i V
FOR THE PEOPLE
FOR EDVCATION
FOR SCIENCE
LIBRARY
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
CATALOGUE
OF THE
FISHES
IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
ALBERT GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S.,
ETC. ETC.
VOLUME FIRST.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1859.
CATALOGUE
ACANTHOPTERYGIAN FISHES
COLLECTION
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.
VOLUME FIRST.
GASTEROSTEID.^, BERYCID^, PERCID^, APHREDODERID^i:,
PRISTIPOMATID^, MULIJDJK, SPAEID^.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
18.59.
PRINTED BY TATXOK AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
This Catalogue contains a description of aJl the species of Fish in
the Collection of the British Museum, and of the species which are
known to exist in other Museums, but which are desiderata in the
National Collection, and therefore most desirable to be procured.
Most of tiie new and more interesting species have been figured.
Descriptions of the skeleton of many of the specimens have been
added.
Dr. Giinther gives the following, observations as to the method
followed in its formation > — " This volume of the Catal(^;ae contains
the greater portion of Cuvier's Percoides, Sciainoides, Sparoides, and
Mcenides, wfth many other genera which, I believe, ought to be asso-
ciated with them. There is no ichthyologist of the present day, who,
looking at the great number of new forms discovered since Cuvier's
period, would not think it advisable to subdivide some of the families
adopted in the ' Regne Animal,' and subsequently in the * Histoire
Naturelle des Poissons ' (as indeed was suggested by Cuvier him-
self), and to employ a part only of the characters assigned by him
to the different families. Further, when genera and even species
are known, in which the absence or presence of vomerine teeth is
not constant, tlus character can no longer stand as distinctive of two
large families like Cuvier's Percoides and Scuenoides. The same is
the case with the character of a smooth or serrated praeopercular
edge. Instead of those characters has been substituted that of the
relative development of the dorsal a;nd anal fins. Thus, several
portions of the Percoides of Cuvier have been separated, and form,
together with some of his Scicenoides and Sparoides, and with the
MfBiiides, families of themselves.
" This Catalogue comprises aU. the species, descriptions of which
have been published in works accessible to me. The number of
known species having been considerably increased in the last thirty
years, and the descriptions of the new species being scattert,d throu'ifb
a 2
IV PREFACE.
a great many Jouraals, Voyages, and Reports, such a general syn-
opsis as is offered in the pi-esent Catalogue will meet a real want
in Ichthyology. In confirmation of this, we need only compare the
result of this volume with the number of species contained in the
corresponding parts of the ' Histoire NatureUe des Poissons' by
Cuvier and Valenciennes, the last general ichthyological work. There
we find 777 species, 92 of which are described twice or thrice
under different names* ; 154 of the remaining 685 species are very
doubtful, generally from insufiicient description, and mostly esta-
blished by Cuvier himself. The present Catalogue contains 1177
species, 917 of which are considered as properly distinguished, the
remainder being merely enumerated. Thus we have —
Total number of species in Cuv. & Val 777
Total number of species in this Catalogue 1177
Species apparently weU characterized in Cuv. & Val 531
Species apparently well characterized in this Catalogue . . 917
" The Collection of the British Museum, together with its Library,
have enabled me to introduce original diagnoses of most of the species,
and to compile the synonymy and re\'ise that stated by Cuvier,
thus raising this work above the point of a mere compilation. The
Collection contains many typical specimens, as there have been em-
bodied into it, besides other minor collections, —
" 1. The Collection of Gronov, purchased with his MS. descrip-
tions.
" 2. Fishes of India, collected by General Hardwicke.
" 3. The entire Collection of British Fishes, by Mr. '^''illiam
YarreU.
"4. The Collection of the Fishes of the Frith of Forth, and
Scottish Rivers, by Dr. Pamell.
"5. The Collection of Chinese Fishes, made by Mr. John Reevo
and his son John Russell Reeve, described by Sir John Richardson,
and the drawings of them taken from living or fresh specimens.
* " Cuvier was ongelukkig in het scheppen van nieuwe soortbcjialingen.
Zijn groot ichthyologisch werk is vol van dubbele of meer voudige besclirijvingen
eener zelfde soort, die naar vcrschillen van zeer ondcrgcschikte waarde, afliankelijk
van geslacht, leeftijd en klimaat, als zoovele verschillende species plaats nauien." —
Bleekei, Naiuur/i. Tijdschr. Nederl. hid. i. ISf)!, p. 344.
'• 6. The Collection of the Royal Niival Hospital of Hasla".
7. The Collection of Fishes of the Red 8ea, described jy, and
procured from Dr. Riippell.
" 8. The Collection ot Fishes of Japan, described by Prof. Schlegel,
and received from the Lcydcn Museum.
"9. The Collection of Fishes of Ambojoia,. described by Dr. Bleekcr,
and presented by liim to a charitable institution in Hollani.
" 10. Fishes from the Cape, presented by Sir Andrew Snith, M.D.
"11. The Collection of Freshwater Fishes of India, collected by
Dr. GriiRth, described by Dr. Macclelland, and presented by the
Hon. East India Company (mostly Cyprinoids).
"12. The Fishes of the Seas of Madeira and the Canary Islands,
described and presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
" 13. A Collection of the skulls and skeletons of German Fishes,
made by Dr. A. Giinther.
" By the kindness of the late Dr. Horsfield, the types of the species
of Indian Fishes described by Dr. Cantor have been examined at the
Museum of the Hon. East India Company.
" WTiercver I have not had an opportunity of examining the species,
and have been obliged to borrow the characters for a diagnosis from
another description, I have added the authority. There remain,
however, species which are either insufficiently described, or founded
on characters so slight that it is doubtful whether they will stand
as species, — or which are established from figures not executed by,
or under the inspection of, naturalists : these are mentioned in notes,
without a description, and with the synonymy only. Whoever has
gone through the labour of examining such descriptions, of making the
best of them, and of determining fishes by them, wiU know the amount
of time fruitlessly spent, and wiU understand how to appreciate the
more recent accounts of Bleeker, which combine with the distinctness
of a diagnosis the accuracy of a description.
'* To conclude, I add some explanatory remarks on my way of taking
the measurements of specimens, of counting the scales, &c. : —
" 1. The heigJU of the body is always its greatest depth.
" 2. The letKjth of the head is the distance between the end of the
snout and the posterior extremity of the hony operculum. The lenyth
of the snout is the distance between the end of the snout and the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
" 3. The total length is the diatance between the end of the snout
and the extremity of the caudal fin, when stretched out.
" 4. The last dorsal and anal ray is, generally, bifid to the base : it
is counted as one, because only one intemeural and interhaemal spine
corresponds to it.
** 5. L. lat. gives the numbei: of pierced scales constituting the
lateral line jfrom the humeral arch to the root of the caudal fin, i. e.
the number of transverse series of scales covering the body between
the points mentioned. The scales of the lateral line are often
smaller or larger, or irregular, and not congruent with the transverse
series ; in these cases I have counted the transverse series.
** 6. L. transv. gives the number of scales in a series, which runs
fi:x)m the origin of the dorsal fin obliquely downwards to the median
line of the abdomen, crossing the lateral line. It indicates the
number of longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the
dorsal fin and the lateral line, and between this and the abdomen.
Sometimes the transverse line has such an oblique direction that the
number of its scales would be greater than that of the longitudinal
series : in this case I count the latter. — The numbers of the lateral
and transverse lines are of spedjic value.
"7. The statement of the size of the eye, relative to the length of
the head and its parts, is to be applied cautiously, this organ being
comparatively much larger in young specimens than in mature ones.
Statements taken from mature specimens of different species, of course
have every right to be received into the diagnosis.
" 8. In the descriptions of the sJcehton the terminology given by
Prof. Owen has been used.
" 9. In the statement of the length of the vertebral column, the
centrum only of the last caudal vertebra is included.
" The Plates referred to, and executed by Mr. Ford, will be pub-
lished as a separate volume."
JOHN EDWAItD GRAY.
British Museum,
May 5, 1859.
INDEX OF THE WORKS
QUOTED IN THIS VOLUME.
Sec. IV. a. Ch. Akistoteles. De Natura Auimaliuni Libri novem.
. De Pai-tibiis Animalium Libri quatuor.
. De Generatione Animalium Libri quinque.
Ex versione Latina Theoduri Gaz<e. Venetiis, 1503, fol.
Sec. 1. p. Ch. Cajiis Plinius. Ilistorise Mim^i Libri xixvii.
120. Claudius jEI'mhus (Sopbista). De Auimalimn Natura (Trtpi (autv
IbioTTjTos) Libri xvii.
150. Athenteus (Naucratita). Deipnosophistanmi Lib. xv. (Lib. vii.
de Piscibus.)
200. Oppianus Anazarbeus. De Piscatu (oXtfurtKcoj/ /3t/3Xia) Lib. v.
400. Decius Mat/inis Ausonius. Cannen de Mosella.
1270. Albertus Magnus. De NaturR Animalium. Lib. xxiv. de Piscibus.
Edit. Lugdun. 1651.
1551. Petrxjs Bellonius. Ilistoria Naturalis Pisciiun Marinarum.
Paris, 4to.
1653. . De Aquatilibus Libri ii. Paris, 8vo.
1554, GuiLiELMUs lloNDEJLETius. Libri de Piscibus Marinis. Lugd., fol.
15G0. . Universre Aquatilluin Ilistoria) pars altera. Lugd., fol.
(Lib. iv.-vii. de Piscibus.)
1554. Hippohjtus Sulvianus Typliernas. Aquatilium Animalidm Historiaa
Liber primus. Romaj, 1554.
1558. Conradus Gcsner. Fischbuch ins Teutsch gebracht von Conrad
Forcr, M.D. Frankf., fol.
1604. Casparus Schtcenckfcld. Theriotropheion Silesiee. Lignicii, 4to.
1624. Stephanus a Schoiu-velde. Iclitbyologia — Sleavici, Holsatia) et
Emporii Hambui-gi. Hamburg, 4to.
1638. Ulysses Aldrovandus. De Piscibus l^ibri v. et Cetis Liber i. Bo-
nonife, fol.
1648. Georf/ius Murcgravus. Ilistoria) Reriun Naturalium Brasiliae
Libri viii. Lugd. Bat., fol. (Lib. iv. de Piscibus.)
1686. Francisctis Willuf/hhy. De Ilistoria Piscium Libri quatuor, jussu
ct sumtibus Societatis liegise Loudinensis editi. Ed. Juhannes
Hajus, Lond., fol.
1685. . Ichthyographia. Sumtibus Soc. Regiae Londin. Lond., fol.
1713. Joannes Hay. Synopsis Metbodica Piscium. Lond., 8vo.
'''18. Fmederims Ruyschiux Theatrum Universale, cura H. Ruysch.
AiPitelod., fol. (contains also the figures oi Rvnard).
VUl INDEX OF THE WORKS
172G. Fraticisciis Vahnthms. Descriptio Amboinensis. Ainstelod., fol.
(Pars iii. de Piscibus Ambom. &c.)
172G. Ludoricus Ferdina7idus Marsilius. Danubius Pannonico-Mysicus, fol.
(Vols. iv. and \'i. de Piscibus.)
1727. Ha7is Sloane. Voyage aux iles de Madere, dcs Barbados, de
Nieves, de St. Ctristophe et de la Jamaique. Londres, 1707 et
1727. 2 vols. fol.
1731. Marcus Catesbij. Ilistoria Naturalis Carolinje, &c. Lond. 1731
1742, fol.
1734. Henricus Ruijsch. A Description of 300 Animals. Lond., 12mo.
(Fishes, pp. 149-190.)
1735. Alpint, Prosp. Historise Naturalis -^gypti ii. partes. Lugd.
Batav., 4to.
1738. Petbus Abtedi. Bibliotheca Ichthyologica. Lugd. Bat, 8vo.
. Philosophia Ichthyologica. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
, Genera Piscium. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
. Synonymia Piscium. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
. Descriptiones Specieram Piscium. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
1735. Carolus Linnaeus. Systema Naturae. Ed. 1. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
1749-69. . Amoenitates Academicae. Holm., Lips., et Lugd. Batav.,
8vo.
1754. . Maseum Adolphi Friederici. Stockh., fol,
1766. . Systema Naturte. Ed. 12. Holm., 8vo.
1788. . Systema Naturae, cur. Gmelin. Ed. 13. Lips., 8vo.
1740. Jacobus TIteodorus Klein. Historia Naturalis Piscium. Geda?,
1740-49, 4to.
1754. Louis Renurd. Poissons que Ton trouve autour des Moluques.
Amsterd., fol.
1754. Laurentius Theodonis Gronovitcs. Museum Ichtbyologicum. Lugd.
1754-56, fol.
1763. . Zooph>lacium. Lugd. 1763, i/04, 1781, fol.
1780. . Systema Ichtbyologicum, or Catalogue of Fish, collected
and described by L. Tli. Gronoio : published by J. E. Gray :
printed bv order of the Trustees of the British Museum.
Lond. 1854, 8vo.
1757. Friedericus Hasselqtiist. Iter Palestinense. Holmiae, 8vo,
1758. Sehn, A. Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri accurata
Jescriptio. Tom. iii. Amstelod., fol.
1761. Schcpffer: Piscium Bavjirico-Ratisbonensium Pentas. Ratisb., 4to.
1767. Petrus Ascanius. Icones Rerum Naturalium. Copenh. 1767-75, foi.
1768. Brimnich. Ichthyologia Massiliensis. Copenh., 8vo.
1769. Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica. Petrop. 1769-79.
1811. . Zoogi'aphia Rosso-Asiatica. Petersb., 4to.
1769. Pennant. British Zoology. (Vol. iii.) Lond., 8vo.
1784. . Arctic Zoology, vol. iii. Lond., 4to.
1790. . Indian Zoology. Ed. 2. Lond., 4to.
1769-77. Duhamel du Monceau et De la Marre, Traits gdn^rale des
Pesches. Paris, fol.
1770. Gouan. Ilifrtoria Piscium. Strasb., 4to.
QUOTKD IN THIS VOLUME. IX
1770. Kolreuter. Papers on Fishes in Novi Commentar. Petropol.
ix.-xix., and m Nova Acta, vol. xiii.
1771. Oahcck, P. A Voyage to China. Lond., 8vo.
1775 Forskiil, P. Niebuhr, C. Descriptiones Animalium, quae in itinere
orientali observavit P. Forskal. Hauniee, 4to.
1777. Otto FriedericHs Miiller. Prodi'omus Zoologia? Danicse.
1779. . Zoologia Danica. Copenh., fol.
1780. Otto Fabricius. Fauna Gronlaudica. Copenl^. 1780.
1782. Block. Naturgescliichte der Fische Deutschlands. Berl. 1782-84,
4to.
1785. . Ausliindische Fische. Berl. 1785-95, 4to. Plates, fol.
1801. . Systema Ichthyologise. Ed. Schneider. Berl., 8vo.
1785. 3feidui(/e>: Icones Piscinm Austriaj. Viennae, 1785-94, fol.
1787. Cavolini. Memoria suUa Generazione dei Pesci. Napoli, 4to.
1792. . Abhandlun^ iiber d. Erzeugung der Fische. Uebers. von
Zwimet maun. Berl., 8vo.
1787. Parra. Descripcion de diferentes Piezas de Historia Natural.
Havana, 4to.
1790. W}dte,J. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales. Lond., 4to.
1793. Thunberf/. Paper in Nov. Act. Scient. Suec. Holm., 4to.
1797. Mti)i(/o Park. Description of eight new Fishes from Sumatra,, in
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
1798. Lacepede. llistoire des Poisso"s. Paris. 1798-1803, 4to.
1799. Sonnini, C. S. Voyage dans la Haute et Basse Egypte. Paris, 8vo.
1800. CuviEK. Le9ons d'Anatomie Comparee. Paris, 1800-1805, 8vo.
1829-30. . Le Reenie Animal. 2 edit. Paris, 8vo.
1802-8. Donovan, E. The Natural History of British Fishes. Lond., 8vo.
1803. Russell. Descriptions and Figures of Fishes of Coromandel. Lond.,
fol.
1803. Sliaw. General Zoology. • Lond., 8vo.
1804. Hermann. Observationes Zoologicae Posthumae. Strasb., 4to.
1807. Tarton, William. The British Fauna. Swansea, 12mo.
1809. Delaroche, F. Obsen ations sur les Poissons recueillis dans un
voyage aux iles Baleares. Ann. Mus. d'llist. Nat. torn. xiii.
1809-13. Description de lH/gj-pte. llistoire Naturelle. par Geoffroy St.
Hilaire. Paris, fol.
1810. Risso. Ichthyologie de Nice. Paris. 8vo.
1827. . Histoire Naturelle de TEurope Meridionale. Paris, 8vo.
1812. Rosenthal. Tabulae Ichthyotomicaj. Berl. 1812-22. fol.
1814. Mifchil/, S. L. Report in part on the Fishes of New York. New
York, 12mo.
1815. — -^. Memoir on Ichthyology, in Trans. Lit. and Phiios. Soc. New
York.
1817. . Descriptions of three species of Fishes, in Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sc. Philad. i.
1818. . The Fishes of New York, described and aiTanged, in Amer.
Monthly Mag.
1817-25. Lesueur, C. A. Papers in the Journ. .\cad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
X INDEX OF THE WOKKS
1820. Lichtenstein, H. Paper iu Abhandl. Berl. Acad.
1822. Btichanan IlamiUon. An Account of the Fishes of the Ganges.
Edinb., 4to.
1824. Martens, G. v. Reise nach Venedig. Ulm, 8vo.
1824. Quot/ et Gaimard. Voyage autour du Monde sur les corvettes de
S. M. VUranie et la Physicienne, sous le commandement de
Preifcinet. Zoologie : Poiasons. Paiis, 4to. Atlas, foL
1825. Cmtch. Some particulars of the Natural History of Fishes found
in Cornwall, in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xiv.
1825. Jurine. Poissons du Lac Leman. Geneve, fol.
1826-30. Lessoti. Zoologie, in Duperrey, Voyage de la Coquille. Paris, 4to.
Atlas, foL
1827. Hartniann, G. L. Helvetische Ichthyologie. Zurich, 8vo.
1828. Meniiny. History of British Animals. Edinb., 8vo.
1828. Riippell. Atlas zu der lleise im Niirdl. Africa. Frankf., foL
1837. . Neuo Wirbelthiere. Fische. Frankf., foL
1852. . Verzeichniss der Fische des Senckenberg'schen Museums.
Frankf., 4to.
1828-49. CuvTEB et Valenciennes. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,
Paris, 8vo.
1829. Affossiz, L. Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, quaj in itinere per
Bi-asiliam collegit J. B. de Sptx. Monach., fol.
1850. . Lake Superior. Boston, 8vo.
1829. Cocco. Paper in Giomale di Scienz. per la Sicilia. Palermo.
1829-44 Gverin-MencviUe, F. E. Iconogmphie du Regno Animal de
G. Cuvier. Paris et Londres, 8vo.
1830. Bennett, E. T. Catalogue of Zoological Specimens from Smnatra,
in the Memoir of the Life and Services of Thomas Stamford
Raffles. Lond., 4to.
. Papers in the Zoological Joiumal and in Proc. ZooL Soc. Lend.
1830. Bennett, J. Fishes of Ceylon. Lond., fol.
1830-35. Gray, J. E. Illustrations of Indian Zoology. Lond., fol.
1831-42. . Papei-s in Zoological Miscellany. Lond., 8vo.
18.'>0. Beisinyer. Specimen Ichthj'ologia) Hungari«. BudsB.
1830. Stark. Paper in Jameson's Edinb. Joum.
1832^1. Bonap^trte. Iconografia della Fauna Italica. Tom. iii. Pesci.
Roma, fol.
1832. Expedition Scientifique de Moree. Tom. iii. Zoologie, par Geojroy
St. Ililaire, Deshayes, etc. Paiis, 4to. Atlas, fol., 1835.
1832. VaU'ticu^incs. Descriptions de plusieui-s especes nouvellcs de
Poissons dii genre Apogon, iu Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat.
1830. . Ichthyologie, in Histoire Natui-elle des lies Caiuuries par
Webb et Berlhelot. I'iiris, fol.
1840, . I'oisson.s, in Jhqnlil Thouars' Voyage autour du Monde sur
la fr»?gate la Venus. Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol.
\H^i. Brandt et lidizt-bury. Mt.'dicinische Zoologie. Band ii. Berl., 4to.
18:{3. Tmwc, li. T. On the FLsliea of Madeira. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 142.
18.35. . IVR»^ii]>ti()n of a now genus of Fishes (Alepidosam-us), jvnd
Additional Observations, in Trans. Zool. Soc. i.
QUOTED IN THIS VOLUME. XI
1836. L<yice, R. T. Pisciiun Maderensium species qusedam novae, iu Ti-ans.
Cambr. Plxilos. Soc. p. 195.
1841. . A SjTiopsis of the Fishes of Madeira, in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii.
184.3. . The Fishes of Madeira. I.ond., 8vo.
1849. . Supplement to the SjTiopsis, in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii.
. On a new genus of the Family Lophiidfe, I. c.
1834. lielitnger. Zoologie du Voj'age aux Indes Orientales. Paris.
1834. Griffith, E. Tlie Animal Kingdom. Vol. x. Class Pisces. Lond., 8vo.
1834. Qiioy et Gaimard. "N'oyage de V Astrolabe sous le commandement
de M. J. Dumont (T Lfrville. Zoologie. Tom. iii. Poissons, p. 645.
Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol.
1835. Ekstrmi. Die Fische in den Scheeren von Morko, iibers. von
CrepUn. Berl., 8vo.
1835. Jacqucmont. Voyage dansl'Inde. Poissons. Paris.
1836. Fries och Ekstrom. . Skandinaviens Fiskar. Stockh., 4to.
1836. Richardson, Sir J. Fauna Boreali-Americana. Part iii. Fish.
Lond., 4to.
1839-40. . On some new species of Fishes from Austi'alia, in Proc.
Zool. Soc.
1842-43. . Descriptions of Australian Fishes, in Ann. & Mag. N. II.
1843. . Icones Piscium. Lond., 4to.
1841 45. . Ichtliyology, in the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. Lond., 4tc
1846. . Ichthyology, in Voyag'e of II.M.SS. Erebus and Terror.
Lond., 4to.
1846. . Reports on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan,
in Report of the Fifteenth Meeting of the British Association.
Lond., 8vo.
1848. . Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang. Fishes. Lond., 4to.
1849. . Descriptions of Australian Fishes, in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii.
1857. . System of 1 chthyology, in the Encyclopa9dia Britannica.
1838. Kirtland. Report on the Zoology of Ohio. Columb., 8vo.
1840. . Descriptions of four new species of Fishes, in Boston Joum.
Nat. Hist. iii.
1841. . Descriptions of the Fishes of the Ohio River. Ibid.
1838. Kroyer. Danmarks Fiake. Kjobenhavn.
1838. Parnell, R. The Natural History of the Fishes of the Firth of
Forth. Edinb., 8vo.
1839. Storer. Report on the Ichthyology of Massachusetts. Bost.
Joum. Nat. Hist. ii.
1843-50. . Papers in Bost. Joimi. Nat. Hist.
1840. Nordmann. Ichthyologie Pontique, in Voyage dans la Russie
M^ridionale de Dermdoff, tom. iii. Paris, '8vo. Atlas, fol.
1841. Eichwald. Fauna Caspio-Caucasica. Petrop., fol.
1841. Sykes. On the Fishes of the Didihim, in Trans. Zool. Soc, ii.
1841. TJtompson, W. Paper in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii.
1841. YarreU A History of British Fishes. 2nd edit. Lond., 8vo.
\S42. Dekay. Zoology of New York. (Pai-t i v. Fishes.) New York, 4to.
1842. Jenyns, L. The Zoolpgy of the Voyage of H.M.S. Be.iglo. Fishes.
Lond., 4to.
XU INDKX Ol'' THK WOUKS
184;}. Custd. Storia e Notomia del Bmnchiostoino lubrico. Napoli, fol.
1844. Fursfci; J. B. Descriptione.s Aiiinialiuni, qiu-c iu itinere ad maris
au-stralis terras ol)3erva-\-it J. R. Furdcr. Ed. H. Lichtenstein.
B(!rlin, 8vo.
184o. Aijrcs. Papers in Rost. Jonrn.
1845. Gin'cht'iiot. Pois.sons, in liamoti dc la Sayra, Ilistoire Naturelle do
Cuba. Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol.
1845-54. Lefchi-re, Th. ^'oyage en Abyssinie. Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol.
1845. Tschiali. Fauna Peruana. Iclithyologie. St. Gallen, fol.
1845-49. Miiller uml Trosrhel. Ilorfc Iclitlnologicte. Berol., fol.
1840. MiJi.LER, J. Ueber den Bau und die Greuzen der Gaiioiden.
Berl., 4to.
1846-49. Blocker, P.' Some papers in Verhandelingen van bet Bataviaascli
Genootschap. Batavia.
. Papers in Natiiurkundig Tydscbrift voor Nederlandscb
Indie*: —
1850. . (Borneo, i.) Bydrage tot de kennis der icbtbyologiscln;
fauna van Romeo.
. (Scleroparei.) Over eeuige nieuwe soorten van Scleroparei
van den Indischen Arcbipel.
. Over twee niemve soorten van Callion}iiuis.
. Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Belone en Ileuiirampluis.
. Over drie nieuwe soorten van Tetraiidon van den ludiscben
Arcbipel.
. (Java, i.) Fauna; Icbtbyologicpe Javce insularumque adja-
centium genera et species nova;.
. Vissclien van Banka.
. Msscben van Borneo.
1851. . Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Blennioiden en Gobioiden.
. (Boriii'o, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der icbthyo-
logiscbe fauna van Borneo.
. Oxybelus l?randesii.
. (Borneo, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der icbthyolo-
giscbe founa van Romeo.
. Clw'ilinoides.
. Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der Percoidei, Scleroparei,
Scifpnoidei, Sparoidei, Ma3noidei, Cbsetodontoidei en Sconibe-
roidei van den Soenda-Molukschen Arcbipel.
. (Borneo, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo-
logisobe fauna van Borneo.
. (Celebes, i.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der icbtbyolo-
giscbc fauna van Celebes.
. (Banda, i.) Bydrage tot de kennis der icbthyologische
fauna van de Banda-eilanden.
Vissclien van Solor.
* To shorten the numerous quotations in llic text, many of tlie papers ui-e
marked with the name of tlie locality only, the ichthyologienl fauna of wlncli lias
hcen described h\ T)v. Blceker, as indicated by the names in pairntlicscs.
QUOTED IN THIS VOLUME. Xlll
1851. Bleeker, P. (Makveel.) Overeenige nieuwe gesl.achton en sooitou
van Makreelachtige visschen.
. (Plem-onect.) Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Pleuro-
necteoiden.
. Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Megalops, Dussumieria,
Notopterus en Astronesthes.
. Visschen van Billiton.
. (Borneo, v.) Vijfde bydrage tot de kennis der iclithyolo-
gisclie fauna van Borneo.
(Riouw.) Bydi-age tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Riouw,
1852. . (Singapore.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van Singapore.
. (Blitong.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van Blitong (Billiton J.
. (Timor, i.) Bj'drage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van Timor.
. (Amb. and Cer.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van de Moluksche eilanden. Visschen van Am-
boina en Ceram.
. (Borneo, vi.) Zesde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische faima van Borneo.
. (Banka.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van het eiland Banka.
. (Amboina, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo-
logische faima van Amboina.
. (Sumatra, i.) Diagnostische beschryvingen van nieuwe of
weinig bekende viscb soorten van Sumatra.
. Nieuwe visschen van Banda Neira.
. (Ceram, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Ceram.
. (TBanka, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van het eiland Banka.
. (Celebes, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische faima van Celebes.
. Index specierum Piscium Malayo-Moluccensium in volu-
minibus i., ii. et iii. Diarii Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Batavaa
descriptaiiim, adjecti? locis habitationis.
1853. . (Amboina, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo-
logische fauna van Amboyna.
. (Temate.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van Ternate.
. Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Homaloptera.
. Exocoetus hexazona, eene nieuwe soort van Banka.
. (Sumatra, ii.) Diagnostische b^schiyAangen van 'nieuwe
of weinig bekende vischsoorten van Sumati-a.
. Sycidium parvei, Bleeker.
. (Batavia.) Diagnostische besclir>'vingen van nieuwe of
weinig bekende vischsoorten van Batavia.
. (Ternate, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Ternate eh Ilalmaheira (Gilolo).
XIV INDEX OF THK WOKKtf
1853. Bleeker, P. Index specieruni Piscium Alalayo-Mohiccensium in
volumine iv. Diarii Soc. Scieiit. Indo-Batav89 descriptarum, ad-
jectis locb habitationia.
. (Solor.) Bydrage tot de kenuis der ichtliyologische fauna
van Solor.
-- — . (Celebes, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fiiuna van Celebes.
. Nalczingen op de iclithyologische fauna ^au het eiland
Bauka.
. (Ceram, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichtliyolo-
gische fauna van Ceram.
. (Amboina, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot do kennis der ichthyo-
logi.sche fauna van .Vmboina.
. (Borneo, vii.) Zevende bydrage tot de kermis der ichtliyo-
logische fauna van Borneo.
. (Sumatra, iii.) Nieuwe tientallen diagnostische beschry-
vingen van nieuwe of weinig bekende vischsoorten van Sumatra.
. Auteuuarius notophthaimus.
. Index specierum Piscium Malajo-Moluccensium in vol. v.
Diiirii Soc. Scieiit. Indo-Batavoe descriptarum, adjectis locis
liabitationis.
. (Gilolo.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Ilalmahoira (Cxilolo).
(Tiauda, iii.) Derde bydrage tot do kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van de Banda-eilauden.
. Diagramma hajmatochir.
185-1. . Species Piscium Bataviensium novfe vel minus cognita;.
. (Timor, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Timor.
. (Floris.) I?}dvage tot de kennis der ichthyologische faunn
van het eiland Floris.
. Syngnathus tapei'iiosoma.
— ■ — . Diagramma polyt;ienioides.
. (.Japan.) Faunrc Ichthyologicai Japonicfe species nova?.
. (Amboina, v.) Vvfde bydrage tot do kennis der ichtliyo-
logische fauna van Amijoina.
. Kleotris tolsoni.
. Index specierum Piscium Malayo-Moluccensium et Japo-
uensium in vol. vi. Diarii Soc. Scient. Indo-Batavse descriptarum,
adjectis locis habitationia.
1854. vii. . (Kokos.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van de Kokos-eilandtm.
. (Sumatra, iv.) Overzigt der ichthyologische fauna van
Sumatra met beschryving van eenige nieuwe soorton.
. Jets over Visschen levende in Zeesteeren, en over eene
nieuwe soort van Oxybeles.
. (Celebes, v.) V^-fde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Celebes.
. Ichthyologische waarnemingon, gedaan op verschillcnde
reizeu in de residcmtie Banten.
Over eonige niiMiwo visschen van de Kokos-eilnudeu.
atrOTED IN THIS VOLXTME. XV
1854. vii. Bkeker, P. (Batjan.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Batjan.
. (Java, ii.) Specierum Piscium Javanensium novarum vel
minus cognitarum diagnoses adunnbratf«.
. (Celebes, vi.) Zesde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Celebes.
. Dactylopterus cheirophthalmus.
. Nog iets over Visschen levende in Echinodermen.
. Index specierum Piscium Malayo-Moluccensium in vol. vii.
Diarii Soc. Scient. Indo-Batavse descriptainim, adjectis locis
habitationis.
1856. viii, . (Borneo, viii.) Achtste bydi-age tot de kennis der
ichthyologische fauna van Borneo.
. (Kokos, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van de Kokos-eilanden.
. Antennariiis lindgi'eeni.
. (Temate, v.) Vyfde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Temate.
. (Batoe.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van de Batoe-eilanden.
-. (Amboina, vi.) Zesde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Amboina.
. (Celebes, vii.) Zevende bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo-
logische fauna van Celebes.
. (Kokos, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van de Kokos-eilanden.
. Index specierum Pisciimi Malayo-Moluccensium in vol. viii.
Diarii Soc. Scient. Indo-Batavse descriptarum, adjectis locis
habitationis.
ix. — — . (Batoe, ii.) Tweede bydrage tot d^ennis der ichthyo-
logische fauna van de Batoe-eilanden.
. (Gilolo, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Ilalmaheira (Gilolo).
. Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Sumbawa.
-. (Batjan, ii.) Tweede bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Batjan.
. Nalezingen op de Vischfauna van Sumatra.
. (Celebes, viii.) Achtste bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo-
logische fauna van Celebes.
. (.lava, iii.) Verslag van eenige verzamelingen van Visschen
van Oost-Java.
. _ (Borneo, ix.) Negende bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo-
logische fauna van Borneo.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van bet
oiland Groot-Oby.
•. (Batjan, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der iclithvolo-
gische faima van Batjan.
. Index specierum Piscium Malayo-Moluccensium in vol. ix
Diarii Soc. Scient. Indo-Batavfe descriptarum, adjectis locis
habitationis.
XVI IXDKX OF TlIK WORKS
185G. X. Bleelier, P. Tweede bydrage tot de kennis dev iehtli_V(>logi>ichi^
fauna van het eiland Bintang.
. (Temate, vii.) Zevende bydrage tot de kenuis deriohthyo-
logische fauna van Temate.
. Carcharias amblyrhynchos.
. Index specierum Piscium in voluminibus i.-x. Diar'i So(
Scient. Indo-Batavfe descriptfirum.
xi. . Verslag omtrent eenige vischsoorten gevangen aan de
zuidkust van Malang in Oost-Java.
. (Banda, v.) Vyfde bydrage tot de kennis der ichtliyolo-
gische fauna van de I3anda-eilanden.
. (Boeroe.) Bydrage tot de kennia der ichthyologische fauna
van het eiland Boeroe.
. Verslag van eenige a erzamelingen van zee- en zoetwater-
visschtu van het eiland Banka.
xii. . (Temate, viii.) Achtste bydrage tot de kennis der ich-
thyologische fauna van Ternate.
. (Nias.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische founa
van het eiland Nias.
. (Batoe, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van de Batoe-eilanden.
. Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Bali.
. Index specierum Piscium in vol. xi. et xii. Diarii Soc. Scient.
Indo-Batavai descriptarum.
. (Java, iv.) Descriptiones specierum Piscium Javanensium
novarum vel minus cognitarum aiagnostic*.
. (Sangi.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Sangi-eilanden.
. Verslag omtrent eenige vischsoorten van Timor-koepang
en Timor-delhi.
1857. xiii. . (Boeroe, ii.) Tweede bydrage tot de kennis der ich-
thyologische faima van Boeroe.
18r)8. XV. . (Java, v.) Visschen van Java's zuidkust.
. Ilolacanthus pseudannularis van Batavi.a.
. (Goram.) Bydrage tot de kennis der Vischfauna van den
Gorani-archlpeL
. (Billiton, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der Vischfauna
van Billiton.
. (Singapore, ii.) Tweedo bydrage tot de kennis der Visch-
faima van Singapore.
1849. . Overzigt der te Batavia voorkomende Gladschubbige
Labroiden in Verhand. Bat. Genootsch. xxii.
. (Perc.) Bydrage tot de kennis der Percoiden van den
Malayo-iMolukschen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Scleroparei van den Soenda-
Molukschen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis dor Blennioidon en tTobioiden van
den Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologi.schc famia van het
eiland IMi. Ibid.
QUOTE 1) IN TUTS VOIA'MK. XVll
1849. lileehi-r, P. Bvdrau^e tot de keniiis der ichtliyologisclie fauna van
bet eiland Madura. Ibid.
1850. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Scisenoiden van den Soenda-
jMolukscheu Archipel. in Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii.
. B^'drage tot de l>ennis der "Sparoiden \»x\ den Soenda-
Moluksclien Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Msenoiden van den M. Arehipfl.
Ibid.
. Bydi'age tot do kennis der Visschen met doolhofvormige
kieuwen (Labyrinthici) van den S.-M. Arrhipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Chjetodontoiden van den S.-M.
Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Teuthieden van den S.-M.
Archipel. Ibid.
. liydrage tot de kennis der Notacantliini van den S.-M.
Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydi'age tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van
Midden- en Oost-Java. Ibid.
18.')2. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Makreelachtige Visschen van den
Soenda-Molukschen Archipel in Verhand. Batav. Genootscli.xxiv.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Snoekachtige Visschen van den
Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Chirocentroidei, Lutodeiri, &.c.,
van den Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Ilaringacbtige Visschen van den
Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Pleurouecteoiden van den
Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Blootkakige visschen \ an den
Soenda-Moluksclien Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de liennis der Balistini en Ostraciones van tlen
Indischen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Plagiostomen van deu ludist-lien
Archipel. Ibid.
185:',. . Nalezingen op tie ichthyologische fauna van Beugalen en
Tlindostan. Batavia, 4to.
1857. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Spbyryenoiden in ^'('rhaull(•i.
Bataav. Genootsch. xxvi.
. Nieuwe Nalezingen of Iclithyologie A^au Japan. Ihid
1850. . Beschryvingen van nieuwe en weinig bekende Visdisoorten
van Amboina, in Acta Societ. Nederland. vol. i.
. Beschryvingen van nieuwe en weinig bekendi' \'ischso()rt(Mi
van Manado en ^lacassar. Ibid.
. Conspectus specieruni Pisciuni Moluccensiuin. //;/(/. vol. ii.
. Tiende bydrage tnt de Ivennis der ichthyolooisehc fauna
van Borneo. Iljid.
• Achlsle bvdriiLii' tot df Iccunis der Vischfauim van .\uiltoiini.
Ibid.
\Mk\. (hem, 7\'. l/octurcs on (iu' ( 'onipanitive Anatomy and I'liysiology
of the X'crlebralc Aiiini.ils. I'ait 1. I'islio. Loud., .S\o.
XVm INDKX OF THE "WORKS QTTOTED IN THIS VOLUME..
1853. Oiveti, R. Descriptive Catalogue of the ( )steolo^cal series contained
in the Collection of the Royal College oi Surgeons. Vol. i.
Fislies. Lond., 4to.
1847. Brisout de Barneville. Sur le genre Centropriste, Cuv., in Revue
Zoologique.
1847. Gay. Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Zoolog. ii. Paris, Bvo.
Atlas, fol.
1847. Schomburgk, R. Reisen in Britisch-Guiana. Leipzig, 8vo.
1848. . The History of Barbadoes. Lond., 8vo.
1850. Cantor, T'.. Catalogue of Malayan Fishes. Calcutta, 8vo.
1850. Guichenot. Reptiles et Poissons dans I'Exploration Scientifique de
I'Algerie. Zoologie. Paris, fol.
1850. Temminck and Schlegel. Fauna Japonica. Poissons. Lugd. Bat.,
fol.
1851. Poey, F. Memorias sob re la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba.
Habana, 4to.
1851. White, A. List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Fish. Lond., 1851. Printed by
order of the Trustees.
1853. Filippi. Nouvelles especes de Poissons. Revue et ]Maga.sin Zool.
p. 164.
1853. Gunther, A. Die Fische des Neckars. Stuttg., 8vo.
1854. . Beitrage zu den Siisswassei-fischen. Wiegm. Archiv.
1853-54. Hombron et Jacquinot. Voyage au Pole Sud par Ihimont-
(F Urville. Poissons. Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol.
1854-59. Baird and Girard. Papers in the Smithsonian Reports ; in the
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. ; in the Reports of the U.S. Pacif.
Railroad Expedition ; in U.S. Naval Astronora. Expedition ; in
Marcy's Exploration of the Red River.
1855. Castelnau, Francis de. Animaux nouveaux ou rares, recueillis
pendant I'exp^dition dans les parties centrales de TAmerique
du Sud. Poissons. Paris, 4to.
1855. Peters. Uebersicht der in Mossambique beobachteten Fische in
Wiegm. Archiv, p. 234.
1856. Holhrooh. Ichthyology of South Carolina. Chariest., 4to.
1858. Hechel und Kner. Die Siisswasserfische der Oestreichischen Mon-
arcliie. Leipz., 8vo.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Subclass I. TELE08TEI.
Order I. ACAXTIIOPTEKYGII.
Fam. 1. Gastkhosteid^.
''age
1, Gasterosteus, Artedt 2
1. aculeatus, L 2, 500
a. gymiuirus [\
b. .seiniarmatus :i
c. seniiloricatiis 4
d. trachurus 4
e. novt'boracensis 4
2. arg-yropoinus, C. et V. . 4, 500
2 a. williamsoni, Girard . . 500
3. bracliycentrus, C. et V. . . 5
4. biaculeatus, Shmc 5
5. tetracantlms, C. et V. . . 5
6. spimilosiis, Jen 5
7. pungitius, L 0
o. pungitius 6
b. occideutalis G
8. maineusis, Storey 6
9. coneiunus, Rieh G
10. quadracus, Mitch 7
11. spinacliia, L 7
catapliractus, Pall. 2
niger, C. et V. 2
plebeius, Gir 2
mopinatus, Gir 2
pygmaeus, Agass 2
mconstans, Kirtl. 2
serratus, Ayres 2
intermedius, Gir 2
pugetti, Gir 2
microcepbalus, Gir 2
loricatus, Reinh 2
dimidiatus, Reinh 2
Fam. 2 Berycid^.
1. Monocentris, Schneid 8
1. japonicus, Houtt y
I';it.'C
2. Iloplostethus, C. <t V. 9
1. moditfrraueus, C. et V. . . 9
.'i. TracJiichthys, Shmv 10
1. australis,' Shaw 10
2. *eloiigatus, Gthr 10
4. *Anoplogaster, Gthr 12
1. corn ut us, C. et V. 12
4«. Heteroplitlialmus,//^^/,-. . 500
1. katoptron, Rleek 501
5. Beryx, Cuv 12
1. lineatus, C. et V. 18
2. *affinis, Gthr 13
3. deeadactylus, C. et V. . . 16
4. splendens, Lou-e 16
6. delphiui, C. et V. IG
6. Polymixia, Loire 16
1. nobilis, Loive 17
2. *lowei, Gthr 17
7. Myripristis, Cuv 19, 500
1. jacobus, C.etV. 19
2. pralinius, C. et V. 20
3. kuntee, C.etV. 20
4. bleekeii, Gthr 20
5. leignathos, Val. 21
6. parvidens, Bleck 21
7. murdjan, Forsk 21
8. adustus, Bleek 22
9. microphthalmus, Bleek . . 24
10. vittatus, C.etV. 24
11. japonicus, C. et V. 26
12. *trachypoma, Gthr 25
13. hexagonus, Lacep 27
14. lima, C.etV. 28
borbonicus, C. et V. . . . 19
axillaris, C. et V. 19
botche, Bleek 19
violaceus, Bleek 19
8. Holocentmm, Artedi 28
1. longipinne, C. et V. . . . . 28
2. *furcatum, Gthr 29
3. *macropus, Gthr 31
4. poecilopterum. B/eek .... 32
b2
SYSTEMATIC INDKX.
Page
o. *erythi'a?um, Gthr 32
6. * microstoma, Gthr 34
7. rubnim, Forsk 35
8. laticeps, C. et V. 38
0. pimctatissimiim, C. et V. . 38
10. sterciis muscaiura, C. et V. 39
11. hastatuin, C.[et V. 39
12. ppinif'erum, C. etV. .... 39
13. bmotatum, Q. et G 40
14. caiidimaculatum, Rilpp. . 41
15. tiereoides, Bleek 41
16. spinosissimum, Schleg. . . 41
17. dmdema, Lacep 42
18. melauotopterum, Bkek. . 43
19. violaceum, Block 43
20. cormitiim, Bhrk 45
21. tiere, C. etV. 45
22. sammara, Forsk 40
23. operculare, C. et V 47
24. *la;ve, Gthr 47
25. spinosum, Af/ass 49
26. retrospinis, Guich 49
ascensionis, L 28
argenteum, C. et V 28
marianum, C. ctV. 28
leonoidps, Bleek 28
biiiotHium, Block 28
9. Rh^^lclli(•hthys, C. et V. . . 50
1. pt'lamidis, C. et V. 50
2. braohyiliynchus, ^/('fA-. . . 50
rostratiis, Groiior 50
Fam. 3. PF.nciDiE.
Fir.st Group. PehOina.
1. Perca, Artodi 58
1. fliiviatilis, L 58
2. flavpscciis, Mitch 59
(acuta 60)
3. gracilis, C. et V. 60
2. Percichthjs, Gir 61
1. Ifevis, Je)7 61
2. trucha, C. et V. 61
3. molanops, Gir 61
4. ciliata, K. et v. Ilasfi. ... 62
5. marginata, C. et V 62
3. Paralabrax, Gir 62
1. nebnlifer, Gir 62, 501
2. clathratus, Gir &3, 501
4. Labrax, Cur 63
1. lupus, Lacep 63
2. elongatus, Genffr 64
3. lineatus, 7y/. 64
4. osculatii, Filippi 65
5. rufus, Mitch 65
6. pallidus, Mitch 67
Hape
7. multilineatus. C. et V. 67, 501
8. notatus, Smith 07
nigricans, Dckuy 63
albidus, Dekcnj 63
5. Lates, Cm?) 67
1. niloticus, G))i 07
2. calcarifer, Bl . 08
0. Cnidon, M. et T. (SA
1. chineusis, M. otT. 68
7. Psammoperca, Rich ()9
1. waigiensis, C ot V. .... 09
2. *macroptera, rr7/(r 09
8. Percalal)rax, Sohlcf/ 70
1. japnnicus, C ct V. 71
9. Aceriua, Cuv 72
1. ceniua, L 72
2. rossica, C. ct V. 73
3. schrfBtzer, L 73
(zillii, Gorvais 72)
10. Percariua, Nordm 73
1. demidoffii, Nordm 74
11. Lucioperca, Cur 74
1. wolgensis, Pcdl. 74
2. americana, C. ot V. .... 74
3. Sandra, Cnr 75
4. marina, Pall. 75
5. canadensis, St?nth 75
6. grisea, Dekaij 76
borea, Gir 501
12. Pilconia, Dckaj/ 76
1. semifa.sciatum, Dokai/ . . 7<)
2. carbonarium, B. ct G. . . 7i\
1.3. Boleosoma, Dekai/ 77
1. tcssellatum, Dokaij .... 77
2. lepidum, B. ot G 77
3. maculatum, Agass 77
ohnstodi, Sforer 77
14. Aspro, Cur 78
1. vulgaris, C.etV. 78
2. zingel, L 78
15. Etelis, C.etV. 79
1. carbunculus, C. et V. .... 79
10. Centroponuis, Lacej) 79
1. undecinialis, Bl 79
17. Niphon, C.etV. 80
1. spino.sus, C. et V. 80
18. Enoplosua, Lacep 80
1. annatus, White 81
Second Group. Serkanina.
19. Aprion, C.etV. 81
1. virescens, C. etV. 81
20. Apsilus, C.etV. 82
1. fuscus, C. ct V. 82
21. Centropristis, C. et V. 82
1. bivittatus, C.etV. 82
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
2. radialis, Q.etG H^
3. radians, Q. et G . 88
4*. fascicularis, C. etV. . . . . 83
5. coiiceptionis, C. etV..... 84
6. hepatus, Gm 84
7. liiciopercanus, Poet/ .... 84
8. tabaccarius, C. etV. .... 85
9. praestigiator, Pocy 85
10. brasiliensis, Barncville. . . 85
11. pha'be, Poey 85
12. psittacinus, Vol 8(3
13. atrobranchus, C. et V, . ■ 80
14. atraiius, L 8(3
15. liinindinaceus, Latiysd. . . 87
pliiladelphicus, Z 82
uebulosus, Castcin 82
flavescens, C. etV. 82
22. Callanthias, Lowe 87
1. peloritaniis, Cocco 87
23. Antliias, Schncid. 88
1. sacer, Bl. 88
2. borboniiLS, C. et V. . . 89, 502
2rt. manadensis, Bleck 502
2b. pleurotsenia, Blech 502
2c. cheirospilos, Bleel- 502
3. squamipiimis. Pet 89
4. *asperiling-ui.s, Gthr 89
6. tonsor, C.etV. 91
6. furcifer, C.etV. 91
7. trifurciis, L 91
8. filamentosus, C. et V. 502
8a. zouatus, C. et V. 503
9. oculatus, C.etV. 92
10. rasor, Rieh 93
11. schlegelii, Gthr 93
12. *longimanus, Gthr 94
13. cichlops, Bleek 95, 50;{
lepidolepis, Bleek 501
hechtii, Bleek 501
niacrophthalmxis, M. et T. 501
24. *Anyperodon, Gthr 95
1. leucogi'amniicus, liciinc. . 90
25. I'rionodes, Jen. . 90
1. fasciatiis, Jen 90
20. Seiramis, Cuv 97
1. phaeton, C.etV. 100
2. cieolus, C.etV. 100
3. colonus, V)il 101
4. loiiti, Forsk 101
5. flavimargiDatu.«, Riipp. . . 103
lepidopterus, Fot^t 97
8. sciiba, L 103
9. humeralis, C.etV 104
10. alboniaculatus, Jen 105
11. rliyncliolepis, Bh-ek 105
12. gvmuopareius, C. rt V. . . 105
13. ci'vbHlhi, L 100
Page
14. bi'unneus, Bl. 107
15. kawamebari, Schley 107
15a. amblyceplialus, i)/tx'/c. . . 503
10. lanceolatud, Bl. 107
17. albofusciis, Lac^p 108
18. sexfasciatus, K. et v. II. . . 108
19. mystacinu8, Poey 109
(octocinctus, Schley 109)
20. oceanicus, Lacep 109
21. triinacidatus, C.etV. 109
22. diaoauthus, C. et V. 1 10
23. striatiis, Bl. HO
24. stigniapomus, Rich Ill
25. tigi-is, C.etV. 112
20. boenack, Bl. 112
27. *n\^Y\,Gthr 112
28. semipiinctatus, C. et V. . . 114
29. tigriniis, Bl. 114
30. papilionaceus, C. et V. . . 114
31. oxyihync'hus, C. et V. . . 114
32. argiis, Schneid. 115
semifasciatus, Guy 98
33. rogaa, Forsk. . . .' 11(5
34. zananella, Bleek 1 ] (3
ruber, Bl 98
35. paclivoeutruin, C. et V. . . 110
3(5. erytlirajus, C. et V. 110
37. niirroprion, Bleek 110
38. cyanostigmatoides, Bleek. 117
39. cyanostignia, K. et v. II. . 117
40. niiiiiatus, Forsk 1 18
rufus, Honibr. et Jucq. . . 98
41. aurantius, C.etV. 118
42. .'icxmaculatus, Rupp 118
43. iiigripinnis, Bleek 118
44. heniistictiis, Riipp 119
45. guttatus, Bl 1 19
40.' onatalibi, C. et V. 120
47. tajniops, C.etV. 121
48. sonnerati, C. et V. 122
49. urodelus. Forst 122
50. analis, C.etV. 123
51. zanana, C.etV. 123
pixauga, C etV. 98
g-iiativere, C. et V. 98
52. leopardus, Lacefj 123
53. coronatua, C. et V. 124
54. spiloparceus, C. et V. .... 125
55. limbatus, C. et V. 125
50. noulenv, C. etV. 120
57. Intra, C.etV. 120
58. goldnianni, Bleek 120
59. pavonimis, C. et V. 120
janscnii, Bleek 99
00. angnlaris, C.etV. 120
01. suillns, C. f^ V. 127
02. rusfoguttatus, Riipp 127
YST^lvMATK; INDKX.
()4.
05.
(5(i.
<i7.
(>8.
00.
70.
71.
7-2.
7:l
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
70.
80.
81.
82.
m.
84.
85.
80.
87.
88.
80.
00.
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
00.
07.
08
00.
100.
101,
102.
lo;i
104.
105.
100
107
108
Pasjc
altivflioidos, INrck 127
polyphfkadion, Blvek. . . 128
siilnioTioidcs, Lar/'p 12H
epi.stictus, Sclilcij 128
batavicii.^iis, Ble'vk 120
albotiuttatu.s lilcd; 120
poly.stifiiiia, ISIirk 120
luaciilatus, HI. 1:50
^ralcus, M. viT. l;50
nivcatus, V. d V. 130
*iuargaritifcr, (Ithr l:!!
a.sper.sus, Jvn 00
itaiara, Licht 00
gigas", Brihui l.')2
moara, Sr/i/ii/ l.'J.'i
goroen.si.s, C. ct V. l.'{3
ery throga.stor, Dckai/ .... 133
fiisfu.-^, Loire 1;)4
;\>mMi,s, ('cofl'r 134
omaigiiiatu:<, Val. l.")4
nigritiis, Hulhr 13,4
acutirostri.s, C. cf V. . . . 135
niarainali!*, IJI 135
homdiiw, Kctr. If. 13(5
crapuo, C. ct V. l-">7
.sobic, Bhrk 1:17
summaiia, Forsk 1:57
mifi'oiiotatii.-*, Iiii/)p 137
tumilabris, C. rt V 1:58
liocvcnii, Blcck 1:58
boiitoo, Ciir 138
celcbicu-s BMc L30
vavioln.sus, luir.'if 1:50
hoedtii, B/r.k L30
akaara, Sclifvi/ 140
npiia, Z;/.. ..". 140
iHtiitzolii, C. ct V. 140
crythruni.s, C. ct V. 00
luaculosiis, C. ct v. 00
ali.'xaiidnnus, C ct V.. ... OO
dcrinocliinis, C ct V. . . . ■ 00
kuuliardlii, Btcck 00
lebretoiiianii.'^, //. ct J. . . 00
lu'xagonatu.*, I'orst 140
a. ht'xafj^onatus .... 141, 50:5
b. rnt'i-ra, Bl 141
morio, C. ct V. 142
iiiipe1iaino.sus, M. ct T.. . 142
on-ii.s' Jil 142
(iiicla.'H, Peters 143)
utidulo.su,'>, C. ct V. .... 143
t.siriincnara, ScJiloj 144
•punctati,>*,simus, (Hhr. . . 144
rupcstri.**, C. ct V. 145
flav()-cfciuk'U,-5, *7^'/f'/7J. .. 145
, 'spiiii^cr, (rthr 14()
, ura, C. ct V. 147
100. uu'lainirus, Gcoffr..
1 10. gilbovti, mch
111. iicbulos.u.'f, C. et V.
112. bouloidos, 7//<'rA;. .
1 L3. uiacro.spild,-*, BIcek.
114. arodlalu.s For.'^k . . .
115. awoara, Schlcij. . . .
1 10. g;e(>;j:rapliicus, A', ct v. II.
117. vetii'ularis, K. ct v. II.
118. g-ainiardi, Blcck
110. cldovo.sfi^uia, C. et V.
120. •cyliudricu.s (itht: .
121. lalu'ifonnis, Jen
rivulatu.'^, C. ct V. . . .
uig:nc('ps, C. et ]'. . . .
niiliaris, C. et V. ...
thnoguttatu,*, Peters .
diktiophoni.'^, Blcck. .
122. altivtdi,^ ('. ct V. ...
123. iucriui.^, C. cf V
124. quoyanu.s, C. et V. . . .
125. oU'ax, Jcfi
120. dt'iinoptoru.s, Sehlc(j. .
pantlR'nnus, L<te6p. . .
cyauopus, ItieJi
127. Ibnuosu.s, Sliitir
127«. iU(dauotit!iua, Blcck.
128. latit'a.'^ciatus, Selilei/. .
120. morrhua, C. ct V.' . . .
130. biguttatu,-^, C. et V. .
1:51. p(i»(il(ni()tu.-<, Schlcf/. .
1:52. lt>iuni.>i('atu.<, C. et V. .
1:53. uropl-.tliahuu.-^, Blcck.
1:54. liucatus, C. et F. ...
135. anib()ineu.si.<, Blcck. .
chlorocophalu.-i, C. ct J
auvatus, Bl.
c'lLTulcopuuctatus, Bl.
forallicola, A', ct v. II.
avgi'utinu.^^, Bl
varicgatus, Hick
roove.sii, Hick
lunarius, luirsk
tncnioohiru.s, ('. ct V. .
rosou^!, C. ct V.
pcruaini>i, Less
abd()niiuali.><, Peters .
goliatli, Peters
pai'kiusouii, C. et V. .
arara, C. et V.
cardinali.s, C. et V....
luiudatus, Scluicid. . . .
27. PliH'tropoma, Cur. . . .
1. maculatuni, Bl
2. li'opardiTnini, Laecp. .
3. (digacautlius, Bleek. .
4. ni(daiHiK'ucnui, J.acrp.
PllRC
147
148
148
140
14i)
140
150
150
150
150
151
151
152
00
00
00
00
50:5
152
153
153
153
154
08
08
154
504
154
154
155
155
155
155
150
150
1(X)
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
15(5
15(5
157
157
157
SySTKMATiC INDEX.
Page
5. nigrorubrum, C. et V. . . lo8
(). *aiinulatum, Gfhr 158
7. seniicinctum, C. et V. . . 160
8. susuki, a etV. 160
9. dciitex, C.etV. 160
10. *ocellatum, Ofhr. . . 161, 504
11. *cim-tum, Gf/ir 162
12. serratuni, C. et V. 103
V.i. aculoatum, C. et V. 163
14. brasiliauuni, C. et V. 164
15. chloroptt-nim, C. et V. . . 164
1(>. pictuiu, Tschudi 164
17. munacaiitliu.s, 31. et T. . . 164
18. luacroplithalmus, Tachudi 165
10. paytonso, Less 165
20. liispanuni, C. et V. 165
21. puella, C.et V. 165
vitiilimnn, Poey 165
22. indigo, Poeji ' 166
23. boviiium, Poci/ 160
24. giiinniigutta, Poei/ 1()6
25. gutta-variiini, Poei/ .... 166
26. chloninim, C et J' 167
nigricans, I'oeij 167
acceusiini, Poej/ 167
27. iniicolor, Schuiid 167
28. *Tiachyponia, GtJir 167
1. *inacracauthu.s, GtJir. . . 167
29. Pol.vprion, Cur 168
1. cernium, Val 169
30. *Pogon()perca, Otiir 169
1. punctata, C. et V. . . 169, 504
31. Granmiistes, Art 171
1. orientali.s, Sclineid. 171
32. Khypticus, C.etV. 171
1. saponaceus, Schiieid. .... 172
2. arenatns, C. et V. 173
3. niaculatii.s, Holhr 173
33. Aulacocephalus, Sehlej/. . . 17-">
1. schlegclii, Gthr 173
34. Diploprion, K. et r. H. . . 174
1. bifasciatum, K. et v. II. . . 174
35. ^lyiiodon, Bris 174
1. -waigiensis, Q.etG 175
36. Genyoroge, Curd 175
1. nigra, Forsh 176
2. macolor, C.ct V 17(5
3. seba3, C.etV. ^. 176
4. bengalensis. Til 178, 504
5. ca;ruleovittata,C'.r<r. 179,504
ha. spilura, Benn 504
6. viridis, Vid 180
7. octovitlata, C. et V. 180
8. rosea, C.etV. 180
9. gibba, Forsk 180
10. notnta, C. et V. 181
11. niarginata, <". < / V 181
12. bottoneusis, C. et V. . . . .
13. rivulata, C. -st V.
14. cajruleopiinctata, C. et V.
15. nielauura, Riipp
16. amboinensi.s, Bleek
17. nielauospilos, Bleek
18. fulva, Forst
19. civis, C.etV.
diiodecim-lineata, C. et V.
rufolineata, C. et V. . . . .
axillaris, C. et V
riavipes, C. et V.
analis, C. et V
aurantiaca, C. et V.
san guinea, C. et V.
vitiana, Honihr. et Jaeq . .
37. Mesoprion, Cuv
1. luicrochir, Bleek
2. chry.gurus, Bl.
3. sparus, Sehle;/. . .
4. dentatus, Guich
5. carponotatus, Ricli
0. bohar, Forsk
(quadriguttatus, Cuv. . .
7. caudalis, C. et V
8. bitfeniatus, C. et V. . . . .
9. waigiensis, Q. et G
10. chrysotseiiia, Bleek
11. argentimaculatus, Forsk.
12. lineatus, Q. et G
13. genibra, Schiieid
14. cynodon, C. et V.
15. griseiis, C. et V.
16. buccanella, C. et V. . . . .
17. ava, Bl.
18. borensis, C.etV
19. erythrinus, Rilpp
20. rangus, C. et V.
21. madras, C. et V.
22. johnii, Bl.
23. fuscescens, C. et V
24. fulviHamnia, Forsk. ...
25. uninotatus, C. et V. . .
26. mahogoni, C. etV.
27. vivanus, C. et V
28. annularis, C.etV.
29. malabaricus, Schiieid. . . .
30. erythropterus, Bl.
31. lineolatus, Riipp
32. tinioriensis, Q. et G. . . .
33. isodon, C.etV.
34. dodecacautlius, Bleek. . .
35. dodecacanthoides, Bleek .
36. aurorubens, C. et V. ...
37. vitta, Q.etG
38. bleekcri, Gthr
39. onncacanlhus, Bleek. . .
XXIU
Page
. 181
. 182
182
183
183
183
184
184
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
184
186
^m
188
188
190
190
191)
191
191
191
192
192
193
193
194
194
198
198
199
199
199
200
200
201
201
202
203
203
204
204
205
205
205
206
, 206
. 206
. 207
. 207
. 208
. 20! >
S VSTEM A TIC 1 \ n K X .
40. sciniciiRtus, Q. H G 209
41. quinquelineatus, C. ct V. 209
42. sobra, C.etV 209
48. decussatus, C. et V. .... 210
44. retrospinis, C. et V 210
45. pomacanthus, Blevk 210
aurolineatus, C. etV..... 184
richardi, C.etV. 184
t;eniops, Cet V. 184
cyanoptems, C. et V. . . . . 184
pargus, C. etV. 185
Havipinni.«, C et V 185
rubellus, C.etV. 185
sillaoo, C.etV. 185
ful^ens, C.etV. 185
lutjanus, Bl 185
chn-tah, C.etV. 185
caroui, C. et V 185
albo-aureus, Lacep 185
lunulatus, Munc/o Park . . 185
olivaceus, C. et V. 185
erythrognathiis, C. et V. . 185
emerjii, Richards 185
elongatus, /iowiJ/". etJacq. 185
argenteus, Homhr. et Jacq. 185
(;audanotatus, Poc[i 185
38. Glaueosoma, Schlcij 211
1. biirgeri, Richards 211
Third Group. Pentaceratina.
39. Pentaceros, C.etV. 212
1. richardsonii, Smith .... 212
2. capensis, C. et V? 212
3. *decacaatliiis, Gtlir 213
40. Oreosoma, C.etV. 214
1. atlanticum, C. et V. .... 215
Foiu'th Group. Puiacanthina.
41. Priacatithus, C. et V. 215
1. niacrophthalmus, C. et V. 215
2. boops, Forst 21()
(macropus, C. et V. ..... 21())
3. bonariensis, C. etV 21()
4. japoni«ia, Langsd 217
5. niphomcus, C. et V. .... 217
6. blochii, Meek 218
7. bonmcbari, Schley 218
8. hamrulir, Forsk 219
9. carolinu.s, C. et V. 2-19
10. schniittii, lUeek . 220
11. holocontrurn, lUcek 220
12. niacracan tints, C. et V . . 220
13. dubiu.s, Srhlcfi 22]
14. tayfuus, R/rhanh 221
1.5. sprciiliuu. ('. >■/ r. 221
Page
cruontatus, Lacep 215
argenteus, C.etV. 2 15
niacropterus, C. et V. . . , . 215
fax, C.etV. 215
Fifth Group. A p o G o n r n a.
42. Ambassis, Comviers. . 222,
1. *robustus, Schle;/
2. commersouii, C. etV.....
3. urotainia, Rleek
4. k()p.sii, Rleek
5. apogonoides, Rleek
G. batjanensis, Rleek
7. dassumieri, C. et V. ....
8. tliermalis, C. et V.
0. n.alua, C. et V
10. interrupta, Rleek
11. lnu'ucu,sis, Rleek
12. wolffii, Rleek
13. A achellii, Rich
14. niacracantluLS, Rleek
15. macrolepia, Rleek
1(). alta, C.etV.
17. nuv^HjRach. Ham
18. oblonga, Ruck. JIam
19. bogoda, Ruch. Hum
lala, Ruch. Ham
baculi-s, Ruch. Ham
barlovi, Si/kes
argyrozona, C. et V. ....
43. Microichthys, Riijjp
1. (!occoi, Riipp
44. Apogon, Lucfp
1. iniberbis, L
2. heptastigma, Ehrcith
3. liyalosonia, Rleek
4. tlionnali-s, C. et V.
5. pu^ciloptcrus, K. et i: H. . .
0. godini, Rleek
7. axillaris, Val
8. hypselouotus, Rleek
9. leptacanthu.s, JSleek
10. nigroniaculatus, H. et J. ,
11. orbicularis, K. et v. H. . .
12. neniatopterus, Rleek. .
13. trimaculatus, C. et V.
14. rhodopt(!rus, Rleek. . .
15. koiloinatodon, Rleek. .
1(). niargaritophorus, Rleek
17. ta'nialus, Fhrenb. . .
18. aniboiucnsis, Rleek. .
10. sangiensis, Rleek. . .
20. ccraniensis, Rkek. . .
21. iiigripinnis, C. et V.
22. ta';ii(>pterus, litiin. . .
23. tiiiiiioclinius. Rl((k. .
505
222
223
224
224
224
225
225
225
225
226
226
22(5
227
227
227
227
228
228
228
222
222
222
222
228
229
229
230
231
231
232
232
232
232
232
232
233
233
233
233
233
234
234
234
2;',4
235
2.".5
2.!5
2.{5
2;(i
sysjk.ma'hc ini)i;\'.
Page
24. inaciilosu9, C. it f 2;{6
25. euueastigiua, Hiijjj) 23G
26. *riippellii, Gthr 23()
27. nova? giiinefe, Vol 237
28. cupreu8, EhreHh 237
29. hoevenii, lilcek 237
30. truncatus, Blvok 237
31. bifasciatiis, i?//;;/; 238
32. tiuiorieiisis, lilvck 238
33. baiulanensis, lilcek 238
34. aiiuulari.^, Riipp 239
35. liueatus, Schlcc/ 239
30, quadrifasciatus, Val 239
37. seiuilineatus, Schlcg 240
38. clirvsopomu.s, lilcek 240
39. kalosoiua, Bleck 240
40. frenatus, Val. 241
41. kallopterus, Bhek 241
42. fascial us, White 241
4^3. cyanosonia, Bleek 242
44. cyanotaenia, Bleek 242
.45. multitteniatus, Bleck. . . 242
46. hartzfeldii, Bleek. ...... 242
47. chiysotsenia, Bleck ...... 242
48. *victori{e, Gthr 243
49. melas, Bleek 243
50. cautoris, Bleck 243
51. mcaco, Bleek 244
52. lineolatus, Ehroih 244
53. i'ucatus, Ca)d 244
54. niacropteius, K. ct i\ H. . . 244
55. bleekeri, Gthr 245
56. macropteroides, Bleck. . . 245
57. burueiisis, Bleck 245
58. zosteropliovus, Bleek 245
latus, Ehrenb . . 229
multitajuiatus, C. ct V. . . 229
coccineus, Rdpp 229
ceylonicus, C. ct V 229
nioluccensis, Val. 229
guamensis, l\il. 229
iiova3 boUandise, Val 229
lateralis, Val 229
sclilegelii, Bleck 229
fuscus, Q.etG 229
45. Apogonicbtbys, Bleck. . . 245
gracilis, BUck 246
auritus, C.ctV. 246
polvstigma, Bleck 246
amfclyuropterus, Bleck. . . 246
, glaga, Bleck 247
. cariuatus, C.etV. 247
, pordix, Bleek 247
a. aprion, Richards 247
9. americamis, Casteln 247
46. Cliilodiplcrus, Laccji 248
1, octovittatus, C. ct V. 248
2. liueatus, Forsk 248
3. quinquelineatus, C et V. . 248
4. apogonoides, Bleck 249
5. aniblvuropterus, Bleek. . . 249
47. Scombrops, Schleg 249
1. cbilodipteroide,^", i//r<'A-. . . 249
48. Pomatomus, Risso 249
1. teloscopium, Rissu 250
49. Acropoiua, Schlcg 250
1. japouicuni, Gthr 250
Sixtli Group. Grystina,
50. *01igorus, Gthr 251
1. uiacquiU'iensis, C. ct V. . . 251
2. gigas, Owen 251
51. Grystes, C.ctV. 252
1. salmonoides, Laccj) 252
nuecensis, B.et G 252
fasciatus, Eoff 252
52. Arripis, Jc/u/us 252
1. georgianus, C. et V. .... 253
2. salar, Richards 253
3. truttaceus, C. ct V. 254
53. lluroj Cur. 255
1. uigricaus, Cur 255
54. l\>rcilia, Girard 255
1. gillissii, Gir 255
54 rt. *Leiubus, Gthr 505
1. *uiaculiitus, Gtlir 505
55. Ceutrarclius, Cuo 256
1. adieus, Lcsueur 256
2. pouiotis, Buird 256
3. luterruptus, Girard .... 257
4. irideus, Bosc 257
5. bexacantbus, C.ctV.. .. . 257
6. uitidus, Girard 257
7. fasciatus, Lesueur 258
8. ol)scurus, Dekay 258
9. gulosus, C.ctV. 258
10. tetracantbus, C. ct V. 258
viridis, C.ctV. 256
50. Bryttus, C.ctV. 258
1. puuctatus, C.ctV. 259
2. albulus, Girard 259
3. lougulus, Baird 259
4. lioriden,sis, Holhr 260
5. melanops, Girard 260
6. niuriuus, Girard 260
7. fasciatus, Holbr 260
8. glorioau.s, Hclhr. 260
reticulatus, C. et V. .... 258
diapbauus, Girard 258
signifor, Girard 258
huniilis, Girard 258
niicrops, Girard 258
!?V.STKJ1ATIC IN0K.\.
