 
’ R.  Owen,  Gteol.  Mag.  vol.  vi.  (1869),  p.  196. 


CESTBACIOmiD^. 


333 


1882.  Acrodug  falcifer,  C.  Ilasse,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond. 

Theil,  p.  191,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  12-14,  pL  ixv.  figs.  15-21. 

1887.  Acrodtts  (?)  falcifer,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3J  toI.  iv. 
p.  104. 

1887.  Acrodue  falcifer,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Handb.  Palaeont.  vol.  iii.  p.  76, 
woodc.  fig.  72. 

Type.  Imperfect  skeleton,  with  dentition ; Palaeontological 
Museum,  Munich. 

Extremities  of  the  principal  lateral  teeth  rounded  or  acute ; 
coronal  surface  with  a longitudinal  keel,  and  the  superficial  markings 
feebly  reticulate. 

The  cuspidate  anterior  teeth  are  well  seen  in  the  type  specimen, 
though  not  distinctly  indicated  in  the  published  figure. 

form,  ^ hoc.  Lower  Kimmeridgian  (Lithographic  Stone) ; Ba- 
varia. 

38004.  Plaster  cast  of  tj’pe  specimen,  the  original  from  Solenhofen. 

Purchased,  1864. 

37014.  Imperfect  portions  of  the  skull  and  other  cartilages,  with 
the  vertebral  column  and  broken  dorsal  fin-spinca  of  a 
smaller  fish  about  0'29  in  length ; Solenhofen.  The  spe- 
cimen is  referred  to  Acrodus  by  C.  Hasse,  Neues  Jahrb. 
1883,  vol.  ii.  p.  66.  Mdherlein  Coll. 

The  following  dorsal  fin-spines,  from  the  Kimmeridge  Clay  of 
M eymouth,  probably  pertain  either  to  this  or  an  allied  species : — 

43287,  43567.  Two  short-  broad  spines,  the  exserted  portion  of  the 
largest,  when  perfect,  measuring  about  0‘025  in  length. 

Purchased,  1871,  1872. 

41878.  Much  smaller  narrower  spine.  Purchased,  1869. 


Cestracion  snlcatus,  sp.  nov. 

184.3.  Strophodus  sulcatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  voL  iii.  p.  176  (name 
only). 

Type.  Detached  teeth,  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XIII. 

figs-  11,  12. 

An  imperfectly  known  species,  the  coronal  contour  of  the  prin- 
cipal teeth  gently  rounded,  with  angular  or  abrupt  extremities  ; 
superficial  reticulations  very  coarse,  longitudinal  keel  generally 
indistinct,  sometimes  with  a furrow  on  one  side. 

Perm.  ^ Loc,  Cenomanian : Kent. 


334 


SKLACmi. 


25858.  Typo  specimens,  figured,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XIII. 

figs.  11,  12;  Upper  Greensand,  Maidstone.  Dixon  Coll. 

39217.  Two  teeth,  one  relatively  narrow  and  tapering  at  each  extre- 
mity ; Maidstone.  Bowerhmik  Coll. 

P.  2125.  Two  teeth  named  “ Strophod^is  sulcatus,”  in  Agassiz’s  hand- 
writing ; Maidstone.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2664.  Imperfect  abraded  tooth ; Maidstone.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 


Cestracion  canaliculatusy  Egerton. 

1850.  Cesiracion  eanaliculatm,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  in  Dixon’s  Foss.  Suss, 
p.  8C6,  pi.  xxxii.*  fig.  8. 

1850.  Acrodus  cretacMK,  F.  Dixon,  op.  cit.  p.  364,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  13. 

1853.  Cestracion  canaliculatus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc. 
Tol.  ix.  p.  281. 

1872.  Drepanephorus  canaliculatus,  SirP.  Egerton,  Figs.  & Descrips. 
Brit.  Organic  llemains  (Mem.  Geol.  Surv.),  dec.  xiii.  pi.  ix. 

1883.  Cestracion  canaliculatus,  C.  Ilasse,  Neues  Jahrb,  vol.  ii.  p.  66. 

- 1887.  Drepanephorus  canaliculatus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3] 

vol.  iv.  p.  105. 

1888.  Drepanephorus  canaliculatus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc, 
vol.  X.  p.  200. 

Type.  Associated  teeth. 

Anterior  dorsal  fin-spine  placed  approximately  over  the  twenty- 
fifth  vertebra.  Extremities  of  the  principal  lateral  teeth  rounded, 
and  the  longitudinal  coronal  keel  in  these  raised  mesially  into  a low 
rounded  eminence  ; root  pierced  by  a large  oblique  perforation. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Senonian : S.E.  England. 

49735.  The  right  pterj-go-quadrate  and  mandibular  cartilages,  with 
the  anterior  extremity  of  the  left  mandibular,  preserved  in 
the  two  halves  of  a small  block  of  chalk ; Uiqier  Chalk, 
Guildford,  Surrey.  Though  much  crushed  and  broken, 
the  ptcrygo-quadrate  has  the  appearance  of  being  notably 
longer  than  the  mandibular.  A few  of  the  anterior  teeth 
are  displayed,  and  two  are  shown,  of  three  times  the 
natural  size,  from  the  posterior  and  anterior  aspect  respec- 
tively, in  PI.  XI.  figs.  24,  25  ; each  has  one  j)air  of  broad 
lateral  denticles.  Some  of  the  principal  lateral  teeth  of 
the  upper  jaw  also  occur  in  position.  Those  of  the  largest 
scries  (PI.  XI.  fig.  26)  measure  0'007  in  length,  and  those 
of  tho  series  immediately  behind  (PI.  XI.  fig.  26)  0’005  ; 


CESTEACI0STIDJ8. 


335 


the  teeth  of  the  Bcries  next  to  the  largest  in  front  are  also 
about  equal  in  size  to  the  latter,  and  then  follows  a still 
narrower  row,  the  teeth  (PI.  XI.  fig.  26)  measuring  0'003 
in  length.  A few  displaced  teeth,  with  an  irregular  orna- 
mentation, are  situated  near  the  anterior  extremity  of  the 
left  mandibular  ramus,  and  one  is  shown,  of  twice  the 
natural  size,  in  PI.  XI.  fig.  27.  Capron  Coll. 

49771.  Imperfect  remains  of  a small  head  preserved  in  the  two 
halves  of  a block  of  chalk ; Upper  Chalk,  Southeram  Pit, 
Lewes,  Sussex.  Capron  Coll. 

39060.  Fragments  of  cartilage  with  three  teeth ; (?)  Kent. 

Bowerbank  Coll. 

P.  1293.  Fragments  of  cartilage  and  about  three  teeth;  Bromlo}', 
Kent.  Egerton  Coll. 

49734.  Portion  of  a vertebral  column,  with  two  dorsal  fin-spines 
and  remains  of  cartilage  and  shagreen,  ascribed  to  tbis 
species  by  Sir  Philip  Egerton,  Mem.  GeoL  Surv.  loc.  cit. 
pi.  ix.  fig.  2 ; Upper  Chalk,  Glynde,  near  Lewes.  An 
anterior  tooth  of  C.  canallculatvs  is  artificially  attached  to 
the  specimen,  and  may  have  been  found  associated.  The 
first  dorsal  fin-spine  is  broken,  but  restored  in  Egerton’s 
figure,  and  is  not  so  much  curved  as  in  the  fossil  in  the 
Willett  Collection,  Brighton.  Capron  Coll. 

Cestracion  rngosns  (Agassiz). 

1839.  Acrodu*  rugoms,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  voL  iii.  p.  148,  pi.  xxii. 
figs-  28,  29. 

1887.  Brepanephonis,  A.  S.  'Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iv.  p.  103. 

1888.  BrepanephorvSj  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  GeoL  Assoc,  vol,  x, 
p.  290. 

'^ypf.  Detached  tooth ; Palax)ntological  Museum,  Munich. 

A larger  species  than  the  foregoing,  the  principal  teeth  moderately 

elevated  mesially,  and  the  extremities  sometimes  narrowed,  but 

either  abruptly  truncated  or  pointed. 

Form.  ^ ioc.  Senonian  : S.E.  England.  Danian : Holland. 

4166.  Nearly  perfect  tooth,  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XI. 

fig.  29  ; Lewes,  Sussex.  ManUll  Coll. 

P-  323.  A smaller  narrower  tooth ; Charing,  Kent. 


Harris  Coll. 


336 


SELACHII. 


Undetermined  species  of  Gestracion  are  also  indicated  by  the 

following  teeth : — 

47293  a.  A very  small  tooth,  and  another  shown  of  the  natural  size 
in  PI.  XI.  fig.  28  ; Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 

28718.  Two  comparatively  narrow  teeth  much  raised  raosially ; 
Danian  Beds,  Ciply,  near  Mens,  Belgium. 

Purchased,  1853. 

P.  5836.  Small  tooth;  Ciply. 

Presented  hy  Mom.  A.  Ilouzeau  de  Lehaie,  1888. 

43136.  Narrow  tooth,  0'012  in  length,  with  a prominent  longitudinal 
keel  and  obtusely  angulated  extremities ; London  Clay, 
Uighgato  Archway.  Wetherell  Coll. 

Tho  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  dctaclied  teeth, 

but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

Gestracion  dupmiti,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  klus.  Tcylcr,  vol.  iv. 
(1870),  p.  17,  pi.  ii.  figs.  1-3. — Bruxcllian  Eocene ; Bel- 
gium. 

Gestracion  polydictyos : Acrod,us  polydietyos,  A.  E.  lleuss,  Verstein. 
bbhm.  Kreideform.  ]it.  ii.  (1846),  p.  !>7,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  1-8  ; 
C.  E.  Fischer,  Allg.  deutech.  Naturh.  Zoitung,  n.  s.  vol.  ii. 
( 1856),  p.  139,  pi.  ii.  figs.  29, 30 ; 11.  B.  Geinitz,  Pala;ontogr. 
vol.  XX.  x>t.  i.  (1875),  p.  296,  iil,  Ixiv.  fig.  23;  A.  Fritsch, 
Kept.  u.  Fische  bbhm.  Kreideform.  (1878),  p.  16,  woodc. 
fig.  39.  IJrepanephorus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Gcol.  Mag.  [3] 
vol.  iv.  (1887),  p.  103. — Cenomanian  and  Turonian ; Saxony 
and  Bohemia. 

The  following  dorsal  fin-spines  are  referable  in  part  to  Gestracion 

and  in  part  to  Synechodus : — 

47122.  Small  spine;  Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 

P.  3199.  Two  largo  imperfect  specimens ; Upper  Grcens.and,  Jlaid- 
stone.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

35160.  Five  fragments  : Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Purchased,  1859. 

P.  5888.  Two  fragments ; Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

P.405.  Smaller  spine ; (?)  Lower  Chalk,  Dover. 

Presented  hy  the  Earl  of  Dude,  1881. 


cESTKACiojinDa;.  337 

19830.  Imperfect  spine ; Lower  Chalk,  Dover.  Purchased, 

47921.  Short  broad  spine ; Chalk,  Maidstone. 

Presented  hy  the  Hon.  Eohert  Marsham,  1877. 

P.  325.  Three  fragments ; Chalk,  Hart  Hill,  Charing,  Kent. 

Harris  Coll. 

49736.  Imperfect  large  spine,  with  four  vertebrae  ; Upper  Chalk, 
Guildford.  Capron  CoU. 

4041,  4080,  4084-5,  4103.  Five  examples  described  and  figured  by 
Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1837),  p.  62,  pi.  x.6.  figs.  8, 
10-14,  under  the  name  of  Spinax  major ; L’^pper  Chalk, 
Lewes.  Mantell  Coll. 

P.  1294.  Nearly  complete  arched  spine;  Chalk,  Sussex. 

Egerton  Coll. 

48949.  Small  narrow  spine,  incomplete;  U.  Chadk,  Norwich. 

Bayfield  CoU. 

48949  a.  Narrow  spine,  not  much  curved,  worn  or  broken  at  the 
• extremity ; Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  Bayfield  Coll. 

P.  4921.  Large  much-curved  spine,  associated  with  a series  of  thirty 
vertebrae ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Purchased,  1885. 

Similar  dorsal  fin-spines  have  also  been  described  and  figured 
from  the  Cretaceous  of  Saxony  (H.  B.  Geinitz,  Charact.  Schicht. 
u.  Petrefakt.  Siichs.  Kreidegeb.,  Nachtr.  1843,  p.  5,  pi.  iv.  fig.  4 ; 
also  Palaeontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  ii.  p.  211,  pi.  xl.  figs.  36-38);  but 
the  so-called  Spina.v  maryinatus  and  S.  rotundatus,  A.  E.  Bcuss 
(Verstein.  bohm.  Kreideform.  pt.  i.  1845,  p.  8,  pi.  iv.  figs.  10,  11, 
13,  14),  from  the  Turonian  of  Bohemia,  are  Teleostean  teeth. 

The  following  imperfect  series  of  vertebrae  may  also  perhaps  be 
referable  to  Synechodus  or  Cestracion  : — 

4110.  Series  of  about  forty  much-broken  vertebrae,  referred  to  Spinax 
major  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xl.  a.  fig.  6 ; Chalk,  Lewes. 

Mantell  Coll. 

38114.  Chain  of  small  vertebrae,  with  traces  of  cartilage  and  sha- 
green ; Lower  Chalk,  Dover.  Purchased,  1864. 

48079.  Series  of  much  larger  broken  vertebrae,  with  remains  of  the 
• head,  pectoral  arch,  aind  pelvic  arch,  with  claspers ; Lower 

CKalk,  Dover.  Gardner  Coll. 

P.  4326.  Short  chain  of  vertebrae ; Lower  Chalk,  Kent. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


z 


338 


SJ5LACIIII. 


The  following  “genera”  and  “species”  may  possibly  be  founded 
upon  the  anterior  teeth  of  undetermined  Ccstraciontidoo,  but  their 
systematic  position  is  uncertain ; — 

Dorutodus  triempidatm,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Coes. 
Lcop.-Car.  vol.  xxix.  no.  9 (1801),  p.  10,  pi.  i.  figs.  28-37 ; 
H.  Eck,  Form.  bunt.  Sandst.  u.  Muschelk.  Oberschlesicn 
(1805),  p.  01;  and  E.  E.  Schmid,  Abh.  Geol.  Specialk. 
Preussen  u.  Thiiring.  Staaten,  vol.  i.  pt.ii.  (1874),  p.  50. — 
Keupor,  Germany. 

Oomphodus  agasgizii,  A.  E.  Eeuss,  Verstcin.  bohm.  Kreideform. 
pt.  ii.  (1840),  p.  99,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  22-25  ; A.  Fritsch,  Kept, 
u.  Fische  bohm.  Kreideform.  (1878),  p.  10,  woodc.  fig.  20. 
— Cenomanian  ; Bohemia. 

The  following  specimens  in  the  Collection  are  referable  to  the 
latter  “ genus  ” : — 

41702.  Complete  tooth  ; Chalk,  Gravesend,  Kent. 

Toulmin  Smith  Coll. 

P.  334.  Two  teeth ; Chalk,  Charing,  Kent.  Harris  Coll. 


Family  SCYLLIID^. 

Dorsal  fins  without  spines,  the  first  situated  above  or  behind  the 
pelvic  fins.  No  nictitating  membrane.  Teeth  small,  several  series 
being  generally  in  function. 

Genus  P .AXj./Lj030YX«LIXJiy[^  Wagner. 

[Golehr.  Anz.  bay.  Akad.  Wiss.  vol.  xliv.  1857,  p.  291.] 

First  dorsal  fin  above  or  partly  behind  the  pelvics  ; origin  of 
second  dorsal  in  advance  of  the  anal,  which  is  small.  Tail  of 
moderate  length.  [Teeth  unknown,  but  probably  minute.] 

As  pointed  out  by  Wagner,  the  arrangement  of  the  fins  in  this 
genus  is  suggestive  of  Oinglymostoma ; and  Hasso  describes  * the  ver- 
tebral column  as  indistinguishable  from  that  of  Scylliwm. 

Palseoscylliuin  formosiunj  Wagner. 

1857.  Palccoscyllium  formosum,  A.  W'^agner,  Gelehr.  Anz.  bay.  Akad. 

Wiss.  vol.  xliv.  p.  291. 


* Natiirl.  Syst.  Ela.smobr.,  Besond.  Tbeil,  p.  252,  pi.  xxxiv.  fig.  27. 


SCrLLITD.E. 


339 


1863.  Pataoscyttium  formosum,  A.  Wa(fner,  Abb.  k.  bay.  Akad.  Wiss., 
math.-phys.  Cl.  vol.  ix.  p.  280,  pi.  v.  fig.  2. 

1882.  ScyUium  catulta,  C.  Has.«e  (?/o»  lAnn.),  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr., 
Besond.  Theil,  p.  2-52,  pi.  xxxiv.  fig.  27. 

1887.  Palaoscyllhtm,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Ilandb.  Pateont.  vol.  iii.  p.  79. 

Type.  Trunk  of  fish  ; Munich  Museum. 

The  type  species  attaining  a length  of  about  0'4.  Pelvic  fins 
completely  beneath  the  first  dorsal ; anal  fin  beneath  the  hinder 
portion  of  the  second  dorsal. 

Form.  ^ Loc,  Lower  Kimmeridgian  (Lithographic  Stone) : Bavaria. 


Palaeoscyllium  minas,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Nearly  complete  fish;  British  Museum. 

Pectoral  fins  relatively  large.  Origin  of  pelvic  fins  in  advance  of 
the  first  dorsal ; anal  completely  behind  the  second  dorsal. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Kimmeridgian  (Lithographic  Stone)  : Bavaria. 

B.  5541.  Type  specimen,  figured,  of  two  thirds  the  natural  size,  in 
PI.  XVI.  fig.  4 ; Eichstadt.  The  fish  is  almost  complete, 
though  in  some  parts  indistinctly  preserved.  The  snout 
appears  to  be  very  obtuse,  and  the  cranial  cartilage,  so 
far  as  observable,  presents  no  features  worth)'  of  note. 
No  teeth  can  be  distinguished,  and  the  cartilages  of  the 
jaws  are  crushed  and  fragmentary.  The  vertebral  column 
is  almost  complete  and  consists  of  about  100  centra.  Of 
the  paired  fins,  the  pectorals  appear  to  have  been  very 
large,  the  length  equalling  that  of  the  head ; and  the 
pelvic  fins  also  attain  to  considerable  proportions,  one 
being  well  shown  and  exhibiting  several  stout  cartila- 
ginous rays.  MTien  pressed  to  the  side  of  the  trunk  the 
pectorals  extend  to  the  base  of  the  pelvic  fins  ; and  oppo- 
site a point  immediately  behind  the  origin  of  the  latter 
the  first  dorsal  arises.  The  dorsal  fins  are  nearly  equal  in 
size,  triangular  in  form,  and  separated  by  an  interval  only 
half  as  long  as  the  base-line  of  either.  The  anal,  so  far  as 
preserved,  is  extremely  small,  and  placed  completely  be- 
hind the  second  dorsal ; and  the  caudal  fin  immediately 
follows,  with  an  indication  of  an  inferiorly  notched  ex- 
tremity. The  body  is  covered  with  fine  dense  shagreen, 
the  granules  being  mostly  quadrate,  with  rounded  angles, 
but  sometimes  distinctly  spinous.  By  exchange,  1888. 


340 


SELACHII. 


Genus  SCYLLIUM,  Cuvier. 

[Etgne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  124.] 

Syn.  Thydlina,  I,.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  184.3,  p.  378. 

Scylliodus,  L;  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  377  (in  part). 

First  dorsal  fin  above  or  behind  the  pelvics  ; origin  of  anal  always 
in  advance  of  that  of  the  second  dorsal.  Upper  edge  of  the  caudal 
fin  not  serrated.  Tooth  small,  delicate,  with  a middle  longer  cusp, 
and  generally  one  or  two  small  lateral  cusps,  arranged  in  numerous 
series. 

Scyllium  angustum  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Thydlina  anymta,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss,  vol,  iii.  p.  378,  pi.  xxxix. 
fig.  3. 

1873.  Thydlina  anguata,  W.  von  der  March,  Palajontogr.  vol.  xxii.  p.  64, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  6,  7. 

1882.  Scyllium  catulm,  C.  Hasse  {non  Linn.),  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr., 
Besond.  Theil,  p.  262. 

Type.  Fish,  wanting  head ; Woodwardian  Museum,  Cambridge, 
and  Munich  Museum. 

Pectoral  fins  large ; pelvic  fins  truncated  behind,  slightly  in 
advance  of  the  opposing  first  dorsal.  Second  dorsal  fin  larger  than 
the  first  dorsal,  and  also  much  larger  than  the  anal,  to  which  it  is 
almost  completely  opposed.  [Teeth  unknown.] 

This  species,  the  ty]Jo  of  Thyellina,  is  referred  to  Scyllium  by 
Ilasse  and  identified  by  him  with  S.  catulus  { — S.  cankula) ; the 
fossil  form,  however,  is  readily  distinguished  specifically  by  the 
character  of  the  fins. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Senonian):  Westphalia. 

Scyllium  antiquum  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Scylliodus  antiquus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  378, 
pi.  xxxviii.  figs.  1,  3 {non  fig.  2). 

Type.  Imperfect  head,  &c. ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  with  a very'  slender  coronal  emincnco,  and  a single  pair  of 
widely  separated  short  lateral  denticles.  Posterior  coronal  face  in 
most  of  the  teeth,  and  both  faces  of  the  crown  in  those  placed  at 
the  back  of  the  jaw,  vertically  striated. 

Form.  4"  Toe.  Turonian  : Kent. 

P.  472,  P.  5889.  Typo  specimen,  preserved  in  counterpart,  exhibit- 
ing remains  ot  the  head,  with  a few  scattered  teeth  and 
imperfect  vertebne ; Lower  Chalk,  Burham,  Kent.  A few 


SCTLUID^. 


341 


smooth,  leaf-shaped  shagreen-granules  are  to  he  observed ; 
but  the  structures  shown  in  fig.  4 of  Agassiz’s  plate  are 
the  calcified  tesserae  of  the  endoskeletal  cartilage. 

Egerton  and  EnnisknVen  Colls. 

Scyllium  dubium,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Group  of  teeth  ; British  Museum  (PI.  XVI.  figs.  7,  8). 

Teeth  with  an  extremelj’  slender  coronal  eminence,  having  two 
pairs  of  lateral  denticles,  the  inner  very  long,  slender,  and  curved, 
the  outer  smaller  and  at  a lower  level. 

Form.  Loc.  Turonian  : Kent. 

47288.  The  tj'pe  specimen,  being  a group  of  teeth  associated  with 
remains  of  cartilage  and  a vertebral  centrum ; Lower 
Chalk,  Dover.  Two  of  the  teeth  are  shown,  enlarged 
eight  times,  in  PI.  XVI.  figs.  7,  8.  Gardner  Coll. 

Scyllium  elongatum  (Davis). 

1887.  ThyeUina  elonyata^  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iii.  p.  473,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  2,  3. 

Type.  Xearly  complete  fish  ; Edinburgh  Museum. 

Teeth  slender,  erect,  with  one  pair  of  lateral  denticles ; those  of 
the  lower  jaw  much  larger  and  fewer  than  those  of  the  upper. 
Trunk  very  slender  and  elongated.  Pelvic  fins  immediately  in 
advance  of  the  first  dorsal.  Second  dorsal  much  larger  than  the 
first ; [anal  unknown]. 

The  known  specimens  do  not  attain  a greater  length  than  0'2o. 

Form.  Loe.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Senonian)  : Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

49521.  An  imperfectlj'  preserved  fish,  0*22  in  length.  The  head 
and  pectoral  fins  are  well  shown  in  outline ; also  a few 
teeth  of  both  jaws  in  position  (PI.  XVI.  fig.  o),  displaying 
the  characters  noted  in  the  diagnosis.  Farchased,  18  <8. 

P-  4775.  A nearly  complete  fish,  vertically  crushed  and  apparently 
much  flattened.  The  j)ectoral,  pelvic,  and  caudal  fins  are 
exhibited  ; and  indications  of  slender  conical  teeth  may  be 
observed  in  the  mouth.  Purchased,  1884. 

48104.  Anterior  portion  of  a more  typical  specimen. 

Purchased,  1887. 

49472.  Imperfect  young  individual,  showing  the  head,  pectoral,  and 
pelvic  fins.  Purchased,  1878. 


342 


SELACniI. 


Scyllium  curtirostre  (Davis). 

1887.  Thyellina  curtirostris,  J.  \V.  Davis,  Trans.  Koy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iii.  p.  475,  pi.  XV.  fiij.  1. 

Tyjte.  Incomplete  fish ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  of  lower  jaw  broad,  the  coronal  cusp  much  inclined  pos- 
teriorly, with  indistinct  lateral  denticles,  or  destitute  of  those. 
Pectoral  fins  of  moderate  size  ; [other  fins  imperfectly  known]. 

The  known  specimens  do  not  attain  a greater  length  than  0‘4. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Seuonian)  ; Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4022.  Typo  specimen,  described  and  figured  by  J.  W.  Davis, 
loc.  cit.  Ihirchased,  1833. 

49476.  A less  perfect  specimen,  probably  of  this  species,  0-338  in 
length.  Purchased,  1878. 

49471.  Imperfect  anterior  portion  of  trunk,  with  pectoral  fins. 

Purchased,  1878. 

Scyllium  (?)  tumidens,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Anterior  portion  of  fish ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  apparently  similar  in  both  jaws,  each  with  an  erect  prin- 
cipal cone  and  a single  pair  of  large,  slightly  divergent  lateral  den- 
ticles ; base  of  principal  cone  and  the  lateral  denticles  tumid  and 
marked  with  delicate  vortical  stria). 

Form.  Loe.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Senonian):  Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4777.  Type  specimen,  displaying  the  head  from  the  inferior 
aspect,  traces  of  about  thirty  anterior  vertebrae,  the  pec- 
toral arch,  and  the  right  pectoral  fin.  The  snout  is  very 
obtuse,  and  the  head  measures  0-047  in  length.  The 
teeth  are  numerous  and  relatively  small,  displaying  the 
characters  already  noted  in  the  specific  diagnosis,  and  one 
is  shown,  of  six  times  the  natural  size,  in  I’l.  XVI.  fig.  6. 
The  pectoral  fin  is  acutely  triangular,  with  a short  base  of 
insertion,  and  slender  basal  cartilaginous  rays. 

Purchased,  1884. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  npon  detached  teeth, 
bnt  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

Scyllium  acre,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879),  p.  171, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  27. — Molasso;  Baltriugeu,  Wiirtomberg. 


SOTIillD^. 


343 


Sq/llium  distans,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  170,  pi.  iii.  figs.  23-26. — 
Molusse ; Baltringen. 

Seyllium  yuitatum,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  171,  pL  iii.  figs.  28, 29. — 
lllolasse;  Baltringen. 

Seyllium  (Tachiardii,  11.  Lawley,  Kuovi  Studi  Pesci  etc.  CoUine 
Toscane  (1876),  p.  36. — Pliocene;  Tuscany. 

Seyllium  hauchecomei,  F.  lioetling.  Abb.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preussen 
u.  Thiiring.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 (1885),  p.  93,  pi.  v. 
fig.  5. — Upper  Eocene  (Zone  A,) ; Samland,  Prussia. 

Seyllium  paiduccii,  II.  Lawley,  op.  cit.  p.  36. — Pliocene ; Tuscany. 

Other  teeth  of  Seyllium,  from  the  Miocene  of  Herault,  are  noticed 
by  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Gen.  (1867-69),  p.  237,  pi.  xlvii.  fig.  8. 

A vertebra  from  the  Molasse  of  Baltringen  iS  also  assigned  to 
Seyllium  by  C.  Hasse,  Xatiirl.  Syst.  Ela-smobr.,  Besond.  Tbeil  (1882), 
p.  248,  pi.  xxxiii.  fig.  10  ; while  the  same  author  describes  vertebne 
of  the  type  of  Seyllium  catuhis  from  the  Oligocene  of  Palmnickeu 
(Paheontogr.  vol.  xxxi.  1884,  p.  7,  pi.  ii.  fig.  and  of  Seyllium 
edwardgi  from  the  Upper  Chalk  of  Dorking  {ibid.  p.  7,  pi.  ii.  figs. 
10,  11).  See  also  F.  Noetling,  loc.cit.  p.  96,  pi.  %"iii.  fig.  10. 

Of  very  doubtful  position  are  the  small  teeth  from  the  Pliinerkalk 
of  Bohemia  and  Saxon)',  described  under  the  following  names : 
Seyllium  crassiconum,  A.  E.  Keuss,  Yerstein.  bohm.  Kreideform.  pt.  i. 
1845,  p.  4,  pi.  ii.  figs.  21,  22,  pi.  xii.  fig.  11  (Jlybodus  appemlicu- 
latus,  A.  E.  Keuss,  Geogn.  Skizze  Bdbmen,  vol.  ii.  1844,  p.  219. 
Seylluxliig  crassieoiius,  H.  B.  Geinitz,  Palceontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  i. 
P.  295,  pi.  bcv.  fig.  8,  and  A.  Fritsch,  Kept.  u.  Fisebe  bohm.  Kreide- 
form. p.  1] . flg.  22. — Hyhodus  seeratug,  C.  E.  Fischer,  .411g.  deutseh. 
^"aturh.  Zeit.  n.  s.  vol.  ii.  1856,  p.  140,  pi.  ii.  fig.  36);  ScylUum 
humholdti  A.  E.  Keuss,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  4,  pi.  iv.  figs.  4-8  {Scyllio- 
dug  humholdti,  A.  Fritsch,  op.  eit.  p.  11,  fig.  21). 

The  preoccupied  term  Paheoscyllium  has  been  employed  by  W.  von 
der  Marck  for  a fossil  dog-fish  from  the  Senonian  of  Arenfeld, 
\V  estphalia,  the  generic  distinctness  of  which  from  Seyllium  yet 
remains  to  be  demonstrated.  The  species  is  named  P.  dechenP. 

It  is  also  not  improbable  that  the  teeth  described  under  the  fol- 
lowing names  belong  to  Seyllium  or  an  allied  genus  : — 

Triyonodus  minutus,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  v. 
(1880),  p.  81,  woodc.  figs.  4,  5. — Upper  Eocene;  Lim- 
bourg,  Belgium. 

Yerh.  natuph.  Yerein,  preuss,  Rheinl.  u.  Westphal.,  Jahrg.  xvii.  (1860), 

Corpespondenzbl.  p.  47  (name  only);  Palmontographica,  vol.  li.  (1863),  p.  07, 

pi.  Tiii.  figs.  0-9 ; yoL  IV.  (1868),  p.  289 ; iUd.  vol.  iiii.  (1873).  p.  65,  pi.  ii. 
fig.  0.  V F . 


344 


SELACHII. 


Trifjonodus  secundus,  T.  C.  Winklor,  he.  cit.  vol.  iv.  (1870),  p.  20, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  4,  5. — Bru.xollian  Eocene ; Brussels. 

Triffonorlns  tertius,  T.  C.  Winkler,  he.  oit.  vol.  iv.  (1876),  p.  21, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  6,  7. — Bnixellian  Eocene  ; Brussels. 

Lamna  triplex,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  ITandb.  Petrefakt.  3rd  edit. 
(1882),  p.  268,  pi.  XX.  figs.  26. — “Feuerstein;  Miirk- 
isebo  Gescbiebc.” 

Otodus  tricuspis,  L.  Agassiz,  Pois.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.  273, 
pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  28. — Lower  Miocene ; Wilhelmshbhe,  near 
Cassel. 

Orthodon  eondamyi,  II.  Coquand,  Beser.  Geol.  Dept.  Charente, 
vol.  ii.  (1860),  p.  126. — Upper  Cretaceous ; Charente, 
France. 

Genus  PRISTIURUS,  Bonaparte. 

[Faun.  Ital.  vol.  iii.  1841,  art.  131.] 

Dorsal  and  anal  fins  as  in  SeylUum.  A series  of  small  flat  spines 
on  each  side  of  the  upfier  edge  of  the  caudal  fin.  Snout  much 
elongated.  Teeth  small,  tricuspid. 

Pristiurus  hassei,  sp.  nov. 

1803.  NotidaniM  (jomip;),  A.  Wagner,  Abh.  k. bay.  Akad.  Wiss.,math.- 
phys.  Cl.  vol.  ix.  p.  296. 

1882.  Prisfiurur,  C.  llasse,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond.  Theil, 
p.  2.56,  pi.  XXXV.  figs.  46,  46. 

Type.  Nearly  complete  tish ; Palmontological  Museum,  Munich. 

A very  small  species,  distinguished  from  the  existing  P.  melano- 
stomus  by  the  relatively  greater  size  of  the  tail.  The  second  dorsal 
fin  is  situated  above  the  hinder  part  of  the  anal ; and  the  length  of 
the  tail  behind  the  second  dorsal  is  equal  to  that  of  the  trunk  in 
advance  ef  this  fin. 

Form. ^ Loc.  Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone):  Bavaria. 

33003.  Plaster  cast  of  t}'pe  specimen,  figured,  without  specific  name, 
by  C.  Hasse,  op.  cit. ; Eichstiidt.  The  snout  is  indicated 
as  being  very  obtuse,  and,  if  confirmed,  this  feature  will 
necessitate  a slight  modification  in  the  acce2>ted  definition 
of  the  genus.  Purchased,  1864. 

Genus  MESITEIA,  Kramberger. 

[Bad  Jugoslav.  Akad.  vol.  Ixxii.  1885,  p.  53.] 

First  dorsal  fin  above  or  behind  the  pelvios ; anal  fin  long.  Tail 


SCrLLIID^. 


345 


excessively  elongated,  ■without  dermal  scutes  or  spines  ; snout  pro- 
duced. Shagreen  absent'  or  very  delicate  ; lateral  line  supported  by 
a series  of  calcified  incomplete  rings.  Teeth  minute,  numerous, 
tricuspid. 


Mesiteia  saliel-alm  (Pictet  & Humbert). 

18C0.  Scylliitm  sahel-alintt,  Pictet  & Humbert,  Nouv.  Kech.  Poiss. 
Foss.  Mt.  Liban,  p.  Ill,  pi.  xviii.  tigs.  2-4. 

1887.  Scyllium  Mhel-almte,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iii.  p.  470,  pi.  XV.  fig.  3. 

1888.  “ fkyUium  ” sahel-alitue,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  p.  126. 

Typt-  Fish,  wanting  the  greater  portion  of  the  caudal  region ; 
Geneva  Museum. 

A sj>ecies  attaining  a total  length  of  about  0‘19.  Origin  of  the 
first  dorsal  fin  immediately  behind  the  pelvics,  the  latter  much  larger  - 
than  the  pectoral  fins.  Length  of  the  caudal  region  beyond  the 
pelvic  fins  about  four  times  as  great  as  the  space  between  the  pec- 
torals and  pelvics. 

In  placing  this  species  in  the  genus  Scyllium,  Pictet  and  Humbert 
employed  the  term  in  a very  wide  sense.  They  recognized  resem- 
blances to  Prigtlunis,  but  the  discovery  of  the  tail  now  determines 
the  generic  distinctness  of  the  fish. 

Perm.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Senonian)  : Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4778,  48107.  A nearly  complete  fish,  shown,  of  the  natural 
size,  in  PI.  XVI.  fig.  1,  and  partially  described  by  J.  IV. 
Davis,  loc.  eit.  The  counterpart  of  the  anterior  half  only 
is  preserved.  There  are  indications  of  the  production  of 
the  cranium  at  least  0‘017  in  advance  of  the  jaws  (m.), 
and  the  anterior  fontanelle  ( f.)  is  well  shown.  Fach 
mandibular  ramus  measures  about  O’Ol  in  length,  and 
numerous  minute  cuspidate  teeth  are  displayed.  Remains 
of  the  branchial  arches  (“  branchiostegal  rays,’  Davit) 
are  distinct  upon  each  side.  The  vertebne  are  longer 
than  deep,  much  constricted,  and  evidently  asterospondjdic 
in  structure ; there  are  slender  ribs,  and  in  the  caudal 
region  the  neural  aud  hmmal  arches  are  well  displayed. 
The  luemal  spines  are  long  and  narrow,  each  expanded 
distally  ; while  the  neural  spines  are  comparatively  small, 
alternating  with  the  intercalary  cartilages.  The  precise 
characters  of  the  jjectoral  arch  (pcf.)  cannot  be  determined  ; 
and  the  only  noteworthy  feature  in  the  pectoral  fins  is 
the  great  length  of  the  metapterygium,  which  bears  not 


346 


SELACHII. 


less  than  ten  cartilaginous  rays.  The  pelvic  arch  and  fins 
(plv.)  are  more  satisfactorily  preserved,  and  remarkable 
on  account  of  their  relatively  largo  size ; there  is  a dis- 
tinct prcpubic  process  {p.pb.),  and  the  hasal  pterygium 
of  the  fin  is  much  elongated,  hearing  not  less  than  sixteen 
robust  cartilaginous  rays.  The  first  dorsal  fin  (cV)  is  only 
seen  upon  the  counterpart  of  the  fossil,  hut  is  introduced 
into  the  figure  for  completeness.  It  is  situated  imme- 
diately behind  the  pelvics,  and  still  further  postcriorlj^  are 
a few  rays  of  another  small  median  fin(cf')  above  the  neural 
arches,  evidently  to  be  interpreted  as  the  second  dorsal. 
No  traces  of  the  anal  fin  can  be  discerned.  A few  im- 
pressions of  the  muscles  occur  in  the  abdominal  region  ; 
but  there  is  no  evidence  of  shagreen  upon  any  portion  of 
the  fossil,  and  the  only  external  dermal  structures  are 
some  of  the  series  of  calcified  rings  supporting  the  groove 
of  the  lateral  lino.  A portion  of  the  counterpart  is  en- 
larged four  times  to  sho  w the  latter,  in  PI.  XVI.  fig.  3(1.L), 
the  structures  having  already  been  described  by  the  present 
writer  (Proc.  Zool.  8oc.  1888,  p.  126). 

Purchased,  1878,  1884. 

46506,  49515.  Two  imperfect  specimens  ; a tooth  of  the  first  shown, 
of  twelve  times  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XVI.  fig.  2. 

Purchased,  1875,  1878. 

Mesiteia  emilise,  Kramberger. 

1885.  Mesiteiaemilice,'D.  Gorganovic  Kramberger,  Rad  Jugoslav.  Akad. 
vol.  Ixxii.  p.  64,  pi.  iii.  fig.  2 h 

Type.  Nearly  complete  skeleton  ; Geological  Museum,  University 
of  Agram,  Croatia. 

The  type  species,  somewhat  larger  than  M.  sahel-almce,  and  dif- 
fering in  the  relatively  larger  size  and  more  posterior  situation  of 
the  dorsal  fins. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Middle  Eocene  : Monte  Bolca,  near  Verona. 

Genus  CfHIiOSCYLLIXTlVI,  Muller  & Henle. 

[Syst.  Eesohreib.  Plagiostom.  1841,  p.  17.] 

First  dorsal  fin  above  or  behind  the  pelvic  tins ; the  anal  fin  far 
behind  the  second  dorsal,  and  very  close  to  the  caudal.  Teeth 
small,  triangular,  with  or  without  lateral  ousps. 

* A German  abstract  of  this  memoir  appeared  in  1886. 


BCTLLlIDi. 


347 


Chiloscyllium  fossile,  J.  Probst,  Wurtt.  Jahresh.  toI.  xxxv.  (1879), 
p.  171,  pi.  iii.  fig.  .30. — Molasse;  Baltringen,  Wiirtemberg. 

Genus  CROSSORHINUS,  MiiUer  & Henle. 

[Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiostom.  1841,  p.  21.] 

First  dorsal  fin  behind  the  pelvic  fins,  and  the  second  in  advance 
of  the  anal,  which  is  very  close  to  the  caudal.  Tail  short.  Head 
broad  and  flat,  with  lateral  appendages  of  skin  ; mouth  wide,  nearly 
terminal ; eyes  small ; the  spiracle  a wide  oblique  slit,  behind  and 
below  the  eye.  Teeth  comparatively  few  and  largo,  the  middle 
portion  of  the  anterior  coronal  face  extending  downwards  as  a pro- 
cess over  the  root.  Anterior  teeth  long,  slender,  subulate ; lateral 
teeth  less  elevated,  tricuspid. 

Some  of  the  teeth  are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  those  of 
Squattna,  and  no  fossil  examples  have  hitherto  been  recorded. 

A vertebra  from  the  “ Gault  ” (?  Cambri  dge  Greensand)  of  Cam- 
bridge is  supposed  to  belong  to  Crossorhirms  by  C.  Hasse,  Ifatiirl. 
Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond.  TheE  (1882),  p.  200,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  7-10. 

Genus  CANTIOSCYLLIUM,  nov. 

Syn.  8cyUiodu»,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  377  (in  part). 

Teeth  robust,  with  a broad  depressed  root,  flattened  and  scarcely 
divided  into  two  radicles.  Dental  crown  consisting  of  a single 
elevated  principal  cone,  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  small  lateral  cones ; 
the  anterior  coronal  face  produced  downwards  and  forwards 
raesially.  Vertebr®  large,  deep  and  short  in  the  abdominal  region. 

The  character  of  the  dentition  suggests  affinities  with  Oitujly- 
fnostoraa.  Before  any  teeth  had  been  exposed,  however,  the  type 
specimen  of  the  only  known  species  had  been  theoretically  associated 
■with  the  remains  of  a distinct  fish  (Scyllium  antiquum,  p.  340),  to 
form  a “ genus  ” named  ScylUodus. 

Cantioscyllium  decipiens,  sp.  nov. 

'^ype.  Head  and  anterior  portion  of  trunk  ; British  iluseum. 
Teeth  striated. 

Form.  ioc.  Turonian  : Kent. 

• 5890.  The  type  specimen,  consisting  of  the  imperfect  mandi- 
bular and  hyoid  arches,  pectoral  arch,  and  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  vertebral  column,  figured  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit. 
pi.  xxxviii.  fig.  2 (^ScylUodus  aniiquus) ; Lower  Chalk, 
Burham,  Kent.  Several  teeth  have  been  exposed  by  the 


348 


8ELACHII. 


removal  of  matrix  since  the  publication  of  the  original 
figure  and  description  ; and  these  exhibit  the  characters 
noted  in  the  foregoing  generic  and  specific  diagnoses. 

Enniskillen  Coll- 


Genus  GINGLYMOSTOMA,  Miillor  & Henle. 

[Syst.  Boschreib.  Plagiostom.  1841,  p.  22.] 

Syn.  Nebruis,  E.  IlUppell,  None  Wirbelth.  Abyssinien,  Fische,  1836, 

p.  02. 

Plicodus,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iii.  1874, 
p.  301. 

Awodohatis,  J.  Eeidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  viii. 
1877,  p.  250. 

First  dorsal  fin  above  or  partly  behind  the  pelvics  ; origin  of 
second  dorsal  in  advance  of  the  anal.  Teeth  robust,  with  a broad 
depressed  root,  flattonod  and  not  divided  into  two  radicles  ; anterior 
face  of  the  crown  much  larger  than  the  posterior,  produced  down- 
wards and  forwards  mesially,  the  trenchant  coronal  border  more  or 
less  coarsely  denticulated. 

Ginglymostoma  serra  (Loidy). 

1877.  Acrodohatis  serra,  J.  Loidy,  .iourn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2] 
vol.  viii.  p.  250,  pi.  xxxiv.  figs.  10-13. 

(?)  1877.  Acroduhatis  ohliquus,  J.  Loidy,  tom.  cit.  p.  250,  pi.  xxxiv.  fig.  14. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Median  cusp  of  dental  crown  narrow,  prominent ; lateral  serra- 
tions relatively  small  and  numerous  (about  7-9). 

Form,  if  Loc.  Eocene : South  Carolina,  Alabama,  and  (?)  New 
Jersey,  U.S.A. 

P.  1216.  T wo  teeth,  one  shown  of  the  natural  size  in  PI.  XVI. 

fig.  9 ; Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama.  Eyerton  Coll. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth, 
but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

Ouiylymostoma  minutam,  W.  Dames,  Neues  Jahrb.  1888,  vol.  ii. 
Eeforat.  p.  323.  Ilyhodus  minutus,  II.  Forir,  Ann.  Soc. 
Geol.  Belg.  vol.  xiv.  (1887),  p.  35,  pi.  ii.  figs.  2,  3. — • 
Danian  ; Maastricht,  Belgium. 

Ginylymostoma  ihielense,  F.  Noetling,  Sitzb.  Ges.  natiirf.  Fr.  Berlin, 
1886,  p.  14,  figs.  2,  3.  Plicodxis  ihielensis,  T.  C.  Winkler, 
Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iii.  (1874),  p.  301,  pi.  vii.  fig.  5 J 
ibid.  vol.  iv.  (1876),  p.  20. — Bruxellian  Eocene ; Belgium. 


LAMKID^. 


349 


Family  LAMNID^F. 

Dorsal  fins  without  spines,  the  first  situated  opposite  to  the  space 
between  the  pectoral  and  pelvic  fins.  No  nictitating  membrane. 
Gill-openings  generally  wide ; spiracles  minute  or  absent.  Teeth 
solid  when  completely  formed,  pointed,  and  in  most  genera  relatively 
large. 

Owing  to  the  considerable  variation  in  the  form  of  the  teeth  in 
difiTerent  parts  of  the  mouth,  the  satisfactory  determination  of  the 
extinct  s{>ecies  of  the  various  genera  of  Lamnidae  is  almost  impossible. 
The  following  arrangement  is  thus  in  a great  measure  provisional. 


Genus  ORTHACODUS,  nomen  nov. 

Syn.  L.  Agassiz  (non  Sphenodon,  Gray,  IS.*!!,  uec  Sphenodon, 

Lund,  1839),  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  288. 

An  extinct  genus,  known  only  by  detached  teeth,  and  provision- 
ally assigned  to  the  family  of  Lamnid®.  Each  tooth  consists  of  a 
slender,  erect,  more  or  less  compressed  crown,  placed  upon  the 
centre  of  the  anterior  margin  of  a horizontally  expanded  root.  The 
latter  is  not  forked  or  divided,  and  resembles  the  root  of  the  tooth 
in  Cladodus  and  certain  species  assigned  to  Hyhodxts. 

Orthacodns  longidens  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Lamna  {Sphenodus)  hngidens,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii. 
p.  298,  pL  ixxvii.  figs.  24-29. 

184C.  Sgualtts  phiUipgii,  C.  Rouillier,  BulL  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
pt.  ii.  pi.  B.  fig.  0.  (Name  given,  loc.  cit.  1847,  pt  i.  p.  .372.) 

18.32.  Oxyvhina  longideng,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  llandb.  Petrefakt.  p.  172, 
pl.  xiii.  fig.  11. 

1852.  Oxyrhina  macer,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  op.  cit,  p.  172,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  18. 

1852.  O.ryrhina  ornati,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  op.  cU.  p.  173,  pl.  xiii.  fig.  1.3. 

1858.  Oxyrhina  omaii,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  Der  Jura,  p.  467,  pl.  btiii. 
%•  5. 

(?)  18M.  Sphenodus,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  op.  cit.  p.  Ot‘2,  pl.  Ixxxi.  fig.  30. 

1858.  Oxyrhina  macer,  F.  A.  Quenstedt,  op.  cit.  p.  783,  pl.  xevi.  figs. 
45,  40. 

1800.  Sphenodus  macer,  H.  Trantschold,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
pt.  ii.  p.  356,  pL  viii.  figs.  23,  24. 

1861.  Sphenodus  macer,  H.  Trautschold,  Zeitschr.  deutsch.  geol.  Gesell. 
vol.  xiii.  p.  433. 

1861.  Sphenodus  longidens,  II.  T rautschold,  tom.  cit.  p.  433. 

1875.  Sphenodus  macer,  K.  Fricke,  Palseontocr.  vol.  xxii.  p.  394, 
pl.xxi.fig.21. 


350 


SELACHII. 


1876.  Sphenndm  lonyidens,  E.  Fiivre,  Fos.s.  Terr.  O.xford.  Alpes  Tribourg. 

(M(5m.  Soc.  Pal.  Suisse,  vol.  iii.),  pi.  ii.  fig.  2. 

Type.  Detached  dental  crowns  ; Munich  Museum  (in  part). 

The  typo  species,  of  moderate  size.  Dental  crown  narrow,  at- 
taining a maximum  height  of  about  0'03,  and  scarcely  sigmoidally 
curved ; inner  coronal  face  gently  convex,  outer  face  flat  or  slightly 
convex  ; cutting-edges  very  iwomincnt. 

0.  maeer  was  only  distinguished  by  Quenstedt  on  account  of  its 
occurring  at  a somewhat  higher  horizon  than  the  typical  teeth. 

Form,  (f"  hoc.  Oxfordian  : Bavaria  and  Wiirtembcrg.  Corallian  : 
Wiirtcmborg  and  Hanover.  Upper  Jurassic:  Government  of  Mos- 
cow, Russia. 

P.  1254-5.  Typical  dental  crown,  and  small  example ; Oxfordian, 
Rabenstein,  Bavaria.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  5753.  Three  small  dental  crowns;  Rabenstein.  Emiiskillen  Coll. 

P.  1256.  Small  dental  crown  ; Oxfordian,  Streitberg,  Franconia. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

22489,  22503,  22658.  Eight  dental  crowns  ; Corallian,  Schnaitheim, 
Wiirtemberg.  Purchased,  1848. 

P.  2370.  Dental  crown ; Schnaitheim.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

The  following  species  are  also  distinguished,  but  there  are  no 
examples  in  the  Collection : — 

Orihacodus  impressus,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Fauna  Aelt.  Ccphalopo- 
dcnfiihr,  Tithonbild.  (Suppl.  to  Palajontogr.,  1870),  p.  25, 
pi.  i.  figs.  3,  4 (Sphenodus). — Tithonian  ; Southern  Alps. 

Orthacodus  nitidns.  A,  Wagner,  Abh.  konigl.  bay.  Akad.  Wiss., 
math.-phy.s.  Cl.  vol.  ix.  (1863),  p.  290,  pi.  iv.  fig-  4 
{Sphenodus). — Lithographic  Stone  ; Bavaria. 

Orthacodus  titlionius,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Studi  Paleont.  Fauna 
Calc,  a Terehratula  janitor  N.  Sicilia,  pt.  i.  (1868—76), 
p.  8,  pi.  ii.  figs.  32-41  {Sphenodus). — Upper  Jurassic; 
Sicily. 

Orthacodus  viryai,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  8,  pi.  u- 
figs.  42-47  {Sphenodus). — Upper  Jurassic;  Sicily. 

To  this  genus  also  Quenstedt  (Handb.  Petrefakt.  3rd  edit.  1882, 
p.  271)  refers  the  Liassic  tooth  named  Lamna  liassica,  U.  Schou- 
bach  (Neues  Jahrb.  1863,  p.  166). 


LAMSID-E. 


351 


Somewhat  doubtfully  placed  in  this  genus  is  Hjihenodtu  gahau- 
diamu,  Pictet  (Foss.  Terr.  Xcocom.  Toirons,  pt.  iii.  (1858),  p.  50, 
pi.  vii.  figs.  9-11),  from  the  Xcocomian  of  Voirons,  apparently 
figured  under  the  name  of  <S.  salcniintis  by  P.  Gervais  (Zool.  et  Pal. 
Fran^.,  2nd.  edit.  p.  524,  pi.  Ixxvi.  figs.  9, 10) ; and  Ltiruna  {Sjtheno- 
dus)  plana,  Agassiz  (Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  298,  pi.  xxxvii. 
figs.  30-32),  from  the  Cenomanian  of  Switzerland,  is  probably  a true 
Lamna. 


Genus  SCAPANORHYNCHUS,  nov. 

Syn.  Rhinoynathug,  J.  W.  Davis  (non  Rhinognathug,  Fairmaire,  1873), 
Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iii.  1^7,  p.  480. 

Body  slender,  snout  much  elongated.  Second  dorsal  fin  small, 
placed  immediately  above  a long  anal.  Caudal  fin  much  elongated, 
interiorly  notched  near  the  extremity.  Teeth  with  a long  slender 
pnr.cipal  cusp,  and  mostly  with  a pair  of  minute  lateral  cusjis. 

This  genus  is  yery  imperfectly  defined  by  J.  W.  Davis  (foe.  ci’t.) 
under  the  preoccupied  name  of  Rhinognathus,  and  erroneously 
referred  to  the  Spinacid®. 

Scapanorhynchas  lewisii  (Davis). 

1887.  Rhimgnathug  lewigii,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iii.  p.  480^  p],  j;iv.  fig.  4. 

^ypt.  Imperfect  fish ; Edinburgh  Museum. 

Length  of  snout  in  advance  of  the  mouth  not  more  than  twice  as 
great  as  the  width  of  the  head  at  this  position.  Extent  of  the 
caudal  fin  nearly  equal  to  the  entire  length  of  the  trunk  in  advance 
of  its  origin.  Teeth  with  the  inner  face  of  the  coronal  cusp  promi- 
nently striated. 

dorm,  Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Senonian)  : Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

48099.  Imperfect  remains  of  the  head  and  a fragment  of  the  ante- 
rior portion  of  the  trunk,  with  indications  of  the  pectoral 
arch  and  fine.  A number  of  teeth  are  well  shown,  one 
being  drawn,  four  times  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XVII. 
fig-  6-  Purchased,  1877. 

49473.  Crushed  snout  and  head,  with  numerous  teeth  in  position,  a 
few  anterior  vertebrae,  and  the  left  pectoral  fin.  Two  of 
the  anterior  teeth  are  shown,  of  three  times  the  natural  size, 
from  the  inner  and  outer  aspects,  in  PI.  XVII.  figs.  4,  5. 

Purchased,  1878. 


352 


SELACIUJ. 


49474.  Head  and  brancliial  region,  shown,  of  two  thirds  the  natural 
size,  in  1‘1.  XVII.  fig.  2,  extending  somewhat  further  back- 
wards and  displaying  the  imperfect  pectoral  fins.  The 
intertrabccular  rostral  cartilage  is  prominent ; a few  cha- 
racteristic teeth  are  seen  ; and  there  are  distinct  remains 
of  some  of  the  branchial  arches  and  gill-clefts. 

Purchased,  1878. 

49475.  Imperfect  head,  with  the  snout  nearly  complete,  and  crushed 
remains  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  trunk,  with  the  left 
pectoral  fin.  A few  teeth  are  exhibited,  including  one  of 
the  hindmost,  shown,  of  four  times  the  natural  size,  in 
PI.  XVII.  fig.  7.  Purchased,  1878. 

49551.  A less  perfect  specimen,  exhibiting  several  teeth.  The 
lateral  aspect  of  the  crown  of  an  anterior  tooth  is  shown, 
of  three  times  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XVII.  fig.  3.  The 
posterior  face  of  the  crown  in  the  lateral  teeth  appears  to 
bo  smooth.  Purchased,  1878. 

P.  4020.  A nearly  complete  trunk,  imperfect  in  the  anterior  dorsal 
region,  shown,  of  two  thirds  the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XVII. 
fig.  1.  The  body  is  covered  with  a fine  dense  shagreen, 
and  this,  in  addition  to  the  fossilization  of  the  muscular 
tissues,  renders  the  outline  distinct ; the  fins,  however, 
seem  to  have  been  destitute  of  shagreen  towards  all  the 
free  margins,  except  the  anterior  one,  and  their  exact 
proportions  are  thus  not  detcnninable.  Most  of  the  ver- 
tebral centra  are  much  broken,  but  their  astcrospondylic 
character  is  evident,  and  in  the  abdominal  region  they  are 
deeper  than  long ; in  the  caudal  region  their  size  very 
gradually  diminishes  towards  the  posterior  extremity,  and 
above  the  inferior  lobe  of  the  caudal  fin  the  haemal  arches 
are  distinct.  The  small  second  dorsal  flu  {tP.)  is  completely 
opposed  to  the  anterior  half  of  the  much  elongated  anal 
{an.).  The  pelvic  fins  {plv.)  are  large,  atid  arise  about 
halfway  between  the  pectorals  {pet.)  and  the  anal ; and 
at  the  base  of  each  of  these  fins  a numerous  scries  of 
delicate  cartilages  is  distinguishable.  The  long  caudal  fin 
(c.)  is  well  preserved,  and  shows  very  distinctly  the  single 
inferior  notch  near  its  hinder  extremity. 

Purchased,  1883. 

48100-03.  Pour  imperfect  examples  of  the  trunk.  Purchased,  1877. 


LAMNID^. 


353 


Scapanorhjrnchus  elongatos,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Head  and  anterior  portion  of  trunk,  shown,  of  two  thirds 
the  natural  size,  in  PI.  XVII.  fig.  8. 

An  extremely  elongated  species.  Length  of  snout  in  advance  of 
the  mouth  not  less  than  three  times  as  great  as  the  width  of  the 
head  at  this  position.  Extent  of  the  caudal  fin  not  equalling  more 
than  one  half  the  entire  length  of  the  trunk  in  advance  of  its  origin. 
Teeth  with  the  posterior  face  of  the  coronal  cusp  prominently 
striated,  scarcely  differing  from  the  teeth  of  S.  lewisii. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous  (Senonian)  : Sahel  Alma,  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria. 

P.  4774.  Type  specimen,  mostlj'  shown,  of  two  thirds  the  natural 
size,  in  PI.  XVII.  fig.  8.  The  outline  of  the  slender  snout 
is  well  exhibited ; the  mouth  is  large ; the  vertebral  centra 
are  much  elongated;  and  the  body  is  covered  with  fine 
dense  shagreen.  Several  teeth  of  both  jaws  are  preserved, 
all  being  slender,  but  those  placed  near  the  symphysis 
possess  especially  high  and  narrow  crowns. 

Purchased,  1884. 

P.  4773.  An  imperfectly  preserved  fish,  0'645  in  length,  wanting 
aU  the  fins  except  the  caudal.  An  impression  of  the  inner 
face  of  an  anterior  tooth  shows  marks  of  the  character- 
istic striations ; and  the  vertebrae  are  distinctly  astero- 
spondylic,  most  being  longer  than  deep.  The  distance  from 
the  mouth  to  the  beginning  of  the  caudal  fin  is  about 
0-395 ; and  the  length  of  this  fin  is  approximately  0-19. 

Purchased,  1884. 

Scapanorhynchns  rhaphiodon  (Agassiz)’. 

184-3.  Lamna  (fidontaspis')  rhaphiodon,  L.  Aga.ssiz,  Poiss.  l-oss.  vol.  iii. 
p.  206,  pi.  xxxvii.  a.  figs.  12-10  (mm  fig.  1 1). 

- 1842.  Isunna  (Odontaspis')  rhaphiodon,  II.  U*  Geinitz,  Charact.  Schicht. 
u.  Petrefakt.  sachs.-bbhm.  Kreidegeb.  pi.  xvii.  figs.  13,  14. 


‘ To  this  species  also  H.  E.  Sauvage  (Bull.  Soc.  Gtol.  France,  [2]  vol.  viii. 
1880,  p.  457)  proTiaionally  assigns  Lanina  trigeri,  H.  Coquand  (Deseript.  Gcol. 

Depart.  Charente,  voL  ii.  1800,  p.  98).  The  dimensions  given,  if  correct, 
render  the  determination  doubtful. 

Very  similar  teeth,  from  tlie  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Xew  Jersey,  Texas,  Alabama, 
ansas,  and  Mississippi,  U.S.  A.,  are  described  under  the  name  of  Lamna  iexana, 
p-  Boemer,  Kreidebild.  von  Texas  (1852),  p.  29,  pi.  i.  fig.  7 ; see  also  J.  Lcidy, 
^P.  GeoL  Surv.  Teri-it.  vol.  i.  pt.  1 (1873),  p.  304,  pi.  xviii.  figs.  46-50,  and 
D.  D.  Cope,  Und.  vol.  u.  (1875)  p.  2%. 


354 


SELACHII. 


1S45  rliiipliiMlon,  A.  E.  Reiiss,  Verstein.  bohni.  Kroideform. 

pt.  i.  p.  7,  pi.  vii.  fig.  15,  pi.  .\ii.  fig.  3 (non  jd.  iii.  figs.  .34-36). 