Pope
57. Pomotis, C. etV.
. 2(51
1. aurims, L
. 2G1
2. rubricaiula, Storey ....
. 2G2
.'}. t'loiifzatn.'^, lliilhr
. 2G2
4. speciosu.s, li. it (i
. 2(;;^
T). c itt'todon, Itnird ....
. -Mi
G. her<).<, B. vt d
. 2(;.i
(niaciocliir, Kirtl
. 2G:5)
7. niit-rolopluis, dtlir. . .
. 204
'6. iiuui;inalus, Ilolbr.
. 2(54
ti'tnK-antluis, C. ct J'. . .
. 2(11
ravL'iielii, C. d T'. ....
. 2(il
holbrookii, C. vt V.. . . .
. 2(51
iiifi.-»or, ('. ct V.
. 2(51
gibbusus, C. ct V. ....
. 2(51
golif-, C. etV.
. 201
catesbvi, C. ct V. ....
. 201
brevic-t'p.s, li. et G
. 201
appciidi.v, Mitcli
. 201
nitidiis, Kiytl.
. 2(il
lima, (tirard
. 2(51
aquili'U.-^is, Itnird ....
. 201
r^^. Aiioplu.'^, Seidell
. 204
1. banjos, Rielunds
. 204
59. *()d(iiitoiii'otos, Gfhr. . .
. 2()r,
1. cvvthruua.-ti'i-, K. et r. II
. 20r)
GO. Dales, CetV.
. 2(U)
1. aiirifia, C. et V.
. 20(!
2. fluvixfiitii.s C.ci V. . .
. 207
.'!. iaiuUi\ittatU!«. Zrfrv'/). . .
. 207
4. tll'lliuilis, ('. et V. ....
. 2(57
0. fu>(.'U>, ('. (t V.
. 2()8
(i. niariiiiiaiits, ('. et T. . .
. 20S
7. iiipt'stiis, L'irrp
. 208
H. uuaiiicii.-^is, C. et J\ ...
. 209
It lualo, C. ct V.
. 270
10. IjciiiK'tti, Uleek
. 270
11. aiidii^uu.s, lUvhitrda. . .
. 270
\ aiiicdli'ii.si.s, C. ct J". . .
. 2(56
Fain. 4. Ai'IIIU'-Doiikhid-T-:.
1. A))hrt'doderus, Leaueiir . .
. 271
1. sayanut!, Gi/liiiiiis ....
. 271
Fam. 5. Pristipo.m.vtid.i;.
1. Tlicrapon, C'xr
. 274
1. thciaps, C.ctV
. 274
2. obsciirus, C. ct T. ....
. 275
3. .«qualidiis, C. ct J'. . . . .
. 275
(traiisversus, C. ct J'. .
275)
4. vir^atu.s, C. ct V.
. 270
5. clli])liciis, Rleliardfi. . .
. 270
(!. tancrllatii-, C. ct ]'. . .
. 270
7. cincrt'iis, C. ct V. ....
. 27(i
H. •iiiiicolor, Gthr
. 277
11 .«TVI1.S W
, 27«
10. (vivillaliis, liiich. Ilniii.
2S0
Page
11. phebiil, Elircnb 281
12. oxvrhvnchus, Scldci/ 281
1.3. qnadnlineatus, Bl. '^>*->
14. cuvit'ii, Jilcck ■/f<'2
15. ai-'^enteu.s, C. ct V. 283
IG. caudovittatiLs, 7?(W<«;y/a\ . 284
ru})ric'atiisi, JiicJiards 274
microlfpis, Riipp 274
b()uzetiami.s, Horn, ct Jacq. 274
2. IIelot.".s Cm- 284
1. ,se.\liiu'atii.s, Q. ct G 285
2. ocloliiieatus, Jcii 28-5
3. polvtaiiiia, lilcek 285
3. Maoq'iiaria, C. et V. 285
1. aiLstrahusica, C. ct V. 28G
4. Pri.stipoma, Ciiv 28G
1. ca\ itVoii.^, C.ct V. 28G
2. .serrula, C. ct V. .^ 287
(auratuiii, C. ctl^. 287)
3. nielaiKipterniii, C. el V.. . 287
(bicolor, Ciistelii 28S)
4. vir^iiiicuni, L 288
5. .siirhianuiise, Bl 288
G. iiinviini, 3Iert 28'.)
7. liasta, Bl 280
8. uanvb, liiipp 200
9. piuictulatuui, liii))p 290
10. du.'5sumieri, C. et I'. 291
11. argx'iitcinii, Forsl; 291
12. ar^ivreuni, C.ct V. 292
1.'5. pihloo. liichards 292
14. pailveeli, V. ct V. 292
15. macidatiini, Bl 293
1(). auvituni, C. et T. 293
17. therapon, Jilcck 293
18. nerribilc, Gtkr 294
19. crocro. C. ct V. 290
20. coro, Bl 297
21. catliavinEe. C. ct V. 298
22. rof^erii, C. ct V. 298
23. boniK'ttii, Imivc 298
24. conc-eptioni.s C. ct J'. 300
25. .'itridcn.'*, f'or.sk 3(M)
20. lincatuni, C. ct J'. .'500
27. lasciatuin, C.ct V. .301
2H. tulvoinaculatum, Mitch. . 301
29. viiidense, C. et V. 302
30. suilluni, C.etV. 302
31. peroteti, C. ct V. ...... .302
32. octolincatiini, C ct T. . . 303
33. cantharinuin, Jen ."JO.''*
34. japouicuiu, C. ct V. .... 30.3
i-aii'rii, C.ct V. 280
iiibelini, C.ct V. 286
piioraka, C. ct V. 28(5
(•}il<ir(ni()tiini, Bich 280
galliiiacriiin, liiclt 280
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXVll
gramniopcecilum, Rich. . .
leucurum, C.etV.
scapulare, Tsch
5. Conodon, C. et V.
1. plumieri, Bl.
6. Plaemiilon, Ctiv
1. foi'mosura, L
2. ele^ans, C. et V.
3. *microphtl)almum, Gthr.
4. *macrostoma, Gthr
5. cliromis, Brouss
6. schrankii, Ar/uss
7. caiina, C. et V.
8. album, C. ct V.
9. xanthopterum, C. et V, . .
10. caudimacula, C. et V, . .
11. chrysopterum, L
12. *cliry.*arg:yreum, Gthr. . .
l.'S. qiiadrilineatiim, ('. ct V. .
14. auvolineatum, C. et V. . .
ai'cuatum, C. et V.
obliquatiim, Benn
modestuni, Tach
7. Hapalogeiiys. Richards. .
1. nigripinnis, Schlefl
2. nuicronatus, Eyd. et Soul.
8. Diagi'auima, Cuv
1. gibboRum, II. et J.
2. crassispinum, Riipp
3. *affine, Gthr
4. griseum, C. et V.
5. pertusiim, Thtiiib
6. meditciTaueiun, (hilch. . .
7. centurio, C. et V.
8. shotaf, Forsk
9. foetela, Forsk
10. gatterina, Forsk
11. pardalis, K. et i\ II.
12. punctatum, Ehrenh
13. cinctum, Schlaj
14. chsetodonoides, Lacep. . .
15. pica, C. et V.
16. orientale, Bl
17. pictum, Tlninb
(balteatum, K. et v. H. . .
18. pcecilopterum, C et V. . .
19. lessonii, C.etV.
20. blochii, C.etV.
21. albovittatum, Riipp
22. lineatuni, L
23. radja, Bleek
24. sebae, Bleek
25. goldmanni, Bleek
26. haematochir, Blcck
27. polytsenia, Bleek
28. polytpenioides, Bleek. ...
29. chrysotsenia, Bleek. . . .
Paite
286
286
506
304
304
305
305
306
300
308
310
310
311
311
312
313
313
314
310
316
305
305
507
317
317
318
318
319
319
319
321
321
321
322
322
322
322
323
323
325
326
326
326
327
328)
329
329
329
330
330
331
331
331
.332
3.32
333
333
Page
30. *reticulatum, Gthr 334
31. *nitidum, Gthr 335
9. *Hyperogl>^h.e, Gthr 337
1. porosa, Richards 337
10. Lobotes, Cuv 337
1. auctorum, Gthr 338
citriniis, Richards 337
emarginatus, B. et G 337
11. Datnioides, Bleek 338
1. polota, Buch. Ham 339
2. microlepis, Bleek 339
12. Gerres, Cuv 339
1. plumieri, C.etV. 340
2. poeti, C.etV. 341
3. rhombeus, C. et V. 341
4. zebra, JliHl. et Trosch. . . 343
5. subfasciatus, C. et V. 343
6. *ovatus, Gthr 343
7. abbre^iatua, Bleek 345
8. filamentosus, C. et V. . . 345
9. punctatus, C. et V. 346
(macracantlms, Bleek. . . 346)
10. gula, C.etV. 346
11. ♦nigri, Gthr 347
12. *sqiianiipinnis, Gthr. . . 349
13. japonicua, Bleek 351
14. acmacos, Bleek 351
15. kapas, Bleek 352
16. aprion, C. et V. 352
17. oyena, Forsk 352
18. niacrosoma, Bleek 353
19. argATeus, Forsk 353
20. oblongus, C. et V. 354
bilobus, C. etV 339
peruvianas, C. et V. .... 339
richii, C.etV. 339
lineatus, Humboldt 339
limbatus, C.etV. 339
lucidus, C.etV. 339
argenteus, Buird 339
13- Scolopsis, Cuv 354
1. japonic-US, Bl. 354
2. margaritifer, C. et V. 355, 507
3. ciliatus, Laccp 355
4. auratus, Munqo Park. . . . 356
5. torquatus, C'. et V. 356
6. bilineatus, Bl 357
7. bimaculatus, Riijyp 357
8. inerinis, Sclde;/ 357
9. monogramma, K. et v. II. . 358
10. phixjops, Benn 358
11. temporalis, C. et V. . 360, 507
12. personatus, C. et V. .3(.K)
13. frenatus, C. et V. .-'.Ol
14. cancellatus, C. et J'. .... 361
15. bleekeri, Gthr 361
16. ghanam, Forsk 3(52
SYSTEMATIC INDKX.
Page
17. pectinatus, K. et v. H. . . 3G2
18. longulus, Richards 3G3
19. leucotasnia, Bleek .363
20. leuootgenioides, Bleek. . . 3(53
21. caninus, C. et V. 364
pomotis, Richards .354
tajnioptenis, C. ct V. . . . . 354
14. Hetero^nathodon, Bleek. . . 364
1. bifasciatus, Bleeh .304
2. hellinuthii, Bleek 364
3. xanthoplem-a, Bleek 365
4. macrurus, Bleek 365
5. nemiirus, Bleek 365
6. microdon, Bleek 366
giiliminda, C.etV, .... 364
15. Dtntex, Cuv 366
1. vulgaris, C.etV. 366
2. argyrozona, C. et V. .... 368
3. *proeorbitalis, Gthr 368
4. rupcstris, C. et V. 370
5. macrophtlialmus, Bl. .... 370
6. filosus, Val. 371
7. nufar, Elirenh 371
8. hj-pselosoma, Bleek 371
9. griseus, Schley 372
10. microdon, Bhek 372
11. rivulatus, Rilpp 372
12. multidens, C.etV. .... 373
13. hasta, C.etV. 373
macrocephaluH, Lacep. . . 366
gobioides, Sohaidcr 366
thunbei'gii, Lacep 366
cpiodon, Bl. 366
riviilatus, Bemi 366
waigiensis, Q.etG 366
16. *Svnagns, Gfhr 373
1. fiircosus, C.etV. 373
2. tasniopterus, C. et V. . . . . 374
3. mulloides, Bleek 374
4. upeneoides, Bleek 375
5. zysron, Bleek 375
6. ovenii, Bleek 375
7. motopias, Bleek 376
8. hexodon, Q. et G 376
9. peronii, C. et V. 376
10. \ariabilis, Ehrenb 37(5
11. luteus, Schneid. 377
12. celebiciis, Bleek 377
13. nematopxis, Bli'ck 377
14. japouiciis, Bl. 378
15. filament osus, Riipp. ... 378
16. ncnmrus, Bleek 378
17. .sinensi.^a, Lacep. . . •579
18. npm.'),toplionis, Bleek. . . .'579
19. inacroiu'nui.'f, Glhr 380
runfginivtn.s, C.et V. . . . ., 37.'>
t-.uill)ul(iirlrs. IV/ck. . . . , ■57-"'
Page
tolu, C.etV. 373
striatus, Bl 373
mesoprion, Bleek 373
ruber, C. et V. 373
17. Pristipomoides, Bleek 380
1. typus, Bkek 380
18. Pentapus, Cut 380
1. aurolineatus, Lacep. 881, 507
2. vitta, Q.etG 381
3. peronii, C. et V. 381
4. vittatus, Bl. 382
5. porosus, C.etV. 382
6. nubilus, Cant 382
7. unicolor, C.etV. 382
8. setosus, C.et V. 382
9. *paradiseu.9, Gthr 3a3
iri8, C.etV. 380
19. Chaetopterus, Schleg 385
1. dubiu.s, Gthr 385
20. Aphareus, C. et V. 385
1. furcatus, Lacep 380
2. rutilans, Cur 386
21. Mfena, Cuv 38<>
1. vulgaris, C. et V. 38(>
2. vomerina, C. et V. 387
3. zebra, Briinn 387
jusculum, C.etV. 386
22. ^maris, Cuv 387
1. vulgai-is, C. etV. 388
2. alcedo, Risso 388
3. maurii, Bonap 389
4. gracilis, Bonap 389
5. melanunis, C. et V. .... 389
6. balteatiis, C. et V. 389
7. insidiator, C.etV. 390
martinicus, C et V. .... 387
23. Cfesio, Commers 390
1. lunarLs, JEJirenbf/ 390
2. xanthonotus, Bleek 391
3. pisang, Bleek 391
4. pinjalo, Bleek 391
5. maculatus, C. et V. .... 391
6. cmrulaurcus, Lacdp 392
7. sti-iatus, Riipp 392
8. chry.sozona, K. et r. II. . . 392
9. argenteus, Bl. 393
10. tile, C.etV. 393
11. *cylindricus, Gthr 393
12. g^'mnopterus, Bleek 394
tricolor, C.etV. 390
cnning, Bl. 390
24. J'^rvtlu-ichthvs. Schleg 395
i. schlegolii, Rich. ..." 395
2. nitidua, Rich 395
3. cyanescens, Gaij .'51)5
4. li'iicogrnmniini.'^, Bhik.. . 39(5
25. Pi'ndiprion. h'leek. ...... .396
SVSTKMA.TIC INDI'.X.
Page
1. <>orrcoides, Bhek .'«)(>
20. Vo\\c^n\ms,MiiU.c(Tn)srh. 80(3
1. .'clioiuburgkii, 31. et T. . . 31)0
Fam. 0. Mui.Lio^K.
1. Upeueoides, Block 307
1. vittiitus^ Forsk 307
2. trag-ula, Rich 308
3. sulphuveus, C. ct V. .... 308
4. moluccen.sis, Blvck 300
5. bensasi, Schlcg .'500
6. sundaious, BIcck 300
7. vlaniiiio-ii, C. ct V. 400
taMiioptorus, ( '. cf V. .... .307
sub^•ittatu,^, Schlcfi .307
2. Upcnoic-htby.s, ]}l,'ck 400
1. poro.sus, C. ct V. 400
3. Mullu,^, L 400
1. barbatus, L 401
2. .siirmuletus, L 401
4. Miilloide.s Bk-ck '. , 402
1. Havoliiieatu.?, Laccp 403
2. Havovittatn.-^, Pucy 403
3. vanicoleiisis, C. ct V. . . . . 404
4. zeyloniciis, C.ctV. .... 404
5. japonicus, Houtt 404
iiiartinicus, C. ct V. .... 402
parvu.s, PiK'i/ 402
baltoatiis, C. ct V. 402
mauritianus, Bcnn 402
6. Upeneus, C. ct V. 404
1. barbeiiiius, Laccp 405
2. macron emus, Lacep 405
3. barberinoides, Blcek 40G
4. indicus, Sltaw 40G
5. spilurus, Blcck 400
0. pk'uro.^pilo.'^, Bleck 407
7. brandt'sii, Buck 407
8. malabaricus, C. et V. . . . . 407
9. trifasciatiis, Laccp 407
10. maculatiis, BL 408
11. punctatiis, a ct V. 408
12. prayen^is, C.ctV. 400
13. cyclostoma, Laccp 409
14. oxAceplialus, Bkck 409
15. chrysopleuron, Schleg. . . 410
16. jausenii, Bleek 410
17. dubius, Schlcff, 411
18. bilineatus, C'.et V. 411
19. crassilabris, C. ct V. .... 411
aiu-iflainma, Forsk 404
clierserydrcs, Laccp 404
cinnabarinus, C. et V. . . 404
fvaterculus, C. et V. .... 404
atherinoides, C. etV..... 404
cvprinoides, C. et V. .... 404
liiteu.s C. ct r. .... 404
Fam. 7. Sj'ARiDiK.
Y'lY^i Group. C .\ N T II A I! I x
1. Cantharus, Cur
1. Iineatu8, Moid
2. ))rama, Bl.
3. orbiculari.s, C. et V. . . . .
4. emavf.'-inatu.^i, C. ct ]'.....
5. blothii, CctV...
0. graudnculis, C. ct V. . . . .
7. e;»ruleus, C. et J'.
8. maculatus, C. et V. ....
0. lineolatus, C. ct V.
senep-alensis, C. ct V. . . . .
2. Box, Our. .
1. vulgaris, C. ct T. . . .
2. .*alpa, L
3. goreensis, C. et V.
salpoides, C.-et V.
3. Scatluirus, C.ct V.
1. gT.Tecus, C. et V. ....
4. Oblata, Cur
1. melanura, L
5. Crenidens, C. et V.
1. forskalii, C. ct V.
6. * Pachymetopon, Gtltr
1. *g:raiide, Gthr
7. Dipterodon, C. et V.
1. capen.sis, C. et V.
8. * Proteracauthus, Gthr.
1. sarissophorus, Catit
9. nirella, Gray .
I punctata. Gray
2. tricu.^pidata, Q.ctG
3. simplex, Bicliurds
4. *zonata, Gtltr
leonina, Rich
10. Doydixodon, Val.
1. freminvillei, Val.
11. *Tephra3ops, Gthr
1. richardsonii, Gthr
2. zebra. Rich
12. * Gymnocrotaplius, Gthr. .
1. *curvidens, Gthr.
Second Group.
IIatlodactylina.
13. Haplodactylus, C. et V. . .
1. pmictatus, C. et V.
2. vermiculatus, Gay
3. guttatus, Guy
4. arctiden.-i, ^iich
5. *lophodon, Gthr
Third (iroup. Sargina.
i4. Sargu.s, Klein
1. vulgaris, Gcoffr
Page
413
413
41(5
4](i
410
410
417
417
417
418
413
418
418
4L'0
421
418
422
422
422
422
424
424
424
424
426
426
426
427
427
427
428
420
429
427
431
431
431
432
432
432
4-32
434
4M
434
434
435
435
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
2. rondeletii, C. et V. 440
3. capensis, Stnith 442
4. vetula, C. et V. 444
5. lineatus, C. ct F. 444
6. iioct, Uhrenbf/ 444
7. argenteus, C. et V. . . . . . . 445
8. amiventris, Pet 445
9. annularis, Z 445
10. flavo-lineatus, C. et V. . . 44(5
11. iininiacidatus, Bl 446
12. ovi3, 3Iitch 447
13. rhomboides, L 447
14. fasciatus, C. et V. 448
15. cervinus, Loive 448
IG. avics, C.etV. 449
17. * ambassis, Gthr 449
a-sceusiouis, C. et V. .... 437
areuosus, Dekay 507
15. Chara.x, Risso 452
1. puutazzo, L 453
Fourth Group. Pa or in a.
16. Lethrinus, Ciiv 463
1. rostratus, K. et v. H. . . . . 454
2. amboinensis, Bleek 455
3. moensii, Bleek 455
4. nematacanthus, Bleek. . . 456
5. * richardsonii, GtJn- 450
6. reticulatus, C et V. .... 457
7. chrysostomus, Rich 457
8. latifrons, Riq^j 458
9. harak, Forsk 458
10. ramak, Forsk 459
11. cocosen.si8, Bleek 469
12. atlanticus, C.etV. 460
13. kallopterus, Bleek 460
14. nebulosus, Forsk 460
15. opercularis, C et V. .... 461
16. xanthotsenia, Bleek 461
17. leutjanus, Lacep 461
18. ♦glyphodon, Gthr 462
19. mahsena, Forsk . 463
20. mahsenoides, C. et V. . 464
21. hfeniatopterus, Schley. . 464
22. latidens, C.etV. 464
pothofredi, C.etV. 453
fa-sciatus, C. ct V. 453
frenatus, C.etV. 463
korely, C.etV. 453
maculatus, C ct V. 453
cinoreus, C. et V. 453
microdon, C, et V. 453
olivaceus, C. et V. 453
waigiensi,% C. et V. 453
sordid us C. ct V. 454
flavpsccns, C. cf V. . . . 454
P.ip;e
azureus, C. et V. 454
CPeruleus, C. et V. 454
croceopterus, C. et V.. . . . 464
argenteus, C. et V. 454
borbonicus, C.etV 454
geniguttatu.«>, C. et V. . . 454
genivittatus, C. et V. . . . . 464
ch8erorliynchu.s,*S'c/)/ifK/. . 464
virescens, C. et V. 454
karwa, C.etV. 454
abbreviatu!?, Gthr 464
erytliropterus, C. et V. . . 454
erythracanthus, C. et V. . . 464
alboguttatua, C. et V. .... 464
xanthoptcrus, C. et J'. . . 464
miniatus, Forst 464
anatarius. Rich 454
cyanoxanthus. Rich 454
cinnabariiuis, Rich 454
17. Sphfierodon, Ri(p2} 465
1. grandoculis, Forsk 465
2. heterodon, Bleek 465
18. I'agrus, Cin- 465
1. vulgaris, C. et V. 466
2. orphiis, Risso 467
3. laniarius, C. et V. 467
4. unicolor, Q. et G 468
(micropterus, C. et V. . . 468)
5. major, Schlcg 470
6. tumifrons, Schley 470
7. cardinalis, Lacep 470
8. auriga, Val, 471
9. ehreubergii, C. et V. .... 471
10. filamentosus, C. et V. . . 471
11. spinifer. Forsk 472
12. argyrops, L 472
Inirta, L 465
lata, Soland 465
macrocephalus, Val. .... 465
19. Pagellus, C.etV. 473
1. orythrinu.s, L 473
2. centrodontus, De la R. . . 476
3. *owenii, Gthr 478
4. acarne, Cuv 480
5. bogaraveo, Briinn 480
6. mornivTus, L 481
7. lithognathus, C. ctV. . . 483
breviceps, C.etV. 473
20. Chry.^ophrys^ Cur> 483
1. aurata, L 484
2. cra.s.sirostris, C. et V. . . . . 484
3. globiceps, C. et V. 485
4. caeruleosticta, C. et V. . . 485
6. laticeps, C.etV. 485
6. oristicops, C. et V. 486
7. gibbiceps, C.etV. 487
8. caljinius, C. et V. 487
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
(microps, Guich 487)
9. sarba, Forsk 488
10. haffara, Forsk 488
11. bifasciata, Forsk 488
12. a.ries, Schleg 489
13. taurina, Jen 489
14. hasta, Schn 490
15. calamara, C.et V. 493
16. berda, Forsk 494
17. *australis, Gthr 494
18. aculeata, C.etV. 496
bilobata, Lacep 483
coracinus, C. et V. 483
madagascariensis, C. ct V. 483
annularis, £1. 483
forsteri, Sclm 483
Page
Fifth Group. Pimelepterina.
21. Pimelepterus, Lacep 497
1. boscii, Lacep 497
2. fuscus, Comm 498
3. waigiensis, Q. et G 498
4. lembus, (J.etV. 498
5. ternatensis, Bleek 499
6. tahmel, Forsk 499
dussiunieri, C. et V. .... 497
raynaldi, C. etV. 497
oblongior, Cant 497
incisor, C.etV. 497
iudicus, C.etV. 497
Irevifrons, Tschucli 497
(22. Boridia, C. et V. 499
1. grossidens, C. et V. .... 499)
ERRATA.
Page 30, line 25 from bottoin, read the third not quite twice as long as tlio
second.
» 97, ,1 ■") fron bottoin, Lufjanm lunidatus, Bl. Schn. p. 329, is to be
erased.
„ 98, ., 8 from bottom, Serrantis mtrantitis, Cuv. & Val. ii. p. 30,;. is to be
erased.
„ 169, Plate XIV. fig. A. is to be erased.
CATALOGUE
OF
FISHES.
Subclass I. TELEOSTEI.
Fishes with ossified skeleton and completely separated
ertebrae ; the posterior extremity of thp vertebral column
either bony, or covered w^ith bony plates. Bulb of the
aorta simple, with two opposite valves* at the origin;
branchise free.
Order I. ACANTHOPTERYGII.
Part of the rays of the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins
not articulated, forming spines. The inferior pharyngeal
bones separated. Air-bladder, if present, without pneu-
matic duct.
C£r. MiiUer, in Eeri. Abhandl. 1844, p. 199.
Fam. 1. GASTEROSTEIDiE.
Form of body elongated, compressed ; eyes lateral ; cleft of mouth
extending on the sides of the muzzle, oblique; villiform teeth in
both the jaws and on the pharyngo-branchials, none on the palate
or on the tongue. Three branchiostegals. Opercular bones not
armed ; infraorbital arch articulated with prseoperculum ; parts of
i! GASTEROSTEID.E.
the skeleton forming external mails. Scales none, or in the form of
scaly plates along the side. Isolated spines before the dorsal fin ;
ventral fins abdominal, but pubic bones attached to the humeral
arch ; ventral ^^ ith one strong spine, and generally with another
single short ray. S\\am-bladder simple, oblong ; caeca pylorica in
small number.
Fresh and brackish waters and seas of both the Arctic rej'ions.
Onlv one genus.
1. GASTEROSTEUS*.
Gasterosteiis, Artedi, Genera, p. 52 ; Lin)). Si/sf. A'af. p. 489 ; Citu.
H^ffnc Anini. ; C)ir. ^ Vnl. iv. p. 479.
Centriscus, Klein, Pise. 3Ess. iv. p. 48.
Gasterosteus and Spinachia, Fletn. Brit. Anim. p. 219
Characters the same as of the family.
1. Gasterosteus aculeatus.
Pungitiiis piscis, AIhe)-t. Magn. Aldrov. v. cap. 36.
— — albcrti, Jo)tdo)i, iii. cap. 3.
Pisciculi aculoati priufr genus, Ronilel. ii. p. 206 ; Gesner, fol. ICOo.
Pisoiculus aculeatus, WilliK/lihy, p. 341. t. 10. f. 1; Hay, p. 145.
Gastero.steu3, no. 1, Artedi, Species, p. 90 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. n. 405.
Doubtfzd species : —
1. Obolarius acideatus, Sfdlcr. — Gastcracanllius cataphrachis, Pallas, . —
Gaaterosteua cataphractus, Tiles. Mem. Acad. I'cfersh. iii. p. 22t). pi. 8.
f. 1. — Grastci'osleiis obolarius, Cuv. ^' Val. iv. ]). 500. — Coast and Kivers
of Krtintsohatka.
2. Gasterosteus niger, Cta:. <f- Vcd. iv. p. 503. — Newfoundland.
3. Gasterosteus plebeius, Girard, I. c. p. 147, and U. S. I'acif. R. R. Exped.
Fishes, p. 8(). — California.
4. Gasterosteus inopinatus, Girard, II. cc. — California. — The two latter fishes
prove that the form of the three-spincd 8ticklebaek with the posterior
part of the side naked is also met witli in North America, but even there
limited to the more temperate parts. The charactt"rs given by Girard
t)therwi9e are too vague to admit of any opinion on tiie speeifie right of
these fishes.
5. Gasterosteus pygmaeus, Agass. Lake Superior, p. 314. pi. 4. f. 1.— Lake
Superior.
6. Gasterosteus inconstans, Kirtland, in Boston Jour)i. Naf. Hist. iii. p. 273.
pi. 2. f. 1.— Ohio.
7. Gasterosteus serratus, A>/rcs, P)-oc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 185.^i, p. 47 ;
Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 88. — California.
8. Gasterosteus intermcdius. Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 135,
and U. S. Paeif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 81). — Cape Flattery.
y. Gasterosteus jjugetti, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 92. —
Fort Steilaeoom, Puget's Sound.
10. Gasterosteus microcephalus, (xirard, Proc. Ac. Naf. Sc. Philad. 1854,
p. 133, and U. S. Pacif. R. R. F^ped. Fishes, p. 91.— Four Creeks,
Tulare Valley, U.S.
11. Gasterosteus loricatus, Reinh. Vidoisk. Silsi. Natur. ny Math. Afh. vii.
1838, p. IM.— Greenland.
12. Gasterosteus dimidiatus. Rrn>h.l.c. Greeidaiifl.
1. OASTEK0STEU3. 3
Gasterosteua aculeatus, Linn. Si/st. p. 489 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray,
p. 167 ; Block, t. 53. f. 3 ; Bl. 'Schn. p. 122 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, i.
pi. 11 ; TurtoH, Brit. Faun. p. 101 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 219; Fries
och Ek-str. Skand. Fi^k. p. 17. t. 4. f. 1 ; Thompson, Ann. Sf Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1841, vii. p. 95 ; White, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 35.
Centriscus, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 48. t. 13. f. 4, 5.
Gasterosteus ter-aculeatus, Lacep. iii. p. 296.
D. 1 1 1 1 -'-. A. 5^. P. 10. V. 1/1. Ctec. pylor. 2. Vert. 15/16.
Sides of the body with a more or less complete series of scaly
plates. The two anterior dorsal spines one-third of the height/ of
the body.
Var. A. Gasterosteus gymnurus.
Gasterosteus gymnums, Cut: Regne Anim.
leiurus, Cuv. i^ Val. iv. p. 481. pi. 98. f. 4 ; Varr. Ann. 8f Mag.
Nat. Hist. iii. p. 522, and Brit. Fishes, i. p. 95 ; Owen, Catal. p. 56 ;
Coste, Mhnoires Sci. Sac. Etrang. x. 1848; Gitnther, Neckarjische,
p. 29.
Quarter-armed Stickleback, Parn. Ichth. Frith of Forth, p. 30. t. 25.
Four or five scaly plates above the pectoral fin ; the remainder of
the body naked.
Middle and Southei'u parts of Europe ; England, France, South
Germany, Baltic.
a. Adult. New Biver. Museum Leach.
b-e. Adult. Greenwich. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq.
f, (J. Adult. Poole Heath . Dorset. Presented by W. Thompson, Esq.
h-Tc. Adult. Wandsworth. Museum teach.
I, m. Adult. Lochend.
n. Adult. Duddington Loch.
o~r. Adult. England.
s. Adult : nov good state, Baltic. From the Haslar Collection,
t. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
u. Half- grown : bad state.
v-y. Half-grown. Presented by Dr. Johnston.
z. Half- grown. Museum Leach.
a. Adult.
/3. Adult: skeleton.
Var. B. Gasterosteus semiarmatus.
Gasterosteus semiarmatus, Cuv. Sf Val. iv. 493 ; Yarr. I. c. f. 127 h,
and Brit. Fishes, i. p. 94 ; Parn. I. c. p. 32. t. 22.
The front part of the side with a series of ten to fifteen scaly
plates.
France ; Belgium ; England.
a~d. Adult. Greenwich. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq.
e, f. Adult. Tweed. Presented by Dr. Johnston.
4 OASTEROSTEID.TC.
Var. C. Gasteeosteus semiloricatus.
Gasterosteus semiloricatus, Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 494; Tliompson, I. c. p. 95.
The series of scaly plates rea hing to the front end of the caudal keel.
France; Ireland.
Var. D. Gasteeosteus teach itrus.
Gasterosteus trachunis, Ckiv. 8f Val. iv. p. 481. pi. 98. f. 1 ; Yarr. I. c.
f. 127 a, and Brit. Fishes, i. p. 90 ; Parn. I. c. p. 33. t. 25.
aculeatus, Eksti-o^n, Fische Morko, p. 153.
trachurus, var. pontica, Nordtn. in Demid. Voy. Unss. Merid.
iii. p. 357.
The sides of body and tail entirely covered with a series of scaly
plates.
Northern parts of Europe ; North Germany, England, France.
a. Adult. Greenwich. Presented by W. Yarreli, Esq.
b. Adult. Marsh at Plymouth. Museum Leach.
c. Adult. Poole Heath, Dorset. Presented by W. Thompson, Esq.
d. e. Adult. Tweed. Presented by Dr. Johnston.
/. Adult. England. Presented by Mr. Moore.
g. Adult. Frith of Forth.
h-Jc. Half-groT\Ti. Frith of Forth.
l-n. Adult. Gotha River, Sweden.
0. Half-grown. Norway. Presented by G. Woodfall, Esq.
p-u. Fine specimens. From the Haslar Collection.
V, w. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
x-a. Half -grown. From the Haslar Collection.
/3-S. Adult. Europe.
€-d. Yoiing. Europe.
Var. E. Gasteeosteus notebokacensis.
Gasterosteus aculeatus, Schoepff.
noveboracensis, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 502. pi. 98. f. 3 ; Dekay,
New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 66. pi. 6. f. 17 (bad).
Entirely similar to the preceding variety, but with the ventral spine
rather longer, reaching to the posterior extremity of the pubic bone.
Fresh waters of the northern parts of North America.
a. Adult. Greenland.
b. Several young specimens. North America.
2. Gasterosteus argyropomus.
Gasterosteus argyi'opomus, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 498.
D.l|l|l. A.l. P.O. V.1/1.
Sides without any plates ; the anterior dorsal spines about one-
third of ihe height of body.
ItaTj'.
a-e. Fine specimens. Rome. Presented by W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.
1. GASTEROSTEUS. 5
3. Gasterosteus brachycentrus.
Gasterosteus bracliycentrus, Cur. l^ V(d. iv. p. 499. pi. 98. f. 2 ;
Thompson, I. c. p. 100 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 9(5 ; Heck. Kner,
SitHswusserJisehe, f. 17.
aculeatus, var., White, Catul. Brit. Fishes, p. 35.
T). 1 I 1 I-. A. -. P. 10. V. 1/1.
Three or four scaly plates above the pectoral fin. The anterior
dorsal spines only one-fifth of the height of the body ; the ventral
spine one-third of the length of the os innominatum.
Italy.
4. Gasterosteus biaculeatus.
frasterosteus biaculeatus, Shtuv, Zool. iv. p. 608 ; Penn. Arct. Zool.
ii. p. 385 ; Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 503.
cuvieri, Girard, Bost. Journ. vi. p. 254. pi. 7. f. 1.
D.l|l|l A.-i. P. 9. V.1/1.
Sides of the tail without scaly plates. The ventral spine with a
spinous process at the outer side of its base. Blackish.
Coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Gasterosteus biaculeatus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. fc!5,
pi, 3. f. 9, is a different fish, probably identical with Gasterosteus
noveboracensis. Strangely enough he says, " Vent 'with an anterior
pouch, analogous to that observed in Syngnathus.'^ (?)
5. Gasterosteus tetracanthus.
Gasterosteus tetracanthus, Cue, Sf Vul. iv. p. 499.
D.l|l|l|f.. A.i. P. 11. V.1/1.
Sides of the posterior part of body naked ; the anterior dorsal
spines shorter than one-third of the height of the body. {Cuv.)
Italy.
6. Gasterosteus spinulosus.
Gasterosteus spinulosu.s, Jett. <5r Yarr. ; Jen. Man. p. 350 ; iStark,
Jameson's Edinb. Journ. 1830, p. 327 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 97;
Parn. I. c. p. 3(3. t. 25.
aculeatus, var., Thompson, I. c. p. 103.
D. 1 I 1 I 1 I f A. 1 P. 9. V. 1/1.
Sides of the posterior part of body naked ; the anterior dorsal
spines about one-fourth of the height of the body ; the ventral spine
does not reach the posterior extremity of the pubic bone.
Fresh waters of Great Britain..
a. Adult. Isle of Arran. Museum Ajcach.
b. Half-grown. Berwick. Presented by Dr. Johnston.
6 GASTEROSl-EID.*;.
7. Gasterosteus pungitius.
Nine very short isolated dorsal spines ; the tenth spine tAvo-thii"ds
lower than the second dorsal. Sides naked, the caudal keel some-
times with verj' thin scales.
Northern parts of Europe : England, France, North Germany,
Baltic. Northern parts of America ; Newfoundland ; New York.
A. European variety : Gasterosteus pungitius.
Pisciculi aculeati alteram genus, RondcJ. ii. p. 200.
Pisciculus pungitivus, Gi'sucr, fol. IGO a.
aculeatus minor, 1f'illu(/Jib;/, p. 342; Itai/, p. 145.
Pungitii alterum genus, Aldror. v. cap. 30; Juiisfon, lab. 28. fig. a.
(left-hand figure).
Gasterosteus no. 2, Arfedi, Spec. p. 97 ; (irounv. Zooplit//. n. 400.
pimgitius, Limt. Si/st. p. 491 ; Oronov. Si/st. cd. Graif, p. 107 ;
m. ii. p. 108. t. 53. f. 4; Bl. Schi. p. 123'; L„rep. ii'i. p. 297;
Donor. Brit. Fin/ics, ii. pi. 32; Fa/his, Zoot/r. iii. p. 228; Turton,
Brit. Faun. p. 101; F/rm. Brit. Anim. p. 219'; Cm: ^- Vol. iv. p. 500 ;
Thompson, I.e. p. 103; Fkatnini, Fisrhc Morkii, p. 159; Fries och
Fk.ftr. p. 20. pi. 4. f. 2 ; Varrr//, Brit. Fi.'^Jics, i. p. 99 ; Parn. I. c.
p. 37. t. 20 ; Wliiie, Catal. Brit. Fishvs, p. 30.
a. Adult. Battersea Fields. Museum Leach.
h d . Adult. Cobhani (Surrey). Museum Leach.
e. Many specimens, (iotha River, Sweden.
/. vUlult: not good state. Baltic. From the Haslar Collection.
y, h. Adult.
i, k. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
B. American variety : Gasterosteus occidentalis.
Gastcro9teu.<5 occidentalis, Cm: ^- Val. iv. p. 509; Dekmj, Nctv York
Fauna, p. 08. pi. 42. f 135.
pungitius, Storer, Rep. Mass. p. 32.
nehulosus, Agass. Lake Superior, p. 310. pi. 4. f. 2.
l-n. Adult. North America.
8. Gasterosteus mainensis.
Storer,, Bost. Jmirn. i. p. 404.
K.7U-.
Back with seven spines, the last longest ; a broad oblong serrated
plate on the side, with numerous dusky transverse bands.
Fresh water. Maine.
9. Gasterosteus concinnus.
Jtichardsim, Faun. Bor.-Ainrr., Fis/ti-.s. j). 57.
1). 7 I-. A. -. V. 1 1.
Ml 9
1. GASTEK06TECS. 7
The eighth spine one-third lower tlian the second dorsal. No
scales whatever on the body. (Rich.)
Fresh waters from the Saskatchewan to the Great Bear Lake.
This species may be identical -svith the former.
10. Gasterosteus quadracus.
Gasterosteus quadracus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. i^- Phil. Soc. i. p. 430. pi. 1.
f. 11 (bad); Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 504; Dekay, Netc York Fauna,
pi. G. f. 18.
— ^ apeltes, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 505 ; Storer, Heport, p. 31.
? miUepunctatus, Ayres, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 294.
pi. 12. f. 3.
D. 3-4U,. A.;^.
I 12 lU
No bony cuirass between the ventral tins ; without any scaly
plates, and no keel on the side of the tail.
Fresh waters of New York.
11. Gasterosteus spinachia.
Aculeatus vel Pimgitius mariims longus, Schonev. p. 10. t. 4. f. 3;
Willuyhby, p. 340; Ray, p. 145.
Gasterosteus no. 3, Artecli, Genera, p. 52 ; Gronov. Zoophi/l. no. 407.
spinachia, Linn. Syst. p. 492 ; Moch, t. 53. f. 1 ; Bl. S'chn. p. 123.
t. 33. f. 2 ; Lacep. iii. p. 301 ; JJonor. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 45 ; Turt.
Brit. Faun. p. 101 ; Fk'vi. Brit. Anim. p. 219 ; Cur. i)- Val. iv.
p. 509; Ekstr. Fische Mdrko, p. 163; Fries och Ekstr. p. 21. t. 4.
f. 3 ; Jen. Man. p. 351 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 101 ; Thompson,
I. c. p. 104 ; Parn. I. e. p. 38. pi. 26 ; White, Catal. Brit. Fishes,
p. 30.
Centi'iscus, sp., KMn, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 48. no. 1. t. 4. f. 5.
Gasterosteus marinas, Gronor. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 168,
Spinachia vulgaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 219.
D. 15 I 6-7. A. 6-7. P. 10. V. 1/1. Cajc. pylor. 2.
Vert. 18/23.
Back with fifteen free spines. Body laterally covered with scaly
plates.
Along all the northern European coasts.
a. Adult. Plymouth. Museum Leach.
b. Adult : skin. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
c-h. Adult. Brighton. Presented by J. G. Cliildi'en, Esq.
i. Adult. Brighton. Presented by Dr. A. Gunther.
k. Adult. English Channel.
/. Large female specimen. Wales, Presented by Mrs. Gray.
m-p. Half-grown. South Wales. Presented by F. Stokes, Esq.
q. Adult. Bei-wick on Tweed, Presented by Dr. Johnston.
'•. Very large specimen : not good state. Polperro. Presented by
J. Couch, Esq.
s-w. Adult and half-grown specimens. Frith of Forth.
.v-i. Adult and half-grown specimens, Europe.
UKKYCID^.
Fam. 2. BERYCIDiE.
Form of body oblong or rather elevated, compressed ; eyes lateral,
large ; cleft of mouth extending on the sides of the muzzle, more or
less oblique ; villiform teeth in both the jaws, and generally on the
palate. Eight or four branchiostegals. Opercular bones more or less
armed. Scales ctenoid, seldom bony, or wanting. Central fins
thoracic, with more than five soft rays, in one genus with less.
Cajca pjiorica in increased number.
Tropical and temperate seas.
The genera of this most natural family have been improperly
scattered by Cu\-ier in the families of TrigUdse and Percida;. Lowe
was the first who defined this group, in his admirable work on
the " Fishes of Madeira." He overlooked, however, the genus
Rhynchichthys, apparently a less aberrant form than Monocentris,
which may be considered as a connecting link with the first family.
Syno2)sis of the Genera.
Scales foniiing a bony mail; several isolated
spines in front of the dorsal fin 1. MoNOCENTRlS.
One dorsal. No vomerine teeth. Abdomen ser-
rated 2. HOPLOSTETHUS.
One dorsal. Vomerine teeth. Abdomen serrated. 3. Tbachichthys.
No scales 4. ANOPLOGASTEjlt.
One dorsal. Vomerine teeth. No barbel 5. Beryx.
Two barbels 6. Polymixia.
Two dorsals. Prseopercular spine none 7. Myripristis.
Two dorsals. Praeopercular spine. Jaws equal,
or the lower prominent 8. Holocentrum.
Two dorsals. Pra3opercular spine. Snout pro-
jecting beyond the mouth 9. Rhynchichthys.
1. MONOCENTRIS.
(lasterosteus, sp., Houttuyn.
Scisena, sp., Thunhcry.
Monocentris, Bl. Schn. p. 100; Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 461.
Lepisacantlius, Lacep. iii. p. 321.
Muzzle blunt, rounded, protruding, with the cleft of mouth
beneath ; eye moderate. Villiform teeth in both the jaws and on
the i)alatines, but none on the vomer. Eight brancliiostegals.
Opei'fiiliU- l)ones .scarcely denticulated ; suborl)ital bones with radi-
ating boil}' ridges. Scales verj- large, bou) , fornung together a mail.
Several isolated .spines in front of the dorsal. Ventrals reduced to a
2. nOPLOSTETHUS. 9
single strong spine and a few very short rays ; caudal not forked.
Swim-bladder?
Sea of Japan.
1. Monocentris japonicus.
Gastei'osteus Japonicus, Houttuyn, Act. Soc. Harl. xx. pt. 2. p. 329.
Sciaena catapnracta, Tlmnberfj, Nov. Act. Sclent. Siiec. xi. p. 102. tab. 3.
Monocentris carinata, Bl. Schn. p. 100. tab. 24 (copied).
Lepisacantlius japonicus, Lacep. iii. p. 321.
Monocentris japonicus, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 461. pi. 97; Faun. Japon.
p. 50. pi. 22. f. 1.
D. 6 I 11. A. 10. P. 13. V. 1/2. L. lat. 13. L. transv. 2/4.
Anterior dorsal and ventral spines very strong and thick. Head
shorter than the height of the body.
Sea of Japan.
a. Adult. Japan.
h. Adult : skin in spirits. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c, d. Adult : stuffed. China Seas.
e. Half- grown : stutfcd. Purchased.
2. HOPLOSTETHUS.
Hoplostethus, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 469.
Trachichthvs, sp., Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, p. 55.
Muzzle very short, rounded, not protruding; cleft of mouth
oblique ; eye large. Exceedingly fine villiform teeth in both the
jaws and on the palatines, but none on the vomer. Eight branchio-
stegals. Operculum entire, a strong spine on the scapular bone
and at the angle of pra^operculum ; suborbital arch with radiating
ridges. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size ; abdomen serrated. One
dorsal with a spinous and with a. soft portion ; ventrals with six
soft rays ; pectoral blunt and rounded behind ; caudal deeply forked.
Swim-bliadder simple ; pyloric appendages numerous,
Mediterranean ; coast of Madeira.
1. Hoplostethus mediterraneus.
Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Cttv. i<( Val. iv. p. 469. pi. 97 bis. ;
Guichenot, Explor. AUjerie, Poiss p. 42.
Tracliichtliys pretiosus, Lowe, Siippl. FisJies of Madeira, in Proc. Zool.
ISoc. 1839, p. 77, and Fishes of Madeira, p. 55. tab. 9.
D. 1^: A.l V. 1/6. L. lat. 28-29. Vert. 11/15.
Pectoral fin reaching beyond the origin of the anal fin ; the
serrated ventral keel composed of eleven to thirteen scales. Pale
reddish or rose-coloured.
Mediterranean ; coast of Madeira.
a. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Zoological Society.
Skeleton. — Cfr. Owen, Osteol. Catal. i. p. 56.
10 DERVCID.T-;.
3. TRACHICHTHYS.
Trachichthys, Shan; Nat. Misc. x. pi. :}78, Cuv. i^- Vol. iii. p. 229
Amphiprion, BL S'cfin. p. 551.
Tracliichthys, sp., LoWc, Fishes of Madeira, p. 55.
Muzzle very short, rounded, not protruding ; cleft of mouth
oblique; chin prominent, eye large. Exceedingly fine villiform
teeth in both the jaws, on the palatines, and on the vomer. Eight
branchiostegals ; a strong spine on the scapuhir bone and at the
angle of praiopcrculum, a small one on the operculum ; suborbital
arch with radiating ridges. Scales ctenoid, rather small, abdomen
serrated. One dorsal, ventral with six soft ray.s ; caudal forked.
Swim -bladder? Pyloric appendages?
Australian Sea.
1. Trachichthys australis.
Trachichthys australis, SJiaic, Nat. Misc. tab. 378, and Zool. i\. p. 630 ;
Cur. Sf Val. iii. p. 229; Loire, Fishes of Madeira, p. 55 et scq.
Amphiprion carinatus, Bl. Schu. p. 551.
D.l A.l. V. 1/6. P. 13.
Scales rough, rather irregularly arranged, those of the lateral
line not larger ; the serrated ventral keel composed of eight scales.
The height of the body not quite one-half of the length between
snout and the base of the caudal.
Australian Sea,
a. Adult: stuffed. New Holland. (ShaAv's original specimen.)
2. Trachichthys elongatus. (Plate 1. fig. A.)
I).-^. A. I V. 1/0. L. lat. ca. Go.
Scales rough, those of the lateral line not larger ; the serrated
ventral keel composed of eleven or twelve scales. The height of the
body one-third of the length between snout and the base of the
caudal.
a Skin, in spirits. Great Barrier Island (New Zealand). Purchased
of Mr. Sowerby.
b. Young. Austraha.
Description. — This new species differs as much in the foi-m of the
body from the other, as a I)ace from a Crucian Carj). The length
of tbn head is less than the height of tlu^ body. The snout is ex-
ceedingly short, about oue-third of tlie diameter of orbit. The
u])[)cr maxillary reaches a little behind tlie eye ; it is elongate and
styliform lik(! ,the intermaxillary, but dilated at the end. The
lower jaw is shorter than the upper, and fiiniisluMl in front with
two little knobs ; the interniaxillaries are scarcely separated from
one another by a noteli. All the teeth are fine, villiform; those
3. TUACnicnTUYs. 11
of the jaws and palatine bones in narrow l)ancls, and those of the
vomer in a small patch.
The interspace between the eyes is one-third of the length of
the head, and convex ; the scales of the nape extend nearh' to
above the middle of the eye. The remainder of the upper surface of
the head is scaleless, and occupied by cavities. There arc two narrow
bony ridges running from the nape to the front of the snout ; they
converge in the middle, including posteriorly a narrow triangidar
cavity. Between these lidges and the superciliary margin there is on
each side another ridge, slightly arched, and running from the supra-
scapulary to the posterior nostril ; there is a pair of large cavities
between these and the inner ridges ; lastly, there is a third cavity be-
tween the ridge just mentioned and the superciliary arch. This latter
cavity is absent in Beri/x ajjinis, the outer ridge and the superciliary
margin being confluent in that species. The nostrils are close
together ; the anterior small, round ; the posterior larger, short,
ovate. The eye is placed high up the sides, its cUameter is nearly
one-third of the length of the head. The infraorbital arch is trans-
formed into a channel, covered by a half- transparent skin, like the
cavities of the skull ; several bony ridges cross it ; the anterior
infraorbital is very narrow in front and scarcely denticulated ; none
of the bones extend to the proeoperculum.
The operculum is not twice as high as Avide ; no scales are visible
on it, except at its upper extremity, but broad ridges, rough and
slightly arched ; the spine at its upper angle Ls scarcely visible.
The suboperculum is entire, and notched before the pectoral ; the
interoperculum is rough and slightly serrated. The pra^operculum
has on the hinder and under part two j^arallel ridges with a channel
between ; they are slightly roughened and meet at a right angle,
where there is a projecting triangular spine with a sharj) l)onj' ridge ;
the edges of this spine have a fine, hardly visible serrature. The
spine does not extend to the gill-opening. Cheek scaly. The scapu-
lary bone has a distinct spine, much more feeble than in the other
species. Humeral bone not serrated.
The dorsal fin is placed somewhat nearer the base of the caudal
than the tip of the snout ; its height equals its length. The spines
and rays are much more slender than in Trachichtht/s (tnstrnlis, and
not roughened. The spines become long'er behind ; the fourth is
about as long as the last ray, one-half of the longest ; the longest
ray is the third, much longer than one-half of the depth of the body.
The caudal is moderately forked, with pointed lobes of moderate
length, aboixt one-fifth of the total. The origin of the anal falls
under the end of the dorsal, it is rather higher than long, but much
lower than the dorsal ; the spines and rays arc smooth, the former
gradually becoming longer lichind ; the third spine is much sliorter
than the first ray (which is the longest), and even somewhat sliorter
than the last. The pectorals are slightly rounded, short, their length
being one-seventh only of the total. The ventrals equal the ])e(torals
in length ; they are inserted a little behind the pectorals ; their spine
is equal to the third of the anal fin.
12 IIKKYCID.K.
The scales are smaller and smootlier and more regularly arranged
than in TrachichtJii/s australis ; their margin is strongly ciliated.
The scaly plates hetween the root of the ventrals and the anus are
imbricate, each aimed with a strong spine directed backwards.
Along the middle of each lobe of the caudal fin a black streak.
inches. lines.
Total length 4 1
Height of the body 1 2
Length of the head 1 0
of maxillary bone (* (J
of fourth dorsal spine 0 4
of third dorsal ray 0 8
of first anal ray 0
f.i
4. ANOPLOGASTER.
Hoplostetlms, sp., Ciiv. ^- Vai i.x. p. 470.
Muzzle very short, rounded, not protniding ; cleft of mouth ob-
lique, chin prominent ; eye large. Villiform teeth in both the jaws,
several larger ones in the lower, none on the palate, flight l)ran-
chiostegals. Operculum entire, a strong spine at the angle of pra;-
operciUum ; suborbital arch with radiating ridges. Scales none ;
skin covered vnt\\ rough tubercles. One dorsal, ventral with six
soft ray.s; pectoral pointed?, caudal deeply forked. Swim-bladder?
Trojjical parts of the Atlantic.
1. Anoplogaster comutus.
Hoplostethus conmtu.s, Cuv. i^- J 'a/, i.x. p. 470.
D.l. A.|. V. 1/6.
Suborbital nrch with seven cavities ; the bony ridges of the head
terminating in several blunt points. (Val.)
5. BERYX.
Cur. Ri'ijHv Anint. ; Cuv. fy Val. iii. p. 226.
Muzzle hhort, with oblicjue cleft of mouth and prominent chin ;
eye large. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, on the vojner and
palatine bones. Eight (exceptionally seven) and more braiu-hio-
stegals. Opercular bones serrated; operculum generally distinctly
spiniferous ; pracojjerculum without .spine. Scales moderate or large,
ctenoid. One dorsal ; ventrals with seven and more rays. Caudal
forked; anal with four spines. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric ap-
p(uidages in increased number (20-30).
Sea of Madeira; Indian Ocean: Australian Seas.
5. BKRYX. 13
1 . Berjrx lineatus.
Ckiv. S,- Val. iii. p. 226.
B. 8. D. -^3. A. -. V. 1/7. L. lat. 51. L. transv. 7/17.
Caec. pylor. ca. 20.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Operculum with two small spines ; pectoral
one-fifth of the total length ; the inferior lobe of the caudal rather
longer than the superior. Red, with Lighter longitudinal bands.
King George's Land.
a. Adult: stuffed: not good state. (Isle de France.)
2. Beryx affinis. (Plate II.)
^- h ^- l2iTi- ^- 1/7- ^- lat. 41-43. L. transv. 6/12.
The height of the b6dy is 31 in the total length, the length of
the head 3|^ ; operculum with two distinct spines ; pectoral one-
fifth of the total length; the inferior lobe of the caudal scarcely
longer than the superior.
Coasts of Australia.
a-v. Adult : stuffed. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
d. Adult : has been in chloride of zinc. From the Haslar Collection.
Description. — This species is closely allied to B. lineatus, but
differs in many respects, which, unimportant in themselves, alto-
gether lead me to think it a distinct species.
The form is oblong, moderately compressed, deepest forwards
from the nape to the commencement of the soft portion of the dorsal
fin, contracting considerably at the origin of the anal. The dorsal
line is strongly arched from the front end of the dorsal fin to the tip
of the short muzzle. There is another convexity, but much slighter,
along the base of the dorsal fin. The ventral line is straight betweien
the origin of the anal and the mandibular joint, rising steeply towards
the extremities of snout and tail. The greatest height of the body
at the origin of the dorsal fin, is 3-1- in the total length. The length of
the head equals the height above-named. The laige eye is placed high
up, but not interfering with the upper outline of head ; it leaves a
spiice below it deeper than its diatneter, which is nearly one-third of
the length of head. The muzzle is short, reaching about five-sixths
of the diameter of the eye. The nostrils of one side are close together,
one before the other ; the anterior is placed a little lower, and is oval
and small ; the posterior is larger and more elongated.
The intermaxillaries are thin at the sides, separated in front from
one another by a deep notch ; they are furnished Avith a band of very
fine villiform teeth, and with several larger ones at the inner ex-
tremity, near the notch ; theii' upper posterior processes are rather
small and feeble. The palatine bones are armed with a cimeiform
band of minute teeth, the broader end in front ; the small patch. of
14 BERYCID.E.
vomerine teeth is triangular. The lower jaw is thickened and clumsy
at the tip, which projects considerahly beyond the upper, and is
received into its notch ; the lateral edge is slightly undiilating and
furnished Avith a series of small teeth, but the teeth on the anterior
])roiiiinencc are, Like the upper ones, larger and conical. The max-
illanes are styliform at the interior extremity, but very broad at the
exterior ; they are smooth, and not denticulated ; the broad end is
overlapped by the supplementaiy bone, tapering behind and rough-
ened above. The gape is oblique, steejily ascending ; the maxillary
reaches, when the mouth is closed, rather behind the middle of the eye.
The eye is surrounded by the infraorbital arch, which is trans-
formed into a channel, the outer side of which is covered above by a
narrow, bony, roughened streak, and beneath by a broad transparent
membrane ; the lower edge of the arch is slightly serrated. The
praeorbital has not the curved and prominent tooth which is to be
observed in B. decadactylus and splendetis ; but in this species such a
process arises from the maxillary, near its upper extremity, in front
of the eye. The turbinal bones are peculiarly shaped and have
curved edges ; they arc roughened in front and laterally denticulated,
and have a notch, to receive the curved process of the maxillary
bone.
The interspace bctAveen the eyes becomes gradually narrower in
front, and is one-fourth of the lengtVi of the head. There may be
distinguished four very narrow bony ridges ; each of the two external
ones forms the superciliary ridge, terminates abruptly in an obtuse
extremity just above the nostrils, and is lost behind in the infra-
orbital arch. The two internal ridges arise from one point on the
same level with the front end of the two external ones, and on the
suture of the frontal bones ; they immediately diverge, receiving a i
arrow-shaped groove between, and ra(Uate near the nape into three
bony ridges, the irner of which is very short, but the two outer ones
extend nearly to the suprascapular. Between all these ridges are
cavities covered by a half-transparent membrane only.
The operculum is more than twice as high as wide (the spine
included); it is covered with scales on its anterior half, the remainder
being striated ; the stria? terminate in marginal points, becoming
coarser towards the spines ; there is a slight notch above and beneath
the spines. The upper spine is rather stronger, and produces a
distinct transverse ridge an the opercle ; both the spines have a
parallel direction and are rather distant from one another. The
suboperculum has a concave posterior margin and has some spinous
teeth below. The mteropcrculum has a very deep notch near the
angle of pracoperciilum, and is not only serrated along its margin, but
has a roughened surface, sometimc's ^\^th projecting spines. The
prsioperculiim has two parallel margins with a channel between,
covered with a half-transparent membrane. Both the posterior
margins have an exceedingly fine serrature ; that of the inferior ones
is coarser. The margins meet at a right angle, slightly projecting,
and armed ^nth coarse spinous teeth. The cheek is scaly. The
suprascapular has a prominent spine, rather larger than those of the
5. BEEYX. 15
operculum and running in the same direction ; it might be taken for
a third opercular spine. The scapular and coracoid bones are nearly
entire. The scales of the nape reach far between the eyes.
The dorsal fin is more distant from the occiput than from the root
of the caudal ; the distances are =3:2. The spines gradually become
longer behind, the length of the first being 5^ in that of the seventh ;
the first ray is still longer — one-half of the height of the body, and
nearly twice as long as the last ; it is branched. The length of the
base of the dorsal fin is much longer than the pectoral ; its origin
corresponds to the level of the 7th scale of the lateral line, its end
to that of the 27th. The spines are rather slender, and show some-
times a longitudinal groove.
The caudal fin is exceedingly deeply forked, one of the longest
outer rays being more than four times as long as the middle, and as
long as the head ; both the lobes appear to be equal in length (the
extremities are rather injured). The upper and lower side of the
base is furnished with four short imbricate spines.
The length of the base of the anal fin nearly eqxxals that of the
pectorals ; its origin corresponds to the level of the 15th scale of the
lateral line, its end to that of the 32nd. The spines are slender and
become gradually longer behind ; the fourth is rather shorter than
the first ray, which equals the sixth dorsal spine, and is more than
twice the length of the last ; its lower edge is straight.
The pectoral fin is placed about one-third of the height up the
side, not very long, and pointed, equaling one-fifth of the whole
length of the fish. The rays are regular and slender ; the first two
unbranched ; the thii'd the longest.
The ventral fins are placed just below the base of the pectorals ;
they are ovate and much shorter than the latter, their length being
one-seventh only of the total. The spine is strong, striated, about
three-fourths of the entire length of the fin. A nan^ow elongated
scale at theii* exterior axil.
The scales are of moderate size, with smooth surface and fine
posterior serrature ; in several of the dorsal scales the middle part
of the serrature projects beyond the margin. The lateral line is
nearly straight, uninterrupted.
The specimens arc now discoloured, but appear to have been red,
with iridescent streaks.
inches, lines.
Total length 14 0
Height of body 4 4
Length of head 3 10
of seventh dorsal spine 1 9
of first dorsal ray 2 10
of longest caudal ray ' 3 5|
of middle caudal ray 0 8^
of fourth anal spine 1 6
of first anal ray 1 6|
of pectoral 2 6
of ventral 1 9
16 BEKTCID^l?.
3. Beryx decadactylos.
Beryx decadaetylus, Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 222 ; Barker- Webb ^- Berthelot,
Hist. Nat. lies Canar. IcJdhi/ol. p. 13. pi. 4.
BerjTc splendens, Lowe, Ca?nbr. Phil Trans, vi. tab. 3 (not descript.).
B.8(7). D.^^. A.J35. V. 1/10. L.lat. 64-65.
L. transv. 34-35.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 2|
in the total. The upper maxillary bone reaches to below the middle
of the eye. Operculum with an indistinct spine.
Sea of Madeira.
4. Beryx splendens.
Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 142 ; Cambr. Phil. Trans, vi. p. 197
(not figure) ; Fishes of Madeira, p. 47. pi. 8.
B.8(9). D.^^. A.^g. V. 1/10-13. L. lat. 71-76.
L. transv. 8/20. Cjbc. pylor. 25-30.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
three to four times in the total. The upper maxillary bone reaches
to below the middle of the eye. Operculum with two feeble spines.
Sea of Madeira.
a. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
6. Large specimen : stuffed : not good state. Madeira. From the
Collection of the Zoological Society.
5. Beryx delphini.
Ckiv. Sf Val. ix. p. 454 ; Cuv. Rbgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 14. f. 3.
B. 10. D. ^. A. ? V. 1/13. Cjec. pylor. 24.
Taken from the stomach of a dolphin in the Indian Ocean.
6. POLYMIXIA.
Polymixia, Lowe, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1838, vi. p. 198.
Nemobrama, Vale.nc. in Barker- Webb 8f Berthelot, Ichth. lies Canar.
p. 40.
Muzzle short, with nearly horizontal cleft of mouth, and the upper
jaw longest ; eye large. Villiforai teeth in both the jaws, on the
vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones. Four branchiostegals.
Two barbels on the throat. Operculum without spine ; praeoporculum
indistinctly crenulated. Scales moderate. One dorsal ; ventrais
with six or seven rays. Caudal forked ; anal with three or four
spines.
Atlantic Ocean.
6. POLYMIXI\. 17
1. Polymma nobilis.
Pol\Tnixia nobilis, Lotce, I. c. tab. 4.
Nemobrama webbii. Val. I. c. p. 41, pi. 8.
D.3TO ^-iSi- V- 1/6 or 7. L.lat. 48-54. Vert. 29.
Above uniform greenish ; dorsal and anal black anteriorly.
Sea of Madeira, and St. Helena,
a. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowo.
h. Adult : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by General Hardwicko*
e. Adult: stuffed. Old Collection.
One of the specirnens exhibits seven rays in the ventral fins, as
stated by Valenciennes. There are even eight in the figurc given
by him.
2. Polymisia lowei. (PiAtE Vfl. fig. A.)
D. 1. A. ^. V. 1 7. L. lat. 50.
Above uniform greenish ; sides golaen shining (in spirits).
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Description of the specimen. — This species very much resembles
in general appearance the only one hitherto known, but differs in
having at least six dorsal rays less. The height of the body is nearly
equal to the length of the head, and 3-|- in the total. The greatest
depth of the body is below the origin ot the dorsal fin ; in front of
this point the upper profile is slightly convex, brt rapidly descends
from the eye to the snout ; the profile behind that point gradually
descends to the caudal fin. The lower profile is nearly- straight
between the snout and the anal fin.
The head has an obtuse and short snout, with the upper jaw
overlapping the lower; the interspace between the eyes is one-
fourth of the length of the head, and is covered with scales to near
the anterior margin of the eyes. The cleft of mouth is wide, the
upper maxillaiy reaching to behind the eye ; it tenninates posteriorly
in a broad plate with a convex posterior edge and a concave superior
and inferior one. The lower jaw has a slight prominence in front,
much smaller than in Myripristis, &c. The eye is placed high up the
sides, but does not interfere with the upper profile of head ; its
diameter is rather more than one-third of the length of head ; the
space below it is less than its diameter. The suborbital arch is
broader as far as the maxillary reaches, and transformed iato a
half-channel, covered with a transparent skin. This part of the
suborbital arch, the maxillary, and the dentary, are scaleless ; all
the remainder of the sides of the head is covered witb scales of
moderate size.
The opercles have no spines at aU ; the operculum and siiboperculum
are so uniformly covered with scales, that the border between them
can be seen only after the scales are removed. The foimer is
twice as high as wide, and the lower margin is straight, obliquely
lb BERYCIDJi:.
descending upwards; the sub- and inter- operculum have rounded
lower margins, and both are situated in an oblique direction upwards.
The praeoperculum has a scaleless portion at its angle, which is
rounded and indistinctly crcnulated ; the posterior margin descends
obliquely towards behind. Of the humeral arch the suprascapula
alone is slightly denticulated.
The two barbels arise in front of the branchiostegals from the
basihyal (Owen), and reach as far behind as the base of the pec-
toral fin.