1845.  Lcimna  plicatelki,  A.  E.  Keuss,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  7,  pi.  iii.  figs. 
37-44. 

18.50.  'Encliodus  Imlocyon,  II.  13.  Geinitz  (wonAgassiz),  Charact.  Schicbt. 
u.  Petrefalrt.  sachs.-bohm.  Kreidogeb.  2nd  edit.  p.  63,  pi.  xvii. 
figs.  13,  14. 

1860.  Odontaspis  r/iaphiodon,  F.  Dixon,  Fo.ss.  Sussex,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  .32. 

(?)  1864.  lamna  raph'odon,  V.  Kiprijauoli',  Dull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Mos- 
cou,  pt.  ii.  p.  392,  pi.  iii.  figs.  27-38  (in  part). 

1860.  Lamna plieafella,  C.  E.  Fischer,  Allg.  deutscb.  naturb.  Zeit.  n.  s. 
vol.  ii.  p.  142,  pi.  ii.  figs.  62,  63. 

1867.  Oayrhina  zippei?,  P.  GervaLs,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran^.  2nd  edit, 
pi.  Ixxvi.  fig.  14. 

(?)  1871.  Eiudmlm  striatus,  E.  von  Eicbwald,  Geogn.-Palajont.  Be- 
merk.  Ilalbinael  Manganiscblak,  p.  04,  pi.  iv.  figs.  1,  2. 

1872.  OdontaKpia  rJiapModon,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Bibl.  Ecnle  Ilautes 
Etudes,  vol.  V.  no.  9,  p.  .30,  pi.  i.  figs.  42-63. 

1873.  Enclwdus  aerratva,  F.  Stoliczka  {non  Egerton),  Cret.  Fauna 
S.  India,  (Pal.  Tnd.)  vol.  iv.  pt.  4,  p.  00,  pi.  xii.  fig.  41. 

1876.  Lamna  raphiodon,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  Palroontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  i. 
p.  296,  pi.  Ixv.  figs.  9-11. 

1878.  Lamna  atnola,  St.  Zarecznego,  Sprawozd.  Koraisyi  Fizyjograt. 
Galicyl,  vol.  xii.  p.  (204),  pi.  viii.  fig.  6. 

1878.  LMmna  stiiatella,  St.  Zarecznego,  tom.  cit.  p.  (205),  pi.  viii. 

fig.  10. 

1878.  Lamna  rhaphiodon,  A.  Fritscb,  Kept.  u.  Fisclie  bblim.  Kreide- 
form.  p.  10,  woodc.  fig.  17. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

A larger  species  than  cither  of  the  foregoing,  known  only  by  the 
dentition.  Inner  coronal  face  prominently  striated.  Anterior 
teeth  without  lateral  denticles ; postcro-lateral  teeth  w'ith  a single 
pair  of  sharp  denticles. 

Form.  Loc.  Cenomanian:  Russia  and  Galicia.  Cenomanian  and 
Turonian  : Franco,  Saxony,  and  Bohemia.  Cenomanian — Senonian  : 
S.  England.  U.  Cretaceous  : S.  India  and  Manganiscblak,  Caspian 
Sea. 

4582-3.  Two  type  specimens  figured  by  Agassiz,  loc.  cit.  ; Chalk, 
I.ewes,  Sussex.  Mmtell  Coll. 

4578-80.  Throe  anterior  dental  crowns,  one  with  a jwrtion  of  the 
root;  Lowes.  Manlell  Coll. 

25889,  25890,  25946.  Four  dental  crowns,  one  figured  by'  Dixon, 
he.  cit. ; also  a small  tooth  ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Di.von  Coll- 


LAMXIDJ.. 


355 


P.  1252.  Small  lateral  tooth  ; Chalk,  Susses.  Erjerton  Coil. 

43080.  Perfect  anterior  tooth  ; Chalk,  Kent.  Purchased,  1871. 

P.  404.  Similar  tooth  ; Chalk,  probably  from  Kent. 

Preserved  by  the  Earl  of  Ducie,  1881. 

37755.  Antero-lateral  tooth,  without  denticles;  English  Chalk. 

Purchased,  1863. 

49952.  Lateral  tooth,  with  a pair  of  pointed  lateral  denticles; 

Upper  Chalk,  Shalford,  near  Guildford.  Capron  Coll. 

49948  a.  Tooth ; Lower  Chalk,  Guildford.  Capron  Coll. 

44216.  Two  dental  crowms  ; Upper  Chalk,  Parley,  Surrey. 

Purchased,  1873. 

46402.  Two  imperfect  anterior  teeth;  Chalk,  Warminster. 

Cunnington  Coll. 

P.  5892.  Much  contorted  auterior  tooth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Norwich. 

44839.  Two  anterior  teeth  ; English  CTialk. 

Presented  hy  Benjamin  Bright,  Esq.,  1873. 

P-  5841.  Three  teeth;  Danian  beds,  Malogne,  near  Ciply, Belgium. 

Presented  hy  Mom.  A.  Houzeau  de  Lehaie,  1888. 

36326  a.  Two  teeth  ; Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Purchased,  1862. 

P.5297.  Seven  small  teeth,  mostly  imperfect;  Cambridge  Green- 
sand, Cambridge.  History  unlcnown. 

31315  a.  Large  dental  crown ; Upper  Greensand,  Belgium. 

300,  P.  306.  Three  teeth ; Planerkalk,  Strehlen,  near  Dresden, 
Saxony.  Tramf erred  from  Mus.  Practical  Geology,  1880. 

^•1251.  Lateral  tooth  : (?)  Strehlen.  Egerton  Coll. 

37235.  About  thirty  dental  crowns  : Planerkalk,  Ousti,  near  Labem, 
Bohemia.  Purchased,  1863. 

P*  5559  b.  Seven  teeth  ; Cenomanian,  Saratov,  Russia. 

By  exchange,  1888. 


2 A 2 


356 


SEIACHII. 


Scapanorhynchus  (?)  subulatus  (Agassiz). 

1822,  Squalm  cornuhicus,  G.  A.  Maatell,  Foss.  S.  Downs,  p.  226,  pi. 
xxxii.  fig.  1. 

1843.  Lanina  (Odontaspis)  mbulata,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  loss.  vol.  m. 
p.  200,  pi.  xxxvii.  a.  fig.  5 (?  figs.  6,  7), 

(?)  1843.  Lamna  (Odontanpis)  rhaphiodon,  L.  Agassiz  (cnwp),  tom.  cit. 
pi.  xxxvii.  a.  fig.  11. 

1845.  Lamna  undidata,  A.  E.  lleuss,  Versteia.  bolim.  Kroidefonii.  p.  8, 
pi.  iii.  figs.  45-48. 

1846.  OdontaspU  rhaphiodon,  A.  E.  lleuss,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  pi.  iii.  fio®‘ 
34-.30. 

1845.  Odontanpis  const  rictus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Quart.  Jourji.  Qeol.  Soc, 
vol.  i.  p.  171,  woodc. 

1845.  Odontaspis  o.vyprion.  Sir  P.  Egerton,  ibid.  p.  171,  woodc. 

1840.  Jjnrnna  subulata,  A.  E.  lleuss,  o/o.  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  100,  pi.  xxiv. 
fig.  25. 

18.52.  Ijanma?,  P.  Gervals,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Frau9.  pl.lx.xvi.  fig.  21. 

1854.  Lamna  subulata,  V.  Kiprijanofl',  Dull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
pf . ii.  ]).  304,  pi.  iii.  figs.  30-45. 

1850.  Lamna  sulidata,  E,  lldbort,  M4m.  Soc.  Gaol.  France,  [2]  vol.  v. 
p.  355,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  10. 

1868.  Odontaspis  subulata,  Pictet  h Campicbe,  Foss.  Terr.  Cretacd  St. 
Croix,  p.  87,  pi.  xi.  figs.  1 -8. 

1873.  Odontaspis  constrictus,  F.  Stoliczka,  Cret.  Fauna  S.  India,  (Pal. 
lud.)  vol.  iv.  pt.  4,  p.  08,  pi.  xii.  figs.  36  -37. 

1875.  Lamna  sulndata,!!.  15.  Geiiiitz,  Palnjontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  ii.  p.  200, 
pi.  xxxviii.  figs.  33-30  (?  figs.  29,  30,  32,  nun  fig.  31). 

1878.  Lamna  subulata,  A.  Fritscb,  Kept.  u.  Fiscbu  biilim.  Kreideforui. 
p.  0,  fig.  10  (won  fig.  15). 

(?)  1888.  Odontaspis  kaikoraensis,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  iv.  p.  24,  pi.  V.  figs.  0-10. 

1888.  Lamna  subulata,  S.  Nikitin,  Mdm.  Comitd  Gi5ol.  vol.  v.  no.  2, 
p.  40,  pi.  V.  figs.  0,  7. 

Type.  Defaclied  tooth ; Palaeontological  Museuna,  Munich. 

A species  known  only  by  detached  teeth,  and  provisionally 
assigned  to  this  genus.  Inner  eoronal  face  smooth  ; lateral  den- 
ticles always  present  and  prominent,  robust  in  the  lateral  teeth. 

Form.  Loc.  Albian — Senonian  : S.E.  England.  Albian  : Swit- 
zerland. Cenomanian  : Central  and  S.E.  Russia.  Cenomanian  and 
I’uronian  : Saxony  and  Rohemia.  Senonian  : N.  France.  Danian  : 
Holland.  Upper  Cretaceous  : S.  India  and  New  Zealand. 

4569,  4573.  Two  small  tooth  ; Chalk,  Lewes.  Mantell  Coll. 

25769,  25795,  25807,  25934,  25936.  Seven  teeth  ; Chalk,  Sussex. 

Dixon  Coll. 


LAMSIDJ!.  357 

49949.  Two  teeth  ; Chalk,  Arandel,  Sussex.  (Japron  Coll. 

49947  a.  Small  anterior  tooth  ; TJ.  Chalk,  Guildford.  Capron  CcHl. 

20289  a.  Two  teeth ; Chalk,  Greenhithe,  Kent.  Purchased,  1846. 

41707.  Two  teeth;  Chalk,  Hailing,  Kent.  Toulmin  Smith  Coll. 

P.  332.  Small  tooth,  probably  to  be  regarded  as  the  fourth  of  the 
upper  jaw ; Chalk,  Charing,  Kent.  Harris  Cold. 

P.  2380.  Tooth ; Chalk,  Kent.  EnnisHllen  Coll. 

P-  5755.  Two  teeth,  one  very  imperfect ; Grey  Chalk,  Dover,  Kent. 

Daniels  Coll. 

35882.  Tooth ; Grey  Chalk,  Dover.  • Purchased,  1861. 

P-  5756.  Two  teeth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Grays,  Essex.  Daniels  Coll. 

35653.  Three  teeth;  Upx)cr  Chalk,  Norwich.  Purchased, 

48956  a.  Tooth;  Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  Bayjield  CoU. 

P.5757.  Five  imperfect  teeth ; Norwich.  History  unknown. 

42985.  Three  teeth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Maastricht,  Holland. 

Van  Breda  Coll. 

42868  c.  Tooth ; Upper  Chalk,  Obourg,  Hainaut,  Belgium. 

Fim  Breda  Coll. 

28295  a.  Twelve  teeth ; Upper  Chalk,  Mont  Aime,  Marne,  France. 

Purchased,  1851. 

P-5758.  Five  teeth;  Chalk,  locality  unknown. 

P- 1229.  Dental  crown  ; Chalk,  Heytesbur)-,  Wiltshire. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

30541.  Five  dental  crowns ; Upper  Greensand,  Warminster. 

Purchased,  1856. 

36326.  Three  teeth  ; Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Purchased,  1862. 

39878.  Tooth ; Gault,  Folkestone,  Kent.  Purchased,  1865. 

47218,  P.  12  a.  Seven  teeth;  Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  CoU. 

P-  1238.  One  imperfect  tooth  ; also  three  dental  crowns,  doubtfully 
assigned  to  this  species ; Planerkalk,  Strehlen,  near 
Dresden,  Saxonv.  Egerton  CoU. 


358 


snT.ACuri. 


P.  2372.  Imperfect  tooth;  Pliinerkalk,  Weinhohla,  Saxony. 

EnnisJiillen  Coll. 

P.  5559.  Twenty-eight  teeth ; Cenomanian,  Saratov,  llussia. 

By  exchange,  1888. 

P.  5559  a.  Eight  teeth,  doubtfully  assigned  to  tho  upper  jaw  of  this 
species;  Saratov.  By  exchange,  1888. 

P.  598.  Seventeen  imperfect  teeth  of  tho  so-callcd  Odontaspis  con- 
strictwf,  Egort. ; Pondicherry,  Madras.  Egerton  Coll. 

47885  a.  Similar  teeth ; Pondicherry. 

Presented  by  the  lion.  Robert  Marsham,  1877. 

P.  597.  Seven  teeth  of  tho  .so-called  Odontaspis  o.vyprion ; Pondi- 
cherry. Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2304  a.  Tooth  of  the  form  named  Odontaspis  Icailcoraensis,  Davis, 
noticed  by  the  present  writer,  Geol.  Mag.  [3]  vol.  iii. 
(1880),  p.  210  ; Neocomian,  Anuiri  llliiff,  New  Zealand. 

By  e.vcliange,  1878. 

The  following  teeth  arc  also  commonly  assigned  to  the  symphysi.s 
of  the  jaw  of  subulatus  {e.  g.  see  II.  li.  Gcinitz,  Palooonto- 

graphica,  vol.  xx.  pt.  ii.  pi.  xxxviii.  hgs.  29,  30,  32)  ; but  some  are 
very  suggestive  of  anterior  tooth  of  tho  so-callcd  Otodns  sulcatns, 
Geinitz,  tho  long  pointed  lateral  denticles  and  both  faces  of  the 
crown  being  vertically  plicated  at  the  base. 

4581.  Small  anterior  dental  crown,  figured  by  Agassiz  (loe.  cit.) 

among  the  type  specimens  of  Lamna  {Odontaspis)  rhajyhio- 
don  ; Chalk,  Lewes.  Mantell  Coll. 

49949  a.  Two  examples  ; Chalk,  Arundel,  Sussex.  Captron  Coll. 

41707  a.  One  tooth  ; Chalk,  Hailing,  Kent.  Toidmin  Smith  Coll. 

44030.  Another  similar  specimen  ; Upper  Chalk,  Warne’s  Place, 
Rochester,  Kent.  Purchased,  1873. 

47218  a.  One  tooth ; Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 

P.2300.  Much  sulcated  tooth;  Atherfield  Clay  (“  Lobster  Bed”), 
Isle  of  Wight.  Presented  by  Mrs.  Burton,  1882. 

Scapanorhynchus  (?)  gigas,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Imperfect  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  very  slender,  often  sigmoidally  curved,  subulate,  but  with 
sharp  edges  ; external  coronal  face  flat,  except  in  the  most  anterior 


LAMNID.E. 


359 


teeth ; internal  face  smooth.  Crown  attaining  a maximum  height 
of  about  0'03,  expanded  laterally  at  the  base,  the  sharp  edges 
extending  to  its  inferior  limit ; lateral  denticles  absent,  or  mere 
asperities  in  the  anterior  teeth,  very  minute  in  the  others. 

J'hrm.  Zoe.  Cenomanian  (Cambridge  Greensand) : Cambridge- 
shire. 

46362.  Five  teeth,  with  imperfect  roots,  forming  the  type  speci- 
mens. The  crown  of  one  anterior  tooth  measures  0'03  in 
height,  and  the  outer  face  is  slightly  convex. 

Pttrchated,  1875. 

28109.  Three  small  examples,  one  showing  a slight  longitudinal 
median  elevation  of  the  outer  coronal  face. 

Presented  hij  James  Carter,  Esq.,  1852. 

41915.  Four  dental  crowns.  Purchased, 

35130.  Eight  specimens.  Purchased,  1859. 

The  following  specimens  may  belong  to  the  so-called  Odontasj)is 
studeri,  Pictet  ‘ (Pictet  & Campiche,  Foss.  Terr.  Cretace  St.  Croix, 
1858,  p.  90,  pi.  xi.  figs.  19-23),  from  the  Xeocomian  of  Switzer- 
land ; but  the  evidence  is  insufficient  for  satisfactory  comparison  : 

P.  5759.  Five  imperfect  teeth  ; Neocomiau,  near  Folkestone,  Kent. 

The  teeth  from  the  Xeocomian  of  Switzerland,  named  Lamna 
(Odonlaspis)  {jracilis,  L.  Agassiz  (Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  295, 
pi.  xxxvii.  a.  figs.  2—4),  are  also  perhaps  referable  to  this  genus  ; and 
teeth  of  the  same  form,  from  the  Lower  Cretaceous  of  Apt,  Vaucluse, 

are  recorded  hy  E.  Arilaud  (Bull.  Soc.  Gw)l.  France,  [3]  vol.  x. 
(1882),  p.  133)'-‘.  Gibbes’  and  Giebel*  identify  the  species  with 

S.  suhulata. 

Possibly  also  may  be  placed  here  a detached  dental  crown,  from 
the  White  Chalk  of  Manganischlak,  Caspian  Sea,  named  OxyrMna 
^nrfustidens  by  E.  von  Eichwald  (Geogn.-palseont.  Bemerk.  Halbinsel 
Manganischlak,  1871,  p.  66,  pi.  iv.  figs.  4,  5). 

* This  seems  to  be  the  species  provisionally  named  Odontaspu  desorii,  Pictet, 
in  tlie  Arehiv.  Sci.  Pbys.  et  Nat.  1858,  p.  240. 

“ Teetb  from  Ibe  Bnixellian  of  Belgium  are  also  assigned  to  this  species  by 

T.  C.  Winkler,  Arehiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iii.  (18V4),  p.  298,  pL  vii.  fig.  3. 

* H.  W.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  voL  i.  (1849),  p.  198. 

* C.  G.  Giebel,  Fauna  cl.  Vorsr.,  Fische  (1847),  p.  362. 


860 


SliLACHII. 


Oonus  ODONTASPIS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  183S,  p.  87.] 

Syn.  Triylochis,  Miillor  & Ilenle,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ii.  s.  vol.  ii.  1838, 

p.  88. 

(^)Oxytes,  C.  G.  Gietel,  Fauna  dor  Vorwolt,  Fische,  1847,  p.  364. 

Second  dorsal  fin  and  the  anal  of  equal  size,  scarcely  smaller  than 
the  first  dorsal.  No  pit  at  the  root  of  the  caudal  ; side  of  the  tail 
without  keel.  Teeth  of  all  but  the  few  hindermost  series  with  a 
high,  narrow,  eompressed  coronal  eminence,  flanked  bj'  one  or  two 
pairs  of  small  pointed  denticles ; the  fourth  tooth  from  the  symphysis 
upon  each  side  of  the  uppc'r  jaw  very  small  : the  teeth  of  the  most 
anterior  pair  in  the  lower  jaw  small  and  relatively  very  slender. 

As  remarked  by  Agassiz,  it  is  very  difficult  to  distinguish  the 
teeth  of  this  genus  from  those  of  Lamna,  the  only  difference  appa- 
rently being  the  greater  relative  size  and  more  subulate  character  of 
the  anterior  teeth  in  Odontasjiis.  From  Scapanorhynchus  the  teeth 
differ  in  no  essential  respects. 

Odontaspis  bronni,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Lmmui  (OiJonianpls)  hrnnni,  L.  .\gassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  297, 
pi.  xxxvii. «.  figs.  8-10. 

(.'')  1843.  Otodux  serratns,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  272,  pi.  xxxii.  figs. 
27,  28. 

1862.  Otodiis  and  Lamna,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran^.  pi.  Ixxvi. 
tigs.  6,  8 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  robust,  the  crown  of  the  anterior  teetti  attaining  a height 
of  about  0-018,  with  but  the  slightest  sigmoidal  curvature.  Outer 
coronal  face  convex,  more  or  less  uneven,  and  sometimes  vertically 
folded  towards  the  basal  line,  which  is  transversely  straight ; inner 
face  smooth  ; two  pairs  of  pointed  lateral  denticles  generally  present, 
the  outer  insignificant.  Pase  of  crown  in  lateral  teeth  overhanging 
the  root  in  front.  Nutritive  foramen  of  the  root  in  a deep  groove. 

The  upper  postero-lateral  teeth  are  probably  those  named  Otodu.x 
sermtds,  Agassiz. 

Ihe  teeth  of  0.  acuta,  J.  W.  Davis,  from  the  Oamaru  System  of 
New  Zealand,  are  very  similar  to  those  of  this  species. 

Form,  tj-  Loc.  Danian  : Holland  and  Belgium. 

42984.  Six  teeth  ; Maastricht.  Van  Breda  Coll. 

■ To  (his  species  may  also  probably  be  assigned  the  Maastricht  tooth  named 
Odmituspix  hopci  by  F.  Bassani.  Atti  Soc.  Venelo-Trent.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.  vii.  (1880), 
p.  10,  pi.  c.  fig.  1. 


LAMSID-K. 


361 


44842.  An  anterior  and  a small  lateral  tooth  ; ilaastricht. 

PresenUd  hi/  Benjamin  BAtjht,  Esq.,  1873. 

P.  1250.  Small  anterior  tooth  mentioned  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  297  ; 

Maastricht.  Eejerton  Coll. 

P.  1282.  Three  teeth ; Maastricht.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  4572.  An  anterior  and  a lateral  tooth  ; Maastricht. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5556.  One  perfect  anterior  tooth,  and  three  abraded  examples ; 

Craie  de  Ciply,  Belgium.  By  exchawye,  1888. 

P.  5555.  Lateral  tooth;  Ciply.  By  txchanye,  1888. 

P.  5829.  Two  teeth  ; Ciply. 

Presented  hy  Mans.  A.  Uouzeau  de  Lehaie,  1888. 

42868  a.  Tooth  ; Obourg,  Hainaut,  Belgium.  Fan  Breda  Coll. 

Odontaspis  ratoti  (Winkler). 

H7C.  Otudus  rirfotijT. C. Winkler,  .\rehiv.  Mas.  Teyler,  vol. iv.  fasc.l, 
_ P-  4,  pl.  i.  figs.  3,  4. 

1^70.  Otodus  rutoti,  G.  Vincent,  .\nn.  Soc.  Hoy.  Mabicol.  Belg.  vol.  xi. 
p.  124,  pl.  vi.  figs.  1 a~e. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  almost  indistinguishable  from  those  of  0.  hronni,  but  often 
with  a greater  development  of  lateral  denticles,  and  the  anterior 
teeth  apparently  never  with  a straight  anterior  coronal  base-line. 

Form.  Loc.  Heersian,  Landenian,  and  Ypresian : Belgium, 
lhanet  Sands  : England. 

P.  4933.  Two  teeth  ; Heersian,  Orp-le- Grand. 

Presented  by  G.  F.  Harris,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  4102.  Four  teeth  ; Thanet  Sands,  Eeculvers,  Kent. 

Presented  hy  Sydney  C.  Cockerell,  Esq.,  188,3. 

Odontaspis  elegans  (.Agassiz). 

1770.  Dentes  Squali,  G.  BianJer,  Foss.  Ilantoniensia,  pl.  ix.  figs.  113, 
114. 

lS43.  Lamna  eleyans,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  289,  pl.  xxxv. 

figs.  1-5  (won  figs.  6,  7),  pl.  xxxvii.  a.  fig.  59  (non  fig.  58). 

1849.  Lamnn  eleyans,  R.  \V.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Kat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2] 
vol.  i.  p.  luo,  p’.  XXV.  figs.  98-102  (?  figs.  96,  97). 

18,50.  Lamna  eleyans,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Susse.r,  p.  203,  pl.  x.  figs.  28-31. 
1852.  Lamna  eleyans,  P.  GenaD,  Zool.  et  PaL  Prany.  pl.  Ixxv.  fig.  3. 


362 


SELACHII. 


1803.  Lamna  elegans,  K.  E.  Sohafhiiutl,  Siid-Bay.  Leth.  Geogn.  p.  242, 
pi.  Ixii.  %.  6. 

1871.  Lamna  elegam,  II.  I.,e  Hon,  Prdlim.  MtSin.  I’oisa.  Tert.  Belg. 

p.  12. 

1876.  Lamna  elegam,  A.  llutot,  Ann.  Soc.  G4ol.B(?lg.  vol.  ii.  p.  34. 

1870.  iMmna  elegam,  T.  0.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teylor,  vol.  iv.  p.  9. 

1870.  Lamna  elegam,  G.  Vincent,  Ann.  Soc.  Eoy.  Malacol.  Belg.  vol.  xi. 

p.  123,  pi.  vi.  fig.  4. 

1877.  Lamna  elegam,  A.  Locard,  Faune  Terr.  Tert.  Moy.  Corse,  p.  6. 

1880.  Lamna  e%a>w,  T. C.  AVinkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  v.  p.74. 

188.3.  Lamna  elegam,  II.  B.  Oeinitz,  Abh.  Naturw.  (ies.  Isis  Dre.sden 

p.  6,  pi.  i.  figs.  4-0. 

1885.  J^amna  elegam,  F.  Noetling,  Abh.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preus.sen  n 
Thiiring.  Staaton,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3,  p.  01,  pi.  iv. 

1888.  Lamna  huttoni,  J.W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.iv 
p.  15,  pi.  iii.  fig.  1. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  slender,  the  inner  coronal  face  marked  by  delicate  but  pro- 
minent longitudinal  striic  ‘ ; a single  pair  of  small  pointed  lateral 
denticles ; the  two  branches  of  the  root  long,  stout,  compressed,  and 
generally  j)ointed.  Anterior  teeth  very  much  elevated  and  narrow, 
sometimes  attaining  a total  height  of  0‘06.5,  the  long  crown  slightly 
curved,  but  scarcely  sigmoidal  when  viewed  from  the  lateral  aspect ; 
outer  coronal  face  flat  or  faintly  convex  ; lateral  edges  prominent ; 
inner  face  strongly  convex,  slighllj  flattened  in  the  middle  ; angle 
between  the  branches  of  the  root  acute.  More  posterior  tooth  with 
less  elevated  crowns,  broader  base,  wider  angle  between  the  branches 
of  the  root,  and  relatively  larger  later.al  denticles. 

The  dentition  approximates  much  more  closely  to  that  of  Odon- 
tasph  than  to  that  of  Lamna,  a fact  apparently  only  hitherto 
recognized  by  0.  G.  Costa,  Paloont.  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  i.  (1850), 
p.  127. 

Among  the  specimens  originally  assigned  to  this  species  by  Agassiz 
are  three  teeth  (op.  cit.  pi.  xxxv.  figs.  6,  7,  pi.  xxxvii.  a.  fig.  58) 
which  appear  to  be  truly  referable  to  Lamna  (Oiodiui)  macrota  ; and 
it  would  be  unsafe  at  present  to  accept  all  the  determinations  of 
teeth  from  various  horizons  recorded  without  figures  in  many  strati- 
graphical  works.  Noetling  {Joe.  cH.)  has  attempted  to  determine 
the  variation  in  form  exhibited  by  the  teeth  of  different  parts  of  the 
mouth. 

Form,  tj!’  Loc.'‘  (?)  Upper  Danian : Belgium.  Eocene:  S. E. 

‘ On  the  Striation  of  Selachian  Teeth,  see  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xv. 
(1859),  p.  100. 

* See  especially  A.  Rutot,  “Note  sur  I’Extension  Ae  Lamna  elegans,  Ag.,  a 


LAMNID^. 


363 


England,  France,  Belgium,  and  Germany  ; also  Alabama  and  South 
Carolina,  U.S. A.  Lower  Miocene : Belgium  and  Corsica.  Oamaru 
and  Waireka  Series : Xew  Zealand 

P.  5831.  Two  dental  crowns,  either  of  this  species  or  of  the  so-called 
Lamna  texana  (see  p.  353)  ; Craie  phosphatee,  Ciply,  near 
Mons,  Belgium. 

Presented  by  Mons.  A.  Houzeav.  de  Lehaie,  1888. 

8566.  Slender  anterior  tooth  of  medium  size  ; Woolwich  and  Read- 
ing Beds,  Newhaven,  Sussex.  ManUll  Coll. 

P-  5763.  Fragmentarj-  teeth;  Oldhaven  Beds,  Herne  Bay,  Kent. 

P-  4726  a.  Tooth  ; Herne  Baj'.  Gardner  Coll. 

P-  4932.  Seven  small  slender  teeth,  none  measuring  more  than 
0-015  in  total  height;  Heersian  Beds,  Orp-le-Grand, 
Brussels,  Belgium.  Presented  by  G.  F.  Harris,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  5508.  Imperfect  tooth;  Lower  Eocene,  Portsmouth  Docks. 

Caleb  Evans  Coll. 

40232,  40239.  Eight  teeth,  more  or  less  fragmentary ; also  three 
small  lateral  teeth,  cither  of  this  species  or  0.  enspidata  ; 
London  Clay,  Clarendon  HUl,  near  Salisbury. 

Elivards  Coll. 

38867.  Tooth  associated  with  cartilage  and  vertebras,  figured  in 
Agassiz’s  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pi.  xl.6.  fig.  24 ; London 
Clay,  Isle  of  Sheppey.  Bowerbank  Coll. 

28358.  Eleven  teeth,  corresponding  in  size  to  the  last ; Sheppey. 

Cowderoy  Bequest. 

28887.  Ten  small  teeth  ; Shejjpey.  Purchased,  1854. 

P-  5764.  Ten  teeth,  the  largest  having  a total  height  of  0-065 ; 

Sheppe}-.  Purchased,  1882. 

P-  1237.  Very  broad  dental  crown,  in  matrix,  with  two  vertebr® ; 

Sheppey.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P-  2377.  Five  teeth  with  comparatively  broad  crowns;  Sheppey. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 


travers  lea  Terrains  cretao^  et  tertiare,”  loc.  cit.  Very  doubtful  teeth  are  also 
Ij^rded  from  the  Miocene  of  Piedmont  by  E.  Sismonda,  Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sd. 
■Torino,  [2]  toI.  i.  (184'J).  p.  46,  pi.  ii.  figs.  33-35. 

This  species  is  also  recorded  from  the  Miocene  of  Victoria  by  F.  M'Coy, 
Ann.  Mag.  Xat.  Hist  [3]  vol.  xx.  (1»>7),  p.  192. 


3(54 


SEITACnil. 


P.  4643.  Fragments  of  teeth,  with  cartilage,  in  matrix  ; Sheppey. 

Knmslcilkn  ColL 

P.  5765.  Four  teeth  ; London  Clay,  Primrose  Hill,  London. 

Brown  Coll.  Presented  hy  Bir  Itichard  Oiven,  K.C.B.,  1859. 

43115.  Large  tooth,  measuring  0'045  in  total  height;  Primrose  Hill. 

WetJierell  Coll. 

20205*.  Small  slender  tooth;  London  Clay,  Highgato  Archway, 
London.  Presented  by  N.  T.  Wetherell,  Es</.,  1833. 

43112.  T wo  dental  crowns  and  one  tooth,  with  perforations  supposed 
to  have  been  made  by  Cliona  ; Highgate  Archway. 

Wetherell  Coll. 

P.  5509.  Two  teeth ; Highgate  Archway.  Cctleh  Evans  Coll. 

43121.  Tooth,  with  perforations  supposed  to  have  been  made  by 
Cliona  ; London  Clay,  Finchley,  London.  Wetherell  Coll. 

P.  1230.  Four  teeth  and  five  dental  crowms  ; London  Clay,  Hert- 
ford Bridge.  Eyerton  Coll. 

43122.  Two  largo  teeth  the  largest  0-0(S2  in  total  height;  London 
Clay,  Southampton  Hocks.  Wetherell  Coll. 

29017.  Thirty-three  teeth,  mostly  of  small  size,  and  mostly  abraded 
and  fragmentary  ; from  a bed  of  sand  at  the  base  of  the 
London  Clay,Kyson  (Kingston),  near  Woodbridge,  Suffolk. 

Presented  hy  J.  Middleton,  Esq.,  1854. 

P.  1246.  Tooth  ; Kyson.  Eyerton  Coll. 

25683-4.  Ten  teeth,  four  being  very  large;  Bracklesham  Bods, 
Bracklesham  Bay,  Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

40235  a.  Lateral  tooth ; Bracklesham  Bay.  Edwards  Coll. 

48013.  Two  teeth  ; Bracklesham  Beds,  Stubbington,  near  Gosport, 
Hampshire.  Purchased,  1877- 

P.  4501.  Small  tooth;  Middle  Eocene,  Antibes,  Provence. 

P.  5766.  Twelve  teeth,  of  medium  and  small  size ; Calcaire  Grossicr, 
llocpiet,  Paris. 

28368,  28850.  Five  dental  crowns  ; Calcaire  Grossier,  Parnes,  Paris. 

Purchased,  1853. 


LAMNIDi;. 


365 


P.  5797.  Two  teeth;  Calcaire  (irossier,  Chaumont,  Paris. 

23355.  Three  very  large  teeth  ; Calcaire  Grossier,  Paris. 

Purchased,  1853. 

P.  5767.  Imperfect  tooth;  Middle  Eocene,  Gard,  France. 

28091.  Four  small  teeth  ; Barton  Clay,  Barton  Cliff,  Hampshire. 

Presented  by  F.  E.  Edwards,  Esq.,  1852. 

40228,  40231,  40334,  40237,  40244.  Forty  teeth,  many  more  or 
less  fragmentarj’ ; Barton  Clay,  Barton  Cliff  and  High 
Cliff,  Hampshire.  Edwards  Coll. 

P.  1164.  Si.vteen  teeth,  some  large;  Barton  Cliff.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  5763.  .Six  leeth,  the  largest  0-048  in  total  height;  Barton  Cliff. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

40236.  Two  large  teeth,  one  0 06  in  total  height ; Upper  Eocene, 

Bramshaw,  Hampshire.  Edwards  Coll. 

40229.  Two  teeth,  with  long  slender  lateral  denticles;  Upper 
Eocene,  Bramshaw,  Hampshire.  Edwards  Coll. 

40233.  Tooth;  Upper  Eocene,  Burn  Heath,  Culling.  Edwards  Coll. 

40230.  Tooth ; Upjxjr  Eocene,  Hempstead,  Isle  of  Wight. 

Edwards  Coll. 

P.  1231.  Six  teeth  ; Upper  Eocene,  Brussels.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  4365.  Three  teeth;  Bupelian  Beds,  Boom,  near  Antwerp. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

35540.  Twelve  abraded  dental  ciowus;  Bupelian  Beds,  Klein 
Spauwen,  Belgium.  Purchased,  1875. 

P.  5769.  Two  small  teeth;  Klein  .Spauwen.  Purchased. 

42851.  Fine  large  tooth  ; Brussels.  1 an  Breda  Coll. 

28363.  Six  very-  large  teeth,  somewhat  imperfect ; said  to  have  been 
obtained  from  the  Miocene  of  l)ax,  near  Bordeaux.  In 
character  they  are  very  similar  to  those  of  Xo.  28365. 

Purchased,  1853. 

35611.  Eight  imperfect  teeth  ; Eocene,  Alabama,  U.S.A. 

Presented  by  Prof.  J.  lU.  Mallet,  1859. 


360 


SELACHII. 


P.  5770.  Abraded  tooth,  of  the  form  named  Lamna  JutUoni,  Davis; 
formation  unknown,  New  Zealand. 

43019.  Five  fragmentary  small  teeth  ; formation  unknown,  Canter- 
bury, New  Zealand. 

Presented  hy  J.  Davies  Enys,  Esq.,  1870. 

The  following  is  one  of  the  hiudermost  teetb,  probably  of  this 
species : — 

P.  5743.  Small  tooth,  with  three  pairs  of  lateral  cones;  Heersian 
Beds,  Or[i-le-Grand,  Belgium. 

Presented  hy  Q.  F.  Harris,  Esq.,  1888. 

Odontaspis  contortidens,  Agassiz. 

184.3.  Lamna  {Odontaspis)  contortidens,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii. 
p.  294,  pi.  xxxvii.  a.  figs,  17-23. 

1849.  iMmna  {Oduntaspis)  contortidens,  E.  Sismonda,  Rlem.  II.  .\ccad. 

Sci.  Torino,  [2]  vol.  x.  p.  48,  pi.  ii.  figs.  25-28. 

1849.  Lamna  (Odontaspis)  contortidens,  11.  W.  Oibbes,  .lourn.  ,\cad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Pliilad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  197,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  1 19. 

1857.  L.amna  ( Odontaspis)  contortidens,  O.  G.  Gemmellaro,  AttiAccad. 
Gioenia  Sci.  Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  ,320,  pi,  i.  a.  fig.  13  a (P  pi.  vi.  a. 
f.  18-20). 

1864.  Lamna  (Odontaspis)  contortidens,  O.  G.  Costa,  Ann.  Accad.  Aspir. 

Nat.  Napoli,  [,3]  vol.  iii.  p.  30,  pi.  v.  fig.  2. 

1877.  Lamna  contortidens,  A.  Locard,  Faune  Terr.  Tert.  Moy.  Corse,  p.  7. 
1879.  Lamna  (Odontaspis)  contortidens,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jaliresh. 
vol.  XXXV.  p.  144,  pi.  ii.  figs.  33-30. 

1879.  Odontaspis  contortidens,  F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soc.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci. 
Nat.  vol.  vi.  p.  57. 

1882.  Odontaspis  contortidens,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Mdm.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat. 
Sa6ne-et-Loire,  vol.  iv.  p.  60. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  slender,  with  delieate  longitudinal  strim  upon  the  inner 
coronal  face,  and  only  distinguished  from  those  of  Odontaspis  elerjans 
by  the  pronounced  sigmoidal  curvature  of  those  occupying  the  ante- 
rior portion  of  the  jaw. 

The  teeth  at  least  of  the  most  anterior  pair  in  the  upper  jaw  of 
all  species  of  Odontaspis  exhibit  considerable  sigmoidal  curvature; 
but  ill  0.  contortidens  all  the  front  teeth  seem  to  bo  thus  character- 
ized, and  in  such  the  inward  projection  of  the  base  of  the  root  is 
much  greater  than  in  0.  eleyans.  By  Lo  lion  ‘ the  species  is  iilaccd 
with  0.  eleyans,  and  it  docs  appear  to  he  the  representative  of  this 

‘ Prtliiu.  Mem.  Poiss.  Tort.  Belg.  1871,  p.  12. 


LAMNID*.  367 

form  in  the  Miocene  and  Pliocene ; but  the  teeth  do  not  attain  to 
so  large  a size. 

Form.  Loc.  Fpper  Eocene:  France.  Miocene:  Belgium, 
France,  Spain,  Switzerland,  Germany,  Austria,  Sicily,  Malta,  and 
Corsica.  Pliocene : France.  (?)  Eocene : Alabama  and  South 
Carolina,  U.S.A.’ 

P.  1257.  Tooth;  Fpper  Eocene,  Vaueluse,  France.  Egerton  Coll. 

35540  a.  Perfect  tooth  ; Eupelian  Beds,  Klein  Spauwen,  Belgium. 

Purchased,  1875. 

28367  a.  Five  imperfect  teeth ; Miocene,  Bordeaux. 

Purchased,  1853. 

28367.  Two  teeth  , one  very  perfect,  0-028  in  total  height ; Miocene, 
Martigues,  Provence.  Purchased,  1853. 

P-  1244.  Dental  crown ; Miocene,  Ardeche.  Ejerton  Coll. 

33644.  Tooth  wanting  branches  of  the  root ; Miocene,  Tejares, 
Malaga,  Spain.  Purchased,  1860. 

32735.  Nearly  perfect  tooth  ; Miocene,  Xabregas,  Lisbon. 

Presented  hg  J.  S.  Valentine,  Esq.,  1857. 

P-  1241.  .Seven  fragmentary  teeth,  bearing  Agassiz’s  MS.  label ; 

Miocene,  Soleure,  Switzerland.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5771.  Twelve  fragmentary  teeth ; Soleure.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5553.  Two  teeth;  Miocene,  Montegibio.  Bg  exchange,  1888. 

P.  1242.  Four  teeth  ; Lower  Miocene,  Alzey,  Hessen-Darmstadt. 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5774.  Small  dental  crown  ; Miocene,  Baltringen,  Wiirtemberg. 

Ennul'illen  Coll. 

F- 1245  a.  Five  dental  crowns ; Miocene,  Malta.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  1243.  Imperfect  tooth ; Neudorfl,  Vienna.  Egerton  Coll. 

F-  5772.  Two  teeth;  Xeudbrfl.  Purchased. 

F.  293  a.  Sir  imperfect  teeth,  possibly  of  this  species;  Pliocene, 
Montpellier,  France. 

Transferred  from  Mus.  Practiced  Geology,  1880. 

* Xhia  species  is  also  recorded  from  the  Miocene  of  Victoria  by  F.  M'Coy, 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [3]  voL  xx.  (1867).  P- 192. 


308 


8ELACIIIT. 


47005.  Nine  teeth;  Phosphate  Bods,  South  Carolina,  U.S.A. 

Purchased,  1870. 

P.  5773.  Dental  crown,  probably  of  this  species ; Eocene,  Clarke’s 
Co.,  Alabama.  Ennisldllen  Coll. 

28360.  Twenty  much  abraded  teeth,  probably  all  of  this  species  ; 

Faluns  of  Touraine,  France.  Purchased,  1853. 

Odoutaspis  cuspidata  (Agassi/.). 

184.'!.  Lamna  cuspidata,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  200,  pb 
xxxvii.a.  figs.  43-50. 

1843.  Lamna  dcnticulata,  L.  Aga.ssiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  201,  pi.  xxxvii.  a.  figs- 
51-63'. 

184.8.  Lamna iOdmdaspu)hopei,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  p.293, pi.  xxxvii.  a. 

fig.s.  27-30. 

1843.  Lamna {Odontaspis)  rfafa'a,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  205,  pi.  xxxvii. «• 
figs.  24-20. 

1840.  Lamna  cuspidata,  11.  W.  Oibbes,  .lourn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 

[2]  Vol.  i.  p.  107,  pi.  XXV.  figs.  103-100. 

1840.  Ijamna  cuspidata,  E.  Si.sinonda,  Mein.  11.  Aecad.  Sci.  Tornio,  [2] 
vol.  X.  p.  47,  pi.  ii.  figs.  31,  .82  (?  figs.  20,  .80). 

1840.  Lamna  (Odonf.aspis)  duhia,  K.  Sismoiida,  tom.  cit.  p.  48,  pi.  n. 
figs.  17-22. 

18.52.  Lamna  dubia?,  P.  Gervnis,  /ool.  et  Pal.  Frani;.  pi.  ixxv.  fig.  5. 
(f)  1857.  Lamna  (Odontaspis)  duhia,  G.  O.  Gemiuellaro,  Atti  Accad. 

Gioonia  Sci.  Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  322,  pi.  vi.  a.  fig.  21. 

1871.  Lamna  cuspidata,  11.  Le  Hon,  Prelim.  Mf5iu.  Poiss.  Tert.  Belg. 
pp.  5,  10. 

1871.  Lamna  (Odontaspis)  hopei,  II.  Le  lion,  op.  cit.  p.  12. 

1870.  Lamna  cuspidata,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iv. 

p.  10. 

1877.  Lamna  cuspidata,  A.  Locard,  Faune  Terr.  Tert.  Moy.  Corse,  p.  0. 
1877.  Lamna  cuspidata,  K.  Miller,  Das  Molasscmeer  Bodenseegeg. 
p.  00,  pi.  iii.  figs.  76,  70. 

1870.  Lamna  (Odmtaspis)  cits)>idata,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jabresh.  vol. 
XXXV.  p.  140,  pi.  ii.  figs.  50  03. 

1870.  Odontaspis  hopiei=. Lamna  (Odontaspis)  dubia,  F.  Bassani,  Atti 
Soc.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.  vi.  p.  57. 

1882.  Lamna  cuspidata,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  MsSni.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat.  Snone-et- 
I,oire,  vol.  iv.  p.  48,  pi.  i.  figs.  15,  10. 

1883.  Lamna  cuspidata,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  Abb.  Nntiirw.  Ges.  Isis  Dresden, 
p.  5,  pi.  i.  figs.  1-.8. 

1885.  Odontaspis  hopei,  F.  Noetling,  Abb.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preussen  u. 
Tbiiring.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3,  p.  71,  pi.  v.  figs.  1-3. 


' Under  this  name  teeth  from  the  Miocene  of  Victoria  are  also  recorded  by 
F.  M'Coy,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  ITist.  [3]  vol.  xx.  (1807\  l>.  192. 


LAMSID^. 


369 


Type.  Detached  teeth;  Neuchatel  Jruseum. 

Teeth  scarcel}’  distinguishable  from  those  of  0.  eleyans,  except  by 
the  absence  of  striae  upon  the  inner  coronal  face.  They  are  some- 
times more  robust  than  the  corresponding  teeth  of  the  last-named 
species,  and  do  not  appear  to  attain  so  large  a size. 

Lamna  dentieulata  is  commonly  regarded  as  founded  upon  an 
upper  lateral  tooth  of  this  sjiecies.  L.  diihia  is  placed  in  the  syno- 
nymy  by  Le  Hon,  Bassani,  and  Sauvage. 

Form.  Loe.  Eocene;  S.E.  England,  France,  and  Germany ; also 
Georgia,  Virginia,  and  (?)  Alabama,  U.S.A.  Miocene:  Belgium, 
France,  Spain,  Switzerland,  Germany,  Austria,  and  Corsica. 

F.  4726.  Five  small  teeth ; Lower  Eocene,  Heme  Bay,  Kent. 

Gardner  Coll, 

29017  a.  Four  teeth,  and  one  small  tooth  perhaps  of  this  species; 

from  a bed  of  sand  at  the  base  of  the  London  Clay  at 
Kyson  (Kingston),  near  Woodbridge,  Suffolk. 

Presented  by  J.  Middleton,  Esrp,  1854. 

F-  5512.  Fine  tooth  ; London  Clay,  Portsmouth. 

Caleb  Evans  Coll. 

28763.  Anterior  portion  of  the  jaws,  with  a few  teeth  and  a frag- 
ment of  a vertebra,  preserved  in  hard  clay  ; London  Clay, 
Isle  of  Sheppey.  The  extremely  narrow  first  tooth  cha- 
racteri.stic  of  each  side  of  the  mandible  in  the  living  species 
is  not  recognizable;  but  the  next  two  teeth  are  well 
shown,  ver)'  loug  and  slender,  and  much  more  contorted 
than  those  l>cyond.  Of  the  latter  teeth  two  are  preserved 
on  the  right  side ; and  in  these  the  minute  pointed  lateral 
denticles  are  relativelj’  larger  than  in  the  more  slender 
contorted  teeth.  Purchased,  1853. 

28356,  28886.  Four  teeth  ; London  Clay,  Shepi>ey. 

Cowderoy  Bequest  and  Daniels  Coll. 

F.  1249.  Three  teeth;  Sheppey.  Egerton  Coll. 

F.  5775.  Two  anterior  teeth,  labelled  by  Agassiz; 

Sheppey.  Enniskillen  CoU. 

F.  5510.  Three  small  teeth ; London  Clay,  Highgate. 

Caleb  Evans  Coll. 

2b 


370 


SKLACHIl. 


28852.  Small  lateral  tooth,  probably  of  this  S25ecies;  Lower  Eocene, 
Cuise-la-Mottc,  Oise,  France.  Purchased,  1854. 

40238.  Twelve  teeth,  mostly  imperfect;  BrackJeshara  Beds,  Bracklcs- 
ham  Bay,  Sussex.  Edivards  Coll. 

40237.  Twenty  teeth,  two  extremely  slender  and  suggestive  of  the 
most  anterior  pair  of  the  lower  jaw  ; Barton  Clay,  Barton 
Cliff',  Hampshire.  Edwards  Coll. 

P.  55  a.  Tooth ; Barton  Cliff. 

Presented  hy  Sir  iliehard  Owen,  K.C.B.,  1880. 

P.5776.  Slender  tooth ; Upper  Eocene,  Brockonhurst,  Hampshire. 

Purchased. 

40240.  Three  teeth  ; Upi^er  Eocene,  Headon  Hill,  Isle  of  Wight. 

Edwards  Coll. 

32564.  Six  abraded  teeth ; Upper  Eocene,  Villeneuve  d’Asitiucs, 
Card,  Franco.  Purchased,  1857. 

P.  281.  Seven  teeth  ; llupelian  Beds,  Boom,  near  Antwerj). 

Presented  hy  Prof.  L.  O.  de  KonineJe,  1853. 

P.  1248.  Ton  teeth  ; Boom.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2375,  P.  2378.  Sixteen  teeth;  Boom.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  4365  a.  Four  teeth  ; Boom.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.5777,  ihreo  teeth;  llujjclian,  Rujjelmonde,  Belgium.  Purchased. 

P.  1235.  Abraded  dental  crown ; llujielian,  Klein  Sj)auwen,  Belgium, 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.1232.  Twelve  more  or  less  abraded  teeth;  Miocene,  Soleure, 
Switzerland.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2379,  P.  2379  a.  Five  typical  teeth;  also  six  lateral  teeth 
labelled  Lamna  deyiticidata”  by  Agassiz;  Soleure. 

Emiiskillen  Coll. 

P.  5778.  Tooth  and  two  dental  crowns ; Soleure. 

P.  1233.  Six  teeth  ; Miocene,  Otmarsingen,  Aargau,  Switzerland. 

Egerton  Coll. 

22658.  Two  teeth  ; Miocene,  Lausanne,  Switzerland. 

Purchased,  1848. 


J,AMXID^. 


371 


43525.  Lateral  tooth ; Lausanne. 

Presented  by  Kenneth  Murchison,  Esq.,  1872. 

32582.  Slender  anterior  tooth  ; Swiss  Molasse.  PurcJutsed,  1857. 

P.  5779.  Four  teeth;  Miocene,  Weinheim,  Hessen-Dannstadt. 

Edwards  Coll. 

47347.  Eight  teeth  ; Miocene,  FloTiheim,  Hessen-Darmstadt. 

Brown  Coll.  Presented  by  Sir  Richard 
Owen,  K.C.B.,  1859. 

P.  1234.  Six  teeth ; Flonheim.  Eyerton  Coll. 

29888.  Two  teeth  ; Miocene,  Baltringen,  'Wiirtemberg. 

Purchased,  1855. 

35768-9.  Two  teeth;  Miocene,  Ermingen,  Wiirtemberg. 

Purchased,  1860, 

24595.  Tooth,  said  to  have  been  obtained  from  the  Miocene  of 
Malta.  Purchased,  1850. 

P.  1243  a.  Two  teeth  ; Miocene,  Xeudbrfl,  Vienna.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  5780.  Five  teeth ; Neudbrfl.  Purchased. 

28362.  Six  teeth^  mostly  large  and  robust,  much  resembling  0. 

erassidens ; Miocene,  Touraine,  France.  Purchased,  1853. 

32735.  Tooth ; Miocene,  Xabregas,  Lisbon. 

Presented  by  J.  S.  Valentine,  Esq.,  1857. 

P.  5781.  Six  teeth,  probably  of  this  species ; Eocene,  South  Caro- 
lina, r.S.A.  Purchased. 

Most  of  the  following  abraded  teeth,  from  the  Eocene  of  Alabama, 
may  also  pertain  to  the  present  species ; but  the  determination  is 
very  doubtful : — 

35611  a.  Eight  specimens.  Presented  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Mallet,  1859. 
P.  1247.  Ten  specimens.  Eyerton  CoU. 

P.  5782.  Three  specimens.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


2 b2 


372 


BELAClIIl. 


Odontaspis  complanata  (Egcrloii). 

184o,  Lamna  cumplanata,  SirP.  Egerton,  Quart.  Journ.Geol.  Soc.  vol.  i. 
p.  170,  woodcut. 

184.5.  Lamna  siymoides,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  ihid.  p.  170,  woodcut. 

Type.  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

A species  of  moderate  size,  the  crowns  of  the  teeth  much  com- 
l)ressed,  and  none  exhibiting  a pronounced  sigmoidal  curvature  ; 
outer  coronal  face  considerably  flattened,  inner  face  smooth,  and  the 
edges  extremely  sharp  ; a single  pair  of  small  lateral  denticles. 

Form,  Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous:  Madras,  India.  Wait aki  Beds  : 
New  Zealand. 

P.  595.  Two  lateral  teeth,  one  being  the  tyj)o  specimen  ; Pondicherry, 
Madras.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5155.  Anterior  tooth,  and  fragment  of  crown,  of  the  form  named 
L.  siymoides  ; Pondicherry.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  291.  Similar  dental  crown ; Waitaki  Scries,  Takiroa,  Waitaki, 
New  Zealand. 

Transferred  from  Mas.  Practical  Geology,  1880. 


Odontaspis  incurva  (Davis). 

1888.  Lamna  inrurca,.!.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Iloy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iv. 
p.  17,  pi.  iii.  figs.  2-5. 

I >U)e.  Detached  teeth;  Museums  of  Canterbury  and  Otago,  Now 
Zealand. 

Teeth  robust,  the  crown  of  those  placed  anteriorly  sometimes 
attaining  a height  of  0-03.5,  with  a more  or  less  marked  sigmoidal 
curvature.  Outer  coronal  face  j.)rominently  convex;  inner  face 
smooth  ; cutting-edges  obtn.se,  almost  or  (juite  disap])caring  near  tho 
base  ; a single  pair  of  lateral  denticles,  very  minute. 

Form.  4-  Lnc.  Oamaru  and  Waipara  Systems,  and  the  Waireka 
Scries : Now  Zealand. 

P.  271.  Eour  dental  crowns ; Otatara  scries,  throe  miles  N.  of 
Kakannui.  Transferred  from  Mas.  Practical  Geology,  1880. 

P.  2307  a.  Large  dental  crown,  with  base  of  minute  lateral  denticle ; 

Oamaru  System,  Tokomariri.  By  exchange,  1876. 

P.  2303  a.  Abraded  dental  crown  ; Otatara  series,  Trelissic,  Can- 
terbury. py  e,i.cJumge,  1876 


LAMNID^. 


V-:i 

P.  2303  b.  Three  comparatirely  slender  small  dental  crowns ; Ota- 
tara  series,  Trelissic.  By  exrhawje,  1870. 

P.  2307  b.  liobust  tooth,  probahlj'  of  this  specie.s,  with  the  outer 
face  remarkably  flat,  one  edge  sharp  and  the  other  rounded  ; 
Oamarn  System,  Tokomariri.  By  excluinye,  1876. 


Odontaspis  vorax,  Le  Hon. 

lf!71.  Lanina  {Odontaspis^  vorax,  II.  I^e  Hon,  Prflim.  M^m.  Poiss. 
Tert.  Belg.  pp.  6,  10. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; Brussels  Museum. 

Teeth  slender,  those  anteriorly  placed  being  much  curved  and 
attaining  a total  height  of  about  0-025  ; branches  of  the  root  short. 
Outer  coronal  face  prominently  convex  ; inner  face  smooth ; lateral 
denticles  long,  slender,  and  pointed,  in  two  or  more  pairs,  the  inner 
pair_ being  always  much  the  largest. 

Bonn.  Loc.  Miocene  and  Pliocene  : Belgium.  Pliocene : Tuscany. 

47025.  Two  anterior  teeth,  only  differing  from  that  outlined  by  Lo 
Hon  by  the  relatively  greater  length  and  slenderness  of 
the  crown;  Lucardo,  Tuscany.  Purchased,  1875. 

Odontaspis  ( ?)  crassidens,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Lamna  crassidens,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Fo.ss.  vol.  iii.  p.  292,  pi.  xx.w. 
figs.  8-21. 

1849,  Lanina  crassidens,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  *Sci.  Philad. 

[2]  vol.  i.  p.  197,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  llG-118. 

18-57.  Lamna  crassidens,  G.  G.  Geramellaro,  Atti  Accad.  Gioenia  Sci. 

Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  318,  pi.  vi.  a.  figs.  1-5, 16. 

1879.  Ljanina  ci’assidcns,  J.  I'rubst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  p.  1.53, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  64-68. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  robust,  attaining  a maximum  total  height  of  about  0'04  ; 
apex  of  crown  only  slightly  bent  inwards,  except  in  the  most  ante- 
rior pair;  outer  coronal  face  gently  convex;  inner  coronal  face 
strongly  convex,  flattened  in  the  middle,  smooth.  Branches  of  the 
root  of  moderate  length,  coni[iressed  ; considerably  divergent  in  the 
most  anterior  teeth. 

As  remarked  by  Agassiz,  the  detachefl  crowns  of  the  teeth  of  this 
species  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  those  of  Oxyrhinadesorii. 

Form.  Loc.  Eocene:  Baden,  Sicily,  and  South  Carolina,  U.S.A. 
Miocene : Wiirtemberg. 


374 


SELACHII. 


35537.  Thirteen  teeth;  Upper  Eocene,  Moeskirch,  Baden. 

Purchased,  1859. 

The  following  species  have  also  boon  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Odontaspis  acutissima,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Boss.  vol.  iii.  (1843), 
p.  294,  pi.  xxxvii.  a.  figs.  33,  34  ; F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soc. 
Vcncto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.  vi.  (1879),  p.  50.— Miocene : 
Switzerland  and  W.  France. 

Odontaspis  amita,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Hoy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iv. 
(1888),  p.  22,  pi.  V.  figs.  ],  2. — Oamaru  System  ; New 
Zealand. 

Odontaspis  adunca:  Lamna  adunca,  O.  G.  Costa,  I’aleont.  Regno 
Napoli,  pt.  ii.  (1854—56),  p.  72. — Miocene;  Naples. 
Odontaspis  anpttstits,  C.  G.  Giebol,  Fauna  d.  Vorw.,  Fische  (1847), 
p.  303. — Upper  Eocene  ; Siildorf,  Magdeburg. 

Odontaspis  attenuata ; Lamna  attennala,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit. 

p.  19,  pi.  iii.  fig.  tl. — Oamaru  System;  New  Zealand. 

(?)  Odontaspis  carinata  : Lamna  carinata,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit. 

p.  21,  pi.  iii.  fig.  1,3, — Waipara  Series  ; Now  Zealand. 
Odonlasjm  duplex,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.297, 
pi.  xxxvii.  a.  fig.  1. — Form.  & loc.  unknown. 

Odontaspis  exigua,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  dt.  p.  23,  pi.  v.  figs.  3-5.— 
Oamaru  System  ; New  Zealand. 

Odontaspis  gustroviensis,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv  Veroins  Fr.  d. 
Naturgesch.  Mecklenburg,  vol.  xxix.  (1875),  p.  98,  pi.  ii. 
figs.  1,2. — Miocene;  Sternberg. 

Odontaspis  lineata,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  .lahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879), 

p.  147,  pi.  ii.  figs.  40-40. — Molasso  ; Baltringcn,  Wiirtem- 
berg. 

Odontaspis  lupus,  H.  Le  Hon,  Prelim.  Mem.  Poiss.  Tort.  Belg. 

1871,  p.  5,  woodc. — Pliocene;  Belgium. 

Odontaspis  mirahilis,  C.  G.  Giebel,  tom.  cit.  p.  363.— Upper 
Eocene ; Siildorf,  near  Magdeburg. 

Odontaspis  molassica,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  150,  pi.  ii.  figs.  47-52. 
Molasso ; Baltringcn. 

Odontaspis  pggmm  : Lamncf.  (Odontaspis)  pi.gmcea,  G.  von 
Munster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  vii.  (1840),  p".  23.— Miocene ; 
Vienna, 

(?)  Odontaspis  regularis,  C.  G.  Giebel,  tom.  cit.  p.  362.— Cretaceous; 
Qucdlinburg. 

Odontaspis  reticulata,  J.  Probst,  tom.  dt.  p.  145,  j)!.  ii.  figs.  26-32. 
— Molasso ; Baltringcn. 


LAMNID^, 


375 


OdontcMjjis  rigkla:  Lanina  rigida,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  152, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  53-58. — llolasse ; Baltringen. 

Odontaspis  van-dm-hroedci,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,, 
vol.  V.  (1880),  p.  77,  woodcut  fig.  3. — Upper  Eocene ; 
Limbourg,  Belgium. 

Odontaspis  verticalis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss,  vol.  iii.  (1843), 
p.  294,  pi.  xxxvii.  a.  figs.  31,  32;  E.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1849),  p.  198,  pi.  xxvi. 
figs.  124—127 ; W.  Dames,  Sitzungsb.  k.  prcuss.  Akad. 
Wiss.  Berlin,  1883,  pt.  i.  p.  145,  pi.  iii.  figs.  8-10.  Otodus 
minutissimus,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  llus.  Teyler,  vol.  iii. 
(1874),  p.  297,  pi.  vii.  fig.  2,  and  ihid.  vol.  iv.  (1876), 
p.  23 ; Archiv  Vereins  Er.  d.  Naturgesch.  Mecklenburg, 
vol.  xxix.  (1875),  p.  110.  Otodus  parvus,  T.  C.  Winkler, 
he.  cit.  vol.  iv.  (1876),  p.  7,  pi.  i.  figs.  5,  6.  Odontaspis 
mourhni,  T.  C.  Winkler,  loc.  cit.  vol.  v.  (1880),  p.  77, 
woodc.  figs.  1,  2.  Odontaspis  minutissimus,  F.  Noetling, 
Sitzungsb.  naturf.  Freunde  Berlin,  1886,  p.  16. — Eocene; 
Belgium  and  South  Carolina.  Miocene;  Mecklenburg. 
Lower  Tertiary ; Egypt.  (?)  London  Clay ; Sheppey, 
England.  [S3'nonymy  according  to  W.  Dames,  he.  cit.'\ 

The  following  is  probably  a posterior  tooth  of  Odontaspis : — 

O.vi/tes  obliqua,  C.  G.  Giebel,  Fauna  d.  Vorwelt,  Fische  (1847), 
p.  364. — Upper  Eocene;  Siildorf,  Magdeburg. 


Genus  ALOPECIAS,  MiiUer  & Henle. 

[Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiostom.  1841,  p.  74.] 

Second  dorsal  fin  and  the  anal  very  small.  Caudal  fin  extremely 
elongated,  with  a pit  at  its  root ; no  keel  on  the  side  of  the  taU. 
Teeth  equal  in  both  jaws,  of  moderate  size,  compressed,  triangular 
and  not  serrated. 

The  teeth  of  this  genus  are  not  readily  distinguishable  from  those 
of  Oxgrhina  ; the  following  species,  however,  are  recognized,  though 
the  first  two  are  very  doubtful : — 

Alopecias  acuarius,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879), 
p.  140,  pi.  ii,  figs.  76,  77. — Molasse;  Baltringen,  Wiir- 
temberg. 

(^■)Ahpecias  gigas,  J.  Probst  (in  part),  tom.  cit.  p.  141,  pi.  ii.  figs. 
69-71  (non figs.  72-75). — Molasse;  Baltringen.  [See  also 
Oxgrhina  desorii,  synonymy,  p.  383.] 


376 


SELACniI. 


Alopecias  hassd,  F.  Noetling,  Abh.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preusscn  u. 
Thliring.  Staatcn,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 (1885),  p.  75,  pi.  v. 
figs.  4a-/. — Upper  Eocene  (Zone  A,);  Samland,  Prussia. 

Vertebra;  from  the  llupelian  of  Boom,  near  Antwerp,  and 
Briistcrort,  N.  Germany,  have  also  been  assigned  to  this  genus  by 
C.  llasse,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond.  Theil  (1882),  p.  223, 
pi.  xxix.  flg.s.  22,  2.J.  They  are  further  remarked  upon  by 
F.  Noetling,  tom.  cit.  p.  78,  jd.  x.  fig.  3. 


Genus  OXYRHINA,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1838,  p.  80.] 

Second  dorsal  fin  and  the  anal  very  small.  A pit  at  the  root  of 
the  caudal  fin,  which  has  tlie  lower  lobe  much  developed ; side  of 
tho  tail  with  a keel.  Teeth  large,  anteriorly  lanceolate,  postcro- 
laterally  triangular  and  much  compressed,  without  lateral  denticles. 

Although  only  differing  from  Lmnna  in  the  prevailing  absence  of 
lateral  denticles  in  the  teeth,  it  is  conveuieut,  from  a pahcontological 
point  of  vicvv,  to  retain  O.vyrhiun  as  a distinct  genus ; more  especially 
as  several  forms  of  these  teeth  bear  specific  names  identical  with  those 
applied  to  other  teeth  referable  to  Lamna  proper. 

Oxyrhina  xnantelli,  Agassiz. 

1822.  Si/ualm  zyytena  P,G.  A.  Mautell,  Foss.  S.  Downs,  p.  227,  pi.  x.xxii. 
figs.  4,7,  8,  10,  11,20,  28. 

18.39.  O.vtjrhina,  II.  B.  (teinitz  (er  Agassiz),  Oliaraet.  Schiclit.  u.  Petre- 
fiilit.  sachs.-bohni.  Krcidegeb.  p.  12,  pi.  i.  fig.  4 (in  part). 

184.3.  O.vyrhma  mantelli,  E.  Aga.ssiz,  I’oi.ss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  28'J, 
pi.  xxxiii.  tigs.  1-5,  7-9  (««/« fig.  0). 

1843.  iMinna  acuminata,  L.  Agassiz,  to)n.  cit.  p.  292,  pi.  xxxvii.  a. 
fig.  64  (?  non  figs.  56-67). 

184.5.  Oxyrhina  manteUi,  ,\.  E.  Reus.s,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreideform.  pt.  i. 
p.  6,  pi.  iii.  figs.  1,  3,  6,  0 (?  fig.s.  2,  4). 

(P)  1849.  O.iyrhina  mantelli.  It.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  202,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  458. 

1860.  Oxyrhina  mantelli,  4.  Di.vou,  Fos.s.  Sussox,  pi.  .xxx.  fig.  24. 

18.50.  Lamna  acuminata,  F.  Dixon,  op.  cit.  pi.  xxx.  fig.  19. 

1862.  0.cyrhina  mantelli,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  ot  Pal.'’Frau9.  pi.  ixxvi. 
fig.s.  3,  20. 

(.')  1852.  O.vyrhma,  H.  Kner,  Donk.schr.  k.  .\kad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  iii. 
pi.  XV.  fig.  3. 

I860.  0.vyrhina  mantelli,  C.  E.  Fisclior,  Allg.  deutsch.  natiirli.  Zeit. 
Dre.sden,  n.  s.  vol.  ii.  p.  141,  pi.  ii.  fig.  4.3. 


LAMNID^. 


377 


1867.  Oxyrkina  mantelli  (sabinflata),  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Cat.  Pois?.  Fonn. 
Second,  lioulonnais,  (Mdiu.  Soc.  Acad.  Boulogne,  vol.  ii.)  p.  71, 
pi.  ill.  lig.  16. 

1870.  O.cyrhiiia  man'eVi,  F.  Iloemar,  Oeol.  Oberschlesien,  p.  .33.5, 
pi.  xxxvi.  tigs.  3-0. 

1872.  Oxyrhinn.  mantelli,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Bibl.  Ecole  Hautes  Etudes, 
vol.  V.  no.  9,  p.  21,  figs.  33-35. 

1872.  Otudwt  uxyrhinoides,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  loc.  cii.  p.  21,  figs.  39-11, 
64-56 ' . 

1873.  Oxyrkina  extenta,  J.  Leidy,  Ext.  Vert.  Fauna  W.  Territ.  (Rep. 
U.S.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ.  vol.  i.  pt.  i.),  p.  302,  pi.  xviii.  figs.  21-26. 

1871.  Oxyrkina  mantelli,  St.  Zarecznego,  Sprawozd.  Koniisyi  Fi/.yjo- 
graf.  Ualicyi,  vol.  viii.  p.  (126). 

1875.  Oxyrkina  maiiLdli,  II.  B.  Oeinitz,  Pal®ontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  ii. 
p.  207,  pi.  xxxviii.  figs.  1-21. 

1878.  Oxyrkina  mantelli,  St.  Zarecznego,  loe.  cit.  vol.  xii.  p.  (203). 
1878.  Oxyrkina  mantelli,  A.  Fritsch,  Kept.  u.  Fische  bohm.  Kreideform. 
p.  7,  woodc.  fig.  12. 

1888.  Oxyrkina  mantelli,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Geol.  .\ssoc.  vol.  x. 
p.  291. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; British  iluscura  and  Strassburg  Museum. 
Teeth  moderately  robust ; outer  coronal  face  always  nearly  flat, 
often  with  large  vertical  wrinkles;  inner  coronal  face  gently 
rounded;  root  short,  the  branches  very  divergent,  thick,  expanded, 
and  abbreviated.  Anterior  teeth  large,  triangular,  and  com- 
paratively broad,  the  crown  only  gently  curved  outwards  at  the 
apex;  lateral  teeth  having  the  root  much  wider  than  the  main 
portion  of  the  crown,  which  thus  exhibits  a sudden  basal  expansion 
behind,  and  often  also  in  front. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Cenomanian  and  Turonian : S.E.  England,  If. 
France,  Germany,  Bohemia,  Galicia,  and  Russia.  Senonian  : S.E. 
England  and  U.  France.  Cretaceous  : Alabama,  Kansas,  and  Mis- 
sissippi, U.8.A.“ 

4498,  4520,  4521,  4549,  4550.  Five  of  the  type  specimens,  figured 
by  Agassiz,  tom.  cii.  pi.  xxxiii.  figs.  2,  4,  7-9 ; Chalk, 
Lewes.  Mantell  Coll. 

4524,  4527,  4539,  4540.  Four  imperfect  teeth,  figured  hy  Mantell, 
op.  cit.  figs.  8,  11,  26,  28  ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 

To  tbia  “ speciea  ” also  II.  E.  Sauvage  (Bull.  SoO.  Q&l.  France,  [2]  voL  viii. 
1880,  p.  456)  refers  Lxmna  pelro;oriensis,  H.  Coquaad  (Desoript.  Geol.  etc. 
Depart.  Charenic,  vol.  ii.  1860,  p.  157). 

-This  species  is  also  recorded  from  the  White  Chalk  of  Manganischlak, 
Caspian  Sea  (E.  von  Eichwald,  Geogn.-palaeont.  Beinerk.  Halbinsel  Mangan- 
ischlak, 1871,  p.  65), 


378 


BELACHII. 


4490,  4494,  4496,  4499-4517,  4519,  4520,  4523,  4525,  4526, 
4528-4534,  4537,  4541-4548,  4551,  4556-4559.  One 
tooth  and  forty-six  dental  crowns  ; Chalk,  Sussex. 

Muntell  Coll. 

25759,  25787-89,  25799,  25946  a.  One  complete,  and  twelve  more 
or  less  imperfect  teeth,  the  first  figured  by  Dixon,  op. 
cit. ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

25799,  25767.  Three  teeth  figured  by  Dixon  (op.  cit.  pi.  xxx.  tigs.  10, 
19,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  18)  under  the  name  of  Lamna  acuminata, 
the  figure  of  the  second  also  given  by  Aga.ssiz  (tom.  cit. 
pi.  xxxvii.  a.  fig.  54) ; Chalk,  Sussex.  DLvon  Coll. 

25923  a.  T bur  imperfect  associated  teeth  ; Chalk,  Sussex. 

Dixon  Coll. 


41344.  ¥ 'ive  imperfect  large  teeth  ; Chalk,  Sussex. 

Purchased,  1869. 

43129.  Small  lateral  tooth ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Wetlierell  Coll. 


49958.  Largo  lateral  tooth  ; Chalk,  Lowes.  Capron  Coll. 

P.  1263-4.  Three  anterior  associated  teeth,  one  showing  a faint 
indication  of  a denticle ; also  three  detached  teeth  j 
Chalk,  Sussex,  Kyerton  Coll. 

P.  1265.  ¥ ive  small  dental  crowns,  probably  of  this  species  ; Chalk, 
Sussex.  Mjerton  Coll. 

P.  5403.  Broad  tooth,  with  indications  of  lateral  denticles  ; Chalk, 
Sussex.  Presented  hy  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq.,  1888. 

32346-7,  39434.  Group  of  about  fifty-seven  naturally  associated 
teeth,  with  remains  of  vertobrm ; Chalk,  Grays,  Essex. 
Thirteen  of  the  teeth  are  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  in 
PI.  XVII.  figs.  9-21. 

Purchased,  1857,  and  Bovjerhanlc  Coll. 

20289.  Small  tooth ; Chalk,  Oreenhithe,  Kent.  Purchased,  1840. 

23158  a.  Two  imperfect  teeth ; Chalk,  Kent.  Purchased,  1849. 

39056.  Lateral  to(>th  j Chalk,  Kent.  DowerhanJe  Coll. 


40546.  Tooth ; Chalk,  Kent.  Purchased,  1867. 

43095.  Lateral  tooth ; Chalk,  Gravesend,  Kent.  Wetherell  CoU. 
44585.  Two  small  lateral  teeth ; Gravesend.  Purchased,  1873. 
44840.  Two  teeth  ; English  Chalk. 

Presented  hy  Benjamin  lirvjht.  Esq.,  1873. 


LAMNIDJE. 


379 


46964.  Imperfect  tooth ; T/Ower  Chalk,  Burham,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1876. 

P.  328.  Anterior  tooth  and  lateral  tooth  ; Chalk,  Charing,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1881. 

P.  400,  P.  403.  Seven  teeth ; Chalk,  probably  Kent. 

Presented  hrj  the  Earl  of  Dude,  1881. 

P.  1264.  Seven  small  dental  crowns;  Chalk,  Kent.  Egerton  Coll. 

47237.  Dental  crown  associated  with  four  vertebra;,  labelled  Otodus‘1 
by  Prof.  Dr.  Carl  Basse  ; Lower  Chalk,  Dover. 

Gardner  Coll. 

19831.  Tooth  associated  with  large  group  of  vertebras  ; Grey  Chalk, 
Dover.  Purchased,  1846. 

47253  a,  47255.  Two  teeth  ; Grey  Chalk,  Dover.  Gardner  Coll. 

35160  a.  Lateral  tooth  ; Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Purchased,  1859. 

P.  1239.  Small  anterior  dental  crown ; Planerkalk,  Quedlinburg, 
Prussia.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2371.  Five  imperfect  small  teeth ; Planerkalk,  Strehlen,  near 
Dresden.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

28542.  One  small  tooth,  and  three  imperfect  large  teeth ; Planer- 
kalk, Teplitz,  Bohemia.  Purchased,  1853. 

P.357.  Large  anterior  tooth ; Teplitz.  Purchased, 

P.  269.  Two  anterior  teeth;  Greensand,  Regensburg,  Bavaria. 

Purchased,  1880. 

40502.  Small  anterior  tooth,  doubtfully  of  this  species  ; Greensand, 
Charmouth,  Dorset.  Purchased,  1867. 

32047.  Tooth  with  partially  separated  lateral  denticles,  and  one 
dental  crown  ; Upper  Greensand,  Kilmcrton,  Somerset. 

Purchased,  1857. 

P.  365.  Broad  dental  crown,  doubtfully  of  this  species;  Chloritic 
Marl,  Ventnor,  Isle  of  Wight.  Purchased,  1880. 

The  following  specimens  indicate  an  unknown  species,  probably 

closely  aUied  to  0.  mantelli 

P.  2304.  Three  teeth,  noticed  by  the  present  writer  in  the  Geol.  Mag. 

[3]  vol.  iii.  (1886),  p.  216;  “ Lower  Greensand,”  Amuri 
Bluff,  New  Zealand.  By  exchange,  1876. 


380 


sKLAcmr. 


Oxyrhina  subbasalis  (KiprijanofF). 

1864.  Otoclus  mlbaealis,  V.  KiprijanoiF,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
pt.  ii.  p.  3!>0,  pi.  iii.  ligs.  11-21. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  oF  moderate  size,  the  largest  attaining  a total  height  of 
about  0’034,  with  a slender  elevated  crown  ; coronal  faces  smooth, 
rarely  with  a few  vortical  wrinkles  anteriorly ; root  short,  the 
branches  very  divergent.  Anterior  teeth  narrow,  cuspidate ; poa- 
tcro-latcral  teeth  much  compressed,  though  comparatively  narrow, 
and  often  with  a faint  trace  of  the  separation  of  a pair  of  lateral 
denticles. 

Form,  4'  Loc.  Cenomanian  : Governments  of  Kursk  and  Saratov, 
Russia. 

P.  5783.  Six  teeth ; Saratov.  History  unknown. 


Oxyrbina  angustidens,  Rcuss. 

1846.  Oxyrhina  angustidens,  A.  E,  Reuss,  Verstein.  biilim.  Kreideform. 
pt.  i.  p.  6,  pi.  iii.  ligs.  7-13. 

1846.  O.vyrhina  acuminata,  A.  E.  Reuss,  op,  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  7,  1>1.  iii. 
ligs.  17-19,  pi.  vii.  fig.  20. 

1845.  O.vyrhina  heteromorpha,  A.  E.  Reuss,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  7,  pi.  iii. 
ligs.  14-10. 

1840.  Scoliodon  prisons,  A.  E.  Reuss,  op.  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  100,  pi.  xxiv. 
lig.s.  23,  24,  pi.  xlii.  figs.  10-12. 

I860.  0.vyrhina  angustidens,  C.  E.  Fischer,  Allg.  deutsclie  Natiirh. 
Zeit.  n.  8.  vol.  ii.  p.  141 , pi.  ii.  tigs.  44,  46. 

1850.  Oxyrhina  Iveteromorphn,  C.  E.  Fischer,  tom.  cit.  p.  142,  pi.  ii. 
figs.  40-49. 

1876.  O.vyrhina  angustidens,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  Palieontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  i. 
p.  293,  pi.  Ixv.  figs.  1-3 ; pt.  ii.  p,  207,  pi.  xxxviii.  tigs.  22-28. 

1878.  Oxyrhina  angustidens,  A.  Fritsch,  Kept.  u.  Fische  bolim.  Kreido- 
form.  p.  8,  woodc.  tig.  13. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

A very  small  species,  the  tooth  with  narrow  crowns,  not  attaining 
a greater  height  than  0-012,  and  the  branches  of  the  root  elongated 
in  those  near  the  symphysis. 

Form.  4 Toe-  Cenomanian  and  Turonian : Saxony  and  Bohemia. 
Turonian  and  Senonian  : 8.  England. 

28542  a.  Four  imperfect  teeth  ; Pliinerkalk,  Teplitz,  Bohemia. 

Furvhased,  1853. 


LAMNIDJJ. 


381 


P.  1275,  P.  2362.  Two  denial  crowns ; Turonian,  Bohemia. 

Ef/erton  and  EnnhhUlen  Culls. 

28374.  Five  imperfect  dental  crowns;  (?)  Turonian,  Vienenburg, 
Prussia.  Purchased,  1853. 

P.  304.  Three  teeth  ; PlSnerkalk,  Plauen,  near  Dresden. 

Transferred  from  Mus.  Praclical  Geology,  1880. 

30541  a.  Perfect  tooth  ; Upper  Greensand,  M arminster. 

Purchased,  1856. 


49955.  Two  teeth  ; Lower  Chalk,  near  Guildford.  Caj>ron  Coll. 

P.  5784.  Tooth  ; Grey  Chalk,  Dover,  Kent.  Daniels  Coll. 

P.  5785.  Three  teeth  ; Chalk,  Kent.  Daniels  Coll. 

41707  b.  Tooth  ; Chalk,  HaUing,  Kent.  Toidmin  Smith  Cull. 

P.  2380a.  Tooth;  Chalk,  Kent.  Ennislillen  Cull. 

P.  2381.  Tooth  ; Cherry  Hinton,  Cambridgeshire.  Ennlshllen  Coll. 

4581,  4562,  4566,  4568,  4570.  Five  teeth : Chalk,  Sussex. 

Mantell  Coll. 


49948.  Two  associated  teeth;  Chalk,  Glynde,  near  Lewes. 

Capron  Coll. 


Oxyrhina  macrorhiza,  Pictet  & Campiche. 

18.08.  O.iyrhitia  macrorhiza,  Pictet  & Campiche,  Foss.  Terr.  Cr«5t. 
St.  Croix,  p.  8S,  pi.  x.  figs.  C 18. 

1882.  0.vyrhina  macrorhiza,  E.  Amaud,  Bull.  Soc.  G4ol.  France,  [-3] 
vol.  X.  p.  1.33. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  of  moderate  size,  very  robust  and  narrow ; erown  in  the 
anterior  teeth  relatively  small ; the  root  greatly  developed  and  pro- 
duced inwards,  and  its  branches  diverging  at  a very  acute  angle. 
Form.  Loe.  Albian  : Switzerland,  France,  and  England. 

P.  10.  Two  teeth ; Gault,  Folkestone,  Kent.  Gardner  Coll. 

35128.  Seven  teeth  ; Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Purchased,  1859. 

36326.  Seven  teeth;  Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Purchased,  1862. 


382 


SELACHII. 


Oxyrhina  crassidens,  Dixon. 

1843.  Oxi/rhinn  mantelli,  Jj.  Agassiz  (errore),  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii. 
pi.  xxxiii.  fig.  C. 

1850.  Oxyrhina  crasaidens,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Sassex,  p.  367,  pi.  xxxi. 
fig.  13. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; Dritish  Mu.scum. 

Teeth  extremely  robust  and  of  very  large  size,  sometimes  attaining 
a total  height  of  0‘06.  Main  portion  of  the  crown  narrow  with 
respect  to  the  root,  the  coronal  edges  rapidly  diverging  outwards  at 
the  base  and  Tisually  coarsely  crimped  ; outer  coronal  face  irregularly 
convex,  with  few  vertical  wrinkles ; inner  face  extremely  convex 
and  smooth,  or  with  minute  basal  wrinkles. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Sononian : Sussex. 

25823.  Type  specimen  ; Houghton.  Dixon  Ooll. 

25786.  Two  nearly  complete  anterior  teeth  and  four  dental  crowns. 

Dixon  Coll. 

25787.  Very  small  dental  crown.  Dixon  Coll. 

4577.  Dental  crown,  figured  by  Agassiz,  loe.  cit. ; Lewes. 

Mantell  Coll. 

49951.  Dental  crown  ; Lewes.  Capron  Coll. 

49951  a.  Base  of  tooth  ; Arundel.  Capron  Ooll. 

Oxyrhina  triangularis,  Egerton. 

1845.  Oxyrhina  trlanytdaria,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Quart.  Journ.  Oeol.  Soc. 
vol.  i.  p.  109,  woodcut. 

Type.  Imperfect  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

A very  small  species,  founded  upon  the  much  compressed  broad 
teeth  mentioned  below. 

Form,  tf-  Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous  : Pondicherry,  Madras,  India. 

P.  594.  Two  dental  crowns,  one  figured  loe.  cit.  Egerton  Coll. 

Oxyrhina  desorii,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Oxyrhina  deaorii,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  282, 
pi.  xxxvii.  figs.  8-13. 

184.3.  Oxyrhina  leptodon,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  282,  pi.  xxxvii.  figs.  3-6 
(?  pi.  xxxiv.  figs.  1,  2). 

1847.  Oxyrhina  deaorii,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
p.  267. 

1849.  Oxyrhina  deaorii,  E.  Sismonda,  Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino,  [2] 
vol.  X.  p.  44,  pi.  ii.  figs.  7-16. 


LAMJflD^.  383 

1849.  Oxxjrliina  desoni,  E.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 

[2]  vol.  i.  p.  203,  pi.  xxvii.  figs.  109-171. 

1849.  O.ryrhina  wilsoni,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  ibid.  p.  203,  pi.  xxvii.  figs.  172, 
173. 

1802.  Oxyrhina  denorii,  1*.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran?,  pi.  Ixxv.  fig.  2. 
18o4-30.  Oxj/rhtna  wUsonii,  O.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  ii. 

pl.  vii.  fig.  12. 

1864-50.  Oxyrhina  desorii,  O.  G.  Costa,  op.  dt.  pt.  ii.  pl.  vii.  fig.  13. 
(.'')  1857.  O.ryrhina  desorii,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Atti  .\ccad.  Gioenia  Sci. 

Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  315,  pl.  vi.  a.  figs.  12, 13. 

1857.  Lamna  bjeUii,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  tom.cil.  p.  319,  pl.  vi.  a.  fig.  17. 
1 8ij7.  Lamna  inaquilateralis,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  tom.  cit.  p.  319,  pl.  vi.  a. 
fig.  22. 

1881.  Oxyrhina  incerta,  G.  Michelotti,  Miocfine  Inf.  Italie  Septeutr. 

(Mdm.  Soc.  Holland.  Sci.,  Haarlem),  p.  144,  pl.  xiv.  figs.  10-12. 
1861.  Oxyrhina  desorii,  G.  Michelotti,  op.  cit.  p.  145,  pl.  xiv.  figs.  13-16. 

1803.  Oxyrhina  dcsori,  K.  E.  Schafhautl,  Siid-Bay.  Leth.  Geogn.  p.  242, 
pl.  Ixii.  fig.  7. 

1871.  O.ryrhina  gracilis,  II.  Le  Hon,  Prelim.  Mdm.  Poiss.  Tert.  Belg. 
p.  11  (woodcut). 

18/0.  0.ryrhina  desorii,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesci  etc.  Colline 
Toscane,  p.  29. 

1870.  Lamna  lyellii,  R.  Lawley,  op.  cit.  p.  32. 

1877.  O.ryrhina  desorii,  A.  Locard,  Faune  Terr.  Tert.  Moy.  Corse,  p.  4. 
1877.  Oxyrhina  desorii,  K.  Miller,  Das  Molassemeer  Bodenseegeg. 
p.  00,  pl.  iii.  fig.  74. 

1879.  Oxyrhina  desorii,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresb.  vol.  xxxv.  p.  131, 
^ pl.  ii.  figs.  7-13. 

1879.  Alojxedas  gigas,  J.  Probst,  ihid.  p.  141,  pl.  ii.  figs.  72-75  (non 
figs.  69-71). 

1881.  Oxyrhina  desorii,  R.  Lawley,  Studi  Comp.  Pesci  foss.  coi  viv. 
generi  Carcharodon,  0.ryrhina,  e Galeocerdo,  p.  77,  pis.  2,  3 (Oxy- 
rhino). 

1885.  O.ryrhina  xiphodon,  F.  Noetlirg,  Abb.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preussen  u. 
TbUriug.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3,  p.  60,  pl.  iii. 

'^ype.  Detached  teeth. 

Anterior  teeth  narrow,  much  elevated,  and  robust ; crown  much 
curved  inwards,  the  outer  coronal  face  nearly  flat,  the  inner  very 
convex  ; root  with  two  elongated  branches,  diverging  at  an  acute 
s.ngle.  Lateral  teeth  more  compressed,  with  a shorter  root  having 
more  divergent  branches ; crown  narrow,  the  cutting-edges  in  most 
cases  graduaUy  diverging  to  the  extremities  of  the  base,  and  the 
apex  rarely  reflexed. 

The  dentition  of  this  species  only  diflers  from  that  of  the  existing 
0.  spaUanzanii  in  the  less  curvature  of  the  lateral  teeth. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Upper  Eocene : Prussia,  Italy,  Alabama,  and  South 


384 


SELACmi. 


Carolina.  Miocene  : Franco,  Bolgiutn,  Switzerland,  Gorman}',  Malta, 
Italy,  Sicily,  and  Corsica'.  Pliocene  : Belgium  and  Italy. 

35604-6,  35611-12.  About  tlnrty-fivo  teeth  ; Eocene,  Clarke’s  Co., 
Alabama,  U.S.A.  Presented  by  Prof.J.  W.  Mallet,  1859. 

P.  1261,  P.  1262.  Sixty  teeth  ; Eocene,  Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2374.  Twenty-four  teeth  ; Eocene,  Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama. 

Ennisldllen  Coll. 

P.  5786.  Four  imperfect  teeth ; Miocene,  Bordeaux.  Purchased. 

P.  1260.  Lateral  tooth  ; Rupclian  Beds,  Boom,  near  Antwerp. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  1258.  Six  imperfect  teeth  ; Molasse,  Solcurc,  Switzerland. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

P.2364.  Six  imperfect  teeth ; Soloure.  EnnisMllen  Coll. 

P.  1271,  P.  1272.  Eight  imperfect  teeth  ; Molasse,  Otmarsingen, 
Aargau,  Switzerland.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  5787.  Two  teeth;  Mola.sse,  Baltringcn,  Wiirtemborg. 

Purchased,  1859. 

P.  1259,  P.  1274  a.  Twelve  imperfect  teeth  ; Miocene,  Malta. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  4580 a.  Seven  teeth  ; Malta.  EnnisHllen  Coll. 

47026-7.  Two  anterior  teeth;  Pliocene, Tuscany.  Purchased,lS75. 

The  following  tooth  probably  pertain  to  species  allied  to  0. 
desorii : — 


P.  5573.  Complete  tooth ; Tertiary,  MuiAay  River,  near  Adelaide, 
Sout.h  Australia.  Presented  by  William  Evans,  Esq.,  1887. 

P.  5299.  Narrow  complete  tooth,  possibly  of  the  existing  0.  spal- 
lanzanii  ; Formosa,  China.  By  exchanye. 


^ Teeth  of  this  species  from  the  Miocene  of  Victoria  are  also  recorded 
by  P.  M'Ooy,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [3]  vol.  xx.  (1837),  p.  192. 


LAMNIBiE. 


385 


Oxyrhina  vanieri,  Kouault. 

1858.  Oxyrhina  vanieri,  M.  Rouault,  Comptes  Rendus,  vol.  xlvii. 

p.  101. 

1876.  Oxyrhina  vanieri,  II.  E.  Saurage,  Bull.  Soc.  G6ol.  France,  [3] 
vol.  iii.  p.  63.3,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  1. 

1882.  Oxyrhina  vanieri,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  M4m.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat.  Saone-et- 
Loire,  vol.  iv.  p.  45. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

A species  attaining  a somewhat  less  size  than  0.  clesoni,  and 
differing  from  the  latter  in  the  comparative  stoutness  of  the  teeth. 
The  two  forms,  however,  appear  to  be  very  closely  related. 

Form.  Loc.  iliocene  : N.W.  France. 

P.  5788.  Tooth,  wanting  half  the  root ; St.  Juvat,  near  Dinan, 
Cdtes-du-Nord. 

Oxyrhina  hastalis,  Agassiz. 

1762.  Figure  by  A.  Scilla,  De  Corporibus  Marinis,  pi.  iii.  fig.  2. 

1835.  Figure  by  E.  Hitchcock,  GeoL  Massachussetts,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  37. 
184.3.  Oxyrhina  hastalis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  277, 
pi.  xxxiv.  (excl.  figs.  1,  2,  ?14). 

1843.  Oxyrhina  ociphodon,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  278,  pi,  xxxiii. 
figs.  11-17. 

1843.  Oxyrhina  triyonodon,  L.  Agassiz,  torn.  cit.  p.  279,  pi.  xxxvii. 
figs.  17, 18’. 

184.3.  Oxyrhina  piicatilis,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  2/9,  pi.  xxxvii. 
figs.  14, 15. 

1843.  Oxyrhina  retrofleva,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  281,  pi.  xxxiii. 
fig.  10. 

1843.  Oxyrhina  quadrans,  L.  Agassiz,  totn.  cit.  p.  281,  pi.  xxxvu. 
figs.  1,  2. 

1849.  Oxyrhina  hastalis,  E.  Sismonda,  Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino,  [2] 
vol.  X.  p.  40,  pi.  i.  figs.  41-47. 

1849.  Oxyrhina  piicatilis,  E.  Si.smonda,  tom.  cit.  p.  42,  pi.  i.  figs.  48-60. 
1849.  Oxyrhina  xiphodon,  E.  Sismonda,  tom.  cit.  p.  42,  pi.  i.  figs.  61, 62. 
1849.  O.ryrhina  isocelica,  E.  Sis  uonda,  tom.  cit.  p.  43,  pi.  ii.  figs.  1-C. 
1849.  Oxyrhina  hastalis,  R.  AV.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 

[2]  vol.  i.  p.  201,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  148-162. 

1849.  Oxyrhina  xiphodon,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  tom.  cit.  p.  201,  pi.  xxvii. 
figs.  153, 164. 

1849.  Oxyrhina  piicatilis,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  tom.  cit.  p.  202,  pi.  xxvii. 
figs.  1.55-157. 

’ Under  this  name  teeth  from  the  Miocene  of  Victoria  are  also  recorded'  by 
F.  M'Coy,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [3]  to  ix  (1867)  p.  192.  • 

2 0 


386 


SELACHII. 


1850.  Oxyrhina  kpiodon,  0.  G.  Costa,  Paloont.  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  i- 
p.  121,  pi.  ix.  lig.  11. 

1850.  Oxyrhina  xiphuthm,  O.  G.  Costa,  ibid.  p.  122,  pi.  ix.  lig-  0- 
1860.  Oxyrhina  hastalis,  0.  G.  Costa,  ibid.  p.  123,  pi.  ix.  ligs.  10, 1 
1852.  Oxyrhina  hasUdis,  1’.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  I’al.  Fraiif.  pi.  Ixxv.  figs. 
1,7. 

1852.  Oxyrhina  xiphodon,  1’,  Gervais,  op.  cit.  pi.  Ixxv.  fig.  8. 

1852.  Oxyrhina plicatilu,  1’.  Gervais,  oj}.  cit.  pi.  Ixxv.  fig.  0. 

1854-60.  Oxyrhina  plicatilia,0.  O.  Costa,  I’aleout.  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  in 
p.  78,  pi.  vi.  fig.  6. 

(?)  1864-50.  O.vyrhina  desorii,  0.  G.  Co.sta,  ibid.  p.  70,  pi.  vi.  fig.  7, 
pi.  vii.  figs.  1-3. 

1854-60.  Oxyrhina  haslalis,  O.  G.  Costa,  ibid.  pi.  vi.  figs.  0,  0,  10,  14, 
pi.  vii.  fig.  7. 

1854-50.  O.ryrhina  xiphodon  and  O.  leplodon,  0.  G.  Costa,  ibid.  pi.  vii. 
figs.  5,  0. 

1857;  O.ryrhina  hastalia,  O.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Atli  Accad,  Gioenia  Sci. 

Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  312,  pi.  vi.  a.  fig.  5 a. 

1867.  O.vyrhina  xiphodon,  G.  G.  Gemniellaro,  turn.  cit.  p.  313,  pi.  vi.  a. 
figs.  0 a-8  a. 

1867.  Oxyrhina  leptudun,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  tom.  cit.  p.  814,  pi.  vi.  n. 
figs.  0 a 11  a. 

1871.  O.ryrhina  lriymwdon=0.  plicatilis,  II.  Lo  lion,  Prdlim.  Mdm. 
Poiss.  Tert.  Belg.  p.  0. 

1876.  Oxyrhina  xiphodon,  II.  E.  Sauvago,  Bull.  Soc.  Gdol.  Franco,  [Oj 
vol.  iii.  p.  033. 

1875.  Oxyrhina  hadalis,  11.  E.  Sauvage,  tom.  cit.  p.  033. 

1870.  Oxyrhina  hadalia,  xiphodon,  triyrmodon,  plicaiilia,  and  isoceba, 
R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesci  etc.  Collino  Toscane,  ],p.  27,  28,  31 
(firielly  noticed  separately). 

1877.  Oxyrhina  ayassizii,  R.  Lawley,  Atti  Soc,  Tosc.  vol,  iii.  p.337. 
1877.  Oxyrhina  hastalia,  K.  Miller,  Molassemeer  Bodenseegeg.  j).  05, 

pi.  iii,  lig.  73. 

1877.  O.ryrhina  haatalis,  A.  Jjocard,  Faune  Terr.  Tert.  Moy.  Corse,  p.  2. 
1870.  O.vyrhina  hastalia,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt,  .laliresli.  vol.  xxxv.  p.  120, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  1-0. 

1870.  O.vyrhina  xiphodon,  J.  I’robst,  tom.  cit.  p.  132,  pi.  ii.  figs.  14-10. 

1881.  Oxyrhina  ayassizii,  It.  Lawley,  Studi  Comp.  Pesci  loss,  coi  viv. 
generi  Carcharodon,  O.iyrhinu,  e (iakoccrdo,  p,  03,  pis.  v.-ix. 

( O.iyrhina). 

1882.  Oxyrhina  .viphodon,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  M6m.  Sue.  Sci.  Nat.  Saone- 
et- Loire,  vol.  iv.  p.  40. 

1882.  O.vyrhina  hastalia,  II.  E.  Sauvago,  tom.  cit.  p.  47. 

(?)  1888.  Oxyrhina  acuminata,  J.  W.  Bavis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  iv.  p.  20,  pi,  V.  fig.  21. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Stuttgart  Museum. 

Teeth  attaining  a largo  size,  broad,  thin,  compressed ; outer 


tAJIXID^. 


387 


coronal  face  flat  or  concave,  rarely  with  vertical  wrinkles;  root 
short,  the  branches  very  divergent,  usually  hlunt  and  abbreviated. 
Anterior  teeth  large,  triangular  and  relatively  broad,  the  crown  only 
gently  curved  outwards  at  the  apex ; coronal  edges  of  the  lateral 
teeth  gradually  curving  to  the  extremities  of  the  base,  the  apex 
often  bent  slightly  outwards 

Lawley  has  described  150  teeth  of  this  species,  found  associated 
with  cartilage  and  vertehne  in  the  Tlioceno  of  Tuscany ; and  the 
synonymy  given  above  is  based  upon  the  information  thus  obtained. 
It  is  almost  impossible  to  distinguish  many  of  the  postero-latcral 
teeth  from  those  of  0.  desorii  and  0.  spdllanzanii. 

Form.  Loc.  Eocene : Alabama  and  S.  Carolina,  TJ.S.A.  Mio- 
cene : France,  Belgium,  Spain,  Portugal,  Switzerland,  Wiirtemberg, 
Malta,  Italy,  Sicily,  Corsica,  Virginia,  Maryland,  S.  Carolina,  and 
Victoria.  Pliocene : S.E.  England,  Belgium,  S.  France,  and  Italy. 
Oamaru  83'stem : Xew  Zealand.  Tertiary:  Canary  and  Cape  de 
Verde  Isles. 

P.  1263  a.  Seven  small  teeth ; Eocene,  Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama, 
U.S.A.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2368.  Three  teeth  ; Alabama.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

28103.  Two  small  dental  crowns ; Eocene,  South  Carolina,  U.S.A. 

Purchased,  1852. 

P.  5739.  Three  dental  crowns  ; South  Carolina. 

Presented  hy  Miss  Caroluu  Birley,  1888. 

P.  5914.  Three  imperfect  teeth  ; Lower  Tertiary,  Las  Palmas,  Canary 
Isles.  Presented  by  Sir  Clmrles  hydl,  Bart. 

P.  5789.  Two  imperfect  teeth ; Lower  Tertiary,  San  Nicatao,  Cape 
de  Verde  Isles. 

Transferred  from  Mus.  Practiced  Oeoloyy,  1880. 

P.  1260  a.  Small  dental  crown  ; Eupelian  Beds,  Boom,  near  Ant- 
werp. EyeHon  Coll. 

28369.  Tooth;  Miocene,  (?) Dax,  Bordeaux.  Purchased,  1S5‘6. 

' Some  rare  teeth  (one  from  the  “ Calcaire  de  Veteuil  ”),  agreeing  in  every 
respect  with  this  description,  but  characterized  by  the  presence  of  a rudimentary 
lateral  denticle,  are  named  Otodus  apieuleitus,  L.  Agas.siz,  tom.  cit.  p.  275, 
pi.  xxxii.  figs.  33-3.5.  A rudimentary  denticle  has  already  been  noted  in 
0.  manteUi  (p.  378,  No.  P.  1263),  thus  suggesting  that  Otodus  apiculaius  is  a 
synonym  of  Oxyrhina  hastalis. 


2c  2 


388 


SELACniI. 


33562.  Two  teeth  ; Miocene,  Lot-et-Oaronne,  France. 

Purchased,  1857. 

32737.  Small  tooth  ; Miocene,  Xabrogas,  Lisbon. 

Presented  hy  J.  S.  Valentine,  Esq.,  1857. 

38645.  Dental  crown  ; Miocene,  Tejares,  Malaga,  Spain. 

Purchased,  1860. 

P.  1358  a.  Two  imperfect  teeth  ; Molasse,  Soleurc,  Switzerland. 

Eyerlon  Coll. 

P.  1274  b,  P.  2363.  Three  posterior  teeth,  one  figured  by  Agassiz 
(tom.  cit.  pi.  xxxvii.  fig.  2)  under  the  name  of  0.  quadrans, 
Ag. ; Soleurc.  Eyerton  ^ EnnisJeillcn  Colls. 

P.  3365.  Two  teeth ; Molasse,  Otmarsingen.  Ennislillen  Coll. 

P.  5790.  Three  teeth  : Molasse,  Baltringcn,  Wiirtombcrg. 

Purchased,  1859. 

24601.  Seventeen  teeth,  some  comparatively  narrow  and  referable 
to  the  anterior  portion  of  the  lower  jaw  ; Miocene,  Malta. 

Purchased,  1850. 

32582.  Two  teeth  ; Malta.  Purchased,  1857,  1870. 

50011  a.  Tooth  ; Malta.  Trevelyan  Bequest. 

P.  1268,  P.  1270,  P.  1273-4.  Twenty-one  teeth,  some  of  the  form 
named  0.  quadrans,  Ag. ; Malta.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2367,  P.  2369,  P.  4560.  Seventeen  teeth;  Malta. 

Ennislillen  Coll. 

33315.  Twelve  large  teeth  ; lied  Crag,  Saxmundham,  Suffolk. 

Purcluised,  1858. 

30895-7.  Nine  large  teeth  ; lied  Crag,  Woodbridgo,  Suffolk. 

Purchased,  1856. 

P.  1269,  P.  5154.  Twelve  teeth;  lied  Crag,  Suffolk.  Eyerton  CoU. 

P.  5577.  Three  teeth,  with  perforations  in  the  base;  lied  Crag, 
Suffolk.  Harford  Coll. 

40398.  1 w'o  small  dental  crow'ns ; Coralline  Crag,  Gedgrave,  Suflblk. 

Daniels  Coll. 

P.  266.  Tooth;  Coralline  Crag,  Orford,  Suffolk.  Purchased,  1880. 


LAMNID^. 


389 


41337,  41340.  Two  tooth;  Miocene,  Maryland,  U.S.A. 

Purchased,  1869. 

41911.  Two  teeth;  Crag,  Suffolk.  Purchased,  1870. 

42853.  Six  teeth  ; Crag,  Antwerp.  Van  Breda  Coll. 

P.  2366,  P.  2391.  Twelve  teeth;  Crag,  Antwerp.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  293.  Four  imperfect  teeth ; Pliocene,  Montpellier,  S.  France. 

Transferred  from  Mus.  Practical  Geology,  1880. 

47023-4.  Lateral  tooth,  and  one  probably  from  the  symphysis  of 
the  lower  jaw  of  this  species;  Pliocene,  Tuscany. 

Purchased,  1875. 

1083  (Sloane  Cat.).  Tooth ; locality  unknown.  Sloane  Coll. 

43995.  Four  large  teeth,  provisionally  assigned  to  this  species  ; 

Miocene,  Mordialloc,  Melbourne.  Purchased,  1872. 


Oxyrhina  crassa,  Agassiz. 

1S4.3.  O.ryi-hiiia  erassa,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  28-3,  pi.  xxxni. 
fig.  16  {non  pi.  xxxiv.  fig.  14;. 

(? ) l.'^O.  O.ryrhiiin  erassa,  11.  W.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
[2]  vol.  i.  p.  202,  pi.  xxvii.  figs.  159,  ICO. 

18.57.  Oxyrhina  erassa,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Atti  Accad.  Giocnia  Sci. 
Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  317,  pi.  i.  a.  fig.  11a. 

1871.  Oxyrhina  benedeni,  II.  Le  lion,  Prelim.  M6m.  Poiss.  Tert.  Belg. 
p.  6,  woodcut. 

1876.  Oxyrhina  erassa,  R.  Lawley,  Nuo«  Studi  Pesci  etc.  Colline 
Toscane,  p.  .30. 

1876.  Ojyrhina  yibbosissima,  R.  Lawley,  op.  cit.  p.  31. 

1876.  Oxyrhina  foresHi,  R.  Lawley,  op.  cit.  p.  31. 

1881.  O.iyrhina  'forestu,  R.  Lawley,  Studi  Comp.  Pesci  foss.  coi  viv 
generi  Carcharndon,  Oxyrhina,  e Galeoeerdo,  p.  107,  pi.  iv.  {O.ry- 
rhina),  fig.  1. 

1881.  Oayrhina  quadrans,  R.  Lawley,  op.  (it.  p.  112,  pi.  iv.  {Oxyrhina), 
fig.  2. 

1881.  Oxyrhina  furestii,  R.  Lawley,  op.  cit.  p.  121,  pi.  iv.  {Oxyrhina), 
fig.  3. 

1681.  0.ryrhina  yilbosissima,  R.  Lawley,  <y).  cit.  p.  118,  pi.  iv.  {Oxy- 
rhina), fig.  4. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

A large  species,  the  teeth  extremely  robust.  Anterior  teeth 
narrow,  with  high  crown,  and  deep  root  divided  into  two  long 


390 


SELACHII, 


branches  diverging  at  an  acute  angle;  lateral  teeth  only  differing 
from  those  of  0.  xiphodon  in  their  considerable  thickness. 

Form.  ^ Loo.  Eocene : S.  Carolina  and  Alalmma.  Eocene  or  Mio- 
cene: Valley  of  the  llhinc.  Miocene:  Sicily.  Pliocene:  Italy  and 
Eelgium. 

P.  2374.  Anterior  tooth;  Eocene,  Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama,  U.S.A. 

Ennigkdlen  Coll. 

P.  4096.  Similar  tooth  ; Phosphate  Beds,  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
U.S.A.  ]iy  exchange,  1883. 

47024  a.  Imperfect  lateral  tooth  ; Pliocene,  Orciano,  Tuscany. 

Furchaml,  1875. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  uj)on  teeth,  mostly 
detached  ; but  there  arc  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

0.vyrhina  arjossizii  : Anotodus  apassizii,  II.  Lellon,  Prelim.  Mem. 

Poiss.  Tort.  Belg.  (1871),  p.  8,  figs. — Pliocene  ; Belgium. 
Oxyrhina  brevis,  O.  U.  Cosia,  Paleont.  lloguo  Napoli,  pt.  ii. 
(1854-56),  p.  82,  pi.  vii.  figs.  8,  9.  O.vyrhbia  tumidulu, 
O.  G.  Costa,  02K  cil.  pt.  ii.  p.  82,  pi.  vii.  figs.  10,  11. — 
Miocene ; Naples. 

Oxyrhina  cornplanctta,  E.  Sismonda,  Mem.  It.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino, 
[2]  vol.  X.  (1849),  p.  41,  pi.  i.  figs.  37-40. — Miocene; 
Piedmont. 

Oxyrhina  enysii,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans,  lioy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2j  vol.  iv. 
(1888),  p,  28,  pi.  V.  figs.  17-20. — Oamaru  System;  New 
Zealand.  [?=0.  Imuslii,  Davis. j 
Oxyrhina  exiyua,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879), 
p.  135,  pi.  ii.  figs.  20-25. — Molasso;  Baltringon,  Wiirtem- 
berg. 

Oxyrhina  fasiiyiata,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  30,  pi.  vi.  figs.  1-3. 

— Oamaru  System  ; Now  Zealand. 

O.vyrhina  yrandis,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  30,  pi.  v.  figs.  15,  16. 
— Oamaru  and  Waipara  Systems,  and  Cretacco-Tortiary  ; 
New  Zealand. 

0.vyrhina  haastii : O.vyrhina  von  haastii,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.,  cit. 

p.  26,  pi.  iv.  figs.  1-3. — Oamaru  System ; New  Zealand. 
0.vyrhina  kocfii,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv  Veroins  Er.  d.  Naturgesch. 
Mecklenburg,  vol.  xxix.  (1875),  p.  105,  pi.  ii.  figs.  3,  4.— 
Miocene ; Holstein. 

0.vyrhina  hmiiyata,  A.  Dairneries,  Ann.  Soc.  lioy.  Malacol.  Belg., 
Proc.-verb.  1888,  p.  liv  (name  only). — Heersian  Beds  ; 
Belgium. 


LAMJJID^. 


891 

Oxyrhina  lata,  J.  W.  Daris,  tom.  cit.  p.  32,  pi.  vi.  fig.  5. — Oamaru 
System  ; Xew  Zealand. 

Oxyrhina  mimita,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.  285, 
pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  39-47  ; E.  Sismonda,  Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sci- 
Torino,  [2]  vol.  x.  (1849),  p.  44,  pi.  ii.  figs.  36-39  ; 0.  G. 
Costa,  Paleont.  Regno  Xapoli,  pt.  ii.  (1854-56),  p.  85, 
pi.  vii.  figs.  52-58 ; G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Atti  Accad.  Gioenia 
Sci.  Xat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  (1857),  p.  316,  pi.  vi.  a.  fig.  14. — 
Lower  Miocene ; Osnabriick,  Prussia ; also  Piedmont, 
Naples,  and  Sicily  '. 

Oxyrhina  nova,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mas.  Teyler,  vol.  iv. 
(1876),  p.  22,  pi.  ii.  fig.  8. — BruxeUian  Beds ; Woluwe 
St.  Lambert,  Brussels. 

Oxyrhina  numida,  A.  Valenciennes,  .Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  [3]  vol.  i. 

(1844),  p.  103,  pi.  i.  fig.  15.— Newer  Tertiary  ; Algeria. 
Oxyrhina  plana,  L.  Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  [2]  vol.  xxi.  (1856), 
p.  274  ; R.  Lawley,  Stndi  Comp.  Pesci  loss,  coi  viv.(1881), 
p.  82. — Tertiarj- ; Ocoya  Creek,  California. 

Oxyrhina  recta,  J.  W.  Davis,  torn.  cit.  p.  2/ , pi.  v,  fig.  14.  Oamaru 
System  : Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 

Oxyrhina  rouillieri,  V.  Riprijanoff,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  ^ 
1854,  pt.  ii.  p.  391,  pi.  iii.  figs.  22-26.— Cenomanian ; 
Government  of  Kursk,  Russia. 

Oxyrhina  sillimani,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
1847,  p.  268,  and  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  i. 
p.  202,  pi.  xxvii.  figs.  165-168.— Eocene  ; South  Carolina. 
O.mirhina  xuhinjlata,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843), 
p.  284,  pi.  xxxvii.  figs.  6,  7 ; P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal. 
Fran?.  (1852),  pi.  Ixxvi.  fig.  1 ; H.  E.  Sauvage,  Biblioth. 
Ecole  Hautes  Etudes,  vol.  v.  no.  9 (1872),  p.  22,  figs.  36- 
38.— Mbian  ; Perte-du- Rhone,  France.  Cenomanian  ; 
Kemmertingen.Wurtemberg,  and  Sarthe,  France. 

0.vyrhina  guhve.va,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  31,  pi.  'd.  fig.  4. 

Oamaru  System;  Hogs  Back,  New  Zealand.  [?  0, 

haastii,  Davis.] 

O.ryrhina  taroti,  M.  Rouault,  Comptes  Rendus,  vol.  xlvii.  (1858), 
p.  101.— Miocene  ; W.  France. 

Oxyrhina  tmnvla,  L.  Agas.siz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  [2]  vol.  xxi. 
(1856),  p.  275 ; R.  Lawley,  Stndi  Comp.  Pesci  foss.  coi 
viv.  (1881),  p.  82. — Tertiary  ; Ocoya  Creek,  California. 

' Some  doubtful  teeth  from  the  Eocene  of  South  Carolina  are  also  assigned 
to  this  species  by  E.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  rol.  i. 
(1849),  p.  202,  pi.  ixrii.  figs.  161- 164.  The  last  seems  referable  to  Aprionodon. 


392 


SELACHII. 


Oxyrldna  w'niZm',G.  Vincent,  Ann.  Soo,  Roy.  Malaool.  Bclg.vol.xi. 

(1876),  p.  125,  pi.  vi.  fig.  3. — Lower  Laudeiiiaii ; Belgium. 
Oxyrhina  woodsii,  J.  E.  T.  Woods  {ex  E.  M‘Coy,  MS.),  Geol.  Obs. 
S.  Australia  (1&62),  p.  80,  woodcut. — Tertiary ; Mt. 
Gambior. 

Oxyrhina  ziynoi,  F.  Bassani,  Alti  Soc.  Tosc.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.  iii. 
(1877),  p.  78,  pi.  xi.  fig.  2 ; Atti  Soo.  Venoto-Tront.  Sci. 
Nat.  vol.  V.  (1878)  p. 280. — Eocene;  Fumanc,  Verona. 

(?)  Oxyrhina  tippei,  L.  Agassiz,  I’oiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.  284, 
pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  48-52. — Cenomanian  ; Regensburg,  Ba- 
varia*. [The  original  of  fig.  48  is  con.sidored  to  bo  the 
lateral  denticle  of  a large  tooth  of  “ Ot.odm  ” by  H.  E. 
Sauvage,  Biblioth.  Ecole  Hautea  Etudes,  vol.  v.  no.  9, 
p.  23.] 

Teeth  of  the  recent  Oxyrhina  yomphodon,  Mlillor  & Hcnle  ( = 0. 
spallanzanii,  Bonaparte),  arc  also  recorded  from  a Tertiary  deposit 
in  the  island  of  Bonaire,  West  Indies,  by  K.  Martin,  Zeitschr.  deutsch. 
geol  Ges.  vol.  xxxi.  (1879),  p.  477. 

Vertebrae  of  Oxyrhina  are  also  described  by  C.  Hasso,  Nutiirl.  Syst. 
Elasmobr.,  Besond.  Theil  (1882),  from  the  Chalk  of  Orel,  Russia  {op. 
eit.  p.  2.34,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  47),  and  from  the  Tortiarics  of  Baltringen, 
Flonheim,  and  Antwerp  {op.  cit.  p.  234,  pi.  xxxi.  figs.  43-40). 
Others  by  F.  Noctlitig,  Abh.  Geol.  Specialk.  I’rcussen  u.  Thiiiing. 
Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 (1885),  p.  57,  pi.  x.  fig.  5. 

The  so-called  O.vyrhina  arnaudi,  H.  Coqiiand  (Descript.  Geol.  etc. 
Depart.  Charente,  vol.  ii.  I860,  ]).  133),  from  the  Santonian  Beds  of 
Franco,  is  considered  by  II.  E.  Sauvage  to  be  probably  founded  upon 
a tooth  of  Gorax  (Bull.  Soc.  Geol.  Franco,  [31  vol.  viii  1880, 
p.  456). 


Genus  LAlVEBJAy  Cuvier. 

[RDgne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  126.] 

Syn.  Otodus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  266. 

Second  dorsal  fin  and  the  anal  very  small.  A pit  at  the  root  of 
the  caudal  fin,  which  has  the  lower  lobe  much  developed;  side 
of  the  tail  with  a keel.  Dentition  only  differing  from  that  of 
Oilontaspis  (p.  360)  in  the  relatively  loss  elevated  and  less  subulate 
character  of  the  anterior  teeth,  and  the  usually  larger  size  of  the 
lateral  denticles. 

By  Oxyrhina  manielU  thi.s  genus  appears  to  bo  connected  with 
O.vyrhina  ; by  Lanma  ohliqua  with  Cardmrodon. 

Some  doubtful  Tertiary  teeth  are  also  assigned  to  this  species  by  O.  Ct- 
Cosla,  Palcont.  Begno  Napoli,  pt,  i.  (18b0),  p.  121,  pi.  ix.  figs.  8, 19. 


LAMNID^, 


393 


Lamna  appendicolata  (Agassiz). 

1799.  Dent  de  Sqiuxle,  Faujas  St.-Fond,  Hist.  Nat.  Mt.  St.-Pierre  de 
Maestriclit,  p.  110,  pi.  xviii.  fig.  2. 

1822.  Squaltts  mmteltis  ?,  G.  A.  ManteU,  Foss.  S.  Downs,  pL  xxxii. 
figs.  2,  3,  6,  6,  9. 

1839.  Squalm  eomubictu  and  Odontaspu  rhapModon,  II.  B.  Geinitz, 
Charact.  Schiclit.  u.Petrefakt.  bdhm.-sachs.  Kreideform.  pp.  11,12, 
pi.  i.  figs.  3,  5. 

1841.  Otodm  appendiculatm,  F,  Roeiter  (<>4:  Agassiz,  MS.),  Nordd. 
Kreidegeb.  p.  107. 

1843.  Otodm  appendiadatus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  270, 
pi.  xxxii.  figs.  1-2-5. 

1845.  Otodm  appendiculatm,  A.  E.  Reu.s.«,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreideform. 
pt.  i.  p.  6,  pi.  iii.  figs.  23-29  (?  figs.  30,  31,  non  fig.  22). 

(?)  1847.  Otodu*  bmalis,  C.  G.  Giebel,  Fauna  d.  Vorw.,  Fische,  p.  354. 

1849.  Otodm  appendiculatm,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Pbilad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  199,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  1;18-140. 

1850.  Otodm  appendiculatm,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Sussex,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  25, 
pi.  xxxi.  fig.  17. 

1852.  Otodm  latm?,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Franf.  pi.  Ixxvi.  fig.  23. 

(?)  1852.  Lamna  acuminata,  P.  Gervais,  op.  cit.  pi.  Ixxvi.  figs.  12,  24. 

(?)  1864.  Otodm  haealii,Y.  Kiprijanoff,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
pt.  ii.  p.  388,  pi.  ii.  figs.  31--38,  pi.  iii.  figs.  1-10. 

1855.  Otodm  appendiculatm,  E.  Hubert,  Miim.  Soc.  Gdol.  France,  [2] 
vol.  V.  p.  855. 

1850.  Otodiis  appendiculatm,  C.  E.  Fischer,  Allg.  deutsche  Naturh.  Zeit. 
n.  8.  vol.  ii.  p.  141,  pL  ii.  figs.  38-4  fig.  59). 

1858.  Otodus  ajypendieuhtug,  Pictet  & Campiche,  Foss.  Terr.  Crdtac5 
St.  Croix,  p.  82,  pi.  x.  figs.  3,  4. 

1870.  Otodm  appendicvlatus,  F.  Roemer,  Geol.  von  Oberschlesien, 
p.  323,  pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  0. 

1872.  Otodm  appendietdatm,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Bibl.  Ecole  Hautes 
Etudes,  vol.  V.  no.  9,  p.  26,  pi.  ii.  figs.  57-59. 

1872.  Lamna  acuminata,  H.  E.  Sauvage,  ibid.  p.  34,  pi.  ii.  figs.  73-75. 

1875.  Otodm  appendiculatm,  H.  B.  Geinitz,  Palseontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  i. 
p.  294,  pi.  Ixv.  figs.  0,  7,  pt.  ii.  p.  208,  pi.  xxxviii.  figs.  -37-54. 

1874.  Otodtu  appendiculatus,  St.  Zarecznego,  Sprawozd.  Komisyi  Fizy- 
jogrnf.  GaUcj-i,  vol.  viii.  p.  (125). 

1878.  Otodm  appendiculatm,  St.  Zarecznego,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xii.  p.  (203). 

1888.  Otodm  appendicttlatus,  R.  Etheridge,  jnn.,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S. 
4\'ale.s,  [2]  voL  iii.  p.  158,  pi.  iv.  fig.  1. 

1888.  Otodm  appendiculatm,  S.  Niliitin,  M^m.  ComittS  GAol.  vol.  v.  no.  2, 
p.  40,  pi.  V.  figs.  3-5. 

Tppe.  Detached  teeth  ; British  Museum  and  Strassbnrg  Museum. 

Teeth  robust,  with  a very  thick  root  having  a much  flattened 
postero-inferior  face,  the  nutritive  foramen  not  in  a groove ; the 
largest  example  attaining  a total  height  of  about  0-04.  Outer 


394 


SELACim. 


coronal  face  slightly  convex  or  flat,  often  with  few  indefinite  vertical 
folds  in  the  basal  half ; inner  coronal  face  markedly  convex,  smooth  ; 
cutting-edges  prominent ; a single  pair  of  lateral  denticles,  broad 
but  pointed.  Anterior  teeth  narrow  and  upright : lateral  teeth 
much  inclined  backwards,  the  anterior  edge  being  much  more  arcuate 
and  longer  than  the  posterior. 