PseiidobrancJdce well developed.
The dorsal Jin arises above the middle of the fish (the caudal not
included), with five feeble spines, gradually becoming longer behind,
but the fifth being about one-half only of the first ray, which is the
longest ; the folloAving rays become shorter and shorter to the
seventeenth, the remainder being very short and nearly equal in
length. The last ray is one-fourth only of the first. The distance
between the dorsal and caudal fins is 3|- in the length of the
former. The caudal Jin is deejily forked, with pointed and equal
lobes ; the length of a lobe is about one-fifth of the total, and that
of the middle (shortest) ray is one-fourth of the length of a lobe.
The anal Jin is similar in shape to the dorsal, but much shorter
and lower. The third spine is about one -third of the first ray,
which equals the fifth dorsal ray ; the end of the fin falls just below
that of the dorsal. Tlie pectorals are short, pointed ; they reach
beyond the level of the origin of the dorsal, and are equal in length
to that of the fii'st dorsal ray. The ventral Ji)is are very short ;
their spine is closely attached to the first ray, and both can be
separated from one another by the knife only ; the fii'st ray is not
branched, but articulated ; the length cfjuals the diameter of the
eye, and the fin reaches scarcely beyond the pectoral.
The scales are rather oblique and irregular, with distinct conccntnc
layers on the free part and without serratm-e.
All the teeth are in very broad, velvet-like bands ; that of the
intermaxillary is elongate, cimeiform, broadest on its inner extremity;
nearly all the band is not covered by soft parts, and free, outside of
the mouth ; the band of the mantUbulaiy is narrower and undulating.
One broad band extends on the palatine and pterygoid bones, and con-
fluent with it is an exceedingly large and ovate patch of teeth on
the entopterjffjoid bone. The vomerine teeth form a narrow band,
tapeiing behind. The tongue and the branchial bones are covered
with broad patches of \"illit'()rm teeth. Thus this fish oftcrs the
most comiilete dentition in this and the following families.
inches, lines.
Total length 0 10
Height of the body 2 7
Length of the head 2 8
Diameter of th(! eye ( * II
Interspace b(!tween the eyes 0 M
Length of a barbel 2 0
IJrcndth of tlic i-ntoptcrygoid patcli of teeth . 0 i")
7. jmiiPRisTis. ]5)
inches, lines.
Length of the entopterygoid patch of teeth . . ( > U
of the first dorsal i-ay 1 4
of the last dorsal i'ay 0 4
of a caudal lobe 2 0
of the middle caudal ray 0 (i
of the first anal ray 1 1
of pectoral fin 1 4
of ventral fin 0 11
Height of a scale 0 4
Length of a scale 0 3
7. MYRIPRISTIS*.
Mp'ipristis, Cuv. Regnc Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 160.
Muzzle short, with oblique cleft of mouth f and prominent chin ;
eye generally large. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer
and palatine bones. Eight (exceptionally seven) branchiostegals.
Opercular bones sermted ; operculum generally ydt\x a spine, prae-
operculum without spine. Scales large, ctenoid. Two dorsals,
scarcely united ; ventrals with seven rays. Caudal forked ; anal
with four spines. S-wam- bladder divided by a contraction ; the
anterior part extending to the otocrane. Pyloric appendages in
moderate number.
Tropical seas of both hemispheres.
1. Myripristis jacobus.
Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 1G2.
D. 10 I yj^. A. i V. 1/7. L. lat. 36-38. L. transv. 3/6.
Caec. pylor. 9. Vert. 27.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the interspace betM'een the eyes is one-
fourth of the length of the head. The upper maxillary reaches a
little to behind the middle of the eye ; operculum striated, the stria3
terminating in fine points at the hinder edge of the operculum,
above a very feeble spine. Pectoral shorter than ventral ; the third
and fourth anal spines nearly equal in length, but the former broader.
Gill-opening and base of pectoral fin brownish black.
Caribbean Sea ; coast of Brazil.
a. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.
h-e. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
/. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult: stuffed. Sine patria.
h. Young. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
* 1. Myripristis borbonicus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. j). 489.— iSlo de France.
2. • axillaris, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 491. — Isle de Fi-ancg
3. botche, Bleck. Perc. p. 52. — Batavia.
4. violaoeus, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 234. — .'Baiida.
1' In Myripristis lima the cleft of mouth is horizontal.
20 BERTCID^.
2. Myripristis pralinius.
Myripristis pralinius, Cuv. (^ Vol. iii. p. 170, and vii. p. 486.
Myripristis seychellensis, Cuv. 8f Val. lii. p. 172.
D. 10 I -L.. A. -i-. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 3/6.
I 15-10 14-15
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 3^ ; the interspace between the eyes is 4^ in the
latter. The upper maxiUary bone reaches to below the middle of
the eye, and is distinctly denticulated beneath ; a series of larger
teeth along the outer margin of the upper jaw. Striae and denticu-
lations of the opercular pieces very fine ; opercular spine indistinct.
Pectoral longer than ventral, reaching to the level of the anus ; the
third and fourth anal spines are nearly equal in length, but the former
is rather thicker. Red, with the upper part of the ^11-opening and
the base of pectoral black.
From the Isle de France through the Indian Ocean to the Pacific.
a. Adult. Celebes. From Mr. Frank as M. indicus.
h~d. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the Rattle-
snake.
e. Adult. India.
3. Myripristis kimtee.
SuUanaroo-kxmtee, Russ. Cor. Fishes, pi. 104.
Myripristis kuntee, Cuv. ^ Val. y\\. p. 487.
D.10|l. A.l
The height of the body is one -third of the total length; the
irterspace between the eyes rather narrower than one-fourth of
the length of the head ; the fan-hke ridges on the head five or six
in number ; maxillary bone not serrated ; teeth carduliform along
the edge of the upper jaw. Shoulder, giU-opening, and base of the
pectorals brownish black. {Vol.)
Coast of Coromandel. Isle de France.
This species may prove to be the same as M. pralinius, the
denticulation of the maxillary bone being a character of veiy little
value.
4. Myripristis bleekeri.
Myripristis pralinius, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 234 (not Cuv.).
The height of the body is 3^3| in the total length, the length
of the head 4-4 i ; the interspace between the eyes is 3^3^ in
the latter, vertex with 8 to 10 bony ridges on each side, fan-like
arranged. In front of both the jaws some larger teeth ; the upper
maxillary bone reaches to behind the middle of the eye, and is
denticulated at the inferior angle. Opercular spine feeblfe. The
dorsal fins nearly equal in height; pectorals longer than ventrals.
7. MTKIPRISTIS. 21
Red, the upper part of the gill-opening and the base of the pectoral
black. (Bl.)
Sea of Banda Neira.
5. Myripristis leignathos.
Valenc. Voy. Venus, v. p. 316. pi. 4. f. 1.
D.ll|i A. ^3. L.lat.38.
The height of the body is 3 times in the total length, the length
of the head 3f ; the intei*space between the eyes is one-fourth of
the length of the head. No larger teeth in the jaws ; the upper
maxillary reaches to behind the middle of the eye, and is not den-
ticulated; scapulary entire. Uniform red. {Vol.)
Vew Ireland.
6. Myripristis parvidens.
Bleek. Amh. Ceram, p. 260; ? Cut. ^ Val. ill. p. 173.
D-10|n^. A.^. L.lat.30.
The height of the body is 3^ or 3 in the total length, the length
of the head 3^ ; the interspace between the eyes is 3|^ in^^he length
of the head. No larger teeth in the jaws ; the upper niaxiUary
reaches to behind the middle of the eye, and is not denticulated;
operculum witb a feeble spine ; scapulary entire. Violet-reddish ;
fins rose-coloured, the outer rays of the caudal violet ; opercular
membrane and base of the pectoral deep black. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
7. Mjrripristis murdjan.
Sciaena murdjan, Forskal, p. 48.
Perca murdjan, Schneider , p. 86; Lacep. iv. pp. 396, 418.
Russell, t. 105.
Myripristis murdjan, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 177, vii. p. 495; R'dppell, Atl.
p. 86. t. 23. f. 2, and Fische des Rothen Meets, p. 95 ; Bleeker, Am-
boina, iii. p. 19.
B. 8 (7). D. 10 I j-^. A. Y^. L. lat. 28-30. L. transv. 3/6.
Yert. 10/15.
The height of the body is contained 3|^ in the total length, the
length of the head 3| ; tlie interspace between the eyes is two-
ninths of the latter. The upper maxillaiy reaches behind the
middle of the eye. Operculum with a feeble spine above; the
upper maxillaiy with some denticulations ; suboperculum notched
before the pectoral fin. Pectoral reaching a little beyond the
ventral to the level of the eleventh scale of the lateral line ; the
third anal spine stronger, but rather shorter than the fourth. Rose-
coloured, scales with a violet edge ; the soft dorsal, anal, and
ventral fins with a white front margin, and the anterior rays with a
22 BERYCID3J.
violet-brownish ci'oss-bahd ; caudal fin above and beneath white-
edged, and each lobe with a violet-brownish longitudinal streak,
lied Sea ; AmbojTia.
a. Half-grown : stuffed. Eed Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
I. Adult. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c, d. Adult. India.
8. Myripristia adustus.
Bleeker, Amboina, iii. p. 18.
^- 10 I fs- ^- TT^Ii- ^- l*^*- ^^^0- ^^^■*- 1V15.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total leng-th, the length of tne
head 3^ ; the interspace between the eyes is one -fourth of the latter.
The upper maxillary bone reaches to behind the middle of the eye ;
operculum wdth a short feeble spine. Pectoral reaching a little
beyond the ventral to the level of the tenth scale of the lateral line.
The third anal spine strongei', but rather shorter, than the fourth.
Above reddish-A-iolct, scales with a \iolet edge ; gLLl-oiK?ning and
base of the pectoral black ; the spinous dorsiil violet ; the other
vertical fins rose-coloured, with broad black tips.
Sea of Amboyna.
a, b, c, d. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
e, /. Adult. Sine patria. From Mr. Frank's Collection,
fj. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
Skeleton. — The bones forming the roof of the skull are so closely
attached to one another and show such continuous ridges, that it
is nearly impossible to point out the sutures between the single
bones without separating them altogether. The supraoccipital crest
is limited to the posterior part, without extending on its upper
STirface. There are two principal ridges longitudinally running
along the middle of the interspace between the eyeo. Lea\-ing pos-
teriorly a narroAV cavity between them, they are close side by side
anteriorly, and then diverge lo form a short triangular groove for
the posterior processes of the intermaxillary bones. Between each
of these ridges and the orbit is an ^ongate cavity, tapering at both
ends ; the longer posterior part belongs to the principal frontal
bone, the shorter anterior to the turbinal; both the turbinal bones
receive between them the short groove for the processes of the
intermaxillaries ; from about the middle of the upper part of the
orbit arises another ridge, similar to those mentioned, and ninning
backwards soon radiates into branches, which again bifurcate and
form the fan-like expansion characteristic of the species of Myri-
pristis and Holocentrtmi.
The maxillary bone is styliform in its inner half, then suddenly
widens into a broad plate, with an acute angle beliind and a rounded
one in front ; the latter is furnished with several granular pro-
minences ; the su])plementiU7 bone is oblong, about four times as
long as broad, and has a styliform upper process. Tlie inter-
maxillaries are sei)aratcd from one another by a small notch, thcv
7. MYBinUSTIS. 23
arc three-foui'th.s as long as the maxillary, and have a slight pro-
minence behind. The mandibularies are rather short and high ;
each is distinguished by a small i)rotuberance in front.
The dentition is chiefly formed by broad bands of fine villiform
teeth ; at several places are small, short, granular prominences,
.similar to those of the angle of maxillary, and more hke apophyses
than true teeth. Such granulations may be seen strongest in front
of both the jaws, on the protuberances of the boiies, but moreover
also on the outer edges of intermaxillary and mandibulaiy. The
band of the upj^er jaw is nearly t'W'ice as broad as that of the dentary
bone ; both reach to the extremities of their bones. All the other
teeth are exceedingly fine and velvet-like ; those of the vomer form
a triangular patch uith concave sides, those of the palatines a cunei-
form band, broad anteriorly, and do not extend beyond that bone.
The teeth of the pharj^ngo-branchials are placed in an ovate group
with several smaller ones besides.
The infraorbital arch is rather narrow and nearly equally broad,
the prajorbital not being Avidened on account of the shortness of the
snout. It is transformed into a bony half-channel, the open side of
which is covered by a thin membrane, and the edges of which are
finely serrated. The arch has inside a naiTow, concave, and thin
plate for supporting the eye-ball from beneath. The entoptenjejoid
is very broad, and attached to the basisphenoid by a naiTow ligament
only, so that the bottom of the orbit is nearly entirely bony.
All the opercles are distinctly striated as far as they are not covered
by scales. Tlie operculum is more than twice as high as wdde ; on
its upper third it has a flat ridge terminating in a distinct point,
above and below which is a slight notch ; the serrature is fine, but
distinct. Tht, subopercidum is narrow, with a shallow notch before
the pectoral fin, and three or fom* very slight denticulations beneath.
The interoperculum is two and a half tis long as high, distinctly, but
more finely serrated than the oi)crculum, and has a convex lower
margin. The pi"a)opercukim is distinguished by two nearly parallel
serrated edges ; the posterior pau' is finely serrated, like the inter-
operculum, the scrratiu'c of the supplementary ridge being rather
indistinct ; the inferior pair has both the edges equally and finely
serrated. Both the pairs ineet at a rather obtuse angle, and here the
serrature is somewhat stronger and more like that of the opereulura.
The skull of Mi/ripristis shows the remarkable peculiarity of a
large oval opening, closed by an elastic membrane — an internal tym-
panum. The opening appears to belong to the alisphenoid bone ;
at the bottom of the cavdty is placed a large otoHth. The membra-
naceous cover is in immediate connexion with the lobe of the anterion
part of the air-bladder, and atta(;hed to it is an elastic, bony, ex-
cavated plate, in form similar to the tragiis of the common Bat, and
arising from the lower posterior angle of the opening. A similar
foi'm of connexion between the air-bladder and the vcstibulum is
found in Holocentram, Priacantlms }nacroplithahnus, Sjhv'us, Sargus,
Saljm, &c.
The humeral iiviih is likewise striated and serrated, but more so at
24 BEEYCID^.
the bones which are situated higher up the sides. The humeral la
formed as in the Percidae generally, but rather shorter ; the urohyal
is triangular, short and broad.
The pubic bones are peculiarly shaped, short, much higher (in the
vertical line) than broad (in the horizontal) ; they are attached to
one another with an upper suture, terminating in a point anteriorly,
and with a second very concave one in front. They form together a
tiihedral cavity with the entrance from beneath ; each of them
terminates behind in a broad process, which together form a plate,
in fonn not unhke one of the scales of the fish. There is another
styUform process along the entrance to that cavity, arising from the
symphysis of the bases of the ventral fins.
The hyal and branchial apparatus show no peculiarity.
There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the abdominal part of the vertebral column being 1^ in that of
the caudal. The haemal spines are stronger and somewhat longer
than the neural. Twelve ribs ; the fourth to the eighth rib have
another small rib (epipleural spine) attached ; but such epipleurals,
belonging to the posterior ribs, are inserted on the vertebrae them-
selves. The ribs of tlie eleventh vertebra are very broad, sword-
shaped, and separated from one another. The strongest interhaemal
is apparently formed by two, belonging to the second and third
dermohaemals ; it has a deep longitudinal groove, and is as long as
the first eight vertebrae together.
9. Myripristis microphthalmus.
JBleek. Cer. Avih. p. 261.
I^-lOlri-,. A. .-^3. L.lat.30.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the head is one-
fourth ; the interspace between the eyes is one-fourth of the length
of head, and the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the same. Several
larger canine-like teeth in the jaws ; the upper maxiUar}' bone
denticulated, reaching to behind the middle of the eye. Seapulary
entire. Rose-coloured, the scales of the back with \'iolet margin ;
fins rose-coloured ; root of the pectoral black. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
10. Myripristis vittatus.
Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 492.
D.10|l. A.l.
The upper maxillary bone with five or six distinct denticulatious ;
the spine of operculum very indistinct ; operculum striated ; the
third anal spine very strong and thick. On each side five or six
blackish longitudinal bands ; the vertical fins yellow, the others
reddish ; no black at the giU-opening, or at the base of the pectoral
fin. {Val.)
Sea of Isle de f'rance.
7. MYBIPHISTIS. 25
11. Myripristis japonicus.
Myripristia japonicus, Cuv. ^ Veil. iii. p. 173. pi. 58; Fmiii. Japan.
p. 23. pi. 9 a ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 222.
? Myripnstis praliiiius, Richardson, I. c. p. 223.
D. 11 I f^. A. ^. L. lat. 27-29. L. transv. 3/7.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head (oper-
cular spine included), and one-third of the total ; the interspace
between the eyes is one-sixth of the length of head. The upper
maxillary bone reaches a Httle behind the middle of the eye, and is
not denticulated. The operculum is strongly striated, the striae
terminating in points at the posterior edge ; a very strong and
long opercular spine, each scale with one or more stronger spinous
teeth in the middle of the posterior edge ; the third anal spine much
stronger and also longer than the fourth, about the same size as the
opercular spine. Uniform red.
Japanese Sea ; Isle de France.
a. Large specimen : stuifed. Japan. Purchased.
h. Adult : stuffed. Isle de Prance. Prom Dr. Janvier's Collection.
c. Half-grown : skin in spirits.
d. ? Half-grown : skin in spirits. China. Presented by J. R. Eeeves,
Esq. (Lateral Une 30. D. 11 1 f^. A. ^.)
12. Myripristis trachypoma. (Plate III.)
B. 8. D. 11 1 1 A. ^. V. 1/7 P. 15. C. ^^ L. lat. 29.
L. transv. 3/7.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head
(opercular spine included), and 2^ m the total ; the interspace be-
tween the eyes is one-sixth of the length of head. AU the teeth
villiform ; the upper maxillary bone reaches behind the middle of
the eye, and is not denticulated. Opercles covered with spines, and
operculum with a rather strong spinous prominence ; scales ctenoid,
but the denticulations equal; the third anal spine much stronger
and also longer than the fourth. Red, with longitudinal bands.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. Cuba.
h. Adult. West Indies. Piirchased of Mr. Scrivener.
Description. — This new species is entirely different from the othei'
one from the West Indies, viz. Myripristis jacobus, and is closely
allied to Myripr. japonicus.
Two characters alone justify a separation from the latter — the
scales in the Japanese species having one or two spinous teeth,
stron^r than the other part of the serrature, and the much larger
size orthe opercular spine. The form of the body is the same.
All the teeth are villiform, except those which cover the two
prominences in front of- the lower jaw. The lateral margin of 'the
lower jaw is not straight, but undulating ; the vomerine teeth form
a small obtuse-angled triangle. The upper maxillary bone is very
broad behind, about half as broad as long ; the supplementary bone
elongate, sword-shaped, and covered with minute spines, like the
lower jaw. The ej/e is al)out one-third of the length of head (o])er-
cidar spine included), and nearly circular. There are the bony ridges
;nid grooves on the up})er surface of the skull, covered with a thin
and half-transparent sldn, as in the other species of Mijripristis :
an elongate groove extends from the occiput to the middle of the
si)ace between the eyes ; on the hinder part it is half divided into
two by a narrow longitudinal ridge. In the middle of the foi-ehead are
two ridges, chvergent posteriorly and antcrioj^ly, forming posteriorly
the cavity mentioned, and in front a space for the upi)er jn'ocesses of
the intermaxillary; these ridges are in direct contact M'ith one another,
remaining separated in other species. Between each of these ridges
and the orbit is situated another elongate ca\ity, tapering at both
ends, and extending beyond the nostril. On the sides of the vertex
are two or three bony ridges Avith a rough surface, but they are not
fon-like arranged, as in other species. The suborbital arch is trans-
formed into one continuous ca\'ity, the bony edges of which are con-
spicuous and finely serrated. All the opercular pieces arc striated,
and each streak tenahiates hi a small spine before reaclumj the pos-
terior edge of the bone, the bones thus rceei\ang a rough, spinous
appearance. The opercle is narrow, with a transverse keel towards
the to]), endmg in a strong prominent spine, of about the size of the
first doi'sal spine ; along its base is a series of ctenoid scales ; there
IS a notch above the spine, but the lower edge is straight and spini-
ferous. The subopercle is very narrow, with a sinus just before
the base of the pectoral lin, and a slight transverse ridge beneath,
terminating in a small point. The margin above the sinus is slightly
convex and spiniferous. In the interoperclc may be distinguished a
straight posterior edge, a right angle, and a rather undulating lower
margin ; it is spiniferous in all its cii'cumference. The preopercle
exhibits two concentric ridges, finely serrated, and with a channel-
like cavity between ; the cavity is again covered with a transparent
skin ; the angle is roimded ; the cheeks are covered with scales.
There are six scales between the occiput and the first dorsa^ spine.
The spinous dorsal is 2^ as long as the soft, but nearly ecpial in
height ; they are united by a low membrane, reaching from the
eleventh to the twelfth spine. The third, fourth and fifth spines
are longest, the fourth twice as long as the first; the eleventh is
only half the size of the first. The twelfth spine, or the first of the
soft dorsal, is a little longer than the preceding, and placed on the
level of the seventeenth scale of the lateral line. The fourth and
fifth rays nre longest, their length being contained 2^ in the greatest
depth of body.
The anal fin commences opposite the second dorsal with a minute
spine ; the seccjnd is considerably larger, the third longest and
strongest, not (piite as long as the third dorsal one ; posteriorly it
is ]>ipvide(l Avith a dcrp furrow, in which the fourth spine together
with tlic (-otniccting membrane may be hidden. This fourth sj)ine
has the strange api)e;uance of being coiiijtosed of two spines, one
shorter anterior and one longer posterior, both being sqtariited by h
7. iMYRIPRlSTIS. 27
longitudinal furrow ; this spine is as long as the first doraal one. The
first ray is articulated, but not bifid ; the second is longest, even a
little longer than the longest dorsal ray ; the following rays gradu-
ally decrease in length, and the end of the anal falls short behind
that of the dorsal.
The caudal fin is moderately forked, and its length is contained
5i^ in the total.
The pectorals reach to the level of the anus, are rather pointed,
and their base falls below the fij'st dorsal spine. The first ray is
only one-third of the length of the fin, and not branched as the
second ; the fourth and fifth are longest.
The ventrals are shorter than the pectorals, placed immediately
below their root, and do not reach as far behind; they are com-
posed of a strong, flat, striated spine, not much shorter than the
longest ray, and of seven branched rays. There is a deformity on
one side of one of the specimens, which, if present on both the sides,
or in a dried specimen, one-half of which only is preserved, might
lead to the creation of a nominal species, or even genus : viz. on the
right side there are, besides the long outer spine, five rays only, and
a small inner spine instead of the two others. The spines of all the
fins are striated.
The scales arc smooth, finely and equally serrated on the posterior
edge ; the largest ones are placed, not in the lateral line, but in
two series below that ; they are twice as high as long, and one of
the largest covers not even one-third of the eye.
The colour appears to have been red, without any spot ; there are
longitudinal bands visible along each series of scales ; the bands are
silvery above the lateral hue, and slightly reddish (shining golden
in life ?) beneath.
inches, lines.
Total length 7 5
Length of head 2 8
of eye 0 9
Interspace between the eyes . 0 b\
Greatest height of body 2 10
Length of fourth dorsal spine 1 1
of third anal spine 0 11^
of ventral spine 1 2
Height of a large scale 0 7
Length of a larae scale 0 \\\
13. Myripristis hexagonus.
Lutjanus hexagonus, Laccp. iv. p. 213.
Myripristis hexagonus, Cuv Hf Val. iii. p. 171, vii. p. 489; To//, ile
VAstrol., Puiss. p. 074. pi. 14. f. 5 (not good).
D. 10 1 1. A. j^. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 3/7.
The height of the body is tliree times m the total Icngtli, the
length of the head 3| ; the interspace between the eyes one-fifth of
the Icnglli of the head. Opercidum with a voit distinct .si^ino ; tlio
28 BERTCIDiE.
upper maxillary reaches far behind the middle of the eye, and is
denticulated beneath. Suboperculum not notched. Pectoral reach-
ing a little beyond the ventral, to the level of the fifteenth scale of
the lateral line ; the third anal spine much stronger and also longer
than the fourth. Eed ; the front edges of the soft dorsal, of anal,
and of ventrals, and the upper and lovrer edges of the caudal, pure
white. GiU-opening and a spot in the arm-pit brownish black.
8eas of Isle de France, Boeroe.
a. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
14. Myripristis lima.
Cm: (§• Val. vii. p. 493 ; Rkjne Anitn. III. Puiss. pi. 14. f. 2.
D. 11 1 i. A. :!. V. 1/7. L. lat. 46-47.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
one-third of the total ; the interspace between the eyes is one-sixth
only of the length of the head. The lower jaw has a horizontal
direction, and not an oblique one, as in the other species of Myri-
2iristis. Operculum with three or four distinct points at the angle.
Caudal not deeply forked, with rounded lobes. Uniform red. ( Val.)
Sea of Isle of France.
8. HOLOCENTRUM*.
HolocentiTim, Artedi in Seba, iii. tab. 27. f. 1 ; Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 182.
Coniiger, Ayuss. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 121.
Muzzle moderate, nearly horizontal ; jaws equal in front, or the
lower shghtly prominent ; eye large. VUlifornj teeth in both the
jaws, on the vomer and on the palatine bones. Eight branchiostegals.
Opercular bones and suborbitals serrated ; operculum with two spines,
a large spine at the angle of praeopcrculum. Scales moderate, ctenoid.
Two dorsals, scarcely united ; ventrals with seven rays. Caudal
forked ; anal with four spines, the third veiy long and strong.
S^nm-bladd(!r simple, oval. Pyloric appendages in increased number.
Tropical Seas of both hemispheres.
1. Holocentmm longipinne.
Jaquaraca, i^/«m/r. p. 147; Lichtenst.Ahhandl. Berl.Acad. 1820, p. 279.
Cuteshy, Hist. Nat. Carol, ii. pi. 2. f. 2.
Matejuels, Parra, p. 23. pi. 13. f. 2.
* 1 Perca aBcensionis, {Linn.) Oshecl; Reise nack China, p. 388.— Amphacan-
tlius ascensionis, Bl. Schn. \>. 210. — Lutjanus ascen.sionis, Lacip. iv.
p. 107. — Holocentrum ascensionis, Cuv. <J- Val. iii. p. 212. — Ascension
Island.
2. Holocentrum argentcuni, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 502; Voy. AstroL, Poiss.
]). (577. pi. 14. f. 2. — New Guinea.
3. Holocentrum marianiim, Cuv. cj- Val. iii. p. 219. — Martinique.
4. Holocentrum konoides, liUck. Tcrc. p. f)4. — Celebes.
5. Holocentrum binolatuni, Blcck. Gnram. p. 207. — Gorani.
8. noLocENxnuM. 29
Bodianus pentacantlius, J?/oe/<. t. 225 (very bad); Shaw,Zool. iv. p. 570.
pi. 83 (very bad). ^
jaguar, Lacep. iv. p. 28G (bad).
Scisena rubra, Bl. Schtt. p. 82 (not Foisk.).
Amphiprion matejuels, Bl. Sc/in. p. 200.
Holocentrus sogbo, BInrh. t. 232.
Holocentrum longipinne, Cm-. 8f VaJ. iii. p. 185, vii. p. 406.
D. 11 I 15. A. ^. V. 1/7. L. lat. 47-50. L. transv. 4 7.
Cfec. pylor. 25. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the interspace between the eyes is fii in the latter
(opercular spine inchided). Operculum with two flat spmes, the
lower of which is the smaller. The third and fourth dorsal spines
longest, the soft dorsal fin as high as the body ; the length of the
caudal is 3i in the total, the ujDper lobe much longer ; the third and
fourth anal spines longest, but the fonner much longer and stronger ;
the ventral fins reach near to the anus, much longer than pectoral.
Reddish, with more or less distinct shining longitudinal bands.
Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Adult. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
Cr-k. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection.
I. Half-grown. St. Clu'istophers. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
m. Adult. West Indies. From the Haslar Collection.
n, 0. Adult : not good state. AVest Inches.
p-r. Adult: stuflx3d. West Indies. From Mr. Scriveners Collection.
s. Half-grown : stuffed : not good state. Bahia.
t. Adult. America. Presented by the Zoological Society
u-x\ Adult : stuffed. America.
y. Half-grown. America. Presented by the Zoological Society.
2. Holocentmin furcatum. (Plate IV.)
D. 11 I 16. A. fy. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 4 7.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
not quite one-foui'th of the total length. The interspace between
the eyes is 6|- in the length of the head. Snout shorter than the
diameter of the eye ; the upper maxillary reaches nearly to below
the middle of the eye. Operculum with one very large spine and
several very small ones beneath ; the pvaeopercular spine one-half
of the length of the posterior edge of pra3operculum, the second to
fifth dorsal spines longest, not quite one-half the height of the body ;
the soft dorsal fiji elongate ; caudal very deeply foj'kcd, with slender
ind elongate lobes, the upper much longer than the lower. The
hird anal spine longest, but one-eighth only of the total length
Red, with lighter longitudinal bands.
a. Adult ■ stuffed. South Sea.
30 BEBTCID^.
Description of the specimen. — This species would belong to those
with the form of the body elevated but for its long and slender
caudal fin and the posterior part of the tail, which is narrower than
in other species, but stouter than in H. longlpinne.
The lower jaw is slightly prominent, and the upper maxillary
readies nearly to below the middle of the eye. The length of the
snout is six-sevenths of the diameter of eye. The upper profile of
the head is slightly convex ; the two bony ridges between the eyes
run nearly parallel, and distant from one another, to receive in front
the groove for the processes of the intermaxillary bones, which is
equal in length to that of the snout. The fan -like expansion is
formed by about ten or eleven radiating ridges ; the turbinal bones
do not terminate in a prominent process. The diameter of the eye
is one-third of the length of head; the anterior suborbital has a
strong prominent tooth in front. The opercles are irregularly
striated. The operculum terminates in an uncommonly strong
spine, beneath which are several veiy small ones, not much larger
than the other denticulations of the margin. The sub- and inter-
operculum have foiu' or five small spinous teeth in their upper third ;
the remainder of the margins is entire. The pra^operciilum has a
vertical posterior margin, finely serrated, and a strong and straight
spine at the angle ; the low er margin is indistinctly serrated.
The spines of the dorsal fin are strong, the second to fifth longesv.
The soft dorsal is rather elongate ; the first ray is equal in length to
the fifth spine, the third not quite twice as long and the last one-
third only of the first. The upper lobe of the caudal fiii is ^ery:
elongate, its length is 3|^ in the total ; the lower is 4|^ in the sarrfc!
length. Also the soft part of the anal fin is rather elongate, longer^
than the third spine, but lower than the dorsal. The pectorals are
much shorter than the elongate ventrals ; they reach to the level of
the sixteenth spale of the lateral line, whilst the extremity of the latter
corresponds to the twenty-fij'st.
Tne scales are distinctly serrated on all the postenor margin.
The coloration appears to have been red in life, with lighter longi-
tudinal bands ; the fins are now -entirely uniform.
inches, lines.
Total length 10 11
Height of the body 2 9^
Length of the head 2 9|
Interspace between the eyes 0 4|
Length of the snout 0 10
of opercular spine 0 4^
of pneopercular spine 0 6^
of third dorsal spine 1 3
of first florsal ray 1 2\
of third dorsal ray 1 9^
of last dorsal ray 0 4
of superior caudal lobe 3 0
of inferior caudal lobe 2 4
of third anal spine 1 4|
8. UOLOCENTlUJll . l^]
inches, lines.
Length, of fourth anal spine 1 0
of fii-st anal I'ay 1 5
of last anal ray 0 5^
3. Holocentrum macropus. (Plate I. fig. B.)
D. 11 I 15. A. ± L. lat. 52. L. transv. 4/7.
Body rathei elongate. Ventral fins very long, as long as the
head. Operculum with a very strong spine, and a veiy small one
beneath ; prteopereular spine moderate, one-third of the length of
the posterior mars:in of prajoperculum.
a. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France. Purchased of Sir A. Smith.
Description of the specimen. — Although the greater part of the fins
in the specimen are injured, 1 do not hesitate to found on it a species,
as the ventrals are well preserved, and ofter a character whereby it
may be distinguished from every other species of the genus. In the
measurements given hi this species, the total length is to be understood
from the snout to the root of the caudal Jin onli/, as this fin is nearly
entirely lost.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 3f in the total ; the interspace between the eyes is ()i in the
length of the head ; the two bony ridges radiate behind in about
ten branches. The snout is pointed, its length being ^ths of the
diameter of tne eye ; the groove for the processes of the inter-
maxillary bones is still shorter ; the tui'binal bone docs not teraii-
nate in an ariterior prominent spine ; the upper maxillaiy readies
not quite to below the middle of the eye. The diameter of the eye
is 3^ in the length of tlie head ; all the surrounding infraorbital
bones ai'e serrated and the anterior is armed in front with a very-
strong curved tooth. The operculum is distinctly striated, the striai
terminating in fine marginal points ; the upper spine is very
strong, as in ff. furratum, whilst the inferior resembles more one
of the other denticulatibns. Tlic suboperculum has also some striae,
terminating in spinous points, coarser than those of the operculum.
Interoperculum striated and scrrotcd. Both the edges of the praj-
operculum are finely serrated, like the operculum ; the spine at the
angle is of moderate length.
The third, foiu'th and fifth dorsal spines are longest, nearly one-
half the height of body. The soft dorsal has no spine in front, and
does not appear to have been elevated. The caudal fin has been
forked. The first spine of the anal is minute, the second sftialler
than the oixjrcular spine, the third strongest, scarcely longer than
the longest of the dorsal fin, the fourth is a little short(u- than
the fourth ; the first ray is rather elongate, and higher than the
longest of the dorsal fin. The pectorals arc short, and probably
have not reached further than to the level of the elcventli or twelfth
scple of the lateral line. Tlie vcntrnl fins are formed by one spine
32 REIIYCID.E.
and seven soft riiys ; the former is slender, and as long as the thii'd
anal spine ; of the rays the third is longest, equal to the height of
the body, and reaching to the level of the twenty-third scale of the
lateral line.
The scales are finely seiTated.
The coloration appears to have been red, with longitudinal bands
of a dusky colour.
inches, lines.
Total length 9 2|
Height of the body 2 6i
Length of the head 2 Gk
Interspace between the eyes 0 4f
Length of opercular spine 0 3
of pra3opercular spine 0 5
— — of foiu'th dorsal spine 1 3
of last dorsal spine 0 5-i-
of third anal spine 1 3^
of fourth anal spine 1 0
of first anal ray 1 6^
of ventral spine 1 3^
of third ventral ray 2 Oy
4. Holocentnim pcecilopterum.
Bleekcr, Kohos-Eilandcn, p. 350.
D. ll|i. A. J. L. lat. 52.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 3i-3f . Operculum with two strong s])ines, the lower of which
is smallest. The upper maxillary bone reaches to behind the middle
of the eye. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines long(\st ; the soft
dorsal fin is less than half as high as the body ; the length of the
caudal is 5^ in the total, the upper lobe is loiiger ; the third anal
spine very thick, and nearly U\\vo, as long as the longest of the dorsal
fin ; ventral fins not verj- much longer than the pectorals, lied, with
lighter longitudinal bands ; the first dorsal yellow, •u'ith two longi-
tudinal series of large round rose-coloured spots. {Bl.)
Sea of Cocos Island.
5. Holocentnim erythraenm. (Plate V.)
B. U I 15. A. j^. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 3/6.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the
head, and 3i in the total ; the interspace between the eyes is 5i-
in the length of the head. The upper maxillary bone reaches to
below the middle of the eye ; jaws equal in front ; the groove for
the processes of the intermaxillaries is slightlj- longer than the
diameter of tlie eye ; turbinal bone terminating in a bony anterior
process, slightly forked, but not covering the intermaxillary. The
8. HOLOCENTEUM. 33
third to sixth dorsal spines longest, one-third of the height of body ;
both lobes of the caudal equal, and one-fifUi of the total length.
The third anal spine is not very much longer than the fourth, not
twdce as long as the longest of the dorsal, and 5| in the total length.
Ventral fins scarcely longer than the pectorals. Red, with lighter
longitudinal bands ; the spinous dorsal with a longitudinal series of
round white spots, always one between two spines.
Sea of S. Christoval.
a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
6. Adult ; stuffed. S. Christoval. Voyage of the Herald.
Description. — This species appears to be near Holoc. pcecihpterum,
from which, however, it differa in several respects, as is evident from
the diagnosis given above ; from Hoi. tiere it may be distinguished
by eleven dorsal spines, and from H. tieroides by a greater number
of scales in the lateral line. It belongs to the species with high
body and compressed head. The snout is rather pointed, and equal
to the diameter of the eye ; the vomerine teeth stand in an obtuse-
angled triangle, with a rather concave posterior edge. The anterior
infraorbital bone has a rather strong tooth in front of the supple-
mentary bone of the maxillary, and another rather smaller one
beneath the anterior half of the orbit ; between them are five or
seven small ones ; the remainder of the infraorbital arch is finely
serrated. The number of the radiating ridges on the occiput varies
on both sides from seven to nine. All the opercles are very strongly
striated over all their surface, and deeply denticulated behind ; so
also the scapulary bone. The size of the opercular spines varies :
there are —
In specimen a. on the right side, two strong spines, the upper
rather longer.
In specimen a. on the left side, two spines, the lower indistinct.
In specimen h. on the right side, two strong spines, the upper
rather longer.
Inspecimen 6. on the left side, two equal strong spines.
The praeopereular spine has two deep grooves, and is one-half of
the length of the posterior margin of praeoperculum ; suboperculum
serrated along its whole length, interoperculum entire in its anterior
half.
The spinous dorsal is very low, its longest spine being one-third
only of the height of the body ; the last spine is two-thirds of the
first. The longest ray of the soft dorsal is the third, being longer
than one-haK of that height. The soft dorsal begins on a level with
the twenty- eighth scale of the lateral line. The caudal fin has, as usual,
some spinous rays on the upper and lower side of the root ; the lobes
are equal to one-fifth of the total length, and pointed. The anal com-
mences opposite the soft dorsal ; the first spine is minute ; the second
very small, shorter than the shortest of the dorsal ; the third longest,
but shorter than the longest ray of the anal, and contained 5-| in the
total length ; the fourth spine slender, twice as long as the first of
the dorsal fin ; the first ray is the longest, one-fifth of the total
D
34 BERYCID^.
length, and more than four times as long as the last. The pectoral
fins reach to the level of the nineteenth scale of the lateral line, the
ventrals to that of the twenty-second.
The scales are not striated, but finely serrated at the posterior
margin ; one of the largest covers one-third of the eye, and is two-
thirds as long as high.
The coloration appears to be red, "svith bands of a Lighter tinge
along each series of scales. No other markings are %'isible_, except
the round whitish spots, forming a series along the middle of the
spinous dorsal ; there is another triangular spot behind the tip of each
spine. In life the round spots may have been blue, and the trian-
gular ones rose-coloured.
inches, lines.
Total length 8 2i
Height of the body 2 5
Length of the head 2 5^
Interspace between the eyes 0 5
Diameter of eye 0 8
Praeopercular spine 0 5^
Length of fourth dorsal spine 0 9
of third dorsal ray 1 4^
of third anal spine 1 4
of first anal ray 1 5f
of a large scale 0 3
Height of a large scale 0 5
6. Holocentrum microstoma. (Plate VI. fig. A.)
D. 11-12 1 13. A. 1. L. lat. 47-53. L. transv. 4/7.
The height of the body is nearly four times in the total length,
the length of the head 3| ; the interspace between the ej-es is 4^ in
the latter. Lower jaw rather prominent ; snout rather pointed,
shorter than the diameter of eye ; the uppei- maxillaiy reaching to
below the anterior third of the eye. Operculimi with two prominent
spines, the upper jf which is the longer. Praeopercular spine small,
not much stronger than that of operculum. The fourth, fifth and
sixth dorsjil spines longest, one-half of the height of body ; lobes of
the caudal equal ; the third anal sjjine much longer and stronger
than the fourth, one-fifth of the total length; pectorals shorter than
ventrals. lied, with lighter longitudinal bands ; a small brownish
speck behind the first dorsal spine.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Old Collection.
Description. — The form of the l)ody is rafher elongate, the snout
of moderate length, four-fiifths of the diameter of eye (difference
from //. laticeps). The interspace between the eyes is nearly equally
broad behind and in front, but with a slight concavity above the
middle of the eye. The two bony ridges are distant from one
8. nOLOCENTRUM. 35
another and parallel ; the groove for the processes of the inter-
maxillary bones goes not very far behind, its length being the
same as that of the snout. The turbinal bone tenninatcs in front
in an obtuse point, scarcely covering the intermaxillary. The mouth
is smaller than in most of the other species, the upper maxillary
reaching to below the anterior third of the eye only. The diameter
of the eye forms nearly one-third of the length of the head (opercular
spine always included).
All the opercles are striated and denticulated, as the scapular and
humeral bones. The praeoperculum has a short spine, rather longer
than one-third of the posterior margin of this bone ; the margin is
vertical.
The dorsal spines are moderately thick ; the spinous and soft dorsal
fins are equal in height, one-half of the depth of the body. The
lobes of the caudal are equal, pointed, and 5f in the total length.
The first spine of the anal fin is minute ; the second shorter than the
shortest of the dorsal ; the third longest, even longer than the rays,
one-fifth of the total length ; the fourth is strong, about the length
of the second of the dorsal, and may be entirely' hidden in a groove
of the third. The pectorals are rather short, one-sixth of the total
length, and reach to the sixteenth scale of the lateral line. The
spine of the ventrals is one-third of their own length, rather slender;
the length of the longest ray is nearly one-fifth of the total, and
the fin reaches to the level of the twenty-second scale of the lateral
line.
The scales are not striated, but fiinely serrated at the posterior
margin ; one of the largest not covering even one-fourth of the eye
Eed, with violet tinge on the back, and silvery on the belly;
lighter bands along each series of scales. The fins are now uniform
yello-\vish white ; an indistinct bro^vnish speck is still visible between
the first two dorsal spines.
inches, lines.
Total length 6 8
Height of the body 1 9
Length of the head 1 11
Interspace between the eyes 0 5
Length of the snout 0 5
of prffiopercular spine 0 3
of fifth dorgal spine 0 11
of third dorsal ray 0 11^
of third anal spine 1 4^
of fourth anal spine 0 8
of first anal ray 1 0
of a large scale 0 2^
Height of a large scale 0 8|
7. Holocentmm rubmin.
Seba, iii. 27. 1.
Scipena rubra, Forsk. p. 48 (not Bl. Schn.}.
Renard, Poiss. t. 29. f. 159 ; Valentyn, InrJ. iii. p. 390. f. 137.
D 2
36 BEBYCIO^.
Perca rubm, Bl. iSchn. p. 90.
praslin, Lac^. iv. p. 418,
Holocentrum alborubrum, Lacep, iv. p. 372 ; Richardson, Ichth. China,
p. 223.
orientale; Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 197, vii. p. 497 ; Sleeker, Perc. p. 53.
Holocentrus ruber, Rilpp. Atl. p. 83. t. 22. f. 1, and N. W. Fische, p. 96.
Holocentrum marginatum, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 216.
spinosissimum, Richardson, I. c. p. 223 (not Fauna Japon.)
D. 11 I 12-13. A. ^. L. lat. 35-37. L. transv. 3/6.
Caec. pykr. 20. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head (oper-
cular spine included) and 3^ in the total ; the interspace between
the eyes is one-fifth of the length of the head. The groove for the
processes of the intermaxillary much shorter than the diameter of eye.
Operculum with two strong prominent spines, the lower of which if
the smaller. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the soft
dorsal fin rather higher than the spinous. The length of the caudal
is 4^ in the total, both the lobes being equal in length. The third
anal spine very long and strong ; its length is 4^ 5 times in the total.
The ventral fins reach near to the anus, and are rather longer than
the pectorals. Scales scarcely striated. Red, with eight whitish
longitudinal bands ; the outer edges of the caudal blackish ; the
ventrals whitish, black between the third spine and the first ray.
Red Sea ; Indian Archipelago ; Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Half-grown : stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
b. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
e. Adult : skeleton. Amboynu. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
d, e. Adult : stufied. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
/, g. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by the
Lords of the Admiralty.
h. Half-grown. Philippines.
t. Adult : not good state. Japan.
Jc. Adult. China.
I. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves. Esq.
m. Adult. India.
The specimens in which Sir J. Richardson thought he recognized
H. alborubrum, Lacep., and H. spinosissimum, Temm. et Schleg.
decidedly belong to the above species : he mentions specimen I. as
having seven rays in the anal fin ; but I can distinctly see nine, as
usual in the species of Holocentrum. The specimen from the Red
Sea differs from the East Indian ones in having the third anal spine
longer ; in the former it is contained 4^ in the total length, whilst it
is one-fifth only in specimens collected in the seas of Japan, Amboyna,
and in the Louisiade Archipelago.
Skeleton. — The upper surface of the skull is flat, without deep
grooves or high ridges. The supraoccipital crest is limited to the
posterior part of the occiput, without extending on its upper surface.
There are two parallel bony ridges running along the middle of the
8. HOLOCENTKUM. 3Y
interspace between the eyes ; there is no distinct cavity between
them, nor on any other part of the skull, eicept the groove for the
posterior processes of the intermaxillaries ; this groove is narrow,
elongate, nearly equally broad anteriorly and posteriorly, and extends
between the principal frontals to the level of the anterior foiuth of
the orbit. These bony ridges radiate behind in ten or more
branches, fan -like arranged ; the hinder part of the upper roof of
the orbit is covered with spines, directed backwards.
The mcucillary bone is styliform in its inner half, then gradually
widens into a moderately broad plate, with a straight anterior edge,
and the posterior rather concave ; the supplementary bone is very
narrow, tapering above. The intermaxillaries are separated from
one another by a small notch ; they are nearly as long as the max-
iUaries, and have a slight prominence behind. The mandibulary
without protuberance in front.
The dentition is foimcd by villiform bands only, without any
canines or granular prominences. The bands on the jaws reach to
the extremity of the bones ; the vomerine teeth are arranged in two
narrow bands, meeting under an obtuse angle ; the palatine teeth
form a narrow band extending on the pterygoid. The teeth of the
pharyngobranchials are placed in several round patches, one of which
is larger and ovate.
The infraorbital arch is rather narrow, and nearly equally broad,
the proeorbital being not much widened ; its ossification is complete,
and there is no outer membrane. The lower edge only is serrated ;
the pra^orbital strongly armed with spinous teeth, directed backwards ;
the anterior and posterior ones are strongest. The turbinal bone
overreaches the intermaxillary with a short point. The infraorbital
arch has inside a broad concave plate, forming nearly a half-circle,
and supporting the eye-ball, together with the entopterygoid, which
is very broad, and attached to the basisJ)henoid by a narrow liga-
ment only.
AU the ojjercles are distinctly serrated and striated as far as they
are not covered by scales. The opercidum is one and a half as high
as wide (the pine included) ; on its upper third it has two flat
ridges, divergent and terminating in two flat spines, the upper of
which is long and strong ; the serrature is rather coarse, and formed
by small spinous teeth, the terminations of the strise. The sub-
operculum is elongate, crescent-shaped, its denticulations scarcer and
coarser than those of the operculum ; the edge before the pectoral is
entu'e. The interopcrculum has posteriorly a notch fit the place
where the praeopercular spine passes ; the denticulations are very
coarse and directed backwards. The pra^opcrcidum has a simple
ridge only, with regular serrature on both the edges; they meet
nearly at a right angle. The praeopercular spine nins in the same
line with the lower edge, and its length is 2^ in that of the posterior
edge.
The vestibular opening is elongate or irregularly ovate : I could
not find any bony plate in connexion with the tympanum, as is foimd
in Mijripristis adustus.
38 BERYCIIJ^E.
The suprascapular and corucoid aru distinctly denticulated; the
other humeral bones show no remarkable peculiarity. The urohyal
resembles that of Myripristis, but is not so high, and more arrow-
shaped. The puhk bones are very much like those of Myripi-istis,
but rather more elongate.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the abdominal part of the vertebral column being 1^ in that of
the caudal. The haemal spines arc stronger than the neural. Nino
ribs ; the first to fifth ribs have epipleural sj)ines ; but such append-
ages belonging to the posterior ribs ai-e inserted on the vertebra)
themselves. The ribs of the eleventh vertebra arc veiy broad,
sword-shaped, and separated from one another. The strongest
interha;mal is apparently formed by two, belonging to the second
and third dermoha)mal8 ; a high bony ridge arises from the joint of
each of these dermohaimals, and both ridges are attached to one
another by a transparent plate. The lengtli of this interhasmal ecpials
that of the first nine vertebrae.
8. Holocentrum laticeps.
Cuv. ^- VuL ili. p. 211, vii. p. 500.
D. 11 I 13. A. -J. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 3/7.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the lengtli of
the head 3|^ ; the interspace between the eyes is one-fourth of
the latter ; the length of the snout is less than the radius of the
eyC'; the upper maxillary does not reach to ])elow tlie middle of the
eye ; opercular spines equal, or the lower longer than the upper ;
the prajopercular spine short, about one-third of the lengtli of the
posterior margin of pra)opereulum. The fourth and fifth dorsal
spines longest, about one-half the height of body ; the u])per lobe of
the caudal rather longer than the lower. Tlie third anal s^iine
longer and stronger than the fourth, and 5| in the total length ;
pectoral and ventral fins e(]ual in length. Colden shining (in spii'its),
scales minutely dotted with black ; the uj)])er half with seven brown
longitudinal bands ; an oljlique black streak between each pair of
the dorsal spines, reaching from the tip of one spine to the base of
the ])receding ; the other fins not coloured.
8ca of Batavia.
a. Adult female. From the Collection of the Zoological Socii'ty
Ij. Ilalf-grow'n. From tin- Haslar Collection.
0. Holocentrum punctatissimum.
Ilolocentiimi piiiictiitissiiiuini, Cuv. tV ^'<(l- iii. p- 215; Lvss. ^ (ic.ni.
Viii/. Coy. Zi«)l. ii. p. 211); lilcekcr, Sunudrd, ii. p. (5.
'■^ i;i(fc(igiilt;iliiiii, Ciir. tS' F^/. iii. p. 214.
1). II I 12-13. A. ^,. L. hit. 42.
The heiglil oi (be body is contained four times in tlie tol.-il leiiglli,
ihc length of tlic head '-Vf^. 'J'lie upi)er maxillary reaches to below
8. HOLOCENTRUM. 39
the middle of the eye ; opercuhim Avith two spines, the upper of which
is the longer, 8noiit shorter than the half-diameter of the eye.
The third and fourth dorsal spines longest, more than half as high
as the body, and shorter than the soft dorsal. The upper lobe ot
the caudal is longer, and 5^ in the total length ; the third anal
spine vciy strong, and one-fifth of the total. Rose-coloured, with
scattered purplish dots; the first dorsal black-edged, and with a
series of deep blue spots,
IJ. lacteog^itfatitm is considered as a variety of //, inmctatisshnum,
and is distinguished by a double series of spots on the dorsal fin.
Sumatra ; CaroUiie Islands,
10, Holocentrum atercus muscarum.
Cm: 8,- Vul. \\\. p. 503,
D. 11 I 11, A.1
-The third spine of the anal fin is shorter than one-fifth of the
total length. Doreal fin immaculate, the spinous part with a Avhitish
edge ; on the pra3operculum and on each side a longitudinal series of
black dots. ( Val.)
Sea of Guam,
11, Holocentrum hastatum.
Di<hamel, Peches, ii. pi, 5. f. 2,
Holocentrum hastatum, Cnv. Sf Vul. iii. p, 208, vii. p. 499, pi, 59,
D, 11 I 14. A.X L. lat. 44. C»c. pylor. 16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total. Operculum with a
strong spine, of about the size of that of the praiopcrculum ; some-
times one or two smaller ones beneath. The fourth and fifth dorsal
spines longest, not shorter than the rays ; the length of the caudal
fin is about one-fifth ot the total ; the lobes are equal. The third
anal spine very long, one-fifth of the total length. Red, with lon-
gitudinal bands ; a large black spot between the first three dorsal
spines, and a smaller one between the last three rays.
West African Coast.
a. Young: dried: not good state. Sine patria Froin Mr. Yarrell's
Collection.
12. Holocentnmi spiniferum.
Scioena spinifera, Forsk. p, 49,
Perca spinifera, Bl. Schn. p, 86 ; Laccp. iv, p, 418.
Holocentrum leo, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 204 ; Less. Voy. Coq. ii, p, 222 ;
Citv. Ii£gne Anim. III. pi. 14, f. 1 ; Bleeker, Kokos Islands, p. 355 ;
Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 078, pi. 14, f. 3.
Tlolocentrus spinifer, Riipp. N. W. Fische, pp, 90, 97. t. 25. f, 1
(not Atlas).
D. 11 I 15. A. :^, L lat, 44-45. L, transv, 4/8.
Cjec. pylor. 16. Vert, 10/15.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3.L
40 BERYCIDiE.
in the total ; the interspace between the eyes is one -ninth of the
length of the head. Prteopercular spine more than half as long as
the posterior edge of pra^operculum. The second, third, and fourth
dorsal spines are longest, of about the same length as the third anal
one ; the soft dorsal fin is rather lower than the spinous. The
length of the caudal is 5^ in the total, both the lobes are equal.
The third anal spine is very much longer and stronger than the
fourth, its length is 7^ in the total. Posterior edge of praeopcrculum
very oblique. Kose-coloured, with a deep red spot behind the eye,
and another above the roof of the pectoral ; the spinous dorsal deep
red ; the other fins yellow.
Eed Sea ; Epstern coast of Africa through the Indian Ocean to
the Pacific.
a. Adidt: stuffed. Ked Sea.
6. Large specimen : stuffed. Isle de France. From Dr. Jam-ier's
Collection.
c. Large specimen : stuffed. Louisiadc Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
d, e. HaK-grown : stuffed. Louisiadc Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
/. Large specimen : stuffed. Sine patria.
g. Half-grown : stuffed. Sine patria.
//. spiniferum, from the Red Sea, appears to be at least a variety of
H, leo, from the East 'Indies. Neither in the descriptions, nor in
the figures given of the latter, are the deep red colour of the spinous
dorsal, and the spots behind the eye mentioned. ^loroover, the
dorsal spines of the East Indian specimens are rather thicker, but
equally long. Dried specimens are entirely similar in other respects.
13. Holocentrum binotatuin.
Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 679. pi. 14. f. 4 (not Bleek.).
D. 11 I 13. A.-i. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 3/6.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head and 3^
in the total ; the interspace between the eyes is 4^ in the length of
the head ; both the jaws equal in front ; snout shorter than the
diameter of eye, pointed ; the groove for the process of the inter-
maxillary bones rather longer than the diameter of eye ; the turbinal
bone terminates in front in a process, covering the intermaxillary.
The upper maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye.
Opercles striated, deeply serrated ; the upper opercular spine longest ;
the spine of prJEoperculum rather longer than one-half of the poste-
rior edge of that bone. The third and fourth dorsal spines longest,
rather more than one-half of the height of body ; lobes of the caudal
equal in length ; the third anal s])ine much longer and stronger
than the fourth, one-fifth of the total length. Red, with lighter
longitudinal bands ; pectorals yellowish.
Sea of New Guinea and Guam,
rt. Adult. Old Collection.
8. nOLOCKNTRUM. 41
holocentrum binotatum, Bleek. Goram, p. 207, is not only difterent
from our specimen, bnt also from that of Quoy and Gaimard. His
fish appears to be more elongated having also forty-three scales in
the lateral line ; it has moreover a black blotch on the dorsal fin,
which certainly would not have been overlooked by the French
natui'alists.
14. Holocentrum caudimaculatum.
Ilolocentnmi spiniferum, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 206, vii. p. 498 ; Riipp.
Atlas, p. 86. taf. 23. f. 1 (not N. W.).
? Holocentriis ruber, Bennett, Fishes of Ceylon, pi. 4.
Iloloceiitrus caudimacida'tus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 97.
D. 11 I 14. A.l
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3^',
in the total. The soft dorsal hn is rather higher than the spinous ;
the length of the caudal is 6^ in the total, both the lobes are equal ;
the third anal spine is much longer and stronger than the fourth,
its length is 4^ in the total. Posterior edge of pra^operculum
vertical ; operculum with two prominent spines, the lower of which
is smaller ; edge of suboperculum entire ; the upper outline of head
straight. Uniform red ; a white spot on the buck of tail (in life).
lied Sea ; Ceylon ?
15. Holocentntm tiereoides.
Blceker, Amhoina, iv. p. 334.
If. 11 I 12-13. A.^. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3|-
in the total. Jaws equal in front, the upper maxillary reaching to
below the middle of the eye. The pneopercular spine longer than
one-half of the diameter of the eye ; two unequal opercular spines ;
scapidary not serrated ; the foui-th, fifth, and sixth doi-sal spines
longest. Hed. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
16. Holocentrum spinosissimum.
Temm. Sf Schlef/. Faun. Japan, p. 22. pi. viii. A. {Richanlson, Ichthyol.
China, p. 223, belongs to II. rubnmi.)
D. 11 1 14. A. i-. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 3/7.
Scales exceedingly deeply striated and serrated. The height of
the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; snout
much shorter than the eye. Operculum with a strong striated spine ;
one or two smaller ones beneath. Prajopercular spine long, ■s\ith a
VQry prominent longitudinal ridge. The third anal spine is exceed-
ingly thick, and its length is about one-fifth of the total. The
caudal lobes equal. Red ; each scries of scales with a lighter lon-
gitudinal band.
Sea of Japan.
42
BEKYCID^.
1 7. Holocentrum diadema.
Holocentrus diadema, Lucep. iv. pp. 372, 374, iii. pi. 32. f. 3; Rilm.
All. Fisvh; p. 84. t. 22. f. 2.
Perca piilcliella, Bonn. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 377. pi. 9. f. 3.
Ilolocentruiii diadema, Cm: lij- Vul. iii. p. 213 ; Less. Voy. Duperr.
Zool. ii. p. 220. pi. 25. f. 2 ; Blacker, Amhoina ii,- Ceram, p. 259.
D. 11 1 f^. A.-|. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 3/7. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, the length of
the head four times ; the interspace between the eyes is one-fifth of
the latter. Operculum wth two prominent spines, the upper of
which is the stronger, nearly equal in size to that of the praDopcrculum.
The fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines longest, as high as the
longest ray, but shorter than the anal spine. The length of the
caudal is one-sixth of the total, both the lobes being equal. The
third anal spine is exceedingly strong, and about one-fifth of the
total length. The ventral fins reach near to the anus, but the
pectorals are much shorter, lied, ^dth eight to eleven silvery lon-
gitudinal bands ; the spinous dorsal black, with a wliite longitudinal
band ; the other fins rose-coloiu'ed.
Red Sea ; Madagascar ; Ceylon ; Chinese Sea ; Indian Archi-
pelago. •
a. Adult. Borneo.
b. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward
Belcher.
c. Half-grown. Tonga Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Half-grown. Feejce Islands. Voyage of the Herald.
e. Half-grown : very bad skin. Ceylon. From the Collection of
the Zoological Scfciety.
/. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray,
r/. Adult : skeleton. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
h, i. Adult. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
STceleton. — The general structure of the skeleton being the same
as in Holocentrum rubrum, I give a detailed description of those
parts only which exhibit specific peculiarities.
The fan -like expansion on the vertex is formed by ten or more
radiating branches; the groove for the posterior processes of the inter-
maxillaries reaches a little beyond the level of the anterior margin of
the orbit. The maxillaiy and mandibulary bones as in H. vioJaceum.
The intermaxillaries arc not separated from one another by a notch ;
they are three-quarters of the length of the raaxiUaries, and have a
prominent flat protuberance posteriorly.
The dentition is formed by viUiform bands only; those on the
jaws reach to the posterior extremity of the bones ; they are broad
in front and tapering behind, the intermaxillary band less than
that of the mandibulary. The vomerine teeth are placed in a small,
triangular, equilateral patch, those of the palatine bones in a narrow
band, extending on the pterygoid. The teeth of the pharyngo-
branchials form two broad patches on each side, with a few snudler
8. iioLocENnuM. 43
ones besides ; the hypobranehiiils are separated Iroin one another,
elongate, triangular, and entiiely covered with viUitbrm teeth.
The pnmrhital is scarcely widened in front, but armed with a
strong, thick, and striated spinous tooth; several small ones follow
posteriorly, but they are scarcely larger than the reniaiiuler of tlic
serraturo of the infraorbital arch. The anterior end of tlie turhhud
bone is broad and obtuse.
The serraturo of all the opcrclcs is veiy distinct and complete ;
even the scales, covering in a single series the base of the operculum,
are similarly striated and serrated ; likewise the suprascapula and
the coracoid. But the pncopercular spine is rather short, not much
larger than that of the operculum, its length being 2^ in that of
the posterior edge of the pra}oi)erculum.
The vcstihular openhnj is elougnte, ovate, of moderate size.
The vj-ohj/al as in II. vioJaccum.
The length of the abdominal part of the virtebral column is l-i
in tliat of the caudal. The hajnuil and neural sjnnes ai'c of equal
strength. The length of the strongest interha^mal etpuds that of
the first seven vertebrae.
lb. Holocentrum melanotopterum.
Bleeker, Celebes, viii. p. 302.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3|— 3^5^. The upper maxillary bone reaches to below the middle
of the eye. Operculum with two strong spines, the upjjcr of which
is rather longer. The second, third, and fourth dorsal spines longest,
but not half as high as the body, and shorter than tlie longest ray ;
the lobes of the caudal equal, and oi in tlie total length ; the third
anal spine nearly equal to the longest dorsal spine, lied ; the first
dorsal black, with rosc-coloiu'ed spots between Ihe middle spines. (Bl.)
Sea of Celebes.
19. Holocentrum violaceum.
Blci'her, Anihoiiia, iv. p. o35.
D. 11 1 14. A. i L. lat. 3G-37. L. transv. 3/G. Vert. 11/10.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, tlie length of the
head 3 -A; the distance between the eyes is 5^ in the latter; the
length of the snout is not much less than tlie diameter of the
eye ; jaws nearly e(|ual in front ; the turbinal l)one with a bifid
process, covering tlu^ intermaxillary. Operculum with (wo Hat
spines, distant from one another, the lower of which is tlie smaller ;
prajopcrculum with the posterior edge vertical ; the third, fourth,
ajid fifth dorsal spines longest, shorter than the pnoopcrcular edge
mentioned ; caudal lobes equal ; the thii-d anal spine strong, but
one-sixth of the total length only ; v(>ntral and pectoral fins nearly
e(]ual in length. Violet ; each scale with a rose-coloured trans\'ersc
44 BERYCIDJi:.
streaK ; snout and fins red ; the spinous dorsal violet, with rose-
coloured streaks.
Amboyna.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult : skeleton; Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's CoUection.
d. Adult. AmbojTia. From Mr. Stevens's Collection.
Sheleton. — The general structure of the skull is very similar
to that of H. ruhrum, but with such modifications as to indicate the
specific difference as well as the external characters do. The nan-ow
intersj)ace between the eyes is still more conspicuous in the skeleton.
The groove for the posterior processes of the intermaxillary bones
is very like that of H. ruhrum, and extends between the i)rincipal
frontals, but scorcely beyond the level of the anterior margin of the
orbit. The fan-hke expansion on the vertex is formed by seven or
eight radiating branches.
The maxillary bone is styliform at its origin only, and soon becomes
broader, forming a triangular plate with the posterior edge rather
concave and the anterior convex : the supplementarj^ bone is un-
usually developed, forming nearly one-half of the outer part of the
maxillary; it is crescent-shaped, Avith a small os intercalare at its
upper extremity ; it is roughened by streaks, the maxillary itself
being smooth. The intermaxillaries are separated from one another
by a smaU notch ; they are |^ as long as the maxiUaries, and have
posteriorly, in the middle of their length, a very prominent flat
protuberance. The manchbularies show a slight swelling in front,
corresponding with an accumulation of the villiform teeth.
The dentition is formed by %'illiform bands only, without any
canines or granular prominences. The bands on the jaws reach to
the posterior extremity of the bones ; but, whilst those of the inter-
maxillaries are nearly equally broad in their whole length, those of
the mandibularies are broadest in front and tapering behind. The
vomerine teeth are arranged in two narrow and short bands, meetin'g
at a right angle ; the palatine teeth form a narrow band, extending
far on the pterygoid bone. The te*- th of the pharj^ngobranchials form
two broad patches on each side, with several smaller ones besides.
The infraorbital arch is rather narrow and nearly equally broad,
the prseorbital widening anteriorly ; its ossification is complete ; but
there may be seen trai-es of a very narrow channel, covered on the
outside with streaks of a thin meinbrane, — a structure much more
developed in other genera of this family and in many other fishes.
The lower edge of the arch is serrated. The prseorbital is strongly
armed with eight or nine spinous teeth, directed backwards, the
anterior jnid posterior of which are very strong. TTie turbinal bone
o^'orreachcs the intermaxillary, with a prominent and bifurcate spine.
The posterior part of th^ hinder opening of the nostril has two very
small spines, reaching into the cavity ; they may be easily lost by
a less careful preparation of the skull. The inner parts of the
orbital cavity arc formed as in J/, ruhrum.
8. HOLtjCENTRrM. 45
The description given of the operdes of H. rubrum mnj^ be applied
also to tliis species ; but the serrature and the spines arc rather
stronger; the suboperculum moreover is indistinctly denticulated
above the pra^operciilar spine only ; this spine is very long, its length
being 1|- in that of the posterior edge of the praeoperculum.
The vestibular opening is small, only twice as large as the posterior
nostril : if there is a bony plate in connexion with the tjTnpanum
(cir.Myripristis adustus, p. 23), it must be exceedingly thin and small.
The suprascapida is distinctly serrated, but neither the humeral
nor the coracoid. The urohyal is irregularly three-sided, with one
anterior and two posterior angles ; the lower and upper sides are
convex, the hinder concave ; the lower angle of the two posterior
ones reaches further behind than the upper. The pubic bones as in
H. irubrura.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vertehrce, the
length of the abdominal part of the vertebral column being 1^ in
that (Jf the caudal. The haemal spines are not stronger than the
neural. Nine ribs ; the first to seventh ribs have epiplcural spines,
and similar appendages are inserted on the anterior and posterior
vertebree. The form of the ribs of the eleventh vertebra and that
of the tirst interhaemal spme is similar to those of U. rubrum, but
the length of the latter equals that of the nrst eight vertebrae only.
20. Hokcentrum comutum.
Bleeker, t'eram, iii. p. 240.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
3|— 3|^ in the total. A spine directed outwards, in the inferior and
anterior angle of the orbit. The maxillary bone does not reach to
the middle of the eye ; the praeopercular spine not much shorter than
the diameter of the eye ; the upper opercular spine longest ; scapular
bone much serrated. The third to sixth dorsal spine longest, and
nearly equal to the soft dorsal ; the third anal spine much longer.
Rose-coloured, with nine darker longitudinal bands, one of them
terminating in a black caudal spot ; the membrane of the spinous
dorsal black, with red spots ; the other fins red • the anal fin between
the third spine and first ray, and the caudal on the outer edges,
dark violet. {Bl.)
Rivers of Ceram ; Sea of Amboyna.
21. Holoceutnun tiere.
Cuv. 8f Val iii. p. 202 ; Voy. Coq. ii. p. 221, Poiss. pi. 25. £ 1 (not
good).
D. 12 I 14. A.-l.
Operculum with two prominent spines, equal in length; the
spinous dorsal low ; none of the other vertical fins elongate ; lobes of
the caudal equal in length. Uniform red.
Sea of Otaheiti.
4G BEUYCriD.K.
22. Holocentnim sammara.
Scifena sammara, Forskal, p. 48; Lacep. iv. p. 314.
Perca sammara, Bl. Sch/i. p. 89.
Labrus angulosus, Lncep. iii. p. 4.^50. pi. 22. f. 1.
Holoccntrum sainmara, Rtipp. Att. Fischc, t. 22. f. 3; Cuv. i^- Veil. iii.
p. 216 ; Bheker, Perc. p. r)4, and Amboina, ii. p. 555.
flolocentrum cliristianum { Ehreubery) ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 219: cfr.
Riipp. Atl. p. 85.
^^- ^^ 1 1^72- ^- fTs- L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/7. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the lengtli
of the head 3^ ; the distance betAvccn the eyes is 4i in the latter ;
the length of the snout is nearly equal to the diameter of the eye.
The upper processes of tlie intermaxillaries reach fur between the
eyes ; turbinal bone not covering the intermaxillary' ; lower jaAV
very prominent. Operculum -n-ith two distinct spines, the lower of
which is rather the smaller. Lobes of the caudal equal. The tliird
anal spine is 4|- in the total length. The spinous dorsal with a deep
black blotch between the first and fourth spines, and witli two series
of white spots, one along the upper margin, and the other alonj^ the
base.
Red Sea ; Cape of Good Hope ; Amboyna ; Sumbawa.
0. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Fi'ank's Collection.
h. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Stevens's Collection.
c, d. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
e. Adult: stuffed: not good state. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir
A. Smith.
/, g. Half-gro-wn. India. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h, i. Adult: skeletons. India Presented by the Zoological Society.
k. Adult. India.
1. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The general structure of the skeleton being the same
as in the preceding species, I give a detailed description of tho.se
parts only which exhibit specific peculiarities. Tlie fan-like ex-
pansion on the vertex is fonned by nine or more radiating branches.
The orbital edge of the frontals is concave, these bones fomiing
a slight prominence above the anterior part of the eye. The
groove for the posterior processes of the intermaxillaries reaches
far behind, nearly to the level of the second third of the eye. The
maxillary bone is styliform at its origin only, and then forms an
oblong plate with an irregularly convex anterior margin, and with
the posterior rather concave. The supplementary bone is composed
of two pieces, the posterior of which is larger and slightly denticu-
lated in front. The intermaxillaries are separated from one another
by a deep notch ; they arc three-quarters of the length of the
maxillary bones, and have a very prominent and flat protuberance
behind. The mandibularies arc distinguished by their length, con-
siderably overreaching the upper jaw.
The bands of \illiform teeth of the jaws i-each, to their posterior
8. HOLOCENTRUM. 47
extrcmity, and are tapering behind. The vomerine teeth are placed
in a small triangular patch, broader than long. The pterygoid bones
as well as the palatines are furnished with narrow bands.
The prceorbital is somewhat widened anteriorly and armed Math a
rather strong tooth, the posterior denticulations differing little in
size from one another. The turbinal bone is obtuse and scarcely
prominent. The posterior nostril has no spinous teeth.
The opercles are feebly striated and armed ; the denticulations of
the suboperculum are even indistinct ; the prseopercular spine is flat,
triangular, and one-third only of the length of the posterior margin
of the praioperculum. Suprascapula distinctly, coracoid indistinctly
serrated.
The vestibular opening is elongate, but equals in size the posterior
opening of the nostril.
The length of the abdominal part of the vertebral column is li in
that of the caudal. The haemal spines are rather stronger than the
neural. The length of the strongest interhsemal equals that of the
first seven vertebrae.
23. Holocentnim operculare.
Cue. (§• Veil. vii. p. 501 ; Bleeker, Banda, i. p. 233 ; Voy. Astrol. Poiss.
p. 676. pi. 14. f. 1.
D-10|i^. A.^-1,. L.lat.38.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the
length of the head rather more than one-third. The upper max-
illary does not reach to the middle of the eye ; operculum with two
spines, the upper of which is the longer. The third, fourth, and
fifth dorsal spines longest. The lobes of the caudal are equal, and
5^ in the total length ; the third anal spine is 5i in the same length.
Red : each scale on the head and back with a violet margin ; oper-
culum brownish ; the first dorsal black, along the base and the
upper edge white ; the other fins rose-coloured.
Sea of New Ireland ; Banda.
24. Holocentnim laeve. (Plate VI. fig. B.)
D. 10 1 1 A. -i. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/7.
Body rather elongate ; the interspace between the eyes is one-
fourth of the length of head ; the lower jaw rather prominent, snout
not much shorter than the diameter of eye ; opercular spines nearly
equal ; sub- and inter-operculum entire, or scarcely denticulated ;
dorsal spines slender, the second, third and fourth longest ; caudal
lobes equal, pointed ; the third anal spine is 5^ in the total. Red,
with lighter longitudinal bands.
a. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the Rattle-
snake.
b. Adult : stuffed. Guadalcanar (Salomon Islands). Voyage of the
Herald.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
48 BEETCtD-S.
Description . — This species, in the form of the body and the number
of the fins, is allied to H. sammara, but is distinguished by the feeble
development of the spines ; the scales are nearly smooth, with
indistinct serrature ; the opercles are scarcely striated ; the sub- and
inter-operculum and the humeral are entire, the spines are short and
flat ; the dorsal spines slender and somewhat flexible ; the anal spine
relatively short, and not very strong.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head 3^. The interspace between the eyes is nearly equally
broad behind and in front, but with a slight concavity of the edges
above the middle of the eye ; the two bony ridges between the eyes
diverge slightly in front to receive the groove for the processes of
the intermaxillary bones ; behind they terminate in a fan-like ex-
pansion, with about seven or eight radiating bony ridges ; the
groove reaches far backwards, and is about four-fifths of the length
of the diameter of eye. The turbinal bone is not prominent. The
upper maxillary does not reach to the middle of the eye, and the snout
has the same length as the groove mentioned. The diameter of the
eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head ; the infraorbital arch
is slightly denticulated, the tooth in front is obtuse, flat, and short.
The striae of the opercles have nearly disappeared in old specimens ;
in younger they are visible, especially on the inter-operculum, where
they even terminate in small marginal teeth. The operculum has
two flat spines, nearly equal in length ; the upper and lower margins
arc obsoletely denticulated ; the sub- and inter-opei'culum entire ; the
praeoperculum has a vertical posterior margin, very finelj^ serrated,
and a flat short spine at the angle, rather longer than one-third of
the posterior margin ; the inferior edge of the praeoperculum and the
scapulary are serrated ; the humeral is entire.
The first dorsal is formed by ten dorsal spines, rather elongated
and slender; the second, third and fourth arc the longest, not
much shorter than the rays. The soft dorsal has a short spine in
front, rather longer than the last of the spinous dorsal. The caudal
is deeply forked ; the upper lobe, which appears to be rather longer
than the lower, is one-fifth of the total length. The anal spines have
about the same relative length as generally in the species of Uolo-
centj-uvi ; but the third is rather short," and 5^ in the total length.
The pectoral fins are shorter than the vcntrals, they reach to the
level of the thirteenth scale only of the lateral line ; the ventrals
terminate on the level of the fifteenth, far distant from the anus,
which corresponds to the twenty-first scale.
The scales are not striated, but very finely ciliated at the posterior
margin ; one of the largest covers fully one-fourth of the eye.
The colour appears to be red, with lighter longitudinal bands ; the
fins show now no colour at all, except in the half-grown specimen,
which has the spinous dorsal with a blackish superior edge.
inches, lines.
Total length- 8 1
Height of the body 1 11
8. HOLOCENTEUM. 49
inches, lines.
Length of the head 2 2
Interspace between the eyes 0 6
Length of the snout 0 8
of the pi-aeopcrcular spine 0 4^
of the third dorsal spine 1 0^
of the eleventh dorsal spine 0 3
■ — of the third dorsal ra^"^ 1 1^
of the third anal spine 1 4\
of the fourth anal spine 0 11
of the first anal ray 1 0
25. Holoceutmm spinosum.
Comiger spinosus, Agass. in Spix, Pise' Bras. p. 121. taf. 75.
Holocentrum cornigeriim, Cuv. 8r Val, viii. p. 481.
D. 12 I 15. A.±
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length. Infraorbital
arch with four very strong spines, curved and dii-ected backwards,
longer than those of the pra^operculum the anterior is shortest,
one-third only of the length of the second, the second half the size
of the third and fourth ; the posterior suborbital bones strongly
denticulated. Operculum and limbp and scales of praeoperculum
covered with acute spines ; praeoperculum with two strong spines
at the angle, the upper of which is the longer ; operculum with two
spines of equal size, but shorter than those of the former.
Coast of Brazil.
26. Holocentrum retrospinis.
Holocentrum reti'ospinis, Guichen. Poiss. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist,
de rue de Cuba, p. 35. pi. 1. f. 3.
D. 12 I 14. A. ^.
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length, the length of the
head 2|. The infraorbital arch is armed beneath with three long
spines, curved and directed forwards ; the spines of the praeorbital
and of the posterior part of the infraorbital arch with smaller
spinous teeth. Both limbs of the prseoperculum denticulated, with
r rather strong flat spine ; operculum and suboperculum armed with
spinous teeth, the former ^^dth two long spines, the lower of which
is the stronger. Spines of the fins rather slender ; the soft portions
of the dorsal and anal fins rounded, and as high as the spinous.
Caudalis forked ; scales deeply serrated. Uniform red.
Cuba.
This fish has a remarkable similarity to the preceding species, from
the development of the armature of the head ; but the spiues of the
infraorbital have an opposite direction. Giiichenot describes the sub-
operculum as entire, and not denticulated ; but it is evident from
E
50 BEKyciD^.
the figure that he has inisiaken the interoperculum for it, the margin
of the subopercuhuri being as strongly armed as that of the opercle.
He mentions three anill spines only ; but that would be an exception
to the rule in this genus.
9. RHYNCHICHTHYS*.
Holocentrus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 65. tab. 4. f. 3, and Syst. ed.
Gray, p. 173.
Rhynehichthys, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 503, viii. p. 508.
Muzzle more or less elongate, pointed, with pronunent upper jaw ;
eye large. Vilhform teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and the
palatine bones. Eight branchiostegals. Opercular bones serrated ;
operculum and angle of pra^operculum with distinct spines. Scales
moderate, ctenoid. Two dorsals, scai'cely united ; ventrals with
seven rays. Caudal forked ; anal ^th four spines, the third longest.
Swim -bladder ?
Tropical seas of both the hemispheres.
1. RhyncMchthys pelamidis.
Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 504. pi. 208.
D. 10 I i A. ,^. L. lat. 35-40.
Bluish green, silvery on the sides and on the belly ; a series of
black spots between the dorsal spines.
Indian Ocean.
There is some similarity in the external physiognomy of this
species and Lepidoleprus japonicus ; moreover the number of the
ventral rays is also increased in the latter fish. In other respects
these fishes differ greatly from each other.
2. RhyncMchthys bracliyrhynchus.
Bleeker, Arnhoina, iii. p. 17.
i^-10|t^- A-rrii- L. lat. 25.
Snout not projecting much beyond the mouth. Rose-coloured : the
spinous dorsal brownish ; the anterior rays of the soft dorsal and of
the anal, a transverse band at the base, and a longitudinal band on
each lobe of tjic caudal, deep violet ; ventral fins black. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
* 1. Holocentrus rostratus, Gronov. I. c— Caribbean Sea. It, is a pity that the
specimen on wliich Groriovius founded this si)ecics is not contained in his Col-
lection of dried fishes, wliic-h is now in tlie British Museum. There has not been
found one fish of tiie wliolo fuuiily of Berycidie in this Collection.
51
Fam. 3. PERCID^E.
Percoidei, pt., Cuv. Rrt/nc Anim. ; Cuv. 4' Vul. ii. p. 1 ; M'uller, Berl.
AhltauM/. 1844, p. 201.
PercidtB, pt., Oiocn, Lcct. Conip. Aunt. Vert. i. p. 49.
Percidoe et TlieraponidiC, pt., liichardsoii.
Body generally oblong, and covered with ctenoid scales ; lateral
line continuous*. Mouth in front of the snout, with lateral cleft,
rarely at tlie lower side. Eye lateral. All or some of the opcrcles
serrated or armedf- Seven or six branchiostegalsj. Dentition com-
plete ; teeth pointed, in A-ilUform bands, ^^dth or without canines ;
teeth either on the vomer, or on the vomer and palatine bones. No
barbels §. Cheek not cuirassed. Dorsal fin formed by a spinous
portion and by a soft*; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five
soft rays. Stomach ca)cal ; pyloric appendages generally in smaU
number. Swim-bladder present, simple ||. Intestines little folded
Carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the fresh waters and seas of all
parts of the globe.
Synopsis of the Genera.
The following Sj-nopsis is merely to facilitate the determining the
position which a species of fish takes in the system of the Percoids
known at present, whilst in the description itself a series has been
adopted which is thought best adapted to the natural relations of the
genera. Without fully repeating the diagnoses of the genera, it would
have been impossible to foUow the same succession in this Synopsis,
and it would have failed in accomplishing the purpose above named.
Thus it is not intended to give, in the single categories of the Synopsis,
the forms most closely allied to one another, but cei'tain forms are
brought together by an artificial method. Finally, I consider tlie
number of the spines to be a natural generic character, wliich, simple
as it is, has hitherto been neglected in the definition o{ genera.
A. Anomalous genera.
With a barbel. Two dorsals ; operculum spiniferous, prac-
operculum denticulated ; scales imbedded in the skin ... 30. Pogonoperca.
No teeth at all on the palate. Natural characters of
Serranus 2."). Prionodks.
B. Normal genera.
I. Seven btanchiostegals.
A. All the teeth viUiform, without canines.
* Some species of Amhassis excepted. t Except Apsilus.
I Cfr. Pcrcilia. % Except Pogonoperca.
II In Pileoma and Rolcoanma absent.
E 2
52
PERCTDiB.
1. Two distinct dorsals, separate or united only at the base,
a. Scales adherent.
* PseudobranchicE.
** Pyloric appendages i7i small number.
a. Body oblong, fiat.
\ J), with 7 spines. The anal fin without conspi-
cuous spines; operculum and praDopcrcuhim
spiniferous, without serratui-es ; scales minute. . . 31. Grammistes.
^ D. tvith 8 spines.
tt Scales rather large. The dorsal fin moving
in a scaly sheath; prpBoperculum with a
strong spine at the angle, and with an entire
lower limb , . . . . 7. PsAMMorERCA.
tt Scalts rather small.
aa. Operculum without Spines 16. CENTRoroMrs.
/3/3. Operculum spiniferous 34. Diploprion.
t D. with 9 spines. Teeth on the tongue ; the anal
fin generally with three spines ; praeoperculum
with denticulations beneath 4. Labrax.
t D. with 10 spines. The anal fin with two spines;
muciferouB cavities of the bones of the skull
much deiieloped ; praoperculum denticulated ;
scales small 10. Percarina.
t D. with 12 spines. The anal fin with three spines;
opercles with \ery long and pointed spines ;
scales very small 17. Nipiion.
t D. with 1.3-14 spines. The anal fin with two
spines ; pr.Toperculum and praeorbital serrated ;
scales small ; head naked above 1. Perca.
j3. Body cylindrical, elongate. Mouth situated at the
lower side of the snout; anal fin with a single
spine; pra;operculum serrated ; scales small 14. Aspro
** Pyloric appendages in increased manher.
a. Form of body oblong. Pseudobranchine developed ;
tongue smooth; the first dorsal with eleven, the
anal fin with three spines; prnKoporculum with
strong spinous teeth beneath ; scales rather small. 8. Percalabrax.
/3. Body and vertical fins greatly elevated. Praioper-
culum with spinous teeth at the angle 18. Enoplosu''
* No pseudobranchicB.
** Praoperculum with strong spines at the lower border.
The first dorsal with seven to eight, the anal fin with
three spines; scales moderate; pra-orbital strongly
serrated 5. Lates.
** PrcBoperculum with smooth lower limb, and ivith a strong
spine at the angle ; prreorbital entire G. Cnidon.
PERCID^, O.)
h. Scales deciduous,
a. Th/" lateral line commencivg hcneafh the second dorsal. An
acute ridge from the eye extending backwards over the
operclea 43. Mickoiciitiiys
j8. The lateral line commencing behind the head.
aa. Teeth on the palatine bones.
aa PrcBopercrdum with a double serrated ridge. The
first dorsal with six to seven, the anal with two
spines ; operculum spiniferous 44. Apogon.
j3/3. Prceoperculicm with a double entire ridge. The
first dorsal with six, the anal with two spines ;
operculum spiniferous 45. Apooonichtiiys.
hb. No teeth on the palatine bones. Eye very large. No
denticulations on the bones of the skull. Many
pancreatic caeca 48. Pomatomus.
2. The spinous dorsal little developed.
Scales minute, enveloped in the epidermis ; spines of the dorsal
variable in number 32. Riiypticus.
3. One dcyrsaljin.
a. With two <w three anal spines.
a. Pyloric appendages in small number,
aa. Operculum with a strong bony ridge.
Opercles denticulated ; scales small 29. Polyprion.
bb. Operculum without bony ridge.
§. No teeth on the palatine bones.
Opercles spiniferoufl ; the muciferous channels of the bones of
the skull much developed ; scales rather small 9. Acerina.
§. Teeth on the palattne bones.
* Operculum spiniferous.
** Scales moderate.
t D. with 12-13 spines. Body rather elevated 35. Myriodon.
t B. with 8 spines. Head entirely covered with
scales , 38. Glaucosoma.
** Scales small.
t Operculum very strongly arm^d; prseoperculum
with strongly serrated lower limb ; dorsal with
nine spines. Known only from stuffed specimens, 33. Aulacocephalus.
t Operculum moderately armed ; praeopercixlum not,
or obtusely serrated. Dorsal with eleven spines. 50. Oligouus.
* Bones of the skull without any denticulations or spines.
Dorsal with ten spines ; scales rather small 20. Apsilus.
54
PEBCIDJi:.
/3. Pi/lo7Hc appendages in increased /lunibcr.
* Praopercidum with spinojis teeth at the lower limb. Natural
characters of I'kctropoma 28. Th aciiypom a.
* Praoperculum finely serrated Dorsal with nine slender
spines; operculum spiniferous ; scales moderate b'2. Auripis.
b. With four or five anal spines.
Scales sometimes osseous. Body high, triangular; anal fin
with five spines ; jwajoperculum denticulated ; opercidum
rounded 39. Pentaceros.
c. Anal sv'ies none.
No true scales ; osseous protuberances 4<). Okkoso-ma.
B. Canine teeth at the outer side of the villiform bauds.
1. Two dorsals.
* Anal with two spines.
a. Scales sinall, adherent. Twelve to foui-teen dorsal spines ;
operculum spiniferous ; proeoperculum with a simple ser-
rated edge 11. Llcioperca.
b. Scales large, deciduous. Six dorsal spines ; proeoperculum
with a double serrated edge 46. Ciiilodipterus.
* Anal with three spines.
a. Operculum produced into a long, denticiUated point 49. Ackopoma.
b. Operculum urifh two points, not denticulated ; scales moderate,
adlierent. Nine dorsal spines 15. Etelis.
c. Operculum with two feeble points ; sccdes moderate, deciduous.
Eight dorsal spines ; no denticulations on the bones of
the skull 47. Scombkops.
2. One dorsal.
a. Canines very small. Vomerine teeth in an angidar band or
a short triangular patch. Dorsal generally with the for-
mula — anal with — ; operculum spiniferous ; pra;oper-
culum serrated, without notch ; scales moderate or rather
small -1- Centkopkistis.
b. Canines distinct.
a. Scales moderate.
aa. Prceopcrculum serrated.
aa. Snout short, blunt, with a rather narrow proc-
orbital ; dorsal generally with ten, anal with
three si)ines ; caudalis forked, and mostly one
or several of the fins elongate; operculum
spiniferous 23. Antiua.s.
/3;J. Snout rather elongate and high, with flat sides,
and with a large broad praorbital.
* Prceopcrculu/n without or with a very
open notch behind 37. MEsoputON.
* Praopercidum with a deep notch, re-
ceivivg a knob of infcropcreulum 30. Ge.nvokoge.
lib. Prceopdrulum entire. Dor^il with ten, anal with
three spines ; opcrculiini .spiniferous 19. Apriom.
ft. Sra/et) smuU.
(If. ri-(('iipcrc>'/i'/)/ Ti:ith fhr /inter i'nah smuu/h.
(la. Tcc/h oil thr pataibu^. DovsarfTcucvally vvitli
niiii; or elcvoji spines, anal \vi(li (InTo; oi)or-
culuni .spiniferous 2(>. Seiu! a n lc.
/3/3. 1^0 fccfh on the palatines 24. Anypkiiodon.
fjti. Vrcenpcrculn/n v>fh spinona freth J/eneafh. Kunibor
ot''s])iiios of tlic vortical fins variable ; oj)t'rruliua
spinii'erous 27. I'LrxTiiopo.M.v.
IT. Nanther of bnivfJuostcgals vatnihuj bctivccn seven atuJ sl.c.
A. Tieo (/o)-sffts. Tiie first with nine spines, anal with three.
Operculum spiniferous, privoiicreuliini and pr;vorbi(al
serrated. Scales small, head covered with scales above. 2. riciicieiirnv.-.
R. One (hirsal. M'ith ten sjiines, anal with three; oi)crcuIuni
with two points, ))r.i()])erculuin witli a single smooth
ridge. Scales nsoderale The number of the pyloric
appendages increased 51. Guystes.
III. Sic hranchiostegals.
A. All the teeth vUJ'iform
1. Tivo dorsals.
a. Scales decidxous. Pra.'operculum with a double denticu-
lated ridge ; the fh'st dorsal witli seven, the anal with
three spines, a i;ecumbent spine in front of the dorsal,
pointing forward 42. A.mbassis.
//. Scales eulherent.
" D. U'ith 14 or 15 spines. Operclcs not denticulated;
operculum with one point 12. Pileom.\.
^ I), with y spines. Opercles not denticulated ; opercu-
lum with one point 13. BOLEOSO.MA
* D. rvith G spines. Operclcs not denticulated ; opercu-
lum with two points 53. IIuKu.
2. One dorsal.
a. Scales moderate, finclij or mimiteli/ serrated.
a. Opcrcidum with a memhranaccous coloured lobe above
the angle.
aa. No teeth on the palatine hones 57. Po.motis.
bb. Teeth on the palatine hones 50. Bryttu.s.
ft. Operculum without a memhranaccous lobe.
aa. The number of the anal spiices variatile, mostli/ more
than three. Teeth on the palatine bones and on
the tongue; operculum with two Hat points ; priu-
operculima scarcely denticulated 55. Centrarcuus.
bb. Three anal spines. Dorsal with ten spines ; o])cr-
culiun spiniferous ; prseopcreulum serrated.. 00. Dui.es.
b. Scales small, ro?\i/h. Chin very prominent, snout covered
with ctenoid scales, eye large; pneoperculum with )iro-
niinent crenulated angle; dorsal with ten, anal witii
three spines 41. I'kiacantiu'.s
OU PEBCID-f:.
B. Jaws with a lateral series of laryer teeth, or ivith canines.
1. With canmca. Snout very short, rounded ; fins partly elon-
gated ; dorsal with eleven sjjines ; operculum spiniferoua ;
pnuoperculuin entire 22. C'allantihas.
2. With a lateral aeries of larger teeth.
a. Oj)i'rcu/u7n spinifcrous : apinesof the fins slender. Fonn
of body cylindrieal ; dorsal deeply notehed, the firat
portion with nine spines ; prjEopercolum serrated ;
scales small '. 3. PARALAnitiVx.
h.- Opcradum not armed ; spines of the fins very strong.
Form of body rather elevated ; dorsal deeply notched,
the first portion with ten spines ; scales rather small. 58. Anoplus.
c. Opercultim indisfincfli/ armed ; fmsal half of the dorsal
fin scaly. Form of the body compressed, oblong;
one dorsal, with ten si)incs; scales moderate, not
eerrated ; caudal deeply forked 51). Odontc.nectes.
IV. Number of the brancJiiostegals varyimj between Jive and s^ix.
No canine or palatine teeth. Two dorsals, united at the base
only ; the first with nine spines, the anal witli tiiree ; no
distinct armatiu-e on the opercles ; scales moderate 54. I'eiccilia.
These genera may be combined into more natural groups. In
these* groups one or other of the manifold characters predominates,
without being appli(;uble to every member of the grou]). If we follow
Cmier and make the categories strictly depend upon one character,
then we arc obliged to separate Perca and I'erdchthijsi. merely because
the former has seven, the latter sometimes six branchiostcgals — or
Grammistes and lihyptlcus, merely because in the former the spinous
part of the dorsal is more developed, and separated from the soft one
by a deep notch— or Apogon and Chilodiptcms, because in one there
are conspicuous canines ; and yet there are no fishes more closely
allied than those of the thi-ee pairs mentioned. When we become
acquainted hereafter with more generic forms, then the Perddcp. will
be chvidcd into many groups or families \\-ith more exact characters ;
and the following natural combination is merely an attempt at a
systematic division of these fishes.
I. Group with the type of Perca. — Mostly tresnwater fishes, or
sea fishes entering the rivers. Form of the body oblong, rarely
cylindrieal or elevated. Opercles strongly denticidated or armed.
Scales conspicuously ctenoid, snuill, or of moderate size. Cleft of
mouth horizontal or slightly oblique. Mostly with two dorsals; the
number of spines constant in the species of one genus. Rarely more
than ten pyloric appendages. Percina.
1.
Prrca.
7.
Isammoperca.
18.
BOLEOSOMA.
2.
PKnOICHTKYS.
8.
PKRCAnAIlRAX.
14.
ASI'RO.
8.
TARALAnnAX.
9.
Acr.RINA.
rKIlCAIlINA.
15.
Ktkms.
4.
IjABHAX.
10.
1(5.
Centropomus,
o.
Latks.
11.
TAru)i>KnrA.
17.
Nii'iroN.
G.
Cnidon.
12.
I'lLKCMA.
IH.
Knoplosi's.
PEUCID^. 67
II. Group with the type of Serranus. — Mostly inhabitants of the
sea. Form of the body oblong, rarely elevated. Opercles denticulated
or armed. Scales conspicuously ctenoid, small, or of moderate size.
Cleft of mouth slightly oblique. Mostly with one dorsal ; the number
of spines constant, or little variable in the species of one genus.
Son?etimcs more than ten pyloric appendages. Serranina.
19. Aprion. 26. Serranus. 33. Aulacocephalus.
20. Apsilus. 27. Plectropoma. 34. Diploprion.
21. Centropristis. 28. Trachypoma. 35. Myhiudon.
22. Callanthias. 29. Poltprion. .36. Genyoroge.
23. Anthias. 30. Pogonoperca. 37. Mesoprion.
24. Anyperodon. 31. Grammistes. 38. Glaucosoma.
25. Prionodes. 32. Rhypticus.
III. Group with the type of Pentaceros. — Osseous scales or pro-
tuberances, or the integuments of the head bony. Pentaceratina.
39. Pentaceros. 40. Oreosoma.
IV. Group with the type of Priacanthns. — Cleft of the mouth ap-
proaching the vertical line, chin prominent ; scales small, strongly
ctenoid, rough ; the number of spines constant ; few pyloric append-
ages. Priacanthina
41. Priacanthts.
V. Group with the type of Apogon. — Inhabitants of the sea and of
fresh waters, with deciduous scales generally of large size. Form of
the body more or less elevated. Opercles mostly denticulated or
armed ; cleft^ of the mouth oblique, or approaching the vertical hne.
Two dorsals. Apogonina.
42. Ambassis. 46. Chtlodipterus.
43. Microichthys. 47. Scombrops.
44. Apogon. 48. Pomatomus.
46. Apooonichthys. 49. Acbopoma.
VI. Group with the type of Grystes. — Inhabitants of the sea and
chiefly of fresh waters. Form of the body oblong or elevated. Oper-
cles indistinctly denticulated or armed, or entirely smooth. Scales mi-
nutely ciliated, or cycloid. Cleft of the mouth more or less oblique.
Mostly with one dorsal ; spines sometimes in variable number in one
genus. Sometimes many pyloric appendages. Fishes deviating most
from the original type of the Percoids ; and Dules approaching to the
Theraponidce. Grystina.
50. Oligorus. 54. Percilia. 58. Anoplus.
51. Grystes. 66. Centrarchus. 59. Odontonectes.
52. Arripis. 66. Bryttus. 00. Dules.
63. HuRO. 57. PoMOTis.
o8
pi'RCid.t;.
First Group. PERCINA.
1. PERCA*.
Perca, sp., Artali, Genent, p. 39; Cia: lier/tie Anim. ; Ckv. 4'- Ftd.
ii. p. It).
iScvcn branchiostcgals. All the teeth villilorm, without canines ;
teeth on the jmlatinc Iwncs, tongue smooth, IVo dorsals; the first
with l;i or 1-J- s])ines ; anal fin with two spines. Opcrculiim s])ini-
fcrons ; praco])ei'culum and pra^orbital serrated. Scales small ; head
naked above.
Fresh waters of the Arctic Retiions.
1. Perca fluviatilis.
UtpKTj, Aristot. vi. cap. 14; yElian, xiv. c. 23, 2V).
Perca, PUn. xxxii. cap. 9, 10; Akhuh. v. 115; Juluistmi, Thaani.
p. 423.
Porca Huviatilis, Rinnhl. ii. pp. 190, 197; Salciaid, f. 224 />, 22G ;
GcsHo; p. (;9cS. t. 1(58 J; Jitn/, Si/n. Pise. p. 97. no. 23; M'UUtijJibij,
iv. c. 14. p. 291. t. 5. 13. f. 1; Pinn. lirit. Zuul iii. p. 345.
tia\ iatili.s major, Aldroc. v. cap. 33. p. 022.
major, ISvliaiicr. p. 55.
no. 1, Art('(f/\ Gcncni Pisciuvi, p. 39.
tbiviatilis, Li/in. i. p. 481, and Faun. Skcc. p. 117; Ldcop. iv.
p. 187 ; 3Ln-sii/H, iv. tab. 23. f. 1 ; Bloch, FIsche IkiitschL t. 52 ;
^tclufjfcr, Pise. Bavar. R(dish. PcnUis. ; Meidiiujcr, Fisclic Ocsfr.
talj. 5 ; Don. lirit. Fi.iJi(s, iii. pi. 52 ; S/iatc, Zool. iv. p. 545. pi. 79 ;
Turt. Ihit. Faun. p. 100 ; Citv. ii,- Val. ii. p. 20. pi. 1-8 (aii.Uomv) ;
Finn. Brit. Anim. p. 213; Nihs. Prudr. Ichth. Scandin. p. 81 ;
Jurine, Paiss. Lac Lcnian, pi. 3 ; Ponap. Faun. Pat. iii. 79. f. 1 ;
Fric.^ aril Fckstr. Shindinarwns Fishar, pi. 1 ; YarrcJI, Brit. Fishes,
p. 1 ; Parn. Fis/i. FritJi af Forth, ]). 8; Donidoff. Voij. Puss. 3lerid.
iii. p. 355; Car. Pi'f/na Aaini. Id. Poiss. pi. 1-4, fanat.) pi. 0;
Giinther, Nccharfi.sch(', p. 10, and Wieipn. Arehir, 1855, p. 198 ;
Heckel ^- Kner, Sii.ssu-assr>ifisehe, ]). 3 (fifi'. not <>-ood).
vul;,'aris et hflvt^tica, Gronor. Mas. Ichth. cd. Gray, pp. 113, 114.
italica, Cuv. lliytie Anim. ; Car. l^ J'al. ii. p. 45.
D. 14-15 I -'^. A. -i-. Csec. pylor. 3. Vert. 21/20-21.
I 13-14 8-9 ^ •' '
Total length equal to 3|- the height of the body. Inferior edge
of operculum entire, or very weakly denticidated ; inferior edge of
proco])erculum with a few strong spinous teeth, directed forwards ;
operculum smooth, more than 70 transverse rows of scalesf; trans-
* Perca phimieri, Ciiv. ^- Vat. ii. p. 51, established from a figure of Phunier,
is the same fisli as we find liereaftcr described as Conodon antillanus. Cuv. <j'- P"al.
V. p. !.")().
t In tlie Pcrcidfc witli small .-scales, the rows exhibit many irrp^ularitics,
especially near the Literal line. A more constant result is pained by countinf;
the transverse rows, instead of the scales of the lateral line
1. PERCA. 59
verse line ^^. A large black mark on the posterior pan of the fii'st
dorsal fin.
Europe ; Asiatic Russia.
at, b. Large specimens : stuffed. England.
c. Adult: stuffed. England.
d, e. Adult. England,
/. Half-grown. England. Presented by J. Doubleday, Esq.
g. Half-grown. England. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Half-grown. Peterborough. Presented by C. Watkins, Esq.
i, Ic. Young. London. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq.
I. Adult : skin. Norfolk. Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
m-t. Adult and half-grown : skins. England. Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection.
u. Adult : stuffed. Loch Lomond, Scotland.
V. Half-grown : stuffed. Duddingston, Scotland.
w. Half-grown : stuffed. Loch Maben, Scotland.
X, y, z. Half-grown. Switzerland. Presented by Prof. Agassiz.
a, /3. Large specimens. Sweden. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection,
y. Young. Sweden. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection.
h. Adult : skin. Sweden. Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
€. Adult : skin. Europe. Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
Z, T). Adult. Europe. Presented by the College of Surgeons.
6, t. Half- grown. Europe. Presented by the College of Surgeons.
K, X. Half-grown. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
fi. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
r. Adult; skeleton. England.
2. Perca flavescens.
Bodianus flavescens, Mitchill, Ph. Trans. New York, i. p. 421.
Perca flavescens, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 46 ; Richard-
son, Faun. Bor.-Amcr., Fishes, p. 1. pi. 74 ; Storer, Rejwrt, p. 5, and
Synopsis, p. 17, and Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 175 ; Kirtland, in
Bast. Journ. v. p. 337. pi. 27. f. 2 (bad) ; Deka>/, Ncu- York Fauna,
Fishes, p. 3. pi. 1. f. 1 ; Holbrook, Ichth. S. Carol, p. 2. pi. 1. f. 1 :
Agassiz, Lake Superior, p. 291.
granulata, Cm: ^- Val. ii. p. 48. pi. 9, cop. by Dekay, New York
Fauna, p. 5. pi. 68. f. 220.
serrato-gi'anulata, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 47 ; Dekay, I. c. pi. 22. f. 64.
D. 13-14 1 i^. A.^. Cffic. pylor. 3. Vert. 21/20.
Total length equal to 3f or four times the height of the body.
Inferior edge of opercidum with a few weak denticulations ; inferior
edge of prseoperculum with about ten rather slender spinous teeth,
directed forwards ; operculum striated ; 60 to 65 transverse rows of
scales; transverse line ^. A large black mark on the posterior
part of the first dorsal fin.
United States ; Canada.
a. Adidt. New York. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
h. Adidt. Boston. Presented by J. Winstone, Esq.
60
VT.TiCIDJE.
c. Adult: female Hkclcton. Ohio. From Mr. Frank's Collection as
I'erca americarui.
d. Adult: stuffed. Canada.
e. Adult. N. America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
/, fj. Adult. N. America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
h. Adult: stuffed. N.America. Presented by Edw. Doubleday, Esq.
i,1c. Adult: skins. Montezuma, U.S. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
I. Intestines of specimen c.
SJceleton. — The structure of the single bones of the skull is exactly
the same as in the Common Perch ; the slight differences are the
following : the radiating streaks on th<i upper surface of the head and
on the operculum, which are tfj be seen abjo in the Common Perch, arc
here deeper and more developed ; the spines of th(.' operculum are
more acute, and there in beneath the longest a third, much smaller,
but very conspicuous ; there are eight spinous teeth along the lower
limb, directed forwards. Vert. 21/20. Tho first interhajmal is
attached to the twenty-second vertebra, as in the Common Perch ;
and from an examination of the skeletons, I am still more incHnod
to consider both i/j be varieties of one and the same species.
Var. Pkeca acuta.
Cuv. l<f Val. ii. p. 49. pi. 10; Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., Fishes,
p. 4 ; iJekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 6. pi. 68. f, 222.
D. 13-14 1 i;. A.f
Total length equal to 3-| the height of the body. Inferior edge
of operculum with a few rather strong denticulations ; inferior edge
of ])ncoperculum with numerous weak spinous teeth ; operculum
striated ; transverse rows ? ; transverse line ?. No black spot on the
first dorsal fin.
Lake Ontario.
3. Perca gracilis.
Cuv. ^ Val. p. 50; Richardsrm, Faun, Bor.-Amer., Fishes, p. 4.
D. 13 I ^. A. I-.
I 14 0
Total length equal to five times the height of the body. Inferior
edge of operculum entire ; edges of pra^operculum with numerous
nearly equal, very small spinous teeth; operculum striated; m(jre than
70 transverse rows of scales ; transverse line ^. A small black
spot on the hinder part of the dorsal fin.
Lake Hkancateles (system of Ontario) ; Canada.
a. Adult: stuffed. Canada.
Tills species is considered by Holbrook to be a variety of Perca
Jlavescens.
2. PERCICnTIIYS. 61
2. PERCICHTHYS.
Pcrcn, sp., Citv. (^ Val. ii. p. 19,
Porcichthys, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 197, and U.S.
Nuv. Astron. Expcd. ii., Zool. p. 230.
Seven or six brancliiostcgals. All the teeth villiibrm, without
canines; teeth on the palatine bones, tongue 8moot\. Two dorsak,
the first with nine (or ten) spines ; anal fin with three spines. Oper-
cuhim spiniferous ; pncoporeulum and prcDorbital serrated. Scales
small ; head covered with scales above.
PVesh waters of the Neotropical region. (Java.)
1. Percichthys laevis.
Perca laevis, Jenynsy Zool. of the Beayle, Thhes, p. 1. pi. 1.
D.9|l. A.f
Heighi of the body not quite one-fifth of the total length, the
head not (juito (>n(;-fourth. Head above covered with scales, as far
{IS the connecting line of the nostrils; scales rather smooth, scnrcely
at all ciliated. Caudals slightly notched. Yellowish brown (in
spirits), covered all over with small dusky spots, one occupying the
base of each scale. (Jenyns.)
Santa Cruz River, Patagonia.
2. Percichthys trucha.
Porca trucha, Cuv. 8f Val, ix. p. 429 ; (Suichcn. in (hit/, Ifisforia de
Chile, Zool. ii. p. 140. pi. 1 h. fig. 1. [It app(;ara doiibtful, from
Girard's examination, wliothor this figure is made fntm a .spcM-imon,
or from tlu; description given by ValiiricionnoH.]
INirciclithys trucha, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 197.
? Percichthys chilensis, Gir, in U.S. Nav. Astron. Expcd. ii., Zool.
p. 231. pi. 29. f. 1-4.
B.7. D.9|f3. A.l.
The upper maxillary bono reaching to below the middle of the
eye ; sub- and int(!ropcrculum scarcely (Umticulated ; caudalis mod«i-
rately emarginated ; scales ciliated. Yellowish brown, spotted with
darker.
Rio Negro (Patagonia) ; fresh waters of Chili.
3. Percichthys melanops.
Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 197; U.S. Nav. Astron.
Exped. ii., Zool. p. 233. pi. 30. f. 1-5.
B. 6. D. 10 I i A. 1. *L. lat. 58-00. L. transv. 10/22.
Branchiostegals six ; the upper maxillary bono reaching to the
level of the anterior margin of the eye ; opercular spine not very
62 PERCID^
conspicuous, (iround-colour whitish, minutely and densely dotted
with black ; dots crowded in the middle of the scales in the shape of
a central blotch.
Rio de Maj-po, Chili. *
The two following species are too little known to be brought
into this genus ^vath certainty ; but being evidently good species, 1
think it better to place them here than to neglect them.
4. Percichthys ciliata.
Pcrca ciliata (Kulil H)- v. Hassclf), Cnv. **>■ Vdl. ii. p. 52.
Height of the body not quite one-fourth of the total length. Scales
strongly ciliated. Above uniform greenish ; no black spot on the
dorsal tin.
Java.
5. Percichthys marginata.
Perca marginata, Cur. <S,- Vol. ii. p. ."J:',.
Height of the body one-fourth of the total length ; edge of oper-
culum erUire: edges of ])rieopereulum c(]ually and finely denticu-
lated ; eaudal tin forked, blaek-edged.
Hah. ?
3. PARALABRAX.
Paralabrax, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1850, p. 131.
Habit cylindrical. Six branchiostegals. Pseudobranchirc ? Tcetli
villif(jrm, with a scries of larger ones on each .side of the jaws ; tooth
on tlu^ palatines, tongue sui(Jotb. One dorsal, deejdy notched, the
first jtortion with nine sjiines ; the anal fin with three. Operculum'
spinif'erous ; praopereuhim serrated. Scales small.
Fresh waters of California.
1 . Paralabrax nebulifer.
Labrax nebulifer, Gimrd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 142.
Paralabrax nebulifer, (iirard, I. c. 185G, p. 131.
Total length not quite four times the height of the body ; lateral
line?; third donsal s])inc longest. Hack leddish brown, with large
cloud-like blackish Itlotehes ; snout covered with small nmndish
.spots ; a dark band from the orbit across the cheeks to the gills.
Monterey (California).
4. LABRAX. 63
2. Faralabrax clathratus.
Labrax clathratus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat.lSc. Philad. 1854, p. 143.
Paralabrax clathratus, Girard, I. c. 1850, p. 131
D.9|l A.f
Total length not quite foiu' times the height of the body ; lateral
line ? ; fourth dorsal spine longest. Back purplish ; back and sides
covered with darker blotches ; second dorsal spotted ; a dark temple-
streak.
San Diego (California).
4. LABRAX*.
Labrax, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. i^~ Val. ii. p. 55.
Seven branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiaj developed. AU the teeth
villiform, "without canines ; teeth on the jjalatine bones and on the
tongue. Two dorsals, the first with nine spines ; anal fin generally
with three. Operculum spiniferous ; pra)operculum serrated, and
with denticulations at the lower limb ; prasorbital entire. Scales
rather small or moderate. Number of pyloric appendages few
(4-5).
Shores of the Arctic Eegions ; Rivers of North America.
1. Labrax lupus.
Aa^pa^, Aristot. i. cap. 5, iv. cap. 11, v. cap. 10, vi. cap. 13, 19, viii.
cap. 19, and De Part Anim, iv. cap. 8, viii. cap. 2, 30 ; ^han, i,
cap. 30, ix. cap. 7, x, cap. 2, xvi. cap. 12 ; Athen. lib. vii. xiv. ;
Oppian, i. cap. 5, ii. cap. 34, 58.
Lupus, Plln. ix. cap. 17, 54, xxxii. cap. 2; Bellon. Aqiiaf. i. p. 113;
Salv. Aqiiat. xxviii. p. 108. f. 30; Rondel. Pise. Mar. ix. ck^. 7,
cum fif*-. ; Gesncr, iv. p. 500 ; Aldrov. Pise. iv. cap. 2. p. 490, cum
fig.; Jonston, ii. cap. 2; Willayhhy, iv. cap. 1. p. 271. tab. K. 1;
Pay, Stjn. Pise. p. 83.
Perca no. 7, Artedi, Gen. Pise. p. 41.
Perca labrax, Li7in. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 482 ; Jiisso, Ichth. Nie. p. 299. and
Hist- Nat. iii. p. 400 ; Nilss. Prodr. Ichth. Scandin. p. 82 ; Pmn.
Brit. Zool. p. 348. t. 00 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, pi. 43 ; Turton, Brit.
Faun. p. 100; Fle7n. Brit. Anim. p. 213; Son nni, Voy. i. p. 217.
pi. 3 ; Scharjerstrdm, R. Vet. Acad. Hand. 1829, St. i. p. 90. tab. 3.
f. 5-7 ; 3Iartens, Reise nach Venedig, ii. p. 428 : Gronov. ed. Gray,
p. 115 (not Pallas).
Perca punctata, Gmel. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 1311 ; Lacep. iv. p. 418; Risso,
Hist. Nat. iii. p. 407.
Centropomus lupus, Lacep. iv. p. 207.
Perca diacantha, Lacep. iv. p. 418 ; Sehneid. Bl. Syst. p. 85.
Sciagna labrax, Bloch, iii. p. 45. t. 301 (bad) ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 534.
punctata, Bloch, t. 305 (jun.); Shaic, Zool. iv. p. 536.
diacantha, Bloch, t. 302 ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 535.
* 1. Labrax nigricans, Drkai/, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 12. pi. 50. f. 160.-
Freshwater ponds of New York.
2. Labrax alWdus, Dekay, I.e. p. 13. pi. 51. f. 165.— Lake Erie.
64 PEIIC1D.E.
Labrax lupus, Cuv. Regno. Anini. ; Cuv. i^' Val. ii. p. TjO. pi. 11 ; Yarr.
Brit. Fishes, i. p. 8 ; Boiutp. Faun. Ilal. ; Cuv. lli'ijne. Anim. III.
Poiss. pi. 7. f. 1 ; Barker- Webb •i^- Berthel. lies Canar. IcJithijol. p. 5 ;
Guichcnot, Poiss. in Fxplorat. cVAlyerie, p. 31.
Geqffr. Descr. de VE<j., Poiss. pi. 20. f. 2, 3 (Perche nocte ct sinueusc).
I^-^lli^- ^-n;- Cipc. pylor. 5. Vert. 12/13.
Total length equal to 4i the height of the body ; GO to 70 trans-
verse rows of scales : inferior edge of praeopcrciihim with three
strong spinous teeth, directed forwards. Eack and sides greenish
grcj-, in females and younger individuals with small black spots ;
belly white.
Mediterranean ; coasts of Portugal, Franco, and England.
a. Lai'ge specimen : stuffed. England.
h. Adult. England.
c. Adult: stuffed. England.
d, e. Half- grown. England.
/. Half-grown. England. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq.
g. Half-grown : stuffed. England.
h. Young. England. Old Collection.
i. Young. England. Presented by W. Yarrell, Es(].
k. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.
Z. Adult. Eiu'ope. From the Haslar Collection.
m-o. Half-grown. Europe.
p, q. Young. Europe.
r, s. Adult : stuffed. Europe.
t. Adult: skin. Sol way.
u. Half-grown : skin. South Devon.
V. Half-grown : skin. England. From Mr. YarrcU's Collection.
w, X. Adult: skin. Lisbon.
y. Adult: skin. Eiu'ope.
z. Adult: skeleton. England.
2. Labrax elongatus.
Perca elongata, Geoffr. Descr. de VEg., Poiss. pi. 10. f. 1.
Labrax elongatus, Vuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 77.
I>-9|f..
A.
10
Total length ^qual to five times the height of the body ; transverse
rows ? ; inferior edge of pra)opcrculum with more than five sjjinous
teeth of moderate size. Hack and sides greenish grey ; belly \s'hite»
North coast of Egyjit.
3. Labrax lineatus.
• Gesellsch. Naturforsch
Sr/(«. p. 89.
soptuntrioiialis, Bl. Schn. p. 90. t. 20.
Scisena lineata, Bl. t. 304.
Schiypf, Schriften der Gesellsch. Naturforsch, Freundc, viii. p. 100.
Pcrcii saxatilifl, Bl. Schn. p. 89.
4. LADRAX. 05
Centropomus lineatiis, Luc6p. iv. 2/)5.
Roccus striatu.s, Mit chill, Report, p. 25.
Percji mitcliilli, Mitrhill, Trans. New Vorl,; i. p. 41'{. pi. .'i. f. 4.
Labmx lincatus, CVr. ^- Val. ii. p. 70 ; Drhn/, New Yorh Fauna,
Fishes, p. 7. pi. 1. f; 3; liaird iti Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 321 ;
Tlolbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 17. pi. 4. f. 1.
D. 91^2- A.f,. L. lat. 57-02. L. transv. 9/11.
Total length equal to 4i'the height of body; teeth of the tongue
in two elongate oval patches ; teeth of the inferior edge of prtcoper-
ciilum not miicli stionger than those of the liinder one. Seven or
eight black longitudinal bands.
Eastern eoasts of North America from Maine to Georgia.
a. Adult. North America. From Mr. Wai-wick's Collection.
b, c. Adult. North America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
d. Adult : stuffed. North America. Presented by Edward
Boubledaj", P^scp
e. Adult: skin. New York. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
/. Adult: skin. New York. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.— The
bands are irregularly waved and interrupted (Pcrca mitchilli
interrupta).
4. Labrax osculatii.
Filipni, Rev. Magaz. Zool. 1853, p. 164.
D. 9 I 1 A. fg. L. lat. 56. J., transv. 9/15.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; teeth of
the tongue arranged in a single oval ])atch ; teeth of the inferior
edge of prffioperculum not much stronger than those of the hinder
one. Seven or eight black longitudinal bands.
Eastern coasts and rivers of the United States.
5. Labrax rufus.
Moi'one rufa, Mitcliill, Rcjwrt, p. 18.
Perca miicronata, Rajinesque, Monthly Muijazinc, ii. p. 205.
FPerca amcsricana, ScJmpf Ncifurforscher, xx. p. 17, aiul Schriften der
Naturf. Freundc Berlin, viii. p. 159 ; Schneider, liloeh, j). 88 ; Lucep.
iv. p. '412.
Labrax mucronatus, Cur. (^ Vul. ii. p. 80. pi. 12; liaird in Ninth
Smithson. Report, p. 322,
rufus, I)ek(i)j, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 0. pi. 3. f. 7.
amcricanus, Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 21. pi. 3. f. 2.
r^- ^ I i2=T5- ^' 9^- ^^^- Py^"^- 4 (-5). L. lat. 50-55.
Vert, n /1 4.
Total length equal to 3^ the height of body ; edges of pra3-
operculum nearly equally and finely denticulated. Brownish gn;)',
with more or less obsolete darker bands.
Eastern shores of the United States from Massacluisetts to South
Cai'olina.
66
PKRC1D.K.
(t. Large specimen. Boston. Presented by W. Winstone, Esq.
6. Adult female : skeleton. New York! From Mr. Brandt's
Collection.
r. Adult. New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
d. Half-grown. America. Old Collection as Perca totog.
e, f. Adult and half-grown : skins. New York. From Pr. Paniell's
Collection.
g. Intestines of specimen h.
The liver is proportionally small, divided by a slight incisure into
two parts, the left of which is larger, and distingxiished by a still
slighter furrow. There are four pyloric appendages, half as long as
the stomach. Two separated ovaria. Pseudobranchiae well developed.
Skeleton. — The paroccipital crest is high, triangular, pointed
behind ; the upper side in a straight line with the surface of the head,
obliquely ascending. The ridges at the side of the skull are modified
into muciferous chanuols : the pra;orbital bone exhibits several
cavities, as in Acerlna cernna, but not quite so deep ; they com-
municate with the suborbital arch, which is narrow and forms the
middle part of this channel ; at the ujiper posterior comer of the
orbit the channel is continued by an excavated bony ridge, running
to the mastoid bone ; here it is turned up and backwards, passes the
upper articiilation of the suprascapiila, and is lost near the suture of
the supraoccipital and of the frontal bones. A second pair of
muciferous channels is found at the upper siu'face of the head,
running in a straight line from the maxillary bone between the
orbits to the middle of the frontals, opening by two or three
lateral holes. The third muciferous channel runs in an elevated
second ridge of the prgeoperculum, as in Chilodipterus, Apogon,
&c. ; it is continued on the lower surface of the mandibida,
where it opens by four oval holes. I have formerly {Wiegm. Arch.
1855, p. 200) pointed out that such muciferous channels are to be
found also in Perca and Lucioperca , and I may now add, in all the
Percoids, but less developed : not forming a good generic character
by itself, but combined with the fine serrature at the lower limb
of the proDoperculum, it may some day cause the separation of this
species from L. lupus, &c.
The suborbital arch has no interior process for supporting the
eye-ball from beneath, as is obsei-ved in a great many Percoids.
The maxillary bone has the superior margin more convex than the
inferior one. Operculum with two points, the upper one short and
rounded, the lower prominent and acute. PriEopercalum finely
serrated throughout ; posterior margin straight-lined ; angle rounded ;
lower margin slightly convex ; interoperculum with some excessively
minute denticulations ; suboperculum entire. All the teeth are
villiform, an'anged in bands: those of the vomer form an obtuse
angle. The interior plate of the pubic bones is broad, in imme-
diate contact with that of the other side, without leaving an inter-
space between. The first interhaemal is of moderate strength, equal
to the length of the second to sixth vertebi-ae, and attached to the
haemal of the twelfth.
(i7
6. Labrax pallidus
Morone pallida, Mitchill, Report, p. 18.
Bodianus pallidus, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. ^- Phil. Soc. i. p. 420.
Labrax pallidus, Dekay, Netc York Fauna, p. 11. pi. 1. f. 2.
D.9|f,. A.f
The height of the body is 3i in the total length ; the edges of the
praeoperculum nearly equally and finely denticulated. Light bluish
above, paler beneath.
Eastern shores of the United States,
a. Adult. America.
Labrax multilineatus.
Ctw. <^- Vat. iii. p. 488 ; ? Kirtland in Bost. Journ. v. p. 21. pi. 7. f. 1
(not good).
D-9|ri^. A.l.
Total length equal to 3^ the height of the body ; 50 transverse
rows of scales. Sixteen to nineteen black longitudinal bands.
River Wabash.
8. Labrax notatus.
Labrax notatus (Smith), Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., F\shcs, p. 8.
D.9|l. A.I.
Total length equal to four times the height of the body ; lateral
line with 58 scales. Marked with rows of spots, five above and five
below the lateral line, very regularly interrupted and arranged.
Coast of Canada.
5. LATES.
Lates, Cuv. Reffne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 88.
Seveii branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiae absent. All the teeth
villiform, without canines; teeth on the palatine bones, tongue
smooth. Two dorsals ; the first with seven or eight, the anal fin
with three spines. Operculum spiniferous ; praeoperculum with
strong spines at the angle and at the lower limb ; praeorbital strongly
serrated. Scales moderate.
Nile. Mouths of the large East Indian rivers.
1. Lates niloticus.
Aarflj, Athen. p. 311.
Pexca nilotica, Gmel. Sijst. Nat. 1312 ; Bl. Srhn. p. 87.
Centropomua niloticus, Lacfp. iv. p. 278.
F 2
68 PERCID.l?.
Prosper Alpin, Res. Eg. iv. c. 2; Sonnini, Voy. ii. p. 292. t. 22. f. 3;
Hassbiq. Vol/, p. 359; Geo^r. Dcscr. de C Ey., Poiss. pi. 9. f. 1.
Lates niloticus, Cuv. ^- Vul. li. p. 89, iii. p. 490.
^•7 (-8) If,. A. 3-^^. C«)c. pylor. 5.
PrsDoperculiim with a right angle ; coracoid wdth five denticula-
tions; second and third spine of the analis nearly equal in length.
Back brownish, sides and belly silvciy white.
Nile.
2. Lates calcarifer.
Holocentrus calcarifer, Block, t. 244.
Russell, ii. t. 181.
Holocentrus heptadactylus, Lacep. iv. pp. 344, 391.
CoiiLS vacti. Hum. Buck. Ganyes, Fislws, t. IG. f. 28,
Lates nobilis, Cuv. H^ Val. ii. p. 96. t. 13; Richardson, Ichth. CJiina,
p. 222; Bleeker, Perr. p. 27; Cantor, Catal. p. 1; Ilayeinan in
Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, p. 348.
I>-7-8|l A. 4
PrsDoperculum with an obtuse angle; coracoid with six to ten
denticiilations ; third spine of analis nearly twice as long as second.
Back and sides brownish, shining, belly white.
Mouths of the large East Indian rivers.
a. Half-grown. India. From Mr. Brandt's Collection as Lates
argenteus.
h. Half-grown. India. Presented by the Zoological Society.
e. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
d, e, f. Adult : stuffed. Ganges. From Mr. Wanvick's Collection .
g. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by the East India Company.
h. Half- grown : stuffed. China. Presented by J. 11. Reeves, Esq.
?*. Adult : skin. China. From Mr. Wai-wick's Collection.
6. ONIDON.
Cnidon, Miill. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. p. 21.
Seven branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiac absent; all the teeth
villiform, without canines; teeth on the palatine bones. Two
dorsals ; the first with seven, the anal fin with three .spines. Oper-
culum spiniferous ; praeoperculum with the lower limb entire, and
the posterior denticulated; a spine au the angle. Pncorbital nearly
entire. Pyloric appendages ?
Philippines.
1 . Cnidon chinensis.
Midi. (!y- Trosch. I. c.
Manilla.
D-7|r3 A J.
7. PSAMMOPERCA. 69
7. PSAMMOPERCA.
Labrax, sp., Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 83.
Psammoperca, Richardson, Voy. Erebus Sf Terror, Fishes, p. 116, and
Ichthyology, p. 275.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth on the vomer and palatine bones
crowded, granular ; no canine teeth ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals,
slightly continuous, moving in a scaly sheath ; the first with eight,
the anal with three spines. Operculum with a small, proeoperculum
with a strong spine, the latter with an entire lower limb. Scales
rather large.
East Indian and Australian seas.
1. Psammoperca waigiensis.
Labrax waigiensis, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 83 ; Blceker, Natunrk. Tydschr.
Netlerl. hid. ii. p. 479; Lesson, Voy. Coq. Zool. 237.
Psammoperca datnioides, Richardson, Voy. Erebus ^ Terror, Fishes,
p. 116. ^I. 57. f. 1, 2.
waigiensis, Bleeker, I. c. v. p. 177.
D. 8 1 y^^. A. |. L. lat. 50-55.
Height of body one-fourth of total length. Hinder edge of prae-
operculum denticulated, a long spine at the angle.
Australia ; Waigiou.
a. Adult: stuffed. Australia.
6. Half-grown : stuffed. Victoria, Australia. Voyage of H.M.S.
Herald.
c. Adult :' skin. China. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
2. Psammoperca macroptera.
D-8|f3- A.f3.
Height of the body one-tliird of the total length ; praeorbital and
suborbital arch strongly serrated ; hinder edge of prseoperculum ser-
rated, a triangular spine at the angle.
a. Dried. Victoria. Australia. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
The specimen upon which I found this new species shows very
well the characters of the genus, and the peculiarities by which it
is distinguished from the only other species hitherto known ; but" the
scales are partly detached, or spoiled by fat. It is distinguished by
the great elevation of the body, by the high third dorsal spine, and
the long anal fin.
The length of the Jiead is 4f in the total ; it is compressed, the
interspace between the eyes being one-sixth only of the length of
the head, or rather more than one-half the diameter of eye. The
snout equals in length that diameter, and is latei'aUy coveied by the
70 PKRCID^.
praeorbital, which widens above, and is furnished by strong spinous
teeth beneath, directed backwards ; this serrature becomes finer on
the suborbital arch. The upper maxillary is styUform, and forms
posteriorly a triangular plate ; it does not appear to reach the middle
of the eye. The eye is placed high up the side, and does not interfere
with the upper outline of the head ; its diameter is nearly one-fourth
of the length of the head. The operculum has a somewhat rounded
posterior angle, without distinct point ; the praisoperculum is finely
serrated along the posterior limb, and armed ^vith a triangular and
keeled spine of moderate size at the angle ; the lower limb has no
denticulation whatever.
The greatest depth of the body is between the ongins of the
second dorsal fin and the anal, tlie profile rising steeply from the
occiput to the highest point ; the tail (without caudal), behind the
end of the dorsal, is as high as long.
The third spine of the dorsal fin is veiy long, one-sixth of the
total length ; the first is small ; the second shorter than one-half of
the third ; the fourth, fifth and sixth rapidly decrease in length ; the
seventh and eighth are short, and inserted between both df)rsals.
The fii'st spine of the second dorsal is a little longer, one-half of the
height of the fin. The rays are nearly equal in length, much shorter
than the spinous part, and foi-m a rounded fin. Caudal rounded,
with eighteen rays. The anal fin resembles in shape the soft dorsal,
but its base is longer, and the longest ray is somewhat higher. The
spines are of moderate strength ; the second is rather longer than
the third, and two-thirds the length of the longest ray. The pec-
toral and ventral fins are nearly equal in length ; the latter do not
reach to the vent ; their spine equals the fifth of the dorsal.
inches, linen.
Total length o 6
Height of the body 1 10
Length of the head I 4
Interspace between the eyes 0 2\
Diameter of the eye 0 4
Length of the third dorsal spine 0 11
of the fifth dorsal ray 0 6
of the second anal spine 0 4
of the seventh anal ray 0 6^^
of the pectoral fin 0 8
8. PERCALABRAX.
Labrax, sp., Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 85.
Percalabrax, Temm. l<( Schkg. Faun. Japon. p. 2.
Lateolabrax, lileek. Verhuml. Batav. ( mootsch. \\\\. p. 55.
Seven branchiostegals ; pseudobrancliia) developed. All the teeth
villiform, witliout canines. t<'e1b on tlie i)ahitine bones; tongue
8. PEECALABRAX. 71
smooth. Two dorsals, the first wdth ek^veu, the anal fin with three
spines. Operculum with two points ; prieoperculum serrated be-
hind, and with strong .spinous teeth beneath ; pncorbital entire.
Scales rather sHiall. Number of pyloric appendages increased (13).
Shores of China and Japan.
1. Percalabrax japonicus.
Labrax japonicus, Cui: Sr Val. ii. p. 85.
Percalabrax japonicus, Faim. Japon. p. 2. pi. 2. f. 1.
Lateolabrax japonicu;;, Bleek. I. c.
D. 11 1 ^^. A. |. C'cec. pylor. 13. Vert. 16/19.
Total length equal to somewhat more than four times the height
of body ; inferior edge of prajoperculum with five spinous teeth,
directed forwards. Back greenish grey, with round blackish spots ;
first dorsal fin spotted.
Chinese and Japanese seas.
a. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Adidt. China. Presented by the East India Company.
e. Adult. China. From the Haslur Collection.
d. Half-grown. China.
e. Young, China. Presented by the East India Company.
/. Young. Chusan. Presented by the East India Company.
g. Young. Chusan. Presented by the East India Company.
h. Adult: stuff'ed. Japan.
i. Young: stuifed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
k. Intestines of specimen b.
This species is in general appearance allied to Laics, exhibiting
also a concavity of the upper profile of head ; and the tongue is
smooth, without teeth ; but th.Q pseiidohrancMce 2iXG as much deve-
loped as in the species of Labrax.
Skeleton. — The .skull is rather flat above, the paroccipital crest
not much elevated above the level, not extending beyond the supra-
occipital, and acutely pointed behind. The muciferous channels are
not, or very moderately, developed, as for instance that between the
orbits. The suborbital arch with an interior flat process ; the max-
illary bone without process, and with divergent straight-lined mar-
gins. Operculum with two points, both acute, the upper short, the
lower very elongate. The hinder limb of the pr«operculum is
minutely serrated, the angle and the lower limb bear four or five
strong spinous teeth, directed forward ; the sub- and intcr-opcrculum
are entire. The neural spines of the first ten vertel^rcc are strong and
broad ; the first interhaemal is exceedingly strong ; the plates between
the two bony centres of this bone (between the interhtemal of the
first, short anal spine and that of the second, strong one) are not
united, forming a deep .sheath ; it is attached to the ha:'mals of the
seventeenth and eighleenth verlebrse.
72 PERCID^.
9. ACERINA*.
Acerina, Cuv. Rtgtic Anim. ; Cm: 4" l^'^d- iii- P- «5-
Seven branchiostcgals. All the teeth vilHfurm, without ennines ;
no teeth on the palatine bones or on the tonp;ue. One dorsal with
thirteen to nineteen spines, the anal fin with t\\o. Operculum and
l)ra!operculum spinit'erous. Muciferous channels of the bones of the
skull very developed. Scales rather small.
Rivers of the Palajarctic Keffion.
1. Acerina cemua.
Cernua fluviatilis, Bellon. Aqiiut. p. 291; Gcsner, pp. 101, 192, 22();
WilliKjhhij, p. 334 ; Bay, p. 144.
IVrcfc iltiviatilis g-onus minus, Gesner, pp. 701, 825.
I'iscis Danubii, ScbroU German., Gcsner, p. 29. f. 1(>1.
Porous fiuviatilis, I'erca fluviatilis minor, i&c., Grsner, f. 100 ft.
Perca minor, Porcu.s, Porcnlus, &c,, Srhonev. p. 50.
flu\datili3 minor, Aldrov. v, cap. 34 ; Jonstun, iii. tit. 3. cap. 2.
t. 28. f. . _ _
Danubii incola, Piscis SchroUus, Aldnrc. v. cap. 35.
ScroUus, Jonstun, iii. tit. 3. cap. 3. t. 28. f. a (right hand).
ScroUus danubianus, Willuqhhy, p. 335; Ray, p. 143.
Goldtisch, Schtvcnkf. Thcrunjr. Si/es. p. 441.
Perca no. 3, Artedi, Spec. p. 80.
no. 4, Artedi, Genera, p. 40.
cemua, Lum. ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 112 ; Schcqffer, Plsc.
Bavur. Batisbonensinm Pentas. ; Bloch, pi. 53. f. 2 ; Meidinyvr, t. 3 :
Don. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 39 ; Tnrton, Brit. Fauna, p. 100 ; Jciiyns,
Man. 334 ; Midler, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 392.
Perca no. 1, Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 40.
Duhamel, Pechrs, iv. p. 39. pi. 8. f. 1 ; Marsigli, iv. p. G7. tab. 23. f. 2
(Perca no. 2).
Gvmnocephalu.s cernua, Bl. 6'cJin. p. 345; W/iite, Catal. of Brit.
"Fishes, p. 12.
liolocentrus post, Laccp. iv. p. 357.
Cernua Ihiviatilis, Flem. Brd. Anim. p. 212.
Acerina vvdgaris, Cuv. i^- VaL iii. p. 4. pi. 41, vii. p. 448; Fries och
EcMriim, Skand. Fish. p. 9. t. 1. f. 2; Yarrell, Brit. Fishe.s, i.
p. 18 ; Cuv. Reyne Anim. III. pi. 0. f. 2 ; Nordmann in Demidof,
Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 3(58; Giinther, Fischc des Neckars, p. 14.
Acerina cemua, Giinther in Wieym. Archir, 1855, p. 199. pi. 10. f. 1, 2.
D. '±^. A. gl. L. lat. 55-60. Vert. 15/20-21 (22).
Coco, pylor. 3.
Greenish olive, marbled and spotted vdi\i brown; dorsal and
caudal fins brown-spotted. Head without scales.
Rivei-s of England, France, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden,
Norway, Russia, Siberia.
a. Adult. Danube, ((jymnothorcuv.)
b. Adult. S^vitzerland. Presented by Prof. Aga.ssiz.
» Acerina zillii, Gcrvais. Ann. 6V. i\VA 1848, p. 203, docs uol belong to llus
gciui3. — Algiers.
10. PEECARIKA. 73
c. Several specimens. Gotha River (Sweden). From Mr. Lloyd's
Collection.
iL e. Adult. Europe. Presented by W. Yarrcll, Esq.
/. Adult. Europe.
g. Adult : skin : not good state. England.
2. Acerina rossica.
Perca tanaicensis. Giildenstedt, Nov. Comment. Ac. Petrop. xix.
p. 457. t. 2.
acerina, Pall. Zoof/r. iii. p. 244,
Acerina rossica, Cuv. 4' Val. iii. p. 17, vii. p. 449; Nordmaim in
Demidoff, Voij. Riiss. 3Iend. iii. p. 369. pi. 2. f. 2.
0. Ig-^. A. ^^. L. lat. 55. Vert. 40. Csee. pylor. 3.
Brown, spotted with black.
Russian rivers falling into the Black Sea.
3. Acerina schraetzer.
Schraitser Ratisbonensis, Willuyhhy, p. 335 ; Ray, p. 144.
Perca no. 3, Schraz. Marsigl. iv. p. QS. t. 23. f. 8.
no. 5, Artedi, Gentfu, p. 40.
no. 2, Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 41.