Form.  ^ Loo.  Albian — Scuonian : S.  England.  Cenomanian  : 
Belgium,  Bavaria,  and  llussia.  Cenomanian  and  Turonian  ; Saxony, 
Upper  Silesia,  and  Bohemia.  (?)  Danian  : Holland.  lT])por  Creta- 
ceous : Galicia,  New  Jersey,  and  N.  Queensland  ‘. 

35885,  36114,  36319,  36320,  36905.  Seven  tooth,  including  one 
very  robust  example,  0'04  in  total  height ; Gault,  Eolke- 
stone.  Pvrchaiied,  1801,  1862. 

36331.  Tooth  ; Gault,  Folkestone.  Darnels  Coll. 

47218  a,  P.  9.  Fifteen  teeth ; Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 

P.  253-4.  Three  teeth  ; Gault,  Folkestone. 

Presented  bi/  ./.  Wood-Mason,  Es/j.,  1880. 

P.  2382.  Anterior  tooth  figured  by  Agassiz,  tom.cit.  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  7; 

Gault,  Folkestone.  Ennislcillea  Coll. 

28108.  Seventeen  teeth ; Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Presented  by  James  Carter,  Esej.,  1852. 

35127,  35129,  35160.  Thirty-four  teeth;  Cambridge  Greensand. 

Purchased,  1859. 

41914.  Nine  teeth;  Cambridge  Greensand.  Purchased,  1870. 

P.  5791.  Three  teeth  ; Cambridge  Greensand. 

40501.  Lateral  tooth ; Upper  Greensand,  Charmouth,  Dorset. 

Purchased,  1 867 . 

47957.  Tooth;  Upper  Greensand,  Warminster. 

Presented  by  the  Hon.  liohert  Marsham,  1877. 

P.  5793.  Six  imperfect  teeth,  and  one  with  a remarkably  broad 
triangular  compressed  crown  ; Warminster. 

P.  5909.  One  perfect  and  one  imperfect  tooth;  Greensand,  Tournai, 
Belgium.  Purchased. 

P.  1283.  Seven  teeth,  more  or  less  imperfect ; Tournai. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

* This  species  is  also  recorded  from  the  White  Chalk  of  Manganischlak  (E. 
von  Bichwald,  Oeogn.-pala;ont.  Bemork.  Ilalbinsel  Manganischlak,  1871,  p.  C5). 


LAMNID.E. 


395 


P.  5792.  Imperfect  anterior  tooth  ; Toumai.  Enniskillm  Coll. 

P.  268.  Three  teeth  ; Greensand,  Regensburg,  Bavaria. 

Pttrchased,  1880. 

P.  5558.  Fourteen  teeth ; Cenomanian,  Saratov,  Russia. 

By  exchanye,  1888. 

23158.  Tooth;  Chalk  Marl,  Dover.  Purchased,  18-J9. 

P.  2299.  Two  teeth ; Chalk  Marl,  Rocken  End,  Undercliff,  Isle  of 
Wight.  Presented  by  Mrs.  Burton,  1882. 

1505.  Tooth  ; Pliinerkalk,  Weinbohla,  near  Meissen,  Saxony. 

Purchased,  1838. 

28893.  Four  teeth;  Pliinerkalk,  Strehlen,  near  Dresden,  Saxony. 

Di.ron  Coll. 

P.  283,  P.  301.  Eight  teeth  ; Pliinerkalk,  Strehlen. 

Transferred  from  Mus.  Practical  Geology,  1880. 

P.  1281.  Eight  teeth ; Pliinerkalk,  Strehlen.  Egerton  Coll. 

49195.  Three  teeth  ; Grey  Chalk,  Dover.  Daniels  Coll. 

36904,  43011.  Three  teeth  ; Grey  Chalk,  Dover. 

Purchased,  1862,  1871. 

47244,  47253,  47256-7.  Twelve  teeth;  Grey  Chalk,  Dover. 

Gardner  Coll. 

P.  45.  Group  of  about  sixty  naturally  associated  teeth,  including 
some  from  the  symphysiul  region  and  many  of  the  hinder- 
most  teeth  ; Lower  Chalk,  Dover.  Gardner  Coll. 

49948.  Four  teeth,  one  very  large  though  fragmentary;  Lower 
Chalk,  Guildford,  Surrey.  Capron  Coll. 

4475,  4486.  Five  teeth,  figured  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xxxii. 

figs.  1,  5,  6,  11,  14 ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 

4518.  Tooth  figured  in  Mantell’s  Foss.  South  Downs,  pi.  xxxii. 

fig.  6 ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 

4473,  4476,  4477,  4480,  4483,  4484,  4485,  4487,  4488,  4491, 
4493,  4564,  4565,  4567,  4572.  About  twenty  teeth ; 
Chalk,  Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 

25799,  25762.  Two  teeth  figured  by  Dixon,  op.  cit.  pi.  xxx.  fig.  25, 
pi.  xxxi.  fig.  17 ; Chalk,  Sussex.  DLvon  Coll. 


396 


SELACHri. 


25799,  25800,  25946  b.  Twelve  teeth  ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

49949.  Tooth ; Chalk,  Arundel,  Sussex.  Gapron  Coll. 

49950.  Tooth  ; Chalk,  Lowes.  Gapron  Coll. 

49898.  Group  of  fifteen  vertebra)  and  fifteen  teeth  ; Chalk,  Glyiide, 
Lowes.  Gapron  Coll. 

P.  1280.  Four  teeth  ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Kgerion  Coll. 

P.  5401.  Tooth ; Chalk,  Lewes. 

Presented  hij  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

P.  1280  a.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Chalk,  Heytesbury,  Wiltshire. 

Egerton  Coll. 

20289.  Tooth  and  dental  crown  ; Chalk,  Grecnhithe,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1846. 

23158.  Tooth  ; Chalk,  Kent,  Purchased,  1849. 

39053.  Group  of>  about  twenty-five  naturally  associated  teeth  in  a 
block  of  Chalk  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Jlnidstone,  Kent. 
Most  of  the  teeth  belong  to  the  anterior  portion  of  the  jaw 
and  are  very  robust.  One  tooth  much  resembles  the 
original  of  fig.  7 of  Agassiz’s  pi.  xxxii.  tom.  clt. ; and  a 
small  examj)lo  may  most  probably  bo  regarded  as  the 
diminutive  third  tooth  of  the  upper  jaw,  closely  resembling 
a tooth  assigned  to  Lanina  subidata  by  II.  1!.  Goinitz, 
I’almontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  ii.  pi.  xx.xviii.  fig.  31. 

Boiverhanh  Coll. 

41707.  Two  small  teeth;  Chalk,  Burham,  Kent. 

Toulmin  Smith  Coll. 

44212-3.  Four  teeth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Purley,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1873. 

47920.  Four  associated  and  two  detached  teeth  ; Chalk,  near  Maid- 
stone. Presented  hg  the  Hon.  liohert  Marsham,  1877. 

P.  1280  b.  Fine  lateral  tooth  and  one  small  hinder  tooth ; Chalk, 
Kent.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  401.  Five  teeth,  probably  from  the  Chalk  of  Kent. 

Presented  hg  the  Earl  of  Ducie,  1881. 

44031.  Small  tooth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Bromley,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1873. 

P.  4100  9/.  Tooth  ; Chalk,  Birchington,  near  Margate,  Kent. 

Presented  hg  Sgdney  C.  Coclerell,  Esq.,  1883. 


LAMUIB^. 


897 


49947.  Seven  teeth,  including  one  of  the  supposed  third  upper 
series ; Upper  Chalk,  Guildford,  Surrey.  Capron  Coll. 

35652.  Tooth ; Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  BayJteU  Coll. 

48956  a.  Tooth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  Bayjleld  Coll. 

P.  2357.  Three  teeth,  probably  of  this  species ; Upper  Cretaceous, 
ilaastrieht,  Holland.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

42868.  Nine  teeth,  mostly  imperfect ; Upper  Cretaceous,  Obourg, 
Hainaut,  Belgium.  Van  Breda  Coll. 

Lamna  lata  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Otodtis  latus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poias.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  271,  pi.  xxxii. 

6g.  20. 

Tijpe.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  broad,  much  compressed,  the  inner  coronal  face  smooth  ; a 
single  pair  of  extremely  broad,  acuminate  lateral  denticles. 

Form.  ^ Lot.  Danian  : Holland.  Upper  Senonian  : Syria. 

P.  1284.  Typical  tooth,  labelled  by  Agassiz,  and  noticed,  loo.  cit  ; 

Maastricht,  Holland.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  4535.  Smaller  tooth ; Sahel  Alma,  Mt.  Lebanon,  Syria. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

Lamna  semiplicata  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Otodus  semiplicatus,  L.  Agassiz  {ex  Miinster,  MS.),  Poiss.  Foss. 

vol.  iii.  p.  272,  pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  32  (?  fig.  33). 

184.5.  Otvdus  semiplicatus,  A.  E.  Keuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreidefunn. 
pt.  i.  p.  6,  pi.  iii.  figs.  20,  21. 

1872.  Otodus  semiplicatus,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Biblioth.  Ecole  Ilautes 
Etudes,  vol.  V.  no.  0,  p.  20,  figs.  2.5,  20. 

1875.  Otodus  semiplicatus,  H.  B.  Geinitz,  Palmontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  ii. 
p.  200,  pi.  xxxviii.  figs.  .5.5-00 

1878.  Otodus  semiplicatus,  A.  Fritsch,  Kept.  u.  Fische  bobm.  Kreide- 
form.  p.  7,  woodc.  fig.  10. 

1888.  Otodus  semiplicatus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  vol  x 
p.  292. 

Type.  Imperfect  tooth ; Munich  Museum. 

Teeth  robust,  of  considerable  size,  with  a single  pair  of  very 
broad  lateral  denticles,  sometimes  incompletely  subdivided.  Outer 
coronal  face  even,  flat  or  slightly  convex ; a series  of  short  parallel 
vertical  wrinkles  upon  the  basal  portion  of  the  crown  both  on  the 
outer  and  inner  fiice.  Boot  with  a considerable  inward  prominence 
immediately  below  the  base  of  the  crown. 

* The  originals  of  figs.  o9  and  60  much  reseuible  the  supposed  young  teeth  of 
L.  stPcaia. 


398 


fiWLACniI. 


Form.  Loe.  Conoinanian  : N.W.  Franco.  Turonian : Saxony, 
lioheraia,  and  S.E.  England 

43514.  Nearly  perfect  tooth,  noEced  by  the  present  writer,  loc.  cit. ; 

llochoster,  Kent.  Purchased,  1872. 

P.327.  More  posterior  tooth  ; Charing,  Kent.  Harris  Coll. 

Lamua  sulcata  (Oeinitz). 

184.‘3.  Otudus  suleatus,  II.  II.  Geiniti!,  Char.  Schicht.  u.  Petrefakt.  siichs.- 
bblim.  Kroidegeb.  Naclitr.  p.  6,  pi.  iv.  fig.  2. 

1845.  0/odiM  appe.ndieulatus,  A.  E.  Keuss  {non  Agassiz),  Verstein. 
boliin.  Kreideforra.  pi.  iii.  fig.  22. 

1840.  Otodus  sukalus,  A.  E.  Reuss,  op.'oit.  pt.  ii.  p.  100,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  41. 

1862.  Otodus?,  P.  Oervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran?,  pi.  Ixxvi.  fig.  11. 

(?)  1852.  Otodus  appendicukdus,  R.  Kner,  Denkschr.  k.  Akad.  Wiss. 
Wien,  vol.  iii.  pi.  xv.  fig.  1. 

1866.  Otodus  suleatus,  C.  E.  Fischer,  Allg.  deutsche  Naturh.  Zeit.  n.  s. 
vol.  ii.  p.  141,  pi.  ii.  fig.  41. 

(?)  1850.  Odontaspis  rhaphiodon,  C.  E,  Fischer,  tom.  cit.  p.  142,  pi.  ii. 
fig.  51. 

I860.  Otodus  michoni,  II.  Coquaiid,  Descript.  Gdol.  etc.  Charente, 
vol.  ii.  p.  08 

1872.  Otodus  suleatus,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Biblioth.  Ecolo  Ilautes  Etudes, 
vol.  V.  no.  0.  p.  29,  figs.  00-60. 

1872.  Otodus  piugnis,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  tom.  cit.  no.  0,  p.  31,  figs.  70-72. 

1873.  Otodus  divaricatus,  .1.  Ijeidy,  Ext.  Vert.  Fauna  W.  Turrit,  (Rep. 
U.S.  Oool.  Surv.  vol.  i,  pt.  i.),  p.  305,  pi,  xviii.  figs.  26-28, 

18/5.  Otodus  suleatus,  II.  R.  Geinitz,  Palasontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  i.  p.  204, 
pi.  Ixv.  figs.  4,  5. 

(?)  1880.  Odon^spis  rocheh-unei,  II.  E.  Sauvage, Bull.  Soc.  Gi5ol.  France, 
[3]  vol.  viii.  p.  457,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  3. 

1888.  Otodus  crassus,  A.  S.  Woodward  {non  Agassiz),  Proc,  Geol. 
Assoc,  vol.  X.  p.  202. 

Type.  Dotaclicd  tooth. 

Teeth  very  robust,  the  crown  sometimes  attaining  a height  of 
nearly  0'05.  Outer  coronal  face  slightly  convex,  generally  uneven  ; 
both  the  inner  and  the  outer  face  with  a more  or  less  prominent 
series  of  vcrticiil  wrinkles  towards  the  base,  usually  irregular.  A 
single  pair  of  large  acuminate  lateral  denticles,  slightly  divergent, 
often  incompletely  separated  from  the  principal  cone.  Root  with  a 
considerable  inward  prominence  immcdiatelj’  below  the  base  of  the 
crown. 

^ A nearly  perfect  tooth  from  the  Upper  Cre!  aceous  of  Southern  India  is  also 
compared  witli  this  species  by  P.  Stoliezka,  Oret.  Fauna  8.  India  (PaliEOnt. 
Ind.)  vol.  iv  pt.  4 (1873),  p.  67,  pi.  xii.  fig.  24. 

® Referred  to  this  species  by  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Bull.  Soc.  G6ol.  France,  [3] 
vol.  viii,  (1880),  p.  4.50. 


LAMNID^. 


399 


TJie  limits  of  this  species  are  not  readily  determinable,  but  we 
venture  to  follow  Sauvage  {he.  eil.  1872)  in  assigning  to  it  the  very 
largo  teeth  mentioned  below.  We  would  furlljer  suggest  ttmt  there 
are  no  differences  of  specific  value  between  the  originals  of  Sauvage 's 
figs.  GO,  01,  and  that  of  the  same  author’s  figs.  70-72  ; and  Olodus 
jiimjuu  is  thus  relegated  to  the  above  synonymy. 

Geinitz  (for.  cit.  1875)  considers  that  the  so-called  Hyhodm  gracilis, 
lleuss,  and  II.  regidaris,  lleuss,  are  founded  upon  teeth  of  the  young 
of  this  species. 

Form.  4'  Loc  Cenomanian  and  Turonian ; S.E.  England,  W. 
France,  Belgium,  Saxony,  and  Bohemia.  Senonian  : S.E.  England. 
Cretaceous  : Texas,  and  (?)  Galicia. 

P.  5908.  Two  imperfect  teeth  ; Greensand,  Belgium.  Purchased. 

39054.  Large  anterior  tooth  ; Chalk,  Surrey.  Bowerhank  Coll. 

25786.  Imperfect  tooth ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  5402.  Tooth  ; Chalk,  near  Lewes. 

Presented  by  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq.,  1888. 

41704.  Imperfect  tooth ; Chalk,  near  llochester. 

Toulmin  Smith  Coll. 

P.  1288.  Imperfect  anterior  tooth;  English  Chalk.  Egerton  Coll. 


Lamna  xnacrorhiza,  Cope. 

1875.  Lamna  macrorhiza,  E.  I).  Cope,  Vert.  Cret.  Form.  West  (Rep. 

U.S.  (ieol.  Surv.  Territ.  vol.  ii.),  p.  297,  pi.  xlii.  figs,  f),  10. 

Pyi>e.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  of  small  size,  elevated  though  robust,  the  maximum  total 
height  being  about  0'025.  Outer  coronal  face  flat,  or  nearly  so, 
with  a faint  median  longitudinal  elevation,  and  often  a few  folds  at 
the  base ; inner  coronal  face  very  convex,  smooth ; cutting-edges 
sharp.  A single  pair  of  relatively  large,  narrow,  acuminate  lateral 
denticles,  divergent,  also  often  marked  at  the  base  by  minute  vertical 
folds.  Root  with  a prominent  inward  projection  below  the  base  of 
tho  crown  ; nutritive  foramen  in  a groove. 

Form.  4'  Loc.  Niobrara  Formation:  Kansas,  U.S. A.  Albian  : 
S.  England.  Cenomanian  : S.E.  Russia. 

37398.  Small  tooth  ; Gault,  Folkestone,  Kent.  Purchased,  1863. 
P.  12  a»  Two  large  teeth  ; Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 


400 


SELACmi. 


47218  b,  P.  12  b.  Ten  examples ; Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 

P.  5560.  Five  tooth ; Cenomanian,  Saratov,  Russia. 

By  exchange,  1888. 


Lamna  crassa  (Agassi/.). 

1843.  Otodus  crassm,  Ij.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  271,  pi.  xxxvi. 
figs.  29-31. 

1864.  Otodus  crassus,  V.  Kiprijanoff,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
pt.  ii.  p.  384,  pi.  ii.  figs.  4-20. 

Type.  Imperfect  teeth. 

Teeth  robust,  the  orown  attaining  a maximum  height  of  about 
0-04.  Outer  coronal  face  somewhat  convex,  generally  with  two 
or  three  broad  vertical  folds ; a single  pair  of  broad,  acuminate 
lateral  denticles.  Root  relatively  compressed,  scarcely  forming  an 
inward  prominence  below  the  base  of  the  crown. 

Form.  Loc.  Cenomanian  : Bavaria  and  8.E.  Russia.  Danian  : 
Belgium  h 

P.  5554.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Craie  phosphatee,  Ciply,  near  Mens, 
Belgium.  By  exchange,  1888. 

P.  5833.  Four  teeth,  and  five  dental  crowns ; Ciply. 

Presented  by  Mans.  A.  Ilouzeau  de  Lehaie,  1888. 

The  following  four  tooth  seem  to  indicate  a Cretaceous  species 
distinct  from  any  already  described.  The  dental  crown  is  moderately 
compressed,  smooth,  high,  acute,  and  narrow  ; a single  pair  of  large 
acuminate  lateral  denticles  is  present ; the  root  is  relatively  small. 

48956  b.  Two  tooth,  one  measuring  0'027  in  total  height ; Upper 
Chalk,  Norwich.  Bayfield  Coll. 

P.  1282  a.  Tooth  with  imperfect  root;  Upper  Cretaceous,  Maa.stricht, 
Holland.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5832.  Tooth  ; Cruic  phosphatee,  Ciply,  near  Mons,  Belgium. 

Presented  by  Alons.  A.  Ilouzeau  de  Lelmie,  1888. 

Lamna  serra,  sp.  nov. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  of  moderate  size,  the  largest  attaining  a total  height  of 
about  0‘018  ; crown  elevated,  smooth,  and  much  compressed,  with 

‘ This  species  is  also  recorded  from  the  Cretaceous  of  Alabama  by  E.  W. 
Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Thilad.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1849)  p.  200,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  142. 


LAMjrlD^. 


401 


a single  pair  of  broad  acuminate  lateral  denticles,  and  one  or  two 
smaller  outer  x>air8 ; root  short,  the  branches  diverging  at  a very 
wide  angle,  and  the  nutritive  foramen  situated  in  a groove. 

The  teeth  named  Galeocerdo  tremauxi,  Sauvage  {^Lamna,  p.  409), 
seem  to  approach  this  species  most  closely,  but  are  distinguished  by 
the  relatively  deeper  root  and  the  larger  size  of  the  lateral  denticles. 
The  so-called  Otodus  gerratus,  Agassiz  (Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843, 
p.  272,  pi.  xsxii.  figs.  27,  28),  is  founded  upon  teeth  also  very 
similar,  hut  differing  in  the  irregularity  of  the  lateral  denticles  ; 
these  teeth  probably  pertaining  to  Odontaspis  hronni. 

Form.  4'  Loc-  Banian  : Mont  Aimd,  Marne,  France. 

P.  5761.  Two  type  specimens.  Purchased,  1851. 

P.  5762.  Twenty  teeth,  mostly  imperfect.  Purchased,  1851. 


1845.  Otodus  divergens,  Sir  Philip  Egerton,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  i.  p.  ICO,  woodcut. 

Type.  Detached  tooth  ; British  Museum. 

Teeth  of  very  small  size,  much  compressed  and  elevated  ; coronal 
surface  smooth.  A single  pair  of  large  sharply-pointed  lateral 
denticles,  somewhat  divergent,  with  a minute  outer  pair. 

Form.  4'  Loc.  Upper  Cretaceous : Madras,  India. 

P.  593.  Tj-pe  specimen;  Pondicherry.  Eyerton  Coll. 


1843.  Otodus  trigonaius,  L.  Agassiz,  PoLss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  274, 
pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  .35-37. 

Type.  Imperfect  teeth  ; Munich  Museum. 

Teeth  small,  broad,  much  compressed,  with  smooth  coronal  faces  ; 
a single  pair  of  large,  broad,  acuminate,  lateral  denticles.  Root 
short  and  comparatively  robust. 

Form.  Loc.  Upper  Eocene  (Ironstone)  : Kressenberg,  Bavaria  *. 


1 Doubtful  teeth  from  the  Eocene  of  South  Carolina  are  also  assigned  to 
this  species  by  B.  W.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1849) 
p.  200,  pi.  xivi.  figs.  145,  146.  ’ 


Lamna  divergens  (Egerton). 


Lamna  trigonata  (Agassiz). 


P.  1289.  Two  teeth. 

P.  5794.  Hinder  tooth. 


Egerton  CoU. 
EnnislciUen  Coll. 


2d 


402 


SELACHII. 


Lamna  macrota  (Agassiz). 

1843.  Otudtis  macrijfus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Fuss.  vol.  iii.  p.  2/.i, 
pi.  xxxii.  figs.  20-31. 

1843.  Lamna  elcyam,  L.  Agassiz  (in  part),  tom.cit.  pi.  xxxv.  figs.  0,  /, 
pi.  xxxvii.  a.  fig.  68. 

1843.  Lamna  cumpressa,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  eit.  p.  290,  pi.  xxxvii.  a. 
figs.  36-42. 

1840.  Otodns  macrotm,  R.  \V.  Gibbes,  Joiivn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilad. 

[2]  vol.  i.  p.  200,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  143,  144. 

1850.  Otodns  lanceolaitis,  F.  Dixon  (tion  .Agassiz),  Foss.  Sussex,  p.  204, 
pi.  xi.  figs.  20,  21. 

1803.  Otodns  macrotns,  K.  E.  Schafhiiutl,  Siid-Bay.  Letli.  Oeogn. 
p.  24.3,  pi.  l.xii.  fig.  10. 

1876.  Otodns  macrntns,  T.  0.  Winkler,  Arcbiv  Vcreins  Fr.  d.  Natur- 
gesch.  Mecklenburg,  vol.  xxix.  p.  110. 

1888.  Lamna  maryinnlis,  .1.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iv.  p.  10,  pi.  iii.  figs.  8-10. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Paris  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Teeth  much  compressed,  the  largest  attaining  a maximum  total 
height  of  about  0'05  ; cutting-edges  prominent ; outer  coronal  face 
gently  convex  ; inner  coronal  face  with  faint  longitudinal  strim  ; a 
single  jiair  of  lateral  denticles,  well  separated,  broad,  but  rarely 
acuminate. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Lower  Eocene : 8.E.  England  and  South  Carolina. 
Middle  Eocene : London  and  Hampshire  Basins,  and  N.  France. 
U])per  Eocene:  S.  Germany.  Lower  Miocene:  Belgium  and  W. 
Germany.  Oamaru  and  Waipara  Systems  : New  Zealand. 

P.  5905.  Three  teeth  ; London  Clay,  Sheppey.  Daniels  Coll. 

P.  1286.  Three  teeth ; Sheppey.  Fyerton  Coll. 

P.  5505.  Postero-lateral  tooth ; Lower  Eocene,  S3'donham,  near 
London.  Caleb  Evans  Coll. 

23200.  Tooth ; Brackleshnm  Bods,  Bracklesham  Bay,  Sussex. 

Presented  by  S.  P.  Woodward,  Esq.,  1849. 

25683 a,  25885-6.  Nineteen  tooth;  Bracklesham  Bay.  Di.ro>i  Coll. 
40235.  Twelve  teeth  ; Bracklesham  Bay.  Edwards  Coll. 

P.  5795.  Five  tooth;  Bracklesham  Bay.  Purchased,  1882. 

39774.  Broad  tooth;  (?)  M.  Eocene,  Hampshire.  Purchased,  1802. 

40309.  Anterior  tooth  ; Colosworth,  near  Woking,  Surrey. 

Purchased,  1867. 


LAMNIDJ!. 


403 


P.  1287.  Eight  teeth  ; Bracklesham  Bay.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2358.  Six  teeth;  Bracklesham  Bay.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

28851.  Five  anterior  teeth  ; Calcaire  Grossier,  Roquet,  Paris. 

Purchased,  1854. 

28851  a.  Sixteen  teeth  ; Roquet.  Purchased,  1854. 

P.  5796.  Four  fragmentary  teeth ; Calcaire  Grossier,  Chaumont, 
Paris.  Purchased. 

40228,  40243.  Ten  teeth  ; Barton  Clay,  Barton  Clifif,  Hampshire. 

Edwards  Coll. 

P . 55  C.  Imperfect  large  tooth  ; Barton. 

Presented  by  Sir  Richard  Owen,  K.C.B.,  1880. 

P.  1166.  Eleven  teeth  ; Barton.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2359.  Four  teeth  ; Barton.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

30892.  Tooth  ; Upper  Eocene,  Bramshaw,  Hampshire. 

Purchased,  1856. 

40236.  Two  teeth ; Bramshaw.  Edwards  Coll. 

P.  1291.  Four  teeth  : Eocene,  near  Brussels.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.2376.  Three  teeth;  Rupelian  Beds,  Boom,  near  Antwerp,  Bel- 
gium. Enniskillen  Coll. 

9758.  Small  tooth  ; Lower  Miocene,  Cassel.  Mantell  Coll. 

28364.  Tooth ; said  to  have  been  obtained  from  the  Miocene  of 
Dax,  Bordeaux.  Purchased,  1854. 

Lamna  viucenti  (Winkler). 

1870.  Otudus  micenti,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iv. 
p.  2-5,  pi.  ii.  figs.  9,  10. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  much  compressed,  the  largest  attaining  a maximum  total 
height  of  about  0‘018  ; apex  acute  and  cutting-edges  prominent ; 
outer  coronal  face  gently  convex;  inner  coronal  face  smooth;  a 
single  pair  of  broad,  wcU-separated,  acuminate  lateral  denticles, 
flanked  in  the  side  teeth  by  a minute  outer  pair. 

It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  type  specimens  of  Lamna 

2d2 


com- 


404 


SELACHII. 


jiretaa,  Ag  , pertain  to  this  species  ; but  most  of  the  teeth  figured  by 
Agassiz  may  be  assigned  to  L.  macrota,  and  we  therefore  adopt 
Winkler’s  name  for  the  specific  type  now  defined. 

Form.  Loe.  Lower  Eocene  : S.E.  England.  Middle  and  Upper 
Eocene:  Hampshire  Basin  and  Belgium.  Lower  Miocene ; Belgium 
and  Prance. 

43132.  Two  teeth ; London  Clay,  Ilighgato.  Wetherell  Coll. 

P.  5507.  Two  teeth ; Lower  Eocene,  Portsmouth,  Hampshire. 

Caleb  Evans  Coll. 

25685  b.  Two  teeth  ; Bracklesham  Beds,  Bracklesham  Bay,  Sussex. 

Dixon  Coll. 

40243  a.  Three  teeth  ; Bracklesham.  Edwards  Coll. 

40244  a.  Tooth ; Barton  Clay,  Barton  Cliff,  Hampshire. 

Edwards  Coll. 

P.5912.  Twelve  teeth;  Bruxcllian  Beds,  Woluwo  St.  Lambert, 
Brussels.  Presented  by  M.  Ilouzeau  de  LeJuiie,  1889. 

P.  1292.  Tooth  ; llupelian  Beds,  Boom,  near  Antwerp. 

Eyerlon  Coll. 

28366  a.  Tooth;  Paluns  of  Touraine,  Prance,  Purchased, 


Lainna(?)  obliqua  (Agassiz). 

17(56.  Dem  Squali,  G.  Brander,  Foss,  llantoiiiensia,  pi.  ix.  fig.  116. 
1843.  Otodus  obliquus,  L.  Agassiz,  I’oiss.  Poss.  vol.  iii.  p.  207,  pi.  xxxi., 
pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  22-27. 

1843.  Otodus  lanceolatm,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  209,  pi.  xxxvii. 
figs.  10-23. 

1849.  Otodus  ohliquus,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Jom’u.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
[2]  vol.  i.  p.  109,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.s.  131-137. 

1850.  Otodus  ohliquus,  F.  Dixon,  Poss.  Sussex,  p.  204,  pi.  x.  figs.  32-3-5, 

pi.  XV.  tig.  11. 

1883.  Otodus  ohliquus,  W.  Dames,  Sitzungsb.  k.  preuss.  Akad.  Wiss. 
pt.  i.  p.  145,  pi.  iii.  tig.  0. 

1883.  Otodus  obliqmis,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  Abh.  luiturw.  Ge.s.  Isis  Dresden, 
p.  0,  pi.  i.  tigs.  12-18. 

1885.  Carcharodon  ohliquus,  P.  Noetling,  Abh.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preussen 
u.  Tliuring.  Staatou,  vol.  vi.  pt.  iii.  p.  84,  pi.  vi.  tigs.  4-0. 

(?)  1888.  Otodus  ohliquus,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Boy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iv.  p.  15,  pi.  vii.  tig.  10. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Museums  of  Paris  and  Strassburg. 


tAMSIBiE. 


405 


Teeth  robust,  attaining  to  a very  large  size  ; crown  moderately 
compressed,  sliarply  pointed,  with  one  broad  acuminate  pair  of 
lateral  denticles,  and,  in  the  smaller  teeth,  an  additional  pair  of 
more  slender  denticles.  Outer  coronal  face  flat  or  slightly  convex, 
without  folds ; inner  face  smooth. 

As  pointed  out  by  Hoetling  {loc.  eit.)  this  species  may  belong  to 
CarcJiarudon;  and  in  very  rare  instances  (e.ff.  No.  43111)  the  edges 
of  the  teeth  exhibit  faint  serrations. 

Form,  tj"  Loc.  Lower  Eocene  : London  Basin.  Middle  and  Upper 
Eocene : Hampshire  Basin,  Pmssia  and  Bavaria.  Eocene  : New 
Jersey.  Lower  Tertiary  : Egj-pt. 

1425  (Sloane  Cat.).  Tooth  ; London  Clay,  Isle  of  Sheppey. 

Sloane  Coll. 

28359,  28361,  29013.  Seven  large  teeth,  and  one  small  example 
probably  of  this  species  ; London  Clay,  Isle  of  Sheppey. 

Cowderoy  Bequest. 

24617,32264.  Four  large  teeth ; Sheppey.  Purchased,  \8o0. 

28886,28889.  Two  large  teeth  and  two  small  lateral  teeth ; Sheppey. 

Daniels  Coll. 


39773.  Abraded  tooth,  cut  longitudinally  ; Sheppey. 

Bowerhank  Coll. 

40522.  Three  large  teeth  ; Sheppey.  Purchased,  1867. 

42852.  Tooth  with  blunt  lateral  denticles ; Sheppey. 

Van  Breda  Coll. 

44137.  Malformed  tooth  ; Sheppey.  Purchased,  1873. 

P.  55.  Tooth ; (?)  Sheppey. 

Presented  hy  Sir  Bichard  Owen,  K.C.B.,  1880. 

P.  162.  Malformed  tooth  ; Sheppey.  Purchased,  1880. 

P.  439  a.  Eight  teeth;  Sheppey.  Purchased,  1882. 

P.  1277.  Five  teeth ; Sheppey.  Eyerton  CoU. 

P.  2360-1,  P.  2361  a.  Two  typical  teeth,  and  two  malformed ; 

Sheppe}'.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5798.  Twenty-six  large  teeth  ; Sheppey.  History  unknown. 

P.  5799.  Six  small  teeth  ; Sheppey.  History  unknown. 


406 


SELACHJI. 


43114.  Abraded  tooth  ; London  Clay,  Primrose  Hill,  London. 

Wttherell  Coll. 

43111.  Tooth  exhibiting  indistinct  serrations  ; London  Clay,  High- 
gate,  near  London.  Weiherell  Coll. 

43120.  Largo  tooth  ; London  Clay,  Finchley,  near  London. 

Weiherell  Coll. 

P.  5906.  Tooth  figured  in  Dixon’s  Foss.  Suss.  pi.  xv.  fig.  11;  Lower 
Eocene,  Bognor,  Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  5511.  Imperfect  largo  tooth;  Lower  Eocene,  Portsmouth. 

Caleb  Evans  Coll. 

P.  5506.  Lateral  tooth  ; Lower  Eocene,  Portsmouth  Docks. 

Caleb  Evans  Coll. 

25685  a.  Fourteen  small  teeth  ; Bracklosham  Bods,  Braoklesham 
Bay,  Sussex.  Di.von  Coll. 

29018.  Three  small  teeth,  probably  from  Bracklosham  Bay. 

Cowderoy  Bequest. 

P.  1278.  Twelve  teeth  ; Bracklosham  Bay.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5800.  Six  teeth,  probably  from  Bracklosham  Bay. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5433.  Large  tooth,  probably  from  Bracklosham  Bay. 

Bresenied  by  P.  E.  Coombe,  Esq.,  1888. 

48013.  Lateral  tooth ; Bracklesham  Bods,  Stubbington,  near  Gos- 
port, Hampshire.  Purchased,  1877. 

28881.  Small  tooth  ; Barton  Clay,  Barton  Clitf,  Hampshire. 

Daniels  Coll. 


40244.  Twenty-three  teeth,  some  very  small ; Barton. 

Edwards  Colt. 

P.  55  b.  Narrow  tooth  ; Barton. 

Presented  by  Sir  liichard  Owen,  K.C.B.,  1880. 

P.  1167.  Twelve  teeth  ; (?)  Barton.  Egerton  Coll. 

26485.  Largo  tooth ; Hod  Crag  (derived  fo.ssil),  Woodbridge, 
Suffolk.  Purchased,  1851. 


LAMNIB^. 


407 


P.  1279.  Seven  teeth  : Red  Crag  (derived  fossils),  Suffolk. 

Efjerton  Coll. 

P.  5579.  Four  teeth ; Red  Crag  (derived  fossils),  Felixstowe,  Suf- 
folk. Harford  Coll. 

P.  5801.  Imperfect  abraded  tooth,  of  the  form  named  Otodm  lan- 
ceolatug,  Agassiz ; Upper  Eocene  (Ironstone),  Kre.ssenberg, 
Bavaria.  Ennishilhn  Coll. 

9757.  Ifarrow  tootb,  resembling  Jfo.  P.  55  b,  but  smaller  in  size 
and  with  a relatively  larger  root ; Ix>wer  Miocene,  Casscl. 

Mantell  Coll. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  distinguished  upon  the 
evidence  of  detached  teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the 
Collection : — 

Lamna  adunca  : Otodus  aduncus,  R.  Lawley,  Jinovi  Studi  Pesci, 
etc.  Colliue  Toscane  (1876),  p.  26. — Pliocene  ; Tuscany. 

Lamna  basalis:  Otodus  basalis,  Sir  P.  Egertou  (non  Giebel,  1847), 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  i.  (1845),  p.  168,  woodcut; 
F.  Stoliczka,  Cret.  Fauna  S.  India  (Palaeont.  Indica), 
vol.  iv.  (1873),  pt.  iv.  p.  67,  pi.  xii.  figs.  22,  2.3.— Upper 
Cretaceous  ; Pondicherry,  Madras. 

Lamna  bouchardi,  H.  E.  Sauvage,  Catal.  Poiss.  Form.  Second. 
Boulonnais  (Mem.  Soc  Acad.  Boulogne,  vol.  ii.),  1867, 
p. 69,  pl.iii.  fig.  15. — Gault;  Boulogne. 

Lamna  brandti : Otodus  brandti,  V.  KiprijanofF,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp. 
If  at.  Moscou,  1854,  pt.  ii.  p.  382,  pi.  ii.  fig.  3. — Ceno- 
manian ; Government  of  Orel,  Eu.ssia. 

Lamna  ealtica  : Otodus  cattieus,  R.  A.  Philippi,  Palaeontogr.  vol.  i. 
(1846),  p.  24,  pi.  ii.  figs.  5-7. — Lower  Miocene ; WUhelms- 
bbhe,  Cassel.  (1  Lamna  macrota.) 

Lamna  elavata,  L.  Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  [2]  vol.  xxi.  (1856), 
p.  275.  —Tertiary  ; Ocoya  Creek,  California. 

Lamna  debilis  ; Otodus  (Pscu^lotrialcis')  debilis^  J,  Probst,  M iirtt. 
Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879),  p.  1-55,  pi.  ii.  figs.  78-81.— 
Molasse ; Baltringen,  Wurtemberg. 

Lamna  ensiculata,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  iv. 
(1888),  p.  18,  pi.  iii.  figs.  6,  7. — Oamaru  S3’stem;  Xew 
Zealand. 

Lamna  gracilis,  C.  G.  Giebel,  Fauna  d.  Vorwelt,  Fische,  1847, 
p.  361.— ^Upper  Eocene  ; Siildorf,  near  Magdeburg. 

Lanuia  haslalisi  Otodus  hasialis,  R.  Lawley,  op.  cit.  p.  26. — 
Pliocene ; Tuscany. 


408 


SELACnil. 


(?)Lamna  hector!,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  2\,  pi.  iii,  fig.  16. — 
Lower  Cretaceous ; Ainuri  Bluff,  Now  Zealand. 

Lamna  isosceltcus  : Olodtis  isoscdicus,  11.  Lawloy,  o/>.  cit.  p.  26. — 
Plioeono ; Tuscany. 

Lamna  lawhyi ; Olodus  lawleyi,  F.  Bassatii,  Atti  Soc.  Tosc.  Sci. 
Nat.  Tol.  iii.  (1877),  p.  80,  pi.  xi.  figs.  3-5;  Atti  Soc. 
Veneto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.v.  (1878),  p.  281,  and  vol.  vi. 
(1870),  p.  60;  II.  E.  Sauvagc,  Mem.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat.  Saone- 
et-Loire,  vol.  iv.  (1882),  p.  48,  pi.  i.  figs.  12-14.— Upper 
Eocene  ; Vicentin,  Itiily.  II  iocono ; W.  Franco.  Oxy- 
rhina.} 

Lamna  lepida,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Frang.  (1852),  pi.  Ixxv. 

%•  4. — Miocene  ; Montpellier,  Ildrault. 

Lamna  levis : Otodus  levis,  E.  W.  Gibbos,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Pliilad.  1847,  p.  268,  and  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad 
[2]  vol.  i.  p.  190,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  141. — Eocene;  South 
Carolina. 

Lamna  niaryinata  : Otodus  ? maryinatus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  tom.  cit. 

p.  168,  woodcut. — Upper  Cretaceous  ; Pondicherry. 

Lamna  marroti  : Otodus  marroli,  II.  Coquand,  Descripb.  Gdol.  etc. 
Depart.  Charento,  vol.  ii.  (1860),  p.  157. — Campanian  ; 
Dordogne. 

Lamna  minor  ; Otodus  minor,  C.  G.  Giobel,  op.  cit.  Fische,  p.  355. 

Up])er  Eocene;  Siildorf,  near  Magdeburg.  Also  re- 
corded from  Wcsteregoln  and  Antwerp. 

Ljumna  minuta  : Otodus  mimitus.  Sir  P.  Egerton,  tom.  cit.  p.  160, 
woodcut;  F.  Stoliczka,  tom.  cit.  pt.  iv.  p.  68,  pi.  xii. 
figs.  29,  30. — Upper  Cretaceous ; Pondicherry. 

Lamna  mitk : Otodus  mitis,  E.  A.  Philii)pi,  tom.  cit.  p.  24,  pi.  ii. 

figs.  2-4. — Lower  Miocene  ; Wilhclmshbho,  Cassel. 

Lamna  mudyei,  E.  D.  Cope,  Vert.  Cret.  Form.  West  (Eep.  U.S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Territ.  vol.  ii.  1875),  p.  297,  pi.  xlii.  figs.  11, 
Niobrara  Formation ; Kansas.  Greensand ; New 
Jersey. 

Lamna  nana : Otodus  nanus.  Sir  P.  Egerton,  tom.  cit.  p.  169, 
woodcut ; F.  Stoliczka,  tom.  cit.  pt.  iv.  p.  68,  pi.  xii. 
figs.  25-28. — Upper  Cretaceous  ; Pondicherry. 

Lamna  ornata,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  (1856),  p.  275.— Tertiary ; 
Ocoya  Creek,  f!alifornia. 

Lamna  plana-.  Lamna  {&phemdus)  plana,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss, 
vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.  299,  pi.  xxxvii.  figs.  30-32. — Ceno- 
manian ; Switzerland. 


LAMNID^. 


409 


(?)  Limna  jpsiudo-upfendiculata  : Otodvs  psevdo-appendiculatus, 
G.  G.  GemmtUaro,  Atti  Accad.  Gioenia  Sci.  Nat.  [2] 
vol.  xiii.  (1857),  p.  311,  pi.  vi.  a.  fig.  4. — Formation 
and  locality  unknown. 

Lamna  reeticona:  Otodus  rectkomis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss, 
vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.  275,  pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  34. — Miocene ; 
Malta.  (?  Oxyrhina.) 

Lamna  renardi ; Otodvs  renardi,  V.  Kiprijanoff,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp. 
Nat.  Moscou,  1854,  pt.  ii.  p.  387,  pi.  ii.  figs.  21-30. — 
Cenomanian  ; Governments  of  Kursk  and  Orel,  Russia. 
Lamna  nversa,  C.  G.  Gictcl,  op.  cit.  Fische,  p.  300. — Fppei 
Eocene ; Siildorf. 

(‘f)  Lamna  rudis : Otodus  rudis,  A.  E.  lleuss,  Verstein.  bcihm. 
Kreideform.  pt.  ii.  (1846),  p.  99,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  26-40  ; A. 
Fritsch,  Rept.  n.  Fische  bohm.  Kreideform.  (1878),  p.  6, 
woodcut  fig.  6. — Turoniiin ; Bohemia.  (?  Hinder  teeth  of 
Lamna  semiplicata.) 

Lamna  rvpieliensis : Otodus  rvpeliensis,  H.  Le  Hon,  Prelim.  Mt-m. 
Poiss.  Tcrt.  Belg.  (1871),  p.  11,  woodcut. — Rupelian  ; 
Belgium. 

Lamyia  salentina  : Otodus  saleniinus,  0.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Regno 
Napoli,  pt.  i.  (1850),  p.  115,  pi.  ix.  fig.  6. — Miocene ; 
Naples. 

L.an.na  strotina : Otodus  (Pseud otriakis')  serotinus,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt. 
Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv.  (1879),  p.  155,  pi.  ii.  figs.  82-85. — 
Molasse;  Baltringen. 

Lamna  spathula : Otodus  sp,aihuh,  H.  E.  Sauvage,  Biblioth. 
Ecole  Hautes  Etudes,  vol.  v.  no.  9 (1872),  p.  32,  pi.  i. 
figs.  27-32. — Senonian  ; Sarthe,  France. 

Lamna  striata-.  Otodus  striatus,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus. 
Teyler,  vol.  iv.  (1876),  pp.  8,  24,  pi.  i.  figs.  7-9;  G. 
Vincent,  Ann.  Soc.  Roy.  Malacol.  Belg.  vol.  xi.  (1876), 
p.  125,  pi.  vi.  fig.  2. — Heersian  and  Bruxellian  ; Belgium. 
Lamna  suhplicata : Otoehs  suhplicatus,  L.  Agassiz  (e.r  Miinster, 
MS.),  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.  274,  pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  38. 
— Lower  Miocene ; Biinde,  Prussia. 

Lamna  sidcata  : Otodus  suleatus,  E.  Sismonda  (non  Geinitz,  1843), 
Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino,  [2]  vol.  x.  (1849),  p.  39, pi.  i. 
figs.  34-36  ; G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  tom.  cit.  p.  310,  pi.  i.  a. 
fig.  10. — Miocene  ; Piedmont.  [If  weU  founded,  requires 
a new  specific  name.] 

(?)  Lamna  tremauxi : Galeocerdo  iremauxi,  H.  E.  Sauvage,  Bull. 


410 


sELAorni. 


Soc.  Gcol.  France,  [3]  vul.  viii.  (1880),  i>.  457,  pi.  xiii. 
fig.  2. — U.  Cretaceous  (Carentonian) ; Charente,  France. 

Lamna  undulata,  E.  Sismonda,  tom.  cit,  p.  47,  pi.  ii.  figs.  23,  24. 
— Middle  Tertiary  ; Piedmont. 

Fragmentary  teeth  of  Lamna  from  the  Chalk  of  Sweden  are 
also  figured  by  S.  Nilsson,  Petrif.  Suocana,  1827,  pi.  x.  fig.  1 ; and 
a tooth  from  the  Tertiary  of  Arkansas  is  figured  in  I).  D.  Owen, 
First  Hep.  Oool.  lleconn.  N.  Counties  of  Arkansas,  1858,  pi.  ix. 
fig.  7. 

A species,  L.  (Otodus')  woodwardii,  is  founded  upon  a vertebra 
from  the  Cambridge  Greensand,  by  C.  Ilasse,  Pala5ontogr.  vol.  xxxi. 
(1884),  p.  8,  pi.  ii.  figs.  13-15;  another  vertebra  from  the  Ceno- 
manian of  Kursk,  llussia,  is  named  Olodiis  prerdator,  E.  von  Eich- 
wald,  Bull.  Soc.  Lnp.  Nat.  Moscou,  1853,  pt.  i.  p.  221 ; and  other 
vertebra;,  from  the  Rolling  Downs  Formation,  North  Queensland, 
are  described  as  Lamna  daviesii  by  II.  Etheridge,  Jun.,  Proe.  Linn. 
Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  [2]  vol.  iii.  (1888),  p.  15ti,  pi.  iv.  figs.  2,  3. 

In  his  work,  Naturl.  Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond.  Thcil  (1882), 
C.  Basse  describes  vertebra;  of  Lamna  from  the  Pliinerkalk  of 
Strehlen,  near  Dresden  (p.  220,  pi.  xxviii.  figs.  8,  0),  tbo  Upper 
Eocene  of  Kressenberg,  Bavaria  (p.  220,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  7),  and  of 
Helmstedt,  Brunswick  (p.  219,  pi.  xxviii.  figs.  10-13),  and  from  tho 
Crag  of  Antwerp  (p.  219). 

An  example  from  tho  Samland  Eocene  is  also  described  by 
F.  Noetling,  Abh.  Geol.  Speeiulk.  Preussen  u.  Thiiring.  Staaten, 
vol.  vi.  i>t.  3 (1885),  p.  09,  pi.  x.  fig.  4. 

Various  vertebra;  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  and  Tertiaries  are 
also  assigned  to  “Otoefas”  (C.  Basse,  op.  cit.  p.  200,  pi.  xxvii.), 
which  is  placed  with  Crossorhinus  and  Oimjhjmostoma  in  the 
Scylliolamnidoc.  Some  connection  between  certain  forms  of  Otodus 
and  Sfjuatina  is  also  suspected  by  C.  Basso,  Morphol.  Jahrbuch, 
vol.  ii.  (1870),  p.  474. 

Tho  so-called  Lamna  lanceolata,  J.  W.  Davis  (Trans.  Roy.  Dublin 
Soc.  [2]  vol.  iv.  1888,  p.  20,  pi.  iii.  fig.  12),  from  New  Zealand,  is 
founded  upon  a tooth  evidently  not  Selachian. 


Genus  CARCHARODON,  Miillor  & Bcnle. 

[Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiostom.  1841,  p.  70.] 

Second  dorsal  fin  and  the  anal  very  small.  A pit  at  tho  root  of 
the  caudal  fin,  which  has  the  lower  lobe  well  developed  ; side  of  tho 
tail  with  a keel.  Teeth  large,  erect,  triangular,  and  serrated. 


LAMNID^. 


411 


Carcharodon  subserratos,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Carcharodon  subserrattts,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  2(50, 
pi.  xxxvi.  tigs.  14,  15. 

1843.  Carcharodon  escheri,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  260,  pi.  xxxvi. 
figs.  10-21. 

Ti/pe.  Detached  tooth ; British  Museum. 

A small,  imperfectly  known  species.  Teeth  comparatively  broad, 
compressed,  without  lateral  denticles ; serrations  upon  the  ooronal 
edges  irregular  and  faintly  marked. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  London  Clay  (Lower  Eocene):  Isle  of  Sheppey. 
Upper  Eocene : Kressenberg,  Bavaria.  “ Swiss  Molasse.” 

P.  2356.  Type  specimen  ; London  Clay,  Isle  of  Sheppey. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


Carcharodon  lanciformis,  Gibbes. 

1847.  Carcharodon  lanciformis,  11.  W.  Gibbes,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  p.  267. 

1848.  Carcharodon  lanciformis,  11.  W.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  147,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  4(>-61. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

A species  of  moderate  size.  Teeth  comparatively  broad,  much 
compressed,  often  with  partially  separated  lateral  denticles.  The 
ui>per  lateral  teeth  often  much  curved  outwards. 

Form.  Loc.  Eocene  (Phosphate  Beds) : South  Carolina. 

28103.  Five  imperfect  teeth.  Purchased,  1852. 

P.  6738.  Six  teeth.  Presented  by  Miss  Caroline  Birley,  1888. 

46999  a.  Tooth.  ^ Purchased, 

10535.  Tooth,  either  of  this  species  or  the  so-called  C.  sulcidens. 

Maniell  Coll. 

10537.  Ten  small  teeth,  some  pertaining  to  this  species,  others 
probably  to  young  of  C.  meyalodon.  Mantell  Coll. 

Carcharodon  auricnlatns  (Blainville). 

1762.  Figure  by  A.  Scilla,  De  Corporibus  Marinis,  pi.  v.  fig.  1. 

1784.  Figures  by  Biirtin,  Oryctographie  de  Bruxelles,  pi.  I.  figs.  Q,  It. 
1818.  Squalm  auriculatus,  fl.  D.  de  Blainville,  Nouv.  Diet,  d’llist.  Nat. 
vol.  xxvii.  p.  .384. 


412 


SELACnil. 


1843.  Carcharodon  aio'icidrttus,  L,  An'assiz,  Poiss.  Fo-^is.  vol.  iii.  p.  254, 
pi.  xxviii.  figs.  17-19. 

1843.  Carcharodon.  angucttidens,  L.  Agas.siz,  tom.  cit.  p.  255,  pi.  x.xviii. 
figs.  20-25,  pi.  XXX.  fig.  3. 

1843.  Carcharodon  tnrgidus,  L.  Agassiz,  tcnn.  cit.  p.  250,  pi.  xxx.  a. 
figs.  8,  9. 

1843.  Carcharodon  lanceolatus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom,  cit.  p.  257,  pi.  xx.x.  fig.  1 . 
1843.  Carcharodon  toliapicm,  L.  Agas.siz,  tom.  cit.  p.  257,  pi.  xxx.  a. 
fig.  14. 

184.1.  Carcharodon  hcterodonj  Ij.  Agassiz,  tom,  cit,  p.  258,  pi.  xxviii. 
figs.  11-10. 

1843.  Carcharodon  mecjcdotu,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  258,  pi.  xxviii. 
figs.  8-10. 

184.3.  Carcharodon  dismiris,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  259,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  7. 

1844.  Carcharodon  auriculatvs,  P,  M.  Padroni,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bor- 
deaux, vol.  xiii.  p.  285,  pi.  i.  fig.  23. 

1847.  Carcharodon  acutidena,  1!.  W.  Oibbcs,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  p.  207. 

1848.  Carcharodon  angustidcm,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  .loum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  145,  pi.  xix.  figs.  10-18,  pi.  xx.,  pi.  xxi. 
figs.  37,  38. 

1848.  Carcharodon  acutidcns,  U.  W.  Gibbes,  tom.  cit.  p.  140,  pi.  xxi. 
figs.  39-44. 

(P)  1849.  Carcharodon  angustidenSf  E.  Si.smonda,  Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sci. 
Torino,  [2]  vol.  x.  p.  .30,  pi.  i.  figs.  .30,  .31. 

1849.  Carcharodon  hcterodm,  E.  Sisraonda,  tom.  cit.  p.  .38. 

1850.  Carcharodon  hetcrodon,  E.  Dixon,  Foss.  Sussex,  p.  204,  pi.  xi. 
fig.  19. 

1852.  Carcharodon  disnuria,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  ot  Pal.  Franc,  pi.  Ixxiv. 
fig.  0,  pi.  Ixxv.  fig.  0. 

18.54-60.  Carcharodon  anguatidens,  O.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Regno 
Napoli,  pt.  ii.  p.  50,  pi.  vi.  fig.  3. 

1854-60.  Carcharodon  inter amnim,  O.  G.  Costa,  op.  cit.  pt  ii.  p.  53, 

pl.  V.  fig.  0.  ^ i V r > 

G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Atti  Accad. 

P-  P^- 

1867.  Carcharodon  angmtidena,  var.  turgidua,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  tom. 
at.  p.  305,  pl.  v.  a.  figs.  7,  8 a. 

Carcharodon  anguatidem,  turgidua,  lanccohitua,  and  hetcrodon. 
K.  E.  Scbafhiiutl,  Siid-Bay.  Letli.  Geogn.  p.  239,  pl.  Ixiii. 
figs.  .3-6,  pl.  Ixiv.  fig.  7. 

180.3.  Carchariaa  leptodon,  K.  E.  Scbafhiiutl,  op.  cit.  p.  241,  pl.  Ixiii.  fig  2. 
Carcharodon  diaauria?,  II.  Le  lion,  Prdlim.  Mdm.  Poiss.  Tert. 

Belg.  p.  12. 

1876.  Carcharodon  angmtidena,  F.  M'Coy,  Prodrom.  Palroont.  Victoria 
^ (Geol.  Survey  Victoria),  dec.  ii.  p.  8,  pl.  xi.  figs.  2,  3. 

1875.  Carcharodon  arndti,  T.  C.  Winldor,  Arcliiv  Verein.s  Fr.  d.  Natur- 
gesch.  Mecklenburg,  vol,  xxix.  p.  119,  pl.  iii.  fig.  11. 


LAMNID^. 


413 


1877.  (,'archarodon  angiutidens,  J.  Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
[2]  vol.  viii.  p.  2.33. 

1882.  Carcharodon  nngudidens,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  M4m.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat. 
Saone-ft-Loire,  vol.  iv.  p.  44. 

1883.  Carcharodon  anyustidens,  H.  B.  Geinitz,  Abh.  Naturw.  Ges.  Bis, 
Dresden,  p.  0,  pi.  i.  lig.  11. 

1883.  Carcharodon  anyMtidens,W.  Dames,  Sitzungsb.  k.  preuss.  Akad. 
Wiss.  pt.  i.  p.  14.5. 

1885.  Carcharodon  amjiutidens,  F.  Noetling,  Abb.  Geol.  Specialk. 
l*reussen  u.  Thuring.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3,  p.  82,  pi.  vi.  figs.  1-3. 

1887.  Carcharodon  hcterodon,  L.  DoUo,  Ilevue  Quest.  Scient.  vol.  xsii. 

p.  81. 

1888.  Carcharodon  anyuttidem,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  iv.  p.  0,  pi.  i.  figs.  4-C,  pi.  vi.  fig.  22. 

Type.  Detached  tooth. 

Teeth  robust,  comparatively  narrow,  with  a pair  of  broad  lateral 
denticles  ; outer  coronal  face  flat  or  slightly  convex.  Lateral  den- 
ticles especially  large  in  the  lateral  teeth,  which  have  a verj-  narrow 
oblique  crown. 

The  teeth  from  the  English,  French,  and  Bavarian  Eocene 
assigned  to  this  species  are  generally  smaller  than  those  from 
other  localities,  but  similar  in  form. 

Two  nearly  complete  skeletons,  from  the  Kupelian  Beds  of  Boom, 
near  Antwerp,  are  preserved  in  the  Royal  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory,  Brussels  (see  L.  DoUo,  loc.  cit,'). 

Form.  4"  Loc.  Middle  and  Upper  Eocene:  S.E.  England,  N.  France, 
Belgium,  Bavaria,  S.  Carolina,  and  Alabama.  Miocene  : W.  Franco, 
Belgium,  N . Germany,  Italy,  Sicil)’,  and  Maryland.  Pliocene : 
Antwerp,  Belgium.  Lower  and  Middle  Tertiarics : Egj-pt,  Arabia, 
Victoria  ',  and  New  Zealand. 

35598-603,  35612.  Two  perfect  and  eight  fragmentary  teeth ; 
Eocene,  Alabama,  U.S.A. 

Presented  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Mallet,  1859. 

P.  1200.  Seven  teeth ; Eocene,  Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama. 

Eyerton  CoU. 

P.  2386.  Eighteen  teeth,  some  imperfect ; Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama. 

Etinishillen  Coll. 

42850.  Lateral  tooth;  Belgium.  Van  Breda  Coll. 

P.  4095.  Very  large  tooth  ; Phosphate  Beds,  Charleston,  S.  Carolina. 

By  exchange,  1883. 

‘ F.  M'Coy,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hi»t.  [3J  vol.  a.  (1807),  p.  192. 


414 


SELACIIII. 


46996-98.  Six  teeth  ; South  Carolina. 


Purchaser!,  1870. 


25674-5.  Two  toeth,  figured  by  Dixon,  op.  cit.  pi.  xi.  figs.  11,  19, 
under  the  name  of  G.  heterodon,  Agass. ; Bracklosham 
Beds,  Bracklosham  Bay,  Sussex. 


25676.  Ten  similar  tooth  ; Bracklosham. 
38865.  Robust  orcct  tooth ; Bracklesham. 
43123.  Lateral  tooth  ; Bracklesham. 

P.  1199.  Six  teeth  ; Bracklosham. 

P.  5818.  Tooth  ; Bracklesham. 


Dixon  Coll. 
Dixon  Coll. 
Bowerbanlc  Coll. 
Weiherell  Coll. 
Eger  ton  Coll. 
Gracherode  Bequest. 


40310.  Lateral  tooth;  Colesworth,  near  Woking,  Surrey. 

Purchased,  1867. 

28372.  Five  tooth  ; Calcaire  Grossicr,  Roquot,  Paris. 

Purchased,  1853. 

29024.  Erect  tooth,  wanting  lateral  denticles,  and  another  much 
abraded  tooth ; Calcaire  Grossior,  Chaumont,  Paris. 

Purchased,  1854. 

35536.  Six  imperfect  teeth  ; Upper  Eocene,  Kressenberg,  Bavaria. 

Purchased,  1859. 


P.  367,  P.  369.  T wo  dental  crowns  ; Kressenberg.  By  exchange. 

P.  4945.  Two  imperfect  teeth  ; Kressenberg. 

Presented  by  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

42007.  Small  tooth ; Eocene,  near  Brussels.  Purchased,  1870. 

P.  280.  Large  lateral  tooth;  Rupelian  Beds,  Boom,  near  Antwerp, 
Belgium.  Transferred  from  Mus.  Practical  Geology,  1880. 

P.  1201.  Three  teeth,  and  one  much  abraded ; Boom.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2384,  P.  2389.  Three  teeth;  Boom.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

41343.  Dental  crown  ; Rupelian  Beds,  Rupelmonde,  near  Antwerp. 

Purchased,  1869. 

28373.  Small  abraded  erect  tooth ; Miocene,  Bordeaux. 

Purchased,  1853. 