, Gronov. Zoojyhyl, no. "289.
schrtetzer, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. gen. 168. sp. 31 ; Block,
t. 332 ; Schceffer, Pise. Barar. Patisb(m. Pcntas. ; Meidinger, t. 2.
Gymnocephaliis scliraetzer, Bl. Schn. p. 345.
Holocentrus schraizer, Luccp. iv. p. 347.
Perca danubiensis, Grotiov. Syst. Nat. ed. Gray, p. 112.
Acerina scbraitzer, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 13.
D. \^_\l. A.^^. L. lat 75. L. transv. ^g.. Vert. 15 23.
Cajc. pylor. 3.
BroAvnish olive, with three or four black longitudinal bands
dorsal and caudal fins brown-spotted.
Danube.
a, b. Adult. Switzerland. Presented by Prof. L. Agassiz.
10. PERCARINA.
Percarina, Nordmann m DemidofTs Voyage dans la Russie 3Idrid. iii.
p. 357:
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth viUiform, ^vithout canines ;
no teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two se})arate dorsals,
the first with ten, anal fin with two spines. Muciforous ca\'ities of
the bones of the skull much developed. Opci-culum \\'ith one spine ;
pi'a;opcrculiim denticulated, with simple edge-. Scales small.
Dniesto]-.
74 PKKCID^.
1. Percarina demidoffii.
Nordmann, I. c, Poiss. pi. 1. f, 1.
^-'^^l^^.- A.^„. L.lat. 34-36.
In habit similar to Acerina cernua. Caudalis forked. Yellow'ish,
with round black spots on the back, and with a large brown semi-
lunar blotch on the neck.
Dniester.
11. LUCIOPERCA.
Liicioporca,. Otiv. Btgne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val ii. p. 1 10.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth in villiform bands, some on the
jaws and on the palatines being longer ; teeth on the palatine bones ;
tongue smooth. Two dorsals, the first with 12-14, the anal fin
with two spines. Operculum spiniferous ; praioperculum serrated,
with a simple edge. Scales small.
Rivers of the Arctic Regions.
1. Lucioperca wolgensis.
Perca wolgensis, Pall. Voi/. (Trad. Franq.) p. 99. pi. 8; Linn, Gmel.
p. 1309 ; Bl. Schti. p. 91.
Centropomus sandat, var., Lacep. iv. p. 203.
Perca asper, Pall. Zoof/r. Po.ss. iii. p. 247.
Lucioperca wolgensis, Cur. 4" J'^d- ii- p- 117, vii. p. 441 ; Norihnantt
in Dcmidoff, Voy. Puss. Mcrid. iii. p. 303. pi. 1. f . 2 ; Gitnther,
Wieym. Arch. 1854, p. 210.
Operculum with a rather obtuse and flat point behind ; crown,
operculum, proe- and .suboperculum covered with scales ; 80-85
transverse rows of scales ; three ca^ca pylorica ; no large black spot
on the posterior part of the first dorsal fin.
Rivers of Southern and Asiatic Russia.
2. Lucioperca americana.
Lucioperca americana, Valencicfuies,u. p. 122. pi. IG; Kirtland, Zool.
Ohio, p. 19, and Bust. Jonrn. iv. p. 237. pi. 9. t. 2 (bad) ; Rich. Faun.
Bor.-Amer., Fishes, pp. 10 & 14; Dckay, Xew York Fauna, Fishes,
p. 17. pi. 50. f. 163; Aya.ss. Lake Super, p. 294.
Operculum ^nth a strong acute spine 1)chind ; occiput, operculum,
prae- and suboperculum covci'ed with scales ; 1 00 transverse rows of
scales ; three caica pylorica ; a large black spot on the posterior part
of the first dorsal fin.
Canada ; United States.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. .\lt)any l^ivrr. I'resented l)y Sir
,T. Richardson
11. LUCIOPEECA, 75
6, c. Adult : stuffed. Albany Eiver. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
d, e. Adult : stuiFed. Albany Eiver. Presented by the Hudson's
Bay Company.
/. Large specimen : skin. Albany Eiver.
g, h. Half-grown and young : skins. New York. From Dr. Par-
nell's Collection.
3. Lucioperca sandra.
Luciopei'ca (Schilus), Gesner, f. 176 6; Scho7iev. p.
p. 293 ; Ray, p. 98 ; Marsigli, Danub. iv. t. 22. 1. 2
Schilus sen Naeremulus, Aklrov. v. cap. 69 ; Jonsfou, iii
43; WiUughby,
2. ■
Schilus seu Nagemulus, Aklrov. v. cap. 69 ; Jonston, iii. c.7. t. 30. f. 15.
Perca, sp. 2, Artecli, Genera, p. 39, and Species, p. 76 (classical de-
scription) ; Gronor. Zoophyl. no. 299 ; Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 36.
pi. 7. f. 3.
lucioperca, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1308 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 1 15 ;
Schaffer, Pise. Barer. Ratisbon. Pentas. ; Block, Fische Deutschl.
t. 51; Block, Schneid. p. 83; Meidinger, Pise. Austr. t. 1; Pall.
Zoogr. Rosso- As. iii. p. 246 ; Skate, Zool. v. p. 547.
Centroponius sandat, Lacep. iv. pp. 248, 2.55.
Lucioperca sandra, Cuv. Rcgnc Anim. ; Cm: ^ VaJ. ii. p. 110. pi. 15;
Cuv, Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 7 a. f. 2 ; Nordmann in Demidoff,
Voy. Ri(.ss. Merid. iii. p. 362 ; Giintherin Wiegni. Arck. 1855, p. 205.
D.13(14)|^--|. A.^^.
Operculum with a rather obtuse and flat point behind ; crown,
operculum and suboperculum wdth a few scales ; more than 100
transverse rows of scales ; six cffica pylorica ; no large black spot on
the posterior part of the first dorsal fin.
Large rivers of the European Continent.
a. Adult. Lake of Ladoga.
6. Adult. Switzerland. Presented by Prof. Agassiz.
c-e. Half-grown. Sweden.
/. Large specimen : stuffed. Europe. Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
4. Lucioperca marina.
Perca labrax, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 243 (numbers of the fius wrong).
Lucioperca marina, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 120 ; Eickw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 82.
D. 14 I 23. A. 14.
Both the dorsal fins continuous ; parts of the upper surface of the
head, the opercles, and cheeks scaly. Dorsal and caudal fins spotted.
Caspian and Black Seas.
5. Lucioperca, canadensis.
Lucioperca canadensis (C. H. Smith),, Griff. Aniin. Kingd. x. pi. 7.
p. 275. pi. 68. f. 221 ; Rickardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., Fiskcs, p. 11.
D. 12|i. A. 12.
Operculum with a spine behind, and with four acute spines
76 PERCID^.
on the under margin. Lateral line? Caeca? First dorsal with
three rows of large round black spots, the second with four streaks
of the same colour.
Canada (Quebec).
6. Lucioperca grisea.
Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 19.
D. 14I-H-. A.-?-.
I 17-18 11-12
Operculum with an acute spine behind, above and beneath which
is a very small one ; crown partly, operculum, pr»- and suboper-
culum entirely covered Avith scales ; 105 transverse rows of scales ;
seven caeca pylorica. All the fins black-spotted.
Fresh waters of the Northern parts of the United States.
a. Adult. Ohio. From Mr, Frank's Collection as Perca umericana.
h. Intestines of the Lame.
c. Adult: skin. Ohio. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
12. PILEOMA.
Pileoma, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 16.
Six branchiostcgals. AU the teeth minute, villiform, without
canines ; teeth on the palatines and on the vomer. Operculum with
a spine, praeoperculum entire. Two separate dorsals, the first with
fourteen or fifteen spines ; spines of the anal indistinct. Scales of
moderate or rather smaU size. No air-bladder.
Fresh waters of North America.
1. Pileoma semifasciatnin.
Pileoma semifasciata, Dekay, I. c. pi. 50. f. 162.
? zebra, Agass. Lake Super, p. 308. pi. 4, f. 4.
D. 14 I 15-16. A. 10.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth ; the interspace between the eyes is nearly as
broad as their diameter long. Body \vith narrow black cross-bars,
alternately longer and shorter.
a, h. Adult : skins. Lake Erie. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Adult : skins. Ohio Canal. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
2. Pileoma carbonarium.
Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 387.
D. 15 I 13. A. 11.
The length of the Jiead one-fifth of the total. Body with trans-
verse bars of black a black spot at the base of the caudal, tlio
latter barred ; bjise of dorsriK «nal, and vcntrals black. {B. ^- G.)
Kio Salado (Texas)
13. BOLEOSOMA. 77
13. BaLEOSOMA*.
Boleosoma, Dekay, Ncio York Fauna, Fishes, p. 20.
Six branchiostcgals. Minute card-like teeth, without canines;
teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals, the first
Avith nine or ten feeble, the anal fin with indistinct spines. Oper-
culum with a single point, prffioperculum smooth. Scales moderate.
No air-bladder.
Fresh waters of the United States.
1. Boleosomatessellatum.
Dekay, I. c. pi. 20. f. 57.
D. 9 I 14. A.l.
Nape depressed, contracted ; a deep furrow between the eyes ;
caudalis truncated. Brownish, with oblong quadrate .spots on the
back and sides.
E.ivers of New York.
2. Boleosoma lepidum.
Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1853, p. 388.
D. 9 I 11. A.f
The head forms one-fourth of the total length, lleddish, with
indistinct transverse blackish bars ; base of tlm scales black ; fins
immaculate ; a vertical black spot beneath the cj'e. {B. ^ O.)
Upper tributaries of the Rio Nueces, Texas.
3. Boleosoma maculatum.
Agass. Lake Super, p. 305. pi. 4. f. 3.
D. 9 I 12. A. 11.
The length of the head is one-fifth of the total ; the pectoral fin
rather shorter. Irregularly spotted on the back and the sides •
dorsal and caudal fins baiTed transversely with black. (Ac/.)
Pic (Lake Superior).
This flsh may prove to be the same species as Boleosoma tessel-
latum.
* Agassiz (Lake Super, p. 299) refers to this genus Efheostoina olmstedi,
Storer (Bost. Journ. iv. p. Gl. pi. 5. f. 2). Agassiz also gives tlie diagnoses of
two other genera, closely allied to the above, Ktheustoma and Ptvcilosoma. All
these small fishes from North America are too little known to admit of their
separation into a family {Etheostoinafa. Ag.) Pikoma lias a great resemblance
to Litcioperca.
78 PKBCID^.
14. ASPRO.
Aspro, Cuv. JR^r/ne A/dm. : Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 188.
Body elongated, cylindi-ical ; snout thick, projecting beyond the
mouth ; mouth situated at the lower side. Seven branchiostegals.
AU the teeth villiforra \vithout canines; teeth on the palatine
bones ; tongue smooth. Tv.'O separate dorsals ; anal fin with a
single pine. Operculum spiniferous, preeoperculum serrated ; prae-
orbital entire. Scales small.
Rivers of the European Continent.
1. Aspro vulgaris.
Asper piscicidus, Boftdel. ii. p. 207 ; Gestter, pp. 403, 478 ; Aldroi\ v.
cap. 28 ; Jotist. iii. c. ii. t. 26. f. 18 ; WiUughhj, p. 294 ; Ray, p. 98 ,
Marsigli, Danub. iv. pi. 9. f. 2, 3. pp. 27, 28.
Gobius asper, Gesner (ed. Franco/.), t. 162 b.
Perca, sp. 3, Artedi, Genera, p. 40.
asper, Linn. S;/st. i. p. 1309; Block, t. 107. f. 1, 2; Schceffer,
Pise. Bavar. Ratisb. Pentas. ; Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 92. no. 303, and
Syst. ed. Gray, p. 115; Hartm. Ichthyol. Helvet. p. 68 ; Shaw, Zool.
iv. p. 651.
Dipterodon asper, Lacep. iv. p. 170.
Aspro vulgaris, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 188. pi. 26 ; Cuv. Rkgne Anim. Ill
pi. 6. f. 2 ; Nordmann in Demidoff^s Voy. Russ. M&rid., Pcnss. p.
Back brownish, sides with a yellowish cast, four or five dark
transverse bands.
Rhone ; Danube.
a. Adult. Danube.
h. Adult. Switzerland. Presented by Prof. Agassiz.
2. Aspro zingel.
Gesner, Paralip. p. 19; Marsigli, Danub. iv. pi. 9. f. 3; Klein, Hist.
Pise. V. p. 28.
Perca zingel, Linn, i. p. 1310; Schceffer, I. c. ; Bloch, t. 106; Meidin-
ger, Pise. Austr. t. 4.
Aspi'o zingel, Cuv. i^- Val. ii. p. 194.
I^-l'^-l^liiVo- ^-u^Ts- L.lat.95. L. transv. j^.
Back greenish brown, sides with a yellowish cast; irregularly
spotted and marbled ^\^th dark brown, across the back four more or
less conspicuous bands.
Danube.
ii. Largo specimen, hairope. Presented by the; Zoological Society.
With the formula : D. 1 5 U . A . f, .
16. CENTEOPOMtJS. 79
16. ETELIS.
Etelis, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 127.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth in villiform bands; canine teeth
in the jaws, those of the palatines being equal ; tongue smooth.
Two dorsals, the first with nine, the anal fin with three spines.
Caudalis deeply notched. Operculum spiniferous; prseoperculum
with a simple edge, indistinctly denticulated. Scales moderate.
Seas of the Seychelles and Isle de France.
1. Etelis carbunculus.
Cuv. 8f Val ii. p. 127.
D. 9 I Jj. A. f L. lat. 50. L. transv. 6/14.
Height of the body one-fourth of the total length ; prseoperculura
minutely denticulated. Bright red in life, with golden shining lines
along the rows of scales.
Seychelles ; Isle de France.
a. Very large specimen : stuffed. Isle de France.
16. CENTPOPOMUS.
Centropomus, sp., Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv. p. 248.
Centropomus, Cuv. Rbgne Anim. \ Cuv. 8r Val. ii. p. 102.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth viUiform, vnthout canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. Two distinctly sepa-
rated dorsals, the fii'st with eight, the anal fin with three spines, the
second of which is exceedingly long. Operculum without spinous
point ; praeoperculum with two denticulated edges. Scales moderate.
Neotropical part of the Atlantic Ocean.
1. Centropomus undecimaUs
Camuri, Marcffrave, p. 160.
Sciaena undecimalis, Block, t. 303
Platycephalus undecimalis, Bl. Schn. p. 59,
Centropomus undecim-radiatus, LacSp. iv. p. 267.
undecimalis, Cuv. <^ Val. ii. p. 102. pi. 14 ; Schomh. Hist. Barbad.
p. 665, and Reis. Brit. Guian. iii, p. 620 ; Ramon de la Sagra, Hist.
Cub. Poiss. p. 9.
Perca loubina, Lacep. iv. pp. 897, 418, 421.
Sphyraena aureoviridis, Lacep. v. p. 324. pi. 9. f. 2 (bad).
D.8|i. A.f
Silvery white, back greenish, a brownish band along the lateral
line. Height of the body one-fifth of the total length.
Atlantic shores of Tropical America. (Lima ?)
a. Adult. South America.
80 PKECIDiE.
b. Half-growai : not good .state. South America.
c, (/. Young. 8oTith America. Presented by Sir R. Schom])urgk.
e. Adult: not good .state. IJahia. From M. Parzudaki's Collection.
f. Fine specimen. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, E.sq.
g. Adult : bad state. Surinam.
h, i. Half-grown : not good state. Dcmerara. Presented by Dr.
Hancock.
h, 1. Young, liritish Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
w. Half-grown. West indies.
n. Young. West Indies.
0, p. Adult : tine specimens. St. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's
Collection,
q-s. Adult and young: skins. Jamaica. Fi'om Dr. Pamell's Col-
lection.
t. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection.
u. Half-grown. America. From the Haslar Collection,
17. NIPHON.
Niphon, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p, 131.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth v-illiform, without canines ;
teeth of the palatine bones?; ton^ie?. Two dorsals, the first with
twelve, the anal fin with three; .spines. Operculum and pra!Oi)er-
culum with very long and strong pointed spines, the latter with
strong teeth at the lower limb. Scales very small.
Japanese Sea,
1 . Niphon spinosus.
Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 131. pi. 19; Faun. Japon. p. 1. pi. 1. f. 1.
D.12|l. A.f
Head elongate, nearly one-third of total length ; spine of the
praioporcuhmi as long as its inferior limb. Coloration uniform.
Ja[)ane.se Sea.
a. Adult: .stuffed. Japan.
h. Half-growji: stuffed. Japan.
18. ENOPLOSUS.
Enoplosu.^, TMcfpbde, Hist. Nat. Pom. iv. p. 541 ; Cttv. Sr Val. ii.
p. 133.
Body and vertical fins greatly elevated. Seven bianchiostegals.
All the tcH'th villiform, without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones
and on the tongue. Two dorsals. Operculum without s])ine ; ])rtr-
operculum .serrated, and with spinous tec^th at the angl<>. Scales
modenite.
Australian Seas.
19 A PRION 81
1. Enoplosus armatus.
Chaetodon armatus, White, Voy. N. S. Wales, pi. 39. f. 1.
Enoplosus whitii, Lacep. iv. p. 641.
armatus, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 133. pi. 20.
D. 7 I ~. A. f^. CsBC. pylor. 15. Yert. 25.
Fpper profile of head very concave ; body one-half as high as long,
much compressed ; all the fins, except caudal, much elongate and
pointed. White, with eight black transverse bands.
Coast of New South AVales.
a. Adult. Sydney. Presented by Lieut. Alexander Smith, "R.N.
h. Adult. Sydney. Presented by Mr. Williams.
c-e. Adult. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.
/, Several specimens. Australia. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult. Australia.
h. Adult : stuffed. Australia. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
i. Adult: stuff'ed. Australia.
h. Adult : skin. Australia. From Mj". Gould's Collection.
/. Adult : skin. Australia.
m. Half-grown : skin. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
Second Group. SERRANINA.
(For characters, see page 57.)
19. APRION.
Aprion, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 543.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with canines in both
jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal
with ten spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum spiniferous ;
prajoperculum entire, with a single ridge. Scales moderate.
Coasts of the Seychelles.
1. Aprion virescens.
Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 544. pi. 168.
D. H. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 20.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the
length of the head. The lower jaw rather prominent ; suprascapula
denticulated. CaudaHs deeply forked. Greenish, with a black spot
between the seventh and ninth dorsal spinel ( Val.)
Seychelles.
82 PERCIDiE.
20. APSILUS.
Apsilus, C%a\ <§• Val. vi. p. 548.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue with minute teeth. One dorsal
with ten spines, the anal fin with three. No serratures or spines
on the bones of the skull. Scales rather small.
Cape Verde.
1. Apsilus fuscus.
Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 549. pi. 1686.
D. i5. A. |. L. lat. t55.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye is 44 in the
latter, and 1^ in the distance from the end of the muzzle ; the
upper maxillary bone reaching only to the posterior half of the
distance mentioned. Caudal veiy deeply forked ; the dorsal spines
feeble, the fourth the longest. Brown ; dorsal marbled with darker.
(,Val.)
Porto Praya (Cape Verde).
21. CENTROPRISTIS*.
Centropristes, sp., and SeiTanus, sp., Cuv. Bigne Anim. ; Cue. ^ Val.
ii. p. 241 &c., iii.. p. 36.
Centropristes, Brisout de Barneville, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 130.
Diplectrum and Centropristes, Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, pp. 32, 42.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth viUiform, with very small canines
in both jaws ; teeth of the vomer in an angular band or a short tri-
angular patch ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One
dorsal with the formida — — ^^ — -, ; the anal fin with -^, . Oper-
12 or minus 12 ' 7 (o) ^
culum spiniferous ; praeoperculum serrated, sometimes with a pro-
jecting rounded angle. Scales moderate or rather small.
American parts of the Atlantic ; Mediterranean ; Japanese Sea.
1. Centropristis bivittatus.
Serranus bivittatus, Cuv. 4" V<^t- ii- P- 241.
T) - A -
Teeth of the angle of praeoperculum strong, and produced into a
small bundle ; its posterior limb very obliciuely descending back-
* 1. Perca philadelphica, Linn. Sysi. Nat. p. 1314; Bl. Schn. p. 91.— Phila-
delphia.
2. Centropristis nebulosus, Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares de VAnidr. du
Sud, Poiss. p. 5. pi. 1 . f. 4. — Kio de Janeiro.
3. Serranus fla^escens, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 500. — Martinique.
[Centropristes gigas, Owen, belongs to the genus Oligoriis.']
21. CKNTEOPRISTIS. 83
wards ; caudalis slightl}^ notched. On each side a brown longitu-
dinal band above the lateral line, another beneath ; head with some
blue streaks ; on the hinder half of dorsal fin two parallel series of
square violet spots.
Martinique ; Cuba.
2. Centropristis radiaJis.
Serraniis radialis, Quoy (^ Gaifnard, Voy. de Freyc. p. 316 ; Cvv. S(
Val ii. p. 243.
12 7
Angle of praeoperculum enlarged, rounded, striated, with long
spinous teeth ; its posterior limb obliquely descending backwards,
finely denticulated ; caudalis slightly notched. On each side three
longitudinal series of large irregular blotches ; anterior part of dorsal
fin with a longitudinal violet band; posterior half and caudalis
spotted.
Coast of Brazil.
a. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Large specimen, Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
c. Large specimen. Old Collection.
d. Adult : bad skin. America. Old Collection.
3. Centropristis radians.
Serranus radians, Quoy 8/- Gaim. Voy. de Freyc, Poiss. pi. 58. f. 2.
irradians, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 244 ; Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares
de rAmer. du Sud, Poiss. p. 3.
T) - A -
JJ. -. A. J, .
Angle of praeoperculum enlarged, rounded, with about eight long
spinous teeth ; lower half of its posterior Hmb provided with equally
strong denticulations, directed upwards ; upper half finely serrated.
Body with eight to thirteen transverse streaks, crossed by four to six
longitudinal bands ; cheeks with some bluish streaks ; dorsal fin with
longitudinal stripes ; caudalis spotted.
Coast of Brazil ; Montevideo.
4. Centropristis fascicularis.
Serranus fascicularis, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 245. pi. 30, ix. p. 431.
Diplectrum fasciculare, Holbr. I. c. pi. 5. f. 1.
T) •" A i
^- Ii- ^' 7-
Praeoperculum posteriorly with two prominent groups of very
strong teeth ; its inferior limb entire. Caudalis with rather elongate
lobes. Body with dark cross-bands and with five or six bluish lon-
gitudinal lines ; dorsalis with longitudinal stripes.
Coast of Brazil ; Charleston.
o 2
84 PERCII)^.
5. Centropristis conceptionis.
Serranus conceptionis, Cur. ^ I'd!, ii. p. 246 ; Less. Voij. Coq. ZooL
■ ii. p. 236; Gay, Chile, Zool. ii. p. 148.
1). — . A. --.
]°2 0
Only six soft rays in the anal fin ; angle of prfeopercnlum pro-
duced posteriorly, with stronger teeth ; both its limbs serrated.
Body uniform brownish ; dorsal fin marbled in front, striped behind.
Conception.
a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
0. Centropristis hepatus.
P'HTrarof (jecorinus), Arist. Hist. Anirn. ii. 17.
Sachettus Venetoruni, WiUughhf, iv. c. 30 ; Itay, p. 139.
Labrus no. 2, Arfech, Synon. p. 53 (sjTion. pars).
Labi-us hepatus (part.), L. Gm. p. 1283 ; Bl. Schn. p. 245 ; LaceiJ. iii.
pp. 424, 456.
adriaticus, Briinmch,Spol. 3Iass. p. 98. no. 11; Gtn. Syst. p. 1297;
Bl. Schn. p. 262.
Holocentrus striatus, Bloch, t. 235. f. 1 ; Bl Schn. p. 314.
Lutjanus adriaticus, Lacep. iv. p. 222.
Holocentrus triacanthus, Lacep. iv. p. 376.
siagonotus, Be la Roche, Ann. Mas. xiii. p. 352. pi. 22. f. 8.
hepatus, Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 292.
Serranus hepatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 231 ; Faun. Japan, p. 5 ; Guichen.
Explor. Sc. Alf/er. Poiss. p. 34.
D-iiwr ^-f '^■^^■^^-
Caudal fin truncated; prseoperculum with finely serrated limbs
and a rounded angle. Body with five black cross-bands ; a black
blotch on the first soft rays of the dorsal fin.
Mediterranean ; Cape of Good Hope.
a, b. Adult and young. Dalmatia.
c. Fine specimen. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.
d,e. Adult: not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. Prom the Old Collection.
g, h. Adult.
7. Centropristis luciopercanus.
Serranus luciopercanus, Poey, Memor. Cuba, p. 56. lam. 9. f. 1.
D. -. A.-. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 7/20. Caec. pylor. 2.
12 7 '
Vert. 10/14.
The lower jaw moi-e elongate and prominent than in the other
species ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the
head ; pracorbital projecting in front, partly covering the jaw-bones.
Prajoperculum serrated, without projecting angle ; interoperculum
entire. Caudalis forked. Reddish olive, with many irregular dark
transverse spots. {Poey.)
Cuba
21. CENTROPBISTIS. 85
8. Centropristis tabacarius.
Centropristes tabacarius, Ciiv. ^ Val. iii. p. 44 ; Ramon de la Sagra,
Hist. Cub. Poiss. p. 28.
Serrauus jacome, Poet/, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 57. lam. 2. f. 1.
D. j^. A. J. L. lat. 70. Cjec. pylor. 5. Vert. 10/14.
Praeoperculum very fmcly serrated ; the distance between the eyes
is l-ths of the diameter. Reddish brown ; a large white spot on the
lateral line beneath the first seven spines, a smaller one above the
lateral line beneath the first ray ; a third immediately beneath the
last four rays of the dorsal.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Adult: skin. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
9. Centropristis praest^ator.
Serranus prasstigiator, Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 58. lam. 2. f. 2.
D. {-"• A. J. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 8/24. Csec. pylor. 5.
Vert. 10/14.
Prseorbital not projecting ; operculum with three spines ; prae-
operculum serrated, without projecting angle; sub- and inter-oper-
culum entire. CaudaHs emarginate. Brown, with irregular black
transverse bands and spots ; belly yellowish.
Cuba.
a, b. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
10. Centropristis brasiliensis.
Brisout de Barneville, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 131.
D. i^. A. 4. L. lat. 50.
12 7
Praeoperculum rounded throughout, serrated ; operculum with
thi'ee flat points ; the length of the head is two-fifths of the length
of the trunk (without caudalis) ; the distance between the eyes is
one-half of the diameter. Brown, with indistinct cross-bands ; dor-
saHs with three black spots.
Coast of Brazil ; Caribbean Sea ; St. Helena.
a. Adult : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by General Hardwicke.
11. Centropristis phcebe.
Serranus phosbe, Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 55. pi. 2. f. 3.
D. J5. A. |-. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/12.
Prseorbital not projecting ; operculum with two spines ; praeoper-
culum serrated behind, and at a part of the lower limb, without
86 P'EB.dDJE.
projecting angle ; sub- and inter-operculum entire. Caudalis cmar-
ginate ; pectorals extending to a white cross-band at the side of the
belly ; ground-colour brownish.
Cuba.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
b. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schombui'gk.
e, d. Adult : skins. "West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
12. Centropristis psittacinus.
Serranus psittacinus, 7 «/t'wr. Voy. Venus, Zool. Poiss. p. 299. pi. 1. f. 1.
D. i^. A. f. L. lat. 53.
Operculum with three spines ; prajoperculum rounded ; the dia-
meter of the eye one-fifth of the length of the head. Green ; the
upper parts of the head and back red. Two large spots on the tail,
and six smaller ones along the lower part of the body and tail,
black, with red edge. ( Val.)
Galapagos Archipelago.
13, Centropristis atrobranchus.
Cuv. (^ Val. iii. p. 45.
D. i^. A.l.
12 7
Operculum wath a single spine ; prseoperculum angular. Yellow-
ish, with five brown vertical bands ; a black spot at the gill-opening
beneath the operculum, another on the dorsal fin above the second
vertical band. Dorsal fin with small round spots.
Coast of Brazil.
14. Centropristis atrarius.
Perca atiivria, Linn. Sj/st. Kaf. i. p. 485, and Linn. Gm. i. p. 1314 ;
Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gr'ai/, p. Ill ; HI. Schn. p. 88.
Schopff in Schrift. der Naturforsch. Freimde Berlin, viii. p. 164.
Coryphiena nigrescens, Bl. Schn. p. 297.
Perca varia, Mitchill, lieport, p. 10.
Lutjanus tiilobus, Laccp. iv. p. 246.
Centropristes nigricans, Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 37. pi. 44; JUgiie Anim.
Illustr. Poiss. pi. 9 a. f. 1 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, p. 24. pi. 2. f. G
(5 in text).
rufu.-^, Cuv. tS- Val. iii. p. 47.
atraiius, Ihlhr. I. c. p. 42. pi. 7. f. 2.
D. }5. A. -. L. lat. 50. Vert. 10/14. Caec. pylor. 4 {Holh-. 7).
The height of the body is ^\ in the total length, the length of the
head one-third ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the length of the
head. Supra-scapula denticulated ; operculum with two spines ; the
third dorsal spine rather longer than the following; caudal fin
forked, and with the middle rays a little elongate, but generally
mutilated. Greyish brown, each scale darker in the centre and on
22. C'ALLANTflTA3. 87
the edge ; dorsalis with some lighter bands : in the fresh fish, body
with broad, vertical, dark bands.
A.tlantic coasts of the United States.
a. Adult. North America. Piirchased of Mr. Warwick.
b. Adult : skin. New ^?«k. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
c. Adult : skin. Grouovs original specimen.
Holbrook (I. c. p. 46) distinguishes two species, one being found
to the north of Cape Hatteras, the other to the south of it. The first,
he says, is the fish described by Schdpfl^, or Conjpliana nigrescens,
Bl., and Perca varia, Mitch. The pectoral fin is said to be longer
than the ventral in the southern species, and coterminal with it in
the northern. Further, the air-bladder is sacculated in the southern
( C. atrarius, Holbr.), and never in the northern (C nigricans, Holbr.).
I have, at present, no opportunity of confirming these observations.
15. Centropristis Mrundinaceus.
Centropristis hiriindiuaceus, (Lanffsdorf) Ctiv. 8) Val. vii. p. 460;
rmn. Japon. p. 14. pi. 5. f. 2.
10 6
Operculiun ^\\t\l two spines. CaudaUs forked ; rose-coloured
above ; the dorsal rays and spines with brown spots.
Japanese seas.
22. CALLANTHIAS.
Callanthias, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 76, and Fishes of Madeira,
p. 13.
Six branchiostegals. Teeth viUiform, with canines in both jawa;
teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with
eleven si^ines, the anal fin with thi"ee. Operculum spiniferous ;
prasoperculum entire. A part of the fins elongate. Scales moderate.
Coasts of Madeira.
1 . Callanthias peloritauus.
Bodianus peloritamis, Cocco, Giornale di Scieme per la SiciUa, Palermo,
1829, p. 138.
Anthias buplithalmos, Bonap. Faun. Ital., Pesci, pi. . f. 3.
Callanthias paradisa^us, Lowe, Suppl. Syn. Mad. Fishes, in Proc. Zool.
' Soc. 1839, p. 76, and Fishes of Madeira, p. 13. t 3 (excellent de-
scription).
D. -. A. ^. L. lat. 22-24. Vert. 11/13. Caec. pylor. 3.
Muzzle exceedingly short ; fourth ana fifth soft rajs of dorsal fin,
and both the lobe's of caudal fin, elongate. Back rose-coloured, sides
and fins with a yellow tint.
Madeira.
a. Adult: fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T.
Lowe.
88 PEECIU^.
23. ANTHIAS.
Anthias, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 303 ; Cuv. i^- Vcd. ii. p. 249.
Caprodon, Teimn. ^- Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 64.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with canines in both the
jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones ; ton^^ smooth, or with small
teeth. One dorsal, generally with ten spines; the anal fin -with
three. CaudaHs forked, generally one or several of the fins veiy
elongate. Operculum spiniferous, praeoperculum serrated. Scales
moderate.
Nearly all the seas of the temperate and tropical regions.
In separating these fishes from the true Serrani, I apply the
larger size of the scales as an absolute character, rather than the
upper maxillarj' bone being covered with scales — the latter cha-
racter occun-ing too often in fishes which cannot be separated from
the tnie Serrani. Excluding the last four species, which may pro-
bably form types of separate genera, we have a very natural group,
with the same physiognomy, with rather large scales, and mostly
with remarkably developed fins. On the other hand, I am rather
inclined to bring the Serramts creolus also into this genus, as it has
the exterior appearance of Anthias ; but T am prohibited from doing
so by its very small scales, in which and other respects it resembles
very much A})silas fuscus.
1. Anthias sacer.
? 'Avdias, AvXoniai, Aristot. vi. c. 10, 10, 17, ix. c. 2, .37.
Antliise prima species, Rondel, vi. c. 11. p. 188 ; Gesner, pp. 55, 62,
and EfJit. Frankf. p. 13; Aldrov. i. c. 19; Jonston, i. cap. 1. t. 16;
Willughbii, p. 325 ; Bay, p. 138.
Labrus, sri. 3, Artecli, Si/non. p. 54.
■ antliias, Linn. iSj/st. Nat. i. p. 1283.
Perca pennanti, Block, Schrift. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, x. pi. 9. f. 1.
Anthias sacer, Bl. t. 315 ; Bl. Schn. "p. 303 ; Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 250.
pi. 31 ; Lutce, Fishes of 3Iadeira, p. 19. t. 4.
Lutjanus antliias, Laccp. iv. p. 197; RissOy Ichthyol. de Nice, p. 2G0.
D.i--^'. A..1. L.lat. 37.
15 /
Third spine of doreal, ventral, and caudal fins much elongate.
Red in life ; head with three yellow bands : two bands on the side
of occiput, and a series of spots at the base of the dorsal fin brown-
ish green.
Mediterranean ; Madeira.
a. Large specimen: not good state. Madeira. Old Collection as
Perca imperator.
b. Adult: male. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
c-e. Adult. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. Madeira. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
(J. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Half-grown. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
23. ANTHIAS. 89
i. Adult. Dalmatia.
k, I. Half-growTi. Adriatic. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
m, n. Adult. Europe. Presented by the Zoological Society.
0. Half-grown. Europe. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
p. Half-groAvn. Eiu'opc. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
q. Adult: not good state. Europe. From the Haslar Collection.
r. Adult : very bad state. Em-ope. Old Collection.
s. Half-gro-\vn : stuffed. Europe. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
2. Anthias borbonius.
SeiTanus borbonius, Cuv. df Val. ii. p. 263 (not Quoy 8; Gaim.).
T) ^"-^ A ^
^- n[7- ^- 7 •
Third spine of dorsal, ventral, and caudal fins much elongate.
Angle of praeoperculum with three stronger teeth. Grejish, with
large brown spots.
Isle de Fi-ance.
a. Adult. Mauritiiis. Presented by the Zoological Society.
3. Anthias squamipiimis.
Peters, Wiegm. ArcMv, 1855, p. 236.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 3/15.
The third dorsal spine filiform ; ventrals not elongate ; fins covered
•with rather large scales far beyond the base. Operculum with two
strong spines ; praeoperculum with stronger denticulationa at the
angle. Red, with a blue Hne from the orbit to the root of the
pectorals. (Peters.)
Coast of Mozambique.
4. AntMas asperilinguis. (Plate VIII.)
B. 7. D. '5. A. i L. lat. 37. L. transv. 4/17.
15 7 I -
Only ventral and caudal fins much elongate ; tongue with teeth ;
praeoperculiim minutely serrated, with some obsolete denticulations
at the angle.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
Descrijption of the specimen. — The form of the body is rather elevated
and compressed, its height being comprised 2\ in the total length
(without caudal fin). The head is rather short, with veiy obtuse and
short muzzle ; it is one-third of the total length (without caudal) ; the
eye is large, its diameter being much larger than the distance between
the eyes or the extent of the snout, and forming nearly one-third of
the length of the head. The head is covered all over with ctenoid
scales, much smaller than those of the trunk. The cleft of the
mouth is very oblique, the upper maxillary bone suddenly widening,
90 i'i;u(;iit,i:.
and Vi'ry ln'ond lu'liiud, not cxlciidiiif^ t<i Uin vertical i'nmi llic centre!
of tlio <!yo ; the itneoiMtuI nairow, lialf iih Itroad an tin; maxillary.
There \h only one Hniail ojH'ninfj; of the noHtril, Hiluated al)ove the
anterior uiarfj;in of tho oyo, Tho crown rounded, convex. The
])ru;oi)erciduni exhihitw a V(5ry line Horrature aion^^ the jxmtcdior
iinih, and a ratiier ohtuHO anj^le with houk; (roarne ohwdete denticula-
tionH, which extend on a part of the h)wer linih. The Huh- and inter-
o])orcuhnn are entire. The operculum iw provided with thre<^ flat,
Hhort ])ointH, the ui)i)er of which in hidden hy the Hcalen, the middle
broad(^st and lar^'c^st, and the lower ininutc, l)ut conspicuous and
immediately lu^neath the former.
Th<! ({ormilis commenccH just above tho poHtonor marj?in of tho
o])er(iilum ; the sjtinouH jxirtion \h much lower than tlu; Hoft, hut as
l(m<i;; thci HjaneH are latluT Klender, and liecome ji;radually lon|<er
from th(! first to the last; Uw first is not on(!-half of the dianufter
of \]u' eye, the last morc! thiin tvvic(i as lonji;. The membrane be-
tween is deeply notched, and emifs b( bind the tip of each spine a
filiform apitenda|i;e, about half the leiiti;tb <if the spine. The anterior
part of the spinous ])ortion can be nearly bidden in a scaly sheath.
The soft ])urtion is ratbcsr' elevated, with rounded uj)])er marf^in and
roun(l(*d poslriior alible ; the middhi rays an; int liei' longer than tho
otlu^rs, the ninth beiufj; nearly twice as lon^ as tb<i last spin*?. The
cuudalis is deeply forluid, and each lolx^ very miicli ilonj^ate and
pointed ; the lon^;'est ray is about half the total lenj^tli (without
caudal); smaller d((ciduous s<:ales cover a great part of each lobe.
The analis is even more elevated than th(^ dorsal, without a pro-
minent sint!;le ray, and with rounded lowc^r mar|i;in. 'V\w spines are
not very strong, the sfjcond rather stronger but shoitcjr than the
third, which exceeds in length the last dorsal sjiiiu*. The pcctoraliH
elongate*, reaching to tlu! soft poition of the anal, and composed
of eighteen rays, the middle of which are longest, the* others be-
coming gradually shorU^r towards the outer margins of the tin. In
the vnitnilin the first and second rays are excc^edingly (dongato,
filiform, and n*a<h nearly to tlut root of tlio caudal fin ; the three olluirs
are v(!iy much shorter; the supporting sjiine is 1,^ longer than even
the third of the analis.
Till* Rctilin are ratlmr large, nearly twict! as high as long, and one
of {\\v largest covers about one-fifth of the (!y((. The lateral line is
strongly arched behind the head, runs lu-ar the base of th(( dorsal
fin, and is again bent downwards below the ])oslerior end of that fin,
forming a straight lint- from thence along the middle of the tail.
'J'liere are several Icitk deserving i\w denomination (»f canines :
first, in front of «»ach jaw a, ])air of rat,her feeble canines at, the ordi-
nary place ; secondly, in the upper jaw at the ])osf{!rior part of tho
villiform band, ludiind the front cnniiu-s, two or tliren pairs of
stronger t(!(!th, ntsarly as strong as the IbrmcM- ; thirdly, on the side
of the mandibula one stiong curved tooth, 'i'he vnmciiiie teeth form
a triangular grouj) (not an angular s(>ru'H). In the miildlc of the
tongue there is an oval i)atch of villiform t«<tli.
'I'lio specinu'U is rat luw discoloured • bul tlieiv is evciy proluiliility
23. ANTHIAS. 91
of its having been rose-coloured, with parallel oblique and longitudinal
shining golden bands following the series of scales. There are visi-
ble on the sides of the head two obhquc bands of indistinct colour,
one running from the back edge of the orbit across the operculum,
the other from below the ey<i to the inferior part of the operculum.
Length of the specimen 9".
5. Anthias tonsor.
Serranus tonsor, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 262.
D. -. A. g.
Third spine of dorsal, ventral, and caudal fins much elongate.
No largo teeth on the angle of praeoperculum.
Shores of BrazU.
6. Anthias furcifer.
Serranus furcifer, Cuv. i§- Val. ii. p. 264.
D. ^. A.-^.
18 "9
Only the caudal fin elongate, upper part longer. Reddish, on
each side with four smaU roimd violet spots ; fins not streaked.
Shores of Brazil.
7. Anthias trifurcus.
Pei'ca tinfurca, Limi. Syst. Nat. i. p. 489.
Lutjanus tridens, Lacip. iv. p. 246.
Centropristes tridens, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 43 ; Ilolbr. Ichth. S. Carol.
p. 47. pi. 7. f. 1.
^^- n- ^' To-
Dorsal spines with very long filaments ; taU trifurcate. Grey,
with a purple tint, and six dusky cross-bars on the sides of body ;
a black spot at the posterior extremity of the spinous dorsal.
Coasts of South Carolina and Georgia.
». Anthias macropMhalmus.
Centropristis macrophthidmus, Miilhr Sf IVoschcl in' Schomb. Hist.
Barbad. p. 666 (not Anthias macrophthalmus, Block).
D. i-J. A. |. L. lat. 58. L. transv. 7/16.
Caudalis deeply, dorsalis not notched ; the last ray of the dorsal
and anal fins elongate ; the diameter of the eye one-thii'd of the
length of the head ; praeoperculum nearly right-angular, with obtuse
denticulations at the hinder and lower limbs ; a large space of the
angle naked.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. "West Indies. From Dr. Jan\'ier's
Collection.
/). Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
92
PERCID^.
9. Anthias ocolatus.
Anthias oculatus, Cuv. ^- Vol. ii. p. 2GG. pi. 32 : Eamon de la Sagra,
Hist. Cub. Poiss. p. 10.
? Sen-aims oculatus, Faun. Japan, p. 5 ; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 235.
Ilesperanthias oculatus, Lnice.
Centropristis oculatus, Mull. & Trosch. in Schomb. Hist. Barbadoes,
p. 666.
D. Yx- A- 1- I^- lat. 50-51. L. transv. 6/13. Ca;c. pylor. 5.
Vert. 10/14.
The last ray of the dorsal and anal fins elongate ; lobes of the
caudal fin nearly equal in length ; dorsalis deeply notched ; jaws and
angle of prajopercxilum without scales ; maxillary bone with rather
large scales.
Martinique ; Madeira. (Japanese seas ?)
a. Large specimen. South America. Pres'^uted by Sii R. Schom-
burgk.
b. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir 11. Schomburgk.
c. Very large specimen (20") : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection.
d. Adult: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
e. Adult : stuffed. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
/. Fine specimen. Sine patria.
g. Half-grown : skin. West Lidian Islands. Purchased of Mr.
Scrivener.
h. Half-grown : skeleton.
Skeleton. — The upper surface of the skull is nearly flat between
the eyes, exhibiting some low ridges and slight grooves ; the occi-
pital ciest extends on the upj^er side of the skull as far only as
the posterior margin of the orbit ; it is rather low, and not elevated
above the level of the skull. The basal part of the maxillary is
somewhat flattened ; it does not become very broad at its posterior
extremity, where it exhibits a concave anterior margin. The inter-
maxillary has the posterior processes of moderate length, and a flat
crescent-shaped exj)ansion at its posterior half. The prasorbital is
quadrangular, oblong, twice as long as high ; tl e posterior part of
the infraorbital arch is narrow ; the second and thii'd of the bones
have an excavated plate within, reaching into the inside of the orbital
groove. The operculum is armed posteriT)rly with two points, sepa-
rated from each other by a groove ; the superior is short, without
corresponding bony ridge ; the inferior is acute and stronger, and
forms the termination of a bony longituchnal ridge situated at the
inner side of the operculum. The limbs of the pra;operculum are
directed vertically towards each other, but the angle itself is
rounded; the posterior margin is exceedingly finely serrated, the
inferior more coarsely; the angle is distinctly striated, the striae
terminating in small spinous teeth. There is a bony elevated ridge
within the margin of the prseoperculum : it shows no denticula-
23. ANTHIAS. 93
tio;i whatever, and is the boundary between the scaly part of the
cheek and the scaleless margin of the prteopercukim.
There are ten abdominal vertehrce and fonrtcen caudal ; the length
of the former part of the column is to that of the latter as 2 : 3. The
interhiemal of the first anal spines is, like those spines themselves,
feeble and short.
The teeth of the intermaxillary extend over all the length of the
bone ; the outer series is formed by larger teeth, four in front of the
jaw being canine-like, but nevertlielcss of rather small size. The
teeth of the lower jaw form a series of small cardiform teeth, behind
which is another of villiform teeth ; it is very narrow, and does not
extend on tlie side of the jaw. The vomerine teeth are ari-ansed in
a rectangular narrow band ; the palatine band is very narrow, and
extends on the pterygoid. The inferior pharyngeal bones form an
elongate sword-shaped patch of villiform teeth ; the upper pharyn-
geal teeth a]"e cardiform, and form three or foiu' small groups.
10. Anthias rasor.
Serranus rasor, lUchardsoit, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 95, and Trans.
Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 73. pi. 4. f. 1.
D. i?. A.|. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 4/18. Ctec. pylor. 6.
Vert. 11/15.
Caudalis forked, but none of the fins elongate ; the pectoral fin
one-fourth of the total length ; the lower portions of the fins densely
covered Avith scales ; the height of the body one-third of the total
length ; the head short, forming one-fourth of it. Shining reddish
brown, with a bluish stripe from beneath the eye along the lateral
Una.
Aiistralian seas.
11. Anthias schJegelii.
Caprodon, Temm. ^~ Schler/. Faun.Japon., Pom. n. G4. pi. 30; Richards.
Ichth. China, p. 235.
20 9
Caudal fin convex in the middle of the posterior margin, and with
a slight notch above and beneath this convexity; none of the fins
elongate, except the pectorals, which are ovate, longer than the
head, and 3i in the total ; head and the lower portions of the fins
densely covered with scales ; the height of the body one-third of
the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. Rose-coloured,
vdth two yellow stripes from the snout through the eye, and another
from the eye to the angle of the prseoperculum ; anal fin with round
yellow spots.
Japanese Sea.
This fish certainly belongs to the group of Serranina, and is closest
allied to Serranus rasor of Richardson. One might even imagine both
9^4 PEBCID^.
fishes to be identical, but for the coloration, which is said to be taken,
in the figures of both the fishes, from Ufe. Schlegel has established
a separate genus, Caprodon, for this fish, having found five branchio-
stegaJs only, and no teeth on the palate ; but as we are informed by
him that these characters are taken from a mounted specimen,
I have no doubt that the condition of the fish is either imperfect,
or does not admit of a proper examination.
12. Anthias longimamis. (Plate VII. fig. B.)
E. 7. D. ^;. A. |. L. lat. 65.
The height of the body is 4|- in the total length. Caudahs forked,
but the pectoral only elongate, one-fourth of the total length ; head
entirely scaly ; fins covered with scales on their greater par Vo-
merine teeth in a quadi'angular patch.
a. Stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Description of the specimen. — This fish resembles Serramis rasor
of Richardson, and the Caprodon of the ' Fauna Japoiiica,' with
regard to the scahness and the number of rays ; but differs by its
much more elongated body and the arrangement of the vomerine
teeth. In the middle third of the fish the height of the body is
nearly equal, and is contained 42- in the total ; the length of the
head is ii in the total ; it is covered with scales all over. The eye
is placed high up, but not interfeiing vnth the upper outline of the
head ; it leaves a space below it deeper than its horizontal diameter,
which is larger than one-fourth of the length of the head : the vertical
diameter is much shorter than the horizontal. The muz 'le is shortej
than the eye. The nostrils of one side are close togeth r, one before
the other. The intermaxillaries are rather feeble and t lin, and they
have a triangular process in the middle of their posterior margin.
The maxillaries widen from their origin and form a nearly regular
triangle, covered with small scales ; the lower jaw projects slightly
beyond the upper. When the mouth is closed, the maxillary reaches
to the second third of the orbit. The infraorbital arch is entirely
covered with scales ; no denticulations are visible on the pra3orbital.
The interspace between the eyes is convex, and equals the diameter
of the eye.
The operculum is armed with two fiat prominent spines, the lower
of which is much smaller ; the sub- and inter- operculum are entire.
There is no scaleless space on the praeoperculum ; its angle is rounded
and very finely serrated, like the posterior limb and a part of the
inferior. The suprascapula shows several denticulations.
The dorsal Jin is elongate, but very low, the scales reaching over
two-thirds of its height ; it is more distant from the occiput than
from the root of the caudal. The, posterior spines and the anterior
rays are nearly equal in height; the spines of moderate strength.
The caxulalfin is shghtly forked, and partly covered with scales ; the
lobes appear to be equal in length, and about one-sixth of the total.
24. ANVPEKODON. «»')
The origin of the anal Jin falls below the fourth dorsal ray, its end
below the thirteenth ; it is as low as the dorsal fin ; the second
and third spines are moderate and nearly equal. The pectoral Jin is
ovate, elongate, reaching to the vertical from the soft portion of the
dorsal fin ; the scales between the rays cover two-thirds of the fin.
The ventral Jim are inserted immediately behind the pectoral ; they
are somewhat longer than one-half of the pectoral.
The intermaxillaries are furnished wdth a narrow band of vilUform
teeth ; no canine tooth in front is visible, but there are several, card-
like, inside the mouth in a cluster, occupying the space near the
symphysis of the intermaxillaries. The band in the lower jaw is much
broader, and there are canines in front of the jaw as well as in the
middle of the side. The vomerine teeth form a broad and long
quadrangular patch, with the anterior sides shorter and the posterior
ones longer (())) there is a cuneiform band of palatine teeth, and
a shorter one, ovate, and separated from the former, on the pterygoid
bones.
The scales are of moderate size, with smooth surface and fine
posterior serrature. The specimen is now discoloxired, but appears
to have had a red ground-colour. To judge from the species allied
to it, its native sea may be some part of the Indian or Austrahan
seas.
inches, lines.
Total length 12 0
Height of the body 2 7
Length of the head 2 5
Diameter of eye 0 8
Length of tenth dorsal spine 0 9^^
of the caudal fin 1 11
of second anal spine 0 10
of pectoral fin 3 0
of ventral fin 1 8
13. AntMas cichlops.
Serranus cichlops, Blceker, Sumatra, i. p. 3.
D. -rrTfi- A. i-. L. lat. 45.
15-10 0-7
Second ray of the ventral fins and lobes of the caudalis elongate ;
angle of praeopcrculum with four spinous teeth, much stronger than
the others. Red (in life) ; tail and caudalis yellow.
Priaman (Sumatra)
24. ANYPERODON.
Serranus, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 347.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth in vUlifoTm bands, with canines in
both jaws; no teeth on the palatine bones, nor on the tongue.
96
PERCID.E.
One dorsal with cloven sinnes, the anal fin -Rdth three. Operculum
with two or three points ; praeoporculum serrated. Scales snuill,
ctenoid.
From the Seychelles to the Molucca Sea.
1 . Anyperodon leucogrammicus.
Renard, Poiss. t. 1. f. 6 ; Valetit. iii. p. 476. f. 409.
Serranus leucogi'ammlcus, (JReinw.') Cuv. (§• Val. ii. p. 347 ; Biv ket
Pcrc. p. 33.
D. '-{. A. ^. L. lat. 80.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the
length of the head one-third ; the diameter of the eye is one-seventh
of the latter. Operciilum With three spines, praeoperculum finely
and equally serrated ; sub- and inter-operciUum with dcnticulatioiis.
Caudalis rounded. BroAvnish, with three whitish longitudinal
bands, and with brown spots above.
Seychelles ; IVfolucca Sea.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
25. PRIONODES.
Prionodes, Jenym, Zool. Beayle, Fishes, p. 40.
Body oblong ; muzzle with the lower jaw prominent. Canine
teeth ; no teeth on the vomer or the palatine bones. Seven bran-
chiostegals. One dorsal with ten, the anal fin with three spines.
Praeopercidum serrated ; operculum with two or three spines. Scales
moderate, ctenoid.
The form of this fish, as the Rev. L. Jenyns has pointed out, is so
completely that of a Serranus, that we may well hesitate to refer
it to another family (Scicenidce). One specimen only being knoAvn,
it is possible cither that the absence of vomerine teeth is acci-
dental in that specimen, or dependent on the age of the fish. But
if this be not the case, the stnicture of the fins and of the opercles
is as important a character as the absence or presence of a patch of
minute teeth, and therefore I think it better to place this fish in
tlie group of Serranina.
1. Prionodes fasciatus.
Jenyiis, I.e. p. 47. pi. 9. f. 1.
Brownish, with numerous dusky cross-bars ; the vertical fins with
black occllated spots. The posterior limb of the praeoperculum
serrated.
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archipelago).
20. sKKKANrs. 97
26. SERRANUS*.
Serrami3, sp., Cuv. Regne Anini. ; Cuv. tSj" Val- ii- P- 210.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with veiy distinct eaninea
in both jaws ; teetli on the pakxtine bones ; tongue smooth. One
dorsal tin, mostly %vith nine or eleven, rarely -with eight, ten, or
twelve spines ; anal fin with three. Operculum with two or three
acute points ; pra3operculum more or less serrated, without spinous
teeth on the lower limb. Scales small.
All the seas of the temperate and tiopical regions.
Synopsis of the Sjiecies.
I. Serrani with deeply forked caudal fin,
A. And with the two middle rays of caudal fin nmch elongate ;
I. S. phaeton.
B. With the two midille rays of caudal fiu .-shortest f :
2. S. creolus, 4. S. louti, 0. S. filamentosuft,
3. S. colomis. 5. S. flavimarginatus, 7. S. zonatus.
II. Serrani with slightly convex or concave, or with truncated caudal fin.
A. With less thau eight soft rays in the aual fin, and with more than
twelve in the dorsali.« :
8. S. scriba, 10. S. albouiaculatu.^, II. S. rhyncholepis,
9. S. humeralis^. 12. S. gymnopareius.
* 1. Holocentrus aiiratus, Bl. pi. 236; Bl. Schn. p. 314 — Serranus auratus,
Cuv. 4- Fill. ii. p. 3G4.— East Indies?
2. Ilolocentrus caeruleopunctatus, Bl. t 242. f. 4; Bl. Schi. p. 315. — Ser-
ranus civruleopunctatus, CiitK cj- Vnl. ii. p. 366.— Habitat — — - ?
3. Serranus corallieola, {K. ^- v. H.) Cuv. cj?- Val. ii. p. 366. — Java.
4. Holocentrus argpntinus, Bl. t. 23.5. f. 2. — Bl. Srkn. p 314. — Sei-ranus
argentinas, Cuv. 4~ Val. ii. p. 241. — Habitat ?
5. Serranus variegatus, Richurds. Ichth. China, \}. 231. — Canton.
G. Serranus reevesii, Bic/mnls. I. c. p. 232. — Canton.
7- Perca lunaria, Forak. p. 3'J. — Percaj rogaie var. luuaria, Bl. Schn. p. 335
- — Red Sea.
8. Serranus taniocheirus, Cuv. c^- Vnl. vi. p. .518. — East Indies i*
9. Serranus roseus, Cuv. 4' Val. ii. p. -306. — Otalieiti.
10. Serranus peruanus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 234. — Peru.
11. Serranus abdominalis, Pefcrs, in Wlcgm^ Archiv, 1855, p. 237. — Mozam-
bique.
12. Serranus goliath, Peters, I. c. — Mozambique.
13 Serranus parkinsonii, C)tv. cf- Val. ii. p. 329. — Habitat ?
14. Bonaci arara, Parra, pi. 16. f. 2. — Johnius guttatiis. v.iv., Bl. Schn. p. 77.
—Serranus arara, Cuv. cf- Val. ii. p. 377-
15. Bonaci cardinal, P«?-/-«, pi. 16. f. 1. — Johnius guttatus, i/A Sch?/. p. 77. —
Serranus cardinalis, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 378.
16. Parra, pi. 36. f. 1.— Lutjanus limulatus, Bl. Schn p. 329.— Serranus
lunulatus, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 379.— West Indies,
t 1. Perca lepidoptera, Fvrsf. — Epineplielus lepidopterus, Bl. Schn. p. .302.
— Serranus lepidopterus, Richards. Ann. >.]■ Mag Naf. Hibt. 1842, i\.
p. 18. — Australia.
H
98 PEECID^.
B. With eight or more soft rays in the anal fin.
1. Body with cross-bands or large oblong transverse spots*.
a. Denticidations of prseoperculum stronger on the angle :
13. S. cabrilla, 17. S. albofuscus, 21. S. trimaculatus,
14. S. brunneus, 18. S. sexfasciatus, 22. S. diacanthus,
15. S. kawamebari, 19. S. mystacinus, 23. S. striatiis,
16. S. lanceolatus, 20. S. oceanicus, 24. S. stigmapomus.
b. Denticidations of prseoperciduni conspicuous and equal :
25. S. tigris, 27. S. nigri, 29. S. tigrinus,
26. S. boenack, 28. S. semipunctatus, 30. S. papilionaceus.
c. Denticulations of prseoperculum exceedingly fine or obsolete :
3l. S. oxjThj-nchus, 32. S. argus.
2. Body of uniform coloration or spotted ; with neither transverse
nor longitudinal bands f.
a. Porsalis with nine, rarely with eight spines ; and
a. With seventeen or eighteen soft rays | :
33. S. rogaa, 34< S. zananella.
j3. With sixteen soft rays (rarely with fifteen to seventeen) § :
35. S. pachycentrum, 37. S. microprion, 39. S. cyanostigma,
36. S. erythrreus, 38. S. cyanostigmatoides, 40, S. miniatus.
y. With fifteen (rarely with fourteen) soft rays|| :
41. S. aurantius, 45. S. guttatus, 48. S. sonnerati,
42. S. sexmaculatus, 46. S. ouatalibi, 49. S. urodelus,
43. S. nigTipinnis, 47. S. treniops, 50. S. analis,
44. S. hemistictua, 51. S. zanana.
S. With fourteen (rarely with fifteen) rays :
52. S. leopardus, 53. S. coronatus.
f. With twelve rays :
54. S. spiloparccus.
* 1. Serranus scmifasciatus, Got/, Chih, Zool. ii. p. 151, Ictiol. pi. 1 h. f. 2. —
Chile,
t 1. Holocentrua pantherinus, Larep. iii. pi. 27. f. 3. — Serranus pantherinus,
Cuv. (f- Val. ii. p. 333. — Madagascar.
2. Serranuf cynnopodus, Richarrfs. Ichth. China, p. 233.
\ 1. Epincpholus ruber, Blorh, t. 331. — Swwmuw aurantius, Cnv. cf- VaL ii.
p. 30;").
§ 1. Serranus rufius, Homhr. ^- Jarq. Voy. nu Pole Sue/, Poiss. p. 35. pi. 1. f. 4.
—Habitat ?
II 1. Serranus pixanga, Cur. <^- Vaf. ii. p. 383; Marr/r. p. 152. — Holocentrue
punctatus, Block, t. 241 ; Bl. Schn. p. 315.
2. Serranus guativere, Cuv. <^- Val. I. c. Parra, pi. 5. f. 1. — Sckomburgk,
Hist. Barhad. p. 605.
26. SERBANUS.
99
57. S.
60. S.
61. S.
62. S.
63. S.
64. S.
74. S.
75. S.
76. S.
77. S.
78. S.
79. S.
80. S.
81. S.
99. S
100. S
101. S
102. S
103. S,
104. S,
105. S.
106. S.
69. S. polystigma,
70. S. maculatiis,
71. S. galeiis,
72. S. niveatus,
73. S. marffaritifer.
Dorsalis with ten or eleven (rarely with twelve) spines, and
a. With eleven or twelve rays :
'55. S. limbatus, 56. S. nouleny.
j9. With thirteen or fourteen rays * :
luti-a, 58. S. goldmanni, 59. S. pavoninus.
y. With fourteen or fifteen raysf :
angTilaris, 65. S. salmonoides,
suillus, 66. S. epistictus,
fuscoguttatus, 67. S. bataviensis,
altivelioides, 68. S. alboguttatus,
polyphekadion,
S. With fifteen or sixteen rays t :
gigas, 82. S. acutirostris, 90. S. hoevenii,
moara, 83. S. mar^nalis, 91. S. bontoo,
goreensis, 84. S. horndus, 92. S. celebicus,
erythrogaster, 85. S. crapao, 93. S. variolosus.
fuscus, 86. S. sebse, 94. S. hoedtii,
aeneus, 87. vS. summana, 95. S. akaara,
emarginatus, 88. S. microuotatus, 96. S. apua,
nigritus, 89. S. tumilabris, 97. S. mentzelii.
e. With fifteen to seventeen rays :
98. S. hexagonatus.
f. With sixteen or seventeen rays § :
morio, 107. S. spiniger, 114. S. areolatus,
impetiginosus, 108. S. ura, 115. S. awoara,
ongus, 109. S. melanui'us, 116. S. geogTaphicus,
imdulosus, 110. S. gitberti, 117. S. reticularis,
tsirimenara, 111. S. nebulosus, 118. S. gaimardi,
punctatissimus, 112. S. bontoides, 119. S. chlorostigma,
rupestris, 113. S. macrospilos, 120. S. cylindricus,
flavo-cteruleus, 121. S. labriformis.
* 1. Serranus jansenii, Blcek. Sangi, p. 376. — Sangi Sea.
t 1. Serranus aspersus, Jenyns, Zool. Beag. Fishes, p. 6. — Cape Verde Islands.
2. Itaiara, Margr. cap. iii. p. 145. — Serranus itaiara, Lichtenst. Berl. Ah-
handl. 1821, p. 27^ ; C^lV. # I al. ii. p. 376 <• Sckmib. Reis. Brit. Ghiian.
p. 621.
I 1 . Serranus erythrurus, Cuv. tf- Val. ii. p. 320. — Malabar.
2. maculosus, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 332. — Habitat ? If this species
should hereafter be recognized, the denomination of 7naniIosvs must be
changed, Bloch having given to another Serranus the name of macu-
lattis, which was afterwards altered by Cuviei* into cat us.
3. alexandrinus, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 281. — Mediterranean.
4. dermochirus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 513. — Coromandel.
5. kunhardtii, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, p. 169. —
Sumatra.
6. lebretonianus, Homhr. Sf Jacq. Voy. an Pule Sud, Poiss. p. 33. pi. I,
f 3.— Habitat ?
§ 1. Serranus riTulatus, Ctcv. ^ Val. vi. p. 515. — Isle de France.
2. nigriceps, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 517. — Polynesia.
3. miliaris, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 520. — New Guinea.
4. — — flavoguttatus, Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 18r)5, p. 235. — Mozambique.
'H 2
100 percidjt:.
t;. With eighteen or nineteen rays :
122. S. altivelis, 123. S. inennis, 125. S. olfnx.
124. S. quoyanus,
6. With nineteen or twenty rays :
126, S. dermoptenis. |
3. Body with lon^tudinal bands * :
127. S. formosus, 130. S. biguttatus, 133. S. urophthalmus,
128. S. Litifasciatus, 131. S. poecilonotus, 134. S. lineatus,
129. S. morrhua, 132. S. lemniscatus, 135. S. amboineusis.
I. Serrani with deeply forked caudal fin,
A. and with the two middle ray.s of caudal fin much elongate.
1. Serranus phaeton.
Cuv. 4- Val. ii. p. 310. pi. 34.
Caudalis forked, with the two middle rays as long as the body,
both sheathed together in a membrane, the other rays strong and
compressed ; praeoperculum with exceedingly fine denticulations.
Palatine and vomerine teeth very fine.
Hah. ?
B. With the two middle rays of caudal fin shortest.
2. Serranus creolus.
? 1-arra, pi. 20. f. 2.
SeiTanus creolus, Cur. 8,- Val. ii. p. 205; Cuv. Rcgne Anim. III. Ichthi/ol.
pi. 8. f. 1 (coloration?).
D.l. A. J. L. lat. 90. Vert. 10/14.
Snont short. The upper maxillary bone reaching to beldw the
middle of the eye ; pra3oi)erculiim with very fine and equal scrrature ;
interoperculum minutely serrated, or wdthout any serratiu-e. Caudal
fin deeply forked, with elongate lobes. Reddish, -wdth four small
round violet spots on each side ; dorsal fin with a blackish longi-
t\idinal streak.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Fin" specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
6. Adult stufted. West Indies. Purchased of IMr. Scrivener.
c d. Fine specimens. America. From the llaslar Collection.
e. Adult. America.
/. Adult. America. Fnmi the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult: skeleton. .Vnicvica.
• 1. Serranus chlofoceplialus, Cur. 4- Val vi. p. r)22.- -Polynesia Identical
with S. linenitisx
20. SKRKANUS. 101
Skeleton. — The upper surface of the skiill is rather broad, and
di^'ided into two lateral halves by the high supraoccipital crest,
wliich extends to the level of the anterior third of the eye. The
crest is thin, transparent, and rounded behind; the two lateral
crests between the orbit and the suprascapula are also well developed.
Just beneath the anterior end of the supraoccipital crest is a broad
and open cavity for receiving the posterior processes of the inter-
maxillaries. The intermaxillary is about two-thirds of the length
of the maxUlary, and has a very prominent flat process behind.
The maxillary gradually vddcns, and has a rather convex superior
margin and a rather concave inferior one ; the supplementary bone
is narrow. The greater part of the i)rtEorbital is as broad as the
posterior infraorbital arch ; the latter with a very broad and exca-
vated inner plate for supporting the eyeball from beneath.
Operculum with three spines, the two lower of which are close
together ; the sub- and interoperculum are without any serrature
in tliis specimen. The angle of the proeoperculum is rounded, and
furnished with several obsolete and obtuse denticulations ; the pos-
terior serrature of the bone is minute.
The dentition is feeble : there is in the upper and lower ja^vs a
pair of small canines ; 'there are no lateral canines ;. the other teeth
are in villiform bands, that of the intermaxillary reaching nearly to
the extremity of the bone, and with an outer series of scarcely larger
teeth. The vomerine teeth form a tiiangular patch with a rather
concave posterior side. The palatine teeth form a cuneiform band,
broader in front, and not extending beyond that bone.
Ten abdominal and foiu'tecn caudal vertebrce. The interhaemal is
attached to the haemal spine of the eleventh vertebra, of moderate
strength, and equal to the length of the first to the seventh vertebra.
3. Serranus colonus.
Valenc. Voy. Venus, Zool. p. 300. pi. 2. f. 1 (not good).
D.^. A.f„. L.lat.l20.
Snout short ; praeoperculum finely serrated ; caudal fin deeply
forked, with elongate lobes. Uniform yellow. ( Vol.)
Galapagos Archipelago.
4. Serranus louti.
Seba, iii. 27. 7; Rc7iard, t. 41. f. 207, t. 21. f. 100; Valentyn, p. 412.
f. 205.
Perca louti, Forskal, p. 40.
Labrus punctatus, Laccp. iii. p. 377. pi. 17. f. 2.
Bodianus louti, Bl. Schn. p. 332 ; Lacep. iv. p. 286.
Serranus punctulatus, Ciw. Sf Val. ii. p. 367, ix. p. 435 ; Bleek. Sum.
i. p. 570 ; Quoi/ 8f Gaim. Voy. Astral. Poiss. p. 654. pi. 3. f. 2.
louti, Riipp. Atl. p. 106. pi. 26. f. 2 (not Val).
_9_
3-1
Caudalis deeply forked, with elongate lobes ; dorsal, anal and ven-
D. rrV.- A. I. L. lat. 100. Vert. 10/14.
1J-I4 8
102 PEUCID^.
tral fins pointed ; dcnticiilations of preeoperculum obsolete. Brown-
ish, v.'ith. small whitish spots.
Red Sea ; Isle de France : Ceylon ; Molucca Sea ; Sumatra ; Timor ;
Waigiou.
a. Adult : skin. Copang (Timor). D. ^.
b. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France. D. fi-
c. Adult. Isle de France. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. D. ■^.
d. Adult : skeleton. Isle de France. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society. D. ^.
e. Adult : stuffed, lied Sea. D. ^.
14
/. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult: bad state. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection,
h. Half-grown. Ambo}Tia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Skeleton. — The crown of the head and the interspace between the
eyes are without prominent ridges or deep grooves ; they are narrow
and rather flat. The supraoccij^ital and the lateral crests are rather
low, the former not extending beyond the supraoccipital bone. The
two posterior processes of the intermaxillaries are not received into
a common groove, but run on the sides of a narrow longitudinal
ridge. The posterior part of the infraorbital arch is narrow, and
has inside a broad excavated plate for supporting the eyeball from
beneath. The length of the intermaxillaiy is about two-thirds of
that of the maxillarj- ; it has a flat prominence beliind, above which
is a deep notch. The maxillary widens from its second third ; the
superior margin is nearly straight, the infciior concave ; the sup-
plementary' bone is exceedingly narrow. The opercidum has three
distinct flat spines, the middle of which is longest and nearer the
lower than the superior ; the sub- and intero])erculum are without
any serrature ; the pracoperculum is rounded throughout, and has
some very indistinct seiTature at the rounded angle.
The dentition is rather powerful. There are in the upper jaw
two very strong canines ; the outer series is formed by shorter, but
thicker teeth than the others, and docs not extend to the extremity
of the bone. Inside of the canines and the series mentioned is a
band of vilUform teeth, broadest bcliind the canines ; and here also
are placed several long and slender teeth of more cardiform appear-
ance. The lower jaw is armed in front with a pair of canines, and
Avith another in the middle of its lateral band, but they are rather
smaller than those of tlic up])cr jaw. In tlie villiform band several
cardiform tcetli are visible. The vomerine teeth are arranged in two
series, meeting anteriorly at a rather obtuse angle. The band of
palatine teeth is narrow, and does not extend on the pteiygoid bone.
There are ten abdimiinal and fourteen caudal vertebra'. The
interha;mal, Ls attached to the ha-mal spincss of the tenth and eleventh
vertebne ; it is slender, and ecjuals the length of the second to the
seventh vertebra.
26. SEBRANDS. 103
5. Serranus flavimarginatus.
R'uppell, Atlas, Fische, p. 109.
14 8
Caudalia deeply forked, aualis and dorsalis pointed behind. Red-
dish brown, covered with small blue spots ; a black band from the
eye to the base of caudalis ; the vertical fins with a yellow edge ;
on each side of the tail a black spot. Allied to S. punctulatus.
Red Sea.
6. Serranus filamentosus.
Serranus filamentosus, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 508.
Centropristes filamentosus, Milll. 8f Trosch. in Schomb. Hist, Burbad.
p. 606.
L>. -. A. -.
External appearance sparoid. Caudalis deeply forked ; the last
ray of the dorsal and anal fins elongate, twice as long as the preceding.
Denticulations of the pra^opei'culum coarser at the angle ; operculum
with two flat spines. Brownish, with small specks in the angle of
each scale ; sides lighter ; dorsal fin with yellow spots along the base.
{Val)
Isle de France.
7. Serranus zonatus.
Serranus zonatus, Cuv. 8,- Val. vi. p. 509.
? Serranus argyrogrammicus, Cuo. 8f Val. viii. p. 472.
D-n- A.|.
Caudalis deeply forked ; pectoral fins long, pointed ; the last ray of
the dorsal and anal fins elongate, twice as long as the preceding.
The diameter of the eye one-third of the length of the head ; prse-
operculum very finely serrated, with coarser denticulations at the
angle ; suprascapula denticulated. Rose-coloured in life, Avith four
orange cross-bands, lo.st on the sides ; caudal fin w^th a bright yellow
edge. {Val.)
Isle de France.
11. Serrani with the caudal fin slightly convex or slightly concave, or
truncated.
A. With less than eight rays in the anal fin, and with more than twelve
rays in the dorsal.
8. Serranus scriba.
? nepKT], Aristot. ii. c. 13, 17, viii. c. 15; Athen. vii. fol. 159; Oppian,
i. V. 124.
? Perca, Plin. ix. c. 16.
Phycis, Sakiani, p. 227. f. 92.
Perca marina, Gesner, pp. 696, 819 ; Jonston, i. c. 1. t. 14. f. 8 ; JFil-
lu(jhh/, p. 327; Raij, p. 140; L. Gm. p. 1313; Briinnich, Ichthyol.
Massil. p. 63 ; De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 350.
Perca no. 6, Artedi, Genera, p. 40.
Perca scriba, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 56 ; Gm. L. p. 1315.
i 04 ri;uciD-E.
flolocenlrus marimis, Ldccp. iv. p. 37G: Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 291.
{iv<rn9, Sjyinola, Ann. dii JMits. x. p. 372.
? tii.-ciiitus, liloch, pi. 240; Bl Sichn. p. 314: Laccp. \v. p. 380;
Rim>, Ichth. Nice, p. 200.
marorcanus, HI. Scliii. p. 320.
Liitjaiiu'' scriptura, Laccp. iv. p. 220.
Cavolini, Ueher die Erzeuiiumi der Fische, iibcrs. I'oii Zinintcrntrntn,
p. 84. t. 1. f. lG-18.
Serranus scriba, Cur. tS" V(d. ii. p. 214, pi. 28 ; Martens, Jiei.se xach
Venedif), ii. p. 42o; Nordmann in Dcmidojf, Voi/. Ilus6. Merid. iii.
p. 300. pi. 2. f. 1 ; Guichen. Explur. Sc. Ahjer. Puiss. p. 33.
D. 1^. A. I. L. lat. 70. Vert. 10/14.
Prseoperculiim equally and finely denticulated. Body -with five
to seven blacldsh transverse baiids ; head -with iiregiilarly reticulated
blue lines ; vertical and ventral fins "v\-ith small round reddish spots.
Mediterranean; Black Sea.
a. Adult. Dalmatia.
6. Adult : skeleton. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.
c. Adult : bad state. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
d. Adult. Presented by W. SAvainson, Esq.
e. Adult: skin. Mediterranean. Presented Ijy Bichard Santhill, Esq.
/. Adult. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.
<-/. Half-grown. Mediterranean.
h. Half-grown. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.
?. Half-grown : bad state. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
l'. Adult: stuffed. Malta. From Mr. YarrelFs Collection.
7. Adidt : not good >state. Europe. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
m, n. Adult: very bad state. Europe.
0. Adult. Europe.
2J-r. Adult : stuffed. Europe. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
s, t. Adult : sldn. Europe. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
n. Young : not good state. Europe. From the Haslar Collection.
Sl-eleton. — The upjier part of the skull is nearly smooth, without
prominent ridges ; even the occi])ital crest is not veiy much developed.
The bones of the suborbital arch are not distinctly separated from
one another, and there is, as in all the Sermni, a broad interior
process for sup])ortiiig the eyeball from beneath. The two upper
spines of the opercuhmi arc the hindei- ends of two strong bony ridges ;
the third spine is feeble, as is also the ridge belonging to it ; the
sub- and interoperculum arc entire ; the edge of the i)ra;o])erculum
is rounded, with minute denticulations behind, gradually becoming
larger at the angle, and disappearing in the middle of the lower
limb ; the suprascapula is minutely serrated. The number of ver-
tebra) as above stated.
9. Serranus humeralis.
Cut. cV r«/. ii. p. 24(i ; Less. Foi,. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 2.'50 ; Ga;/, Chile,
Zml ii. p. 149.
14 7
Pncopercnlum equally and finely denticulated. The broAvn cdo-
2G. SERRANUS. 105
ration of the back emitting six transverse bands towards the belly ;
operei'ilum broAvn ; cheeks brown-sjjotted ; a large brown blotch in
front of the root of the pectoral fin ; fins not spotted.
Coast of Chili.
10. Serranus albomaculatus.
Jcnyns, Zool. of the Bcayh', Fishes, p. 3. pi. 2.
D. 1". A. 1.
13 7
Caudalis truncated. The length of the head one-third of the total ;
the diameter of the eyes about one-sixth of the length of the head,
larger than the dista,nce between them. Pr^eopercuhim finely ser-
rated, with coarser diAiticulations at the angle and along the posterior
half of the basal margin ; suprascapula denticulated. The third
dorsal spine very long, more than twice as long as the second,
c(j[ualling more than half the height of the body. On the sides a
series of five or six good-sized snow-white spots, and one placed
above. (Jen.)
Galapagos Archipelago.
11. Serranus rhyncholepis.
Sleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 749.
B.JL.. A.f L.lat.80.
CaudaHs rounded ; the diameter of the eye is 4^ in the length of
the head ; upper maxillary bone reaching behind the eye. Praeoper-
culum serrated, vnth. stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and
interoperculum entire ; the spinous and soft parts of dorsal fin of
equal height. Brown, each scale on the sides with a lighter speck ;
fins immaculate. (Bl.)
Sea of Bulucomba (Celebes).
Bleeker comj)ares this species with S. lahriformis, Jenyns j he
states the number of the rays of the anal fin to be — ; but as
•^ ;-8 '
he always reckons the last as two, I am obliged to remove this
species from S. lahriformis into another group wdth seven soft rays
in the anal fin. Further examination of other specimens wiU show
whether I am right in so doins:.
12. Serranus gymnopareius.
? Epinephelus striatus, Bloch, t. 330.
Serranus gymnopareius, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 248.
D.^. A.f
Praeoperculum without scales, only its posterior limb denticulated ;
caudalis truncated. Body ^\dth seven or <'ight dark-brown cross-
bands.
Jamaica (?)
lOG PERCID^E.
B. With eight or more soft rays in the anal fin.
1. Body with cross-bands or large oblong transverse spots.
a.. Denticulations of praeoperculum stronger at the angle.
13, Serranus cabrilla.
Xavr], Snhiani.
? Perca, Rondel, vi. cap. 8.
Perca cabrilla, Linn. Si/st. i. p. 488.
? niorniyrus, Gronoi: S;/st. ed. Gray, p. 109.
marina, var. /3, BrUnnich.
Ilolocentrus virescens, Bl. t. 233 ; Lacep. iv. p. 357.
marinus, Laccp. iv. p. 37G.
Lutjanus sen-anus, Lacep. iv. p. 205.
Serranus cabrilla, flavus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, pp. 875, 376.
• cabrilla, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 223. pi. 29 ; IMiite, Catal. of Brit.
Fishes, p. 11 ; YarreU, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 11 ; Nordmann in Demidoff's
Voy. Rhss. Mcrid. iii. p. 3G7 ; Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alger. Poiss.
p. 33. pi. 1.
Perca chanuiis, Couch in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. p. 19. f. 6.
D. {^. A. |. L. lat. 80-90. L. transv. 9/25.
Caudalis truncated ; denticulations of the angle of the praeoper-
culum not much stronger. Sides of the head with three oblique red
bands ; body with seven or more dark-brown cross-bands ; sometimes
a reddish lateral band,
Mediterranean ; Black Sea ; coasts of Portugal and France ;
southern coast of England ; St. Paul's (West Indies),
a. Adult. Dalmatia.
h. Adult, Lisbon.
c. Adult : not good state, Lisbon. Presented by G, Hough, Esq,
d. Adult. London market. Presented by Messrs. J. and C,
Grove.
e-g. Adult and half-gi'o\\ni : skins. Pljinouth. From Mr. Tarreirs
Collection,
h. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut, H, F. Spencer,
K.N,
i. Adult: not good state. ^ladcira. Old Collection as Perca
decor ata.
k-m. Adult and half-growoi : skins. Santa Cruz (Teneriffe).
n. Adult : not good state, Europe,
0. Adult: bad state. Europe. Old Collection.
p, q. Adult : very bad state. Eui'oiJc,
V, s. Adult : stuffed, England.
t. Adult : stuffed, Europe, Old Collection.
tt, V. Half-grown : skins, Europe, From Mr, Yarrcll's Collection.
to. Young : skin. Europe. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
X. Adult: skeleton. England.
?/-a. Half-grown. St. Paul's. Presented by the Lords of the Admi-
ralty.
/3, Adult: stuffed, Europe,
y. Adult: stuffed. Lisbon.
26. SEREANU9. 107
14. Serranus brunneus.
I<4nuephelu8 brunneiiis, Bloch, t. 328. f. 2 ; Bl Schn. p. 300.
Serranus kawamebari, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 234 (uot Faun,
Japon.).
D. J^. A.|. L. lat. 95.
Cauclalis rounded. The height of the body is oiic-foiirth, and the
length of the head one-third of the total length ; the diameter of the
eye is one-sixth of the length of the head. The upper maxillarj' bone
reaches beyond the level of the posterior margin of the eye. Pec-
torals rather longer than veutrals, not extending to the vent. Tlie
.dorsal spines nearly equal in length, except the first two and the
last ; the second anal spine uot much stronger and not longer than
the thii'd. Bro-smish, with six darker cross-bands, inclining forwards
as they descend ; the fij-st narrowest from the fi.rst dorsal spines to
the eye ; cheeks Avith oblique darker bands. Fins immaculate.
Chinese Sea.
a, h. Adult. China. Presented by J. E,. Reeves, Esq.
c. Half-growTi. China. Presented by J. II. lleeves, Esq.
Bloch says, in his great work on Fishes, that this species is found in
Norway — prol)ably because he received the fish from a friend in
Norway ; but iSchneider gives Japan as its native countiy. The
figure may be easily recognized ; but the first curved band from the
eye to the dorsal fin (very characteristic of the species) is omitted.
15. Serranus kawamebari.
Temm. i^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. p. 5.
D.^^ A. ^.
12 ,10
Caudalis with a rather convex posterior margin ; prccoperculuni
rather deeply serrated, with stronger denticulations at the angle ;
interoperculum and suprascapula denticulated ; the spinous part of
the dorsal fin not much elevated. BroA\Tiish, with five darker cross-
bands ; the soft part of dorsalis, the caudal and anal fins with small
round spots ; operculum with a deep black sj)ot between the spines ;
prseoperculum with two brown streaks from the eye.
Japanese Seas.
16. Serranus lanceolatus.
Holoceiiti'iis lanceolatus, Bloch, t. 242. f. 1 ; Share, Zool. iv. p. 507 ;
Russell, t. 130.
SeiTanus lanceolatus, Cuv. ^' Val. ii. p. 316 ; Blocker, PeVe. p. 35 ;
Cantor, Catal. p. 8.
D-li^e- A- 1-
Caudalis rounded. Length of the head al lOut one-third of the total ;
the diameter of the eye one-sixth or one-seventh of the length of head.
Sub- and interoperculum entire. Yellowish, with five brown cross-
108 PERCIDiE.
bands : first from the orbit over the prajoperculum ; second from tho
crown of the head obliquely over the operculum to behind the pectoral
fins ; third very broad, occupying the space between the second and
tenth spine, confluent below with the second band ; fourth broad,
spanning nearly the eight posterior dorsal rays ; fifth in front of the
caudal : all the fins \\'ith round bro"\\-n spots.
Bay of Bengal ; Batavia ; Samarang.
This species is well distinguished by its coloration. Bleeker
states that in adult specimens the bands become obsolete, and that
the coloration changes to yelloAvish marbled with brownish. A
single specinum, of about four inches in length, exists in the Collec-
tion of the East India Museum.
1 7. Serranus albofuscus.
Holocentms macidatus, BL iv. p. 90. t. 242. f. 3 ; Bl. Schn. p. 315.
albofuscu.^, Laccp. iv. pp. 341, 384, 385.
Serrauus maculatus, Bleeker, Bocroe, p. 398.
D-T^- ^^-l- L-lat-100.
Caudahs rounded; the diameter of the eye one -third (?) of the length
of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to the level of the
posterior margin of the eye ; })r£copcrculum serrated, Avith a much
longer spinous tooth at the angle ; sub- and intcroperculum entire ;
the second, third and fom-th dorsal spines longest ; the third anal
spine stronger and rather longer than the second. Brown, with
large pearl-coloured spots ; on the head four or five, on the back
three transverse blotches, more or less extending on the dorsal fin :
one between scapula and anterior dorsal spines, the second betAveen
the lateral line and the upper edge of the hinder part of the spinous
dorsal, the third across the back of the tail behind the dorsal. Dorsal
fin brown, with three round black spots on the .soft part ; pectorals
blackish, with pearl-coloured spots and a band of the same colour
across the middle ; anal and ventral fins brown, the former with a
pearl-coloured spot ; caudalis yellow, with large brown spots. {Bl.)
Sea of Boeroe.
18. Serranus sexfasciatus.
Sen-anus sexfasciatus, (Kuhl^- v. Haas.) Cuv.^' V(tl. ii. p. 3G0 ; -B/eeA:er,
Perc. p. 38.
D.ii. A.i.
Caudj^is rounded ; sub- and intcroperculum entire ; angle of the
prEDoperculum Avith very strong teeth. Body Avith six dark broAvn
cross-bands ; head imiform ; dorsal and caudal fins with roundish
brown spots.
Javanese Sea.
a. Hulf-grown: skui : bad state. East Indies. Presented by
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
26. SERKANUS. 109
19. Serranus mystacinus.
SeiTanus mystacinus, Poey, Memorins de Cuba, 1851, p. 52. lam. 10. f. 1 .
PSeiTanus oetociuctus, Tcmm.Sf Schley. Faun. Japon. Potss. p. 7. pi. 4«.
I^-li^a- ^-f L.lat.lOO.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of
the head three times. Pra3operculum ^vith some very strong spinous
teeth at the angle, partly extending on the horizontal limb. Caiidalis
rounded ; pectorals reaching a little beyond the vent. Reddish, -witli
ten dark cross-bands ; fins immacidate.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
According to Poey's statement, this species makes a remarkable
exception to most of the Serrani in having at least twelve stems of
the pyloric appendages, each divided again into several branches ;
an increased number is also to be observed in S. inermis, from the
same locaUty. The description of S. octoclnctus, given in the Faun.
Japon. p. 7, pi. 4rt, agrees exactly with the specimen mentioned
above. There is another specimen in the Collection of the British
Museum, said to be from the Isle de France, which cannot be separated
from the former.
h. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France. Presented by Dr. Janvier.
20. Serranus oceanicus.
? Perca fasciata, Forska/, p. 40.
Holocentrus oceanicus, Lacep. iv. p. 377. t. 7. f. 3.
forskalii, Laccp. iv. p. 377.
Sen-anus oceanicus, Cue. i^ Veil. ii. p. 302.
Sen'ani marginalis \ar., Blccker, Perc. p. 34.
Caudalis truncated ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; denticula-
tions of the angle of the prseoperculum not much stronger. Reddish,
with five darker, cross-bands ; head unitbrm ; the anterior half of tbo
dorsalis -udth a blackish edge ; ciiudalis not black-edged.
Red Sea ; Isle de France.
21. Serranus trimaculatus.
Epinephelus japonicus, Kruse^ist. Reise, pi. 64. f. 2.
Serranus trimaculatus, Cuv. 4' ^ «^- ii- P- 331 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss.
p. 8 ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 232.
T-v 11 4 3
"• 15-16- ^^- (7-)8*
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum entii-e ; the hinder
limb of the prseoperculum serrated ; denticulations stronger at the
angle ; the lower limb entire. Reddish brown, ^vith two large
blackish-broAvn square spots at the root of the hinder half of the
no
PEBCID^.
dorsal fin ; a third black transverse spot across the back of tail.
Head, body, hinder part of dorsal fin, caudalis and analis vdth
scattered brown spots.
Japanese, Chinese, and Cape Seas.
a. Adult. China.
6. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult : stuffed. Japan.
d. Adidt : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
e. Adult: stuifed. Sine patria.
/. Adult : skin. Sine patria. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
22. Serranus diacanthus.
Serranus diacanthus, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 319.
nebulosus, Richards, (not Cuv. Sf Val., nor Bleek.) Ichfh. Chinn,
p. 2.32.
schihpan, Richards. I. c. p. 231.
D.7^6- ^^-l- t..lat.90.
Caudalis rounded ; eye nearly one-fifth of the length of the head ;
length of the head one-third of the total ; suboperculum and intcroper-
culum entire ; the inferior limb of the prieopercidum entire, two or
three strong spinous teeth at the angle, the posterior hmb strongly
denticulated. Wliitish or brownish (in spirits), with five darker
cross-bands ; sometimes clouded or spotted 'v\^th dark broAvn, besides
the cross-bands ; fins, in dried specimens, with an obsolete darker
edge — in specimens preserved in spirits, -ndth a lighter edge.
Bay of Bengal ; Coast of Malabar ; China Seas ; Louisiade Ar-
chipelago.
a. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke.
6. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult. China. Presented by General HardAvicke {Serranus
schihpan).
d. Adiilt. China.
e. Half-grown: bad state. China. Presented by the Hon. E.T.
Company.
/. Half-grown. Hong Kong. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
g. Half-grown. Hong Kong. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Half-grown: stuffed. Louisiade Arcliipclago, in 30 fathoms.
Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
?. Young: stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago, in 12 fathoms (sand)
Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
1c. Adult. India.
I. Adult. India. From the Haslnr Collection.
m. Adult. India. Presented l)y General llitrdwicke.
23. Serranus striatus.
Seha, iii. t. 27. f. 9; Parra, p. 50. pi. 24. f. 1.
Anthiaa striatus, Bl. t. 324 ; Bl. Schn. p. 305.
Tjutjanus ssf riatus, Lncf^). iv. p. 234.
26. SERRANUS. Hi
Sparus chrysomelaiiurus, Lacep. iv. p. 160.
Anthias cherua, Bl. Schn. p. 310.
Serranus striatus, Cuv. 8fVal. ii. p. 288; Guichen. m Haniondela Sagru,
Hist. Cuba, Perns, p. 12.
D. H. A. |. Vert. 10/14
Distance between the eyes much smaller than their diameter ;
praeoperciilura with fine denticulations (in younger indi\'iduals coarser
at the angle). CaudaHs rounded. Six or seven broad cross-bands ;
scattered circular black spots roxmd the eye ; a large square black
blotch across the back of the tail, behind the dorsal.
Atlantic shores of Tropical America.
a. Very large specimen (3' long) r stuiFed. America.
h. Very large specimen (2^' long) : stuffed. West Indies.
c. Half-grown : stuffed. Cuba. From M. Poey's Collection.
d. Half-grown. West Indies.
e. Half-grown : skeleton. West Indies.
/. Half-grown : not good state. West Indies.
g. Half-grown. West Indies.
h, i. Half-grown. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection
Jc. Half-grown : stuffed. Mexico. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
I. Half-grown : stuffed. Bahia.
m. Half-grown, Puerto CabeUo. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
n-r. Half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
Skeleton. — The occipital crest, being moderately developed behind,
is prolonged to the front end of the frontal bones ; the orbital edge
also of the latter is prominent ; the suborbital arch as in S. scriba.
The three spines of the opercidum correspond to three bony ridges,
the middle of which is the strongest and sUghtly cui-ved. The
hinder limb of the praoperculum is rather convex, minutely serrated,
and slightly notched above the angle ; in young individuals the den-
ticulations of the angle are stronger ; the lower hmb, sub- and inter-
operculum, and supi-ascapula are entire. There are in front of the
upper jaw two feeble canines, to which two others correspond in the
lower jaw ; the other teeth of the upper jaw are villiform, occupying
nearly the whole length of the intermaxillary ; in front they are
placed in many irregular series, those of the hinder series becoming
gradually longer and bent backAvards ; the villiform band of the
lower jaw occupies nearly all the lenglh of the dental bone ; we can
clearly distinguish two series at the lateral part of this bone, the
interior of which contains stronger teeth than the exterior. The
series of vomerine teeth form a right angle ; the palatines are provided
only with a single series of minute teeth.
24. Serranus stigmapomus.
Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 232.
D. K A. 1.
17 8
Caudahs rounded ; prseoperculum finely serrated, with rather
stronger denticulations at the angle. Brown, with eight regular
112 PKHCIDiE.
darker cross-bauds ; a round black spot between the two upper
opercular spines ; dorsal fin with a pale edge, pectoral and anal fins
with a dai'k one.
China Seas. Xorth-west Coast of Australia ?
b. Denticulations of prajoperculum conspicuous and equal.
25. Serranus tigris.
Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 440.
Caudalis slightly rounded ; prsDoperculum very finely serrated.
Violet, spotted with bro^vTlish ; eight oblique cross-bands of a light
blue colour. {Val.)
St. Domingo.
26. Serranus boenack.
Bodianus boeuack, Block, iv. p. 44. t. 220; Bl. Schn. p. .330.
Serranus boenack, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. .3<)2 (not good) ; Sleeker, Perc.
p. 31.
boelang, Cur. c^ Vol. ii. p. 308, vi. p. 514 ; Qnoi/. ^- Oaim. Voi/.
Astral. Poiss. p. 0.57. pi. 3. f. 4.
nigro-fascialvis, Ilumhr. S,- Jacqiun. Voy. Pole Siid, Poiss. p. 3(>.
pi. 2. f. 1.
D.i. A.|. L.lat.70.
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum with slight denticu-
lations, prajopcrculum finely serrated ; the diameter of the ej'e one-
sixth of the length of the head. Brown ; body with seven darker
cross-bands ; fins not spotted ; caudalis with a black and yellow
hinder edge.
Sunda and Molucca Sea.
a. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult: stufied. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.
27. Serranus nigri. (Plate IX. fig. A.)
1).^. A.f L.lat.70.
Caudalis rounded. The height of the body is 3| in the total
length, the length of the head 3i ; the diameter of the eye is 4i in
the latter. Thc^ upper maxillary bone does not reach to the level of
the posterior margin of the eye. Sub- and intcro})crculum entire ;
pectorals as long as ventrals, not extending to the anal fin. Brown,
with seven indistinct vertical bands ; cheeks, upper jaw, the soft pai't
of the dorsal and all the other fins with more or less distinct, round,
pale bluish spots of the size of a scale.
a. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
Description. — The form, as in most of the Serrani, is oblong, rather
elongate ; the greate.st height of the body is beneath the front end
2(i. SlvRRANlS. llJi
of the dorsal fin, aud 3i in the total length. Taking the distance
between the dorsal and caudal tins = 1, it is contained 3| in the length
of the base of the dorsal, and equal to one-thii'd of the distance be-
tween dorsal and snout, and rather smaller than the base of the anal
fin. The length of the head is contained 3^ in the total ; the di-
stance between the eyes is much smaller than their diameter, covered
with small scales, which extend beyond the nostrils on the pra3or-
bital. The length of the snout from the eye is rather more than
the diameter of the eye ; the cleft of mouth moderately oblique ; the
upper maxillary bone naked, not reaching to the level of the posterior
margin, of the ej'c ; the mandibulary is covered with minute scales,
and longer than the half of the length of the head. The posterior
limb of the praeopercidum is convex, minutely serrated, the denticu-
lations at the angle being scarcely larger ; the lower limb is entire,
like the sub- and interoperculum. The opercidum terminates in
three conspicuous, flat, short, triangular teeth, the middle of which
is the longest, but not veiy prominent ; the upper one is rather mol-e
distant than the lower. The suprascapular bone is concealed by the
ordinary scales.
The base of the dorsalis is protected by an encroachment of the
scaly integument, and a tapering row of scales runs up between each
pair of spines or rays for two-thirds of the height of the fin. The
spinous part is lower than the soft, and the membrane between the
spines is deeply notched, but without fringed appendages ; the first
spine is half the size of the second, the second two-thirds of the
third, and the fom-th to ninth spines are nearly equal in length, the
last being rather shorter ; all the spines are strong, and the strongest
is equal in length to the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins.
The soft portion of the doi'sal fin is quadrangular, with a straight upper
margin ; the first ray is one-fom-th longer than the last spine, all the
following being equal, except the last three, which again diminish in
length. The caudalis is rounded throughout, nari'ow bands of small
scales ninning between the rays to two-thirds of the length of the fin.
The anal is commences a little behind the commencement of the soft
portion of the dorsal ; the first spine is strong, but short ; the second
veiy strong, and nearlj' equal in length to the dorsal spines, which it
much exceeds in strength ; the tliird is more slender and rather
shorter. The posterior angle of the fin is rounded, the rays becoming
gradually longer to the fifth, and diminishing again from the eighth.
The pectoralis is composed of sixteen rays, rounded, as long as the
ventral, and covered A^dth thin scales to one-thii'd of the length only.
The ventralis reaches just to the vent, has the spine of the same length
as the second dorsal, and the second ray rather longer than the first.
The ground-colour is brown, lighter on the belly ; seven darker
indistinct bands reach to the belly, and are broader than the ligliter
intervals between. The pale spots are most distinct on the pra;or-
bital and maxillary bones, on the anal and ventral fins, and on tlie
inner side of the root of the pectoral ; the pectoral itself is immacu-
late and of a brownish-grey colour. The dentition is as usual.
The specimen is five inches long.
114 PERCIDiK.
28. Serranus semipunctatus.
? Perca septeinfasciata, Tlmnb. Nov. Act. Stockh. 1703, pi. 1. f. 1.
SeiTamis seir.ipunctatus, Cuv. Si Vol. ii. p. 341.
Body with six or seven broad cross-bands ; head and fins spotted
caudalis roiinded.
Coast of Pondicheny.
29. Serranus tigrinus.
Seba, iii. 27. 5.
Crochihi>', sp. 4, Klein, Miss. p.
Holoceiitrus tifi^'inus, Block, t. 237; Bl. Schn. p. 314.
SeiTanus tigi-inus, C'lir. <§' Val. ii. p. 314.
Caudalis slightly cmarginated. Brown, with seven black cross-
bands, and with oblong dark blotches between ; head and vertical
fins black-.spotted ; between the third and fifth spines of the dorsalis
a large black spot.
(East Indies ?)
30. Serranus papilionaceus.
Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 471 ; Valetic. in Barker- Webb ^- Bvrlhclot, Ichth.
p. 7.
Caudalis verj- slightly notched ; praeoperculum very finely serrated
behind and below ; the fifth spine of the dorsal fin longest, one-half
of the height of body ; ventral fins I'eaching to the second spine of the
analis. Ground-colour rcddish-olivc ; under-side of the head and
breast with violet spots ; a broad olive cross-band below the hinder
spines of the dorsal fin ; two other narrower ones across the tail ;
dorsal and anal fins spotted and lineolated.
Coast of Goree ; (!anarian Islands.
c. Deiiticulations of prpoopercuhmi exceedingly fine or obsolete.
31 . Serranus oxyrhynchus.
O/r. <§• Vol. ii. ,,. .321.
Caudalis tnincated ; muzzle pointed. Body with seven cross-
bands ; a longitudinal streak from the eye to the angle of operculum,'
and another obli(iun one from thence along the edge of operculum ; an
oblong spot in the centre of operculum. ( Val.)
Hah. ■;
26. SEKRANXJS. 115
32. Serranus argus.
P Renard, fol. 2. no. 70 ; ValoU. iii. p. 459. no. 159.
Cephalopholis argus, Bl. Schn. p. 311. pi. Gl.
Serranus argus, Cur. iSf- Vul. ii. p. 300.
D. '-^. A. ^. L. lat. 95.
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculiim \ni\\ ex^ceedingly fine denticula-
tions, subopcrculum entire, a part of the lower edge of the intei'-
opercnlum tinely serrated ; three spines of the ojiercuhim veiy con-
spicuous, the middle one longest ; maxillary bone reaching behind the
level of eye ; the diameter of the eye one-sixth of the length of the
head, and rather more than one-third of the total. Brown (in spirits),
with reddish-brown cross-bands ; head, body, and aU the fins with
numerous small, round, blue, dark-edged spots.
This species may be easily confoimded with one of the other blue-
spotted Serrani, but is distinguished by the cross-bands and by the
denticulations of the opercles.
East Indies.
o. Fine specimen. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
2. Body of uniform coloration or spotted; with neither transverse nor
longitudinal bands.
a. Dorsalis with nine, rarely with eight spines.
By far the greater part of the species belonging to this group
exhibit the prajoperculum finely and equally denticulated, without
those strong teeth on the angle by which some of the former groups
are distinguished. The denticulations gradually disappear in some
species. Thus we are really at a loss how to subdivide the nu-
merous species still remaining. The best Avay would be to base the
division on anatomical differences, if such really exist ; but we must
leav> this task to those naturalists who are provided with more
abundant materials than we are. The dentition does not offer any
essential differences ; nor is it practicable to apply the different colo-
ration, as the species would then be very une(}ually divided, and
of but little use to the naturalist, who is obliged to examine pre-
served and (Uscoloured specimens. Hence we can find no other
character but the number of the rays, much as we object to this
method ; but we obtain at least one advantage, that of facilitating
the detennining of species. The number of rays appeal's rarely to
vary more than two, and on endeavouring to determine a species
we must look for it in two categories : for instance, if there is a spe-
cimen Avith fifteen soft rays, we must look for the species in the
category with fourteen to fifteen rays as well as in that with fifteen
to sixteen. This method would be false if applied to other genera of
fishes with many-rayed fins, where the number often differs more
than five or six. A distribution according to the native coimtries is
of little value, so long as it is unaccompanied by other characters ; and
is of no use at all whenever we have specimens '«nthout anv notice of
their origin.
ilti rEKCID-K.
a. With seventeen or eigliteon siift rays.
33. Serraiius rogaa.
Perca rogaa, Forsk. p. 38.
Bodianus roga<a, Jil. Scliii. p. 384.
Serraniis rogaa, Cui'. t^- Val ii. p. 349 ; Riipp. Affas, y. 105. pi. 2(). f. 1 .
Caudalis tnincated ; denticulations of the pra^opi'iTuliun nciivly
obsolete. Uniform blackish brown ; fins black-oflged.
Red Sea.
a. Adult: stutt'ed. lied Sea.
34. Serranus zananella.
Sen-anus zananella, B/cc/crr, Pcrc. p. 32.
? Labrus gnaza, Laccp. iii. j). 501. pi. 27. f. 1.
? SeiTaiuis zananella, C'ui: Si- J '((/. ii. p. 304.
D. I. A. 4. L. lat. 70.
Caudalis rounded ; inter- and subopereulum entire ; denticulations
of the pra)operculum conspicuous. Coloration uniform bvo-wn ; dor
salis black-edged.
Javanese Sea.
/3. With sixteen soft rays (rart-ly with 15-17).
35. Serranus pachycentrum.
Cuv. ^- Val ii. p. 295.
Caudalis rounded ; both limbs of the pncopereulum, and lo\\('r
limb.s of the inter- and sul)opcrculum finely deiitieuhited ; lateral
scales each M-ith a slight keel, forming together longitudinal lines.
Dried specimen uniform brown.
Ceylonese Sea.
a. Adult : skin : not good state. Ceylon. Presented by E. F. Kelaart,
M.D.
36. Serranus erythraeus.
Cut. ^- Val. vi. p. 51G.
n. i^« A. ^.
Caudahs rounded ; denticulations of tlie i)ra^oi)erculum exceedingly
fine. Uniform brownish ; pectoral and caudal fins nearly black ;
ventrals yellowish. (T7f/.)
Isle de France
37. Serranus microprion.
Bleeker, Amhoinn, ii. p. 552.
n. 'L-^. A.|. L. lat. 75
l6(17) 8
Caudalis rounded; denticulations of the pru)-, .sub-, and inter-
26. SERRANUS. 117
operculum scarcely visible ; the diameter of the eye one-fifth of the
length of the head ; upper maxillary bone reaching beyond the
hinder margin of the eye; the second anal spine longest. Dark
brown on the sides, each scale with a black speck ; head with nu-
merous small, round, blue, black-edged spots ; fins immaculate.
Seas of Java, China, and Amboyna ; Louisiade Archipelago.
Bleeker gives for the dorsal fin ,-^, which number would be — ^
° 15-10' 14-15
according to my way of counting the rays ; but all our specimens
(ex ept one with seventeen rays) exhibit sixteen rays, one of them
coming from Amboyna, and procured from a Dutch collection, with
the name of S. microjynon,
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult. China.
c. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. From Mr. M'Gillivray's
Collection.
e. Adult : stuifed. Louisiade Archipelago (7 fathoms, on sand and
coral). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
/. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (30 fathoms). Voyage of
the Rattlesnake.
38. Serranus cyanostigmatoides.
Serranu8 guttatus, Cuv. % Val. ii. p. 357 (not Peters).
cyanostigmatoides, Bleek. Perc. p. 31.
D 9 A ^
^- 16- ^- 9~0-
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum denticulated ; prae-
operculum very finely serrated, the lower limb entire ; operculum
with three conspicuous spines, upjier one shortest ; the diameter of
the eye one-sixth of the length of the head ; length of the head
not quite one-third of the total. Red (in life), all parts with round,
blue, dark-edged spots ; all the fins, except pectoral fins, dark-edged ;
two white streaks between eye and muzzle.
Seas of Java and AmbojTia.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
39. Serranus cyanostigma.
Renard, Poiss. 3Iol. t. 28. f. 153 ; Valent. iii. p. 392.
Serranus cyanostigma, {Kuhl ^ v. Hass.) Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 359, and
Bigne Anim. III. pi. 8. f. 2 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 32.
D. ^. A. 4. L. lat. 75.
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum entire, praeoperculum
very finely serrated ; the diameter of the eye 6^ in the length of the
head. Red (in life), with numerous small, round, blue, darker-
edged spots on the head and fins ; fins blue-edeed.
Javanese Sea.
118 I'ERCID.K.
Peters ( Wiei/vi. Anhiv, 1855, p. 235) unites S. vijanostiyma and the
following species.
a. Adult. Amboj-na. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
40. Serranus miniatus.
Perca miniata, Forsk. p. 41. no. 41.
Diacope miniata, Cur. Sf Vol. ii. p. 43.3.
Serranus miniatus, JRiipp. Atl. Fische, p. 106. t. 26 f. 3.
' 15-17" ■ 9-10'
Closely allied to IS. guttatus. Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum
very finely serrated, and with a rather decided notcli above the
angle. Ked (in life), covered with small, blue, black-edged rings ;
pectoral and anal fins immaculate ; no fin with a coloured edge.
{Rvpp.)
Red Sea ; Mozambique.
a. Half-gro^Ti : stuffed : discoloured. Sine patria. Old Collection.
y. With fifteen (rarely with fourteen) rays.
41. Serranus aurantius.
Cuv. Sf Val. ii. pi 305; Block. Sum. i. p. 571.
D-ra A.|. L.lat.85.
Caudalis rounded ; the diameter of the eye is 5 or 5^ in the
length of the head ; iippcr maxillary bone just reaching the posterior
margin of the eye ; dcnticulations of the praeoperculum feeble, of
the sub- and interopcrculum conspicuous. Red ; head and front part
of back punctulated with brown ; the soft part of the dorsal fin and
caudalis with a black and yellow edge, the anal fin -w-ith a black one.
Seychelles; Sumatra.
42. Serranus sexmaculatus.
Riippell, Atl. Fische, p. 107.
D.l. A. ^.
15 10
Closely allied to S. miniatus. Caudalis rounded. Red (in life),
covered with small, blue, black-edged rings ; six blackish blotches
along the base of dorsal fin. {Itiipp.)
Red Sea.
43. Serranus nigripinnis.
Bleeher, Bafjan, iii. p. 500 ; (? Cuv. <^- Val. ii. p. 339.)
D. -^. A. -^. L. lat. 100. (B. 7.)
14-15 8-9 V /
Caudalis rounded. The fUameter of the eye one-fifth of the length
of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the posterior
26. SRHKAN'US. 119
half of the eye; prteoperculum finely serrated, with rather stronger
denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperciilum serrated ; the
posterior dorsal spines nearly equal in length, longer than the ante-
rior ones ; the second anal spine stronger but not longer than the
third. Bro^v^lish ; head and anterior part of the back with numerous
small bluish spots, the posterior part of the body with more distant
bro-wTi spots ; the soft part of the dorsal fin, the caudal and anal fins
spotted ; the caudal and pectoral fins yeUow-edged. (Bl.)
Sea of Batjan.
44. Serranus hemistictus.
Riippell, Atlas, p. 109. t. 27. f. 3.
(B.6.) D.i. A.f
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum rounded, with very fine and ob-
solete serrature ; the last dorsal spine longest. Dark olive ; head,
belly, and fins with small blue spots, those of the operculum black-
edged ; caudal, anal, and ventral fins with a whitish edge.
Riippell gives fourteen or fifteen rays for the dorsal fin, and six
branchiostegals only.
Ked Sea.
a. Adult : stuped. Red Sea.
45. Serranus guttatus.
Percse miniatae var. B., Fotsk. p. 41.
Rciiard, i. pi. 20. f. 3, pi. 30. f. 1G2 ; Valent. iii. p. 358. f. 37.
Bodianus guttatus, Bl. t. 224; Bl. Schn. p. 330.
Serranus myriaster, Cut\ ^ Val. ii. p. 365; Riipptll, Atlas, p. 107.
t. 27. f. 1 ; Richards. Ichthyol. China, p. 233 ; Quoy 8f Gaim. Toy.
Astrol. pi. 3. f. 1; Less. Voy. Coquille, pi. 37 ; Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr.
Nederl. Indie, vi. p. 192 ; Qmo?/ i^ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 653.
pi. 3. f. 1.
Serranus guttatus, Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 235 (not Ciw. 4" Val.).
T^.h{l,C.SrV.,Rnpp.). A. 4
Caudalis rounded ; denticulations of the prjeoperculum obsolete ;
its posterior limb not emarginate. Brownish black ; head, body,
and all the fins with round, blue, black-edged spots ; caudalis, analis,
and the hinder half of the dorsaKs white-edged.
According to Blocker's description, the fins do not appear to be
blue-spotted (probably a variety). The denticulations of the prae-
operculum are entirely absent according to Riippell's description, but
they are conspicuous in the figure given by the same naturalist.
After having removed the skin, I find very small teeth at and above
the angle.
Bed Sea ; Isle de France ; Coast of Mozambique ; Ceylon ; China
Seas ; Borabora ; Australia ; Polynesia ; Sandwich Islands.
a, h. Large specimens : stuffed. Isle de France.
120
PEECID^.
c. Adult : bad skin. Ceylon. Presented by Dr. Kelaart.
<f. Young. Bonieo. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
e. Younff : bad skin. From Gronov's Collection.
4(j. Serranus ouatalibi.
Purra, p. '30. pi. 5. f. '2 ; Marqr. p. 147 (Cai-auna) ; Licht. Bed. Abhcmdl.
1820, p. 278.
Bodifinus guativere, Bl, Schn. p. ^36.
Gymnocephalus ruber, Bl. ScJtn. p. 340. pi. (57.
Serranus ouatalibi, (Jiir. i^ Vul. ii, p. 381 ; Gnichen. in liammi dc la
Sinjra, Hi.st. Cuba, Poiss. p. 15.
carauna. Cur. S)- Val. ii. p. 384; Castclnau, Anim. nouv. on rarca
de VAmer. du Sud, Poiss. p. 1. pi. 1. f. 1 (faulty).
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 85. Csec. pylor. 8. Vert. 10/14.
Caudalis rather truncated ; siib- and interopercuhim ver}' slightly
denticulated where they are joined ; pracopcrculum serrated, teeth
of the angle not prominent, lower limb entire ; the upper spine of
the operculum largest and longest. Maxillarj' bone not reaching to
the level of the hinder edge of the eye ; diameter of the eye 5g in the
length of the head ; length of the head '6\ in the total. Eed (in
life) ; head and body, and sometimes dorsiil fin, covered with nume-
rous small, blue, black-edged spots, a pair of larger black spots on
the symphysis of the lower jaw, and another on the back of the tail,
behind the dorsaUs.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
h. Adult : female. West Indies.
c-e. Adult. West Indies.
f. Adult : not good state. West Indies.
(/. Half-grown, West Indies. Old Collection as Perca atomaria,
h. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's CoUection.
I. Adult. S. America. Presented by Sir 11. Schomburgk.
k-r. Half-grown : stuffed. AVest Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Col-
lection.
s-x. Half-grown: skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
y,z. Adult: stuffed. Lord Howe's Island. Voyage of H.M.S.
Herald.— With the formula: D. ^. A. f.
a. Adult: bad skin. Cape Verde.
/). Intestines and ovarium of spec. h. Both halves of the ovarium
arc nearly entirely separated.
Skeleton. — The \ippor surface of the skull is rounded on both
sides, with a very low horizontal branch of the occipital crest between,
not extending on the frontal bones; the space between the orbits is
concave, with a deep, oblong, triangular groove in front. The pos-
terior part of the orbit is strongly elevated ; the interior orbito-
scapular ridge is fc(;ble, but projecting behind into a strong spine ;
the exterior is veiy broad and strong, covered by the skin only.
26. SEKRANUS. 121
The upper maxillary bone without process and wdth nearly straight-
lined margins. Operculum with three veiy acute prominent spines,
the upper two of which are longest, and much more distant from one
another than the middle from the lower; the praeoperculum rounded
throughout, with very fine and equal denticulations at the posterior
limb ; sub- and interoperculum entire. The dentition is the same
as in S. coronatus, but the posterior front teeth of the upper jaw
are not quite so long as in that species. There are ten abdominal
and fourteen caudal vertebrae. The first interhsemal spine is equal
to the length of the second to the seventh vertebra, and attached
to the hajmal of the first caudal verte' ra.
Castelnau {I.e. pi. 1. f. 3) gives a tolerably good figure of a fish
named Serramis ouatalibi, but certainly different from it. The figure
being imaccompanied by a proper description, we arc unable to de-
termine the species from it alone.
47. Serranus taeniops.
Seba, iii. 27. 6.
Serranus tseniops, Cur. ^ Val. ii. p. 370.
D. ^. A. ^. Coec. pylor. 7. Vert. 10 14.
Caudalis rounded. The height of the body is one-fourth of the
total length ; the length of the head is 3^ in the same length ; the
diameter of the eye nearly one-sixth of the length of the head ; the
upper maxillary bone reaching behind the level of the posterior
margin of the eye. Denticulations of the praeoperculum conspicuous.
Red (in life) ; head, body, and fins ^vith numerous small, round, blue,
black-edged spots ; between eye and muzzle two dark-blue streaks ;
fins blue-edged.
Atlantic, between Africa and Tropical America.
a. Adult. St. Vincent's. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
h. Adult. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult: male: skeleton. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. S. Africa. From Mr, Stevens's Collection.
Skeleton. — The paroccipital and parietal bones form together a
slight convexity, whilst the space between the orbital margins is
rather concave ; the ridges are slightly developed ; the posterior part
of- the occipital crest is oblong, quadrangular, higher than long, and
emits a low longitudinal bianeh along the medial line of the upper
part of the supraoccipifal bone, but which does not extend on the
frontals. The suprascapula is evidently separated into two bones —
an interior, which articulates with the cxoccipital ; and an outer one,
articulating with the mastoid bone ; from both articulations nin
parallel longitudinal ridges to the orbit ; the interior one is very
inconspicuous in this species, but is strongly dcvclo]>ed in S. undu-
losiis ; the exterior ridge is not high, but very strong. The max-
122 PERCID,!;.
illary bone gradually widens from the front towards behind, and is
moreover distinguished by a prominent triangular process at the
hinder, lower angle. The proeoperculum has a rounded angle and
rather convex limbs, the posterior of which is minutely serrated ;
the operculum with three long, pointed, veiy prominent spines, and
deep notches between, the upper one more distant and the middle
one rather longer; the sub- and interoperculum are serrated, the
former along the anterior half of its length, and produced into an
elongate point behind. There are, above and beneath, two pairs of
strong canine teeth ; otherwise the dentition is very similar to that
of -S. coronatus, except in the posterior front teeth being much shorter.
The fii'st iuterhgemal spine is of moderate development, being equal
to the length of the first six vertebrae ; it is fixed to the haemal of
the eleventh vertebra.
48. Serranus sonnerati.
Perca rubra, Sonnerat.
Serranus sonnerati, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 299.
D. -^. A. i-.
14-15 9
Caudahs rounded ; praeoperculum with a few obsolete denticula-
tions. Uniform brownish (in spirits) ; head, in life, with reticulated
blue lines.
Coasts of Pondicherry, Ceylon, and Sumatra; Louisiade Archi-
pelago.
a. Adult. Sumatra. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
h, c. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. From the
Voyage of the Rattlesnake -
49. Serranus urodelus.
Perca lu-odela, Forsf. Descr. Anim. Cur. Lichtenst. p. 221.
Serranus urodelus, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 30G, vi. p. 513; Bleek. Kokos-
eilandeHf p. 39,
D. ±. A. |. L. lat. 85.
Caudalis rounded. Sub- and interoperculum slightly denticulated
where they are joined ; praeoperculum entire below, finely serrated
behind ; operculum v^^th three conspicuous spines. Maxillary bone
reaching far behind the level of the eye ; the diameter of the eye
one-sixth of the length of the bead ; length of the head one-third of
the total. Unifoi-m brown (in spirits) ; hinder half of the dorsal fin,
caudalis, and analis with pale (in life red and blue) spots ; caudaUs
with two oblique whitish bands, convergent posteriorly.
Amboyna ; Caroline and Kokos Islands.
a. Large specimen. India.
b. Adult. Amboyua. From Mr. Frnnk's Collection.
2i). SEKRANCS. Ij2^3
50. Serranus analis.
Citv. Sf Val. ii. p. 307, vi. p. 514; Less. V<n/. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 235
CaudaJis rounded. Denticulations of the praeopevcuhira very fine.
Uniform whitish ; vertical fins black-edged. {Val.) — [Lesson men-
tions only thirteen soft rays of the dorsal fin.]
New Ireland.
51. Serranus zanana.
Serranus zanana, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 339.
Serranus spilurus, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 433 ; Blcek. Floris, p. 322.
^•lir.- ^-i- L.lat.65.
Caudalis rounded. The height of the body is 3^ in the total
length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-
fom-th of the length of the head ; upper maxillary bone reaching
beyond the hinder margin of the eye ; prseoperculum minutely
serrated, suboperculum entire, interoperculum scarcely denticulated
behind ; lateral line veiy convex, nearest to the sixth, seventh and
eighth dorsal spines ; the posterior six dorsal spines nearly equal in
length, the second anal spine longest and strongest. Brownish grey,
marbled with darker ; four large, oblong, dark spots along the base
of the dorsal; on the back of the tail behind the dorsal a round,
bfeck, white-edged spot, behind which is another smaller one.
Across the posterior margin of the caudal a black band.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection as Ser-
7'anus spilurus.
b. Half-grown : stuffed. Sine patria.
There can be littlo doubt of the identity of the specimens described
by Valenciennes under two names. But the fish described by Bleeker
may prove to be a different species ; his fish is covered with smaU
blue spots, and anteriorly punctulated with brown ; he does not
mention, also, the deep-colom-ed dorsal blotches, which may disappear
in dried specimens, but certainly not in those which are preserved
in spirits.
8. With fourteen (rarely With fifteen) rays.
52. Serranus leopardus.
Labrus leopardus, Lacep. iii. p. 517. pi. 30. f. 1.
Serranus leopardus, Cut: <Sr Val. ii. p. 336.
14 9
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum very finely denticulated. Colo-
ration of dried specimens : pale round spots all over the body, more
numerous on the head, chest, and belly ; a brown temple-streak with
a darker spot behind ; on the back of the tail, behind the dorsal, one
or two black spots ; caudalis with two oblique bands ; a series of spots
between the dorsal spines, and two series between the rays. (Vol.)
Hah. ?
124 PEBCID^.
53. Serranus coronatus.
Perca guttata, Bl. t. 312.
Sparus cruentatus, Lacep. iv. p. 157. pi. 4. f. 1.
Serranus coronatus, Cui\ 8f Val. ii. p. 371.
niorriculud, Cuv. 8)- Vcd. ii. p. 375 ; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sayra,
Hist. Cuba. Poiss. p. 14.
guttatus, Castetnau, Animaux nouveattx, Poissans, p. 1.
D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 60. Csec. pylor. 6. Vert. 9/15.
Caiidalis rounded. Denticulations of the proeoperculum very tine,
sometimes obsolete ; diameter of the eye one-sixth of the length of
the head ; length of the head not quite one-third" of the total. Pecto-
rals nearly reaching to the front end of the anal fin ; the upper max-
illary bone reaching beyond the level of the posterior margin of the
eye. Brownish or brown (in spirits) ; on the head constantly nu-
merous round whitish spots, sometimes occupying the anterior half
or two-tliii'ds of the body (S. nlgriculus), or obsolete on the tnmk,
and replaced by distant dark-brown (in life \-iolet) spots ; fins with
very numerous small brown spots. Back sometimes with a series of
three or four small, round, black spots along the base of the dorsal fin.
Caribbean Sea ; Gulf of Mexico ; Coast of Brazil.
a. Adult. S. America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
b. Adult. Puerto Cabello. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
c. Half-groAvn. W. Indies.
d. Half-grown : skeleton. W. Indies.
e. Adult. W. Indies.
/. Adult. W. Indies. From the Haslar Collection. — With only
seven dorsal spines,
r/. Adult. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h, i. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
Tc. Adult : skin : bad state. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson,
Esq.
I, m. Adult : stuffed. W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
Var. NIGRICTTLUS.
m. Adult. S. America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
n-s. Adult : stiiffed. W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
Skeleton. — The skeletons of the numerous species of Serranus are
very similar to one another : the configuration of the bones forming
the roof of the skull, the opercular pieces, and the maxillarj- bone,
exhibit slight differences, of no importance in systematical arrange-
ment, and difficult to be clearly described. In this species the upper
part of the skull does not bear very prominent ridges ; a slight lon-
gitudinal crest runs from the supraoccipital to the hinder end of the
suture between the frontal bones, which are slightly swollen, and
rather elevated above the level of the occipital ; the space between
the orbits is slightly concave, filled up by ^wo divergent, rounded
ridges of the frontal bones. The maxiUary bone is widened behind,
with straight superior and inferior margins. The praeoperciilum is
20. SERUANUS. 12o
rounfled throughout, with exeessivelj- fine denticulations at the pos-
terior limb. Opercuhim witli three con.spi<niou.s spines nearly of
equal size, the two lower ones nearer together. Wlicrever the den-
ticulations of the pra?operculum are as minute as in this species,
the sub- and intcrojierculum have always an entire margin. There
are in front of the up})er jaw two canines of moderate size, corre-
sponding to two pairs of the lower ; the other teeth occupy, in ji
broad band, all the length of the intermaxillary, those in the outei'
series being ratlun- stronger ; the interior front teeth are excessively
long, one being nearly equal to the distance between the eyes.
The teeth of the mandibula reach to the end of the dental bone,
being arranged posteriorly in a single series, and further in front
in two series ; the strongest teeth are in the middle of the side of
the dental bone and in front. The series of the vomerine teeth form
a right angle ; those of the palatine are minute, in a single series.
and do not reach to the posterior end of this bone. As the second
s])ine-of the anal fin is veiy sti'ong, so is its interha?mal correspond-
ingly developed ; it is fixed to the haemal spines of the nintli and
tenth vertebra), and is as long as the first seven vertebra) together.
e. Witli tAvelve rays.
o4. Serranus spiloparceus.
On: A'- TV)/, ii. p. ^>-'.^.
D. K A. ^.
12 8
C'andalis rounded ; denticulations of the praeopo'cuhim xevy fin(>
Brown, with darker rounded spots on th(! head, ob.solete on the b(jdy ;
tins without spots and streaks. (^Val.)
Hah. ?
b. Dorsalis witli ten (ir ele\"eu (rarely with twelve) spines.
[As in the preceding group with nine spines in the dorsal fin. 1
also divide this according to the number of the soft rays in the same
fin, and j-efer to what I have there said. Most of the species have
stronger denticulations on the angle of the pra3operculum, whereby
they are still more distinguished from those of the preceding group.]
(I. With cleren or twelve rays.
55 Serranus limbatus.
Cui\ (§• Ffd. ii. p. 807
Caudalis truncated. PrsDoperculum denticulated, and with a slight
notch above the angle ; interoperculum without any protuberance.
Uniform whitish ; dorsal fin black-edged. ( Val.)
Island of Guam
12G PEKCID.«.
56. Serranus nouleny.
Cm: 4'- Va/. ii. p. 247.
B.'-l. A. A.
1'2 8
PraBoperculum with fine denticulations, those of the angle rather
stronger ; scapula very conspicuously denticulated. Coloration uni-
form. (Val.)
Coast of Coromandel.
0. With thirteen or fourteen rays.
57. Serranus lutra.
Cuv. (§• Val. viii. p. 474.
Caudalis rounded. Opercidmn with only one spine behind.
Yellowish olive, marbled -nath blackish ; a black spot on the back of
the tail behind the dorsal fin. ( V'll.)
Isle de France.
58. Serranus goldmanni.
Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Kederl. hulk; ix. p. 4Ji4.
^■^, A.|. L.lat.85.
Caudalis rounded ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the length of
the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching beyond the posterior
margin of the eye. PraBoperculum serrated, with rather stronger
denticulations at the angle ; sub- and intero])erculura entire ; oper-
culum with three points, the middle of which is the longest ; the
fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest ; the second anal spine
longer than those of the dorsal fin, nearly half the lieight of the
body. (ireeni.sh, head and body punctulatcd with bi-ownish ; head
and anterior part of the back marbled with bro'\\Ti above ; the back of
the tail with a black half-ring ; all the fins irregularly and thickly
dotted with brown, and, the pectorals excepted, edged \^-ith black. {Bh )
Sea of Groot-Oby*
59. Serranus pavoninus.
Cur. <§• Val. vii. p. 443.
Caudalis truncated ; muzzle pointed ; prseopcrculum ?. Reddish ;
beneath the first four dorsal rays a round black spot, encircled by a
white ring ; caudal fin with a vertical black line at the base. ( Val.)
Bombay.
y. Witli fouHcon or fifteen rays.
GO. Serranus angularis.
Cuv. ^- Val ii. p. .3.5.3.
Caudalis truncated ; angle of the prasoperculum with four or five
26. SERBANUS. 127
very strong and broad spinous teeth ; interoperculum with some
denticulations. Whitish, spotted with olive ; vertical fins with
brown spots.
Isle de France : Ceylon.
a. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France.
61. Serranus suillus.
Russell, pi. 127.
Bola coioides, Buchanan Hamilton, pp. 82, 369.
Serranus suillus, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 335 ; Bleeker, Verhand. Bat. Gee-
nootsch. xxii. p. 9.
Serranus coioides, Cant. Catal. p. 11.
D.ii. A.^.
15 8
Caudalis rounded ; angle of the praeoperculiun with very strong spi-
nous teeth. Head, body, and fins greyish, with large round orange
spots, those of the doi'sal fin sometimes confluent into longitudinal
bands.
Coast of Coromandel ; Bay of Bengal ; Gangetic estuaries ; Java
Philippines.
a. Young. Philippines.
62. Serranus fuscoguttatus.
Percae summanae var. h, Forsk. p. 42.
Sen-anu3 fuscoguttatus, Ritppell, Atl. Fische, p. 108. t. 27. f. 2 ; Peters,
Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 235.
D.-11-. A. A
14-15 8-5
Caudalis rounded. Denticulations of the praeoperculum stronger
at the angle. Light brown, marbled with darker, and covered with
rounded blackish-brown spots ; a large black blotch behind the dorsal
fin across the back of the tail. (Riipp.)
Red Sea ; Coast of Mozambique. (Port Essington ?)
a. ? Adult : skin : not good state. Port Essington. " Rock-Cod "
of the Colonists.
63. Serranus altivelioides.
Bkeker, Perc. p. 38-
D. ||. A. I-. L. lat. 86.
15 8
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 3^ in the total ; dia-
meter of the eye one- fifth of the length of the head ; the upper profile
of the head rather convex ; sub- and interoperculum entire. Yellow-
ish ; head, body, and all the fins with small round brown spots. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
128 PF.ECTB.i;.
64. Serranus polyphekadion.
Blecker, Perc. p. 39, and Jara, p. 417.
D. |i. A. 4. L. lat. 80-85.
Caudalis rounded. The length of tlie head is 3i-3| in the
total, and the diameter of the eye 5^ in the length of the head ; upper
profile of the head rather convex ; maxillary hone reaching hehind
the level of the eye. Proeoperculum with stronger denticulutions
on the angle, suh- and interoperculum entire. The fifth and sixth
spines of the dorsal fin and the third spine of the anal longest, llose-
colourcd in Ufe, darker on the hack ; ahove with numei-ous deej)
brown and yellow specks, beneath with brown spots ; all the fins
punctiilated with broM'n.
Sea of Batavia,
a. Adult : not good state. Sine patria. Old Collection.
65. Serranus salmonoides.
Ilolocentrus salmonoides, Laecp. iii. pi. ;>4. f. 3.
Serranus salmonoides, Cue. iS' ^nl- ii- P- 34^3.
luti, Cue. 6f Val. ii. p. 303 (not synon.) ; Lcfchrrc, Voi/. Abyss.
Zoo/, p. 230; Pom. pi. 5. f. 2.
? Serranus polypodophilus, Bleekcr, Perc. p. 37.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. i)0.
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is three times in the
total ; the diameter of the eye 5^ in the length of the head ; the
upper maxillary bone i-eaching a little behind the posterior margin
of the eye ; pncopereulum with rather coarse denticidations at the
angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; upper profile of the head
rather convex. Brownish yellow, marbled with darker ; head and
body with blackish and yellowish round spots ; all the fins with
rounded black and whitish spots.
Sea of Batavia ; Isle de France ; Red Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Isle do France. From Br. Janvier's Collection.
b. Adult : stuffed, lied Sea.
e. Half-grown. India. From the Haslar Collection.
d, e. Half-grown and young. India. From the Haslar Collection.
Tlic cross-bands mentioned by Valenciennes are nothing more than
darker blotches of more or less regular shape.
66. Serranus epistictus.
Temm. 8f SchLcfj. Faun.Jupon.^^.S; JJlcck. Vcrliand. Batav. Oeiinotsc/i.
xxvi. p. 00. pi. 2. f. 1.
^■£rs- ^^-4 L. lat. 95.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head 4i ; the diameter of the oyo is 4.\-4i in tlie hitter. The
26. SEREANUS. 129
upper maxillary reaches somewhat beyond the posterior margin of
the eye. Praeoperculum with coarser denticulations at the angle ;
sub- and interoperculum slightly denticulated. The third dorsal
spine to the seventh nearly equal in length, and 2f in the depth of
the body. Caudal fin rounded ; the second and third anal spines
nearly equal in length. Brownish, with four series of distant, small
black spots ; the vertical fins with similar spots ; the spinous dorsal
black-edged.
Japanese Sea
67. Serranus bataviensis.
Sleeker, Pere. p. 38.
D. }i. A. |. L. lat. 80.
Caudalis rounded. Length of the head three times in the total ; the
diameter of the eye 5i in the length of the head ; upper profile of the
head rather convex; sub- and iateroperculum entire. Brownish,
sides reticulated with black and greyish ; vertical fins with a blackish
edge and lighter spots ; ventral and pectoral fins immaculate.
Javanese Sea ; Amboyna,
a. Adult. Java.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
68. Serranus alboguttatns.
Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 366 (?) ; Bleeker, Ambaina, iii. p. 13.
D. -^. A. -. L. lat. 75.
14-14 8
Caudalis rounded. Length of the head one-third of the total;
diameter of the eye 3i or 4 in the length of head ; denticulations of
the angle of the prseoperculum strongest ; suboperculum entire, in-
teroperculum with two or three denticulations ; the spinous part of
the doi-sal fin scarcely lower than the soft ; the hinder nine spines
nearly equal in length ; the second spine of the analis longest, 2i in
the length of the head. Blackish brown, with small, round, light
blue spots ; pectoral fins orange -coloured, punctulated with brown ;
the other fins blackish brown with pearl-coloured specks ; vertical
fins with a whitish edge.
Amboyna.
a, h. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection
69. Serranus polystigma.
Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 2.
D. Ii. A. |. L. lat. 80.
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 3^ in the total ; the
diameter of the eye 4^—5 in the length of the head ; denticulations
of the angle of the prseoperculum strongest, sub- and interoperculum
130 PEKCID^.
entire ; the spinous part of the dorsal fin lower than the soft, -the
middle spines longest ; the second spine of the anal fin one-third of
the length of the head. BroAvnish ; ail parts covered with blue specks,
smaller than the scales ; vertical and pectoral fins with an orange
edge. {BL)
Sea of Amboyna.
70. Serranus maculatus.
Perca maciJata, Bl. t. 313 (bad).
Spams atlanticus, Lac^. iv. p. 158. pi. 5. f. 1.
Serranus catus, Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 373 ; Guichen. in Ramon <le la
SagrUf Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 13.
Sfirranus maculatus, Bleek., is another species : cfr. no. 17.
D.ii. A.i.
M 8
Caudalis rounded ; prseoperculum very finely serrated, sub- and
interoperculum entire. Head not quite one-third of the total
length ; the third spine to the sixth of dorsal fin, and the second of
the anal longest. Dried specimen light brown ; head and body with
rounded yellowish spots, each with a brown centre ; fins immaculate,
the vertical ones with a blackish edge.
Cuvier gives seventeen soft rays for the dorsal fin.
Martinique.
a. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
71. Serranus ga^eus.
MiiU. Sf Tfosch. in Schomhurgk'' s Beisen in Brit. Guiafia, p. 621.
15 9
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 3^ in the total ; the
diameter of the eye is 6i in the length of the head, and much smaller
than the distance between the eyes ; maxillary bone reaching far be-
hind the eye ; praeoperculum with fine serrature, rather stronger on
the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; the spinous part of the
dorsal fin low, the third to the eleventh spine nearly equal in length ;
the third spine of the anal fin longer th\in the second. Brown, marbled
with darker ; head, anterior part of body and pectoral fins with
scattered blackish-brown spots ; spots of the other fins obsolete.
Coast of Brazil.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomhurgk.
72. Serranus niveatus.
Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 380; Castelnau, Anim. tiouv. ou rares de PAm^.
du Sud, Poiss. pi. 1. f. 2.
D.i^. A. 4.
14 9
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum strongly serrated, -with the angle
rather produced backwards. Brownish olive, 'svith small scattered
26. SEKRANUS. 131
spots of light blue ; fins immaculate ; a large quadrangular blao.k
spot on the back of tail.
Coast of Brazil.
73. Serranus margaritifer. (Plate IX. fig. B.)
D. {i. A. 4. L. lat. 85.
Caudalis truncated. The height of the body is equal to the length
of the head, and 3^ in the total ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth
of the length of the head. Pra^operculum finely serrated behind,
with some coarse and obtuse teeth at the angle, and a single one on
the lower Mmb, not directed forward ; sub- and interoperculum
minutely serrated. Ventrals reaching to the origin of the anal fin,
pectorals shorter. Keddish olive, with four series of pearl- coloui'ed
spots of moderate size. A broad black blotch crossing the back of
the tail.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir B. Schomburgk.
Description. — The body is rather elevated ; its greatest height is
between the base of the dorsal and pectoral fiLos, equal to the length
of the head, and contained 3^ in the total. Taking the distance
between the dorsal and caudal fins = 1, it is contained 4^ in the
length of the base of the dorsal, and 1|- in the base of the anal, and
is nearly equal to one-third of the distance between the dorsal fin
and the snout. The distance between the eyes is scarcely more than
the diameter of the eye, and covered with scales, which extend for-
ward beyond the nostiils, on the praeorbital, and in a narrow band on
the upper maxillarj' bone. The length of the snout from the eye is
more than the diameter of the eye. The upper maxillary bone does
not reach to the level of the posterior margin of the eye. The man-
dibulary is covered with minute scales, and is longer than one-half of
the length of the head. The lips are thick and fleshy. The posterior
limb of the praeoperculum is nearly straight, minutely serrated, with
very coarse denticulations at the angle ; there is a single strong an:d
obtiase spinous tooth on the lower hmb, at some distance from the
other teeth, half concealed in the skin, and pointing downwai'ds.