32734.  Large  robust  dental  crown ; Miocene,  Xabregas,  near 
Lisbon.  Presented  by  J.  S.  Valentine,  Etq,,  1875. 


LAMNID^. 


415 


P.  2385.  Two  teeth ; Crag,  Antwerp.  EtinitskiUen  Coll. 

P.  337  a.  Two  im])erfect  small  teeth,  perhaps  of  this  sijecies,  from 
the  Arabian  Desert. 

Presented  hy  Sir  Richard  Owen,  K.C.B.,  1881. 


Carcharodon  megalodon,  Agassiz. 

1752.  Figures  by  A.  Scilla,  De  Corporibus  Marinis,  pi.  iiL  fig.  1,  pi.  v. 
fig.  2,  pi.  vi.  fig.  1. 

1818.  Carcharias  verus,  II.  D.  de  Blainville,  Nouv.  Diet.  d’Hist.  Nat. 
Tol.  xxvii.  p.  384'. 

1837.  Carcharias  m°galodon,  E.  Charlesworth,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  n.  s. 
vol.  i.  p.  223,  woodc.  fig.  24. 

1843.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  247, 
pi.  xxix. 

1843.  Carcharodon  rectidens,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  250,  pi.  xxx.  a. 

%•  fo. 

1843.  Carcharodon  subauriculatus,  L.  Agassiz,  totn.  cit.  p.  2.51,  pi.  xxx.  a. 
tigs.  11-1.3. 

1843.  Carcharodon  prodtictus,  L.  Agassiz,  to/n.  cit.  p.  251,  pi.  xxx. 
figs.  2,  4,  0,  7,  8. 

184.3.  Carcharodon  poly  gyrus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  at.  p.  25.3,  pi.  xxx. 
figs.  0-12. 

1844.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  P.  M.  Pddroni,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bor- 
deaux, vol.  xiii.  p.  280,  pi.  i.  fig.  20. 

1848.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  K.  W.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  14.3,  pi.  xviii.,  pi.  xix.  figs.  8,  9. 

1840.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  E.  Sismouda,  Mem.  B.  Accad.  Sci. 

Torino,  [2]  vol.  x.  p.  34,  pi.  i,  figs.  8-13. 

1840.  Carcharodon  crassidms,  E.  Sismonda,  tom.  cit.  p.  35,  pL  i. 
figs.  32,  .3:1. 

1840.  Cardmrodon  polygyrus,  E.  Sismonda,  tom.  cit.  p.  30. 

1849.  Carcharodon  productus,  E.  Sismonda,  tom.  cit.  p.  .37,  pi.  i. 
figs.  25-20. 

1830.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  O.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Kegno  Napoli, 
pt.  i.  p.  117,  pi.  ix.  fig.  2. 

1 852.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  P.  Gervais,  Zcol.  et  Pal.  Frany.  pi.  Ixxiv. 
figs.  11,  12,  pi.  Ixxv.  fig.  10. 

1854.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  R.  Owen,  Cat.  Foss.  Kept.  & Pisces  Mus. 
R.  Coll.  Surgeons,  p.  124. 

1804-.50.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  O.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Regno  Napoli, 
pt.  il.  p.  40,  pi.  V.  figs.  2,  3,  pi.  H.  fig.  1. 


' This  specific  name  refers  to  the  existing  Carcharias  lamia,  to  which 
Blainville  assigned  the  fossil  teeth. 


416 


SELACItir. 


1854-56.  Carcharod'in  aiericulatun,  O.  O.  Oosta,  op,  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  48, 
pi.  V.  fig.  5. 

1854-50.  Carcharodon  rectidens,  0.  Q.  Costa,  op.  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  51,  pi.  v. 
fig.  4,  pi.  vi.  fig.  2. 

1854-56.  Carcharodon  productm,  O,  G.  Costa,  op.  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  52,  pi.  v. 

. 1- 

1854-56.  Carcharodon  arcualus,  0.  G,  Costa,  op.  cit,  pt.  ii.  p.  56,  pi.  vi. 
fig.  4. 

1854-56.  Carcharodon  latissimus,  0.  G.  Costa,  op,  cit,  pt.  ii.  p.  56,  pi.  v. 
fig.  8. 

1857.  Carcharodon  mcyalodon,  G.  G.  Gommellaro,  Atti  Accad.  Gioenia 
Sci.  Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  200,  pi.  ii.  a. 

1857.  Carcharodon  mcgalodon,  var.  dcidas,  G.  G.  Gemraollaro,  tom.  cit. 
p.  300,  pi.  iii.  a.  fig.s.  1-3. 

1857.  Carcharodon  mcgalodon,  var.  suhauriculatus,  G.  G.  Gemmollaro, 
tom.  cit.  p.  .301,  pi.  iv.  a.  figs.  1 a-3  a. 

1857.  Carcharodon  prodactus,  G.  G.  Gommellaro,  torn.  cit.  p.  306,  pi.  v.  a. 
figs.  3 a-5  «. 

1857.  Carcharodon latissirnns,  G.  G.  Gemmollaro,  tom.  dt.  p.  307,  pi.  iv. «. 
fig.  4. 

(?)  1801.  Carcharodon  hetcrodon,  G.  Michellotti,  Miocene  Iiif.  Italie 
Septentr.  (Mdm.  Soc.  Holland.  Sci.),  p.  143,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  8,  9. 

180.5.  Carcharodon  crassns,  O.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Rogiio  Napoli, 
Append,  i.  p.  102,  pi.  vi.  fig.  1. 

1805.  Carcharodon  aiiriculatus,  var.  falciformis,  O.  G.  Costa,  op.  cit. 
Append,  i.  p.  104,  pi.  vi.  fig.  2. 

1870.  Carcharodon  mcgalodon,  F.  Ilooimr,  Gjfi,  vo  i Ojor^lilosien, 
pi.  .xlviii.  fig.  10. 

1871.  Carcharodon  mcgalodon,  11.  Le  Hon,  Pr6lini.  Mdm  Poiss.  Tort. 

• llelg.p.7. 

(P)1872.  Carcharodon  heloeticm  m<X  Carcharotlon  turicensia,\i.  Mayer, 
Syst.  Verzeichu.  Vorstein.  Helvetian  Schweiz  u.  Schwabons,  p.  36 
(names  only)'. 

1875.  Carcharodon  mcgalodon,  F.  M'Coy,  Prodr.  Palmont.  Victoria, 
(Geol.  Surv.  Viet.),  dec.  ii.  pi.  xi.  fig.  4. 

1870.  Carcharodon  mcgalodon,  rcctideru,  productus,  and  polgggrus, 
li.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesoi,  etc.  Colline  To.scane,  pp.  22,  23. 

1877.  Carcharodon  mcgalodon,  J.  Loidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilad. 
[2]  vol.  viii.  p.  263. 

1877.  Carcharodon  mcgalodon,  K.  Miller,  Das  Mulassomeer  Doden- 
soogeg.  p.  05,  pi.  iii.  fig.  72. 


‘ Through  the  kinclno.s8  of  Prof.  Mayor-Eymar,  the  writer  has  had  the  oppor- 
tunity of  studying  the  original  teetli  thus  named.  They  are  insullicient  for 
definite  determination  ; but  the  types  of  C,  hclvcticus  closely  resemble  the  low  er 
tooth  ot  C.  negaloAon,  and  that  of  C.  turicensis  the  hinder  teeth  of  the  same 
species. 


LAMNID^.  417 

1877.  Carcharodun  nwialolon,  .V.  Locai-d,  Faune  Terr.  Tert.  Moy.  Corse, 

p.  8. 

1879.  Carcharodun  megalodon,  F.  Basjani,  Atti  Soc.  Veneto.-Trent. 
Sci.  Nat.  vol.  vi.  p.  G2. 

1879.  CarcharodoH  megalodon,  J.  Probst.  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxv. 
p.  1.38. 

1879.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  K.  Martin,  Zeitscbr.  deutsch.  geol.  Ges. 
toL  xx.vi.  p.  478. 

1831.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  R.  Lawley,  Studi  Comp.  Pesci  foss.  coi 
viv.  generi  Carcharodon,  O.ryrhina,  e Galcocerdo,  p.  36,  pis.  vi.-xi. 
{Carcharodon),  pi.  iv.  (Carcharodon),  fig.  1. 

1832.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  M^m.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat. 
Saone-et-Loire,  vol.  iv.  p.  41,  pi.  i.  fig.  11. 

1882.  Carcharodon  polygyrm,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  tom.  cit.  p.  43,  pi.  i. 
fig.  10. 

1883.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  K.  Martin,  Saraml.  geol.  Reichs-Mus. 
Leiden,  [1]  vol.  iii.  p.  23,  pi.  i.  fig.  12. 

1888.  Carcharodon  megalodon,  J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. 
[2]  vol.  iv.  p.  12,  pL  ii.  figs.  1-3. 

1888.  Carcharodon  rohtstus,  J.  W.  Davis,  tom.  cit.  p.  13,  pi.  i.  fig.  7. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; Museums  of  Carlsruhe,  Strassburg,  and 
Paris. 

A species  attaining  to  a very  large  size,  the  teeth  being  sometimes 
as  much  as  O-lo  in  total  height.  Teeth  comparatively  broad  and 
robust,  the  outer  coronal  face  flat  or  slightly  convex,  the  apex  some- 
times gently  curved  outwards ; distinct  lateral  denticles  absent. 

Form.  Loc.  Eocene  and  Phosphate  Beds : Alabama  and  South 
Carolina,  D.S.A.  Miocene  : France,  Spain,  Portugal,  Malta,  Sicily, 
Corsica,  Germany,  Austria,  and  Maryland.  Pliocene:  Italy,  Bel- 
gium, and  S.E.  England.  Various  Tertiary  Deposits:  Arabian 
Desert,  East  Indies,  West  Indies,  Central  and  South  America, 
^ ictoria South  Australia,  and  New  Zealand. 

28103.  Fragmentary  tooth ; Phosphate  Beds,  Cooper  River,  South 
Carolina,  U.S.A.  Purchased,  1852. 

46994-5.  Three  very  large  teeth,  one  measuring  0'127  in  maximum 
breadth  and  0-15  in  height;  IVimbee  and  Parrott  Creeks, 
St.  Helena  Sound,  S.  Carolina.  Purchased,  1876. 

P.  5816.  Two  teeth,  slightly  smaller ; S.  Carolina.  Purchased. 

P.  4094.  Large  tooth  ; Ashley  River  Phosphate  Beds,  Charleston 
S.  Carolina.  By  exchange,  1883. 

‘ F.  M‘Coy,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  [3]  vol.  xx.  (1867),  p.  192. 

2 £ 


418 


SELACnil. 


P.  4939.  Similar  tooth  ; Charleston. 

Presented  hy  J.  E.  Lee,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  1191,  P.  1198.  Imperfect  largo  tooth,  and  small  abraded  tooth  ; 

Miocene,  Maryland.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  5806.  Fragmentary  tooth,  labelled  by  Agassiz  “ CarcJiarias 
nutcrodon  ” ; Maryland.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2383  a.  Small  abraded  tootb,  referred  to  C.  polyyynts  by  Agassiz, 
tom.  cit.  p.  253;  Eocene  (or  Miocene),  Newburn,  N. 
Carolina.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

P.  2388.  Throe  small  teeth,  probably  hinder  teeth  of  this  species ; 

Eocene,  Clarke’s  County,  Alabama.  Ennislcillen  Coll. 

35538  Tooth  ; “ Miocene,  United  States.” 

Presented  by  the  lion,  E.  Chitty,  1859. 

40354.  Dental  crown ; Miocene,  Anjou,  France.  Purchased,  1867. 

28376.  Tooth  ; Miocene,  Bordeaux.  Purchased,  1853. 

P.  1192.  Dental  crown  ; Miocene,  Ardeche,  S.  France. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  1193.  Small  tooth  ; M.  Miocene,  Sansan,  Cers,  Franco. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

32734.  Apex  of  tooth  ; Miocene,  Sacavem,  near  Lisbon. 

Presented  hy  J.  S.  Valentine,  Esq.,  1857. 

32734  a.  Throe  small  teeth,  i)robably  of  this  species  ; Miocene, 
Xabregas,  near  Lisbon. 

Presented  by  J.  S.  Valentine,  Esq.,  1857. 

38643.  Tooth ; Pliocene,  Tejares,  Malaga.  Purchased,  1800. 

172,  995,  998,  1066,  1073,  1082,  1279  (Sloane  Cut.).  Seven  teeth  ; 

Miocene,  Malta.  Sloane  Coll. 

1956.  Dental  crown  ; Malta.  IVesented  by  Miss  Attersoll. 

20569.  F’our  erect  teeth  ; Malta.  Purchased,  1845. 

24595,24600,24855.  Six  teeth,  and  three  others  much  broken; 

Malta.  Purchased,  1850. 

Purchased,  1853. 


28375.  Large  perfect  tooth  ; Malta. 


LAJTSID^. 


419 


28539.  Large  tooth,  and  lateral  tooth ; Malta. 
29036.  Small  erect  tooth  ; Malta. 

36072.  Large  tooth  ; Malta. 

39043.  Large  tooth  ; Malta. 

41769.  Imperfect  lateral  tooth ; Malta. 


Dixon  Coll. 
Purchased,  1854. 
Purchased,  1861. 
Bowerbank  Coll. 
Purchased,  1869. 


50011-12.  Large  tooth,  and  imperfect  lateral  tooth ; Malta. 

Trevelyan  Bequest. 

P.  5817.  Perfect  tooth,  and  fragment ; Malta.  Grojcherode  Bequest. 

P.  1190.  Nine  teeth  ; Malta.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  1195-6.  Nine  small  lateral  teeth  ; Malta.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2383,  P.  2390,  P.  2392-3,  P.  4566-68.  Sixteen  teeth,  some 
large,  some  imperfect ; Malta.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  4666.  Three  teeth;  Malta.  Purchased,  1884. 

P.4884.  Dental  crown  ; Malta. 

Presented  by  Joshua  Brown,  Esq.,  1885. 

42064.  Large  dental  crown  ; (?)  Malta. 

Presented  by  Mrs.  Balfour,  1870. 

P.  5807.  Imperfect  dental  crown;  Molasse,Hohenzollern,  Germany. 

Purchased. 

P.5124.  Tooth;  “ Miocene,  Vienna  Basin.”  Purchased, 

P.1194.  Four  teeth  ; formation  and  locality  unknown,  hut  probably 
Antwerp  Crag.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P . 5808.  Tooth  ; Crag,  Antwerp.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

49459.  Abraded  tooth ; Eed  Crag,  Woodbridge,  Suffolk. 

Purchased,  1878. 

39004-5.  Two  abraded  teeth  ; Red  Crag,  near  Felixstowe,  Suffolk. 

Bowerbank  Coll. 

P.  1197.  Four  abraded  teeth  ; Felixstowe.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  337.  Two  teeth,  and  six  fragmentary  teeth ; Arabian  Desert. 

Presented  by  Sir  Bichard  Owen,  K.C.B.,  1881. 

2 £ 2 


420 


SELACHII. 


46505.  Tooth;  Paradise  Bay,  Jamaica. 

Presented  by  Thomas  Kerr,  Esq.,  1875 

P.  5911.  Large  tooth  ; Seven  Brothers,  St.  Domingo. 

Presented  by  Sir  liobert  Schomburylc,  1836. 

P.  278.  Small  tooth ; Cuba. 

Transferred  from  Mus.  Practical  Oeoloyy,  1880. 

36328.  Small  tooth,  noticed  by  C.  C.  Blake,  ‘ The  Geologist,’  vol.  v. 

p.  316  ; Aspinwall,  Darien.  Purchased,  1862. 

P.  5810.  Imperfect  small  tooth ; from  Guimbi,  Province  of  Esme- 
ralda, Ecuador.  History  unknown. 

P.  279.  Dental  crown  ; South  America. 

Transferred  from  Alus.  Practical  Geology,  1880. 

P.  5216.  Plaster  cast  of  large  tooth;  Upper  Tertiary,  Lake  Bonny, 
S.  Australia. 

Presented  by  Sir  Samuel  Davenport,  K.O .M.G.,  1880. 

P.  5809.  Imperfect  large  dental  crown;  Wanganui  Bods (?), between 
N.  Plymouth  and  Adelaide,  New  Zealand. 

Presented  by  Dr.  ./.  S.  Bowerbank. 

P.  2309.  Small  tooth  ; Trelissic  Formation,  New  Zealand. 

By  e.vcliange,  1876. 

Carcharodon  rondeletii,  M tiller  & Ilenle. 

1841.  C'archarodon  rondeletii,  Midler  & Ilenle,  Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagio- 
stom.  p.  70  *. 

184.3.  Carcharodon  suleidens,  L.  Agassiz,  I’oiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  2.54, 
pi.  XXX.  a.  figs.  3-7. 

(P)  1848.  Carcharodon  stdeidens,  11.  W.  Qibbos,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  1 47,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  52,  63. 

1857.  Carcharodmi  suleidens,  G.  G.  Geramellaro,  Atti  Acead.  Gioenia 
Sci.  Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  308,  pi.  Iv.  a.  figs.  6-7. 

1867.  Carcharodon  tornubene,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  tom.  cit.  p.  309,  pi.  i.  a. 

fig.  12. 

1881.  Carcharodon  etruscus,'R.  L.awley,  Studi  Comp.  Poscl  foss.  coi 
viventi  gen.  Carcharodon,  Oxyrhina,  e Galeocerdo,  p.  17,  pis.  ii., 
iii.,  V.  {Carcharodon'),  pi.  iv.  {Carcharodon'),  fig.  2. 

2'ype  of  C.  suleidens.  Detached  teeth  ; Paleontological  Museum, 
Munich  (Munster  Collection). 

’ For  other  references  to  the  recent  fish,  see  A.  Giinther,  Oat.  Fishes  Brit. 
Mus.  vol.  viii.  p.  392. 


LAMNIDaU 


421 


The  type  specice  of  moderate  size.  Teeth  comparatively  broad, 
compressed,  without  indications  of  lateral  denticles.  Coronal  apex 
often  slightly  curved  outwards  ; external  coronal  face  of  the  upper 
teeth  often  marked  by  few  vertical  wrinkles. 

As  tbe  result  of  Lawley’s  researches,  the  fossil  teeth  here  enume- 
rated may  be  regarded  as  pertaining  to  the  existing  species. 

Form.  4c  Loc.  Pliocene  : Italy,  Sicily,  and  England.  (?)  Miocene 
and  Eocene : South  Carolina,  XJ.S.A.  Newer  Tertiary  : Chili. 

27029-30,  27520.  Nine  abraded  teeth  ; Red  Crag,  Sutton,  Suffolk. 

Purehased,  1851-52. 

41341.  Eight  abraded  teeth  ; Red  Crag,  Suffolk. 

Brou'n  Coll. — Presented  hy  Sir  Richard  Owen,  K.C.B.,  1859. 

P.  5805.  Tooth  with  scarcely  abraded  crown ; Coralline  Crag, 
Orford,  Suffolk.  Purehased. 

P.  2313.  Imperfect  tooth,  much  resembling  those  of  this  species; 

Older  Miocene  (?),  New  Zealand.  By  e-vehange,  1876. 

47022.  Tooth  and  dental  crown ; Orciano,  Tuscany. 

Purchased,  1875. 

P.  5550.  Four  teeth,  more  or  less  imperfect ; Piacenza,  N.  Italy. 

By  exchange,  1 888. 

48996.  Seven  teeth  ; Newer  Tertiary,  Coquimbo,  Chili. 

Presented  hy  C.  J.  Lambert,  Esq.,  1878. 

The  following  species  are  also  recognized  upon  the  evidence  of 
detached  teeth,  though  it  is  not  improbable  that  some  of  the  names 
are  synonyms  of  those  recorded  above  : — 

Carcharodon  brevis,  H.  Le  Hon,  Prelim.  Mem.  Poiss.  Tert.  Belg. 

(1871),  p.  7,  woodcut. — Pliocene  ; Belgium. 

Carcharodon  caifassil,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pcsci  etc.  Colline 
Toscane  (1876),  p.  23. — Pliocene  ; Tuscany. 

Carcharodon  costtr,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Atti  Accad.  Gioenia  Sci. 
Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  (1857),  p.  303,  pi.  v.  a.  figs.  1 a,  2 a. — 
Miocene  ; Sicily.  [?  C.  megahdon.'] 

Carcharodon  gibbesii,  G.  Michelotti,  Miocene  Inf.  Italic  Septen- 
trionale  (Mem.  Soc.  Holland.  Sci.  Haarlem,  1861),  p.  143, 
pi.  xiv.  figs.  5-7. — Miocene;  N.  Italy. 

Carcharodon  leptodon,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843), 
p.  259,  pi.  xxviii.  figs.  1-6. — Formation  and  locality 
unknown. 


422 


sELAcnn. 


Gareharodon  longidem,  L.  Pillet,  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  Savoie,  [3] 
vol.  ix.  (1883),  p.  277,  with  plate. — (?)  Daiiiaii ; Haute 
Savoie. 

Gareharodon  microdon,  H.  Lo  Hon,  ojj.  cii.  p.  7,  woodcut. — 
I’lioceno;  Belgium. 

Gareharodon  mortoni,  11.  W.  Gibbes,  I’roo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I’liilad. 
1847,  p.  20(5 ; Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Bhilad.  [2]  vol.  i. 
(1848),  p.  146,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  45. — Phosphate  Beds ; South 
Carolina. 

Gareharodon  rectus,  L.  Agassiz,  Amcr.  Journ.  Sci.  [2]  vol.  xxi. 
(1850),  p.  274. — Tertiarj' ; Ocoya  Creek,  California. 

Gareharodon  semiserratus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poise.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843), 
p.  250,  pi.  XXX.  a.  figs.  1,  2. — Miocene  ; Malta. 

Gareharodon  simws,  F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soc.  Tosc.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.  iii. 
(1877),  p.  77,  pi.  xi.  fig.  1 ; Atti  Soc.  Veneto-Tront.  Sci. 
Nat.  vol.  V.  (1878),  p.  280. — Miocene ; Creazzo,  Italy. 

Gareharodon  tumidissimus,  0.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  llegno  Napoli, 
pt.  ii.  (1854-56),  p.  54,  pi.  v.  fig.  7. — Miocene  ; Naples. 

A detached  dental  crown  of  Gareharodon,  from  the  Chalk  or 
Tertiary  beds  of  Manganischlak,  Caspian  Sea,  is  also  described  by 
E.  von  Eichwald,  Geogn.-palffiont.  Benierk.  Halbinsel  Manganischlak 
(1871),  p.  GO,  pi.  iv.  figs.  8,  0 {G.  sidcidens).  Another  tooth,  from 
the  Siwalik  Formation  of  Pegu,  Burmah,  is  described  by  11.  Lydekker, 
Pill.  Ind.  [10]  vol.  iii.  (1886),  p.  243,  pi.  xxxv.  fig.  8. 

A large  vertebra  from  the  Crag  of  Antwerp,  very  suggestive  of 
the  vertebra  of  Getorhinus  {Selache),  is  described  under  the  name  of 
Gareharodon selachoides  by  C.  Hasso,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Bof  ond. 
Iheil  (1882),  p.  220,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  35;  and  another  is  figured  on 
pi.  xxx.  fig.  34. 

Vertebrae  from  the  Samland  Eocene  are  also  assigned  to  Garcha- 
rodon  by  F.  Noetling,  Abb.  Geol.  Spocialk.  Preusson  u.  Thiiring. 
Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 (1885),  p.  88,  pi.  x.  figs.  1,  2. 

Genus  CORAX,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  224.] 

An  imperfectly  definable  genus,  comprising  species  of  small  or 
moderate  size,  known  only  by  tho  teeth.  Tooth  compressed,  more 
or  less  triangular,  usuallj'  with  distinct  marginal  serrations ; in 
external  form  very  suggestive  of  the  teeth  of  Sphyrtui  {Zy<jcena)  or 
Garchanas,  but  differing  in  the  absence  of  an  internal  cavity. 


lAMNID^. 


423 


Corax  pristodontuS)  Agassiz. 

1799.  Dents  tie  Squales,  Fiiujas  St.  T'und,  Hist.  Nat.  Mt.  St.-Pierre  de 
Maastricht,  p.  1 10,  pi.  xviii.  figs.  1, 9. 

1834.  Galetu pristodentus,  S.  G.  Morton,  Synopsis  Org.  Remains  Cret. 
U.  States,  pL  xi.  lig.  0,  and  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.  vol.  xxviii.  p.  277. 

1843.  Cora.v  pristodontus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  224, 
pi.  xxvi.  figs.  9^13. 

1843.  Corax  kaupii,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  225,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  4-8, 
pi.  xxvi.  a.  figs.  25-34. 

(?)  1843.  CuriLv  appendicidatw,  L.  Agassiz,  tom,,  cit.  p.  227,  pL  xxvi.  a. 
figs.  16-20  *. 

1845.  Corax  pristodontus,  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
vol.  i.  p.  107  (woodc.). 

1849.  Galeocerdo  pristodontus,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Xat.  Sci. 
Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  192,  pi.  xxv.  fig.  70. 

1862.  Cora.v  appendiculatus  ?,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran?,  pi.  ixxvi. 
fig.  18. 

1854.  Corax  pristodontus,  E.  Hubert,  M6m.  Soc.  G^ol.  France,  [2] 
vol.  V.  p.  353,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  8. 

1887.  Corax  pristodontus,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Handb.  Palmont.  vol.  iii. 
p.  84,  fig.  88. 

1888.  Corax  pristodontus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  vol.  x. 
p.  293. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

The  type  species  attaining  to  a comparatively  large  size,  some  of 
the  teeth  measuring  0'028  across.  Teeth  low  and  broad,  with  a 
very'  large  root ; anterior  coronal  margin  much  arched  ; serrations 
distinct. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Danian : Holland  and  Belgium.  Upper  Senonian : 
S.E.  England  and  N.  France  (?  also  Aix-la-ChapeUe).  Upper 
Cretaceous:  S.  India,  N.  Africa,  and  New  Jersey.  Eocene: 
Alabama. 

28276.  Tooth  with  broken  apex;  Maastricht  Beds,  Holland. 

Purchased,  1853. 

42980.  Seven  teeth  and  one  dental  crown ; Maastricht. 

Van  Breda  Coll. 

P.  2332.  Four  teeth;  Maastricht.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

^ These  may  be  the  binder  teeth  either  of  C.  pristodontus  or  C.  affinis.  With 
them,  H.  E.  Sauvage  (Bull.  Soc.  G4ol.  France,  [3]  vol.  vui.  1880,  p.  456,  pi.  liu. 
fig.  4)  also  associates  Corax  parallelus,  H.  Coquand,  and  C.  irapezoidalis, 
H.  Coquand  (Descript.  G4ol.  etc.  Depart.  Charente,  vol.  ii.  1860,  p.  97). 


424 


SELACHn. 


P.  5907.  Anterior  tooth  ; Craie  de  Ciply,  Belgium. 

42875.  Dental  erovra  ; Ciply.  Fan  Breda  Coll 

P.5827.  Fourteen  naturally  associated  teeth;  Craie  phosphatde, 
Ciply.  Presented  hy  Mans.  A.  I/ouzeau  de  Lehaie,  1888. 

P.  5828.  Four  teeth ; Poudingue  de  Malogne,  Ciply. 

Presented  by  Mons.  A.  Jfouzeau  de  Lehaie,  1888. 

35649,  35651.  Crown  of  anterior  tooth,  and  three  other  dental 
crowns ; Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  Bayfield  Coll. 

48946.  Ten  teeth;  Norwich.  Bayfield  Coll. 

P.  592.  Tooth  described  and  figured  by  Egerton,  loc.  cit.  ; Upper 
Cretaceous,  Pondieherry,  Madras.  Eyerton  Coll. 

35609.  Nine  imperfect  teeth  ; Eocene,  Alabama. 

Presented  hy  Prof.  ./.  W.  Mallet,  18.59. 

P.  2350.  Three  teeth ; Alabama.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  5811.  Tooth;  Cretaceous,  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

P.  1203,  P.  2353.  Five  small  teeth,  of  the  form  named  C.  kaupii, 
Agassiz ; “ Greensand,”  Ai.x-la-Chapelle. 

Eyerton  Enniskillen  Colls. 


• Corax  falcatuS)  Agassiz. 

1822.  Squalus  galeus?,  Q.  A.  Mantell,  Foss.  S.  Downs,  p.  227,ril  xxxii. 
figs.  12-10. 

18.39.  Oaleus  pristodonius,  II.  15.  Goinitz  (ex  Agassiz,  MS.),  Cliaract, 
Schicht.  u.  Petrefakt.  siichs.-bohm.  Kreidegeb.  p.  11,  pi.  i.  fig.  1. 

18.39.  Galeus  appendiailatus,  II.  B.  Geiiiitz  (e.r  Agassiz,  MS  1 on  cit. 
p.  11,  pi.  i.  fig.  2.  ’ 

184.3.  Corax  fulcutus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  220,  pi.  xxvi. 
fig.  14,  pi.  xxvi.  a.  figs.  1-16. 

1846.  Corax  heterodon,  A.  E.  Iteuss,  Verstein.  biihm.  Kreidoform.  pt.  i. 
p.  3,  pi.  iii.  figs.  49-71. 

184.5.  Corax  oblUpius,  A.  E.  Iteuss,  op.  cit.  pt.  i.  p.  4,  pi.  iv.  figs.  1-3. 

18.50.  Curax  falcatns,  I'’.  Dixon,  P’oss.  Siis.sex,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  18. 

(?)  1850.  Corax  maximus,  F.  Dixon,  oj).  cit.  p.  3C0,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  17. 

18.52.  Cora.v  heterodon,  F.  Roemer,  Kreidebild.  von  Texas,  p.  30,  pi.  i. 
fig.  8. 

186.3.  Corax  heterodon,  y.  Kiprijanolf,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou, 
pt.  11.  p.  293,  pi.  ii. 

1868.  Corax  falcatus,  Pictet  & Campiche,  Foss.  Terr.  Ordtacd  St.  Croix, 
p.  80,  pi.  X.  figs.  1,  2. 


LAMNIDjE. 


425 


1860.  C'ora.v  elongatus,  II.  Coquand,  Descript.  G6ol.  etc.  Depart. 
Charente,  vol.  ii.  p.  97. 

I860.  Corax  boreaui,  II.  Coquand,  op.  cit.  vol.  ii.  p.  134. 

1872.  Corax  falcatus,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Bibliotli.  Ecole  Ilautes  Etudes, 
vol.  V.  art.  0,  p.  40,  pi.  ii.  figs.  84,  8o. 

1872.  Corax  kaupii  and  Corax  sp.,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  ibid.  pp.  41,  42, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  80-83. 

1873.  Galeocerdo  falcatus,  J.  Leidy,  Ext.  Vert.  Fauna  W.  Territ.  (Rep. 
U..S.  Geol.  Surv.  vol.  i.  pt.  i.)  p.  ilOl,  pi.  xviii.  figs.  29-42. 

1874.  Corax  heterodon,  St.  Znrecznego,  Sprawozd.  Komisyi  Fizyjograf. 
Galicyi,  vol.  viii.  p.  (127),  pi.  L fig.  2. 

1875.  Corax  heterodon,  II.  B.  Geinitz,  Palaeontogr.  vol.  xx.  pt.  ii.  p.  210, 
pi.  xl.  figs.  2-15. 

1878.  Cora.v  heterodon,  A.  Fritsch,  Kept.  u.  Fische  bohm.  Kreidefomi. 
p.  11,  woodc.,  figs.  2-3, 24. 

1878.  Cora.r  heterodon,  St.  Zarecznego,  loc.  cit.  vol.  xii.  p.  (202). 

1880.  Corax  falcalus,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Bull.  Soc.  Gdol.  France,  [3] 
vol.  viii.  p.  456. 

1888.  Corax  falcatue,  A.  S.  AVoodward,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  vol.  x. 
p.  293  (in  part). 

1888.  Sphyma  cf.  plana,  S.  Nikitin,  M6m.  Com.  Gdol.  vol.  v.  no.  2, 
p.  40,  pi.  V.  fig.  8. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; British  iluseum  and  Munich  Aluseuin. 

A species  rarel)’  attaining  to  so  laige  a size  as  C.  priitodonius ; 
teeth  scarcely  differing  from  those  of  the  latter  species,  except  in 
the  more  prevalent  elevation  of  the  dental  crown  and  the  less  arched 
character  of  the  anterior  coronal  margin.  Coronal  serrations  gene- 
rally distinct,  but  sometimes  absent  in  the  small  teeth. 

A large  series  of  teeth  of  this  species  is  figured  by  Reuss  under 
the  name  of  C.  heterodon. 

Form.  Loc.  Cenomanian  and  Turonian  : S.  England,  N . France, 
bwitzerland,  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Galicia,  and  Russia.  Senonian  : 
S.E.  England,  and  N.E.  France.  Cretaceous  : Kansas,  Texas,  New 
Jersey,  and  Mississippi,  U.S.A. 

4454,  4457,  4465.  Three  of  the  type  specimens,  figured  by  Agassiz, 
tom.  cit.  pi.  xxvi.  a.  figs.  1,  3,  6;  Chalk,  Sussex. 

Mantell  Coll. 

4455,4456,  4458-4462,  4464,  4465  a,  4468,4469,  4471.  Twenty- 
thrte  teeth,  the  second  figured  by  Mantell,  op.  cit.  pi.  xxxii. 
fig.  12 ; Sussex.  Mantell  Coll 

25824.  Tooth  figured  by  Dixon,  op.  cit. ; Sussex.  Dixon  ColL 

25796,  25799.  25809,  25815,  25946.  Six  teeth;  Stssex, 

Dixon  Coll. 


426 


SELACniI. 


P.  5400.  Tooth  ; near  Lewes,  Sussex. 

Presented  hj  P.  B.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

49942.  Two  teeth,  one  erect ; Eastbourne,  Sussex.  Cupron  Ooll. 

49943.  Two  teeth  ; Houj'hton  Pit,  Arundel,  Sussex.  Uaqwon  Coll. 

49945.  Two  imperfect  large  teeth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Guildford. 

Cap>ron  Coll. 

49944,  49946.  Four  small  teeth;  Upper  Chalk,  Shalford,  near 
Guildford.  Oaqtron  Coll. 

49953.  Small  abnormal  tooth ; Upper  Chalk,  St.  Catherine’s  Hill, 
Guildford.  Capron  Coll. 

49941.  Three  teeth  ; Chalk,  Dorking,  Surrey.  Caqtron  Coll. 

36317.  Three  large  dental  crowns ; Chalk,  Grays,  Essex. 

Daniels  Coll. 


20289.  Six  teeth,  one  erect ; Chalk,  Greenhithe,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1846. 

23156.  Tooth  ; Chalk,  Kent.  Purchased,  1849. 


25766.  Large  tooth;  Chalk,  IJromloy,  Kent. 

33211.  Four  teeth  ; Chalk,  Kent. 

37754.  Broad  tooth;  Chalk,  Kent. 

40544.  Three  teeth ; Chalk,  (?)  Kent. 

41705,  41707.  Seven  teeth ; Chalk,  Kent. 

P.  1204.  Six  teeth  ; Chalk,  Kent. 

P.  2333.  Two  small  and  three  large  teeth,  the 
lodontus  by  Agassiz  ; Chalk,  Kent. 


Dixon  Coll. 

Purchased,  1858. 

Purchased,  1863. 

Purchased,  1867. 

Touhnin  Smith  Coll. 

Eyerton  Coll. 

latter  labelled  C.pris- 
Ennishillen  Coll. 


P.  4099.  Five  small  teeth  ; Chalk,  near  Margate,  Kent. 

Presented  Iry  Sydwy  C.  Coclcerell,  Esq.,  1883. 

P.  403  a.  Two  teeth  ; Chalk,  probably  Kent. 

Presented  by  tlte  Earl  of  Ducie,  1881. 

47919.  Three  teeth ; Chalk,  near  Maidstone. 

Presented  by  the  lion.  Itobert  Marsham,  1877. 


28295.  Nine  imperfect  teeth;  Upj)er  Chalk,  Mont  Aime,  Marne, 
France.  Purchased,  1851. 


LAMNID^. 


427 


47145,  P.  48.  Eight  teeth;  Grey  Chalk,  Dover.  Gardner  Coll. 
29860.  Tooth;  Craie  glauconeuse,  Kouen,  France. 

Purchased,  1855. 

P.  5370.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Presented  hy  James  Carter,  Esy.,  1887. 

28892.  Six  denial  crowns ; Pliinerkalk,  Strehlen,  near  Dresden, 
Saxony.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  284,  P.  299.  Six  teeth ; Strehlen. 

Transferred  from  AI us.  Practical  Geology,  1880. 

P.1205.  Nine  teeth;  Strehlen.  Eger  ton  Coll. 

P.  2334.  Ten  teeth ; Strehlen.  EnniskilUn  Coll. 

37234.  Tooth ; Pliinerkalk,  Ousti,  near  Labem,  Bohemia. 

Purchased,  1863. 

P.  5561.  Four  teeth  ; Cenomanian,  Saratov,  llussia. 

By  exchange,  1888. 

24412.  Three  teeth  ; Warminster.  Purchased,  1849. 

24498,  30542.  Two  detached  dental  crowns,  probably  of  this 
species;  Upper  Greensand  (“junction  bed  ”),  Marminster, 
Wiltshire.  Purchased,  1849. 

P.  1207.  Dental  crown,  probably  of  this  species ; “ Greensand, 
Kelheim,”  Bavaria.  Egerton  Coll. 

The  following  teeth  are  of  comparatively  large  size,  and  provi- 
sionally assigned  to  C.  falcatus  : — 

25758.  Type  specimen  of  Corax  maximus,  Dixon,  loc.  cit. ; Upper 
Chalk,  Houghton,  Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

P.  1206.  Similar  tooth;  Chalk,  Sussex.  Egerton  Coll. 

Corax  affinis,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Corax  affinu,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  227,  pi.  xxvi. 
fig.  2,  pi.  xxvi.  a.  figs.  21-24. 

1843.  Corax  appetidiadatus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  .3. 

1843.  Corax  planus,  U Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  229,  pi.  xxvi.  a.  figs.  61-67. 
1847.  Carcharodon  minor,  C.  G.  Giebel,  Fauna  d.  Vorw.,  Fische, 
p.  349. 

1852.  Espece  voisine  des  Corax  et  des  Sphyma,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et 
Pal.  Fran9.  pi.  Ixxvi.  fig.  19. 


428 


SELA.CHII. 


1854.  Sphyrna  plana,  E.  Hubert,  Mdm.  Soc.  G4ol.  France,  [2]  vol.  v. 
p.  .854,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  !). 

1888.  Corax  falcalus,  A.  S.  Woodward,  Pvoc.  Geol.  Assoc,  vol.  x. 
p.  29.8  (in  part). 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

A small  species;  principal  teeth  with  a much  elevated  slender 
crown,  notched  prominently  at  the  base  of  the  hinder  margin,  and 
less  so  upon  the  anterior  margin,  thus  j)roducing  a broad  posterior 
denticle  and  a less  distinct  anterior  denticle.  Coronal  serrations 
• feeble,  often  absent. 

The  present  writer  has  examined  microscopical  sections  of  these 
teeth,  and  confirmed  Agassiz’s  determination  of  the  absence  of  an 
internal  cavity. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Danian  : Holland  and  Belgium. . Upper  Senonian  : 
S.E.  England  and  N.  France. 

42987.  Two  teeth,  one  being  almost  symmetrical  and  erect ; Maas- 
tricht Bods,  Holland.  Van  Breda  Coll. 

44842  a.  Almost  symmetrical  erect  tooth  ; Maastricht. 

Presented  by  Benjamin  Bright,  Esq.,  1873. 

42986.  Two  posterior  teeth  ; Maastricht.  Van  Breda  Coll. 

P.2355.  Posterior  tooth  ; Maastricht.  Ennislnllen  Coll. 

28719.  Two  teeth  ; Craie  phosphatee,  Ciply,  near  Mens,  Belgium. 

Purchased,  18.53. 

P.  5557.  Tooth  ; Ciply.  By  exchange,  1888. 

■P.  5826.  Eight  teeth  ; Poudingue  do  Malogne,  Ciply. 

Presented  by  Mans.  A.  J/ouzeau  de  Lehaie,  1888. 

35904.  Imperfect  tooth  ; Limbourg.  Purchased,  1860. 

35650.  Two  teeth  ; Upper  Chalk,  Norwich.  Bayfield  Coll. 

36916.  Tooth  ; Norwich.  Presented  by  — Hill,  Esq.,  1862. 

48947,  48956  e.  Seventeen  teeth,  more  or  less  perfect ; Norwich. 

Baifield  Coll. 

P.  5812.  F our  teeth  ; Norwich.  IHstory  unlcnown. 

P.  1208,  P.  2354.  Two  abraded  dental  crowns,  the  second  figured 
by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xxvi.  a.  fig.  50  {Oorax  qjlanus) ; 
Aix-la-Chapello.  Egerton  ^ Ennislcdlen  Colls. 

P.  2350  a.  Tooth  either  of  this  or  a closely  allied  species,  larger  than 
the  typical  teeth ; Eocene,  Alabama,  U.S.A. 

En n isk'illen  Coll. 


LAMNID^. 


429 


The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth, 
but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection ; — 

Corax  antiquus,  E.  E.  Deslongchamps,  Le  JuraNonnand,  Mon.  vi. 

(1877),  p.  4,  pi.  i.  figs.  4-5. — Lower  Oolite ; Normandy. 
Corax  incisus.  Sir  P.  Egerton,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  i. 
(1845),  p.  163,  woodcut. — Upper  Cretaceous ; Pondicherr}', 
Madras,  India. 

Corax  Imiig,  C.  G.  Giehel,  Fauna  d.  Vorwelt,  Fische,  p.  371. — 
Turonian ; Quedlinburg,  Prussia. 

Corax  pyqmceug,  G.  von  Munster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  vii.  (1846), 
p.  19.  Oaleus  piygmcnts,  G.  von  Munster,  op.  cit.  v.  (1842), 
p.  66. — Miocene  ; Vienna  Basin.  [The  generic  position 
of  this  tooth  is  said  to  have  been  decided  by  microscopical 
examination.] 

The  so-called  Corax Jissuratug,  T.  C.  'Winklor  (Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler, 
vol.  iii.  (1874),  p.  299,  pi.  vii.  fig.  4),  from  the  Bruxellian  Beds  of 
Belgium,  is  founded  upon  a tooth  of  a Ganoid  or  Teleostean  (see 
IV.  Dames,  Ucber  A)icigtrodon,  Debey,  in  Zeitschr.  deutsch.  geol. 
Ges.  vol.  XXXV.  1883,  p.  655). 

A few  teeth  of  doubtful  Lamnidac,  in  form  somewhat  suggestive  of 
Corax,  are  named  Xemdolamia,  J.  Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  [2J  vol.  viii.  (1877),  p.  251.  Two  species  are  distinguished 
from  the  Ashley  River  Phosphate  Beds,  South  Carolina : — X.  pravvs, 
Leidy  {tom.  cit.  p.  251,  pi.  xxxiv.  figs.  33,  34)  and  X.  simplex, 
Leidy  {tom.  cit.  p.  2.51,  pi.  xxxiv.  figs.  35,  36).  The  following 
specimens  are  also  closely  similar:  — 

49954.  Small  tooth  ; Lower  Chalk,  Guildford.  Capron  Coll. 

P.  5813.  Larger  stouter  tooth ; Cenomanian,  Saratov,  Russia. 

By  exchanye,  1888. 

Genus  CETORHINUS,  H.  D.  de  Blainville. 

[Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1816,  p.  121.] 

8yn.  Helache,  G.  Cuvier,  Regne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  129. 

Hannotera,  P.  J.  van  Boneden,  Bull.  Acad.  Roy.  Sci.  Beige,  [2] 
vol.  xxxi.  1871,  p.  604. 

Second  dorsal  fin  and  the  anal  very  small.  A pit  at  the  root  of 
the  caudal  fin  ; side  of  the  tail  with  a keel.  Gill-clefts  very  large 
and  wide.  Teeth  very  small,  numerous,  and  conical,  without  lateral 
denticles,  and  rarely  or  never  serrated. 


430 


sEijAonii. 


Cetorhinus  dupouti,  Hassc. 

1882.  Selaclie  dupmiti,  0.  Ilasse^  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elawnobr.,  Ik'soncl. 

Theil,  p.  241,  pi.  xxxii.  figs.  6-8. 

Type.  Detached  vertebra  ; Brussels  Museum. 

A provisional  species  founded  upon  vertebrae  very  similar  to  those 
of  the  living  Cetorhinus  maximus,  and  in  which  the  calcified  con- 
centric rings  are  very  numerous. 

Form,  4"  Toe.  Pliocene  (Crag)  : Antwerp,  Belgium. 

P.  2316.  Half  of  a typical  vertebra,  0 095  in  diameter,  in  section. 

By  exchange,  1883. 

The  following  extinct  species  are  also  recognized  upon  imperfect 
evidence : — 

Cetorhinus  auratus : Selache  aurata,  II.  Lawley,  Atti  Soc.  Toso- 
Sci.  Nat.  vol.  iv.  (1879),  p.  109  ; F.  Sacco,  Bull.  Soc.  Gcol. 
Franco,  [3]  vol.  xiv.  (1880),  p.  304.  Hannovera  aurata, 
P.  J.  van  Benedcn,  Bull.  Acad.  Boy.  Sci.  Belg.  [2]  vol.  xxxi. 
(1871),  p.  504,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1(1;  B.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi, 
Pesci  etc.  Colline  Toscano  (1870),  p.  44,  pi.  i.  fig-  17 
Teeth  resembling  Selache  maxima,  B.  Lawley,  op.  cit.  p.  89, 
pi.  i.  fig.  11. — Pliocene;  Belgium  and  Italy.  [Founded 
upon  donnal  appendages  of  gill-arches  (see  A.  Hannover, 
Overs,  k.  Danske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1807,  p-  40, 
woodcut).] 

Cetorhinus  glauconiticus : Selache  glauconitica,  F.  Noetling,  Abh. 
Geol.  Spccialk.  Proussen  u.  Thiiring.  Staaton,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 
(1885),  p.  49.  Selache  sp.,  C.  Ilnsse,  Paloeontogr.  vol.  xxxi. 
(1884),  p.  10,  pi.  ii.  fig.  18. — Uppfsr  Eocene  ; Palm- 
nicken  and  Samland,  Prussia.  [Founded  upon  a vertebra.] 

Cetorhinus  vetmius : Selache  vetusta,  0.  G.  Costa,  Palcont.  Begno 
Napoli,  pt.  ii.  (1854-50),  p.  58,  pi.  vii.  figs.  59,  03  (00). 
Miocene ; Naples.  [Tooth.] 

The  so-called  Selache  manzonii,  B.  Lawley  (loc.  cit.  vol.  v.  (1881), 
p.  107,  woodcuts),  from  the  Miocene  of  Monte  Titano,  Bopublic  of 
San  Marino,  is  founded  upon  a very  doubtful  tooth. 

Largo  dermal  sj)ines  identical  with  those  affixed  to  the  claspers  of 
the  existing  male  Cetorhinus  maximvs  are  described  from  the  Crag 
of  Antwerj)  by  P.  J.  van  Benedcn,  Bull.  Acad.  Boy.  Sci.  Belg.  [2] 
vol.  xliL  (1876),  p.  294  (with  plate).  The  following  are  similar 
specimens  from  the  English  Crag : — 


LAsriaDvE. 


431 


45721.  Short,  broad,  and  robust  spine  ; lied  Crag,  Woodbridge. 
Suffolk.  Purehfistd,  1875. 

48934-5.  Imperfect,  larger,  and  more  elongated  spine,  and  one  small 
complete  example ; Eed  Crag.  Purchased,  1878. 


The  following  vertebrae  are  referable  to  members  of  the  family 
Lamnid®,  but  the  generic  determination  of  these  fossils  is  somewhat 
uncertain : — 


35157-9.  Eight  specimens;  Cambridge  Greensand,  Cambridge. 

Purchased,  1859. 

35350.  Large  vertebra,  0'07  in  diameter,  labelled  Otodus  ? by  Prof. 

Dr.  Carl  Hasse;  Cambridge  Greensand.  Purchased,  1859. 

35440-46.  Seven  vertebr®  ; Cambridge  Greensand. 

Purchased,  1859. 

41917.  Seven  vertebr®,  the  three  largest  labelled  Otodus  by  Dr. 

Hasse ; Cambridge  Greensand.  Purchased,  1870. 

P.  1301  a.  Two  small  vertebrae ; (?)  Cambridge  Greensand. 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  4647.  Five  large  vertebr®  ; Cambridge  Greensand. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


P.  4646.  Small  vertebra,  labelled  Otodus  by  Dr.  Hasse  ; Greensand, 
Toumai,  Belgium.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

35708.  Large  vertebra;  Greensand,  Folkestone,  Kent. 

Purchased,  1859. 

43084.  Slightly  smaller  specimen  ; Gault,  Folkestone. 

Purchased,  1871. 


47214,  P.  22.  Twenty  vertebrae,  labelled  Otodus  bj'  Dr.  Hasse; 

Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 

47230.  Nine  vertebrae,  determined  as  Oxyrhina  by  Dr.  Hasse ; 

Gault,  Folkestone.  Gardner  Coll. 

P.  1301.  Three  large  vertebrae,  labelled  Otodus  by  Dr.  Hasse ; 

(?)  Gault,  Folkestone.  Eyerton  Coll. 

47249.  Vertebra  ; Chalk  Mari,  Dover.  Gardner  CM. 

47238.  Larger  vertebra ; Grey  Chalk,  Dover.  Gardner  Coll. 

4210.  Vertebra  0-08  in  diameter  ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 


432 


SELACHII. 


25938.  Still  larger,  but  imperfect  vertebra,  figured  in  Dixon’s  Foss. 

Sussex  (1850),  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  8;  Chalk,  Sussex.  DLvon  Coll. 

25939.  Slightly  smaller  vertebra,  with  fragment;  Chalk,  Sussex. 

Dixon  Coll. 

49015.  Group  of  four  imperfect  vertebree,  one  0'088  in  diameter, 
with  fragments  of  others  ; Chalk,  (?)  Kent. 

Mrs.  Smith's  Coll. 

P.  1300  a.  Vertebra  0'09  in  diameter,  labelled  Otoclus  by  Dr.  Ilasse  ; 

Chalk,  Kent  or  Sussex.  lijerton  Coll. 

P.  5404.  Similar  imperfect  vertebra  ; Chalk,  near  Lewes. 

Presented  by  P.  E.  Coomhe,  Esq.,  1888. 

P.  5539.  Group  of  four  imperfect  large  vertebrm ; Chalk,  Folkestone. 

Purchased,  1888. 

P.  5910.  Group  of  ton  vertohrm,  somewhat  smaller ; Chalk,  Kent  or 
Sussex.  JJistori/  unknown, 

33131.  Similar  vertebra  ; Chalk,  Kent.  Purchased,  1858. 

P.  5810-11.  Largo  vertebra,  and  group  of  small  vertebrm ; Chalk, 
Kent.  Harford  Coll. 

47249  a.  Fragmentary  vertebra  ; Chalk,  Dover.  Gardner  Coll. 

25852.  Vertebra  0'055  in  diameter;  Chalk,  Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

4144,  4145,  4194,  4208-4209,  4213.  Four  groups  of  still  smaller 
vertebra!,  two  associated  examples,  and  three  detached 
specimens  ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Mantell  Coll. 

25798,  25853,  25879.  Two  associated  vertebra),  0'03  in  diameter, 
labelled  Lamna  by  Dr.  Ilasse  ; also  two  imperfect  larger 
vertebra) ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Dixon  Coll. 

49902.  Two  fragmentary  similar  vertebra) ; Chalk,  Ambcrley  Pit, 
Arundel,  Sussex.  Capron  Coll. 

49017.  Vertebra  0'035  in  diameter;  Chalk,  Kent. 

Mrs.  Smith’s  Coll. 

49901.  Two  larger  vertebra);  Chalk,  Newtimber,  Sussex. 

Capron  Coll 

P.  1300.  Fragmentary  vertebroe,  labelled  Otodus  by  Dr.  Hass  o ; 

Chalk,  Kent  or  Sussex.  Eyerton  Coll. 


LAMNID^. 


433 


P.  3200,  P.  4641.  Group  of  about  fifteen  vertebnc,  mostly  broken, 
averaging  0'042  in  diameter,  and  assigned  to  Oiodus  by 
Dr.  Hasse ; also  two  smaller  groups  of  fragments  ; Chalk, 
Kent.  Enniskillen  Coll, 

49900.  Three  similar  associated  vertebnc,  labelled  Olodus  by  Dr. 

Hasse ; Upper  Chalk,  Guildford.  Capron  Coll. 

49899.  Series  of  five  vertebras,  0'04  in  diameter,  labelled  Olodus  by 
Dr.  Hasse  ; Upper  Chalk,  Glynde,  near  Lewes. 

Capron  Coll. 

49959.  Fourteen  associated  vertebras ; English  Chalk.  Capron  Coll. 

48982.  Vertebra  ; Maastricht  Beds,  Holland.  Van  Breda  Coll. 

28352.  Imperfect  vertebra,  0-102  in  diameter ; London  Clay, 
Sheppey.  Dixon  Coll. 

33197.  Vertebra,  0-09  in  diameter;  Sheppey.  Purchased,  1858. 

38828-30.  Three  large  vertebnc,  respectively  0-1,  0'087,  and  0-072 
in  diameter  ; Sheppey.  Bowerbank  Coll. 

43185.  Two  equally  large  vertebnc  ; Sheppey.  Wtlherdl  Coll. 

P.  1323.  Large  vertebra,  0-103  in  diameter;  Sheppey. 

Erjerton  Coll, 

P.  4648-51.  Ten  imperfect  vertebrae,  mostly  smaller;  Sheppey. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

28765.  Vertebra,  nearly  0-06  in  diameter;  Sheppey. 

Purchased,  1853. 

38831-33.  Five  vertebrae,  still  smaller ; Sheppey.  Bowerbank  Coll. 

P.  617.  Similar  vertebra  figured  by  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii. 

pi.  xl.  b,  figs.  16,  17,  under  the  name  of  Lamna  elegans, 
and  assigned  to  “ Olodus  ” by  Dr.  Hasse ; Sheppey. 

EgerUm  Coll. 

P.  1302.  Series  of  four  similar  vertebrae ; Sheppey.  Egerlon  Coll. 

P.  5819.  Series  of  three  and  series  of  five  similar  vertebrae ; 

Sheppey.  Enniskillen  CoU. 

P.  5820.  Two  vertebrae,  much  deeper  than  broad,  labelled  Olodus 
by  Dr.  Hasse ; Sheppey.  History  unknown. 

33308.  Group  of  seven  smaller  vertebrae,  about  0'03  in  diameter ; 

Sheppey.  Purchased,  1858. 

2f 


434 


SELACniI. 


38834.  Two  bmall  vertobrao  ; Shcppey.  Bowerhank  Coll. 

P.  5821.  Series  of  five  small  vcrtebrcc,  and  another  of  thirteen ; 

Sheppey,  History  unknown. 

P.  5513.  Group  of  tivo  small  vortebrai ; Sheppey, 

Caleb  Evans  Coll. 

25682.  Throe  imperfect  vertebra} ; Bracklosham  Beds,  Bracklesham 
Bay.  Divon  Coll. 

25733  d.  Two  small  vertebra},  labelled  Oioclus  by  Dr.  Hasso ; 

Bracklosham.  Dixon  Coll. 

25678,  25679,  25717.  Two  vertebra),  assigned  to  O.vyrhina  by 
Dr.  Hasso ; two  others  and  a small  group,  to  Otodus ; 
Bracklesham.  Dixon  Coll. 

29021.  Series  of  five  imperfect  vertebra) ; Bracklosham. 

Cowderoy  Bequest. 

P.  439.  Two  vertebra) ; (?)  Bracklesham.  Purchased,  1882. 

P.  1303.  Imperfect  vertebra  ; Bracklesham.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5587.  Vertebra,  0-08  in  diameter;  Bracklesham.  Harford  Coll. 

P.  5822.  Small  vertebra;  Barton  Clay,  Barton  Cliff. 

28104  C.  Small  vertebra,  assigned  to  O.vyrhina  by  Dr.  Hasso; 

Eocene,  South  Carolina.  Purchased,  1852. 

P.  1311.  Two  imperfect  small  vertebra);  Molasse,  Soleuro,  Switzer- 

Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2318.  Vertebra,  in  section,  labelled  Otodushy  Dr. Hasse;  Lower 
Miocene,  Elonhcim,  Hessen-Darmstadt. 

By  exchange,  1883. 

P.  2319.  Larger  vertebra,  in  section,  labelled  Oa?^r7«'M«by  Dr. Hasso; 

Elonheim.  By  exchange,  1883. 

P.2317,  lortion  of  vertebra,  in  section;  Itupclian  Beds,  Boom, 
near  Antwerp,  Belgium.  By  exchange,  1883. 

The  following  specimens  are  also  probably  referable  to  largo 
members  of  the  fiimily  Lamnida) : 

39435.  Piece  of  cartilage.  O'  155  in  length,  with  very  coarse  tessera) ; 

Lower  Chalk,  Kent.  Bowerbank  Coll. 


CAKCHARIID^. 


435 


47945.  Two  pieces  of  similar  cartilage;  Lower  Chalk,  Ilurham, 
Kent.  Presented  hj  the  Bon.  Mohert  Marslmm,  1877. 

49939.  Smaller  piece  of  similar  cartilage ; Lower  Chalk,  Gljnde, 
Sussex.  Caj>ron  Coll. 

49940.  Another  specimen ; Chalk,  Anindel,  Sussex.  Caprmi  Coll. 

42981.  Two  elongated  pieces  of  cartilage ; Maastricht  Beds,  Hol- 

Van  Breda  CoU. 

4188.  “Fragment  de  Squelette  ” (tesseras  of  calcified  cartilage), 
figured  by  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  pi.  x.b.  fig.  6; 
Chalk,  Lewes.  Bantell  CoU. 

39062.  Similar  fossil  figured  by  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Sussex,  pi.  xxxi. 

fig.  15 ; Chalk,  Sussex.  Bowerbardc  Coll. 

42990.  Smaller  example  ; Danian  Beds,  Maastricht,  Holland. 

Van  Breda  CoU. 


Family  CARCHARIID.E. 

Dorsal  fins  without  spines,  the  first  situated  opposite  to  the  space 
between  the  pectoral  and  pelvic  fins.  Eye  with  a nictitating  mem- 
brane. Teeth  hollow  when  completely  formed,  usually  pointed. 

Genus  CARCHARIAS,  Cuvier. 

[Regne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  125.] 

Syn.  Careharinut,  H.  D.  de  Blainville,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1810,  p.  121 
(in  part). 

Snout  produced  forwards ; mouth  crescent-shaped,  the  labial 
groove  or  fold  being  confined  to,  or  not  extending  much  beyond, 
the  angle  of  the  mouth.  Spiracles  absent.  A pit  at  the  root  of 
the  caudal  fin,  which  has  a distinct  lower  lobe.  Teeth  with  a single 
sharp  cusp,  mostly  compressed  and  triangular ; upper  teeth  usually 
difiering  much  from  the  lower  teeth. 

According  to  the  characters  of  the  dentition,  five  subgenera  are 
distinguished,  as  follow ; — 

A.  Kone  of  the  teeth  serrated. 

i.  Scdliodon,  Muller  & Henle  (Syst.  Beschreib.  Plagiostom. 

1841,  p.  27). 

Upper  and  lower  teeth  oblique,  not  swollen  at  the  base, 
ii.  Physodon,  Muller  «fe  Henle  {op.  cit.  p.  30). 

Lower  teeth  swollen  at  the  base,  points  slender ; upper 
teeth  compressed,  triangular,  oblique. 


2f2 


8ELACHII. 


4:i(i 


iii.  A^jrioTwdon,  Gill  (Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vol.  vii. 

1802,  p]>.  401,  411).  Aprion,  Miillcr  & llcnlc,  op.  oil. 
p.  31. 

Teeth  narrow,  on  a broad  base ; the  lower  erect,  the  upper 
erect  or  only  slightly  oblique. 