The sub- and interoperculum exhibit a serrature near their meeting
angles ; the operculum terminates in three conspicuous, flat, tri-
angular teeth, the upper of which is the most distant, the middle
the longest, but not veiy prominent, and the lower the shortest and
the most feeble. The suprascapular bone is concealed by the ordinary
scales.
The base of the dorsalis is nearly free, but a tapering row of sciales
runs up between each pair of spines and rays to half the height of
the fiin. The spinous portion is rather lower, but longer than the
soft, and has a convex upper margin ; the membrane between the
spines is deeply notched, and there is behind the top of each spine a
small membranaceous appendage. The first spine is the shortest,
half the- size of the second ; the second two- thirds the length of the
132 PEECID-E.
third ; the fourth, fifth and sixth are longest ; and then the spines
become gradually shorter, except the last, which is again scarcely
longer than the preceding. The soft portion exhibits an entirely
rounded -upper margin, the rays becoming longer from the first to
the sixth, and shorter from the seventh to the last ; the first ray is
one-fourth longer than the preceding spine. The caudalis is trun-
cated ; but when spread out, it exhibits a rather convex posterior
margin with angular lobes. The analis commences a little behind
the commencement of the soft dorsal portion, and terminates a little
before the end of the dorsal ; the first spine is not very strong and
short, the second thick and strong, the third more slender, but rather
longer, and equal to the second dorsal spine. The margin of the fin
is rounded throughout, the second ray being the longest, and the
posterior ones becoming gradually shorter. The pcctoralis is com-
posed of eighteen rays, rounded, shorter than the ventral, and
covered with minute scales to one-third of the length only. The
ventralis reaches to the origin of the anal, the first and second
spines being rather long and pointed; the other rays diminish
gradually in length ; the length of the spine is equal to that of the
third dorsal spine. The canine teeth arc of moderate length ; those
of the lower jaw rather smaU.
The groun^-coloiu" is reddish olive, lighter on the belly ; on each
side of the body are foui* series of pearl-coloured spots, each occupying
the place of five or six scales. The uppermost series reaches from
the occiput along the base of the dorsal fin to the black blotch of the
tail, and is composed of eight spots ; the second, following the lateral
line, of six ; the third, from the angle of operculum, of four ; and
the fouith, from the base of the pectorals, of five. There is a
blackish streak behind the maxillary bone. The black blotch on the
tail occupies nearly the whole space between the dorsal and caudal
fins and between the two lateral lines. The fins are nearly uni-
coloured ; a single pearl-coloured spot is to be seen on the seventh
spine and on the ventral fins ; tlie anal has a whitish edge ; ventrals
blackish, with whitish lateral margin ; pectorals uniform yellowish.
Length of the specimen 11^ inches.
This species very much resembles the S. tsirimenara, Faun. Japon.
p. 7. pi. 4rt. f. 3, which is said to be common in Japan, and to have
sixteen soft rays in the dorsjil fin. Still more remarkable is it that
the same plate in that work represents another fish, S. octocinctus, so
similar to a West Indian fish, S. mystacinus, that they cannot be
separated. I have sufficient proof that the native country of the
specimens in the British Museum is correctly stated.
. 8. With fifteen or sixteen rays.
74. Serranus gigas
Perca gigas, Briinnich, Pise. Mass. p. ()5. no. 81.
Holocentrus gigas, Bl. Schn. p. 322; I^c la Roche, Ann. Mm. xiii. p.818.
m^rou, LacSp. i\. p. 377 ; llisso, Ichthyol. de Nice, p. 289.
Serranus gigas, CVr. i<f Vul. ii. p. 270; Expcd. Sc. Muree, Zool. pi. lit.
f. 1 ; GidchiH. Krplor. i>c. Altjer. Poiss. p. 35.
26. SEKKANUS. 133
Serranus marginatus, Lmce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 142.
fimbriatus, Lowe, Trans. Catnbr. Philos. Soc. 1836, p. 195. pi. 1 ;
Valenc. in Barker- Webb ^ Berthelot, Ichthyol. p. 8.
caninus, Valenc. I. c. p. 10.
T) -il- A ^
Caudalis rounded ; denticulations of the praeoperculum gradually
becoming larger towords the angle ; sub- and interoperciilum entire.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the
head 3^. Nearly uniform brownish, lighter towards the belly.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic Coast of the Peninsula. (Cape of Good
Hope ?)
a. Very large specimen. Sine patria.
h. Very large specimen : stuffed. Sine patria.
c. Adult : stuffed. Madeira. Presented by the Zoological Society.
Type o{ S.Jlmbriattts, Lowe.
d. Very large spdtimen : stuffed. Cape of Good Hope. Presented
by Sir A. Smith.
c. Young : bad state. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
75. Serranus moara.
TeniTH. Sf Schleg. Faun. Japan, pi. 4, lower figure.
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum with coarser denticulations at
the angle ; the height of the body not quite one-fourth of the total
length. Brownish grey, marbled with darker. (Schley.)
Japanese Seas.
76. Serranus goreensis.
Cuv. 8c Val. vi. p. 511; Jenyns, Zool. of the Beagle, Fishes, p. 5.
Allied to S. gigas. Caudalis truncated or slightly emargiQate.
Denticulations of the praeoperculum stronger at the angle. The fourth
dorsal spiue longest, equalling just half the entire length of the
spinous portion of the fin. Uniform brown ; dorsal and anal fins with
a violet edge ; ventral fins blackish.
Coast of Goree ; St. Jago ; Cjape Verde Islands.
77. Serranus erythrogaster.
Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 21. pi. 19. f. 52 ; Holbr. Ichth.
S. Carol, p. 29. pi. 5. f. 2 (dorsal bad).
D.H A.|. Caec. pylor. 28.
Closely allied to S. goreensis. Caudalis emarginate. The height of
the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head is one-third
of the latter. Denticulations of the praeoperculum stronger at the
angle. The third dorsal spine longest, shorter than the half of the
entire length of the spinous portion of the fin. Pectorals rounded,
134 PEKCID^.
distant from the anal. Olive-brown above, with more or less distinct
ashy spots ; beneath red ; the vertical fins with blue borders.
Eastern shores of the United States ; Gulf of Mexico ; Sea of
Jamaica.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
78. Serranus fuscus.
Lowe, in Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc. 1838, p. 196 ; Valeric, m Barker-
Webb and Berthelot, Ichthyol. p. 9.
D.^^. A.i^. Vert. 24.
CaudaUs truncated ; prteoperculum with obsolete denticulations.
Blackish brown, obscurely marbled with greyish.
Madeira ; Canary Islands.
Valenciennes mentions seventeen rays of the dorsal fin.
79. Serranus seneus.
Dalouse, Geoffr. St. Hil. Descr. (TEg. I'oiss. pi. 21. f. 2.
Serranus seneus, Is. Geoffr. Puiss. iVEy. p. 208 ; Cuv. ^ Vol. ii. p. 283.
JJ.jg. A.-.
Caudalis rounded. Denticulations of the angle of the praeoper-
culum rather stronger. Brownish green, marbled with lighter ; anal
and ventral fins with a blue edge ; on the side of the head three
oblique white bands : the first from the angle of the praeopcrculum
to the middle of the suboperculura, the second from the eye to the
posterior angle of the interoperculum, the third from the maxillary
across the middle of the interoperculum.
Damietta.
80. Serranus emarginatus.
Valenciennes, in Barker- Webb i^- Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Ich-
thyol. p. 10.
D. |i. A. -i. L. lat. 75.
The length of the head rather more than one-fourth of the total ;
the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the former. Praeoperculum
distinctly seiTatcd, with a notch above the angle ; intermaxillary
bones with teeth in the middle of the upper jaw only. Caudalifi
truncated, the third dorsal spine longest. Brownish, marbled with
lighter and darker. (Val.)
Canaiy Islands.
81. Serranus nigritus.
Holbr. Ichthyol. S. Carol, p. 173. pi. 25. f. 2 (the eye appears to be
represented much too small).
T) " A ^
^- Is- ^' To-
The height of the body is 3 A in the total length, the length of the
head not quite three times. The angle of the praeoperculum rather
26. 8EEHANUS. 135
prominent, and with stronger dentienlations. Caudal rounded.
Uniform blackish ; fins without any spots. (HoUjr.)
Coast of South Carolina.
82. Serranus acutirostris.
Cuv. ^ Val ii. p. 286, ix. p. 432 ; Valenc. in Barker- Webb S,- Ber-
thelot, lies dinar. Iddhyol. p. 11. pi. 3. f. 1 5 Guichen, Explor. Sc.
Al^er. Poiss. p. 35.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head 3i. Proeoperculum finely serrated behind ; angle projecting,
with coarser dentienlations. CaudaUs slightly emarginate ; the third
aual spine longer than the second. Uniform greenish.
Coast of Brazil ; Canary Islands ; Sea of Messina.
83. .Serranus marginalis.
Epinephelus marginalis, Block, t. 328. f. 1.
Holocentrus rosmarus, Lacep. iv. pp. 389, 392. t. 7. f. 2.
Serranus marginalis, Cue. Sf Val. ii. p. 301 ; Richards. Ichth. China,
p. 233 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 34
D.J^. A.|. L.lat. 80-90. Vert. 9/15.
Caudalis truncated. Length of the head 2|^ in the total ; diameter
of the eye 4|^ in the length of the head. Praeoperculum with rather
stronger dentienlations on the angle, sub- and iuteroperculum entire.
The upper maxillary bone reaching just to the level of the posterior
margia of the eye. Pectorals distant from the front end of the anal,
and reaching a little behind the tip of the ventrals. Brownish or
yellowish ; the spinous part of tho dorsal fin, and sometimes the
caudal fin, black-edged.
Javanese, Chinese, and Japanese Seas ; Amboyna ; Timor ; Louis -
lade Archipelago.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
6. Adult: skeleton. China.
c. Adult. China.
d. Adiilt : stufi'ed. China. Presented by J.. E. Eeeves, Esq.
e. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
/. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
g. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
i. Adult: stuffed. Japan.
k. Adiilt. India.
I. Adult : bad state. India. From the Haslar Collection.
m. Young. India. From the Haslar Collection.
n-q. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Yoyage of the Rattle-
snake.
r. Advdt : skin. Sand-bank near Darnley Island
s. Adult : skin. Copang (Timor).
136 PERCID^.
Skeleton. — That part of the upper surface of the head which is
formed by the supraoccipital and the posterior part of the frontal
bones is slightly elevated and rounded on both sides, there being a
rather deep groove between those ridges which run from the orbit
to the articulations of the suprascapula ; the interior of these ridges
is elevated behind, becoming inconspicuous near the orbit. The
upper anteiior branch of the siipraoccipital crest is low, and does not
exceed the supraoccipital bone ; there is on each side a siriiilar ad-
ditional crest, arising from the body of the paroccipital one. The
space between the orbits is narrow, with a shght median groove.
The maxillaiy bone exhibits a nearly straight superior edge, the
inferior being irregularly concave and angular. The operculum
with three distinct, nearly equidistant points, the upper of which is
smallest, the middle longest and very prominent ; the posterior edge
of the praeoperculum finely seiTated, with rather stronger denticu-
lations at the angle ; the lower edge entire, with a longitudinal
groove ; the suboperculum entire, produced behind into a long soft
point ; the interoperculum with one or two inconspicuous denticula-
tions. The dentition is verj- similar to that of S. tceniops ; there is
a pair of strong, but short canines in each jaAV. I cannot decide
whether ^another pair, not perfectly developed, between the up2>er
canines, are merely the successors of the latter, or whether they will
form a second separate pair of canines. A similar pair, also not
perfectly developed, are to be seen in the lower jaw, but at the outside
of the canines which are in function. The first interha^mal spine is
long and strong, equal to the length of the second to the eighth (in-
clusive) vertebra, and attached to the haemal spine of the tenth
vertebra ; it corresponds to the first and second dormoha^mal, there
being no separate interhaemal for the first ; but this strong inter-
hajmal generally exhibits a jirominent longitudinal ridge along its
anterior surface, and I consider this ridge to be the interha)mal pro-
perly belonging to the fij'st dermolucmal, being a separate bone in an
earlier period of life, but afterwards united with that of the second.
84. Serranus horridus.
Serranus horridus, (KuhlSfv. i/./ss.) Cuv.^Val. ii. p. 321; Bleeker,
Perc, p. 3G ; Cantor, Caiiil. p. 9.
15-16 8
Caudalis rounded ; head nearly one-third of the total length ; eye
nearly one-seventh of the length of the head. Sub- and interopercu-
lum entire ; praeoperculum with rounded angle and a fine, but distinct
serrature ; the third dorsal spine to the eleventh nearly equal in
height, and much shorter than the soft dorsal fin. The upper max-
illary reaches beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Upper profile
of the head rather concave. Brown, largely marbled with blackish
brown ; head, body, and fins with roundish brownish-black spots.
Javanese Sea ; Sea of Pinang.
One stuffed specimen in the Collection of the East India House.
2G. SEREANUS. 137
85. Serranus crapao.
Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 494 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 37 ; Richards. Ann. 8r Man.
Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 25.
I>-n- A-p-TFii^- L.lat.80.
Caudalis rounded ; head one -third of the total length ; diameter of
the eye one-seventh of the length of the head ; angle of the praeoper-
culum with stronger denticulations ; sub- and interoperculum entire.
Brownish ; all the parts with rounded brown spots.
Sunda Sea ; Port Essington.
a. Adult : skin. Port Essington.
b. Adult : skin. Port Essington. Purchased of J. Gould, Esq.
86. Serranus sebaB.
Bleeker, Amboiiia, v. p. 488.
D. ii. A. I-. L. lat. 85-90.
10 8
Caudalis rounded ; length of the head 3^ in the total ; diameter of
the eye one-fifth of the length of the head ; upper profile of the head
convex ; angle of the prseoperculum with stronger spinous teeth ;
suboperculum entire ; interoperculum with one or two denticulations.
The third spine of the dorsal and anal fins longest. Brownish ; body
and all the fins with round darker spots ; the soft part of the dorsal
fin "land the caudalis vdth a narrow yeUow edge.
Chinese Sea ; Amboyna.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
87. Serramis siimmana.
Perca summana, Forskal, p. 42.
Bodianus summana, Bl. Schn. p. 334.
Pomacentrus summana, Lacep. iii. p. 511.
Serranus summana, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 344 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 102,
and Atl. p. 104 ; Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. Zool. p. 229. pi. 5. f. 1.
leucostigma, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 346.
l6 8
Caudalis rounded; denticulations of the prseoperculum fine and
equal ; interoperculum with some fine denticulations. Brown,
marbled with greyish and spotted with white ; a blackish streak
passing below the eye ; a black spot on the tail.
Red Sea.
a. Large specimen : stuffed : not good state. Red Sea. Purchased
of the Frankfort Museum.
88. Serranus micronotatus.
Ruppell, N. W. Fische, p. 90.
15 9
Caudalis rounded ; pi ^operculum finely serrated ; operculum with
138
PERCIDiE.
a single spiiie ; second dorsal spine longest. Greyish ; head, body, and
dorsal fin punctulated with brown ; a lighter streak from below the
eye to the base of the pectoral fins. {Rupj}.)
Massana (Red Sea).
89. Serranus tumilabris.
Cuv. ^ Vnl. ii. p. 346.
D.H A.l.
15 9
Caudalis rounded ; praeopercxilum with equal and fine denticula-
tions ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; lips thick, swollen. Brown,
marbled with darker ; all the parts with rounded greyish- white
specks ; a black streak behind the maxiUary bone.
Seychelles.
a. Adult. Sine patria. From Mr. Brandt's Collection as Epine-
phelus punctatiis.
90. Serranus hoevenii.
Bleeker, Perc. p. 36.
D.ii. A.f. L. lat. 80.
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 2|- in the total ;
diameter of the eye one-sixth of the length of the head, much larger
than the distance between the eyes, but equal to the distance of the
eye from the end of the snout ; maxiUary bone just reaching the
vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit ; praeoperculum with
rather larger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum
entire. Brownish, with round pearl -coloured spots on the sides of
the body ; fins immaculate, with a black and yellow edge.
Batayia.
a. Adult. Amooyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
91. Serranus bontoo.
Russell, pi. 128.
Serranus bontoo, Cw\ R^gne Anim. ; Oiw. 8f Vol. ii. p. 334, vi. p. 628 ;
Cantor, Catal. p. 11.
Caudalis rounaed ; praeoperculum with strong denticulations,
strongest at the angle, and Avith a very oblique lower limb. Brown,
with large, scattered ferruginous spots ; dorsal and anal fins whitish,
with a black and white edge ; caudalis greyish at the end, with a
bluish spot between each two rays ; pectoral fins blackish, with a
broad whitish band at the base.
Madras ; Vizagapatan ; Java.
.o. Adult: stuffed. Ceylon.
26. SEKRANUS. 139
92. Serranns celebicus
Sleeker, Celebes, i. p. 217.
D-.TT6- ^-l- L.lat.90.
Candalis truncated. The height of the body is 3f in the total length,
the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the length
of the head ; upper maxOlary bone reaching to beneath the centre of
the eye ; praeopercxdum strongly serrated, with three or four still
stronger denticidations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum denti-
culated ; the fourth dorsal spine longest. Reddish brown, with large,"
roundish darker spots ; all the fins brown -spotted ; dorsal and caudal
fins yellow-edged.
Celebes.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
93. Seiranus variolosns.
Benard, Poiss. t. 28. f. 153, and t. 3. £ l^j Valentyn, Ind. iii. f. 41.
Perca variolosa, Forst. MSS.
Serranns variolosus, Cuv. ^ Vol. ii. p. 354 ; Sleeker, Perc. p. 86.
D. ii. A. |. L, lat. 110.
Caudalis truncated ; head one-third of the total length ; diameter
of the eye one-fourth of the length of the head ; upper maxillary bone
reaching to below the posterior half of the eye ; praeoperculum with
rather stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and iateroperculum
entire. Brownish, with roundish brown spots on the head, body, and
soft part of dorsal fin ; the other fins immaculate.
Sunda Sea ; Pacific.
a. Adult. Pacific.
h. Adult. Pacific.
e, d. Half-grown. Pacific. From the Haslar Collection.
94. Serranus hoedtii.
Sleeker, Amboina, vi. p. 406.
I>MTi6- ^-T- L. lat. 120.
Caudalis truncated, with slightly rounded angles. The diameter of
the eye is 4^— 4|^ in the length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone
reaching to the level of the posterior margin of the eye ; prseoper-
culmn serrated, with four to six rather stronger denticulations at the
angle ; suboperculum entire ; interoperculum scarcely denticulated.
The third or the third and fourth dorsal spines longest ; the second
and third anal spines nearly equal in length. Bluish ; head, body,
and all the fins dotted with black ; the soft parts of the dorsal and
anal fins yeUow-edged : caudal and pectoral fins orange -coloured,
with a violet base. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
140 PERCID^.
95. Serranus akaara.
Faun. Japon. p. 9. pi. 3. f. 1 ; Richardson, IcMhyol. China, p. 231.
Caudalis rounded. Praeoperculum serrated, denticulations at the
angle sometimes very strong, sometimes equal to the others. The
third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, the "posterior ones not
much shorter ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal in length
(according to the Fauna Japon ica, the second lougest) ; pectorals not
reaching the anus. Maxillary bone not reaching behind the level of
the eye. Brownish red ; head, body, and vertical fins covered ^vitli
round bright red spots.
Japanese Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Japan.
b. Adult: stuifed. India.
96. Serranus apua.
Margr. p. 158; Lib. Princ. i. p. 315.
Bodianus apua, Block, t. 229 ; Lacep. iv. p. 296.
? Serranus apua, Cut: 8f Val. ii. p. 287; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra,
Hist'Cub. ]^. 11.
D.iJ. A.|. L. lat. 105.
Caudalis truncated, with rounded angles ; angle of the praeoper-
culum with stronger denticulations. Brownish, with brown spots
on the sides of the head and body ; about twenty-five between the
opercle and the root of the caudal. The spinous dorsal higher than
the soft ; the vertical fins with a broad black edge.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. "West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
h, c. Half-grown : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's
Collection.
d-f. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
97. Serranns mentzelii.
Cuv. (§• Val. u. p. 291.
T) " A i-
Caudalis truncated; muzzle short, blunt. Bro'wnish, marbled
with reddish brown, and with streaks of the same colour on the beUy,
anastomosing on the tail. Fins iinifonn ; dorsalis and analis black -
edged. (Val)
Coast of Brazil.
(. With fifteen to seventeen rays.
98. Serranus hexagonatus.
11
5-i;
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 3|-3| in the total
D-iib- ^-i- ^-^^^-^^^^
26. SEERANT7S. 141
diameter of the eye nearly one-fifth of the length of the head, and
larger than the distance between the eyes. The upper maxillary
bone reaches beyond the level of the posterior margin of eye. The
angle of the praeoperculum with stronger spinous teeth ; sub- and
interoperculum entire ; the pectoral reaches as far as the ventral —
that is, not to the vent. Brownish, covered all over with large
rounded or hexagonal spots.
From the Red Sea along the Afncan coast through aU the Indian
Seas into the North of Australia and into the Pacific.
V^ar. A. HEXAGONATA. The spots hexagonal, separated from one
another by white lines on the head, on the anterior part of the
body, and on the pectoral and caudal fins, but more irregular on the
other paits ; sometimes closer together at the base of the dorsal, and
there forming three darker blotches.
Perca Lexagonata, Forster, Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 189.
Holocentrus hexagonatus, Bl. Schn. p. 323.
Sen-anus hexagonatus, Cuv. %■ Val. ii. p. 330, vi. p. 516 ; Gtierin, Icon.
Puiss. pi. 4. f. 1 ; Richardson, Voy. Sulph. p. 82. pi. 38. f. 1 ; Cantor,
Catal. p. 7 ; Bleek. Natimrk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, vi. p. 191 ; Gay,
Chile, Zool. ii. p. 150.
foveatus, Cuv. ^- Vol. ii. p. 329.
stellans, Richardson. Ann, Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix. p. 23.
a. HaK- grown. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
h. Adult. China. Presented by Sii' J. Richardson.
c. Adult. Philippines.
d, e. Adult and half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
/. Half-gro\\Ti. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g, h. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
i. Half-grown: stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
Tc. Half-grown : bad skin. Sand-bank near Damley Island.
I. Adult. India. From Dr. Russell's Collection as Fomacentrus
punctatiis.
m. Adult. India. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
n-f. Half-grown. Feejee Islands. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty.
Var. B. MKEEA. The spots roundish, without white lines between,
sometimes confluent in the middle of the sides, much smaller on the
fins.
Seha, iii. 27. 7 ; Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 43. t. 8. f. 3.
Perca tauvina, Forsk. p. 39.
Epinephelus merra, Bl. t. 329 ; Bl. Schn. p. 300.
Holocentrus tauvinus, Bl. Schn. p. 321 ; Lacip. iv. p. 338.
merra, Lacep. iv. p. 342.
Serraniis merra, Cuv. ^ Val, ii. p. 325.
q. Half-grown. Singapore.
r, s. Half-grown. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
t. Half-grown. Philippines.
142
PEKCIDJE.
u, V. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection.
w. Adult, India. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
x, y. Half-gi-own. India. From the Haslar Collection.
z. Half-grown. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
f. With sixteen or seventeen rays.
99. Serranus morio.
Cm\ ^ Val. ii. p. 286 ; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba,
Poiss. p. 11.
D.n A.|.
17 9
Allied to S. gigas, but with stronger denticulations of the prseoper-
culum ; caudalis slightly emarginate. In life grey, marbled with
brownish ; snout, lower jaw, and branchiostegal membrane red ; anal
fin and pectorals orange-coloured, the former with a brown edge ;
ventral fins with large red spots,
Atlantic coasts of Temperate America ; St. Domingo ; Cuba.
100. Serranus impetiginosns.
Mail. 8f Trosch, in Schomburgh'' s Hist. Barb. p. 666.
D.ii. A.|.
17 8
Caudalis rounded. Praeoperculum rounded throughout, with the
posterior limb obliquely descending backwards, and with some ob-
solete and coarser denticulations at the angle ; the distance between
the eyes very narrow. Brownish, covered all over with round dark-
coloured spots, each spot occupying about four scales ; they are less
numerous on the fins than on the snout ; a larger oblong black spot
at the base of the last three spines and of the first ray of the dorsal
fin ; another spot, of similar size and colour, behind the dorsal fin on
the back of the tail.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : skin : not good state. Trinidad. Presented by J. B.
Richardson, Esq.
101. Serranus ongus.
Holocentrus ongus, Block, pi. 234 ; Bl. Schn. p. 314 ; Lac^. iv. p. 380.
Serranus dichropterus, Cut: «Sr Val. ii. p. 293.
Caudalis rounded ; prajopcrculum with stronger denticulations on
the smglc. Uniform dark broMTi, the fins with a darker edge; a
black streak behind the maxillarj' bone.
Coasts of Central and South America.
a, h. Adult : not good state. Bahia. From M. Parzudaki's Col-
lection.
lit). SERRANUS. 143
c. Half-grown. Bahia. From M. Parziidaki's Collection.
d. Adult : very bad state. America. From the Haslar Collection.
I am not enabled, from the short description given by Professor
Peters (in Wiecpn. Arch. 1855, p. 236), of Serramis melas from Mo-
zambique, to distinguish it from the above species.
102. Serranus undulosus.
Serramis undulosus, Ciw. ^ Val. ii. p. 295.
? Bodianus undidosus, Qiioij S; Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Pom. p. 310 (said
to be caught in the Sea of Waigiou).
D.IFI7- A-nr.- Vert. 10/14.
Caudalis truncated. Praeoperciilum very finely sen'ated, with
rather stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoper-
culum entire ; pectorals far distant from the anal, and reachhag a
little beyond the tip of the ventrals ; the upper maxillary bone reach-
ing to or a little behind the eye. Brownish grey, Avith some rather
obhque darker bands along the sides of the head, and with irregular,
large, oblong blackish spots on the body ; fins vnih narrow blackish
edges ; pectorals yellow.
This species exhibits the upper jaw covered with minute scales
as well as the lower.
Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil.
a. Large specimen. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
6. Adult : skeleton. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
c, d. Half-grown. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
e-g. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection.
h. Half-grown : skin in spirits. Trinidad. Presented by J. B.
Ilichardson, Esq.
i, Tc. Adult: stuffed. West Indies. From Mi*. Scrivener's Collection.
I, m. Half- grown. Puerto Cabello. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
n. Half-grown. BrazU. Presented by Lord Stuart.
0. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection. -i^
Skeleton. — The upper surface of the skull is concave throughout ;
there is no ridge nor any other prominence between the elevated
orbital edges of the frontals ; from these fidges a sharp crest on each
side runs backwards to the articulation of the suprascapula ; the
occipital crest emits a median branch in front, which does not ex-
tend to the frontal. The maxillary bone is styliform in more than
its anterior half, suddenly widening behind, the superior and inferior
margins being rather irregularly curved. The prseoperculum is
rounded throughout, finely serrated behind, and exhibits four- or six
coarser denticulations at the angle ; operculum with three con-
spiciious spines, the upper of which is the most distant, and not
projecting beyond the margin ; the middle one is acute, longest and
strongest ; the lower rounded, short, but prominent, ^here are two
strong canines in the ujiper jaw, causing an impression in the lower
jaw, and receiving two smaller canines of the raandibula between;
144 PEBCID^.
the posterior front teeth of the upper jaw are rather small — much
smaller than in S. coronatus : in the remainder of the dentition both
species agree with each other. The spines of the anal fin being
small, the interhaemal is ?ilso much less developed ; it is fixed to the
eleventh haemal, and is only as long as the first six vertebiie together.
103. Serranus tsirimenara.
Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 7. pi. 4 A. f. 3 ; Bleek. Verh.
Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 62.
D. T^v A. ^. L. lat. 90-100.
16-17 7-9
The height of the body is four times in the total length ; the length
of the head 3|— 3i ; the diameter of the eye is 4|^-4^ iri the latter.
The upper maxillaiy bone reaches rather beyond the posterior margin
of the orbit. Praeoperculum with rather stronger denticulations at
the angle ; interoi^erculum scarcely, suboperculum not serrated.
The fifth dorsal spine longest, shorter than one-half of the depth of
the body. Caudal fin rounded. Red, with seven or nine rose-
coloured blotches, one series of which is above the lateral line, and the
other beneath ; the dorsal fin with a black upper edge (dorsali spinosa
supeme parte membranse emarginata macula trigona nigra. Bl.).
Japanese Sea.
104. Serranus punctatissimus. (Plate X. fig. A.)
D. j^. A. |. L. lat. 100.
17 8
Caudalis truncated. The height of the body is 3^ in the total
length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 44 in the
latter. The upper maxillary bone reaches to the level of the pos-
terior margin of the eye. Praeoperculum serrated behind, with about
three spinous teeth at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire.
The foiirth dorsal spine and the third of the anal fin longest ; the
ventrals rather longer than the pectorals, not reaching to the vent.
Brownish olive (in spirits) ; head, body, and the soft parts of the
dorsal and anal fins piinctulated with brown. The soft portions of
the vertical fins and the ventrals with a broad black margin.
a. China. Presented by Mr. Reeves.
Description. — In habit similar to S. marginalis. The height of the
body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3i. The scales
extend on the upper surface beyond the nostrils, but the praeorbital
and the upper maxillary are naked. The space between the eyes
is rather flat, and less than the diameter of the eye ; the extent of
the snout is equal to the latter, and 4^ in the length of the head.
The nostrils are lateral ; the posterior opening larger, oval. The cleft
of the mouth is wide, the upper maxillaiy reaching to the level of
the posterior margin of the eye. The posterior limb of the praeoper-
culum descends obliquely backwards, is finely serrated, and has a
slight emargination above the angle, and about three stronger spinous
tepth at the angle. Sub- and interoperculum entire. The spines
26. SERRANtrs. 143
of the operculum are rather indistinct, especially the upper and
lower ; the former is more distant from the middle one.
The spinous portion of the dorsalis is longer and not much lower
than the soft. All the spines are of moderate length and strength :
the first is not quite half as long as the second, the fourth longest ;
the posterior ones gradually become shorter, the last being about
five-sixths of the fourth. The membrane between the spines is
moderately notched, without emitting appendages. The soft portion
has a. sHghtly rounded upper margin, the tenth ray being about one-
tenth longer than the longest spine. AH the fin is nearly free, like
the others, and not protected by an encroachment of the integument.
Caudalis truncated. The soft part of the analis is rather higher
than the dorsal, and rounded ; the second spme is not much stronger,
and rather shorter, than the third. The pectoralis is rounded, and
composed of eighteen rays ; it is a little shorter than the ventral. The
ventralis is supported by a spine of more than half the length of the
fir., and does not reach the vent ; its root falls vertically beneath
that of the pectoral.
The canine teeth are small, and there is a small, conspicuous
canine tooth on each side of the vomer. The scales are very small.
The ground-colour is now brownish olive, lighter on the belly ; the
head and body are covered with brown specks, of the size of a scale,
and extending on the base of the soft portions of the dorsal and anal
fins ; these and the caudal fin have a broad black margin. The ven-
trals are nearly entirely brownish black, the colour becoming deeper
on the hinder margin. The pectorals are not coloured.
Length of the specimen 6"
105. Serranus rupestris.
Cuv.^ Val ix. p. 437.
D.|i. A.^. Caec. pylor. 17.
Caudalis truncated. Praeoperculum fijiely serrated, slightly emar-
ginate above the angle. Dirty yellowish, with large, rounded, un-
equal spots of red colour on the back, on the base of the dorsal fin,
and on the ventrals, and of violet colour on the sides and on the head ;
pectoral fins with a broad yellow margin ; the vertical fins with a
narrow black and white edge. {Val.)
St. Domingo.
106. Serranus flavo-csBruleua.
Holocentrus flavo-cseruleus, Lacep. iv. p. 366.
gynmosus, LacSp. iii.»pl. 27. f. 2, iv. p. 372.
Bodianus macrocephalus, Lac^i. iii. pi. 20. f. 2, iv. pp. 293, 295.
Serranus borbonicus, Qtioy ^ Gnim. Voy. Freyc. Poiss. pi. 57. f. 2.
r flavo-caeruleus, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 297 ; Bennett, Fishes of Ceylon,
pi. l^; Peters, Wiegni. Arch. 1855, p. 236.
16-17' 8 (10)'
Caudalis slightly emarginate. Praeoperculum with stronger den-
146 PEBCIBiE.
ticulations on tho angle. Blackish brown ; tail and all the fins
yellow.
Coast of Mozambique ; Isle de Erance ; Ceylon.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. Isle de France.
b. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France.
c. Adiilt. Mauritius. Presented by the Zoological Society.
d. Bad skin. Ceylon. Presented by Dr. Kelaart.
e. Large specimen : not good state : has been in chloride of zinc.
Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. — Tail and root of the
caudal fin black ; anal fin with ten soft rays.
107. Serranus spiniger. (Plate X. fig. B.)
D. ii. A. |. L. lat. 90.
10 8
Caudalis truncated. The height of the body is 3i in the total
length, the length of the head 3^. Praeoperculum rounded, with
coarser denticulations at the angle. The second dorsal spine nearly
t^ice as long as any of the others.
a. Adult. Sine patria. Old Collection.
Description. — The form of the body is compressed, oblong, its
greatest height compiisfd 3^ in the total length ; the length of the
head is 3^ in the same ; the upper surface of the head is rounded,
convex, entirely covered with minute scales, which extend on the
praeorbital, cheeks, all the opercles, the lower jaw, and on a part of
the maxillary. The diameter of the eye is oi in the length of the
head, larger than the distance between the eyes, and two-thirds of
the extent of the snout. The two openings of the nostril are small,
round, equal, and near together. The cleft of the mouth is wide, the
upper maxillary bone reaching nearly to the posterior margin of the
orbit. The lower jaw is -vory prominent ; the hps thick and fleshy.
The praeoperculum is rounded througliont, finely serrated behind, and
■with several coarse denticulations at the angle ; the sub- and inter-
operculum exhibit a fine serrature on a part of their inferior margin.
Operculum with three conspicuous spines : the upper smallest and
shortest, nearly concealed by the scales ; the middle long and pro-
minent ; the lower of half the size ; the upper and middle spines
are rather nearer together than the lower and middle ones.
The soft portion of the dorsalis is much higher, but shorter than
the spinous. The latter shows a peculiarity that is not found in
any of the other Serrarii : the first and shortest spine is followed
by the second, which far exceeds the others, ajid even the rays, in
length and strength ; it is half as long as the body is high, and nearly
twice as long as the third; all the following spines are nearly equal.
The upper margin of the soft portion is roxuided, the middle rays
being rather longer than the others. The caudalis appears truncated ;
but by stretching it out as far as po8sil)le, the posterior margin be-
comes slightly convex. The front j)art of the base of the analis is
protected by a thick encroachment of the scaly integument ; its soft
portion resembles that of tho doi-sal in height and form ; the spines
26. SEERANUS. 147
are thick, the first not half the length of the second, and both the
others are nearly equal in length. The pectondis is rounded, com-
posed of from eighteen to nineteen rays, and extends as far backward;;
as the ventral — that is, not entirely to the vent. The spine of the
ventralis reaches beyond the half of the length of the fin. The ca-
nines are strong, and there are no large lateral teeth.
The specimen is rather discoloiu'ed, and the body appears now to
be of a uniform brownish colour. The soft part of the dorsal, tlie
caudal, and the pectoral fins are of a yeUo^vish- white colour. I cannot
decide whether this is natural, or merely the effect of having been
exposed to the light.
Length of the specimen 10".
108. Serranus ura.
? Serranus ura, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 332.
■? ara, Faun. Japon. p. 9.
? ura, Richardson, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 24.
Caudalis rounded ; pectoraKs far distant from the anal fin. The
length of the head is 3^ in the total, the diameter of the eye about
one-fifth of the length of the head. Prffioperculum equally and very
finely serrated ; the third and fourth dorsal spines longest, one- third
of the length of the head ; the third spine of the anal fin longer
and more slender than the second. Dried specimen gre3-ish brown ;
brown -spotted aR over, the spots of moderate size, each covering
about four scales.
a. Large specimen : stuff'ed. St. Helena. From General Hardwicke's
Collection.
Valenciennes' description contains so few precise characters, that
if is impossible, withoiit direct comparison of the specimens, to decide
whether that in the British Museum Collection really belongs to the
above species ; it agrees with his description of ?<ra, but so also
do many other species^ Moreover, Valenciennes' specimen is said to
be from Japan, whilst the other is from the Atlantic ; but there niiiy
be a mistake in one or the other. Therefore I refer our fish for the
present to S. ura, not being inclined to found a new species upon a
single stufi'ed specimen.
1 09. Serranus melanurus.
Bodianus melanurus, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. pi. 21. f \; Is. Qeoffr^ Poiss.
dEg. p. 205.
^•Tn- A- 1-
17 9
Caudalis truncated. Praeoperculum with three or four strong spi-
nous teeth at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum rather strongly
denticulated. Coloration uniform ; the soft part of the doi'salis, the
caudal and anal fins with ferruginous spots.
Suez.
L 2
148 TEEaD^,
110. Serranus gilberti.
Percis rib. 15, Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 43. t. 8. f. 3.
Serranus gilberti, Rivhankon, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 19, and Iclith.
CTiina, p. 2-30.
megachir, Richardson, Ichth. CIdna, p. 230.
pardalis. Sleeker, Perc. p. 37.
^'Wrr ^'i^- L.lat. 75-80.
Caudalis rounded. The length of tlie head is 31 in the total ; the
diameter of the eye 4^ in the length of the head, larger than the
distance between the eyes, but equal to the distance of the eye from
the end of the snout. Pectoralis very large, nearly equal to the length
of the head, and just reaching to the front end of the anal fin ; the
maxillary bone reaches beyond the hinder level of the eye. Prae-
operculum finely serrated, mth stronger denticulations at the angle ;
sub- and interoperculum entire. Brownish, aU parts with large,
rounded, daz'k-brown spots ; behind the maxillary bone a black
streak.
' China Seas ; Batavia ; Sumbawa ; Amboyna ; Torres Straits ;
North Australia.
a, b. Adult : skins. China. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
c. Adult. Cliina.
d. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
e. Adult. Amboyna. Fi'om Mr. Frank's Collection.
/. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
g. Adult stuffed. Australia.
h. Adult : skin. Port Essington.
Fishes which have been skinned often become stretched, and more
elongate than they are in nature ; on the other hand, the fins shrink
together and become shorter, especially the soft ones; thus the
distance between the end of the pectoral fins and the analis appears
to be greater. This was the case with specimens named by Dr.
Richardson S. gilberti, which name has the priority. In specimens
which decidedly belong to Dr. Richardson's S. megachir, I do not
find the number of the soft dorsal rays to be fifteen, but always
sixteen, or even seventeen.
111. Serranus nehulosus.
Cuv. ^ Val, ii. p. 313; Sleeker, Perc. p. 34 (not Richardson).
D. H A. |. L. lat. 75.
Caudal fin rounded. Suboperculum entire, interoperculum slightly
denticulated ; angle of the pra5operculum with rather strong teeth,
rectangular. Length of the head more than one-thii-d of the total ;
eye of moderate size, its diameter one-fifth of the length of the head.
Brownish, darker marbled ; fins without spots or streaks.
Javanese Sea.
26. SEHRANUS. . 149
112. Serranns bontoides.
Sleeker, Amboina, vi. p. 405.
^■^r ^-f L.lat.80.
Caudalis rounded. The diameter of the eye one -fourth of the
length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the
posterior half of the eye. Pra^operculum serrated, with rather
stronger denticulations at the angle; sub- and interopcroidura
entire ; the hinder nine dorsal spines nearly equal in length ; the
second anal spine longest. Brownish, with scattered darker spots
On the head and body ; the dorsal fin only with a few brown spots ;
the soft part of the dorsalis; the caudal and pectoral fins with a
yellow margin. (-BZ.)
Sea of Amboyna.
113. Serranus macrospilos.
Bleeker, Batjan, iii. p. 499.
^-IFTr ^-f L-lat.85.
Caudalis rounded. The diameter of the eye about one-fourth of
the length of 'the head; the upper maxillary bone reaching beyond
the posterior margin of the eye. Prajoperculum serrated, with stronger
denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; the
fourth and fifth dorsal spines not much longer than the following
ones ; the second anal spine longest, half the height of the body.
Brownish green, with large blackish spots, distant from one another,
seven between the operculum and caudal fin ; dorsal fin with two rather
irregular series of large brown spots, about seven in the basal serifes ;
pectoral and ventral fins black, the former yellow-edged; anal fin
with a black spot and yellow-edged ; caudal fin orange-colom-ed, on
the anterior half with three large round black spots, on the posterior
half blackish with a yellow margin. {Bl.)
Sea of Batjan.
114. Serranus areolatus.
Perca areolata, Forsk. p. 42.
tauvina (net Forsk.), Geoffr. Descr.* de VEg. pi. 20. f. 1.
Serranus tauvinus, Geoffr. Poiss. cFEg. p. 201.
areolatus (japonicus), Fauna J<ipon. p. 8 ; Cuv. if* Val. ii. p. 350 ;
Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 232; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 235.
Caudalis truncated. Length nf the head 3| in the total. Prseoper-
culum very finely serrated, with strong denticulations at the angle ;
pector?,li8 very distant from the anal fin. Dried specimens greyish
brown, covered all over with numerous small brown spots.
Red Sea ; Coast of Mozambique ; Sea of Japan.
a. Adult : stuffed". Red Sea. Presented by J. Bui-ton, Esq.
b. Half-grown : stuffed. Red Sea.
150 PERCID-E.
115. Serranus awoara.
Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japun. p. 9. pi. 3. f. 2 ; Richardson, Ichthyol.
China, p. 231.
Caudalis rounded. Proeoperculiun with the angle rather produced,
more strongly denticulated than the upper part of the margin. The
third, fourth, fifth and sixth spines longest, the second not miich
shorter. Brownish olive ; head and body covered with small round
yellow spots ; fins with a broad yellow edge.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Adult: stuffed: not good state. China. Presented by J. 11.
lleeves, Esq.
116. Serranus geographicus.
Serranus geographicus, (Ktihl (ij- von JIass.) Out: 8) Val. ii. p. 322.
Caudalis rounded. Brown, darker marbled. Dorsal fin olive;
the spinous part wdth a large triangular spot at the base of each
spine, above with a brown edge ; the soft part with two longi-
tudinal brown streaks beneath, and with large bro^vn spots above ;
analis orange-coloured, with irregular brown streaks ; the other fins
brown-spotted. (Val.)
Java.
117. Serranus reticularis.
Serranus reticularis, (Kuhl 8f von Hass.) Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 323.
T) " A i-
U. y^. A. -.
Caudalis rounded. Brownish, with small blackish-brown half-
moon-like spots ; head immaculate ; fins with numerous blue points.
( Val.)
Java.
118. Serranus gaimardi.
Serranus gaimardi, Blceker, Batuvia, p. 455; (? Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 520 j
Quay (^ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 060. pi. 3. f. 3.)
D. |i. A. I-. L. lat. 90.
Caudalis with rather convex posterior margin. The length of the
head 3-3- in the total, the diameter of the eye one-fifth of the length
of the head ; muzzle covered with scales ; the Tipper maxillary bone
reaching beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Pra^operculum
serrated, with stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and inter-
operculum entire ; scales ciliated. The third dorsal spine and the
second anal longest. Brownish, with scattered brown spots, round
on the head, and oblong on the posterior part of the body ; caudal
fin black-spotted behind and with a yellow edge ; dorsal and anal
fins near the tips of the rays with from six to ten round black spots,
26. SERRANUS, 151
the former having a yellow edge, the latter a black one ; ventral and
pectoral fina with scattered blackioh spots. (Bl. )
Sea of Batavia. (New Guinea.)
119. Serranus chlorostigma.
Cuv. ^ Val. u. p. 352.
Caudalis truncated. Praeoperculum finely serrated, with five or six
rather stronger teeth at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum with
some denticulations. Whitish, entirely covered with small olive
spots ; spinous part of the dorsal fin edged with black, caudahs with
white.
Seychelles.
120. Serranus cylindricus. (Plate XI. fig. A.)
B. 7. D.|^. A.|. L. lat. 100.
Body elongate, rounded, rather cylindrical; the height 4i- in
the total length, the length of the head 3§ ; the breadth equal to
three-quarters of the height. Caiidalis rounded. Praeopereuhim
rounded, with fine denticulations behind ; the upper maxiUary bone
reaching beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Covered with more
or less regular hexagonal brown spots, separated from each other by
white lines.
a. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
Description. — fhe form of the body is more elongate and cylindrical
than in any other species of Serranus, and might be compared with
that of a Blennius. The height is contained 4i in the total length,
and is only one-fourth more than the breadth. The head has a conical
form, its length being contained 3|^ in the total. Between the vertex
and the neck is a slight concavity, as between the eyes, the distance
of which is about |^ths of the diameter of the eye ; the latter is 4i in
the length of the head, and nearly equal to the distance between the
eye and the end of the snout ; the nostrils are near together. The
upper maxillary bone reaches a little behind the posterior margin of
the eye. AU the head is covered with minute scales, except the thick
and fleshy lips. Lower jaw longest. The praeoperculum is rounded
throughout, finely serrated behind, and with some rather stronger
denticulations at the angle ; its lower limb, the sub- and inter-
operculum are entire ; operculum with three spines, the two lower of
which are prominent between the scales, the upper (smallest) being
hidden by them ; it terminates in a very long triangular membra-
naceous flap.
The margins of the spinous and soft portions of the dorsalis are
shghtly convex, both being nearly equal in height ; the former has
a not much longer base than the soft ; the first spine is only one-half
the length of the second, the second three-quarters of the^ third ; the
fourth, fifth and sixth are longest ; the following diminish incon-
152 PEKCID^.
spicuously in length, AH are strong, with a deeply notched mem-
brane between, and each with a membranaceous appendage' behind at
the tip. The first ray is one-fourth longer than the last spine ; the
rays become gradually longer towards the middle of the fin, and again
shorter towards behind. The candalis has a moderately rounded
posterior margin. The analis commences a little behind the com-
mencement of the soft dorsal ; the third spine is rather longer, but
not quite so strong as the second ; the inferior margin- is slightly
convex, the last two rays being shorter; the distance of the aniis
from the anal fin is nearly equal to the length of the second anal
spine. The pectoralis is rounded, composed of 18 rays, and reaches
as far as the ventral — that is, not even to the anus. The ventralis
has also a convex margin, the second ray being longest ; the spine is
rather slender, and extends beyond the half of the fin.
The canine teeth are not very developed, but those of the villiform
band are relatively strong, as well as those of the vomer and pala-
tine bones.
The whole fish, except the fins and belly, is covered with more
or less regular, large hexagonal spots of brown coloui', separated
from each other by straight white lines ; five or six of these spots
along the base of the dorsal and the back of the tail are larger and
of a deeper colour. All the fins exhibit rounded, scattered, large
bro^vn spots, and a narrow yellowish-white edge : even the membra-
naceous appendages of the spines are of the latter colour. There
are a few brown spots only on the belly ; the ventrals have a darker
hue ; there are indistinct spots on the gill-membrane.
Length of the specimen 8 inches.
121. Serranus labrtformis.
Jenyns, Zuol. of the Beufili, Fishes, p. 8. pi. 3.
D. H A. ^.
17 8
External appearance labroid ; scales beneath the lateral line
ciliated, above and on the belly smooth. Caudalis with a rather
convex posterior margin. Length of the head one-third of the total ;
diameter of the eye not quite one-sixth of the length of the head,
about equalling the distance between them. Pneoperculum with
obsolete denticulations ; the fourth dorsal spine a little the longest.
Brown, -variegated with' greyish, black, and white; the vertical fins
with a reddish edge. (Jen.)
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archipelago).
T}. With eighteen or nineteen rays.
122. Serranus altivelis.
Cuv. (Sr Val. ii. p. 324. pi. 25; Eichards. Ichth. China, t^. 2S0 ; Bleeker,
Perc. p. 33 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 10.
T) _li_ A ^
18-19' ' 9-10*
Caudalis rounded, dorsal and anal fins much elevated ; upper profile
26. SKBEANTS. 153
of the head concave. Praeoperculum finely and equally serrated.
Yellowish, all parts with distant roimd black spots edged with white.
Javanese and Chinese Seas ; Sea of Pinang ; Port Essington.
a. Large specimen. East Indies.
b. Adult. Chiua. Presented by General Hardwicke.
c. Young : very bad state. Port Essington. From the Haslar
Collection.
1 23. Serranus inennis.
Cuv. Sf Vol. ix. p. 436 ; Poey, Memorias Cuba, 1861, p. 64. lam. 4. f. 2.
D. }i. A. ^. L. lat. 90. Cffic. pylor. 20. Vert. 10/14.
Body elevated. Caudalis truncated, with rounded angles. Prae-
6perc\]Ium with excessively fine Serrature, denticulations of the angle
rather stronger; pectoral fins as long as the head, one-fourth of
the total length. Brpwn, with large white blotches; the vertical
fins spotted with white, the pectoral and ventral fins with olive.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Adult. West Indies. Presented by the Zoological Society.
124. Serranus quoyauus.
Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 519.
^w A.|.
Caudalis rounded. The diameter of the eye is 4|^ in the length
of the head ; the height is one-fourth of the total length, the length
of the head 3^ in the latter ; the maxiUary bone reaching to behind
the centre of the eye. Praeoperculum strongly serrated, with strong
denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire. The
pectoral fins reaching beyond the ventrals, nearly to the anus.
Brownish, all the parts with large dark brown spots ; the groimd-
colour of the ventrals and pectorals blackish.
Molucca Sea.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult. Celebes. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
125. Serranus olfaz.
Jenyns, Zool. of the Beagle, Fishes, p. 9. pi. 4.
D. ii. A. i-.
18 11
Caudalis truncated or very slightly emarginate. The length of
the head is contained 3|'in the total; the diameter of the eye
is one-seventh the length of the head, larger than the distance be-
tween them. Praeoperculum with a slight sinuosity just above the
angle, very obsoletely denticulated. The second dorsal spine longest,
not quite equalling half the height. Coloration uniform, mottled
with brown. (Jen.)
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archipelago).
154 PEECID^.
6. With nineteen or twenty rays.
126. Serranus dennoptenis.
Temm. ^ Schlvg. Faun. Japon. p. 10.
D. -i^. A. K
19-20 9
A somewhat aberrant species. Caudalis rounded ; dorsal and
anal fins very high, the former with an entire upper edge ; all en-
closed for the greater part in a thick membrane covered with scales.
Head small, muzzle short, scales very small. Praioperculum finely
serrated, Mnth some coarser denticulations at the angle. Operculum
with three spines. Uniform brownish.
Japanese Boa.
3. Body with longitudinal bands.
127. Serranus formosus.
Rtissell, t. 129 (not good).
Scioena forniosa, Shaw, Zool. Misc. p. 28. t. 1007.
Serranus fonnosus, Cuv, <^ Veil. ii. f '^^1; Richards. Ichth. China,
p. 2'6'i ; Bleeker, Pcrc. p. 31.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 75.
Caudalis rounded. Length of the head not quite one-third of
the total ; diameter of the eye 6| in the length of the head. Prae-
operciilum without stronger denticulations at the angle ; suboper-
culum with some denticulations ; interopcrculum entire. In life
yellowish red, with numerous blue lines, obUque on the head, hori-
zontal on the sides ; analis black-edged.
Coast of Coromandcl ; Madi'as ; China Seas ; Batavia.
a. Adult. China.
h. Adult : bad skin. India. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq.
c. ■? Adult : stuffed. Isle de France.
128. Serranus latifasciatus.
Tc7mn. ^- Schlcff. Faun. Japon. p. 6.
D. 11. A.^.
12 8
Caudalis with a rather convex posterior margin, Prseopcrculum
with dentieulatioiis on the lower part of the hinder limb, and with
three strong spinous teeth at the angle ; maxillary bone reaching as
far beyond the posterior level of eye as the diameter is long. The
first dorsal spine half as long as the second ; the others of nearly
equal length. Brown (in a dried state), with two broad, lighter,
black-edged longitudinal bands ; dorsal and caudal fins with brown
spots, the other ones immaculate. {Schleg.)
Japanese Seas.
129, Serranus morrhua.
Cuv. 4- Val. ix. p. 434.
D-H- A.|.
Caudalis rounded. Brownish, with four darker curved longi-
26. SEBBANUS. 155
tudinal bands; cheeks with four oblique streaks from the eye to
the margin of the prseoperculum ; a large brown spot on the occiput.
(Fal.)
Isle de France.
130. Serranus biguttatus.
Cuv. 4- Val vi. p. 507,
12 8
Back brownish, belly yello-wish ; a brown line from the eye to
the base of the tail ; root of the pectoral fins brown. Back with
two pearl-coloured spots, one beneath the eighth dorsal spine, the
other beneath the fifth ray. ( Val.)
Sea of Tiincomalee.
131. Serranus pcecilonotus.
Temm. ^Schleg. Faun. Japun. p. 6. pi. 4 A. f. 1; Bleek. Verhand. Batav,
Genootsch. xxvi. p. 01.
D. yii^. A. |. L. lat. 85-90.
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum finely serrated, ^nth two or
three spinous teeth at the angle. Four white bands on each side :
the first half-moon-like, surrounding the spinous part of the dorsal
fin ; the second parallel to the first, niuniiig from the shoulder to the
middle of the soft part ; the third lateral, united with that of the
other side above the eyes ; the fourth, from the eye to the pectoral
fiins and along the sides. Back of the tail with two white spots.
Japanese Seas.
132. Serranus lemniscatus.
Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 240.
Body three times as long as broad. \ brown band from the eye
to the caudal fin, another obsolete one beneath. (PaZ.)
C-ylon.
133. Serranus urophthalmus.
JSleeker, Batav. p. 310.
D. ^. A. f. L. lat. 100.
Caudahs rounded. The height of the body is 41 in the total
length, the length of the head 3^, the diameter of the eye 4|-4^ in
the length of the head ; head pointed ; the upper maxillary bone
reaching beyond the hinder margin of the eye. Praioperculum
serrated, with a stronger spinous tooth at the angle; sub- and
interoperculum denticulated; the third and fourth doisal si)ines
and the second of the anal fin longest. Ked (in life), with eight
alternating blue and brownish longitudinal bands, oblique on the
head ; on each side of the muzzle a black spot, another at the rootf-
of the caudal fin ; fins immaculate. (Bl.)
Sea of Batoe.
1 56 PEECID-E.
134. Serranus lineatus.
Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 312.
D. li. A. ^.
18 9
CaudaHs rounded. Praeoperculum with two or three strouger
spinous teeth on th^ angle. Brown, with four or five blackish (in
life, blue) longitudinal bands, sometimes disappearing after death.
Pondicherry ; China.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Rifthai-dson.
135. Serranus amboinensis.
Sleeker, Amh. 8f Cer. p. 258.
D. -i?-. A. -. L. lat. 100.
17-19 8
Caudalis rounded ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the length of the
head. Praeoperculum deeply serrated, with three stronger denticula-
tions at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum with a few denticula-
tions ; the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines and the' second anal
spine longest. BrouTiish ; head with numerous brown specks ; body
with from ten to twelve more or less serjjcntine deep-brown longi-
tudinal stripes ; fins brown, not spotted.
Sea of AmbojTia.
a. Adult : skin. Ceylon. Presented by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
27. PLECTROPOMA.
Plectropoma, Ciw. Regne Aiiim. ; Cuv. <§• Val. ii. p. 387.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villifonn, with canines in both
jaws; teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. One dorsal,
formed by' a series of spines and rays. Operculum with two or three
acute points ; praeoperculum not notched behind, with spinous teeth
at the lower limb, directed forwards. Scales small.
All the seas of the Tropical regions.
1. Plectropoma maculatuin.
Bodianus maculatus, Block, t. 228 ; Lac^. iv. pp. 280, 293.
Plectropoma punctatum, Quoy 8f Gaimard, Voy. Frcycinet, Zool.
Poiss. p. 318. t. 45. f. 1.
maculatum, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 393 ; Sleeker, Perc. p. 89, and
Java, p. 418.
? Plectropoma (maculatum) areolatum, Riipp. Ail. pp. 110, 143
(index), and N. W. Fiscke, p. 90.
D-i^?i^-W A. 5551?. L. lat. 110. Vert. 10/14,
Praeoperculum exceedingly finely serrated behind, and ^-ith three
spinous teeth below ; sub- and interoperculiim entire. Caudalis
truncate in younger specimens, in older ones emarginate. Red :
27. PLECTBdPOMA. 157
head, body, and vertical fins with blue spots, those of the head and
of the front part of body oblong, elliptical, armnged ui irregnlar
longitudinal rows, the other ones circular and smaller. In speci-
mens from the Red Sea all the spots are circular and of equal size.
Red Sea ; Seas of Batavia, Singapore, Macassar, and Halmahcira.
a. Large specimen : stuflfed. Red Seas.
2. Plectropoma leopardinum.
Holocentrus leopardus, Lacej). iv. pp. 332, 337.
Plectropoma leopardinum, Ciw. ^ Val. ii. p. 392. pi. 36 (not good) ;
Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 12 ; Sleeker, Java, p. 420.
leopardus, Richardson, Ichthyol. China, p. 230.
cyauostig-ma, Bleekir, Topoyr, Batav. in Nat. Gen. Arch. Ned. Ind.
maculati var. b, Sleeker, Pcrc. p. 40.
^- io-n-ii-12- ^- ^8=8::9- ^- ^^^' ■^^^•
Prffioperculum exceedingly finely serrated behind, and with five
spinous teeth beneath, the three lowest of which are close together ;
suboperculum and interoperculum entire. Caudalis sUghtly emar-
ginate. Brownish red : head, body, vertical fins, and base of the pec-
torals with numerous, very small, round blue spots, much smaller than
the interspace between ; caudalis with a yellow posterior edge.
Red Sea ; Javanese and Japanese Seas ; Australia ; Louisiade Ar-
chipelago'.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of
the Rattlesnake.
3. Plectropoma oligacanthus.
Sleeker, Java, ii. 1854, p. 422. '
D.^^ A.f. L. lat. 120.
Praeoperculum scarcely denticulated behind, and with three or
four spinous teeth below; sub- and interoperculum entire. Cau-
dalis slightly emarginate. Red with five or seven oblique blue
streaks from the eye to the sub- and inler-operculum ; two or four
other streaks from the eye to the snout ; the anterior part of body
with blue streaks ; the posterior and caudal fin with numerous ellip-
tical and round blue spots ; the soft part of the dorsal fin, ventrals,
and analis with obUque blue streaks ; pectoral fins with an orange-
coloured edge. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
4. Plectropoma melanoleucum.
Rcnard, i. pi. 22. f. 120 ; Valentyn, f. 497 (bad).
Bodianus melaiioleucuS, Lacep. iv. pp. 28.3, 297.
cyclostoma, Lacep. iii. pi. 20. f. 1, iv. pp. 282, 295.
158 pERcro.K.
Labrus L-cvis, Lacep. iii. pi. 23. f. 2. pp. 431, 479.
Plectropoma melanoleucum, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 388 ; Peters, Wiegm.
Arch. 1855, p. 238.
U 8
Praeopcrciiliun with entire posterior margin, and with four or five
spinous teeth below; caudahs truncated. Grey, with five black
cross-bands.
Isle de France ; Ibo (Mozambique).
5. Plectropoma nigrombrum.
Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 402; Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Pom. p. 059.
pi. 4. f. 1.
I>-T^8- A-f- Caec. pylor. 8.
Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, and with two equal and
strong spinoiis teeth below, one of which is placed at the angle.
Caudalis truncated. Reddish yellow, with five black cross-bands.
King George's Sound.
a. Adult : stuffed. Sine patria.
h. Half-grown : stuffed. Sine patria.
6. Plectropoma annulatum. (Plate XI. fig. B.)
D. 1^. A. 4- L. lat. 50. L. transv. 7/20.
Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, and with three spinous
teeth below, one of which is placed at the angle. Caudalis rounded.
Red (?), with six black cross-bands, occupying the whole depth of
the body and taU; sides of the head and nape with three black
bands, obhquely descending forwards.
Hah. ?
a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
Description of the specimen. — The form of the body is rather
elevated, its greatest depth being somewhat more than one-third of
the total length ; the length of the head (opercular spine included)
equals the depth of the body. The snout is moderately pointed and
slightly longer than the diameter of the eye. The cleft of the
mouth is wide and obhque, the upper maxillary extending nearly
to below the centre of the eye. The snout is nearly scaleless, the
upper maxillary and the mandibula exhibiting minute and rudi-
mentary scales only ; one-half of the praiorbital covered with distinct
and small scales. The eye is situated high up the side ; the bony
margin of the orbit is projecting, especially on the upper half, so
that the space of the forehead between the eyes appears concave ;
the diameter of the e} e is 4i in the length of the head, and much
larger tlian the distance between the eyes.
AH the other parts of the skull are thickly covered with scales ;
the prcEopercidum has the posterior limb finely serrated, one short
and obtuse spine at the angle, and two longer ones of equal size at
27. PLECXKOPOMA. 159
the lower limb ; the lower limb and the angle form one continuous
curve. The operculum has two very prominent spines, the lower of
which is smaller.
The dorsal fin is rather low, with a notch before the soft portion ;
the scales of the body are continued on the lower half of this fin and
of the others, and it is difficult to distinguish the real base of the fin.
The first spine is above the base of the longest spine of the oper-
culum, and equals in length the last spine ; the second is twice as
long as the fiirst ; the- fourth is the longest, and 3|^ in the greatest
deptli of the body. The membrane between the spines appears to
be deeply notched. The length of the base of the soft portion is
one-third shorter than that of the spinous, and has the upper margin
slightly convex ; it is rather lower than the spinous, begins above
the origin of the anal, and terminates so near the caudal, that the
distance between these two fins is rather less than one-fourth of the
depth of the body. The caudal fin is slightly rounded, and one-
seventh only of the total length. The first spine of the atial fin is
shoj-t, one-half the length of the second ] the second is very thick,
but shorter than the first ray, one-third of the depth of the body ;
the third spine is slender, and shorter than the preceding ; the soft
portion is slightly rounded, and its distance from the caudal is one-
third of the depth of the body. TYlQ pectoral is weU developed; its
ba.se is entirely hidden by scales ; it is rounded, and extends to the
level of the vent, its length being 4^ in the total. The ventrals are
much shorter than the pecto)als, rather more than one-half; they
are inserted a little befoie the pectorals, and their spiae is three-
fifths of their entire length.
The scales are of moderate size, finely ctenoid ; those above the pec-
toral are largest, not much longer than high, and one covering about
one-fourth of the eye. The lateral Kne runs in the upper third of
the height of the body, and follows exactly the curve of the back.
The teeth are in villiform bands, with a pair of strong canines in
both jaws ; there is another canine tooth in the middle of the side
of the lower jaw. The vomerine teeth are in a narrow band, rect-
angularly bent ; the palatine teeth in a band not broader than that
of the vomer.
The ground-colour is now pure yellowish, and has been probably
red or rose-coloured. The bands are deep black : two (on each side)
descend from the nape to the sides of the head ; the anterior from the
middle of the distance between the dorsal and the eyes to the upper
posterior angle of the orbit ; the other from the origin of the dorsal
over the suprascapula to the middle of the hinder margin of the
orbit ; there is a black spot besides between the eyes ; a third band*,
incomplete, on the operculum. The other bands are broader and
vertical, and the first four extend on the dorsal fin : the first from
between the third and fifth dorsal spines to behind the base of the
pectoral ; the second from between the seventh and ninth dorsal
spines to the middle of the belly ; the third from between the fourth
and sixth dorsal rays to the anal spines ; the fourth, rather curved,
from between the twelfth and fourteenth dorsal rays to the end of
160 PEECID^.
the anal ; finally, there are two other bands, much narrower than
the anterior ones, on the tail. The fins are otherwise immaculate.
The native sea of this species is probably a part of the Pacific.
inches, lines.
Total length 8 0
Height of the body 2 9
Length of the head 2 9
Interspace between the eyes 0 5
Diameter of the eye , 0 7^
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 9\
Interspace between dorsal and caudal .... 0 8
Interspace between anal and caudal 1 0
Length of the second anal spine 0 11
Length of the second anal ray 0 13
Height of a large scale Q 4
Length of a large scale 0 3^
7. Plectropoma semicinctnm.
Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 442; Gay, adle, Zool ii. p. 153, Ictiol. pi. 2. f. 1.
I>-i^- A^-^a• L.lat.45.
Pra^opcrculum finely serrated behind, and with three equal and
strong spinous teeth below, one of which is placed at the angle.
Caudalis truncated. Red, with eight brown cross-bands, lost on the
sides. The sides of the head with more or less distinct, irregTilar^
brownish streaks.
San Juan- Fernandez (Chili) ; Australia.
a. Adult : skin. Austraha. Piu'chased of Mr. Warwick.
h-d. Half-grown : skins. AustraUa. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
e. Half-grown : skin. Swan River.
/. Half-grown. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
8. Plectropoma susuM.
Ckiv. 8f Val. ii. p. 404; Faun. Japan, p. 11. pi. 4 (upper figure);
Richardson, Ichthyol. China, p. 230.
D.n A.i-.
14 9
Praeoperculum Math fine denticulations behind, coarser at the
angle ; a single spinous tooth below. Caudalis rounded. Brownish
gi-ey, with eight or nine darker cross-bands.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
9. Plectropoma dentex.
Cuv. 8r Val ii. p. 31)4 ; Quoy S^ Gaim. Astrol. p. GCO. pi. 4. f. 2 ;
Richardson, Erebus 4'- I'error, p. 117. pi. 57. f. 3-5.
D. 15. A.|. Csec. pylor. 7.
Prffoperculum with a few inconspicuous denticulations behind,
27. PLECTBOPOMA. 161
and t^ree or four small spinous teeth below. Caudalis rounded. Olive,
marbled with blackish ; black spots on the sides of the head and on
the snout.
King George's Sound.
a. Adult : stuffed. King George's Sound.
10. Flectropoma cyanostigma. (Plate XII.)
D. i2. A. |. L. lat. 100.
Praeoperculum with three spines beneath, the anterior of which is
the strongest. Caudalis rounded ; the second anal spine longest,
curved. Brownish (in a dried state) ; head and body covered with
round blackish spots, blue in the centre, and each covering about
six scales.
Australian Seas.
a, b. Adult: skins. Australia. Voyage of H. M.S. Fly.
c, d. Adult : skins. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
e. Adult. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr. Gould.
/. Adult : skin. New Holland. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
Description. — Body oblong ; its height is comprised four timer? in
the total length, the length of the "lead 3g. The head above is
covered with scales to the nostrils, — ^^the whole snout, the piseorbital,
the maxillary, and mandibulary being naked. The eye forms one-
sixth of the length of the head, and is situated above at the side,
interfering with the outline of the crown. The distance oetween tl.e
eyes is one-third smaller than their diameter ; the praeorbital broad —
as broad as the diameter of the eye is long The upper maxillary
does not reach to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The
praeoperculum has a rounded augle ; the denticulations along the
posterior Hmb are coarse and distant from one another, becoming
gradually larger at the angle. The anterior spine of the lower Umb
is at least twice as long as the posterior, which is situated very near
the angle. The sub- and interoperculum are entire. The oper-
culum is provided with three spines, the upper of which is broadest,
and distant from the middle ; the latter is rather slender and project-
ing ; the third is immediately beneath.