11.  Some  or  all  of  the  teeth  serrated. 

iv.  Hypoprion,  Miillcr  & lleiile  {op.  cit.  p.  34). 

Lower  teeth  not  serrated,  upper  only  serrated  at  the  base. 

V.  Frionoclon,  Muller  & Ilonlc  (o^j.  cit.  p.  35).  Olyphis,  L. 
Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  243. 

Some  or  all  the  teeth  entirely  sci’ratcd. 

i.  SCOLIODON. 

Carcharias  (Scoliodon)  orpiensis  (Winkler). 

1870.  Notidanua  orpiensis,  T.  0.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teyler,  vol.  iv. 
p.  12,  pi.  i.  figs.  13-17. 

1870.  Notidumis  orpiensis,  A.  Rutot,  Ann.  Soc.  Roy.  Malacol.  Relg.  ^ 
vol.  xi.  p.  29,  pi.  i.  fig.  3. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

Teeth  with  a broad,  low  crown,  the  anterior  margin  arched  and 
the  posterior  margin  deejdy  notched.  Faint  truces  of  serrations 
occasionally  observable  upon  the  anterior  coronal  margin,  more  fre- 
quently upon  the  posterior  margin  below  the  notch. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Lower  Eocene : Belgium  and  England. 

P.  4104.  Twe  teeth  ; Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds. 

Presented  by  Sydney  C.  Cockerell,  Esq.,  1883. 

P.  5742.  Two  teeth  ; Lower  Hcersian  Beds,  Orp-le-Grand,  Belgium. 

Presented  hy  G.  F.  Harris,  Esq.,  1888. 

Carcharias  (Scoliodon)  eocsenuS)  sp.  nov. 

Tyqte.  Detached  teeth  ; British  !Museum. 

Teeth  of  considerable  size,  broad  and  triangular,  much  com- 
pressed ; dental  crown  with  very  slightly  excavated  posterior 
margin. 

Form.  4'  Toe.  London  Clay  : Highgato,  London. 

43135.  Two  type  specimens,  the  larger  measuring  O'Ol  across  the 
base  ; llighgate  Archway.  Wetlierell  Coll. 

The  foUowing  specimens  also  appear  to  bo  referable  to  this  sub- 
genus  : — 

40242.  Fifteen  minute  teeth ; Barton  Clay,  High  Cliff,  Hampshire. 

Edwards  Coll. 


CAECHABIID^. 


437 


P.  4501a.  Small  imperfect  tooth,  deeply  notched  posteriorly ; Plio- 
cene, Antibes,  S.  France. 

Presented  hy  Miss  Battersby,  1883. 

The  following  extinct  species  has  also  been  determined  upon  the 
evidence  of  detached  teeth,  hut  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collec- 
tion : — 

Carcharias  (Seoliodon')  kraussi,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh. 
vol.  xxxiv.  (1878),  p.  120,  jil.  i.  figs.  7-11. — Molasse; 
Baltringen,  W'iirtemberg. 

A tooth  of  an  undetermined  species,  from  the  Miocene  of  Naples, 
is  also  figured  by  0.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Eegno  Napoli, pt.ii.(1864— 56), 
pi.  vii.  fig.  62  (Corcu;  appendiculatus). 

Some  small  teeth  from  the  Pluncrkalk  of  Bohemia  originally  de- 
scribed under  the  name  of  Oxyrhina  lietei-omorphn  by  A.  E.  Eeuss 
(Verstein.  biihm.  Kreideform.  pt.  i.  1845,  p.  7,  pi.  iii.  figs.  14-16) 
were  subsequently  assigned  by  the  same  author  {op.  cit.  pt.  ii.  1846, 
p.  100,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  23,  24,  pi.  xlii.  figs.  10-12)  to  Scoliodon,  with 
the  name  of  S.  prigeus.  By  later  authors,  however,  these  teeth  are 
ascribed  to  Oxyrhina  anyustidens,  Eeuss  (see  p.  380). 

Vertebrm  from  the  Molasse  of  Switzerland  and  Wiirtemberg  are 
also  described  as  referable  to  this  subgenus  by  C.  Hasse,  Natiirl. 
Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond.  Theil,  p.  270,  pi.  xxxix.  fig.  5. 

A shark  from  the  Upper  Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca,  near  Verona, 
having  a dentition  very  suggestive  of  that  of  Scoiiodon^  is  made  the 
type  of  a distinct  genus,  Protoyalevs,  E.  Molin  (Sitzungsb.  math.- 
nat.  Cl.  k.  Akad.  Miss.  Wien,  vol.  xl.  1860,  p.  585),  subsequently 
named  Alopiopsis  P.  Lioy  (Atti  Soc.  Ital.  8ci.  Nat.  vol.  viii.  1865, 
p.  403).  The  type  species  is  the  following : — 

Protoyaleus  cuvieri,  E.  MoUn,  tom.  cit.  p.  o83 : S<piahts  carcharias, 
Volta  {non  Eisso),  Ittiolit.  Veron.  (1796),  pi.  iii.  fig.  1 : 
Squalus  fasciatas,  Volta  {non  Bloch),  oii.  cit,  pi.  Ixvii. 
fig.  1 : Galeus  cuvieri,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iv. 

(1839),  p.  33  (name  only):  Alopiopsis  pltyodon,  P.  Lioy, 
tom.  cit.  p.  404,  pi.  iv.  Alopiopsis  cuvieri,  F.  Bassani, 
Atti  Soe.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.  iii.  (1874),  p.  190. 

iu.  APEIONODON. 

Carcharias  ( Aprionodon)  gibbesii,  sp.  nov. 

1849.  Qaleocerdo  minor,  E.  W.  Gibbes  {non  Agassiz),  Joum.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  192,  pi.  x.xv.  figs.  6-3-65. 

(?)  1849.  Oxyrhina  miunta,  R.  W.  Gibbes  (in  part),  tom.  cit.  p.  202, 
pi.  xxvii.  fig.  164. 


438 


SEIACTIII. 


Type.  Detached  teeth. 

A species  of  moderate  size,  the  teeth  comparatively  robust  and 
broad,  the  coronal  margin  often  feebly  crimped  upon  the  basal  ex- 
tensions. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Eocene:  South  Carolina  and  Alabama,  U.S.A. 

28103.  About  seventy-five  teeth  ; South  Carolina.  Ptirchased,  1852. 
47006.  Two  teeth ; South  Carolina.  1876. 

P.  5747.  Seven  tooth  ; South  Carolina.  History  unknown. 

P.  1220.  Six  teeth  ; South  Carolina.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  1220  a.  Eleven  teeth ; Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama.  Eyerton  Coll. 
P.  2338.  Twenty  teeth  ; Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

The  following  specimen  may  also  be  referred  to  this  subgenus : — 
36330.  Largo  tooth,  measuring  0*02  across  the  base,  having  the 
lateral  extensions  of  the  crown  faintly  plicated ; named 
Lamna  euryhathrodon,  C.  C.  Blake,  The  Geologist,  vol.  v. 
(1862),  p.  316  ; Miocene,  Aspinwall,  Darien. 

Purchased,  1862. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Carcliarias  (Aprionodon)  acanthodon:  Oaleocerdo  acanthodon,  H. 
Le  lion,  Prelim.  Mem.  Poiss.  Tort.  Bolg.  1871,  p.  0,  wood- 
cut. — Pliocene ; Belgium. 

(?)  Carcharias  {Aprionodon)  basisulcatus : O.vyrhina  hasisuleata,Yj. 
Sismonda,  Mem.  11.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino,  [2J  vol.  x.  (1849), 
p.  45,  pi.  ii.  fig.  40 ; 0.  0.  Costa,  Paloont.  llogno  Napoli, 
pt.  ii.  (1854-56),  p.  83,  pi.  vii.  %s.  19,  20,  25  {non 
fig.  1 8). — Miocene  ; Turin. 

Carcharias  {Aprionodon)  brevis,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  .Tahresh. 
vol.  xxxiv.  (1878),  p.  122,  pi.  i.  fig.  4.— Molasse ; Bal- 
tringen,  Wurtemberg. 

Carcharias  {Aprionodon)  frequens,  hV.  Dames,  Sitzungsb.  k.  preuss. 
Akad.  Wiss.  1883,  pt.  i.  p.  143,  pi.  iii.  fig.  7 a-p. — Lower 
Tertiary ; Birkot-el-Qurfin,  Egypt. 

Carcharias  {Aprionodon)  stellatus,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  121,  pi.  i. 

— Molasse;  Baltringon. 

iv.  HYPOPBION. 

The  upper  teeth  of  this  subgenus  are  scarcely  distinguishable 

from  those  of  Galeiis,  and  extinct  species  arc  thus  difficult  of  deter- 


CAECHAKHDiE. 


439 


mination.  The  following  specimens,  however,  probably  represent 
an  unknown  Eocene  form  : — 

P.  4104  a.  Three  small  teeth,  one  showing  three  broad  posterior 
denticulations ; Woolwich  and  Heading  Bods,  Chislehurst, 
Kent.  Presented  by  Sydney  C.  Cockerell,  Esq.,  1883. 

The  following  species  has  also  been  founded  upon  detached  teeth, 
but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

Carcharicts  (Hypoprxon)  sinyularis,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh. 
vol.  xxxiv.  (1878),  p.  123,  pi.  i.  figs.  5,  6. — ilolasse; 
Baltringen. 

Another  tooth,  from  the  Tertiary  of  Xgembak,  Java,  has  been 
doubtfully  assigned  to  this  subgenus  by  K.  Martin,  Samml.  geol. 
Reichs-Mus.  Leiden,  [1]  vol.  iii.  (1883),  p.  30,  pi.  ii.  fig.  24. 

V.  PRIONODOK. 

Carcharias  (Prionodon)  egertoni  (Agassiz). 

1837.  Carcharias  minor,  L.  Agassiz  in  Egerton’s  List  of  Fossil  Fishes. 
1843.  Corax  egertoni,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  228,  pi.  xixvi. 
figs.  6,  7. 

1847.  Glyphis  mhulata,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  ScL  Philad. 

p.  208. 

1849.  Galeocerdo  egertoni,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Jonm.  Acad.  Nat  Sci. 

Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  192,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  68-69. 

1849.  Glyphis  sahdata,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  torn.  cit.  p.  194,  pL  xxv.  figs. 
86,87. 

Type.  Detached  teeth  ; British  Museum. 

Upper  teeth  broad,  triangular,  prominently  serrated,  both  margins 
slightly  concave.  Lower  teeth  probably  narrower  than  the  upper, 
robust,  and  prominently  serrated. 

Form.  ^ hoc.  Eocene : South  Carolina,  U.S.A.  Miocene : Mary- 
land, U.S.A. 

P.  2351.  T}-pe  specimen,  figured  by  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  pi.  xx.xvi. 

fig.  6;  Maryland.  Enniskillen  Cull. 

P.  494.  Larger  tooth,  figured  ibid.  fig.  7 ; Marjland.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2352.  Still  larger  tooth ; Maryland.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

41331.  Two  smaU  teeth,  one  relatively  narrow;  Maryland. 

Purchased,  1869. 

P.  5746.  Three  teeth ; probably  from  Marjdand  or  South  Carolina. 
47002.  Tooth;  Phosphate  Beds,  South  Carolina.  Ihirchased,  1876. 


440 


SELACniI. 


Teeth  have  also  been  assigned  to  C'.  egertoni  from  the  Lower  Ter- 
tiary of  Birket^el-Qurun,  Egypt  (W.  Dames,  Sitzungsb.  k.  prcuss. 
Akad.  Wiss.  1883,  pt.  i.  p.  142,  pi.  iii.  Hg.  5) ; from  the  Miocene 
of  Naples  (0.  G.  Costa,  Paloont.  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  ii.  (1854- 
50),  p.  65,  pi.  vii.  fig.  29);  and  from  the  Pliocene  of  Tuscany  (R. 
Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pcsci,  etc.  Collino  Toacane,  1870,  p.  14,  and 
Studi  Comp.  Pesci  foss.  coi  viv.  generi  Carcharoifon,  O.vyrhina,  e 
Galeocerdo,  1881,  p.  130,  pi.  i.  (Galeocerdo),  fig.  2,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  7) ; but  the  evidence  is  insufficient  to  render  the  deter- 
minations certain.  The  species  is  retained  in  Corax  by  Dames  and 
Costa,  but  assigned  to  Galeocerdo  by  Lawley,  the  latter  having  de- 
termined the  liollowness  of  the  Italian  to(ith. 

Carcharias  (Prionodon)  aculeatus  (Davis). 

1888.  Galeocerdo  aculeatm,  .1.  \V.  Davis,  Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  [2] 
vol.  iv.  p.  8,  pi.  i.  figs.  1-3. 

Type.  Detached  teotli ; Canterbury  Museum,  Christchurch,  Now 
Zealand. 

Lower  teeth  with  a narrow  elevated  crown  suddenly  expanding 
at  its  base  over  a broad  root ; marginal  serrations  especially  largo 
and  prominent  at  the  base. 

Form.  <^-  Loc.  Paroora  and  Oamaru  Systems  : New  Zealand. 

42019.  Two  teeth,  one  almost  destitute  of  serrations,  and  evidently 
referable  to  the  symphysis;  Canterbury,  New  Zealand. 

Presented  hy  J.  Davies  Enys,  Esq.,  1870. 

P.  2308  b.  Largo  imperfect  tooth  ; Otatara  series,  Trolissic,  Canter- 
bury. By  e.vehanye,  1870. 

The  following  detached  teeth  of  the  subgenus  Prionodon  are  also 
preserved  in  the  Collection  : — 

10556.  High-crowned,  oblique  upper  tooth,  prominently  serrated, 
and  deeply  notched  posteriorly  ; Cretaceous,  Now  Jersey, 
U.S.A.  31antdl  Coll. 

47020.  Three  teeth,  resembling  those  named  Galeocerdo  eyertoni  by 
Lawley;  Pliocene,  Orciano,  Tuscany.  Purchased,  Dil 5. 

47009.  Lower  tooth,  in  form  suggestive  of  the  subgenus  Aprionodon, 
but  with  finely  serrated  coronal  edges ; Phosphate  Reds, 
South  Carolina.  Purchased,  1870. 

Teeth  of  the  subgenus  Ih-ionodon  have  also  been  described  under 
the  following  names,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 
Carcharias  {Prionodon)  acutus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Eoss.  vol.  iii. 


CABCHAEnD^. 


441 


(1843),  p.  242,  pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  8,  9. — “Marnes  de  la  craie 
de  Bockum,”  Westphalia. 

Carcharias  (Primodon)  aru/ustidens,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh. 
Tol.  xxxiv.  (1878),  p.  129,  pi.  i.  figs.  25,26. — ilolasse; 
Baltringen,  Wiirtemberg. 

Carcharias  (Prionodon)  antiquus,  L.  Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sei. 
[2]  Tol.  xxi.  (1856),  p.  273. — Tertiary;  Ocoya  Creek, 
California. 

Carcharias  {Primodon)  armatvs,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  133,  pi.  i. 
figs.  32-36. — Ifolasse ; Baltringen. 

Carcharias  {Prionodon)  halfringensis,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  135, 
pi.  i.  figs.  40-42. — Mola^e ; Baltringen. 

Carcharias  {Prionodon)  deformis,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  j).  128,  pi.  i. 
fig.  22. — llolasse;  Baltringen. 

Carcharias  {Prionodon)  dijki,  K.  Martin,  Samml.  gcol.  Eeichs- 
Mus.  Leiden,  [IJ  toI.  iii.  (1883),  p.  28,  pi.  ii.  figs.  21-23. 
— Tertiary;  Xgembak,  Java. 

Carcharias  {Prionodon)  desohjnei : Gltjiihis  desoVjrui,  M.  Kouault, 
Comptes  Rendus,  vol.  xlvii.  (1858),  p.  101 ; H.  E.  Sauvage, 
Me'm  Soc.  Sci.  Xat.  Saone-et-Loire,  vol.  iv.  (1882),  p.  52. 
— Falnns ; Bretagne,  France. 

Carcharias  {Prionodon)  etrnsevs : Gaieocsrdo  etruseus,  R.  Lawlcy, 
Studi  Comp.  Pesci  foss.  coi  viv.  generi  Carcharodon,  Oxy- 
rhina,  e Galeocerdo  (1881),  p.  142,  pi.  iii.  {Galeocerdo), 
figs.  1-6,  8,  9 : CarcJiarodon  minimus,  R.  Lawley,  Nnovi 
Studi  Pesci,  etc.  Colline  Toscane  (1876),  p.  24. — Pliocene; 
Tuscany.  {1=  Galeocerdo  egertoni,  Lawley.) 

Carcharias  {Prionodon)  gibhus : GaUocerdus  gibbus,  0.  G.  Costa, 
Paleont.  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  ii.  (1854-56),  p.  62,  pi.  vii. 
fig.  14. — Miocene;  Naples. 

Carcharias  {Prionodon)  hastalis:  Glyphis  hastalis,  L.  Agassiz, 
tom.  cit.  p.  244,  pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  10-13. — London  Clay; 
Sheppey. 

Carcharias  {Primodon)  javanus,  K.  Martin,  tom.  cit.  (1883),  p.  27, 
pi.  ii.  figs.  19,  20. — Tertiary;  Ngembak,  Java. 

(?)  Carcharias  {Prionodon)  medius,  V.  Kiprijanoff,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp. 
Nat.  Moscou,  1854,  pt.  ii.  p.  375,  pi.  ii.  fig.  2. — Ceno- 
manian ; Kursk,  Russia. 

Carcharias  {Prionodon)  modestus,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  129,  pi.  i. 
figs.  23,  24. — Molasse ; Baltringen. 

Carcharias  {Prioiuxlon)  orpiensis : Glyphis  orpiensis,  A.  Daime- 
ries,  Ann.  Soc.  Roy.  MalacoL  Belg.  1888,  Proc.-Verb., 
p.  liv  (name  only). — Heersian  Beds ; Belgium. 


442 


8T5LACHTI, 


Careharias  {Prmiofloii)  pedemontanusi  Corax  pedemontanun,  E. 
Sismoiida,  J[crn.  K.  Accud.  Sci.  Torino,  [2]  vol.  x.  (1849), 
p.  31,  pi.  i.  figs.  19-24. — Upper  Tertiary ; Tiodmont. 

Careharias  (Prionodon)  similis,  J.  Probat,  tom.  cit.  p.  125,  pi.  i. 
figa.  12-19. — Molaaso;  Ilaltringen. 

Careharias  (Prionodon)  sj>eciosvs,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  127,  pi.  i- 
figs.  20,  21. — Molusae:  Baltringen. 

Careharias  (Prionodon)  sulnjlaueus,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pcaci, 
etc.  CoUiiic  Toacane  (1876),  p.  19. — Pliocene;  Tuscany. 

Careharias  (Prionodon)  suhlamia,  11.  Lawloy,  cit.  1876,  p.  20. 
— Pliocene ; Tuscany. 

Careharias  (Prionodon)  tenuis,  L.  Agassiz,  Poise.  Foss.  vol.  iii. 
(1843),  p.  242,  pi.  XXX.  a.  fig.  15 ; (?)  11.  Lawloy,  op.  cit. 
1876,  p.  21. — Senonian ; Sentia,  Canton  St.  Gull,  Switzer- 
land. 

Careharias  (Prionodon)  tumidus,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  134,  pi.  i. 
figs.  37-39. — Molasse  ; Baltringen. 

(?)  Careharias  (Prionodon)  uwjulatus,  J.  Probst,  tom.  rit.  p.  131, 
pi.  i.  figs.  27-31  : Ghjphis  uinjulata,  G.  von  Miinster, 
Beitr.  Petrefukt.  vii.  (1846),  p.  22,  pi.  ii.  fig.  18. — Molasse  ; 
Baltringen.  Miocene  ; Neudorfl,  Vienna. 

Careharias  (Prionodon)  urcianensis : Glyphis  urdanensis,  B. 

Lawloy,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesci,  etc.  Colline  Toscane  (1876), 
p.  20. — Pliocene ; Tuscany. 

Teeth  of  an  undetermined  species,  from  the  Miocene  of  Naples, 
are  also  figured  by  0.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  ii.  (1854- 
56),  pi.  vii.  figs.  36,  37  (Corax  appendiculaitis).  Others,  from  the 
Siwalik  Formation  of  the  Punjab,  India,  are  described  by  R.  Lydek- 
ker.  Pal.  Ind.  [lOJ  vol.  iii.  (1886),  p.  242,  pi.  xxxv.  figs.  12-15. 

Vertebra!  of  Prionodon,  from  the  Bruxollian  Beds  of  Belgium, 
arc  also  described  by  C.  Hassc,  NatUrl.  Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond. 
Tbeil  (1882),  p.  273,  pi.  xxxix.  figs.  14-20. 

The  so-called  Ouleocerdo  sismondtx,  G.  G.  Gemmcllaro  (Atti  Accad. 
Gioenia  Hci.  Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  1857,  p.  294,  pl.i.a.  fig.  7 a),  seems 
to  bo  founded  upon  a tooth-fragment  of  Carcharodon ; but  to  this 
species  has  been  referred  a tooth  of  a true  Prionodon  from  the 
Pliocene  of  Tuscany  (R.  Lawloy,  Studi  Comp.  &c.  1881,  p.  140, 
pi.  i.  (Qaleocerdo),  fig.  3,  pi.  ii.  fig.  2). 


CASCHAKIIDjE. 


443 


Genus  GALEOCERDO,  Miiller  & Henlo. 

[Syst.  liesehreib.  Plagiostom.  1841,  p.  59.] 

Syn.  Gdleodes,  3.  3.  Ileckel,  Sitzungsb.  math.-nat.  Cl.  k.  .\kad.  Wias. 
Wien,  vol.  xi.  (1854),  p.  324. 

Snout  short ; mouth  crescent-shaped,  the  labieJ  groove  incon- 
spicuous. Spiracles  minute.  A pit  on  the  tail,  above  and  below, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  caudal  fin ; the  latter  with  a double 
notch.  Teeth  subequal  in  both  jaws,  oblique,  serrated  on  both 
margins,  with  a deep  notch  posteriorly. 

The  fossil  teeth  of  this  genus,  l>eing  found  detached,  can  often  be 
only  doubtfully  separated  from  those  of  certain  species  of  Car- 
rharim. 

Galeocerdo  contortus,  Gibbes. 

1849.  Galeocerdo  contortus,  II.  W.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  193,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  71-74. 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

A species  of  moderate  size.  Teeth  veiy  robust,  with  elevated 
crown  ; the  apex  above  the  posterior  notch  elongated,  produced  to  a 
sharp  point,  more  or  less  twisted  ; anterior  margin  arched,  some- 
what sinuous,  and  finely  serrated  ; margin  below  the  posterior 
notch  short,  with  comparatively  small  serrations. 

Form.  ^ Lor.  Eocene  : South  Carolina  and  Alabama,  TJ.S.A. 
Miocene  : Virginia  and  Maryland,  U.S.A. 

28100.  Thirty-three  teeth,  some  imperfect ; Eocene,  South  Caro- 
lina. Purchased,  1852. 

47001.  Tooth;  South  Carolina.  Purchased, 

P.  1213.  Two  teeth  ; South  Carolina.  EgerUm  Coll. 

P.  2347.  Three  teeth  ; probably  from  South  Carolina. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  4098.  Six  teeth  ; Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

By  exchange,  1883. 

P.  5748.  Six  teeth  ; probably  from  South  Carolina. 

35610.  Five  teeth,  more  or  less  imperfect ; Eocene,  Alabama. 

PrestrUed  ly  Prof.  J.  W.  Mallet,  1859. 

P.  2349.  Tooth ; Alabama.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2348.  Tooth  ; Miocene,  Maryland.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

41333.  Tooth ; Miocene,  Marj  land.  Purchased,  1869. 


444 


SELACHII. 


Galeocerdo  latidens,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Oalcoeerdo  Intidena,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  231, 
pi.  xxvi.  figs.  22,  23  (Pfigs.  20,  21). 

(?)  1849.  Galeocerdo  latiden»,  11.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  102,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  60-62. 

1860.  Galeocerdo  latidetis,  F.  Dixon,  Foss.  Sussex,  p.  202,  pi.  xi. 
figs.  22,  23. 

1883.  Galeocerdo  latidens,  W.  Dames,  Sitzungsb.  k.  preuss.  Akad.  Wiss. 
pt.  i.  p,  142. 

Ti/pe.  Detached  tooth  ; Paris  Museum. 

Teeth  broad,  mostly  low-crowned,  the  largest  measuring  about 
0‘024  across  the  base.  Anterior  coronal  margin  only  slightly 
arched,  except  near  the  apex  ; apex  above  the  posterior  notch 
small,  narrow ; margin  below  the  posterior  notch  long,  straight  atul 
much  inclined ; root  large.  Serrations  of  the  coronal  margin  very 
prominent. 

Form.  ^ Loc.  Bracklesham  Beds  : Sussex.  Bruxellian  Beds  : 
Belgium  (Winlder).  Lower  Tertiary:  Birkct-el-Quriin,  Fjgypt 
(Dames).  Eocene:  South  Carolina  (G'?7)6fs).  Miocene:  Maryland 
(Gibbes) '. 

25677.  Five  teeth  ; Bracklesham  Beds,  Bracklesham  Bay,  Sussex. 

D'Lvon  Coll. 

P.  1209.  Tooth  ; Bracklesham.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2346.  Three  teeth ; Bracklesham.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

28080.  Comparatively  narrow  high-crowned  tooth,  probably  from 
the  symphysis  of  the  jaw  of  this  species  ; Bracklesham. 

Presented  by  F.  E.  Edwards,  Esq.,  1852. 

Galeocerdo  aduncus,  Agassiz. 

1842.  Notidanus  biserratus,  G.  von  MUnster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  v.  p.  66, 

pi.  XV.  fig.  9. 

1843.  Galeocerdo  advnms,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss,  vol.  iii.  p.  231, 
pi.  xxvi.  figs.  24—28. 

1844.  Galeocerdo  aduncus,  P.  M.  P<5droni,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux, 
vol.  xiii.  p.  283,  pi.  i.  figs.  12,  13. 


* Teeth  probjibly  not  of  this  species  are  also  recorded  under  the  name  of 
G.  latidens  from  the  Miocene  of  Iliirault  (P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Frant,-.  1852, 
pi.  Ixxiv.  fig.  7),  and  from  the  Lower  Miocene  of  StornWg,  Moekl'onburg 
(T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv  Voreins  Fr.  d.  Natiirgesoh.  Mecklenburg,  vol.  xxix. 
1876,  p.  118,  pi.  ii.  fig.  10.) 


CABCHAEIID^. 


445 


1840.  Galeoeerdo  aduncui,  B.  W.  Gibbes,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  p.  191,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  54-58. 

1850.  Gakocerdus  reetui,  O.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Kegno  Napoli,  pt.  i. 
p.  Ill,  pi.  ix.  fig.  5. 

1&32.  Galeoeerdo  aduticus,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Fran?,  pi.  Ixxiv. 
fig.  8. 

(?)  18-52.  Galeoeerdo  latidens,  P.  Gervais,  op.  eit.  pi.  Ixxiv.  fig.  7. 
1854-56.  Galeocerdus  rectus,  0.  G.  Costa,  op.  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  59,  pi.  v. 
fig.  10. 

1854-56.  Galeocerdus  denticulatus,  0.  G.  Costa  (non  Agassiz),  op.  cit. 
pt.  ii.  p.  60,  pi.  vii.  fig.  26. 

1854—56.  Galeocerdus  admtcMjO.  G.  Costa,  op.  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  61,  pi.  vii. 
figs.  26-28. 

1861.  Galeoeerdo  adunetts,  E.  Sismonda,  Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino, 
[2]  vol.  xiv.  p.  463,  pi.  i.  figs.  14, 15. 

1871.  Galeoeerdo  aduncus,  II.  Le  Hon,  Prelim.  M^m.  Poiss.  Tert.  Belg. 

P-  ®- 

1876.  Galeoeerdo  aduncus,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesci,  etc.  CoUine 
Toscane,  p.  14. 

1877.  Galeoeerdo  aduncus,  K.  Miller,  Das  Molassemeer  Bodenseegeg. 
p.  64,  pi.  iii.  fig.  69. 

1879.  Corax-  pristodontus,  F.  Bassani  (non  Agassiz),  Atti  Soc.  Veneto- 
Trent.  Sci.  Nat.  vol.  vi.  p.  67. 

1880.  Galeoeerdo  aduncus,  F.  Bassani,  Boll.  Soc.  ^ eneto-Trent.  Sci. 
Nat.  voL  i.  p.  149. 

1881.  Galeoeerdo  aduncus,  R.  Lawley,  Studi  Comp.  Pesci  foss.  coi  viv. 
generi  Carcharodon,  Oxyrhina,o  Galeoeerdo,  p.  13.3,  pi.  \,(Galeo- 
cerdo),  fig.  1. 

1887.  Galeoeerdo  aduncus,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Ilandb.  PalmonL  vol.  iii. 
p.  85,  fig.  90. 

Type.  Detached  teeth ; Mu.seum  of  Carlsruhe. 

A species  with  the  dentition  very  similar  to  that  of  the  existing 

O.  arcticus,  but  of  smaller  size.  Anterior  coronal  margin  much 
arched  and  finely  serrated ; the  apex  above  the  posterior  notch  short, 
broad,  and  sharply  directed  backwards  ; margin  below  the  posterior 
notch  relatively  short  in  the  principal  teeth,  with  large  serrations. 

Form.  4'  Loe.  Eocene ; South  Carolina  and  Alabama.  Miocene : 
Switzerland,  Germany,  Malta,  France,  and  Marjland.  Pliocene: 
Tuscany  and  Belgium. 

33313.  Tooth ; locality  unknown. 

Presented  by  S.  P.  Pratt,  Esq.,  1858. 

P.  1212.  Seven  imperfect  teeth  ; Miocene,  Malta.  EgerUm.  Coll. 

P.  2342.  One  tooth  and  three  fragments  j Molasse,  Soleure, 
Switzerland.  Enniskillen  Coll, 


440 


SELACHII. 


28360.  Much  abraded  posterior  tooth,  probably  of  this  spocios ; 

Faluns  of  Tourainc.  Purchased,  1853. 

41332.  Throo  teeth  ; Miocene,  Maryland.  Purchased,  1800. 

35610.  Two  small  hinder  teeth ; Eocene,  Alabama. 

Presented  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Mallet,  1859. 

P.  1211.  Five  teeth  ; Alabama.  Egerton  Coll, 

P.  2344.  Three  broad  teeth ; Alabama.  EnnisJcillen  Coll. 

35610  a.  Eight  tooth  ; Alabama. 

Presented  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Mallet,  1859. 

P.  1210.  Four  teeth  ; Eocene,  South  Carolina.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  2345.  Three  teeth  ; South  Carolina.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.5749.  Seven  teeth  ; South  Carolina.  History  unlcnoiun. 

P . 2343.  Largo  tooth,  with  very  prominent  anterior  serrations, 
doubtfully  assigned  to  this  species  ; South  Carolina. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 


Galeocerdo  (?)  luinor,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Qaleucerdo  minor,  L.  Agiis.siz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  2.32, 
pi.  x.xvi.  figs.  15-19  (P  figs.  20,  21),  pi.  .xxvi.  a.  Hg.s.  (U-GC. 

1800.  Protoyalcus  nimor,  11.  Molin,  Sitzungsb.  niath.-nat.  Cl.  k.  Akad. 
Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  .\1.  p.  .58.3. 

1874.  Oakocerdo  recticonus,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Tevlor  vol  iii. 
p.  296,  pi.  vii.fig.  1.  ’ 

1876.  Guleocerdus  recticonus,  T.  C.  Winkler,  foe.  cit.  vol.  iv.  p.  20. 

1879.  Galeocerdo  minor,  F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soo.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat. 
vol.  vi.  p.  04, 

Type.  Detached  teeth. 

A small  species,  the  largest  teeth  probably  not  measuring  more 
than  0 01  across  the  base.  Crown  much  elevated,  the  apex  above 
the  posterior  notch  long,  slender,  and  pointed ; anterior  margin 
almost  straight,  the  serrations  largo  and  confined  to  its  basal  half ; 
margin  below  the  posterior  notch  short,  with  few  large  serrations. 

Form.  4-  Loc.  Molasse : Switzerland.  Miocene : France.  Eocene : 
Belgium,  S.E.  England,  and  Alabama,  U.S.A.' 

A number  of  teeth  from  the  Miocene  of  Naples,  probably  for  the  most  part 
referable  to  Carcharias,  are  also  assigned  to  this  species  by  O.  G.  Costa, 
Paleont.  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  ii.  (1864-56),  p.  63,  pi.  v.  fig.  13,  pi.  vii.  figs.  15,  16, 
17,  34,  36,  39,  40,  61. 


CAECHARIIDJB. 


447 


35542.  Three  teeth  ; RupeL'an  Beds,  Klein  Spauwen,  Ik'lgium. 

Purchased,  1859. 

P.  4931.  Three  small  teeth;  Laekenian  Beds,  St.  Gilles,  near 
Brussels.  Presented  by  G.  F.  Harris,  Esq.,  1885. 

P.  5913.  Six  teeth;  BruxeUianBeds,Woluwe St. Lambert,  Brussels. 

Presented  by  Mans.  A.  Houzeau  de  Lehaie,  1889. 

40245.  Two  teeth ; Barton  Clay,  High  Cliff,  Hampshire. 

Edwards  Coll. 

3134.  Five  teeth;  London  Clay,  Highgate  Archway,  near  London. 

Wetherell  Coll. 

P.  1211a.  Tooth;  Eocene,  Alabama.  Egerton  Coll. 

A single  tooth  from  the  London  Clay  of  Highgate  Archway,  near 
London  (Xo.  43135  a.  WethereU  Coll.)  may  possibly  re- 
present an  unknown  small  species  of  Ocdeocerdo. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 

teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection ; — 

Galeocerdo  capellini,  E.  Lawley,  Xuovi  Studi  Pesci,  etc.  Colline 
Toscane  (1876),  p.  16;  Studi  Comp.  Pesci  foss  coi  viv. 
generi  Cartdiarodm,  Oxyrhina,  e Galeocerdo  (1881), 
p.  145,  pi.  i.  {Galeocerdo),  fig.  6,  pL  ii.  fig.  5. — Pliocene; 
Tuscany. 

Galeocerdo  crassidens,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1872, 
p.  355. — Xiobrara  Formation  ; Smoky  Hill,  Kansas. 
(?  Prionodon.) 

(?)  Galeocerdo  dvbius,  F.  Xoetling,  Abh.  Geol.  Specialk.  Preussen 
u.  Thiiring.  Staaten,  vol.  vi.  pt.  3 (1885),  j).  97,  pi.  v. 
fig.  6. — Upper  Eocene  ; Samland.  Prussia.  (? Prionodon.) 

Galeocerdo  deniiculaius,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843), 
p.  233,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  1 : Prionodon  ?,  L.  Aga.ssiz,  Amer. 
Joum.  Sci.  [2)  vol.  xxi.  (1856),  p.  274. — Danian ; Maas- 
tricht, Holland. 

Galeocerdo  giblerulus,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cif.  p.  232,  pi.  xxvi.  a. 
figs.  62,  63. — “ (Thalk  Marl  ” ; Haldem,  "Westphalia. 

Galeocerdo  hartveUii,  E.  D.  Cope,  torn.  eit.  p.  3.56. — Xiobrara 
Formation  ; Smoky  Hill,  Kansas. 

Galeocerdo  javanus,  K.  Martin,  Samml.  geol.  Reichs-Museum 
Leiden,  [l]vol.  iii.  (1883),  p.  24,  pi.  ii.  fig.  15.— Tertiary; 
Xgembak,  Java. 


448 


SELACniI. 


fiahocerdo  hnisshmis,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
18G7,  p.  141. — Miocene;  United  States. 

(?)  Oaleocerdo  marehemw,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv.  Mus.  Teylor, 
vol.  iv.  (1870),  p.  10,  pi.  i.  figs.  10,  11,  12.— Heorsian 
Beds  ; Belgium.  (?  Prionodon.) 

Oaleocerdo  priscus  (Zigno),  E.  Bassani,  Bond.  11.  Aeoad.  Sci.  Eis. 
e Matem.  1888,  p.  375  : Oaleodes  jyriscus,  J.  J.  Hockcl, 
Sitmngsl).  math.-nat.  Cl.  k.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xi. 
(1854),  p.  324. — Upper  Eocene ; Chiavon,  Vicontin, 
Italy. 

Oaleocerdo  productua,  L.  Agassiz,  Amor.  Journ.  Sci.  [2]  vol.  xxi. 
(1850),  p.  273. — Tertiary  ; Ocoya  Creek,  California. 

Oaleocerdo  suhlcevis,  G.  von  Munster,  Beitr.  Petrofakt.  vii.  (1840), 
p.  20 : Oaletis  sublcevis,  G.  von  Munster,  op.  cit.  v.  (1842), 
p.  00. — Miocene ; Vienna  Basin. 

Oaleocerdo  vincenti,  A.  Daimerics,  Ann.  Soc.  Boy.  Malacol.  Beige, 
Proc.-Verb.,  Juno  1888,  p.  liv  (name  only). — Heorsian 
Beds ; Belgium. 

Eossil  vertebrae  of  Oaleocerdo  have  boon  described  by  C.  Hasse, 
Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond.  Tbcil  (1882).  Some  resembling 
those  of  the  existing  O.  iigrinus  are  recorded  from  the  Molassc  of 
Baltringen,  Wurtomberg  (p.  200,  pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  17),  and  the  Crag 
of  Antwerp  (p.  200,  pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  18)  ; others  resembling  those  of 
the  existing  0.  arcticus  are  recorded  from  the  Swiss  Molasso  (p.  202, 
pi.  xxxvii.  figs.  25,  20),  and  from  the  Miocene  of  Germany  and 
Erance  (p.  202,  pi.  xxxvii.  figs.  27-32).  Vertebra)  from  the  Sam- 
land  Eocene  are  also  described  by  E.  Nootling,  loc.  cit.  p.  99,  pi.  ix. 
figs.  0-10. 

Genus  HEMIPRISTIS,  Agassiz. 

[Poiss.  Eoss.  vol.  iii.  1843,  p.  237.] 

Syn.  Dirrhkodon,  0.  B.  Khmzingor,  Verhandl.  k.  k.  zool.-bot.  Gesoll. 
Wien,  vol.  xxi.  1871,  p.  004. 

Principal  teeth  elevated  and  triangular,  more  or  less  curved  or 
inclined  backwards,  with  both  coronal  margins  coarsely  serrated, 
except  towards  the  apex  ; root  well-divided  into  two  divergent 
branches.  Upper  tooth  relatively  largo,  broad,  and  flat ; anterior 
lower  teeth  slender,  subulate,  inwardly  curved,  and  destitute  of 
denticulations  or  with  one  or  two  minute  points  at  the  base. 

This  genus  was  originally  founded  by  Agassiz  upon  fossil  teeth 
from  the  Molasso  of  Wiirtomberg,  but  a living  species  of  the  fish 
{II.  elowjatus)  has  subsequently  been  discovered  in  the  lied  Sea. 


CABCHABIID^. 


449 


The  latter  is  named  Dirrhizodon,  by  Klunzinger  (loc.  cit.),  bat,  as 
remarked  by  Probst  *,  its  dentition  is  generically  identical  with  that 
of  the  extinct  form. 


Hemipristis  serra,  Agassiz. 

184-3.  Semtprittia  terra,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  voL  iii.  p.  237, 
pi.  xxvii.  figs.  18-30. 

1843.  HemipriitU  paitcident,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit.  p.  2-38,  pi.  xxvii. 
6gs.  31-33. 

1844.  HemiprutU  terra  and  H.  paitcident,  P.  M.  Padroni,  Actes  Soc. 
Linn.  Bordeaux,  vol.  xiii.  pp.  284,  28-5,  pi.  i.  figs.  19-22. 

(.”)  1844.  0.tyrhina  cyehdonta,  P.  il.  Padroni,  tom.  cit.  p.  288,  pi.  i. 
figs.  .36-38. 

1846.  Hemipritt.it  terra  and  H.  paucidem,  G.  von  Miinster,  Beitr. 
Petrefakt.  vii.  p.  21. 

1849.  Hemiprixtit  terra,  E.  Sismonda,  Mem.  R.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino,  [2] 
vol.  X.  p.  33,  pi.  i.  figs.  17,  18. 

1849.  Hemiprixtit  terra,  R.  W.  Gibbes,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad. 
[2]  vol.  i.  p.  19-3,  pi.  XXV.  figs.  75-8.3. 

1849.  Lamna  (Odontatpit)  hopei,  R.  'W.  Gibbes  (non  Agassiz),  tom.  cit. 
p.  198,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  120-123. 

1850.  Hemipristit  terra,  0.  G.  Costs,  Paleont  Regno  Napoli,  pt.  i. 
p.  114,  pi.  ix.  fig.s.  3,  4. 

1852.  Hemipristit  serra,  P.  Gervais,  Zool.  et  Pal.  Frany.  pi.  Ixxiv. 
figs.  1-4. 

18.52.  Hemipristit  paitcident,  P.  Gen-ais,  op.  cit.  pi.  Ixxiv.  fig.  6. 

1854—56.  Hemipristit  paitcident,  O.  G.  Costa,  op.  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  67,  pi.  v. 
fig.  12,  pi.  vii.  figs.  3C-3.3. 

1854—56.  Hemipristit  minutus,  O.  G.  Costa,  op.  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  68,  pk  vii. 
figs.  4.3,  45  (?  fig.  44). 

1854-56.  Hemipristit  serra,  O.  G.  Costa,  op  cit.  pt.  ii.  p.  69,  pi.  vii. 
figs.  46^. 

1857.  Hemipristit  terra,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Atti  Accad.  Gioenia  Sci. 
Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  296,  pi.  i.  a.  fig.  0 a. 

1857.  Glyphit  tcacchii,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  tom.  cit.  p.  298,  pi.  i.  a. 
figs.  8,  9. 

1875.  Odontatpit  sacheri,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Bull.  Soc.  GdoL  France,  [3J 
vol.  iii.  p.  034,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  2. 

1876.  Hemipristis  terra,  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesci,  etc.  Colline 
To.<!caDe,  p,  18. 

1877.  Hemiprittis  terra,  A.  I/ward,  Faune  Terr.  Tert.  Moy.  Corse,  p.  1. 

1878.  Hemipristit  serra,  J.  Probst.  W'iirtt.  Jahresh.  voL  xxxiv.  p.  14.3, 
pi.  L figs.  49-57. 

1879.  Hemipristit  terra,  F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soc.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat. 
voL  vi.  p.  63. 

' Wurtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxiv.  (1878),  p.  141, 


2o 


450 


SELA.CU1I. 


]870.  Odontanins  saefieri,  F.  IJasHani,  (oni.  cit.  p.  50,  pi.  v.  fig.  17. 

1882.  Odoutaspis  sacheri,  II.  E.  Sauvago,  M4:n.  >Soc.  Soi.  Nat.  Sa6ne- 
et-Loiro,  vol.  iv.  p.  61. 

1882.  llemiprixtis  serra,  11.  E.  Sauvago,  turn.  ot.  p.  n.l. 

(?)  Ids."!,  llemipristia  serra,  K.  Martin,  Samuil,  geol.  lloiclis-Mus. 

Leklen,  [1]  vol.  iii.  p.  2((,  pi.  ii.  fig.  17. 

1884.  Ilevilpristis  serra,  E.  Nicolis,  Mem.  Accad.  Agricolt.  Arti  e 
Comm.  Verona,  pi.  ii.  fig.  0. 

1887.  Jlemipristis  serra,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  llandb.  Pnlaoont.  vol.  iii. 
p.  So,  fig.  80. 

Tyju.  Detached  teeth  ; Museums  of  Tiihingen,  Stuttgart,  Carls- 
ruhe,  Florence,  and  Paris. 

The  type  species,  of  large  size.  Marginal  serrations  in  the  broad 
upper  teeth  large,  extending  almost  to  the  ajiox,  which  is  gently 
curved  backwards.  Cutting-edges  of  the  anterior  lower  teeth  very 
sharp  distally.  Inner  face  of  root  bulging  inwards,  with  a deep 
cleft. 

Tire  synonymy  given  above  seems  proved  by  the  dentition  of  the 
existing  H.  elonyatus. 

Form.  ^ Loe.  Eocene  : South  Carolina.  Miocene  : Germany, 
Austria,  Italy,  Sicily,  klalta,  Corsica,  Switzerland,  France,  Jlary- 
land,  and  Virginia.  Pliocene  : Tuscany  {Lawleij).  (?)  Tertiary  : 
Ngemhak,  Java. 

P.  5750.  Nineteen  broad  teeth  ; Molasse,  Baltringen,  Wiirtem- 
berg.  Purchased,  1859. 

P.  2337.  Anterior  lower  tooth  ; klolusse,  probably  from  Otmar- 
siugen,  Aargau,  Switzerland.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  2336.  Three  imperfect  dental  crowns  ; klolasse,  Soleure,  Switz- 
erland. Enniskillen  Coll. 

28370.  Tooth;  Miocene  (?),  Bordeaux.  Purchased, 

P.  5751.  Tooth  and  fragment;  Miocene,  St.  Juvat,  near  Dinan. 

32736.  Broad  tooth  and  imperfect  dental  crown  ; Miocene,  Lisbon. 

Presented  hy  J.  S.  Valentine,  Esq.,  1857. 

P.  1217,  P.  1219.  Six  broad  teeth  and  one  narrow  example;  Mio- 
cene, Malta.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  1253.  One  anterior  lower  tooth,  and  three  imperfect  examples ; 

Malta.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2335,  P.  4561.  Six  imperfect  teeth,  and  one  anterior  lower 
tooth  ; Malta.  Enniskillen  Coll. 


CAECHARITDJ?. 


451 


33339.  Large  tooth,  probably  of  this  species,  noticed  by  C.  C. 

Ulake,  ‘ The  Geolo^st,’  vol.  v.  p.  316  ; Miocene,  Aspinwall, 
Darien,  Central  America.  Purchased,  1862. 

41334-5.  Two  broad  upper,  and  two  narrow  lower  teeth  ; Miocene, 
Maryland,  U..S.A.  Purehaseil,  1809. 

28099.  Twelve  anterior  lower  teeth  ; Phosphate  Beds,  South  Caro- 
lina, U.S.A.  Purchased,  1852. 

28102.  Thirty-two  teeth  ; South  Carolina.  Purchased,  1852. 

47000.  Three  broad  teeth ; South  Carolina.  Purchased,  \S~Q. 

47004.  Three  anterior  lower  teeth ; South  Carolina. 

Purchased,  1876. 

P.  1215,  P.  1218.  Five  teeth ; South  Carolina.  Egerion  Coll. 

P.  4097.  Four  teeth;  South  Carolina.  By  exchange,  1883. 

P.  1218  a.  Small  tooth,  doubtfully  of  this  species;  Eocene,  Clarke's 
Co.,  Alabama,  F.S.A.  Egerton  Coll. 

P.  5857.  Large  anterior  lower  tooth,  doubtfully  of  this  species ; 
Phosphate  Beds,  South  Carolina. 

Presented  hg  John  B.  Martin,  Esq.,  1888. 

The  following  species  have  also  been  founded  upon  detached 
teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection  : — 

Hemipristis  curvaius,  M'.  Dames,  Sitzungsb.  k.  preuss.  Akad. 
■\Vis8.  1883,  pt.  i.  p.  140,  pi.  iii.  fig.  4. — Lower  Tertiary ; 
Birket-cl-Qurun,  Eg3’pt. 

Hemipristis  heteropleurus,  L.  Agassiz,  Amcr.  Journ.  Sci.  [2] 
vol.  xxi.  (1856),  p.  274. — Tertiary;  Ocoya  Creek,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Hemipristis  l-lunzingeri,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxiv. 
(1878),  p.  146,  pi.  i.  figs.  58-63. — Molasse;  Baltringen, 
IViirtemberg. 

(?)  Hemipristis  subserratvs,  G.  von  Miinster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt. 
vii.  (1846),  p.  21. — Cenomanian  ; Kegensburg,  Bavaria. 

A very  doubtful  fragmentary  tooth  from  the  Cenomanian  of 
Kursk,  Kussia,  is  named  Hemipristis  pliealilis,  V.  Kiprijanoff  (Bulk 
Soc.  Imp.  Xat.  Moscon,  1854,  pt.  ii.  p.  373,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1).  Other 
teeth,  certainly  not  of  this  genus,  from  the  Corallian  of  Schnaitheim, 
Wiirtemberg,  are  named  Hemipristis  hidens,  F.  A.  Quenstedt 
(Handb.  Petrefakt.  1852,  p.  169,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  21,  22). 

Vertebr®  either  of  Hemipristis  or  Hemigalens,  from  the  Molasse 


452 


SELACnit. 


of  Baltringcn,  arc  described  by  C.  Tlasse,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasraobr., 
Besond.  Theil  (1882),  p.  258,  pi.  xxxvi.  fig.  8.  Nearly  similar 
vertebr®  from  the  Crag  of  Antwerp  arc  also  assigned  to  Ilemigaleus, 
op.  cii.  p.  258,  pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  0-11. 


Genus  GALEUS,  Ctivi<!r. 

[Ilf'gne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  127.] 

Snout  short  ; mouth  cresoent-sbaped.  Spiracles  minute.  No 
pit  at  the  commencement  of  the  caudal  fin ; the  latter  with  a single 
notch.  Teeth  equal  in  both  jaws,  with  posterior  notch  and  ser- 
rations. 

As  already  remarked  (p.  438),  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  the  teeth 
of  this  genus  from  those  of  the  upper  jaw  of  Bi/poprion.  The 
following  specimens,  however,  may  probably  be  placed  here : — 

43134  a.  Three  teeth  ; London  Clay,  Ilighgato,  near  London. 

Weiherdl  Coll. 

40242  a,  40245.  Five  small  teeth  ; Barton  Clay,  High  Cliff,  ITump- 
shiro.  Edwards  Coll. 

The  following  extinct  species  are  supposed  to  be  indicated  by 
various  detached  teeth,  but  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collec- 
tion : — 

Galeus  affmis,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xxxiv.  (1878), 
p.  130,  pi.  i.  figs.  64—70. — Molassc;  Baltringen,  Wiir- 
temberg. 

Galeus  mstntus,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  140,  pi.  i.  fig.  71. — 
klolasse  ; Baltringen,  (?  Gingli/mosfoma.) 

Galeus  mallzani,  T.  C.  Winkler,  Archiv  Vereins  Fr.  Naturgcsch. 
Mecklenburg,  vol.  xxix.  (1875),  p.  116,  pi.  ii.  figs.  6-9. — 
Miocene ; Sternberg. 

Galeus  pantanellii-.  Galeocerdo  pantancllii,  11.  I,awley,  Nuovi 
Studi  Pesci,  etc.  Colline  Toscano  (1876),  p.  15;  Studi 
Comp.  Pesci  foss.  coi  viv.  generi  Carcharodon,  O.ryrhina, 
e Galeocerdo  (1881),  p.  140,  pi.  \.  {Galeocerdo)  fig.  5,  pi.  ii- 
fig.  4 : Galeocerdo  minor,  R.  Lawley  {non  Agassiz),  op. 
cit.  1881,  p.  147,  pi.  i {Galeocerdo)  fig.  4. — Pliocene ; 
Tuscany. 

Galeus  tenuis,  J.  Probst,  tom.  cit.  p.  140,  pi.  i.  figs.  68-70. — 
Molasse ; Baltringen. 

Vertebra)  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Maastricht,  Holland, 
and  from  tho  Crag  of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  are  also  assigned  to 


CAECffABIID.*;. 


453 


Galois  by  C.  Hasse,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr.,  Besond.  Theil  (1882), 
p.  2CG,  pi.  xxxTiii.  figs.  8-18. 

Teeth  of  the  existing  Galeus  eanis,  Linn.,  from  the  Forest  Bed  of 
Norfolk,  are  described  by  E.  T.  Newton,  Ycrtebrata  of  the  Forest 
Bed  Series  (31era.  Geol.  Snrv.  1882),  p.  130,  pi.  xix.  fig.  7,  and  the 
striking  similarity  between  these  teeth  and  those  of  Galeus  affinis, 
Probst,  is  remarked  upon. 

Genus  SPHYRNA,  Bafinesque. 

[Ind.  Ittiol.  Sicilians,  1810,  p.  60.] 

Syn.  Cestrorhinus,  II.  I),  de  Blainville,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1816,  p.  121. 
Zyijmia,  G.  Cuvier,  Begne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  127. 

Anterior  portion  of  the  head  broad,  flattened  and  laterally  elon- 
gated ; eyes  situated  at  the  extremities  of  the  lobes.  Nostrils 
situated  on  the  front  edge  of  the  head ; mouth  crescent-shaped ; 
spiracles  absent.  A pit  at  the  commencement  of  the  caudal  fin ; 
the  latter  with  a single  notch.  Teeth  of  both  jaws  similar,  oblique, 
with  a posterior  notch,  and  margins  smooth  or  serrated. 

When  found  detached  it  is  impossible  to  distinguish  the  teeth  of 
this  genus  with  certainty  from  those  of  Carcliarias.  The  following 
species,  however,  is  recognized. 

Spli3rrna  prisca,  Agassiz. 

1843.  Sphyma  prisca,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  234,  pi.  ixvi.  a. 
figs,  35-50. 

1844.  Sphyrna  prisca,  P.  M.  Padroni,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux, 
vol.  xiiL  p.  284,  pi.  i.  figs.  15, 16. 

1846.  Sphyma  serrata,  G.  von  Munster,  Beitr.  Petrefakt.  vii.  p.  20, 
pi.  ii.  fig.  18. 

1850.  Sphyma  prisca,  O.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Regno  Napoli,  pi.  i.  p.  112, 
pi.  ix.  fig.  7. 

(?)  1857.  Sphyma  prisca,  G.  G.  Gemmellaro,  Atti  Accad.  Gioenia  Sci. 

Nat  [2]  vol.  xiii.  p.  295,  pi.  i.  a.  fig.  6 a,  pi.  vi.  a.  fig.  3 a. 

(?)  1858.  Sphyma  rameti,  M.  Rouault,  Comptes  Rendus,  vol.  xlvii. 

p.  101. 

(?)  1878.  Sphyma  serrata,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt  Jahresh.  vol.  xixiv. 
p.  151,  pi.  i.  fig.  45. 

1879.  Sphyma  prisca,  F.  Bassani,  Atti  Soc.  Veneto-Trent.  Sci.  Nat. 
vol.  vi.  p.  65. 

1882.  Sphyma  prisca,  H.  E.  Sauvage,  Mdm.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat.  Saone-et- 
Loire,  vol.  iv.  p.  52. 

1884.  Sphyrna  prisca,  E.  Nicolis,  Mem.  Accad.  Agricolt.  Arti  e Comm. 
Verona,  pi.  ii.  fig.  7. 

1887.  Sphyma  serrata,  K.  A.  von  Zittel,  Ilandb.  Palseont.  vol.  iii. 
p.  86,  fig.  93. 


454 


SEL.VCHTI. 


Type.  Detached  teeth  ; Palaeontological  MuHcum,  Jfiinich. 

A species  of  moderate  size.  Teeth  broad,  gently  ohliciue,  often 
erect,  finely  serrated. 

Form.  ^ Tjoc.  Miocene  ; Malta,  Austria,  (?)  Sicily,  Italy,  France, 
and  Maryland,  U.S.A.' 

Some  of  the  following  teeth  have  narrow  crowns,  with  non-ser- 
riited  edges,  and  are  quite  indistinguishahlo  from  those  of  the  typical 
Aprionodoa  ; occurring,  however,  in  the  same  beds  as  those  named 
Sphyrna prisai  auA  S.  serrata,ii'^oy  are  provisionally  catalogued  hero. 

P.  1232.  Ten  teeth,  mostly  imperfect ; Malta.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2340.  Five  imperfect  teeth  ; Malta.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.1223.  Eight  teeth  ; Neudorfl-a.-d.-March,  Vienna.  Eyerton  Coll. 

P.  2339,  P.  2341.  Nino  teeth,  some  imperfect;  Noudorfl. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

28360.  Four  abraded  teeth,  of  very  similar  form  and  proportions ; 

Faluns  of  Touraine.  Furchased,  1853. 

41336.  Very  similar  perfect  tooth  ; Maryland.  Purchased,  1809. 

The  following  tooth  is  also  probably  referable  to  Sjihyrna,  of  a 
larger  species  than  S.  prisca  : — 

P.  4501  b.  Perfect  tooth  ; Pliocene,  Antibes,  Franco. 

Presented  hy  Miss  Batiershy,  1883. 

The  following  very  doubtful  species  are  also  founded  upon 
detached  teeth,  of  which  there  are  no  examples  in  the  Collection : — 

Sjdiyrna  inteyra,  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  .Jahresh.  vol.  xxxiv.  (1878), 
p.  152,  pi.  i.  figs.  40,  47.— Molasso;  lialtringen,  Wiir- 
temberg. 

Sphyma  Icevis,  J.  Probst,  tom.cit.  p.  153,  pi.  i.  fig.  48. — Molasse; 
lialtringen. 

Sphyrna  lata,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  (1843),  p.  235, 
pi.  x.xvi.  fi.  figs.  58,  59.  Form.  & loo.  unknown 

' Teeth  arc  also  assigned  to  this  epecie.s  by  R.  W.  Gibbos,  Jourii.  Aead.  Nat. 
Sei.  I’hilail.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1819),  p.  191,  pi,  xxv.  figs.  88-90,  from  the  Kocene  of 
South  Carolina;  and  by  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesoi,  etc.  Colliuo  Toscano 

(1870),  p.  17. 

* Doubtful  teeth  are  assigned  to  this  species  by  P.  M.  Pudroni,  Aotes  Soo. 
Linn.  Bordeaux,  vol.  xiii.  (1844),  p.  284,  pi.  i.  figs.  17, 18  ; R.  W.  Qibbes,  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Philad.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1849),  p.  19.5,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  91-93 ; and  by 
G.  G.  Gonimellaro,  Atti  Accad.  Oioenia  Sei.  Nat.  [2]  vol.  xiii,  (18.57),  p.  290, 
pi.  vi.  O',  fig.  10  a.  Also  hy  R.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesci,  etc.  Colline  Toscane 
(1876),  p.  17. 


CAKCHABIID^. 


455 


Sphi/ma  magna,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  1867, 
p.  142. — Miocene;  United  States. 

A tooth  very  suggestive  of  this  genus,  from  the  Tertiary  of  Java, 
is  also  described  by  K.  Martin,  Samml.  geol.  Eeichs-Mus.  Leiden, 
[1]  vol.  iii.  (1883),  p.  25,  pi.  ii.  fig.  \ (i  (Galeoctrdo,  sp.  ?).  Doubtful 
teeth,  probably  from  the  Swiss  Molasse,  are  also  recorded,  without 
description,  imder  the  name  of  Sphgriia  duJtia,  L.  Agassiz,  tom.  cit. 
p.  235. 

The  so-called  Sphyrna  dentieulata,  Munster  (Agassiz,  tom.  cit. 
p.  236,  pi.  xxvi.u.  figs.  60,  61),  is  founded  upon  the  anterior  cone 
of  a tooth  of  Nutidanus  primigenitu  of  Tertiary  age.  Sphyma 
subserruta,  Munster  (Beitr.  Petrefakt.  vii.  (1846),  p.  21,  pi.  ii. 
fig.  17),  from  the  Miocene  of  Neudbrfl,  Vienna,  is  evidently  founded 
upon  a tooth  of  Squatina,  as  remarked  by  Probst  {tom.  cit.  p.  152). 

Some  vertebrae  from  the  Swiss  Molasse  are  also  assigned  to 
Sphyrmt,\>y  C.  Hasse,  Natiirl.  Syst.  Elasmobr., Besond.  Theil(1882), 
p.  275,  pi.  xxxix.  fig.  26. 

Genus  MUSTELUS,  Cuvier. 

[Regne  Animal,  vol.  ii.  1817,  p.  127.] 

Syn.  GaJeorhinut,  II.  D.  de  Blainville,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1816,  p.  121 
(incomplete  definition). 

Snout  short ; mouth  crescent-shaped,  with  weU-dcveloped,  long 
labial  folds.  Spiracles  minute.  No  pit  at  the  root  of  the  caudal 
fin  ; second  dorsal  fin  scarcely  smaller  than  the  first.  Teeth  small, 
numerous,  obtu.se  or  with  indistinct  cusps,  pavement-like,  and 
similar  in  both  jaws. 

Mtistelug  stefanii,  E.  Lawley,  Nuovi  Studi  Pesci,  etc.  Colline 
Toscane  (1876),  p.  35,  pi.  ii.  fig.  3. — PEocene;  Orciano, 
Tuscan)'. 

Vertebrae  from  the  Danian  Beds  of  Ciply  and  the  Crag  of  Ant- 
werp, Belgium,  are  referred  to  Mustelus  by  C.  Hasse,  Natiirl.  Syst. 
Elasmobr.,  Besond.  TheU  (1882),  p.  283,  pi.  xl.  figs.  13-15. 

The  following  vertebrae  are  referable  to  members  of  the  family 
Carchariidae,  hut  the  generic  determination  of  these  fossUs  is  some- 
what uncertain : — 

35611  a.  Eight  small  examples,  labelled  Carcharias  by  Prof.  Dr. 
Carl  Hasse ; Eocene,  Alabama. 

PreSinted  by  Prof.  J.  TV.  Malht,  1859. 


456 


SELACniI. 


P.  4644.  Seven  vertebrcc,  mostly  larger,  similarly  labelled  ; Eocene, 
Clarke's  Co.,  Alabama,  U.S.A.  Ennixkillen  Coll. 

28104  d.  Three  small  vertebrae,  similarly  determined  ; Eocene, 
South  Carolina.  Purchased,  1852. 

25733  b.  Two  small  vertebrae,  similarly  determined ; Bracklesham 
Beds,  Bracklesham  Bay,  Sussex.  Dixoji  Coll. 

P.  5286.  Similar  small  vertebra  ; Bracklesham.  Jitjerlon  Coll. 

28883.  Small  vertebra  ; Barton  Clay,  Burton  Cliff,  Hampshire. 

Daniels  Coll. 

40271-3.  Eight  small  vertebrae,  similarly  determined  ; Barton  Cliff. 

Edwards  Coll. 

24599.  Seven  larger  vertebrm,  also  labelled  Carcharins  by  Dr. 

Hasso  ; Miocene,  Malta.  Purchased,  1850. 

28104  a.  Vertebra,  labelled  Ilemipristis  by  Dr.  Ilasse  ; Eocene, 

South  Carolina.  Purchased,  1852. 

28104  b.  Imperfect  vertebra,  labelled  Galeocerdo  by  Dr.  Hasse ; 

South  Carolina.  Purchased,  1852. 

38924.  Associated  series  of  eleven  small  vertebras  labelled  Galeo- 
cerdo or  Ilemujaleus  by  Dr.  Ilasse  ; Loudon  Clay,  Sheppey. 

Bowerhank  Coll. 

P.  1309.  Vertebra,  labelled  Galeocerdo  by  Dr.  Ilasse ; Eocene, 
South  Carolina.  Eijerton  Coll. 

P.  4645  a.  Two  imperfect  vertebra),  similarly  determined  ; South 
Carolina.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  4645.  Six  vertebra),  similarly  determined ; Eocene,  Alabama. 

Enniskillen  Coll. 

P.  1304.  Eight  vertebra),  moslly  larger  than  the  foregoing,  labelled 
Uemiyaleus  ? by  Dr.  Hasse  ; Miocene,  Malta. 

Ejerton  Coll. 

P.  5571.  Four  transversely  oval  vertebra),  measuring  0'025  across  ; 
Woolwich  Beds,  Charlton,  Kent. 

Presented  hy  11.  W.  Cheadle,  Esq.,  1888. 

P.  5752.  Two  large  transversely-oval  vertebra),  labelled  Gahus  by 
Dr.  Hasse,  and  the  largest  measuring  0'068  across ; 
Eocene,  Alabama.  Enniskillen  Coll. 

1965.  Similar  vertebra ; Miocene,  Malta. 

Presented  hy  Miss  Atiersoll. 


CARCHARIID^. 


457 


28353,  24599.  Tavo  smaller  and  less  oval  vertebra),  and  one  frag- 
ment : ifalta.  Duron  Coll.,  and  Purchased,  1850. 

41771.  One  oval  and  four  smaller  rounder  vertebrae ; Malta. 

Purchased,  1869. 

P.  1310,  P.  1310  a.  Two  large  abraded  oval  vertebrae  ; Malta. 

Erjerton  Coll. 

P.  4564.  Similar  specimen  and  throe  fragments  ; Malta. 

Ennishillen  Coll. 

1142  (Sloane  Cat.).  Vertebra  0-032  in  diameter;  Phosphate  Beds, 
South  Carolina.  Sloane  Coll. 

46382  a.  Small  vertebra,  labelled  CarcAaria*  ? by  Dr.  Hasse  ; Lower 
Greensand,  Farringdon,  Wiltshire.  Cunnin^ton  Coll. 

Vertebrae  of  fos.sil  Carchariidic,  from  the  Molasse  of  Baltringen, 
are  described  by  J.  Probst,  Wiirtt.  Jahresh.  vol.  xlii.  (1886),  p.  308, 
pi.  ix.  figs.  6-10. 


ADDENDA  ET  CORRIGENDA. 


P.  26.  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry  has  lately  described  a Shark  with 
Cladodont  dentition  from  the  Erie  Shale  of  Ohio,  under 
the  name  of  Ctadodus  Jcepleri  (Trans.  New  York  Acad. 
Sci.  vol.  vii.  no.  7,  1888). 

P.  29,  line  30,  for  Pristidadodus  read  Dkrenodus. 

P.  3 1 . AtUl  •.—Centrina  exiyua,  0.  G.  Costa,  Paleont.  Regno  Napoli, 
Append.  I.a.  (ISfo),  p.  105,  pi.  vi.  fig.  9. — Tertiary; 
Naples. 

P.  32.  To  Acanthias  have  also  been  assigned  two  doubtful  fossils, 
certainly  not  of  this  genus.  The  so-called  Acanthias 
monspeliensis,  P.  Gervais  (Zool.  et  Pal.  Gen.  1867-69, 
p.  235,  woodc.  figs.  32,  33),  from  the  Pliocene  of  Mont- 

2 H 


458 


ADDENDA  ET  COUKIOENDA. 


pollier,  seems  to  Ijo  foundod  upon  a Chiinocroid  fm-  spine  ; 
the  supposed  spine  from  tiro  ilioceno  of  Turin,  named 
A.  licannatm,¥j.  Sismonda  (Mem.  R.  Acoad.  Sci.  Torino, 
[2]  vol.  X.  1849,  p.  28,  pi.  ii.  figs.  41-43),  is  inde- 
termin.al)le. 

P.  33.  Add-, — Sajmiws  oecidentalis,  L.  Agassiz,  Araer.  Jonrn.  Sci. 

[2J  Tol.  xxi.  (1850),  p.  272. — Tertiary;  Ocoya  Creek, 
California. 

P.  34.  The  earliest  publication  of  Echinorhinus,  Rlainville,  is  Bull. 
800.  Philoin.  1810,  p.  121. 

Add  : — Echinorhinus  hlalrei,  L.  Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sei. 
[2]  vol.  xxi.  (1850),  p.  272. — Tertiary  ; Oco3-a  Creek, 
California. 

P.  39.  Add  : — (?)  Antliodiis  sitrcuhdus,  Newberry  & Worthen,  Pal. 

Illinois,  vol.  iv.  (1870),  p.  350,  pi.  ii.  fig.  8. — Burlington 
Limestone ; Iowa. 

P.  47.  Add : — Petalodus  Icevis,  H.  Trautsehold,  Mem.  800.  Imp.  Nat. 

Moscou,  vol.  xiii.  (1874),  p.  293,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  9. — 
Carboniferous  Limestone  ; Mjatschkowa,  JIoscow. 

P.48.  Add: — Choinaiodas  incrassatus,  Z(A\n  & Worthen,  Pal. 

Illinois,  vol.  vi.  (1875),  p.  359,  pi.  x.  fig.  18. — St.  Louis 
Limestone  ; Illinois. 

P.  54.  An  indeterminable  fossil  from  the  Upper  Silurian  and 
Devonian  of  tlie  Ilarz.  Mts.  is  also  named  GtenoptijcMus 
hercijiiia,  C.  Giobel,  Abh.  Naturw.  Vereins  Prov.  Sachsen 
u.  Thiiring.  vol.  i.  (1858),  p.  203,  pi.  i.  fig.  2. 

P.  57.  According  to  F.  M‘Coy(Brit.  Palmoz.  Foss.  p.  030),  Petalodus 
marginalis,  L.  Agassiz  (Poiss.  Foss.  vol.  iii.  p.  174,  name 
only)  is  a synonym  of  P.  rectus. 

P.  GO.  Add: — Pulyrhizodus  rossiens:  Daetylodus  rossicus,  A.  A. 

Inostrautzeff,  Trudui  St.  Peterb.  Obshsch.  Estest.-Ispuit. 
vol.  xix.  (1888),  p.  1,  pi.  i.  figs.  1-0. — U.  Carboniferous 
Limestone ; Government  of  Olonetz,  Russia. 

P.  01.  The  genus  Cymatodus,  Jlewberry  & Worthen  (Pal.  Illinois, 
vol.  vi.  1870,  p.  303),  is  founded  upon  a tooth  very 
suggestive  of  .Janassn,  from  the  Upper  Coal-Measures  of 
Illinois  ; the  tyi)e  species  being  C.  ohlonyus,  Newborrj’  & 
Worthen  (tom.  cit.  p.  304,  pi.  iv.  fig.  7). 

P.  65.  The  type  species  of  Phorcynis,  from  the  Lithographic  Stone 
of  Cirin,  Ain,  France,  is  named  P.  catulhia,  Thiolliere, 
ihid. 

P.  75.  Add  : — Pristis  ambhdon,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proc.  Boston  80c.  Nat. 
Hist.  vol.  xii.  (1869),  p.  312. — Eocene;  Now  Jerse)’. 


ADDENDA  ET  C0EBI8ENDA. 


459 


P.  75. 

P.  80. 
P.  88. 

P.  89. 

P.  90. 
P.  108. 

P.  131. 

P.  143. 
P.  205. 

P.  228. 


Add : — Pristis  attenuatus,  E.  D.  Cope,  iu  W.  C.  Kerr’s  Hop. 
Geol.  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  vol.  i.  (1875),  Appendix,  p.  29. 
— Tertiar}' ; K.  Carolina. 

Pristis  brachyodon,  E.  D.  Cope,  Proo.  Boston  Soc. 
Kat.  Hist.  vol.  xii.  (1869),  p.  312,  and  in  W.  C.  Kerr, 
op.  cit. — Greensand  ; Tirginia. 

Paja  similis. — See  explanation  of  Plato  IV. 

Add  : — liaja  dii.v,  E.  1).  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Kat.  Sci.  Philad. 

1867,  p.  141. — Miocene;  United  States,  America. 

Add : — Platyrliina  bolemsis,  K.  Molin,  Sitzungsb.  math.- 
phys.  Cl.  k.  Akad.  IViss.  IVien,  vol.  xl.  (1860),  p.  587 : 
ParcopUrus  bolcanus,  L.  Agassiz,  Poiss.,  Boss.  vol.  iii. 
p.  382**  (name  only). — Upper  Eocene  ; Monte  Bolca. 
Torpedo  giyantea  has  also  received  the  name  of  Narcine 
gigantea,  11.  iMolin,  Sitzungsb.  math.-phys.  Cl.  k.  Akad. 
Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xl.  (I860),  p.  585. 

Add : — Psammodiis  bretonensis,  3.  E.  Whiteaves,  Canadian 
Naturalist,  vol.  x.  (1881),  p.  36. — Coal-Measures  ; Nova 
Scotia. 

A species  of  Psummodus  (P.  aiitiquus,  Newberry)  from  the 
Devonian  Corniferous  Limestone  of  Ohio  is  also  de.scribed 
in  the  Bull.  National  Institute,  1857  (teste  3.  S.  New- 
berry, Bcp.  Gcol.  Surv.  Ohio,  vol.  i.  pt.  ii.  p.  265). 

Add: — Qoniobatis  agassizii.  It.  Blanchet,  Bull.  Soc.  Vau- 
doise,  vol.  vi.  (1860),  p.  472,  with  plate. — Molasse  ; 
Moliure,  Switzerland. 

PKntliieus,  E.  D.  Cope  (Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist, 
vol.  xii.  1869,  p.  316),  doubtfully  distinct  from  Aetobatis. 
The  type  species  is  P.  slenodoti,  E.  D.  Cope,  ibid. — 
Miocene;  New  Jersey. 

Agassiz  recognizes  four  varieties  of  the  teeth  of  Ptyclwdus 
polygyrus  (loc.  cit.),  three  of  which,  he  suggests,  may  be 
named  P.  concentnem,  P.  marginalis,  and  P.  sulcatus,  if 
they  eventually  prove  to  be  distinct  species. 

Add : — Pacilodus  foveolatus,  F.  M‘Coy,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  [2]  vol.  ii.  (1848),  p.  129,  and  Brit.  Pala;oz.  Foss. 
(1855),  p.  639,  pi.  3g.  fig.  11 ; J.  W.  Davis,  Trans.  Hoy. 
Dublin  Soc.  [2]  vol.  i.  (1883),  p.  445,  pi.  liii.  fig.  26. — 
Carboniferous  Limestone ; Derbyshire. 

A doubtful  tooth,  from  the  Keokuk  Limestone  of  Illinois, 
is  also  named  CJioniatodiis  ? costatus,  Newberry  and 
Worthen,  Pal.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  (1866),  p.  85,  pi.  v. 
fig.  17. 

2 H 2 


460  ADDENDA  Et  COlilUOENDA. 

1’.  259.  The  type  spcciiiK'n  of  Jfi/hodiis  delahechei  is  now  pre- 
served in  the  Museum  of  I’ractieul  Geology,  Jermyn 
Street. 

r.  270.  The  tooth  figured  in  Quenstedt’s  ‘Jura’  under  the  name  of 
Hyhodus  yrossiconns  received  the  suhspeciftc  name  of 
diprion,  ibid. 

r.  278.  An  imperfectly  defined  genus,  Xyntrodus,  I’lieningcr  (non 
Agassiz),  is  proposed  for  some  llybodoiit  teeth  from  the 
llhajtic  llone-bed  of  Salzgittcr,  Ilildcshoim,  tlio  typo 
species  being  X.  Jtnitimus  (T.  I’lieninger,  Neues  Jahrb. 
1860,  p.  G9.J). 

P.  298.  Add-. — Acrodns  fah^t.%  C.  G.  Giobel,  Neues  Jahrb.  1818, 
p.  156. — !Muschelkalk  ; Esperstiidt,  Thiiringia. 

P.  299.  A tooth  of  the  form  of  Acrodusi,  from  the  Lower  Musohol- 
kalk  of  Jena,  is  also  described  under  the  name  of 
Strojdiodua  acrodiformis,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Nova  Acta  Acad. 
Ca3s.  Loop.-Car.  vol.  xxix.  no.  9 (1861),  p.  13,  pi.  ii. 
fig.  1. 

P.321.  Add-. — Htrophodns  riyauxi,  II.  E.  Sauvage,  Cat.  Poiss. 

Second,  lloulonii.  (1867),  p.  53,  pi.  iii.  fig.  7 (Ctirtudus). 
— Batlionian  ; Boulogno-sur-Mor. 

P.  351,  line  4,  for  salentitms  read  salcmdianus. 

Among  non-Elasmobranch  fossils  erroneously  determined,  and 
not  already  mentioned  in  tho  text,  may  bo  placed  the  following : — 

Pristis  duhins,  G.  von  Munster,  Boitr.  Petrefakt.  vii.  (1846), 
]'•  47. — Corallian  ; llanover.  [Probably  a fin-ray  of  a 
Lopidotoid  Ganoid.] 

Hemkladodus  unievspidatus,  .T.  W.  Davis,  Quart.  Journ.  Oeol.  Soe. 
vol.  xl.  (1884),  p.  020,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  24. — Yorodale  Hocks  ; 
Wensloydalo,  Yorkshire.  [Fragment  of  splenial  dentition 
of  Aniphicentrnm  or  Cheirodus.~\ 

In  tho  earlier  pages  tho  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Mount  Lebanon, 
yielding  fossil  fishes,  is  identified  with  the  Turonian  (after  Oscar 
iraas  and  J.  W.  Davis);  in  the  later  pages  the  formation  is 
assigned  to  tho  Senoniau  (after  F.  Noetling  and  \V.  Dames),  tho 
character  of  the  fish-fauna  being  more  in  accordance  with  tho  latter 
determination. 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


[Note. — The  numbers  of  pages  on  which  merely  incidental  references  occur 
are  printed  in  italics.] 


Acanthias,  31. 
bicarinatus,  458. 
latideus.  31. 
monspeliensis,  457. 
radicans,  31. 
serratus,  32. 
vulgaris.  32. 

Acanthidimn,  33. 

Acanthobatis,  89. 
eximius,  89. 
tuberculosus,  89. 

‘Acipenser  tuberciilosus,” 
89. 

Acrodobatis,  348. 
obliqmis,  348. 
serra,  348. 

Acrodus,  279. 
acutus,  282. 
aflinis,  298. 
althansii,  248. 
angu8tiis,3/iiws?‘rr,  283. 
angustus,  Gichel.  298. 
anningia?,  207y  289, 
292. 

arietis,  283. 
braunii,  279,  2S0, 
cretaceus,  334. 
elegans,  320. 
emmonsi,  298. 
falcifer,  333. 
falsus,  400. 
flemingianus,  298. 
flexuosus,  290. 
gaillardoti,  279,  209. 
gastaldi,  299. 
gibberulua,  283. 
hiriido,  29(>. 
humilis,  298. 
illingworthi,  297. 
iuimarginatu.s,  299. 


Acrodus  {cont.). 
keuperinus,  281. 
larva,  35. 
laterals,  280,  299. 
latus,  283. 
leiodus,  295. 
loiopleurus,  295. 
levis,  290. 
inicrodus,  299. 
minimus,  2o5,  282. 
nitidua,  297. 
nobilis,  283,  287,  280. 
ornatus,  290. 
personati,  299. 
polydictyos,  330. 
pidvinatup,  299. 
punctatiis, 
piistulosus,  281. 
rugosus,  335. 

rugosus,  Shmidt  ep., 
299. 

semtnigosiis.  293. 
simplex,  290. 
spitzbergensis,  209. 
suhstriatus,  2^)9. 
triangularis,  152. 
undulatus,  289. 
virgatus.  299. 

Actinobatis,  85. 
ornata,  88. 

Aellopos,  77, 157. 
elongatus,  78. 
wngneri,  108. 

Aetobatis,  127. 
arciiatua,  130. 
bi*evisulcus,  130. 
convexus,  130. 
exiniius,  131. 
giganteus,  130. 
irregularis,  128,  ISO. 


Aetobatis  {cont.). 
marginalis,  129. 
menegbinii,  131. 
omaliusi,  131. 
omiliusi,  var.  curti- 
dens,  131. 

omaliusi,  var.  hitidons, 
131. 

perspicuus,  131. 
profundus.  131. 
rectus,  128. 
subarcuat.us, 
subcon  vexus,  13<-), 
sulcntus.  131. 
tardiveli,  131. 

Aganodus,  2,  3. 
apicalis,  10. 
undatus,  10. 

Agassizodus,  238. 
cornigatiis,  239. 
scitiilus,  239. 
variabilis,  2S8,  239. 
virginianus,  239. 

Ageleodus,  55. 
diadeinu,  5.5. 

Alexandrinum,  153. 
molinii,  153. 

Alopecias,  375. 

I acuarius,  375. 

! gigas.  375,  S83. 

\ hassei,  370. 

Alopiopsis,  437. 
cuvieri,  437. 
plejodon,  437. 

Amblypristis,  75. 
che<q>s,  75, 

Amphicentrum,  459. 

Anacanthus,  153. 
zigni,  153. 

Ancistrodon,  429. 


462 


INDEX. 


Anodontacanthus,  2. 

acut  H?,  8. 
fastiginlufi,  (?. 
obtiisUH,  (>. 

Anotodus,  3‘.)0. 

agasMizii, 

Antliodus,  42,  45. 
cuculliis,  48. 
gracilis,  48. 
niiimtus,  48. 
mucronatus,  48. 
parvnluB,  47,  48. 
perovalis,  48. 
polil.ua,  47,  48. 
robust  us,  48. 
sarcululua,  4.58. 

Biniilis,  48. 
simplex,  48. 

Buleatus,  47,  48. 

Apocopodon,  132. 
sericeus,  132. 

Aprion,  438, 

Aprionodon,  5.07,  438. 
acanthodon,  438. 
basisulealua,  438. 
brevis,  438. 
frequens,  438. 
gibbesii,  437. 
stellatus,  43.8. 

Archaeobatis,  108. 

gigas,  108. 

Arpagodus,  238. 
rectaiigulus,  239. 

Arthropterus,  150. 
rileyi,  1.58, 

Aspidodus,  176. 
convolutus,  184. 
crenulatus.  184. 

Asteracanthus,  307. 
acuUis,  313. 
granulosus,  314. 
lepidus,  320. 
minor,  320. 
oniatissimus,  307. 
ornatissimus,  var, 
fleltoncnsis,  .308. 
papillosus,  .307. 
preuBsi,  307. 
Beinisulcatus,  312. 
serniTerrucosiiB,  320. 
siderius,  .320. 
Btutchburyi,  31.3. 
tenuistriatus,  312. 
tetraBlichodoii,  320. 
vastensis,  320. 
verrucosus,  313. 

Asterodermus,  84. 
platyptcrus,  84. 

Asterospondyli,  157. 

Astrabodus,  99, 

eipansus,  10.5. 


Astrape,  90. 

(?)  media,  90. 

Aulodus,  132. 
agnssizii,  150. 

Bates,  125. 
biserratus,  125. 
fliiitans,  12.5. 
lineatus,  12.5. 
spectabilis,  125. 

Bathycheilodus,  27. 
mcisuacBii,  27. 

Bdellodus,  321. 
bollensis,  .321. 

Belemnoba  tis,  83. 
sisinouda?,  84. 

“ Byssacanthus,”  244. 

Byzenos,  34. 
l.'iUpinnatuB,  35. 

Callopristodus,  .54. 
aciculafus,  .58. 
cristatua,  58. 
pectinaluB,  ,55. 

Calopodus,  49. 
apiculis.  49. 

Campodus,  2.38. 
agnssizianus,  238. 
corrugatuB,  239. 
recUngiiliis,  239. 
seituluB,  239. 
variabilis.  239. 

Cantioscyllium,  347. 

decipicus,  347. 
Carcharias,  435. 
acanthodon,  438. 
aculcatus,  440. 
noutus,  440. 
angustidens,  441. 
antiquus,  441. 
armatus,  441. 
baltringensis,  441. 
bnsisuleatus,  438. 
brevis,  438. 
deformis,  441. 
dcsolgnoi,  441. 
dijki,  441. 
egertoni,  439. 
etruscus,  441, 
coca'nus,  430. 
frequens,  438. 
gibbesii,  4.37. 
gibbus,  441. 
hasfnlis,  441. 

.javamis,  441. 

Kraussi,  437. 

Icptodon,  412. 
macnjdon,  418. 
medius,  441. 
megalodon,  415. 
minor,  439. 


Carcharias  (coni.). 
modcslus,  441. 
orpiensis,  4.38,  441. 
pedemontanus,  442. 
siuiilis,  442. 
singularis,  4.39. 
speeiosus,  442. 
stellatus,  4.38. 
subglaueus,  442. 
sublamia,  442. 
tenuis,  4-12. 
tumidus,  442. 
unguIatuB,  442. 
ureianensis,  442. 
vems,  415. 

C'ARfiiAuiin.E,  43.5. 
vertebra'  tif,  4.55. 

Carcharinus,  435. 

Carcharodon,  410. 
acutideiiR,  412. 
angustidens,  412. 
arcimtus,  410. 
arndti,  412. 
auriculatus,  411, 
brevis,  421. 
cail'nssii,  421. 
costse,  421. 
ernssidens,  415. 
crassus,  410. 
clisauris,  412. 
escheri,  411. 
el.ruscus,  420. 
fnloiformis,  418. 
gibbesii,  421. 
belvetioUR,  418. 
heterodon,  412, 
interamniie,  412. 
lanceolatus,  412. 
lanciformis,  411. 
latissiiiius,  418. 
Icptodon,  421. 
longidens,  422. 
megalodon.  415. 
megnlolis,  412. 
inicrodon,  422. 
minimus,  441. 
minor,  428. 
mortoni,  422. 
obliquuB,  404. 
polygyrus,  415. 
productus,  415. 
rcctidens,  415. 
rectus,  422. 
robustus,  417. 
rondeletii,  420. 
sclachoides,  422. 
semiserratus,  422. 
siculua,  410. 
simus,  422. 
subauriculatus,  415. 
Bubserratus,  411. 


TKBKX. 


463 


Carcharodon  (coni.). 
suleidens,  4'JO, 
toliapious,  412. 
tornabene,  420. 
tiimidissinuw,  422. 
turgidua,  412. 
tiiricetisis,  416. 

Carcharopsis,  28. 
colei,  28. 
prototjpus,  28. 
wortlieni,  20. 

Centrina,  30. 
bassanii,  31. 
exigua,  437. 

Centrodus,  247. 
acutus,  247. 

Centrophoroides,  31. 
latidena,  31. 

Centrophorus,  32. 
primrovus,  32. 

Centropterus,  34. 
lividus,  34. 

“ Ceratoduri  heteroraor- 

phtia J306. 

Ceratoptera,  131. 
unios,  131. 

Cestracion,  331. 
canalieulatus,  334. 
dupoidi,  336. 
falcifer,  ^132. 
polydietyos,  336. 
rugosua,  335. 
aulcatus,  333. 

CESTKAClONTIDiB,  220. 

Cestrorhintis,  453. 

Cetorhinus,  4--. 

42^.). 


auratiis,  430. 
duponti,  430. 
glauconiticus,  430. 
niaximuB,  430. 

Tetustus,  430. 
Chalcodus,  218. 
Characodus,  01. 

angulatus,  98. 

cuneatus,  98. 
tniiiiroijs,  09. 
Cheirodus,  460. 
CMastodus,  240. 

obvallatiis,  240. 
Chilodtis,  28. 
Chiloscyllium,  34<>. 
fosaile,  «147. 

Chitonodus,  309,  Sli., 
217. 

aotiquus,  217. 
latus,  208. 

Hratua.  217. 


rugoaus,  217. 
apringeri,  217. 
tribidia,  217. 


Chlamydoselache, 

168. 

aiigiUDeus,  169. 
lawlevi,  169. 
Cholodtis,  40. 

injcqnalis,  40. 
Chomatodus,.^^,  218. 


aeuminatus,  42. 
acutua,  46. 
aHinia,  48. 
angularis,  48. 
anguatus,  228. 
arcuatiia.  228. 
cliesiereiiBis,  228. 

cinetus,  218. 
clavatus,  37. 
comptua,  228. 
costatue,  450. 
cultellus,  48. 
deiiticulatus,  225. 


elegans,  228, 
gnicilUmue,  48. 
inconstans,  2^. 
incrassatus,  458. 
m.signis.  48. 
lamolUformis,  49. 
linearis,  45,  219,  3^0. 
lorifomiie,  49. 
niolaris.  49. 
niultiplicatas,  49. 

(lIt*Iodus)obliquus,J23. 
obliquua,  22S. 
olwcurus,  228. 
parallelus,  49. 
pusillus,  49. 
sarcululus,  49. 
eelHformis,  228. 

epUenodiscue,  229. 


varsoviensis,  228. 
veuustus,  228. 

Chondrenclielys,  15. 
problematica,  15. 

Cl.AOCPONTID.K,  16. 

Cladodus,  16,  343, 
acuminatiie,  23. 
acutufl,  18. 
alternatue,  33,  23. 


angulatue,  21. 

bas.alie,  17. 
bellifer,  23. 

bicuspidatuB,  26. 
carinatiis,  23. 
concinnus.  23. 
coiiicus,  18,  23. 
coslatus,  23. 
curtus  (1883),  19. 
curtua  (1881),  26. 
curvus,  20. 
dedexus,  23. 
destructor,  17. 


Cladodus 
divaricatus,  23. 
divergons,  23. 
eccentricue,  23. 
elegans,  23. 
elongatua,  19. 
eiiglypbeus,  24. 
exiguus,  24. 
exilis,  24. 
ferox,  24. 
fulleri,  24. 
gomphoides,  24. 
gracilis,  24. 
grandis,  21. 
hertzeri,  24, 
hibberti,  24. 
homei,  19. 
intercostatus,  24. 
ischypus,  24. 
teokiik,  24. 
kepleri,  457. 
laevis,  IS. 
lamnoides,  33,  24. 
magnificua,  24. 
marginatus,  18. 
micropa.s,  21. 
railleri,  16. 
mirabilis,  16, 18. 
inortifer,  24. 
mucronatus,  17. 
obtnsus,  24. 
occidentalis,  24. 
paudatus,  25. 
parvulus,  25. 
parvus,  2.5. 
pattersoni,  25. 
politus,  25. 

praiiiuntius,  2^». 
priniigcnius,  25. 
raricostatus,  26. 
robustus,  21. 
romiugeri,  25. 
simplex,  25. 
spinosus,  22. 
Bpringeri,  22. 
stenopus,  25, 
striatus,  19. 
Btscluirovskii,  278. 
subulatus,  25. 
suceinctus,  33,  25. 
turritus,  21. 
van-liornci.  25. 
w:ichsinutbi,  33,  26. 
zygopus,  26. 

Climaxodus,  34. 
brevis,  39. 
imbricatus,  38. 
linguseforuiis,  36. 
ovatus,  36. 
vermiforniis,  36. 

CoCHLIODOKTlDA?,  169. 


404 


INDEX 


Cochliodus,  J70,  20r>, 
30n,  213,  217. 
acutiis,  212. 
coni  pact  us,  21.3. 
confortua,  lUl,  206, 
210,  2H. 
costfltuB;  208. 
(?)criiseu8,  188. 
laminaris,  2(,K). 

Intus,  208. 

Iciilyi,  208. 
niagnus,  170,  177. 
niliflua,  21.'). 
nobilia,  208. 
obliqnuR,  212. 
oblongus,  209,  210. 
occiilenlalia,  199. 
siriatus,  1!)2, 193. 
tenuis,  208. 
trinnguliiria,  201. 

Tiin  hornii,  208. 

Compsacantlius,  2. 
lievia,  9. 
major,  f>. 
triiingiilai-is,  7. 

Copodus,  91. 
angulatua.  98. 
aurieulal  iia,  95,  07. 
convexua,  Oil. 
comutu.R.  91,  03,  08. 
(?)  cuneatiis,  98. 
falcatuR,  94. 
furcatus,  94. 
lingua,  94,  07. 
lunulatus,  92. 
tninhuus,  9.5. 
oblongus,  06. 
planus,  96. 
prototypus,  07. 
pusillus,  99. 
apatulatus,  9.3,  07. 
van  hornii,  90. 
variabilia,  99. 

Corax,  422. 
adinis,  423,  427. 
antiquus,  429. 
appciuliciilafua,  423, 
427,  4S7,  443. 
boi-eaui,  42.5. 
cgcrtoni,  439, 
olongatua,  425. 
falcatiiB,  424,4^5. 
llasumtua,  429. 
hctorodon,  424. 
incisus,  429. 
kaupii,  423,  4~5. 
lajvis,  429. 
luaiinuia,  424,  427. 
obliquiis,  424. 
parnlleUis,  423. 
pedonionlanus,  442. 


Corax  (coni.). 
planus,  427. 
pristodontus,  423,440. 
pygmania,  429. 
trapoxoidalia,  423. 
trituratua,  33. 

Cranodus,  220. 
zonatiiB,  220. 

Crossorhinus,  347, 
410. 

Ctenacanthos,  230, 
241. 

fcquistriatna,  244. 
coatcllatns,  242. 
bybodoidea,  242. 
major,  242. 
minor,  244. 
nodosna,  242. 
(?)8crruiatna,  242. 

Ctenopetalus,  49. 
bcllulus,  .53. 
crenatus,  51. 
limatnluB,  53. 
medius,  .53. 
oooidcntalis,  53. 
scrratna,  .52. 
vinosns,  .54. 

Ctenoptychius,  49,  04. 
ncicnlatus,  56. 
acnminalua,  ,53. 
apicalia,  50. 
bcllulus,  53. 
compactire,  .53. 
cristatua,  56. 
dentatua,  51. 
dcnticulatus,  55. 
digitatua,  59. 
clegans,  53. 
hercyniiE,  458. 
limatulu.s,  53. 
lobatua,  51. 
mncrodus,  51. 
medius,  5.3. 
occidentalis,  63. 
ordii,  54. 
peclinatus,  ,55. 
pcrteniiis,  53. 
priscua,  54. 
semicircularis,  53. 
sorratus,  52. 
stevensoni,  64. 
triparti tns,  .54. 
vinosns,  64. 

Curtodus,  .307. 
corallinus,  320. 
riganxi,  460. 

Cyclarthrus,  156. 
macrojiterua,  1,56. 

Cyclobatis,  155. 
major,  155. 
oligodnetylua,  156. 


Cymatodvis,  Traut- 
fchold,  61. 
plicatulus,  62. 
rcclinatna,  (i2. 
Cymatodus,  Newb.  4' 
it'orili.,  4.58. 
oblongus,  4.58. 
Cyrtonodus,  216. 
gibbua,  21(i. 
liuruci,  216. 

Dactylodvis,  .56. 

concavua,  Trautschokl, 
5!l. 

coucavua,  8f.  John  4' 
IVorthen,  59. 
excavaUis,  50. 
inlloxus,  59. 

. lobntus,  5)9. 
minim  us,  l!0. 

])rincppa,  60. 
Deltcdopsis,  ISO,  217. 
alllnis,  217. 
angiistus,  200. 

(?)  bialvcatua,  217. 

(?)  convexua,  217. 

(?)  convolutna,  217. 

(?)  exornatua,  218. 

(?)  inllexus,  218. 

(?)  kcokuk,  218. 

(?)  sancti-ludovioi,  218. 
Deltodus,  185, 195, 212, 
217. 

ahitue,  109. 
aliformis,  200. 
angularia,  188. 
anguatua,  2(K1. 
cinclulus,  200. 
cinetus,  2<XI. 
cingulatna,  200. 
cireinans,  200. 
complanatus,  189. 
conclia,  198. 
contortus,  200. 
cxpansns,  196,  107, 
213. 

faaciatua,  200. 

gibbua,  197. 
grandis,  Kewh.  cj’ 
Worth.,  188. 
grandis,  Traidschold, 
sp.,  2CK). 
incrassatus,  200. 
intermedins,  200. 
lauiiimris,  200. 
latior,  200. 
littoni,  200. 
mercurei,  20l. 
obliquus,  201. 
occidentalis,  199. 
oruatus,  201. 


INDEX. 


4G5 


Deltodus  [coni.). 
parvus,  201. 
povrellii,  201. 
propinquus,  201. 
rhoinboideus,  190. 
rosaicus,  201. 
nigosHs,  198. 
sanclalinus,  201. 
spatulutus,  199. 
Btellatus,  199. 
subliBiis,  19G. 

triangularis,  201. 
trilobuE,  201. 
\mdulatus,  201. 
Deltoptychius,  205, 
212. 

acutus,  211,  212. 
exp.ansiis,  212,  215. 
gibberuIuB,  197, 214. 
nitklus,  215. 
plicatus,  213. 
primus,  212,  215. 
Tarsoviensis,  212, 
215. 

waclismutbi,  212, 

215. 

“Deiis  pisoisOstracionis,” 
138, 147. 

Desmiodus,  240. 
costrlliferus,  240. 

(?)  flabcllum,  240. 

(?)  ligoniformis,  240. 
tumidus,  240. 
Diacranodus,  15. 
comprossus,  1.5. 
jdatypt^-rnus,  15. 
Dicentrodus,  26. 
bicuspidatus,  26. 

Diclitodus,  241. 

scitulus,  241. 
Dicrenodus,  28. 
denlatus,  28. 
goughi,  29. 
jerofejewi,  29. 
okensis,  29. 

Tortheni,  29. 

Dictea,  34. 

striata,  3.5. 
Didymodus,  2,  3. 
platyptcmus,  14,  15. 
texenais,  14,  15. 
Dimyleus,  99. 
woodi,  99. 

“Diodon,”  133,  143, 
147. 

Diodontopsodiis,  62. 

* Diplacodus,  21(i. 

bulboides,  216. 
Diplodus,  2. 
acinaet's,  13. 
bobeniicus,  14. 


Diplodus  (cont). 
bicornis,  14. 
compressus,  12,  15. 
duplicatus,  14. 
gibboBUS,  10,  11. 
gracilis,  13. 
incurvus,  14. 
latus,  12. 
levidpus,  14. 
rainutus,  10. 
nanus,  14. 
parruhrs,  12. 
penetrans,  14. 
plicatus,  14. 
tenuis,  11. 

Dirrhizodon,  448. 
elongaius,  448. 

Dittodus,  2. 
divergeus,  10. 
parallelus,  10. 

Doratodus,  338. 
triouspidatus,  338. 

Drepanephorus,  331. 
canaliculatus,  3,34. 

Dynatobatis,  89. 
gaudryi,  89. 
paranensis,  89. 
rectangularis,  89. 

Echinodus,  248. 
paradoxus,  248. 

Echinorhinus,  34. 
blakei,  4.58. 
ricbiardii,  34. 

Elasmobranchii,  1. 

“ Enebodus  haloeyon,” 
354. 

“ EncliudiLS  serratus,” 
354. 

“Encbodus  striatus,”354. 

Euryarthra,  77. 
munsterii,  78. 

Fissodus,  40. 
bifldus,  40. 
pattoni,  40. 
trieuspidatus,  40. 

Galeocerdo,  443. 
acanthodon,  438. 
aculeatus,  440. 
aduncus,  444. 
arcticms,  448. 
capellini,  447. 
contortus,  443. 
crassidens,  447. 
denticulatus,  445,  447. 
dubius,  447. 
egertoni,  439,  441- 
etruscHs,  441. 


Galeocerdo  (con/.). 
falcatus,  42.5. 
gibberulus,  447. 
gibbets,  441. 
hartrellii,  447. 
.javanus,  447. 
lajviasimus,  447. 
latidens,  444. 
marelstmsis,  448. 
minor,  4^7,  446,  402. 
pautanellii,  452. 
priacus,  448. 
prislodontus,  423. 
produetus,  448. 
recticoiius,  446. 
rectus,  445. 
sismondiB,  442. 
sublntvis,  448. 
trigriuus,  448. 
tremauxi,  401,  4<J9. 
rineenti,  448. 

Galeodes,  443. 
prisons,  448. 

I Galeorhinus,  455. 

Galeus,  452. 
alllnis,  452. 
appcudiciilatus,  424. 
canis,  453. 
cristatus,  452. 
cuvieri,  437. 
maltzani,  4.52. 
pantanellii,  4.52. 
pristodonlus,  423,  424- 
jtygtuntiis,  429. 
sublajTis,  44'8. 
tenuis,  452. 

Ginglymostoma,  348, 

410. 

(?)  cristalnm,  452. 
minutum,  348. 
serra,  348. 

Ihielense,  348. 

Glcssodus,  (Kl. 
lingua-bovis,  60. 
inargiiiatus,  60. 

Gljrphanodus,  47. 
tenuis,  47. 

Glyphis,  436. 
desolgnoi,  441. 
hostalis,  441. 
orpiensis,  441. 
scacobii,  449. 

Bubulata,  439. 
ungulata,  442. 
ureianensis,  442. 

Gomphodus,  338. 
agassizii,  3.i.'8. 

Goniobatis,  127. 
agassizii,  459. 
omaliusi,  131. 

Goniodus,  34. 


460 


INDEX. 


Gryphodobatis,  150. 

uncus.  UnO, 

G3rropleurodus,  331. 

Hannovera,  -120. 

aurnta,  4.30. 
Harpacodus,  40. 
compaotus,  .5.3. 
flavat.ua,  22.5. 
deiitatus,  51. 
oofideiilalia,  .53, 
Heliobatis,  153. 

radians,  1.54. 
Helodopsis,  227. 
abbreviatn,  227. 
eldiiKata,  227- 
Helodus,  W8, 171, 170, 

210,  ns. 

acutiis,  221. 
angulatu.s,  220. 
augusiiiB,  227. 
antiquissimus.  220. 
appendieulatus,  224, 
2/,0. 

averaus,  220. 
biformia,  220. 
brugnoiiei,  229. 
earbonariu.s,  220. 
cinetiis,  218. 
clavatus,  221. 
eoniproaaus,  29,  220. 
conioulus,  220. 
consolid.atus,  220. 
contractus,  227. 
missus,  219. 
crennlatns,  220. 

(?)  curiatns,  201. 
dens-lmniani,  220. 
deutatus,  18-t. 
diMitinilutna,  220. 

didyinua,  177,77.'*,  214, 
22.3. 

eljtm.,  220. 
espaiisiis,  210. 
gibberulus,  210. 
gibbosus, 
gibbus,  220. 
lajvi.s,  220. 

Iffivissitmi.s,  177,  170, 
181,  21S,  222. 

Umax,  227. 
longicomis,  2.5. 
niammillari.s,  181,  224. 
imms-eanus,  227. 
(Coi'hliodua)  uobilis, 
208. 

placenl.a,  184. 
planus,  177,  179. 


Helodus  {cnnf.). 
politu.s,  227. 
pusillus,  227. 
riolimondiensis,  221. 
rudi.s.  177,  179. 
rugosiia,  227. 
simplex,  171,  218. 
subtores,  2,31. 
siiloatua,  221. 
fenuis,  221. 
triangulan'a,  221. 
turgidns,  218. 
undulatuB,  227. 
Hemicladodus,  400,  i 
imicuspidatua,  400.  j 
Hemipristis,  448. 
bidens,  451. 
curvatiis,  451. 
beterripleunia,  451. 
klunzingeri,  451. 
ininiifus,  440. 
piuifidcna,  449. 
plicatilis,  451. 
scrra,  440. 
subscrratus,  451. 
Heptranchias,  157.  | 

Heterodontus,  .3.31. 
Hexanchus,  157. 

“ Iloiiiacantlius”  triangii-  i 
laris,  25. 

Homalodus,  90. 
quadrat, us,  10.5. 
trapozi  fom\is,  105. 
Hoplodus,  04. 
Hybocladodus,  29. 
compressuB,  29. 
intermedins,  29. 
nit  id  us,  29. 
plicatilis,  .30. 
tcnuicostatus,  .30. 
nvnonoNTiDS!,  229. 
Hybodopsis,  239. 

wardi,  2 It). 

Hybodus,  2J/2,  2.50. 
*acantho])lioru8,  305. 
*acutus,  302, 
aduneus,  2.52. 

*angiilatH8,  .305. 
angnstus,  251,  277. 
apicalis,  251,  2.54. 
*apioalis,  .301,  302'. 
appendiculntus,  .34.3, 
attenuatus,  277. 
austiensis,  256. 
basanus,  273. 
bimarginatus,  277. 
bronnii,  .331. 
carbonari  us,  245. 


Hybodus  (cnnf.). 
farinatus,  294. 
eloacimis.  2.50,  277. 
*complaiintus,  3f)5. 
*fnissigpinus,  250,  300, 
.301. 

crassus,  Vnvke,,  272. 
*crassus,  Aifa.^niz,  301. 
cristatus,  277. 

•curtuB,  289. 
cuspidalus,  251,  25.3. 
davi.si,  24.3. 
delabechei,  259,  202. 
*dewalquei,  305. 
*dimidiatii.s,  300. 
diprion,  400. 
dispnr,  331. 

•dorsalis,  302,  ,303. 
dubiuH,  2.55. 
dubrisiensis,  327. 
•oiohwaldi.  3t).5. 
•cna.at'ia,  ,30.5. 

•fittoui,  3tHl. 

formosus,  200. 
•I'urcaloatpialus,  300. 
gracilis,  3.31. 
grossiconus,  208,  270. 
*he.xngonus,  30t). 
liomoprjon,  259,  204. 
inllatiis,  277- 
irregularis,  244. 
jugosus,  208. 
keuperianiiB,  277. 
keiiperiniis,  281. 
*la!viuBfulus,  306. 
lawsoni,  255. 

•leptoduB,  .300. 
levis,  209. 

longicomis,  250,  253. 
•ninior,  3IX). 
mnitrotbi,  277. 
•niarginalis,  .302. 
inediuB,  202,  204. 
minor,  2.5*1. 
niinutu.s,  ,348. 
inonoprion,  270. 
mougeoti,  251,  252, 
253. 

non-striatus,  277. 
obliqmia,  251,  252,  280. 
obtiisus,  272. 
ortboooniis,  277. 
•panderi,  .300. 
pcr.sonati,  278. 
•plciodus,  300. 

])licatilis,  250,  252, 
253. 

polycyphiis,  251,  253. 


* Dorsal  fln-spine.s  only. 


IlfDEX, 


467 


Hybodus  (cont). 
polvprion,  1G7,  2C8, 
270,  S7G. 
polyptychus,  331. 
♦punctatus,  306. 
pusillus,  278. 
pyramulalis,  259. 
radix,  278. 

raricostatiis,  257,  262, 
regiilaris,  331. 
retioiilatus,  256,  266. 
robustus,  253. 
rugosiis,  253. 
serratus,  331,  345. 
simplex,  299. 
*striatulus,  276,  304. 
*strictu9,  275,  3l  !3. 
stsehiiroTskii,  278. 
*.subearinatu.s,  304. 
sublsB\is,  251,  278. 
*sulcatus,  273. 

♦tenuis,  300. 
tenuissimiis,  331. 
thuringia;,  280. 
undulatii.s,  278. 
vioinalis,  245. 

Hypoprion,  4.36,  438. 
singularis,  439. 

Ichthyotomi,  1. 

Janassa,  34,  205. 
angulata,  35. 
bitiiniinosa,  35. 
clavata,  37. 
dictea,  35. 
gurleiana,  39. 
humboldti,  35. 
imbrieata,  38. 
liuguaiformis,  30. 
miiiutus,  37. 
ordiana,  39. 
ovatus,  37. 
processus,  37. 
strigilina,  38. 

Labodus,  91. 
planus,  96. 
prototypus,  97. 

Lambdodus,  27. 
calceolus,  27. 
costat.us,  27. 
hamulus,  27. 
reflexus,  27. 
robustus,  27. 
transversus,  27. 


Lamna,  360,  376,  392. 
acuminata,  376,  393. 
adiiiiea,  Costa,  374. 
adunca,  Lawley,%p.  407. 
ajipendiculata,  393. 
nttenuata,  374. 
basalis,  407. 
boucbardi,  407. 
brandti,  407. 
brunni,  360. 
carinabi,  374. 
cattiea,  407. 
clafata,  407. 
complanata,  372. 
coinpres.'a,  402. 
contortidens,  366. 
crassa,  400. 
crassidens,  373. 
cuspidata,  368. 
daviesii,  410. 
debilis,  407. 
dentioulata,  368,  369. 
divergens,  401. 
dubia,  368,  369. 
elegans,  3til,  402. 
ensioulata,  407. 
curvb.atbrodon.  438. 
gracilis,  359,  407. 
basialis,  407. 
bectori,  407. 
hopei,  368,  449. 
hultoni,  362. 
iusequilateralis,  383. 
inciirva,  372. 
iso.sceliea,  408. 
l.anceolata,  410. 
lata,  397. 
lawieyi,  408. 
lepida,  408. 
levis,  408. 
liassica,  350. 
longidens,  349. 
lyellii,  383. 
macrorbiza,  399. 
inacrota,  362,  402, 407, 
luarginalis,  402. 
niarginata,  408. 
niarroti,  408. 
minor,  408. 
minuta,  408. 
niitis,  408. 
mudgoi,  408. 
nana,  ^8. 
obliqua,  392,  404. 
omata,  408. 
petroeoriensis,  377. 
plana,  351,  408. 
plicatella,  354. 


Lamna  (cont.). 
pscuilo-appendiculata, 
408. 

pygmaea,  374. 
recticona,  409. 
renardi,  409. 
reversa,  409. 
rbapbiodon,  353. 
rigida,  375. 
rudis,  409. 
rupeliensis,  409. 
salentiiia,  409. 
semiplicata,  397,  409. 
serra,  400. 
serotina,  409. 
sigmoides,  372. 
spatbula,  409. 
striata,  409. 
striatella,  354. 
striola,  354. 

Bubplicala,  409. 
sububita,  356,  396. 
sulcata.  Geiiiitf,  sp., 
397,  398. 

sulcata,  Sismotida,  409. 
te.x!ma,  353. 
treinauxi,  409. 
trigeri,  353. 
trigonata,  401. 
triplex,  344. 
undulata,  356,  410. 
vincenti,  403. 

TOrax,  37.3. 
woodwardii,  410. 
L.tMxin.E,  349. 

vertebra!  of,  431. 
Leiacanthus,  306. 
falcatus,  306. 
(Hybodus)  opatowitz- 
aniis,  306. 

(Hybodus)  tamowitz- 
anus,  306. 

Leiodus,  240. 
calcaratus,  240. 
grossipunctatus,  240. 
Leptodus  richthofeni, 
218. 

Lisgodus,  49. 
alfinis,  49. 
curtus,  49. 
sellulifonnis,  49. 
serratus,  49. 
Lophacanthus,  2. 
taylori,  8. 

Lophodus,  Romanow- 
sky,  176,  210,  218. 
angularis,  227. 
bifurcatus,  224. 


* Dorsal  fin-spines  only. 


408 


INDEX. 


Lophodus  (non/.). 
cotiicus,  2'J3. 
contrnotiis,  'J'27. 
didyiims,  177,  223. 
gibbi?rulu»,  211). 
irreguliiris,  227. 
Inivissimus,  177, 
binceolut  IIS,  227. 
levis,  227. 
linearis,  227. 
ummmilluris,  221. 
marginalis,  227. 
iiiargodeiitatiis,  228. 
retioubitu.s,  228. 
semitus,  223. 
sinuosus,  228. 

Lophodus,  iVetci.  ^ 
Worth.,  238. 
Tariiibilis,  2.31). 

Lophodus,  met.,  281 . 
kcuprrinus,  281. 

Meristodon,  200. 
jureiiBis,  278. 
jiiinidoxa,  270. 

Mesiteia,  344. 
omilia).  .'Ilti. 
aaliel-alniio,  345. 

Mesobatis,  131. 
e.vimius,  1,'il. 

Slesodmodus,  239. 
ex|ilHimtuB,  239. 
exKCiilptuB,  240. 
ornatuB,  2 10. 

Mesogomphus,  9 1 . 
lingim,  94. 

Mesolophodus,  Cl. 
pnililematicuB,  (11. 

IMicromesus,  125. 

lUonopterhinus,  157. 

Mustelus,  405. 
stefaiiii,  455. 

Mylacodus,  93. 
qiiadratiis,  93. 
BRSumini,  93. 
Tariiibilis,  99. 

Mylax,  9(5. 
baloidcs,  DC. 

MyliobiiteB  do  Cuiae 
Lain  o(  to,  109. 

Mvi,ioii.vni).E,  109. 

Myliobatis,  109. 
*(Zygobatis)  uciimina- 
tus,  124. 

*acutus,  124. 
altuB,  121 . 
ainerioanu.B,  121. 
angustidons,  119. 
angiistus,  121. 
apennimis,  121. 


Myliobatis  (non/.). 
arcuatiiB,  Davis,  121. 
arcuatu.s,  Schafh.,  123. 
bellardii,  121. 
bisulcuB,  121. 
brinigniarti,  121. 
*oaualioulatnB,  124. 
*elaToni8,  124. 
eoloi,  121. 
contractus,  109. 
crassuB,  122. 
cui'vipalatus,  121. 
dimorplius,  121. 
diomedca,  121. 
dixoni,  109,  131. 
duplicatus,  121. 
odwardsii,  1 12. 
elegniis,  121. 
eiircodon,  121. 
I'astigiatus,  121. 
*l'aujaBii,  124. 
funioulatus,  122. 
gazolai,  124. 
gigas,  122,  133, 
*girondicus,  124. 
goniojileiiruB,  113,  115. 
*gracilis,  124. 
granulosus,  122. 
guyoti,  122. 
gyratus,  118. 
*lmidingeri,  125. 
hoterojilcuriiB,  109. 
bolmcBii,  122. 
irregularis,  112. 
jugalis,  118. 
jugoBus,  119,  122. 
luivia,  122. 
latidens,  1 18. 

*latoraliB,  125. 

leognaiicusis,  122. 
*leptacanthus,  125. 
ligusticuB,  122. 
magistor,  122. 
•marginalia,  120,  135, 
nicridiimaliB,  122. 
inicroplcuriia,  122. 
iniororliizuB,  123. 
inordax,  123. 
nitiduB,  lie. 
obesus,  123. 
oinbonii,  123. 

•oweui,  120,  135, 
paobyodon,  123. 
plicatilis,  123. 
presaideiiH,  123. 
punctatus,  1 12,  134, 
regleyi,  123. 
•(Zygobatis)  rima,  125. 
rivioroi,  12.3. 
rugosus,  Ltidy,  123. 


Myliobatis  (nontX 
•(Zygobatis)  rugosus, 
Met/e.r,  125. 
saleutiuuB,  123. 
serratus,  Leidy,  123. 
Bcrralus,  Meyer,  123. 
“epeoiosuB,  12.0. 
•stornbergii,  125. 
striatus,  109,  112,  115, 
110, 

Btokosii,  11,8. 

Blrobcli,  123. 

Buperbus,  124. 
suluralis,  110. 
testa),  124. 
toliapicus,  109,  113, 
110,120, 135, 
tran.svorsal  in,  124. 
tuundens,  1 19. 
TiconiicanuH,  122. 
Mylorhina,  125. 
Myriosteon,  73. 

Narcine,  90. 

gigautoa,  4.09. 
Karcobatis,  ‘.kl. 

giganteus,  90. 
Narcoptorus  bolcaiius, 
4.09. 

Nebrius,  348. 
“Nemacanthus,”  3S1, 

sm. 

Nothianid.b,  157. 
Notidanus,  157,  30S, 

m. 

auialtboi,  1C8. 
nnoiiialuB,  ICC. 
aptionais,  ICC. 
bisorratUK,  108,444. 
cuntrarius,  107. 
d'ancoiuc,  104,  107. 
daviosii,  1C7. 
dolfortriui,  107. 
dontatus,  159. 
oximius,  168. 
gigas,  104,  105. 
gracilis,  108. 
liuegelia',  107. 
intormediua,  1G7. 
lanoeolatuB,  100. 
loozi,  107. 
nmrgiualia,  107. 
raoneghinii,  105. 
microdon,  \W),103,1G4. 
luuensteri,  158. 
nettidbladti,  107. 
orpiensis,  430. 
poctinatUB,  100. 
plcetrodon,  107. 
priuiigeniua,  1G3,  100. 


* Dorsal  spines  only. 


INDEX. 


409 


Notidanus  (coi/t) 
probleniaticiu,  167. 
recurxus,  l(i.'3. 
repoiis,  107. 
serr.atissimus,  102. 
serratiis,  l.‘)i). 
stoppani,  1()7. 
targionii,  IGJ,  107. 
thevenanli,  108. 
urcianenBis,  168. 

Ochlodus,  2,  3. 

crassus,  10. 

Odontaspis,  300. 
acuta,  SffO,  374. 
acutissiiiia,  374. 
aduiica,  .374. 
angusta,  374. 
atteuuata,  374. 
bronni,  360. 
carinata,  374. 
complanata,  372. 
constricta,  35<). 
coiitorticlcn.s,  306. 
crassiclen.s,  373. 
cuspidata,  308. 
desorii,  359. 
ditbia,  368. 
duplex,  374. 
elegan.s,  361,  SO’G. 
exigua,  374. 
gracilis,  359, 
gustroviensis,  374. 
Lopei,  3G0,  308,  SCO, 
UG. 

incur™,  372. 
kaikomensis,  350. 
liiieata,  374. 
lupus,  374. 
minutissiinn,  375. 
mirabilis,  374. 
molassica,  374. 
mourloni,  375. 
oxyprion,  356. 
pygiriara,  374. 
regularis.  375. 
reticuljita,  375. 
rbaphiodon,  354,  S5C, 
353,  SOS. 
rigida,  375. 
rochebrunei,  398. 
rutoti,  301. 
sacheri,  449. 
etuderi,  359. 
subulata,  350. 
sulcata,  330. 
van-den-broecki,  375. 
Terticalis,  375. 
vorax,  373. 

Oncobatis,  90. 
pentagonus,  90. 


Orodontiii.f.,  229. 

Orodus,  21M). 
allcni,  230. 
angustus,  233. 
oarinatus,  236. 
catenatus,  234. 
cinctus,  230. 
colletti,  230. 
cotnprcssus,  237. 
corrugatus.  239. 
dtcdaleus,  237. 
decussatus.  237. 
elcgniis,  237. 
elegantiilus,  23.5. 
elongatus,  S34,  233. 
exeentricus,  237. 
fastigiatus,  237. 

(?)  gibbus,  236. 
incquilaterus,  237. 
major,  237. 
mammillaris,  235. 
minuaculu.s  237. 
minutus,  237. 
moniliformis,  234. 

(?)  multicarinatus, 

237. 

neglectus,  237. 
oruatu3,57n'fi.4’  Worth., 

233. 

ornatus,  Davis,  2,34. 

(?)  parallelus,  237. 
pamdus.  237. 
plicalus,  237. 
porosus,  237. 
ramosue,  231,  237. 
reedi,  237. 
sculpfus,  238. 
eublaevis,  238. 
subteres,  231. 
tenuis,  230. 
triadeus,  299. 
tuherculatus,  234. 
tuinidus,  238. 
turgid  us,  238. 
variabilis,  238. 
variocostatus,  238. 
whitei,  238. 

Orthacanthus,  2. 
arcuutua,  8. 
boliemicuB,  9. 
eylindricus,  8. 
decheni,  3. 
gr.'tcilis,  9, 
levidens,  14. 
quadri.seriatus,  9. 

Orthacodus,  349. 
impresBUB,  350. 
longidens,  349. 
nitidus,  3f>0. 
tithonius,  350. 
virgai,  350. 


Oithcdon,  344. 

coud.iiMji.  344. 
Oithopleurodus,  185. 
carbonariUB.  188. 
convexus,  190. 
novo-niexieaniis,  190. 
Ostinaspis,  246. 
acuta,  247. 
barbotana,  240. 
coronata,  247. 
simpliciBBima,  247, 
Otodus,  392. 
ad  uncus,  407. 
apiculatus,  387. 
appeiidiculatUB,  393, 
dOS. 

basalis,  Giebel,  393. 
basalis,  Kyfrton,  407. 
brandli,  407. 
catticuB,  407. 
crassus,  308,  400. 
(Pseudotriakis)  debilis, 
407. 

divarieatuB,  398. 
dixergens.  401. 
basialis,  407. 
isoscelicus,  408. 
lanceolatus,  402,  404. 
latus,  SOS,  397. 
lawleyi,  408. 
levis,  408. 
macrotus,  3G2,  402. 
marginatus,  408. 
marroti,  408. 
michoni,  398. 
minor,  408. 
minutisaimus,  375. 
minutus,  408. 
mitis,  408. 
nanus,  408. 
obliquns,  404. 
oxyrliinoides,  377. 
pars  us,  375. 
pinguis,  398. 
prsedator,  410. 
pseudo-appendicula- 
tus,  408. 
recticonus,  409. 
renardi,  409. 
rudis,  409. 
rupclienais,  4(X). 
rutoti,  301. 
salentinus,  409. 
semiplicutus,  397. 
(Pseudotriakis)  sero- 
tinus, 409. 
seiTatus,  300,  401. 
spatliula,  409. 
striatus,  409. 

Bubba.salis,  380. 
subplicatus,  409. 


470 


INDEX. 


Otodus  (coni'.'), 
sulcafus,  (ieinits,  SSI, 

ao8. 

Biilcatu.s,  tSismonda, 
40!t. 

tricu9i>is,  344. 
trig!  matiiH, 401. 
vineenti,  403. 
woodwartlii,  410. 
Oxynotus,  30. 
Oxyrhina,  370. 
acuminata,  380,  38(5. 
ugiuiBizii,  jMV'lei/,  .‘580. 
Bgawizii,  Le  Hon,  3tt0. 
unguslidciis,  35‘.t,  380, 
4ii7.  ^ 

nrmiudi,  392. 
baaisulcnta,  438. 
benedcni,  389. 
bre\is,  390. 
earinata,  278. 
comi>laimta,  390. 
crassa,  389. 
crassidcns,  382. 
cyclndiinta,  449. 
deaorii,  382, 38S. 
ciiysii,  3!)0. 
exigua,  390. 

Bxtcnta,  377. 
fuBtlgiala,  390. 
foreslii,  389. 
gibbosissiiim,  389. 
gomphodon,  392. 
gracilis,  383. 

f'randis,  390. 
laiiBtii,  390. 
basialis,  38.’>. 
bctcrouiorjdia,  380, 
437. 

iiioerta,  383. 
isocelica,  38.'). 
kocbi,  390. 
licvignta,  .390. 
lata,  391. 

leptodon,  382,  S8G. 
longidens,  349. 
niaccT,  349. 
niacrorbiza,  381. 
nmntelli,  37(5,  S82, 
S'J2. 

niinuta,  .391,  ^S7. 
nova,  .391. 
mimida,  ,391. 
ornati,  3-19. 
paradoxa,  278. 
plana.  391. 
plicatilis,  38.'). 
quadrans,  385,  S8S, 
recta,  391. 
retrodoxn,  38.5. 
rouillirri,  391. 


Oxyrhina  (coni.). 
slllimaui,  391 . 
spallanzanii,  38//,  S87, 
392. 

subbasalis,  .380. 
Bubiiillata,  391. 
siibvexa,  391. 
taroti,  391. 
triangulari.s,  ,382. 
triginiodon,  385. 
tunddula,  .390. 
tumiila,  391. 
viiiiicri,  .385. 
)(>n-baaBtii,  .3'.t0. 
wilBimi,  383. 
winkleri,  .392. 
woodsii,  392. 
xipliodon.  S83,  385. 
zignoi,  392. 
zippci,  S5/f,  392. 

Oxytes,  375. 
obliqua,  375. 

Oxytomodus,  191. 
argiitus,  229, 


Palaeobates,  248. 
acrodiformis,  249. 
angiistisBimuB,  249. 
anguatuH,  249. 
ovalis,  249. 

Palaeobatis,  48. 
iusignis,  48. 

PalaBoscyllium, 
Marck,  .343. 
dechon  i,  343. 

Palaeoscyllium,  Wag- 
ner, 338. 
formoBum,  338. 
minus,  339. 

Palaeospinax,  321. 
egoi’toni,  324. 
prisciis,  322. 

Peltodus,  34. 

(?)  jilicomphalus,  39. 
quadratus,  39. 
transvcrsus,  39. 
)tiignironni8,  39. 

Periplectrodus,  229. 
ooniprcBBus,  229. 
cxpan.sus,  220. 
warrcni,  229. 

Peripristis,  49. 
semicimdaria,  .54. 

PKTALODONTlI).t!,  34. 

Petalodopsis,  Barkas, 
.54. 

Petalodopsis,  Davis, 
.50. 

mirabiliB,  54. 
tripartitus,  54. 


Petalodus,  42. 

licimiinatua,  ‘12. 
allcgliaiiicnBia,  4(5. 
iipicidis,  .50. 
curtuB,  47. 
davisii,  4(1. 
dentatua,  51. 
destructor,  40. 
llabcllula,  45. 
grandis,  45. 
liaBtiiigsiffi,  Jjl,  4S,  dl. 

liybriduB,  47. 
incquilatcralia,  43. 
knappi,  47. 
hevis,  45,8. 
laiviflsiimis,  44. 
linooris,  4.5. 
linguifer,  47. 

(?j  lubatiiB,  51. 
inargiimlis,  468. 
parvulus,  47,  48. 
proxirnuB,  48. 
psittaciuus,  40. 
radicnns,  .57. 
rectus,  57. 
rhombus,  42. 
sagiltnt  us,  40. 

BciTntus,  52. 

Petalorhynchus,  40. 
(?)  benniei,  04. 
distortiis,  ‘42. 
indicuB,  42. 
pseudusiigittatus,  42. 
psittacimis,  S7,  40. 
psittacinus,  var.  minor, 
41. 

spatulntus,  42. 

Htriatus,  42. 

Petrodus,  245,  2G0. 
acutus,  247. 
barbolanus,  240. 
coronatus,  247. 
occidcntalis,  246. 
patclliformis,  240. 
pustuloBus,  247. 
ryokolti,  247. 
Bimiilicissimus,  247. 

Phoebodus,  27. 
inarismirsii,  27. 

BOphiai,  27. 
springcri,  27. 

Phorcynis,  (55. 
catulina,  4,58. 

Phricacanthus,  8. 
bi.se rial  is,  8. 

Physodon,  4.35. 

Finacodus,  91. 
gclasimus,  98. 
goiioplax,  92. 
sesamini  (MylacoduB), 

93. 


INDEX. 


471 


Platychodus,  149. 
mortoni,  14S). 

Platyodus,  191. 
lineatus,  191. 

Platyrhina,  459. 
boleensis,  4.59. 

PLEUnACA.VTIlID.E,  1. 

Pleurae  anthus,  2, 

2J,1. 

alatua,  9. 

altemidentatus,  9. 
arouatuK,  8. 
biserialis,  9. 
buhomieus,  0. 
cyliiulricus,  8. 
tleclieni,  3. 
denticulatus,  9. 
dilatiitiis,  9. 
elegans,  9. 
erectus,  5,  6. 
frossardi,  9. 
pacilliinus,  9. 
boiTiduliis,  9. 
loevis,  9. 
lajvissimus,  5. 
jilaiius,  5,  (>. 
poroaus,  10. 
pulcliellua,  6. 
quadriseriatua,  9. 

robustiis,  7. 
tenuis,  9. 
tuberculatiis,  10. 
wardi,  10. 

Pleurodus,  170,  173.  i 
afllnis,  173. 
rankiuei,  173. 
woodi,  175. 

Pleurogomphus,  95. 

auriculatus,  95. 

Pleuroplax,  170,  173. 
attbeyi,  175. 
rankinei,  173. 
woodi,  175. 

Plicodus,  348. 
tbieleusis,  348. 

Plintliicus,  459. 
atenodon,  459. 

Poecilodus,  170,  201, 
SO'J,  ill,  217. 
alifortnis,  200. 
angustus,  17.5,  193. 
attheyi,  175. 
carbonarius,  204. 
cestnen.si.s,  205. 
circinans,  200. 
concha,  198. 
convolutua,  20.5. 
corrugatus,  202. 

(?)  elegans,  205. 
foveolatus,  459. 
gibbosus,  204. 


Poecilodus  (coU.). 
grandis,  200. 
joncsii,  196,  107,  202. 
limbiitus,  198. 
lingulatus,  205. 
obliqims,  202. 
omatas,  201,  217. 
paradoxus,  205. 
parallelus,  19(3. 
rossicu.s,  201. 
riigosus,  205,  217. 
sancti-ludovioi,  205. 

[ springeri,  205,  215. 
sublajvis,  195,  196. 
sulcatus,  205. 
transversus,  202,  203. 
varsoviensis,  205. 
wortheni,  205,  215, 
Polyrhizodus,  56. 
ainplus,  59. 
altcnuatus,  58. 
oarbonariug,  59. 
colei,  57. 

concavus,  St.  John 
Worthc7i,  59. 
concarus,  Tmutschold, 
59. 

constrictus,  57. 
j deiitatus,  59. 
elongatus,  58. 
cxcavatus,  59. 
inflexus,  59. 
liltoni,  59. 
lobatue,  59. 
longua,  (iO. 
uiagnus,  57. 
minimus,  60. 
modestus,  60. 
nanus,  60. 
piasaenais,  60. 
ponticulus,  60. 
porosus,  60. 
princeps,  (iO. 
pusillus,  227. 
radieauB,  57. 
siuuosus,  58. 
truncatus,  60. 
wilHaiusi,  (JO. 

Prionodon,  436. 
aculeatua,  440. 
aculus,  440. 
angustidens,  441 . 
autiquas,  441 . 
armatus,  441. 
baltringeiisia,  441. 
deformis,  441. 
desolgnei,  441. 
dijki,  441. 
egertoni,  439. 
etrusoua,  441. 
gibbus,  441. 


: Prionodon  (cont.). 
liastalis,  441. 
javanus,  441. 
medius,  441. 
modestus,  441. 
orpiensi-s  441. 
pedemontanus,  442. 
similis,  442. 
specio.sus,  442. 
subglaucus,  442. 

I Bublamia,  442. 
tenuis,  442. 
tumidus,  442. 
lingulatus,  442. 
urcianensis,  442. 

Pristicladodus,  28. 
concinnuB,  64. 
dentatus,  28. 
goughi,  29. 
jerol'eyewi,  29. 
springeri,  27. 

PKi.sTin,E,  73. 

PRI.STIOPHORin.E,  72. 

Pristiophoras,  72. 

Pristis,  73. 
acutidens,  75. 
agassizi,  to. 
amWodon,  458. 
angustior,  7.5. 
aquitanicus,  75. 
attenuatus,  459. 
bassani,  75. 
bisuleatus,  73. 
braohyodon,  459. 
contortus,  74. 
curvideus,  75. 
dubius,  460. 
ensidens,  75. 
hastingsi®,  73. 
lathami,  75. 
parisiensis,  75. 
pristinus,  75. 

Pristiurus,  344. 
has.sci,  344. 

PRISTODONTID.E,  62. 

Pristodus,  62. 

(?)  acuminatus,  53. 
benniei,  64. 
concinnus,  64. 
falcatus,  6.3. 

Propristis,  76. 
schweinfurtlii,  76. 

Protogaleus,  437. 
cuvieri,  437. 
minor,  446. 

PsAMMODONTID.K,  91. 

Psammodus,  99, 169. 
angularis,  107. 
angustissimus,  249, 
angustus,  106,  107. 
antiquus,  459. 


472 


INDEX. 


Psammodus  {coni.). 
bretmionsis,  459. 
calatiiH,  107. 
caiialiculiitua,  100. 
ooniutiis,  91. 
crnssideiiH,  107. 
expiin.su8,  105. 
gl^vptua,  107. 
grandis,  107. 
inflexUB,  107. 
loviaiuLS,  lOS. 
orbionlaris,  lOS. 
plomiB,  108. 
poroBUB,  100,  107. 

rctioidatus,  108. 

(?)  rliomboidpus,  188. 
rugoaiiB,  loo,  707. 
Balopionsis,  105,  7<¥7. 
seinicylindricu.",  188. 
epccularis,  107. 
springeri,  108. 
trapcxiforiidi*,  105. 
tumidus,  10.8. 
turgidus,  108. 

Fsephodus,  170,  176. 
crenul.atus,  184. 
duntatUB,  184. 
dfipreflaus,  185. 
dubius,  18.'1. 
indiaiiR,  184. 
liuvisHiiiiuB,  181. 
latus,  18-1. 
liinulatuB,  185. 
magnus,  177,  SS6. 
niiiior,  184. 
obliquus,  184. 
placenta,  184. 
regulariB,  184. 

(?)  rotioulaluH,  18.5. 
saloiiionBU,  182,  183. 
eitnjilox,  185. 
Bynimctricua,  185. 

Pternodus,  Owe?i,  23. 

Pternodus,  Garman,  27. 
prodiictiiB,  10. 
Bpritigori,  27. 

Ptychacanthus,  13i, 
214. 

faujasil,  124. 
sublffiTiB,  245. 

Ptychodus,  75,  132. 
altior,  i;«,  756. 
concentricus,  459. 
dociirrcnB,  132,  133, 
138,  W. 
depresBiiH,  1.38. 
janevaii,  151. 
latisBimuB,  139,  l,'/3, 
147. 

inaininillariB,  133. 
niarginaliB,  459. 


Ptychodus  (ront.). 
inortoni,  149. 
muUiBtriatiia,  146. 

“ na.Bocnt  ” teeth  of, 
1.50. 

oocidctitalis,  161. 
oweni,  138. 
piipillosus,  152. 
paucisnlcatUB,  147. 
polygyruB,  139,  143, 
U8. 

riigoBUB,  136. 
Bchlotheiini,  147. 
sidcatus,  459. 
triaiigulari»,  152. 
trigeri,  136. 
wliipplcyi,  152. 
Ptychopleurus,  124. 
I'aujaBii,  124. 

Raja,  85. 

agaBsizii,  88. 

anliqiia,  87. 
npplanata,  88. 
batis,  89. 
bicornuta,  88. 
boruBsica,  88. 
cavernosa,  88. 
clavata,  87. 
conioa,  88. 
dux,  458. 
evaouata,  88. 
expanaa,  85. 
gratidiB,  88. 

(?)  helvetica,  88. 
lobata,  88. 
mammillariB,  88. 
ndnor,  85. 
molaBBlca,  88. 
nuiricata,  153. 
ornata,  88. 
pliilippi,  88. 
priinarinata,  85. 
pulohra,  88. 
rliombidons,  88. 
rugOBa,  88. 

Bimilia,  86,  and  PI.  IV. 
spiralis,  89. 
strangulata,  89. 
Buboxyrhyncluis,  89. 
torpedo,  90. 

Baju).e,  84. 
Rbamphodus,  226. 

dispar,  226. 

Rhina,  65. 
Kuinobatida!,  77. 
Rhinobatus,  77. 
bugcsiacus,  78. 
ex|)ansus,  85. 
grandis,  80. 
intermedius,  82. 


Rhinobatus  [cont.). 
latus,  82. 
maronita,  80. 
martensii,  83. 
morinieiis,  80. 
obtusatus,  82. 
prinuevus,  82. 
teniurostris,  8 1 . 

Rhinognathus,  351. 
lewiKii,  351. 

Rhinoptera,  125. 
daviesii,  126. 
dubiuB,  127. 
etuileri,  127. 
woodwardi,  127. 

Rhombodus,  152. 
binkhorsti,  1.52. 

Rhymodus,  91. 
oonvoxUB,  99. 
oblongus,  96. 
transversus,  97. 

Sandalodus,  185. 
anguslUB,  187. 
carbonariuB,  188. 
eomplanatUB,  189. 
convoxuB,  190. 
crassus,  190. 
grandis,  188. 
SeviBBimus,  188. 
minor,  187. 
tuorrisii,  185. 
novo-mexicanus,  190. 
parvulus,  190,  217. 
robuatiia,  190. 
BpatidatUB,  190. 
tonerrimuB,  190. 
vetuBtuB,  190. 

Scaldia,  65. 
biforis,  71. 

Scapanorhynchus, 

351,  3(10. 
cIongatuB,  353. 
gigns,  358. 
lewiaii,  3,51. 
rhapliiodon,  353. 
subulutus,  356,  358. 

Sclerorhynchus,  76. 
ataviiB,  76. 

ScoUodon,  435. 
cocipnns,  436. 
krauBsi,  437. 
orpiensis,  436. 
prisctiB,  380,  437. 

Scyluiua!,  338. 

Scylliodus,  340,  347. 
antiqnua,  340,  347. 
oraBsiconus,  343. 
Inunboldti,  343. 

Scyllium,  340. 
acre,  342. 


IXDEX. 


473 


Scylllum  {cont.), 
antiquum,  34U. 
“catulus,”  339,  340. 

343. 

crassiconum,  /443. 
curtirostre,  342. 
d’achiardii,  ‘543. 
distaaSf  343. 
dubium,  341. 
edwardsi,  343. 
elongatiiin,  341. 
guttatum,  343. 
baucbeoornei,  343. 
pauluceii,  343. 
sahel-almie,  34t5. 

(?)  tumidens,  342. 

Scymnus.  33. 
acutus,  33. 
majori,  33. 
occidentalis,  458. 
triangulus,  33. 
trituratus,  33. 

Selache,  429. 
aurata,  430. 
daviesi,  133,  Ul.  151. 
duponti,  430. 
glauconitica,  430. 
manzonii,  430. 
maxima,  430. 
vetusta,  430. 

Selachidea,  250. 
toruloai,  278. 

Selachii,  30. 

Serratodus,  49. 
elegans,  53. 

Sicarius,  42. 
extinctus,  46. 

Solenodus,  108. 

crenulatu«,  108. 

Spatliobatis,  77. 
bugefliacus,  78. 
mirabilia,  78. 
morinicus,  80. 

Sphenacanthus,  241. 
aequifltriatus,  24*1. 
costellatus,  242. 
hybodoidea,  242. 
minor,  244. 
serrulatiifi,  242. 

Sphenodus,  349. 
imprcssus,  350. 
longidens,  f^78.  349. 
rnacer,  349. 
uitidus,  350. 
planus,  351. 
Babaudianus,  351. 
salandianus.  351,  46<). 
tithonius,  360. 
virgai,  350. 

Sphenonchus,  250, 
H55,  ^60,  S79,  50t\ 


I Sphenonchus  (cont.). 
elongatua,  305. 
hainatiiB,  301. 
maptini,  255. 
(Hvbodus)  obtuaus, 

;io6. 

Sphyrna,  453. 

, deiiticulata,  163,  455. 

I dubia,  45.5. 

Integra,  454. 

Iseris,  454. 
lata,  454. 
inagna,  455. 
pbiua,  4^5f  427. 

I prisca,  453. 

rameti.  453. 
serrata,  453. 
Bubserrata,  455. 

SpiKACin.fi,  30. 

Spinax,  33. 
boiiapartei,  33. 

I major,  337. 

marginatus,  337. 
prini5e?u8,  32. 
rotundatus,  337. 

Sporetodxis,  151. 
janevaii,  151. 

Squalus  auriculatus,  411. 

Squalus  philiipsii,  349. 
SqualuB  carcbarias,” 

437. 

’ “ Squalus  cornubicus,” 

356.  393. 

“ Squalus  faeciatus,”  437. 

“ Squalus  galeus,”  424. 

“ Squalus  inustelus,”  393. 

“ Squalus  zjgiena,”  376. 

Squatina,  65,  412- 
acauthoderma,  65. 
alata.  71. 
alifera,  65. 
baunibergensis,  68. 
beyrichi,  72. 
biforis,  71. 
carinata.  71. 
caudata,  71- 
eranei,  70. 
umssidens,  69. 
d’anconai.  72. 
fraaei,  72. 
lobata,  72. 
muelieri,  72. 
muelleri,  72. 
prima,  72. 
speciosa,  67. 

Bubserrata,  ^55. 

Sqi  ati.sid.b,  65. 

Stemmatodus,  245, 

247. 

bicristatus,  247. 
bifurcatuB,  247. 


Stemmatodus  (cont.). 
djeiriformis,  247. 
compaotus,  247. 
keokiik,  247. 
simplex,  247. 
symmetricus,  247. 
Stenopterodus,  fif, 
217. 

elongatua,  217. 

parvulus,  100. 

planus,  217. 

Streblodtis,  209, 
22S,  215,  m, 
colei,  210. 

(?)  colei,  211. 
egertoni,  211. 
oblongus,  209. 
teuerrimuB,  190. 
Strigilina,  34. 
gurleiaua,  39. 
linguffiformia,  38. 
Strophodus,  307. 
acrodiformis,  *160. 
angustissiinus,  249. 
angustus,  248. 
arcuatus,  248. 
asper,  319. 
beaugrandi,  320. 
coraliinus,  320. 
elytra,  249. 
favosuB,  315,  $16, 
hamii,  320, 
irregularis,  320. 
lingualw,  319. 
longidons,  320. 
magnus,  $12,  314. 
mediiiB,  308. 
nebrodeuBis,  320. 
normaniamis,  320. 
orbicularis  (Psammo- 
dus),  108. 
oralis,  249. 
personati,  320. 
pulviuatus,  299. 
piinctatus,  320. 
radiuto  • punctatus, 
321. 

radiatuA,  .307. 
ratisbonensis,  308. 
reticulatuB,  t'107. 
rigauxi,  3L5. 
rugosus,  299. 
BubreticulatuB,  307. 
BubstriatuB,  299. 
sulcatus,  333. 
tenuis.  SIS,  317. 
tridentinus,  321. 
Tirgatus.  299. 
Styracodus,  245. 

acutus,  247. 
Syneshodus,  325. 

2l 


474 


IXDRX. 


S3mechodus  (amt.). 
dubrisipiisis,  327. 
recurvup,  329. 
siilcutiiB,  3.'?IK 
tetiiiis,  329, 

Syrrhina,  78. 

Taenicdus,  170, 19.'). 
contortUD.  2lHJ. 
fuHi'iahm,  2lM). 
oblimma,  21H. 
rt-Knlaris,  184. 

Taeniura,  l.'>2. 
knerii,  l.bS. 

Tanaodus,  34. 

angiilaris  (Chomalo- 
(lu9),  48. 
bcllieiiictiis,  39. 
clej)i*PH9uH,  39. 
graailliniiis  (C'lioiiiato- 
(lii»),  48. 

grossii)licatuH,  39. 
iiiultiplioiliia,  49. 
obsfuruH  (Cl)oinalu- 
clua),  228. 
j)olyniop|)liiis.39. 
praniunliii.H,  39. 
pumilua,  39. 
sciilptua,  .‘ill. 
subliinalua,  .39. 

Tectospondyli  .30. 

Thaumas,  G.'). 
alifer.  0.'). 
fiinbrialiia,  0.'). 
specioKiia,  07. 

Thectodus,  279. 
crcnatus,  282. 
glabfp.  282. 
inflat.119.  282. 
trieuapidatiiji,  282. 

Thoracodus,  39. 
enivdinus,  39. 

Thrinacodus,  2. 
bicornis,  14. 
duplicntus,  14. 
incurviiK,  14. 
naniiH,  14. 

Thyellina,  340. 
angii.ata,  340. 
curl.in)atj'is.  342. 
elongala,  341. 
prisea,  322. 


Tomodus,  Truutmlwld, 
191. 

argut.iis,  229. 
Tomodus,  Agamz,  tSl, 
191. 

convexiis,  191,  200. 
craigi,  177,  702. 
laciiiiatuH.  170,  ltl~. 

(?)  Hmitaris,  192. 
O’oHI'EniNID.K,  90. 
Torpedo,  90. 
cgertoni,  90. 
gigantea,  90. 
Triglochis,  ,3(i0. 
Trigonodus,  A>«*.  & 
Wnrfh.,  18a. 
major.  189. 
minor,  18.'). 

Trigonodus,  WhMcr, 
till. 

mimil  119,343. 

[)riimi8,  72. 

Heciuiduw,  344. 
tertius,  344. 

“ Trilobiles  bitiimiiiu- 
Sus,”;ia. 

Triodus,  2. 

8C88il:6,  3, 

Tristychius,  244. 
arfimln.s,  24.7. 
limbriatuB,  24.7. 
minor,  244. 
Tropidodus,  331. 
Trygon,  1.72. 
ensifcr,  Ia3. 
gazxobc,  1.73. 
oblongns,  1.73. 
piiBtimic()ide.9,  1.73. 
tiirgionii,  1.72. 
TliV(i(>.slI).E,  1;72. 
Trygonobatus,  1.73. 
rraKsirandatuo,  1.7.3. 
vulgaris,  1.7,3. 
Trygonorhina,  83. 
dczigiiii,  83. 

Urogymnus,  1 ,73. 

zigni,  1.73. 
Urolophus,  1.74. 

(?)  bmmieatua,  1,74. 
imnceps,  1.74. 


Vaticinodus,  18.7, 212. 
(?)  carbonari  ns,  190. 
discrcpans.  190. 

(?)  lepis,  191. 

(?)  similis,  191. 
simplex,  191. 
tcnerrimus.  190. 
vctuslns,  IHH,  190. 

Venustodus,  218,  227. 
ai-giiUiB,  228. 

Icidyi,  228. 
robiiHlns.  228. 
ti-innicristatus,  228. 
variabilis,  229. 

Wodnika,  248. 
(iltbausi,  248. 
striatida,  248. 

Xenacanthus,  2. 
declieiii,  3. 

Xenodolamia,  429. 
pravus,  429. 
smiplcx,  429. 

Xiphodolamia,  157. 

ensis,  108. 

Xiphotrygon,  1.73. 
aciiLidena,  1.74. 

Xystrodus,  Agassi:;, 
192. 

)ilatns,  19.7. 
angustiis,  193. 
bcllulus,  195. 
cgertoni,  194. 
imilalii!),  19.7. 
inconditns,  195. 

(?)  occidcnOilis,  195. 
parkeri,  195. 
simplex,  1 95. 
striatus,  193. 
verns,  194. 

Xystrodus,  Plkninuer, 
400. 

linitinins,  400. 

Zygaena,  4.7.3. 

Zygobates,  125. 
aenminafns,  124. 
dubivis,  127. 
rinia,  12.7. 
njgosns,  12.7. 
sintleri,  127. 
woodwai'di.  127. 


I’niXIEI)  I)V  TAVJ.OK  AXJ)  FKANCiS,  KEI)  J.ION  COUKT,  FLEET  STKEET. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 


The  specimens  represented  in  the  Plates  are  all  preserved 
in  the  Collectionj  and  bear  the  register-numbers  placed 
in  square  brackets.  Unless  otherwise  stated^  the  drawings 
are  of  the  natural  size. 


r 


PLATE  I. 


Fig.  Pago 

1,2.  Jmiassa  imhricutii  ('Sl'Coy)  ; two  tooth  with  incomplete 
root,  unterior  and  posterior  aspects,  and  section. — 

U.  Carbfs.  Linnst. ; Ticknall,  Derbyshire.  [P.  5339.]  38 

3.  JuMixsa  elaimla  (iI‘Coy) ; tooth,  anterior  and  posterior 
aspects,  and  section. — U.  Carbfs.  Lim.st.  ; Boith,  Ayr- 
shire. [46036.J  38 

4-7.  I’etalndm  acmninatus  (Agassi/.) ; four  teeth,  anterior 
and  posterior  aspects. — U.  Carbfs.  Limst.  ; Ticknall, 
Derbyshire.  1 P.  5342.]  43 

8.  Petalodus  jlahcUnla,  s]).  nov. ; tooth,  posterior  aspect. — 

Carbfs.  Limst. ; Oreton,  Salop.  |P.  227  a.]  45 

9.  J’etalorhi/Hchus  psittaci iiim  (M‘Coy),  var.  minor;  tooth, 

anterior  and  posterior  aspects,  twice  nat.  si/o.' — 

U.  Carbfs.  Limst. ; Ticknall,  Derbyshire.  | P.5340.]  41 

10-12.  C'tenoplycMus  lohatus  (Etheridge)  ; throe  teeth,  anterior 
and  posterior  aspects,  twice  nat.  size. — Ibid. 

[P.  5342-3.]  52 

13.  Pristudus  heruiiei  (Etheridge)  ; supposed  lower  tooth, 
anterior  aspect  and  section,  showing  root. — Ibid. 


[P.  5344  a.]  64 

14,  15.  Copodus  spatulatus,  Davis  ; two  teeth,  upper  aspect. — 


Ibid. 

[P.  5362.] 

94 

16, 

1 7.  Loidiodng  gerrntus,  Davis  ; 

two  teeth,  posterior  and 

anterior  aspects. — Ibid. 

[P.  5345.] 

225 

18, 

19.  Megolojdwdus  problematicus, 

gen.  & sp.  nov. : two 

teeth,  anterior  and  posterior  aspects. — L.  Carbfs.  Limst. ; 

Armagh. 

| P.  2641.] 

61 

20. 

Strehlodvs  colei,  Davis ; dental 

plate,  coronal  aspect. — 

U.  Carbfs.  Limst.  : Ticknall,  Derbyshire.  [P.  5349.] 

211 

21. 

Dcltoptiijchins  f/ihherulng,  Davis ; 

“lower”  dental  plate. 

coronal  aspect. — Ibid. 

| P.  5351.] 

215 

22. 

Xygtrodug  striiitng  (M‘Coy);  “ upper  ” dental  jdate,  coronal 

aspect. — Ibid. 

[P.  5354.] 

194 

23, 

24.  Pmdlodug  jonesii  (JiDCoy)  ; 

“ lower  ” dental  plates. 

coronal  aspect. — Ibid. 

|P.  5355.] 

204 

25. 

Ditto  ; portion  of  “ upper  ” dental  plate,  coronal  aspect. — 

Ibid. 

1 P.  5356.] 

203 

Pla,te  1. 


3.M.  FOSS.  i'lSH'WS. 


G ■ K ■ WooaweuroL  oel  et 

CaTboTiifcyrcuo  Selachian  Teeth. 


'Wert^N'ewman.S.Ooimp 


1‘LATE  II. 


1.  S(jiiaf{nn  crasKvlenn,  sp.  nov.  ; imperfect  skeleton,  about 

one  half  nat.  si/.o. — U.  Senoniau ; ISaliel  Alma,  Mt. 
Lebanon,  br.  Branchial  arches.  m.  Mouth,  ms.y). 
Pectoral  mesopteryginm.  mu.  Possilizod  muscle,  pet. 
Pectoral  hn.  j>lv.  Pelvic  fin.  pr.p.  Pectoral  proptery- 
giiim.  V.  Vertebral  column.  [P.  4017.]  09 

2.  Ditto  ; middle  portion  of  trunk,  five  ninths  nat.  size.— Ibid. 

r.  Bibs.  Other  letters  as  above.  | 49518.]  99 

3.  Ditto;  basal  cartilages  of  pectoral  fin.— Ibid.  ml.p.  Meta- 

pterygium.  Other  letters  as  above.  [49547.J  70 

4.  Ditto  ; tooth,  upper  and  anterior  aspects,  seven  times  nat. 

size.— Ibid.  | p.  4017.J  09 

5.  Ditto  ; three  dernul  tubercles,  about  fifteen  times  nat. 

size.— Ibid.  [48105.]  70 


B M FOSS. FISHES. 


Pi£L.te  jl 


pr.p.-- 

TlT^p-- 

ivz.p.-- 


K C.'Wbodwdrd  drtl  fltliUa. 


Cretaceous  Squatma. 


A. 

.S  , • 

If" 


I’LATK  111. 


Kig.  Page 

1.  Sclerorhynchiis  attaiuK,  gen.  ife  si),  iiov.  ; portion  of  snout. 

— U.  Senonian  ; ISahol  Alma,  Mt.  Ijc'janon. 

[P.  4776.]  70 

2.  llhinohatas  maronita,  I’ictct  & Humbert ; iraperfoct  skele- 

ton, two  thirds  nat.  size. — U.  Senonian ; liakel,  Mt. 
Lebanon.  1 49512.J  81 

3.  Ditto ; portion  of  head. — Ibid.  r.  llostral  cartilage,  pr.jpa. 

Propalatine  cartilage,  pit.pa.  I’ostpulatine  (antorbital) 
cartilage.  [49511.]  80 

4.  Ditto ; pelvic  fin. — Ibid.  [49554.]  80 

5.  5 a.  Myliohalis  goninpleurus,  Agassiz  ; portion  of  lower 

dentition,  coronal  aspect  and  section. — M.  Eocene ; 
llracklesham  Bay,  Sussex.  [P.  5387.]  115 

6.  G a.  Ehinoptera  danksii,  sp.  nov.  ; portion  of  dentition, 

coronal  aspect  and  section. — London  Clay ; Isle  of 
Sheppey.  [P.  1514.]  12G 


B.Jtf. FOSS.  FISHES. 


VhLze  in. 


pr.pit^ 


pipou 


Ji . C . W>odward,  olol , et  lith, . 


■West^Newman.  8c  09  iinj! 


Cretax:eoxL8  axiiL  Eocene  TlsctospoTidyli.c  Selachii 


/ 


t > . 


V:  V 


I’L ATE  IV. 

Tig.  Tage 

1.  liaja  priiiiwmala,  sp.  iiov. ; portion  ofdi.sk. — U.  Senonian; 

Hahol  Alma,  Mt.  Lebanon,  pet.  Tcctoral  tin.  plv. 
Tolvic  tin.  pr.r.  I'reaxial  ray  of  pelvic  tin. 

I P.  4015.]  80 

2.  Ditto  ; portion  of  disk,  two  thirds  nat.  size. — Ibid.  mx.p. 

Tcctoral  mosopterygium.  pci.  I’ectoral  tin-rays. 

Tectoral  proptcryginm.  [P,  4016.J  80 

:i.  Ditto ; dermal  tubercle  of  no.  P.  4015,  upper  and  lateral 

aspects,  about  four  times  nat.  size.  80 

4,  5.  Otoliths  of  Artii.<i,  from  tho  liarton  Clay.  Described 
in  the  text  ns  dermal  tubercles  of  a new  species  of 
J2(ija  {li.  siinilin).  These  fossils  have  lately  been 
identified,  and  will  shortly  be  described,  by  Mr.  E.  T. 
Newton,  to  whom  the  writer  is  indebted  for  the  correc- 
tion of  this  unfortunate  error.  [28094.  | 80 


B.M. FOSS. FISHES. 


Place  IV. 


£ . C.'Woo(iwar3,i3€il.«?t  Jith.. 


Cretaceous  2c Eocene  Rays. 


"V/e  Bi^NawmaiLS:  C 


PLATE  V. 

Fig.  Page 

1.  Ptychodns  rngosiis,  Dixon ; dental  crown,  coronal  and 

lateral  aspucts. — Chalk  ; llochestor,  Kent.  [33249.]  137 

2.  Ditto  ; tooth,  coronal,  lateral,  and  posterior  aspects. — 

Chalk ; Kent.  [33250.]  137 

3.  Ditto  ; upper  median  tooth,  coronal  aspect,  associated  with 

the  preceding. — Chalk;  Kent.  1 33250.]  137 

4-0.  Ptychodus  multistrialvs,  sp.  nov.  ; lower  median  and 
two  lateral  teeth,  coronal  a.spcct,  the  anterior  margin 
in  figs.  4 and  0 inadvertently  directed  upwards. — Chalk; 
Kent.  [P.  2681.]  140 

7.  Ptychodus  polygy run,  Agiiasiz;  lower  median  tooth,  coronal 

aspect. — Chalk ; near  Maidstone.  [47905.]  145 

8.  Ptychodns  otveni,  Dixon  ; tooth  (?  lower  median),  coronal 

aspect. — U.  Chalk  ; Kent.  [39125.] 


138 


B.M  FOSS. WISHES. 


*3  "NC.  Woodw  eurcL  dal-  at  Ulii. 


Teetn  of  PtychodxLS. 


PLATE  Vr. 


Kig.  Tago 

1.  I’lmrncaitthHs  derheiii  ((ioldfuss),  fixtrornity  of  dorsiil  spine, 
twice  nat.  size. — L.  Purnuan  ; Jtupperadorf,  Uidiemia. 

[35015.]  -i 

^-4.  Diplodvs  temtix,  sp.  nov.  ; tliree  tcelli,  anterior,  posterior, 
and  imperfect  lateral  a8])ccts,  twice  nat.  size. — (toal- 
Meas. ; Carluke,  Lanarkshire.  | P.  3026,  20695.]  H 
T),  (i.  Diplodm  parvidus,  Traqimir  ; two  teeth,  anterior  aspect, 
twice  nat.  size, — M.  C'arbfs.  Linist. ; Horon^h  Lee,  near 
Edinburfth.  [P.  4495,]  1 2 

7-t).  Dicitidroilits  hiciin/tulalnn  ■,  three  teeth,  d".  7 nat.  size, 

tigs.  8,  !t  twice  nat.  size.— Ibid.  | P.  2295,  P.  4496.  | 2d 
10,  11.  Pkuropla.i:  (dt/inii  {\\'.  ,J.  liarkas) ; two  dental  |ihites, 

eororifil  a.spcct. — Coal-Mcas. ; Carluke.  | 21423.  j 1“^ 

12.  I’xephmhm  {'!)duhlm,  sp.  nov.;  “ up|)or  ” dental  |)Iate, 

coronal  aspect. — Carbfs.  Limst. ; Oreton,  Shroiishire. 

I P.  227  b.]  18d 

13.  Pseplindns  diddm,  sp.  nov.  ; “ lower  ” dental  plate,  coronal 

aspect. — Ibid.  1 P.  4209.  | 183 

13a.  Ditto;  “lower”  dental  plate,  profile  outline. — Ibid. 

1 P.  227  d.]  183 

1 4.  PsqiJiodwtsaJopieunh,  sp.  nov.;  “ upper  ” dental  plate,  coronal 

aspect. — Ibid.  [42189.  ] 182 

15.  Ditto;  “lower”  dental  plate,  coronal  aspect. — Ibid. 

[42230.]  182 

10.  Pseplmdua  hevtsmmus  (Agassiz);  “upper”  dental  plate, 
coronal  aspect. — L.  Limst.  Shales ; Avon  (Jorffe,  near 
Jlrustol.  [P.  1434  a.]  181 

1/.  Psepliodm,  sp.  ; dental  ]dato,  coronal  aspect. — L.  Carbfs. 

Limst.  ; Hook  Point,  Wexford.  1 23712.]  184 

18.  Pxephudug,  sp.  ; dental  plate,  coronal  aspect. — Carbfs. 

Limst.  ; Oreton.  | P.  227  C.]  184 

19.  Deltodus  (jilihus,  sp.  nov.  ; “lower”  dental  plate,  coronal 

aspect.— L.  Carbfs.  I.imst. ; llristol.  [20575  b.]  197 

20.  Ditto ; “ lower  ” dental  plate,  untero-latcral  aspect. — 1 bid. 

I P.5859.]  197 

21.  Deltodas  riiriosns,  sp.  nov. ; “ upper  ” dental  ]dato,  coronal 

aspect,  twice  nat.  size.— C.  Limst. ; Oreton.  [ 42188,]  198 

22.  Ditto;  “lower”  dental  plate,  coronal  aspect,  twice  nat. 

size.— Ibid.  [36193.]  198 

2.1.  P(f‘cdodiiH  (lilihosiig,  Davis  ; “ lower  ” dental  plate,  coronal 
aspect. — L.  Carbfs.  Limst. ; Callooney,  8lig;o. 

, , ^ . [P.2465.]  204 

24.  Coehuodus  conlorlvs,  Ap;assiz  ; posterior  dental  idatc, 
coronal  aspect.— A'oredale  Hocks  ; Wensleydale,  York- 
sbire.  ^ | p.  4904.]  207 

2o.  Strehlddug  {‘!)cohi,  Davis;  dental  plate,  coronal  aspect. — 

_ I P.  4905.]  21 1 

20.  Cyrloiwdtis  hornei,  sp.  nov. ; dental  plate,  coronal  aspect. 

—Ibid.  [P.4908.]  217 

27.  Diplacodux  Indboides,  Davis  ; dental  plate,  coronal  aspect. 

—Ibid.  ^ I P.4913.]  210 

28.  “ Venuslodm,’'  .sp. ; tooth,  outew  aspect. — L.  Carbfs.  Limst, ; 

Armagh.  | p.  2628  a.]  25.5 


I 


B.M.POSS.FISHES. 


mce  VI. 


Qt.M-Wbodivaird,dal'ethlii. 


We  e t ^Kewni  aiL&  C ? imp 


Palasozoic  lclitl:5rotx3mi  amd.  Seladhii. 


•v; 


V /. , 


.,■«»  • 


' ,f 


l' 


X- 


A 

Am 


;»i:;  :* 


PLATE  VII. 


Fig.  I’uge 

1 . ral(Ponpimx  jiriaenx  (Agassiz) ; hinder  portion  of  aluloniiiial 

region  and  nearly  complete  tail,  lateral  aspect,  two 
thirds  nat.  size. — L.  Lias  ; Lyme  llegis,  Dorset,  a.  Anal 
tin.  c.  Caudal  tin.  d.  Pelvic  claspers,  with  spines. 
d^.  Second  dorsal  fin.  [P.  1296.]  323 

2.  Ilyhodm  meditiH,  Agassiz ; head  and  anterior  portion  of 

trunk,  one  fifth  nat.  size. — Ibid,  hr.  Branchial  arches. 
ch.  Ceratohyal.  dg'.  Anterior  dorsal  tin-spine,  hm. 
llyomandibular.  l.md.  Left  ramus  of  mandible.  I.ptq. 

Left  ptorygo-(piadrate.  na.  Neural  arcbes  and  spines. 
not.  Position  of  notochord,  Pectoral  arch.  r.  Bibs. 
r.md.  Bight  ramus  of  mandible,  r.jdq.  Bight  pterygo- 
ipiadrate.  [P.  340.]  261 


B.M.POSS. PISHES, 


Pla,te  VII. 


We  8t  ^owmaii  A C ? imp 


i.ptq,-  — 


I/.7U^ 


r.rnd. 


£ . C.  Wx>dyr&r^<l*l.  eiliiib.. 


PcQaeospinaLx  anii  Hypiod-us. 


PLATE  Vin. 

Fig.  Page 

1.  lli/hodus  (lelaln-Jii,  Cluirlesworth;  head  and  anterior  portion 

of  abdomen,  superior  and  lateral  aspects,  one  third  nat. 
size. — L.  Lias ; Ljme  llegis.  r.s.',  c.s.'^  First  and 
second  pairs  of  cephalic  spines,  m.  Mouth,  with  a few 
teeth,  orb.  Orbit.  Portion  of  ptorygo-iiuadrate. 

t.  Isolated  tooth.  1 39880.]  25i) 

2,  .‘3.  Ditto ; dermal  tubercles  from  the  top  of  the  head  in  the 

same  specimen,  three  times  nat.  size.  260 

4,  5.  Ditto  ; dermal  tubercles  upon  the  trunk,  sliglitly  behind 

the  head,  in  the  same  specimen,  three  times  nat.  size.  260 


Plate  Vni. 


Q.M.  Woodward,  dUL  etlitlv- 


I 


PLATE  rX. 

Fig.  P"«« 

1 . Jhjhodus  niedius,  Agassiz  : remains  of  tho  iicad  ami  denti- 

tion, left  lateral  as])ect,  (wo  thirds  nat.  size.  L.  Lias; 
Lyme  llegis.  c.s.  Cephalie  spines,  md.  Left  ramus  of 
mandible.  Left  i)terygo-quadratc,  obscured  by 

shagreen,  i.-viii.  Successive  dental  series  of  the  lower 
jaw.  [41103.] 

2.  Ditto;  tooth  with  cleft  summit,  lateral  aspect. — ll)id. 

[36881.]  2()5 


3.  Ditto  ; tooth  dividtal  near  one  extremity,  lateral  aspect. — 

Ibid.  ’ [P.  2794.]  200 


B M.FOSS.  FISHES 


Plate  IX 


Fig. 3 

Wfest  NexiTTMui  & Co.imp 


Fig. 2 

G.M.Woodiv'anS  del  et  litli 


I.iassic  Bybodus. 


■V.  . ' : 


/- 


''^■m 


PLATE  X. 


Fig.  Pago 

1-4.  Hijhodus  delabechei,  Cliarlesworth  ; four  associated  teeth, 

outer  aspect. — L.  Lias  ; Lyme  llegis.  [20570.]  201 

5.  Ditto  ; four  hinder  series  of  teeth,  coronal  aspect:  one  of 
each  of  three  series  also  shown  in  side  view  («,  h,  c). — 

Ibid.  [P.  2791.]  201 

0,  7.  Hi/hodus  ('?)  raricosfatns,  Agassiz  ; tw'o  associated  teeth, 

outer  and  inner  aspects. — Ibid.  |P.  2797.]  258 

8,  !).  11  ijhodusV})  c/ortci«as,  Qiienstodt ; two  associated  anterior 

teeth,  inner  and  outer  aspects. — Ibid.  [39785.]  257 

10-14.  Ditto;  five  associated  teeth,  inner  and  outer  aspects. 

—Ibid.  [2196.]  257 

15.  Ifi/hodus  raricostatus,  Agassiz  ; two  hinder  series  of  teeth 
and  portions  of  a third,  coronal  aspect ; two  teeth  also 
shown  in  side  view  (h,  c). — Ibid.  [P.  2796.]  258 

10-18.  Ihjhodns  reticulatus,  Agassiz  ; three  associated  anterior 

teeth,  outer  aspect. — Ibid.  [40335.J  200 


B.M. FOSS. FISHES, 


Plate  X. 


G.yriVoodvrard,(U  etjidi. 


Liassio  Hybodus. 


PLATE  XT. 


Pig.  Pngo 

1.  Ili/hndm  poli/p)'io»,  Apjassiz  : hinrlcr  tooTL,  outer  aspect. — 

Stonesfield  Slate ; Stonesfield,  Oxford.  [39203.]  2G0 

2.  Ditto ; tooth,  outer  aspect. — Ibid.  [11124.]  209 

3.  Ditto  ; tootli,  outer  aspect. — Ibid.  | P.  2845.]  20T) 

4.  Ihjhodus  r/rnssiconiis,  AgiiHHi'/,;  tooth,  outer  aspect. — Il)id. 

[28590  a.  1 271 

5.  Hi/ltodtis  levin,  sp.  nov. ; tooth,  outer  aspect,  twice  nat. 

size. — ll)id.  1 33474.]  270 

0.  Ditto  ; tooth,  inner  aspect,  twice  nat.  size. — Ii)id. 

|P.  2182d.]  270 

7.  Ditto ; tooth,  outer  aspect,  twice  nat.  size. — Ilnd. 

[P.  2845  c.]  270 

8.  Ilyhodvn  ohi.unan,  Agassiz  ; tooth,  outer  aspect. — Kimme- 

ridge  Clay ; near  Weymouth.  1 41223.]  273 

9.  TO.  Ditto  ; two  teetli ; outer  aspect. — Dnd.  [41875.]  273 

11.  Ditto  ; tooth,  inner  aspect. — Ibid.  [43569.  | 273 

12,  13.  Ditto ; two  teeth,  outer  and  inner  aspects. — Ibid. 

[45927.]  273 

14.  Hifhodm  (cf.  strialuhis,  Agassiz)  ; tooth,  outer  aspect. — 

Wcaldon ; Tilgate  Forest,  Sussex.  [25026.]  270 

15.  Ditto  ; tooth,  outer  aspect. — Ibid.  | 2693.]  270 

10.  sp. ; tooth,  outer  aspect. — llhd.  [28420  a.]  277 

17.  Sipiechodun  dHhrisu!nsis('ShicY\e);  anterior  (?  upper)  tooth, 

outer  aspect,  three  times  nat.  size. — Challc ; Ivont. 

141675.1  328 

18,  19.  Ditto ; two  associated  teeth,  outer  aspect,  tlireo  times 

nat.  size. — L.  Clialk  ; Dover.  [47287  ] 328 

20.  Ditto  ; hinder  tooth,  outer  aspect,  tliree  times  uat.  size.— 

Chalk;  Ivent.  1 41675.  i 328 

21.  Synechodas  tenuin,  sp.  nov.;  anterior  tooth,  outer  aspect, 

three  times  nat.  size. — L.  Gretmsand  ; Maidstone. 

[9297.]'  329 

22.  23.  SynechnduK  reeurvnx  (Trautsehold)  ; two  teeth,  outer 

aspect. — Gault ; Folkestone.  [47220  a.  b.]  330 

24,  25.  (Jentradon  ennaUadatns,  Egerton  ; two  associated  ante- 
rior teeth,  outer  and  inner  asi)ects,  three  times  nat. 
size. — U.  Chalk ; Guildford.  [49735.]  334 

20,  2<.  Ditto;  associated  lateral  teeth  of  the  same  specimen, 

coronal  aspect,  twice  nat.  size.  [49735.]  334 

28.  Centrndm,  sp. ; lateral  tooth,  coronal  aspect,— Gault ; 

Folkestone.  [47293  a.  | 330 

29.  Cenlntdon  riiynniin  (Agassiz)  ; lateral  tooth,  coronal  aspect. 

—Chalk  ; Lewes.  [4166.]  335 


B.M  POSS.FISHES. 


Piaxo^I. 


G JC 'Wbodsvnrd.dflLet  }idi 

¥esozoic  Cestraoiontiiias, 


'WM''  'Hev’/oum&.C^inp. 


PLATE  XII.  X 

Fig.  Pngi' 

1.  JTyhodus  hamnus,  Egerton ; head,  loft  lateral  aspect,  ono 

half  nat.  size. — Wcaldcii ; Povensey  Bay,  Sussex,  md. 

Left  ramus  of  mandible,  ptq.  Left  pterygo-quadrato. 

I P.  2082.]  274 

2.  Ditto  ; portion  of  inferior  as[)ect  of  head,  one  half  nat.  size. 

— Ibid,  hhy,  Basihyal.  chy.  Ceratohyal.  md.  Inferior 
margin  of  mandible.  [P.  2082  a. J 274 

B.  Ditto  ; branchial  arches  of  left  side,  inferior  aspect,  ono 
half  nat.  size. — Ibid.  hr.'-hr.^  Series  of  branchial 

arches.  | P.  2082.]  274 

4,  a,  h.  Ditto  ; four  upper  and  four  lower  teeth,  anterior  aspect, 
restored  from  various  s])ecimens,  the  larger  examples 
b(!ing  the  more  anterior.  273 

.*5.  Ditto  ; imperfect  dorsal  fin-spine,  lateral  aspect. — Wealden  ; 

Hastings.  [P.  2833.J  275 

0.  SynecliodiisdidAsknsis  vertebra;. — Chalk;  Kent. 

[49032.]  328 

7.  Synecliodus,  tooth,  anterior  aspect. — U.  Chalk;  Nor- 

' wich.  [48954.]  330 


B.M.POSS.FISHES. 


Plate  XII. 


"We  ftb^ewmazL  ^ C?  irup . 


Git.Woodwajri  <laL  etlilii. 


WealjaLeii  ajrui  OretsiceouLS  IfyTjodae. 


rLATE  XII 1. 


Fig.  I’ligo 

1 , 2.  Aa  odim  keiijicrinus  (JInrchisoii  & Stvickhiiid) ; two  toctli, 
outer  ami  inner  asjiccts,  twice  nat.  size. — Koujier  ; I’cn- 
(lock,  Worccstersliire.  [P.  2764.] 

15.  Acrodug  nuhilig,  Agassiz  ; dentition,  coronal  aspect. — L. 

Lias;  Lyme  Kogis.  o.  Jlcdian  scries  of  teeth,  i.-v. 
Successive  lateral  series,  a.  Misplaced  tooth. 

[P.  2736.] 

4.  Ditto  ; grouj)  of  naturally  arranged  teeth,  series  ii.-vi., 

coronal  aspect. — Ibid.  | P.2142.]  1185 

5.  Acrodiis  hiodus,  A.  S.  Woodward ; anterior  tooth,  coronal 

aspect,  twice  nat.  size. — (Jt.  Oolite  ; ilinchinhainpton, 
(lloucestcrshiro.  [P.  5874.J  295 

(!.  Ditto;  lateral  tooth,  outer  aspect,  twice  nat.  size. — 

Ibid.  [P.  5873.] 

7,  Ditto;  lateral  tooth,  coronal  aspect,  three  times  nut.  size. 

— Stoncstield  Slate  ; Stone.sticld.  [P.2753.]  295. 

8,  8(1.  Acrodus  leioi>Ienrm,  Agassiz  ; tooth,  inner  andcsoronal 

aspects,  twice  nat.  size. — Gt.  Oolite  ; Minohinhanipton. 

[P.  5875.] 

9,  9 a.  Acrodus  Jiirudo,  Aga.ssiz ; lateral  tooth,  inner  and 

coronal  aspects,  twice  nat.  size. — Wealden  ; Telham, 
Sussex.  [P.  4994.]  290 

10.  Acrodus  ornatns,  .sp.  nov. ; tooth,  coronal  aspect,  three 

times  nat.  size. — Wealden  ; llrixton,  I.  of  Wight. 

[P.  5275.]  290 

11,  12.  CeslrucioH  sidntlus,  s]t.  nov. ; two  teeth,  coronal  aspect. 

— U.  Greensand ; Maidstone.  [25858.]  384 


i 


B.M.FOSS.  FISHKS. 


PLATE  HIL 


West, "Newman  5iCo.wnp. 


G M.Woodwarcl  d^.et  lith. 


Mesozoic  Cestraci oritidae 


PLATE  XIV. 

Pig.  l’«g« 

1.  Aerodus  nohilis,  .^wassiz  ; naturally  arranged  teeth  of  aeries 

i.-iv.,  inner  and  coronal  aspect. — L.  Lias ; Lyme  Regia. 

[P.  2737.]  285 

2.  Ditto ; naturally  arranged  tooth  of  series  v.-viii.,  inner 

and  coronal  aspect. — Ibid.  | P.  2739.]  285 

3.  Ditto ; naturally  arranged  teeth  of  series  v.-vii.,  coronal 

aspect.— Ibid.  [P.  2740.|  28« 

4.  Aerodus  anningicr,  Agassiz  ; naturally  arranged  teeth  of 

series  ri.-vi.,  coronal  aspect. — Ibid.  fP.  2732.]  292 

5.  Aerodus  levis,  A.  S.  Woodward  ; anterior  tooth,  coronal 

aspect,  twice  nat.  size. — Gault;  Folkestone. 

|P.  11.]  297 

6.  Ditto ; tooth,  outer  aspect,  twice  nat.  size. — Ibid. 

IP.  11.]  297 

7.  Ditto  ; tooth,  coronal  aspect,  twice  nat.  size. — Ibid. 

[47293.]  297 

8.  Aerodus  nhidus,  A.  S.  Woodward  ; tooth,  coronal  aspect, 

three  times  nat.  size. — U.  Cretaceous  ; Bahia,  Brazil. 

[P.  5536.] 


297 


B.M.POSS.  FISHES 


PLATE  XIV 


G.MWoodwai’d  del.etlith. 


Mesozoic  Acrodus 


Wisst,tfewman.^cCo.imp. 


I’LATE  XV. 


Kig. 

1.  Acrodus  amiingia’,  Agassiz  ; naturally  arranged  dentition 
of  uj)per  jaw,  series  i.-vii.,  inner  aspect. — L.  Lias ; 

I.ymc  llcgis.  [P.  2146.]  21*1 

2,3.  Strojdiodus  Agassiz  ; two  anterior  teeth,  coronal 

aspect. — (?)  Forest  Marble  ; Atford,  near  Lath. 

[P.  5884  a,  h.]  318 

4,  5.  Stroj)hodus  ma(/ru(s,  Af'osmz  •,  two  anterior  teeth,  coronal 
aspect. — I’orost  Marble  ; Stanton,  Wiltshire. 

[28440.]  31(5 

(5.  Ditto  ; tooth  of  series  in.,  coronal  aspect. — Forest  Marble ; 

Atford.  [P.  2659  a.]  317 

7.  Ditto  ; tooth  of  scries  iv.,  coronal  aspect. — Ibid. 

[P.  2659  b.]  317 

8.  Ditto ; series  of  three  posterior  teeth,  coronal  aspect. — 

Stoncsfield  Slate ; Stonesfield.  [P.  5882.J  31(5 

9.  StropJiodus  lingualis,  sp.  nov. ; tooth,  coronal  aspect. — Ibid. 

[11158.]  319 

10,  11.  Ditto  ; two  teeth,  outer  and  coronal  aspects. — Ibid. 

[28600.]  319 

12.  Ditto;  tooth,  coronal  aspect. — ForostMarble;  Malmesbury, 

Wiltshire.  [32356.]  319 

13.  Stropliodus,  sir. ; tooth,  coronal  aspect. — Forest  Marble ; 

Stanton.  [P.  5886.]  319 

14.  Strophodus  reticulatiis,  Agassiz  (i.  e.  teeth  of  Asteracnnfhus 

oriiatissimus)  ; two  teeth  of  series  iv.,  coronal  aspect. — 
Oxford  Clay ; Fletton,  near  Peterborough. 

[47440.]  312 


B.M  FOSS,  FISHES.  1 Plate  X\  . 


G NTWoodwa-rd  del  etlith. 


^ - r - - 


'A  ■ - 

'"d 

t/'- , 

fe.^ 

C>.' 

?iir;  * 

• V'  ■•  ; 


V 


ii 

■t 


PLATE  XVI. 


Fig. 

1.  Me.si.teia  sahel-nlmee  (Piclofc  & Humbert) ; inferior  and  partly 

lateral  aspect  of  fish. — Sononian ; Sahel  Alma,  Mt. 
lajhanon.  d‘,  d‘.  Dorsal  fins.  /.  Eontanello  in  cranial 
roof.  m.  Mouth,  p.ph.  Prepubic  process  of  pelvic  arch. 
pet.  Pectoral  arch  and  fins.  plv.  Pelvic  arch  and  fins. 

[P.  4778,  48107.] 

2.  Ditto  ; tooth,  outer  aspect,  twelve  times  nat.  size. — Ibid. 

[46506.] 

:L  Ditto;  portion  of  trunk,  four  times  nnt.  size. — Ibid. 
1.1.  Calcified  dermal  rings  of  lateral  lino.  r.  Kibs. 
V.  Vertebne.  [48107.] 

4.  Palcfoseyllinm  minus,  sp.  nov.  ; lateral  aspect  of  fish,  two 

thirds  nat.  size. — L.  Kimincridgian  ; Eichstiidt,  Bavaria. 

fP.  5541.] 

5.  Scyllium  elonyatum  (Davis) ; portion  of  the  upper  and  lower 

dentition,  outer  aspect,  four  times  nat.  size. — Senonian  ; 
Sahel  Alma,  Mt.  Lebanon.  [49521.] 

6.  Scyllium  (?)  tumidens,  sp.  nov. ; tooth,  outer  aspect,  six 

times  nat.  size. — Ibid.  [ P.  4777.] 

7.  8.  Scyllium  duhlum,  sp.  nov.  ; two  associated  teeth,  inner 

and  outer  aspects,  eight  times  nat.  size. — L.  Chalk, 
Dover.  [47288.] 

9.  Ginglymosfoma  serra  (Lcidy) ; tooth,  outer  aspect. — 
Eocene;  Clarke’s  Co.,  Alabama.  [P.  1216.] 


Pago 

B45 

:146 

345 

339 

341 

342 

341 

348 


GM-WbOdvrard  del  etlitli.  VfestJ{ev,iii«3.&,Co.imp. 

Scylludse. 


PLATE  XVII. 


P‘g  Page 

1.  Scapanorhi/nchun  lewisii  (Davia) ; abdominal  and  caudal 

roRions,  lateral  aapcct,  two  thirds  nat.  size. — Senonian  ; 
Sahel  Alma,  Mt.  Lobanon.  an.  Anal  flu.  c.  Caudal 
fin.  dP.  Posterior  dorsal  fin.  pet.  Pectoral  fin.  plv. 
Pelvic  fin.  [P.  4020.]  352 

2.  Ditto ; head  and  branchial  region,  inferior  aspect,  two 

thirds  nat.  size. — Ibid.  [49474.]  352 

3.  Ditto  ; crown  of  anterior  tooth,  lateral  aspect,  three  times 

nat.  size. — Ibid.  [49551.]  362 

4.  5.  Ditto  ; two  anterior  teeth,  inner  and  outer  aspects,  three 

times  nat.  size. — Ibid.  [49473.]  351 

6.  Ditto : lateral  tooth,  outer  aspect,  four  times  nat.  size. — 

[48099.]  351 

7.  Ditto  ; posterior  tooth,  outer  aspect,  four  times  nat.  size. 

ibid.  [49475.]  352 

8.  Ucapanorhyiu-hus  elunpatus,  sp.  nov. ; head  and  anterior 

portion  of  trunk,  inferior  aspect,  two  thirds  nat.  size. — 
ibid.  [P.  4774.]  y53 

9-2 1 . O-i  yrhina  ■numtelli,  Agassiz  ; associated  series  of  thirteen 
teeth,  outer  and  inner  aspects.— Chalk ; Gia^s,  Essex. 

[32347,  39434.]  378 


B.M.FOSS,  FISHES. 


Plate  XVII. 


We  s t Ne  w t n fi,Ti  (5c.  Co - 


G.M.Woodwa,rd  del.etKth 


CT*eta.ceo|is  Lamnid^.