Both the portions of the dorsal fin are nearly equal in height, and
have a rounded upper margin ; the spinous portion is 1^ as long as the
soft ; the first spine is rather more than half the length of the second ;
the fourth, fifth, and sixth are longest ; the others gradually become
shorter, the twelfth being rather shorter than the second ; the
thirteenth apparently belongs to the soft portion, being, agam, a little
longer ; the first ray is one-third longer than the last spine. The
caudalis is rounded. The soft portion of the qnalis is roimded, and
rather higher than the dorsal ; the spines are very strong, especially
the second, which is slightly curved, and not much shorter than the
longest of the dorsal fin. The pectoralis is rounded, longer than the
ventral, and extends to the vent ; it is composed of eighteen rays.
162 PEECED-ffi.
The ventralis is small, and supported by a spine half the length of
the fin.
There are no prominent canine teeth, but there is a series of large
teeth in each jaw in front and on the side.
The ground-colour in the dried specimens is brownish — perhaps
brownish red in life ; the head and body are covered all over with
roimd blackish spots with a bluish centre, each covering about six
scales. All the fins appear now of a uniform blackish-brown colour,
but there seem to have been similar spots on the pectoral.
Length of the largest specimen 16 inches.
11 . Plectropoma cinctum. (Plate XIII. fig. A.)
D. 1^. A. 4. L. lat. 100.
15 y
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and the length
of the head is one-third of the latter. Praeoperculiun strongly
serrated, with three large spinous teeth at the lower limb, the an-
terior of which is the strongest. Caudalis rather rounded. Reddish
brown, with six dark-brown cross-bands encircling the body and
tail ; sides of the head with two bands of the same colour from the
eye to the opercles ; fins black, and whitish- edged.
a. Fine specimen. Norfolk Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
Description. — The form of the body is oblong, similar to that of
the Perch ; its height is comprised 3i in the total length. The
head is rather elongate, its length being one-third of the total.
The snout is elongate, as in Mesoprion, twice the diameter of the
eye ; the upper surface of the head narrow, the distance between
the eyes smaller than their diameter ; the scales extend only to the
nostrils, — the whole snout, praeorbital, and upper maxiUarybone being
naked. The eye is rather small, only one-sixth of the length of the
head ; the nostrils, separated into a smaller round posterior open-
ing and into an oval anterior one, are situated in front of the upper
angle of the eye. The praeorbital is broad, even broader than the
hinder end of the maxillary bone, which reaches to below the centre
of the eye. The prseoperculum is provided with rather strong and
distant denticulations, increasing in size towards the angle, and with
three very strong spinous teeth at the lower limb, the anterior of
which is the strongest ; the angle of the praeoperculum is rounded ;
the sub- and interoperculum are entire. The operculum has three
spines, the upper of which is very remote from the others; the
middle is the longest, projecting immediately above the lower one.
Suprascapula conspicuously crenulated.
The spinous portion of the clorsalis is much lower and longer than
the soft. The spines are strong: the second one-third longer than
the first, the third one-third longer than the second ; the fifth to
the eighth longest, the ninth to the fourteenth gradually becoming
shorter ; finally, the fifteenth a little longer than the preceding, and
apparently belonging to the soft portion ; this portion is nearly
27. PLECTEOPOMA. 163
twice as high as the preceding lowest part of the spinous dorsal, and
has an entirely rounded upper margin. The cavdalis is rounded.
The soft part of the analis is partly enveloped by a thick encroach-
ment of the scaly integument, and forms an oblong flap with a roimded
inferior edge ; the second spine is exceedingly thick, and even longer
than the longest dorsal spine, also somewhat curved ; the third spine
is not quite twice the size of the second. The pectoraUs extends
rather farther than the ventral, to the third cross-band ; it is com-
posed of eighteen rays, rounded, and enveloped in a thick mem-
brane. The ventralis, rather short, does not extend to the vent ;
it is rounded, with a thick membrane between the rays, and has a
spine half the length of the fin.
There are three pairs of canines in each jaw, of rather small size ;
the vomerine and palatine teeth stand in very narrow series.
The ground-colour is a reddish brown, darker on the back. The
dark-brown cross-bands and the interspaces of the ground-colour
are nearly of the same breadth ; the first passes from in front of the
dorsal to the gill-opening above the operculum ; the second from the
interspace between the fourth and sixth dorsal spines vertically to the
belly ; the third from the twelfth to the fourteenth ; the foui'th from
the middle of the soft dorsal fin to the middle of the anal ; the fifth
fi'om the end of the dorsal roimd the taU ; the sixth, narrow and
indistinct, round the root of the caudal. The second to the fifth bands
extend also more or less on the fins. On the side of the head a
dark-brown streak runs from the back edge of the eye to the supra-
scapula, and a second oblique one from beneath the eye to the angle
of the praeoperculum ; a brown streak behind the maxillary. The
opercles and soft fins are indistinctly dotted with brown. All the
fiins, except the spinous dorsal, have a blackish-bro^vn white- edged
margin.
Length of the specimen 10".
12. Plectropoma serratum.
Cuv. (§• Val. ii. p. 399 ; Qiioy 8f Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 662. pi. 2.
f. 1 ; Dumont d' Urville, Voy. au Pule Sud, Poiss. pi. 3. f. 1.
]).J|. A.|. Caec. pylor. 8.
Praeoperculum strongly serrated behind, and with two large spinous
teeth below, the anterior of which is the strongest. CaudaHs trun-
cated. Brown : an obKque blackish band from the eye to the angle
of the praeoperculum, and some black spots on the sides of the body.
King George's Sound.
13. Plectropoma aculeatum.
Ckv. 8f Val. vi. p. 523.
D. i^. A.-i.
H 8
Posterior limb of the praeoperculum with coarse denticulations,
gradually becoming larger towards the angle, the horizontal Hmb
M 2
164 PERCID^.
with three very strong spinous teeth ; suboperculum with three acute
spines at the lower angle. Caudahs truncated. Brown, with small,
scattered blackish spots on the back and the dorsal fin. ( Val.)
Banc des Aiguilles.
14. Plectropoma brasilianum.
Plectropoma brasilianum, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 397.
P Plectropoma patachonica, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 11.
^•1^6- A. ,48- [D.{|. -A.ICC^..).] C«c.pylor.9.
PrsBoperculum finely serrated behind, and with four spinous teeth
below. Caudalis truncated. Greyish brown, with irregular reddish
bands.
Coast of Brazil.
The specimens described by Jenyns exhibit only three spinous
teeth at the horizontal limb of the praeoperculum.
a. Adult : stufied. Sine patria.
h, c. Half-grown : stuifed. Sine patria.
15. Plectropoma chloroptemm.
Cuv. 8r Val. ii. p. 398 ; Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 73. lam. 9. f. 3.
D. |i. A.|. L. lat. 70. Ckc. pylor. 8.
Praeoperculiun finely and equally serrated behind, and with two
spinous teeth below, the anterior of which iu the largest. Caudalis
rounded. Olive, marbled with brownish black ; throat white-spotted.
Caribbean Sea.
16. Plectropoma pictnm.
Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Ichthyol. p. 5.
D. H. A.i-.
17 9
This species appears to be different from the preceding (PI.
chloropterum), although closely allied, according to the descriptions
referred to.
Operculum with three spines ; praeoperculum serrated behind, and
with two spinous teeth beneath, the anterior of which is the strong-
est, the other situated at the angle ; fins and snout scaly. Caudalis
rounded ; the fourth dorsal spine longest ; the third of the anal fin
rather shorter than the second; pectorals extending beyond the
front end of the anal fin. Silvery white, with rose-coloured mark-
ings. (Tschudi.)
Coasts of Chili and Peru.
17. Plectropoma monacanthus.
Miill. ^ Trosch. in Schomb. Hist. Barb. p. 665.
A single strong spine in front of the angle of the praeoperciidum.
27. PLECTEOPOMA. 165
Brownish, with darker spots on the sides, and some rounded spots
of a lighter colour on the belly, opercles, and cheeks.
In shallow water along the coast of Barbadoes ; Falkland Islands.
a. Adult: stuffed. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E. Wright,
Esq.
b Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
c. Adult : skin. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
18. Flectropoma macrophthaliuos.
Tschvdi, Faun. Peruana, Ichthyol. p. 6
D. 1". A. A.
10 9
Praeoperculum serrated behind, with several spinous teeth beneath.
Caudalis ? ; the third to sixth dorsal spines longest ; the third of the
anal fin longer thaa the second. Uniform greyish. (TschudL)
Coast of ChUi (Lurin, Callao).
19. Flectropoma pa3rtense.
Lesson, Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 233.
1). -. A. y.
Caudalis forked. Reddish grey, with five large yellow spots on
the side.
Payta.
20. Flectropoma hispaiiTun.
Chiv, 8f Vol. ii. p. 386; Poey, Memor. Ouha, 1851, p. 72. lam. 4. f. 1.
^- li^Ii- ^- 7- ^^^- W14. Csec. pylor. 8.
Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, and with a single spinous
tooth below ; suboperculum denticulated. Rose-coloured, with yel-
low streaks.
Martinique; Cuba.
21. Flectropoma puella*.
Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 405. pL 37 ; Ramon de hi Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss.
p. 18 ; Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 62. lam. 9. f. 2.
D. _i<L . A. y. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 8/20. Caec. pylor, 5.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is only 2^ in the total length. Praeoper-
culum finely serrated behind, rather coarser denticulated below;
sub- and interoperculum with exceedingly fine denticulations.
Violet, with five or six black cross-bands, the middle of which is
* Flectropoma vitulinum (Poey, Memor. Cuba, p. 68) is closely allied to P.puella.
166 PERCID^.
broadest, spanning from the fourth dorsal spine to the tenth ; the
soft part of dorsalis with fine darker streaks.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection.
6.. Adult: stuffed. America. Presented by Dr. PameU.
c. Fine specimen. S. America. Presented by Sii* R. Schomburgk.
d. Fine specimen. Sine patria. Presented by the Zoological Society,
e. Fine specimen. (Canton ?) Presented by the Zoological Society.
/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
22. Plectropoma indigo.
Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. G9. lam. 3. f. 1.
D-n- A.|.
14 0
Allied to PI. puelhi.' Praeoperculum finely sen-ated behind, with
rather small spinous teeth beneath. Blue, with five bluish cross-
bands, the middle of which is broadest ; ventrals black ; caudalis
emarginate. (Poey.)
Cuba.
23. Plectropoma bovinum.
Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. GO.
D. 1^. A. 1. Csec. pylor. 6.
Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, ^^^th rather small spinous
teeth beneath. Dark blue, -with eight hghter cross-bands. Cau-
dalis emarginate. (Poey.)
Cuba.
24. Plectropoma giunmigutta.
Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 70. lam. 3. f. 2.
Praeoperculum serrated behind, and with rather stronger denticu-
lations beneath. Caudalis emarginate. YeUowdsh, with two black,
blue-edged spots before the eye ; muzzle blue. {Poey.)
Cuba.
25. Plectropoma gutta-varium.
Plectropoma gutta-variiim, Poey, I. c. pp. 70, 441.
melanorhina, Guichvn. Poists. in Ramon, de la Sayra, Hist. Cuba,
p. 18. pi. 1. f. 1.
Praeoperculum serrated beliind, and with rather stronger denticu-
lations beneath. Caudalis emarginate. The anterior parts of the
body yellow, the posterior black ; fins yellow ; a black, blue-edged
spot in front of the eye.
Cuba.
28. TKACHYPOMA. 167
26. Plectropoma chlorurum.
Qtv. iSf Val ii. p. 406 *
D. {|. A.}. Caec. pylor. 4.
Prseoperculum finely serrated behind, with three rather stronger
denticulations at the angle, and with six at the horizontal limb.
Uniform blackish brown ; caudal and pectoral fins yellow, the other
ones black.
Martinique.
27. Plectropoma unicolor.
Seha, iii. 27. 10.
Holocentius unicolor, Bl. Schn. p. 322.
Plectropoma ephippium, Cuv. 8; Val. ii. p. 408.
D. ^. A.i-.
15 7
Muzzle pointed ; praeoperculum finely serrated behind, and with
rather stronger denticulations below. CaiidaHs emarginate. Brown-
ish : a black cross-band on the tail, a black spot in front of the eye,
a narrow violet undulated line from the eye to the angle of the prae-
operculum ; each scale on the breast with a small whitish speck in
the centre.
East Indies ?
a. Adult : stuffed. Sine patria. — Of uniform brown colour.
28. TRACHYPOMAf.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth in villiform bands ; without canine
teeth ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal,
with twelve spines ; the anal with three. Operculum with moderate
points ; praeoperculum with spinous teeth at the tower limb, directed
forward. Scales small. The number of p^doric appendages in-
creased (13).
Pacific.
1. Trachypoma macracanthus. (Plate XIII. fig. B.)
D.{?. A.-|. L. lat. 65. C£^. pylor. 13.
Similar to Plectropoma cyanostigma. The height of the body is 3|
in the total length ; the length of the head is one-third of the same.
Posterior limb of praeoperculum strongly denticulated ; the inferior
with three strong spinous teeth, the anterior of which is the largest ;
sub- and interoperculum entire. CaudaKs rounded. Brownish (in
spirits), covered aU over with very small whitish, darker-edged specks.
a, 6. Norfolk Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
c, d. Norfolk Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
* Plectropoma nigricans (Pocy, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 71) and Plectropoma
accensum (Poey, I. c. p. 72), both from Cuba, if not the same, are closely allied,
t From rpaxi's, spinous, and iriZfia. opercle.
168 PEBCID^.
Description — In habit similar to the Perch The height of the
body is comprised Sg in the total length, the length of the head is
one-third. The head above, in the occipital region, is lather broad
and rounded, between the eyes it is much narrower (the distance of
the eyes being only two-thirds of their diameter), and longitudinally
grooved. The scales extend to the nostrils, which, forming on each
side two round openings, are situated entirely on the upper surface
of the head. The prseorbital, the snout, and the jaws are naked.
The eye is 3|^ in the length of the head, and the extent of the snout
is rather shorter than its diameter. The upper maxillary reaches
to below the centre of the eye. The praeoperculum exhibits rather
a coarse serrature at the posterior limb, some strong teeth at the
angle, which is rounded, and three recurved opines at the lower
limb, the anterior of which is the strongest and very long. The
sub- and interoperculum are entire. The operculum is provided
with three conspicuous spines, remote from one another, and the
middle one most projecting. The suprascapula with two or three
spinous teeth.
The soft portion of the dorsalis is rather higher, and one-third
shorter, than the spinous. The spines become longer to the fourth,
which is the longest, together with the fifth and sixth, and then gra-
dually diminish in size to the last, which still somewhat exceeds the
second spine. The soft portion has a rounded superior margin, the
anterior rays being one-third longer than the last spine. Cauclalis
roimded. The analis is distinguished by the very long and strong
second spine ; it is longer than any of the dorsal spines, and
exceeds even half the height of the body ; the first spine is rather
more than one-half the length of the third. The six rays form
together a very short fin with a rounded margin ; none of the rays
exceed the second spine in length. The pectoralis, rounded, and
composed of 16 rays, extends as far as the ventral — that is, a little
beyond the vent. The ventralis, of moderate size and form, is sup-
ported by a spine more than half the length of the fin.
There is not the slightest vestige of a canine tooth in any of the
specimens ; the vomerine teeth are arranged in a triangular group,
those on the palatine bones in narrow bands.
The coloration appears now to be brownish olive, being covered
aU over with round whitish (in life probably blue), dark-edged specks
of the size of a scale.
Length of the largest specimen 7".
29. POLYPRION.
Polyprion, Cuv. Rkgne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Vol. ii. p. 21.
Seven branchiostcgals. AU the teeth villiform ; without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones and on the tongue. One dorsal, with
eleven spi'ies ; the anal fin with three. Opercles denticulated ; a
strong, rough longitudinal ridge on the operculum. Scales small.
Mediterranean, and the European part of the Atlantic.
30, POGONOPERCA. 169
1. Polyprion ceminm.
Amphibrion americanus, Bl. Schn. p. 205. t. 47.
Epinephelua oxygeneios, Bl. Schn. p. 301.
Scorpsena massiliensis, Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 184 (not LacSp.).
Sciaena aquila, Rosenthal, Ichthyotorh. Tafeln, pi. 16. f. 1.
Polyprion cemium, Valenc. Mem. du Mm. xi. p. 265; Cuv. &r Vol.
iii. p. 21. pi. 42, viii. p. 475 ; YarreU, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 19 ; Cuv.
Rigne Anim. III. pi. 9. f. 1.
Serranus (Polyprium) Couchii, YarreU, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 12.
Stone-Basse, Coach, Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 81.
^- rTT2- ^-W- ^^^- 13/13. Caec. pylor. 2.
The height of the body equal to the length of the head, and one-
third of the total. Uniform brown ; caudalis rounded, with a whitish
edge.
Mediterranean ; Madeira ; coasts of Portugal, France, and England.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. Plymouth. Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
h. Adult. Medilerranean.
c. Adult : stuffed. Sine patria. Mr. Yarrell's Collection {Polyprion
couchii).
d. Adult: head, dried.
30. POGONOPERCA*.
A barbel at the lower jaw. Seven branchiostegals. All the
teeth villiform ; without canines ; teeth on vomer and palatine bones.
Dorsal deeply notched ; the first with seven, the anal with three
spines. Operculum spiniferoiis ; prseoperculum denticulated. Scales
minute, imbedded in the skin.
1. Pogonoperca ocellata. (Platb XIY fig- 4 )
I>-7|4 A.|.
Barbel about as long as the diameter of the eye. Brownish, covered
all over with small round white dots; three or four large brown
blotches on the back (in dried state).
a. Adult: stuffed. Hab. ?
Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is one-fourth
of the total length, the length of the head is 3^ in the same. The
upper surface of the head is short and narrow, the interspace between
the eyes being one-ninth only of the length of the head. The snout
is short, the cleft of the mouth oblique, the lower jaw prominent.
There is a broad and well- developed barbel at the symphysis of the
mandibulae; it is rather longer than the diameter of the eye, and
coloured like the body. The intermaxillary does not reach to the end
of the maxillary, and is furnished with a broad band of villiform
teeth, corresponding to a similar band in the lower jaw ; the vomerine
* From wwywv, beard, and irepKt], perch.
170 PEECIDJB,
teeth are arranged at a right angle ; the band of palatine teeth is
short and narrow. The upper maxillary is styliform at its upper
end only, and soon becomes broad, but is scarcely broader at its lower
end thap in the middle ; it appears to reach behind the middle of
the eye — perhaps to the posterior margin of the orbit. The eye is
placed high up the side of the head, interfering with the upper outline
of the head, and is of moderate size, its diameter being 5^ in the
length of the head. Operculum with tlu'ce spines : the middle is
the largest, flat, and much projecting; the upper is similar, but
smaller ; the lower is more distant, very small, and nearly hidden
by the skin. The prseoperculum is rounded, and armed behind with
coarse, irregular, obtuse spinous teeth ; the sub- and intcroperculum
appear to be entire. The specimen is so prepared that the branchio-
stegals may be seen ; there are on one side distinctly seven, but on
the other I count six only.
The spinous dorsal is connected Avith the soft by a distinct mem-
brane ; its base is miich longer than that of the soft — nearly as long
as the body is high. The spines are strong ; the third is the longest,
about half the length of the base of the spinous fin. There are seven
spines — an eighth apparently belonging to the soft dorsal. The first
spine is the shortest, and equal to the eighth ; the second and fourth
are not much lower than the third. The soft dorsal has been rounded,
and is rather higher than the spinous. The caudal rounded. The anal
has three spines in front, the second of which is strongest and rather
curved, but scarcely longer than the third. Pectoral and ventral fins
rounded ; the base of the spine of the latter falls just below the root
of the former.
The scales must have been very small and thin, and imbedded
in the skin, as in the Tench. The coloration is reddish brown on
the back, lighter beneath ; all the parts, except the upper portion of
the spinous dorsal, are covered with small, round, yellowish-white
spots, each of which, on the body, may have corresponded in life to
a scale. There is a large brown blotch in front of the dorsal,
between the occiput and the operculum ; a second smaller one extends
below the fourth to the sixth dorsal spine ; a thii-d below the middle
of the soft dorsal ; a fourth on the back of the tail.
inches, lines.
Total length 12 0
Height of the body 2 11
Length of the head 3 6^
of the barbel 0 4
of the upper maxillary 1 5^
— of the opercular spine 0 5-i
of the third dorsal spine 1 3
of the caudal 1 9
of the second anal spine 0 4
of the pectoral 1 8
of the ventral 1 7
32. RHYPTICUS. 171
31. GRAMMISTES.
Grammistes, (Artedi) Ciiv. Reyne Anim. ; Cuv, 8f Val. p. 201.
Seven branchiostcgals. All tha teet;: villiform ; without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals ; the first
with seven, the anal fin without conspicuous spines. Operculum
and praioperculum spinifcrous, without serratiues. Scales minute,
enveloped in the epidermis.
Seas of the Indian region.
1. Grammistes orientalis.
Grammistes sebae, Seha, lii. 27. 5.
orientalis, Bl. Schn. Si/st. Posth. p. 189; Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 203.
pi. 27; JBlceker, Amhoinu, iii. p. 15.
Perca bilineata, Thtotb. Nov. Act. Jlohn. xiii. p. 142. t. 5.
Scisena vittata, Laccp. iv. p. 32.'5.
Perca triacanthus, Lncej^. pp. 308, 424.
pentacanthuS; Lacep. pp. 398, 424.
Body oblong, comi)resscd ; caudal rounded. Pra!opcrculum with
three spines. Tendril rudimentary. Black or blackish brown ;
generally with six or seven white longitudinal bands.
Isle de France ; East Indian Seas ; Australia.
a. Adult. Mauritius. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Adult: stuffed. Mauritius.
c. Adult. Phili^ipines.
d. Half- grown : stuffed. Indian Ocean. Presented by Sir A.
Smith.
e. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by J. Macgillivray, Esq.
2. Grammistes punctatus.
Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 504.
D.7|f A.i.
Tendril developed. Prtcoperculum A^ith three spines. Greyish
brown with small Avhitc points.
Hah. ?
32. RHYPTICUS.
Rypticus, Cuv. Ii^<pic Anim. ; Chi\ ^- Val. iii. p. 60.
Smecticus, Valenc. Poiss. Voy. de la VSnus, p. 305.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth vilHform, without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones; tongue smooth. Scales minute, en-
veloped in the epidermis. The spinous dorsal little developed, with
the number of the spines variable; spines of the anal fin none, or
small. Operculum and pra)operculum spiniferous. Aii'-bladder
simple. Pyloric appendages in small number.
Warmer parts of the Atlantic ; Galapagos Archipelago.
172 tEKClDJiS.
1. Bhypticius saponacens.
Parra, p. 61. pi. 64. f. 2.
Anthiaa saponaceus, Bl. Schn.ja. 310.
Rypticua saponaceus, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 63.
D. ^. A. ^. Caec. pylor. 6-7. Vert. 10/14.
One continuoiis dorsal. The length of the bead equals the height
of the body, and rather more than one-fourth of the total length.
Dorsalis gradually becoifthig higher behind ; pectoral rounded, mode-
rate ; ventral small. Brown.
Coasts of Tropical America ; Cape of Good Hope ; St. Helena ;
Cape Verde.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape of Grood Hope. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
6. Adult : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke.
e, d. Adult : stuffed. "W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection,
e. Adult. St. Vincent's. Presented by the Lords of the AdmimHy.
f-h. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection.
i. Adult. America. Presented by the Zoological Society.
Jc, Half-grown : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The form of the skull deviates in many respects from
that of the Serram. The supraoccipital crest is low, and does not
extend beyond the supraoccipital bone. The portion of the skull
formed by the parietdl and frontal bones is very compressed, smooth,
without ridges, and cyUndrically roimded; the space between the
eyes is stiU narrower, with a groove in front for receiving the pos-
terior processes of the intermaxillary. The praeorbital has an entire,
rounded, lower margin, tapering bfehind ; the suborbital arch is very
narrow, but supported at the inner side by a long and broad plate,
which renders this arch very firm, and supports the eye from beneath ;
this plate occupies about one-third of the circle of the orbit. The
maxillary bone gradHally widens behind, and has a rather concave
posterior and a convex anterior margin. There is a large open space
between the dentary and articulary bones of the mandibula. The pne-
pperculum is narrow, crescent-shaped, without any prominent angle,
and with two equal, flat, and triangular spinous teeth at its upper
half; there is another smaller and obtuse tooth above these larger
ones. The sub- and interoperculum are entire. The area of the
operculum is hardly larger than the eye ; it is provided behind with
three prominent spines, the middle of which is the longest, and the
continuation of a strong ridge,, visible at the inner surface of the
operculum ; the two upper spines are nearer together, and the upper-
most is situated at the upper angle of the opercle.
There are ten abdominal and fourteeu caudal vertebrse. The
neural spines of the first seven vertebrae are strong, compressed, and
the more recumbent the more posteriorly situated; the posterior
ones are also shorter. The ribs are short j but thicker than in Ser-^
ramus. There is only oiie rudimentary anal spine, and consequently
the interheemal is very feeble and slender, attached to the eleventh
33. fCLACOCEPHALTTB. 173
haemal spine. The pubio bone is as feeble as the ventral fin itself;
it is composed on each side of two narrow laminae, forming together
a channel.
All the teeth form raHier broad villiform bands ; in both th^ jaws
they extend to the posterior extremity of the bone ; those of the
vomer are arranged in a triangular patch with emargiuate hinder side.
2. Rhyptdcns arenatosr
Cuv. <^ Vol. iii. p. 65, pi. 45.
One continuous dorsal. Greyish brown, punctulated with brown.
Coast of Brazil ; Jamaica.
a. Half-grown. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
b, c. Half-grown : skins. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson,
Esq.
3. Bhypticns macnlatiis.
MU>r. lekthyol S. Carol, p. 39. pi. 6. f. 2.
D. 2 I 25. A. ^. Cffic. pylor. 4.
The two dorsal spines separated from the soft portion. Olive-
brown with whitish spots. (Holbr.)
Cape Remain (coast of S. Carolina).
4. Rhypticus bicolor.
Smecticus bicolor, Valenc. I. c. p. 307. pi. 2. f. 2.
D. 10 I 21. A.^.
Crimson, marbled with lighter ; all the fins black.
Galapagos Archipelago.
33. AULACOCEPHALTJS.
Atdacocephalus, Temm. 8f ScMeg. Faun. Japon. p. 15.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform ; without canines ;
palatines?; tongue?. One dorsal, with nine spines, the anal fin
with three. Operculum with tliree points ; praeoperculum strongly
serrated at the lower limb. Scales small.
Indian Ocean.
1. Anlacocephalns schlegeliL
A\ilacocephalus, sp., Fctun, Japon. p. 15. pi. 5. f. 2.
D. K A. -?-.
■"' 13' "" 10
The height of the body is 3|| in the total length, the length of the
head is more than one-third of it. Sub- and interoperculum den-
ticulated ; suprascapula pointed. Violet ; on each side of the back
174 PERCIDJE.
a broad yellow band, running from the muzzle through the eye along
the dorsal fin to the upper part of the dorsal fin.
Coasts of the Mauritius and Japanese Seas.
a, b. Adult and half-growTi : stuffed. Isle dc France. Presented
by Dr. Janvier.
34. DIPLOPRION.
Diploprion, (Kuhl Sf van Hasselt) C'uv. ^ Val. ii. p. 137.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth \'illiforra ; without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals, the first
with eight, the anal fin with two spines. Operculum spiniferous,
praeoperculum with double denticulated limb. Scales small.
Seas of the Indian region,
1. Diploprion bifasciatum.
Diploprion bifasciatum, (Kuhl 6f ran Hasselt^ Cm: Sf Val. ii. p. 137.
pi. 21 ; Faun. Japon. p. 2. pi. 2. A ; Rfhards. Ichthyol. CJiina,
p. 222 ; Bleck. in Verliand. JJatav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 59, and Na-
tuurk. Tyd.<ichr. Nederl. Ind. \\. 1854, p. 207.
D. 8 I 15. A. ■^. Vert. 12/13. C^c. pylor. 3.
Body 2-|- as long as high, compressed ; the first dorsal fin half as
high as trunk ; ventrals long, pointed. Yellowish, ^vith two broad
black cross-bands.
Japanese, Chinese, and Javanese Seas ; Moluccas.
a, h. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J, R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Half-grown. Cliina. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
e-h. Adult. China.
i, k. HaLf-growTi. Hong Kong. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Large specimen. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
m. Adult : stuffed. Japan. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
n. Adult. Molucca Islands, From Mr. Frank's CoUectign.
0. Half-gro\\Ti : stuffed. India.
p-s. Half-grown : not good state. India.
35. MYRIODON.
Centropristes, sp., Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 48.
MjTiodon, Brisout de BarnevUle, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 133.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth minute, villiform ; teeth on
the palatine bones; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with twelve or
thirteen spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum spiniferoiis ;
prseopercTilum denticulated, with spinous teeth at the lower Hmb,
diixcted forward. Scales moderate. The number of pyloric ap-
pendages small (none?).
Seas of the Australian region.
36. GENYOBOGE. 175
1. Myriodon walgiensis.
Scorpaena waigiensio, Quoy^Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 324.pl. 58. f. 1.
Centropristes scorpsenoides, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 48 ; Richards. Ann. &■
May. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix. p. 120.
Myriodon scorpaenoides, Bris. de Barnev. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 130 j
Bleeker, Riouw. p. 480.
^' tS- ^- 1- ^- ^^^- ^2. L. transv. 8/17. Vert. 9/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length and equal
to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of
the latter. On each side between the two nasal openings a short
membranaceous appendage. Praeoperculum with three or four spi-
nous teeth beneath, directed forward ; operculum with a single spine.
Caudalis very slightly emarginate ; the second spine of the anal very
long and strong. Greyish, marbled with grey and i)rown.
Riouw ; Waigiou ; Port Essington.
a. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.
b. Adult : injured. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult ; stiiffed. Port Essington.
d. Young : dried. Freycinet's Harbour. Voyage of H.M.S.
Herald.
e. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
/. Adult : skeleton. Australia. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
A good description of the skeleton is given by Sir J. Richardson,
I. c. p. 125.
36. GENYOROGE*.
Diacope, sp., Cuv. R^gneAnim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 410; Riipp. Atlas,
p. 70.
Mesoprion, sp., Bleeker.
Genyoroge, Cantor, Catal. p. 12.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with canines in both
jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal
with ten or eleven, rarely with more spines ; the anal fin with three.
Operculum with two or three points ; abbve the angle of praeoper-
culum a deep notch, as deep as broad, receiving a more or less
spinous knob of the interoperculum. Scales moderate.
From the Red Sea through aU the seas of the Indian region ex-
tending into the Pacific.
* 1 . Diacope duodecim-lineata, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 529. — Isle de France.
2. rufolineata, Cuv. 4" Val. vi. p. 531. — New Guinea.
3. axillaris, Cuv. S[ Vol. vi. p. 532.— East Indies.
4. flavipes, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 534. — Vanicolo.
6. analis, Cuv. %■ Val. vi. p. 534. — Isle de France.
6. aurantiaca, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 536. — Vanicolo.
7. - — sanguirtea, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 437. — Red Sea.
8. vitianus, Hombr. ^ Jacq. Voy. au Pdle Sud, Poiss. p. 37. pi- 2. f. 2.
— Polvnesia.
17«
PBBCIDiE.
1. Genyoroge nigra.
Scisena nigra, Forskal, Descr. Anim. p. 47.
Lutjanus niger, Bl. Schn. p. 326.
Diftcope nigra, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 431 : Riipp. N. W. Fisehe, p. 93.
t. 24. f. 1.
^•tS-5- ^'^v L.lat. 45-50.
The height of the body is more than one-third of the total length j
the le^igth of the head is 3| in the same ; the upper profile of the
head is very convex, forming a quarter of a circle. Praeoperculum
serrated, with stronger denticulations at the angle ; the prominence
of the interoperculum like a spine, directed forwards. Pectoral fins
long, reaching to the front end of the anal; caudal truncated.
Uniform black.
Eed Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea.
2. (Jenyoroge macolor.
Macolor, Renard. i. pi. 9. f. 60, ii. pi. 7. f. 30: Valent. iii. p. 348.
pi. 1. f. 1.
Diacope macolor, Cuv, 8f Val. ii. p. 415, Less. M&m. Hoc. Hist. Nat.
iv. p. 409, and Toy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 230. pi. 22. f. 2.
Mesoprion macolor, Bleek. Celeb, iii. p. 752.
D.i?. A.^. Caec. pylor. 4.
Praeoperculum indistinctly serrated. Caudalis truncated ; pectoral
and ventral fins very long, reaching far beyond the front end of the
anal. Black, belly lighter ; a series of three white spots along the
base of dorsal fin, two other spots below ; a white band along the
sides ; head with two white cross-bands ; fins black ; caudal with
white tips, and anal with a white posterior margin.
New Guinea ; Amboyna ; Celebes.
a. Adult. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b, c. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
3. Genyoroge sebae.
Seba, iii. 27. 2 ; itussell, pi. 99.
Diacope sebse, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 411.
siamensis, Cuv. Sf I'al. vi. p. 624.
Mesoprion seboe, Bleeker, Perc. p. 4o.
D. Ji. A. -^. L. lat. 40. CaDc. pylor. 4 (5 Cuv.). Vert. 10/14.
Head one-third of the total length, equal to the height of the body;
the diameter of'the eye is 4| in the length of the head ; the vertical
and horizontal margins of the praeoperculum seiTated ; caudal fin
emarginate. Yellowish, with three broad blackish (reddish-violet)
cross-bands.
Coast of Pondicherry ; Seas of Java, Amboyna, Waigiou ; Louisiade
Archipelago ; Coast of Mozambique.
56. GENYOBOGE. 177
a. AdiUt. India. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
6. Adult: stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (15 fathoms). Voyage
of the Rattlesnake.
c. Adult: skeleton. Aniboyna. From Mi". Frank's Collection.
d. Adult: stuffed. Mozambique. Presented by T. Thompson, Esq.
Skeleton. — The skull is distinguished not only by the development
of all the bones situated in a vertical direction, as we find usual in
Genyoroge, but by much more developed muciferous channels than
in G. bengalensis, offering a further example of how little importance
is the generic character drawn from this modification of the bones.
The occipital crest is exceedingly high, with a rounded superior
angle, and extends far between the orbits ; in front it is separated
into two laminae, which, parting from each other in G. bem/alensis,
are close together in this species. There are two other ridges on
each side of this crest, both arising from above the orbit : the in-
terior, parallel to the occipital crest, articulates with one of the
processes of the suprascapula, and terminates behind in a prominent
spinous point ; the exterior muciferous ridge descends in an oblique
direction and articulates with the other process of the suprascapula.
The space between the eyes is very uneven on account of ridges and
cavities. The praeorbital bone is large, as large as the area of the eye,
trapezoidal, and partly excavated by flat and low muciferous cavities ;
the suborbital arch muciferous, but otherwise as in G. bengalensis.
The maxillary bone short, not longer than the prasorbital, gradually
widening behind, with a nearly straight-lined upper edge and a
rather concave one beneath. The operculum has only one very
short point, forming the end of an interior low crest ; there is only
a rounded prominence at the place where another point is generally
found; it is produced by an emargination beneath. The pra3oper-
eulum is minutely serrated above and partly in the notch, the den-
ticulations being coarser, and radiating at the angle and the inferior
Hmb; the sub- and interoperculum are entire; the knob of the
latter is an obtuse point directed upward. The coracoid bone as in
G. bengalensis.
Of the entire system of muciferous channels, that pair running
along the upper sm-face of the skull is most deVeloped ; it is formed
by the turbinal, entirely modified into a tube,- and by the principal
frontal bones. This channel has three openings : in front, the
anterior opening of the turbinal ; secondly, an opening formed by a
turbinal and frontal bone together; finally, a third in the frontal
bone alone, above the anterior margin of eye ; this channel is blind
behind and does not communicate with the second, as in Acerina
cernua. The second arises from above the posterior margin of the
orbit, and soon separates into two stems : one of them, the scapular
stem, follows the exterior ridge on the parietals, ^nd being curved
upwards and backwards, passes into the suprascapula and the upper
supi'ascapular process, where it is lost : the other, the suborbital
stem, follows the suborbital aich and expands on the praeorbital ; its
openings are small and irregular. TJie tliii'd, or rather the foiuth
178 PERCID^
channel, runs along the inner part of the praeoperculum, is in com-
munication with the scapular stem, and passes beneath on the man-
dibula ; there are several small openings on the praeoperculum, but
not so regular as those on the mandibula, where we find distinctly
three : an entrance-opening behind on the articulary, a second be-
tween the angular and dentary, a third on the dentary, and, besides,
a few very small irregular ones in front. Thus we have here, with
slight modifications, and in a rather less developed degree, the same
muciferous system as in Aaerina cemua, or, in fact, in aU the
Percoids, but in a more or less rudimentary state.
The length of the abdominal vertebral column is to that of the
caudal as 11 : 17. The first interhaemal spine is trihedral, of
moderate size, and attached to the eleventh haemal ; its length is
eq ial to that of the second vertebra to the ninth.
There are two rather small canines on each side of the upper jaw •
the villiform band reaches to the end of the bone, and has several
stronger teeth in the outer row. In the lower jaw the villiform
band does not extend on tlie sides of the bone, there being only a
single series of stronger teeth, continued also on the front of the
jaw. Separate canines cannot be distinguished. The band on the
vomer forms a rather obtuse angle ; that on the palatine bones is
short and narrow.
4. Gtenyoroge bengalensis.
Renard, Poiss. i. t. 20. f. 110; Vcdentyn, Ind. iii. f. 25.
Scisena kasmira, Forskal, p. 46.
Holocentrus bengalensis, Block, i. 246. f. 2 : Bl. Schn. p. 316
quinquelinearis, Bloch, t. 239.
Grammistes kasmira, Bl. Schn. p. 189.
Labrus octolineatus, Lacep. iv. p. 478. pi. 22. f. 1.
kasmira, Lacip iii. p. 483.
Perca polyzonias, Forst. Anim. cur. lAcht. p. 226.
Diacope octolineata, Cuv. iif Vol. ii. p. 418, vi. p. 526 ; Faun. Japan.
p. 12. pi. 6. f. 2 ; Richards. Ichthyol. adna, p. 229.
decemlineata, Cuv. Sf Val. ^^. p. 528.
Mesoprion etaape, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 229.
octolineatus, Bleeker, Perc. p. 40.
The length of the head is equal to the height of body, and 3^ in
the total ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the length of the head.
The vertical and the horizontal margins of the praeoperculum den-
ticulated. Caudal fin emarginate. Yellowish ; on each side four or
five blue longitudinal bands.
Red Sea ; Isle de France ; East Indian Seas ; Polynesia.
a, b. Adult. China.
c. Adult : skeleton. India.
d, e. Adult. India. Old Collection.
/. Half-grown : bad state. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
g. Fine specii^3n. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald.
h. Adult . stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago ; Chaumont Island.
Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
• 30. GKNYOROGK. 179
i. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (in 15 fathoms ; sand and
shells). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
/.;. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by the Lords
of the Admiralty.
/, m. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by
the Lords of the Admiralty.
n-p. Half-grown. Am])oyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
<j. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France.
r. Half-grown : stuffqd. 'Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
Skeleton. — The external appearance of the species of Oenyoroge
exhibiting a more elevated 'form than the Serrani, we find all the
bones situated in a vertical direction, higher, and more developed.
The horizontal part of the occipital crest is as broad as the vertical,
bifid in front, and extending between the orbits. There are two other
ridges on each side of this crest, such as may be found more or less
developed in the Serrani : the interior, parallel to the occipital crest,
ai^iscs above the middle of the orbit, articulates with one of the pro-
cesses of the suprascapula, and terminates on the paroecipital bone,
with a point directed backwards ; the exterior ridge arises from
above the suborbital arch, descends in an oblique direction, and arti-
culates with the other process of the suprascapula. Tbc space
between the orbits is neither concave nor convex, uneven, with
several low ridges and grooves ; the procorbital bone is larg(^, trape-
zoidal, and broader than the space between the orbits ; the sul)()rbital
arch is very narrow, and provided at its inner side with a broad, thin,
concave plate for supporting the eyeball from bcincnth (as in Ser-
ranus). The maxillary bone gradually widens Ijchind, with a rather
convex superior margin and a rather concave inferior one. The
operculum with an upper entirely rounded point, and with 'a lower
moderate, acute spine ; the pra^operculum is minutely serrated
above the notch, the denticulations becoming coarser at the angle
and at the lower limb ; siib- and interoperculum entire ; the knob
of the latter is a tnie spine, directed upwards. I'he coraeoid bone is
formed, as usual, of two bones ; but they are here very broad, the
lower terminating in a point. The first interhamal ^pine is strong.
equal to the length of the second vertebra to the eighth, and is fixed
to the haemal of the tenth. There is a pair of strong canines on each
side of the upper jaw ; those of the lower jaw are very small ; the
teeth of the exterior series in the mandibula gradually become larger
on the middle of the dental bone, and again decrease in length behind ;
the series of vomerine teeth forms an obtuse angle.
5. Genyoroge caeruleovittata.
Diacope caeruleovittata, Cuv. Sf Vol. vi. p. 530.
Eight blue longitudinal bands on each side. Eye very large. ( V«l.
Isle do France.
N 2
180 PEECID-B.
6. QenjOTOge viridis.
Diacope viridis, ValeTic. Voy. VSnusy Zool. p. 303. pi. 1. f. 2.
D.n A.}. L. lat. 55.
Greenish, with four straight, dark green longitudinal bands. ( Val.)
(Jalapagos Archipelago.
7. (Jenyorog^ octovittata.
Diacope octovittata, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 528.
D.l|. A.|. Vert. 11/14.
On each side foiir broad (blue?) longitudinal bands; dorsal fin
with a broad white margin.
Isle de France.
a. Adult : skeleton. Isle de France. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.
The comparison of the skeleton of this species with that of O. ben-
galemis proves the real difference of both species. The general
structure of the skeleton is much the same ; but, besides the difference
in the number of the fins and of the vertebrae, the frontal bones are
much broader, especially behind, where they form a conspicuous flat
vault : the distance between the orbits is larger than one-half of the
horizontal diameter of the osseous orbit, the same distance in G. hen-
galensis being smaller than one-half of that diameter. The first
interhaemal spine is equal to the length of the second to the seventh
vertebra, and is attached to the twelfth and thirteenth.
8. Genyoroge rosea.
Diacope rosea, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 637.
D '^ A -i
Rose-coloured (in life) ; dorsal orange, with blue spots ; anal and
ventral fins blue. ( Val.)
Sea of Ulea (Caroline Islands).
9. Genyoroge gibba.
Sciffina gibba, Forsk. p. 4t).
Lutjanus gibbus, £1. Schn. p. 326.
Diacope coccinea, (Ehrenh) Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 437; Riipp. N. W.
Fische, p. 91. t. 23. f. 2 ; Peters, Wiegm. Archiv, 1865, p. 238.
gibba, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 438.
D '" A -i-
The length of the head is 9^ in the total, and the height of the
body 2| in the same. The upper profile of the head gibboiis a Dove
the eyes ; muzzle elongate, pointed. Pectorals pointed, hardly
reaching to the front end of the anal ; caudal notched. Uniform
reddish rose-coloured, with two rather irregular yellow streaks
passing from the muzzle below the eye to the pectorals ; dorsal, anal,
and ventral fins with white posterior edges.
Red Sea ; Coast of Mozambique.
36. GENYOKOGE, 18]
10. Genyoroge notata.
Tltissi'll, pi. 98.
Diacope notata, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 422.
Genyoroge uotata, Cantor, Catal. p. 12.
Back reddish brovm ; a black blotch on the lateral line (according
to Valenciennes, above the lateral line) ; from the orbit, above the
lateral line, three obliquely ascending orange lines, of which the
lowest reaches to the middle of the base of the dorsal rays ; beneath
the lateral line three or four similar parallel lines, of wliich the upper-
most divides the black spot ; the rest nearly straight from the oper-
culum towards the tail. — Young: head above and back brownish;
stripes of the body brown. {Cantor.)
Sea of Pinang ; Bay of Bengal.
Mesoprion russelUi, Bleeker, seems t(i_ be a different species, be-
longing to the group -with a superficial notch at the vertical margin
of the pneoperculuHL
11. Genyoroge marginata.
Diacope marginata, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 425 ; Peters, Wiegm. Archivy
1855, p. 238.
xanthopus, Cuv. 8^ Vol. iii. p. 495.
Mesoprion marginatus, Bleeker, Amhoinn, ii. p. 564.
D. i5. A. 4. L. lat. 50-55.
Uniform yellowish (in a dried state) ; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins
with a black and whitish edge. The height of the body is 3^ in the
total length, the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is
one-fourth of the length of the head. Pectoral fins pointed, long,
reaching to the spinous part of the anal fin. Caudalis notched.
Louisiade Archipelago ; Amboyna ; Ceylon ; Coast of Mozambiqxie.
a, h. Adult : skin. Ceylon. Presented by the Zoological Society.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
d. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mi;. Frank.
e. f. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by
the Lords of the Admiralty.
ff, h. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society,
12. (Jenyoroge Ijottonfinsis.
Holocentrus boutton, Lacep. iv. pp. 331, 367.
Diacope bottonensis, Cuv. 8r Fat. li. p. 434, vi. p. 535.
Mesoprion bottonensis, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tvdsehr. Nederl Indie, iL
p. 170.
jauthinurus, Bleeker, I. c. vi. p. 52.
^•tSs- a- I- L. lat. 65.
The height of tte body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in the
182 PEKCID.E.
total ; the diameter of the eye one-fourth of the length of the head.
Denticulations of thelower marginof the proDopcrcuhim rather stronger
than those of the posterior ; caudalis notched ; pectoral fins reaching
to the base of the anal ; the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines
longest ; the second anal spine longer and stronger than the third.
Red : brownish red on the back, -flath numerous oblique darker bauds
above the lateral line ; fins immaculate.
Sumatra ; Amboyna ; New Guinea.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection as Meso-
prion annularis.
c. d. Half-grown and yoimg. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Col-
lection.
13. Grenyoroge rivulata.
Diacope rivulata, Cuv. ^ Vul. ii. p. 414. pi. 88 : Rdpp. N. W. Fische,
p. 94.
? Diacope alboguttata, Cuv. <§- Val. vii. p. 445.
D.-LIL A..-i„. L. lat. 54. Ciec. pvlor. 5.
U-IO 8-9 ^ ''
The length of the head is 3f in the total, the height of the body
3i only. Caudal fin very slightly emarginate. Brownish, reticu-
lated with blue on the opercles ; each scale with a light centre and
a darker base and edge ; a white spot above the lateral line, opposite
to the front end of the anal fin, more or less visible in dried spe-
cimens ; fins blacldsh, with darker edges.
Red Sea; Coasts of Coromandel and Malabar; Chinese and Javanese
Seas.
a. Adult. China.
b. Adult : stuffed. China. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
c. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased from Mr. Frank as Meso-
pnon quadripunctatus.
e. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
14. Genyoroge caenileopimctata.
Bussell, i. p. 75. pi. 96.
Diacope caeruleopunctata, Ctiv. ^- Val. ii. p. 424.
Mesoprion Cceriiloopimctatus, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie,
1851, p. 169.
D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 45-50.
The height of the body is 24 or 3 in the total length, the length of
the head 3^ in the same ; the diameter of the eye 3^4i in the length
of the head. Caudalis scarcely emarginate ; the third, fourth and
fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second anal spine strongest and
longest ; the first ray of the vcntrals rather elongate. Brownish
red, Avith blue streaks on the forehead, the cheeks, and opercles ; a
black ring on the lateral line, below the ft-ont part of the soft dorsal
fin ; fins immaculate. {Bl.)
Coast of Coromandel ; Sea of Padang (Sumatra).
30. OKNVOROOE. 183
lo. Genyoroge melanura.
Diaciipe iiiplaiiura, Riipp. N. W. Fisch; p. 92. t. 23. f. 1.
D. 1^. A. l^. L. lat. 60. Ctec. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and equal to the
length of the head. Prajoperculuin serrated, with stronger denticu-
lations below the notch. Upper profile of the head straight. Pec-
toral fins pointed, reaching nearly to the front end of the anal ;
caudalis notched. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ;
the second of the anal fin longer and stronger than the third.
Uniform crimson ; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins white-edged ; basal
part of the caudal of black colour (disappearing in dried specimens).
Red Sea.
a. Adult : stuiFed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
16. Grenyoroge amboinensis.
Mesoprion amboinensis, Bleeker, Amb. ^ Cer. p. 259.
D. ii. A. |. L. lat. 55.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of
the head 3^-3^ in the same ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the
length of the head. Caudahs slightly emarginate ; the middle dorsal
spines longest ; the second anal spine longest, longer than the rays.
Rose-coloured : back with oblique red streaks, sides with five or six
yellow longitudinal stripes ; fins yellow ; a black blotch immediately
above the lateral line.
Sea of AmbojTia.
a, 0. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Bleeker (7. c.) describes the above species with eleven spines of the
dorsal fin, and the following with ten ; in subsequent memoirs he
unites them, Avithout explaining his reasons for it. If there is no
mistake in the numbers given, both species must be different, as we
have never found any variation in the number of the dorsal spines
either in Genyoroge or in Mesoprion. Not ha\dng specimens of both
the species, I am unable to decide the question, and give the diagnosis
of M. mclfinospUos.
17. Grenyoroge melanospilos.
Mesoprion melanospilos, Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 750.
D. ii. A. 4. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length , and equal to the
length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the latter.
Upper maxillary bone reaching to below the middle of the eye ; the
notch of the pricoperculum very deep, and apparently bifid ; the fifth
spine of the dorsal fiji and the second of the anal longest ; caudalis
^ 84 PEBCID.f.
notched. The black lateral blotch between the lateral line ami tlir
anterior dorsal rays ; the spinous part of the dorsal fin black-edged ;
a black spot above the base of the pectoral fins. {Bl.)
Sea of Bulucomba (Celebes).
18. Grenyoroge fulva.
Perca fulva, Forster, MSS.
Holocentrus fulvus, Bl. Schn. p. 318.
Diacope fulva, Cm. Sf Val. ii. p. 435.
D. ii. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. fl.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3^
m the total ; the diameter of the eye is 4^ in the length of the head,
and equal to two-thirds of the distance between the eye and the end
of the muzzle ; the upper maxillary bone reaches nearly to the level
of the anterior margin of the eye ; the praeoperciilum exhibits fine
denticulations above the notch, coarser ones beneath. Caudalis very
slightly concave behind. The fourth dorsal spine and the second of
the anal fin longest and strongest ; pectorals scarcely reaching the
front end of the anal. Uniform yellowish red ; caudalis white-edged.
Sea of Otaheiti.
a. Adult : bleached. Otaheiti. Old Collection. — Forster's original
specimen.
19. Gtenyoroge civis.
Diacope civis, Cuv. fy Val. vii. p. 444.
n " A '
D. jg. A. -.
The length of the head is one-third of the total, and equal to the
height of the body. Uniform brownish red, with a 'brown spot on
the soft parts of the dorsal and anal fins, and two broAvn streaks on
the caudal. {Vol.)
Seychelles.
37. MESOPRION*.
Mesopriou, Cuv. It^yne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 439.
Diacope, sp., Riippell, Atlas, p. 70.
Mesoprion, sp., Blecher.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth ^dlliform, with canines in both
jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones. One dorsal, mostly -with ten or
eleven, rarely "with nine or twelve spines, the anal fin with three.
Operculum generally with two or three, rarely with one indistinct
point ; praeoperculum with fine serralure, without or with a very open
notch. Scales moderate.
All the seas of the Tropical regions.
* 1. Mesoprion aurolineatus, C^lv. # Val. iii. p. 496. — Ceylon.
2. Mesoprion richardi, Cuv. 4' Vnl- ii- P- 448.— Caribbean Sea.
3. Mesoprion ta-niops, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 643.— Celebes (rivers).
4. Mesoprion cyanopterus, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 472.- Brazil.
'37. jiEsorEioN. 185
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Pneoperculiim finely or moderately denticulated.
A. Coloration uniform, or with indistinct oblique and longitudinal
streaks.
1. Ten dorsal spines.
a. Without a large black lateral blotch,
a. Caudal fin deeply forked.
1. M. microchir, 2. M. chrysurus.
/3. Caudal fin truncated, or slightly notched.
aa. Ground-colour olive, with a yellow, green, or brown shade.
3. M. sparus, 8. M. bitfeniatus, 13. M. gembra,
4. M. dentatus, 9. M. waigiensis, 14. M. cynodon,
5. M. carponotatus, 10. M. chrysotaenia, 15. M. griseus,
6. M. bohar, 11. M. argentimaculatus, 16. M. buccanella,
7. M. caudalis, 12. M. lineatus, 17. M. aya.
bb. Ground-colour red.
18. M. bo..nsi,, ^M{;r^"^' 21. M. madras.
b. With a large black lateral blotch.
22. M. johnii, 24. M. fulviflamma, 26. . M. mahogoni,
23. M. fuscescens, 25. M. uninotatus, 27. M. vivanus.
2. Eleven dorsal spines.
28. M. annularis, 30. M. erythropterus, 32. M. timoriensis,
29. M. malabaricus, 31. M. lineolatus, 33. M. isodon.
3. Twelve dorsal spines.
34, M. dodecacanthus, 35. M. dodecacanthoides, 36. M. axirorubens.
6. Mesoprion pargus, Cuv. 4" Val. ii. p. 473. — Porto-Eico.
6. Mesoprion flavipinnis, Cuv. <Sf Val. ii. p. 475. — Pondicherry.
7. Mesoprion rubellus, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 475. — Pondicherry ; Eed Sea.
8. Sillaoo, Russell, pi. 100.— Mesoprion sillaoo, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 476.— East
Indies.
9. Mesoprion fulgens, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 539. — Coast of Gorea.
10. Lutjanus lutjanus, .5^. t. 245. — Mesoprion lutjanus, Cuv. % VaLSx. p. 479.
— East Indies.
11. Cliirtah, Russell, i. pi. 93.— Mesoprion chirtah, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 488. —
Bay of Bengal.
12. Karooi, Russell, ii. pi. 125. — Mesoprion carui, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 489 ;
Cantor, Catal. p. 16. — Bay of Bengal.
13. Lutjanus albo-aureus, Lacip. iv. pi. 7. f. 1. — Mesoprion albo-aureus, Cuv.
4- Val. ii. p. 489.
14. Perca lunulata, Mungo Park, Trans. lAnn. Soc. iii. p. 35. pi. 6. — Lutjanus
lunulatiis, Bl. 8ehn. p. 329 ; Lac^p. iv. p. 213.— Mesoprion lunulatus,
Cuv. 4 Val. ii. p. 477. — Sumatra.
15. Mesoprion olivaceus, Cuv. 4 Vol- ii- P- 478. — Waigiou.
16. Mesoprion erythrognathus, Cuv. 4 Val. vii. p. 447.^=Seychelle8.
17. Mesoprion ? emeryii, Richards. Ic. Pise. p. 7. pi- 3. f 2. — Australia.
18. Mesoprion elongatus, Hombr. S[ Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 38. pi. 2.
f. 3.— Hab. ?
19. Mesoprion argenteus, Hombr. ^ Jacq. I. c. p. 39. pi. 2. f 4. — Hab. ?
20. Mesoprion caudanotatus, Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 440. lam. 3. f 3. —
Cuba.
186 l'KKCID,K.
B. With a more or less broad, distinct, blackish lateral bantl.
37. M. vitta, 38. M. bleekeri, 39. M. euneacHiiUuis.
C. With permanent blackish cross-bands.
40. M. semicinctus.
D. With several distinct longitudinal bauds.
41. M. quiuqueliueatus, 42. M. sobra, 43. M. decussatus.
11. Species with anomalously armed pra3operculum.
44. M. retrospinis, 45. M. pomacantlius.
I. Prpeoperculum moderately or finely denticulated.
A. Coloration uniform, or with indistinct oblique and longitudinal streaks.
1. Ten dorsal spines.
rt. Without a large black lateral blotch.
a. Caudal fin deeply forked.
1. Mesoprion microchir.
Bleeker, Amhoyna, iv. p. 332.
D. -12_. A. -2.. L. lat. 50.
10-11 7-8
The height of the body is 5i in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the latter ; the
upper profile of the head convex. The lower jaw ra'^her prominent,
the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the anterior half of the
eye. Prscoperculum not notched. Caudalis deeply forked , the
dorsal spines slender, the middle ones nearly equal in length, higher
than the rays ; the third anal spine longest. Yellowish olive ; the
dorsal fin brown-spotted at the base, and above brown-edged, the
other fins immaculate. (-BL)
Sea of Ambo>-na.
2. Mesoprion chrysurus. u)u^>
Rabirubbia, Patra, pi. 22. f. 1.
Colas, Duhamel, PecJies, iv. cap. 5. p. G4. pi. 12. f. 1.
Acara pitamba, 3Iargr. p. 155.
Sparus chrysurus, Bl. t. 262; Laccp. h\ p. 115.
Grammistes chrvsurus, BL Schn. p. 187.
Anthias rabirubbia, BL Sch/i. p. 309.
Sparus somiluna, Laa'p. iv. pp. 141, 142. pi. 3. f. 1.
Mesoprion chrysurus, Cxr. ■!)• VaL ii. p. 459 ; Guichen. Poiss. in Eamon
(h la Sa(/ra, Hist. Cuba, p. 24.
• aurovittatus, Spiz, Fischc BrasiL pi. GG.
D --. A. - L. lat. 55-60. L. transv. 9/18 Vert. 10/14.
13 9 '
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
one-fourth of the total. Caudalis deeply forked, with the upper
lobe longest; pectorals reaching to the origin of the anal. I'rac-
37. jiEsoPHioN. 187
operculum very indistinctly emarginate ; intcropcrculum without
knob. Greenish olive, with oblique streaks above the lateral line,
and some shining golden longitudmal bands on the sides. No lateral
blotch, nor a spot in the axil.
Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. West Indies. From the Haslar Collection. —
Head above with small round violet spots.
b. Half-grown. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
e, d. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
e, f. Half-groven : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
g. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h. Skin: not good state. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Kichard-
son, Esq.
i-n. Half-grown : skin. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
0. Skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
p. Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection. — Spotted like speci-
men a.
Skeleton. — The skeleton of this species deviates more from those of
M. uninotatus and griseus than these species from each other. The
maxillary bone gradually widens from the base to its extremity, and
has the posterior margin nearly straight and the anterior concave.
The posterior processes of the maxiUary bones are of moderate length,
about one-half the length of the bones themselvos ; each of these is
armed in front with three canines, of nearly equal and of moderate size.
There is a series of short conical teeth along all the outer margin,
accompanied by a posterior villiform band. The mandibulary is fur-
nished with an outer series of conical teeth, gradually becoming smaller
in the posterior portion of the jaw ; there are some viUiform teeth
besides, near the symphysis. The vomerine teeth are arranged in an
anchor-shaped villiform band, occupying more than half the length
of the bone. The palatine teeth form a band, five times as long as
broad, and not extending on the pterygoid. The turbinal bones are
well developed, elongate, and slightly divergent ; they leave between
them a triangular groove to receive the processes of the intermax-
illary bones. A short triangular portion of the ethmoid is visible
between the branches of the occipital crest, which in this species is
rather elevated, to its anterior extremity, and extends along all the
suture of the frontal bones. The lateral crests are relatively much
less developed, and the interior arises from the middle of the space
between the occipital crest and the upper margin of the orbit. The
praeorbital is large, irregiilarly quadrangular, and smooth ; the re-
mainder of the infraorbital bones are narrow, and form the base for
a large concave plate reaching into the interior of the orbit.
The operculum has two obtuse points, with a notch between ; a
ridge on the interior surface of the opercidum corresponds to the
lower of the points ; the sub- and interoperculum are entire. • The
limbs of the praeoperculum have a rather oblique direction towards
each other ; the angle is rounded, and furnished with obtuse denti-
culations. The posterior limb has an exceedingly fine serratui'c, ex-
188 VERCID.!!;.
tending into the notch, which is scarcely conspicuous. The inferior
limb is entire. Suprascapiila scarcely denticulated. The glossohyal
is oblong, of nearly equal width posteriorly and anteriorly, and
covered wath exceedingly fine villiform teeth ; the urohyal terminates
posteriorly in two points, the lower of which is elongate ; there is a
semicirciilar notch between. The basal portion of the skull is slightly
swollen, and there is a deep and broad longitudinal groove behind
the condyle of the basioccipital.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length
of the former portion of the column being to that of the caudal as
1 : 1*55. The first interhaemal spine is not strong, and equal to the
length of the first six vertebra; together : it is attached to the haemal
spines of the eleventh and twelfth vertebrae.
/3. Caudal fin truncated, or slightly notched.
aa. Ground-colour olive, with a yellow, green, or brown shade.
3. Mesoprion spams.
Diacope sparus, Temm. i$- Schleg. Faun, Japan. Poiss. p. 14.
10 8
Physiognomy sparoid. The upper maxillary bone reaching to
below the middle of the eye. Praeoperculum with exceedingly fine
deiiticulations, and a slight notch behind ; suprascapula denticulated.
CaudaUs notched ; the second anal spine shortei-, but stronger, than
the third. Uniform brownish. (Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
4. Mesoprion dentatus.
Apsilus dentatus, Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra^ Hist. Cuba, Poiss.
p. 29. pi. 1. f. 2.
D. J5. A.f. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 10/18
The upper maxiUary reaches scarcely beyond the anterior margin
of the eye. Praeoperculum with a very slight notch, with the posterior
Limb exceedingly finely serrated, and with conspicuous denticulations
beneath. Dorsalis nearly even, caudaUs forked ; the second anal
spine shorter, but not stronger, than the third. Coloration uniform.
Jamaica.
a, h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Half-grown: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
Description. — This species is very remarkable for its being an in-
termediate form between species of Centropristis, Anthias, and MesO"
prion. I place it in the latter genus on account of the pneoperciUar
notch, which, slight as it is, nevertheless is present, and followed by
more conspicuous denticulations of the angle. Otherwise this species
has much similarity to Centropristis atrarius, Anthias macrophtlialmns,
and Mesoprion aurorubens in general habit, and in the small number
87. MESOPEION. 189
of the rays of the vertical fins. The preceding species, Mesoprion
sparus, appears to be closely allied to the fish of the present -de-
scription ; and it is a very remarkable fact in the geographical dis-
tribution of fishes, that we find several species, described by Schlegel
in the ' Fauna Japonica,' represented in the Atlantic by others, not
or scarcely different, — viz., among the Serranina, Anihias ocidatus,
Serranus tsirimenara and margaritiferus, Mesoprion sparus and den-
tatv£.
The height of the body is 3^ or ^\ in the total length, the length
of the head four times. The eye is situated m the middle of the
length of the head, in which its diameter is contained 4^ ; the inter-
space between the eyes equals the diameter. The snout is li as
long as tlie eye is wide ; the cleft of the mouth moderate, slightly
obhque, with the ^ower jaw rather prominent. The upper maxillary
reaches to, or slightly beyond the vertical from the anterior margin
of the orbit. The front head, the snout, and the praeorbital are
completely scaleless.
The praeopercvdum has a naked margin, broadest at the angle ; the
remainder is scaly, there being seven rows of scales between the eye
and the lower Umb of the praeoperculum. The posterior limb is
slightly curved, and furnished with an exceedingly fine serrature ;
there is a very slight notch immediately above the angle ; the angle
and the lower limb form one curvature, with distinct denticulations.
The operculum is nearly twice as high as wide, with the base naked,
as in many fishes ; it is covered with seven oblique rows of scales,
and terminates posteriorly in two obtuse points with a notch between.
The suboperculum has two or three rows of scales, one of which
extends over all its length. The interoperculum is elongate, cres-
cent-shaped, with two series of small scales.
The origin of the dorsal fin correspond* to the 6th scale of the
lateral Hne, the end to the 39th, the origin of the soft portion to the
26th: — consequently the base of the spinous is much longer than that
of the soft. The upper margin is slightly undulating, the fourth and
fifth spines and the fifth ray being equal in length, and 2-| in the
total ; the last dorsal spine is one-fourth shorter. All the spines are
slender and equal in strength. The dorsal fin is entirely scaleless.
The caudal fin is moderately forked, the middle ray being half the
length of the longest ; small scales cover about one-half of the fin.
The origin of the anal fin corresponds to the vertical from the 28th
scale of the lateral fin, the end to that from the 4l8t. The spines are
feeble ; the first is one-half the length of the second, the second two-
thirds the length of the third ; the third is three-quarters the lensrth
of the first ray, which equals the ninth dorsal spine ; the last ray is
slightly elongate and prominent beyond the margin of the fin. The
pectoral fin is elongate, pointed, and extends backwards to the first
or second ray of the anal fim ; a short triangiilar patch at the base is
scaly. The ventral fin is sJmilar and extends to the vent.
The lateral line follows the outiine of the back, and is formed by
scales rather smaller than the others.
The lateral series of teeth in the jaws contain larger .ones than
190
those of the nlliform bands, and there are two or three canines of
moderate size on each side, above and beneath. The vomenne teeth
fonn a triangular patch, with an anterior obtuse angle. The pala-
tine band is cuneiform, narrow
The coloration is now uniform greyish, the scales of the back
having a darker margin ; the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins blackish.
inches, lines.
Total length 13 9
Height of the body 3 10
Length of the head 3 5
Diameter of the eye 0 9^
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 6^
of the tenth dorsal spine 1 0|
of the first dorsal ray 1 3
of the tenth dorsal ray 1 4^
of the third anal spine 1 0^
of the fir.'^t anal ray 1 3
of the eighth anal ray 1 3
of the pectoral fin 3 o
of the ventral fin 2 8
5. Mesoprion carponotatus.
Richardson, Ann. S,- Mai/. Nat. Hist. 1S42, vol. i.v. p. 28.
D. 1^. A. ij. L. lat. 68.
External appearance sparoid. The length of the head is 3^ in
the total length, and equal to the height of the body ; the diameter
of the eye is 4^ in the length of the head. Pra:opei culum with a
few scarcely \-isible denticulations, slightly emarginate ; operculum
rounded, as in Sparus, with a shallow re-entering arc ; suprascapula
entire. Caiidalis tnmcated ; the point of the pectoral fin falls short
of the anus. The fourth dorsal spine longest, the second and third
of the anal fin nearly equal. Coloration uniform, with a black spot
at the root of the pectoi-al fin.
Noi'th Australian Coast.
a. Adult. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection.
'). Mesoprion bohar.
Sciajna bohar, Forsk. p. 4(i.
Spams Icpisurus, Lacep. iii. pi. 15. f. 2.
Lutjanus bohar, lil. Schn. p. 325.
Diacopo bohar, Ouv. ^- Vat. ii. p. 433 ; Riipp. Atl. Fisehe, p. 73, and
N. W. Fisehe, p. 103.
Diacope quadripruttata, Cuv. ^- Vul. ii. p. 427, vi. y. 533.
D.
A. J. Vert. 10/14.
The height of th'^ body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3|. Interoperculum with a distinct knob, pra'o])eniibnn
37. MESOPEION. 191
slightly notched. Caudalis notched ; pectorals not fully reaching to
the anal. Brownish ; in immature specimens two whitish blotches
on each side of the back, disappearing after death.
From the Red Sea along the eastern coast of Africa ; (East Indies).
Diacope qtuidri guttata, Cuv., after having been united by RiippeU
with Diac. bohar, and acknowledged by Valenciennes as the young
animal of the latter, is now again separated by Bleeker (Natuurk.
Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, ii. p. 233). The descriptions of D. bohar are
not suiRcient to enable us to decide, without specimens from the Red
Sea and the East Indies, whether there are reaUy two different species
or not. Bleeker, in his description, mentions the praeoperculum as
being deeply notched.
a. Half-grown: not good state, Madagascar. Presented by Dr.
J. E. Gray.
7. Mesoprion caudalis.
Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 537.
13 7
Caudalis slightly rounded ; praeoperculum with a very conspicuous
notch, and stronger denticulations beneath. Yellowish olive, with
violet longitudinal streaks above and beneath the lateral Line ; caudal
fin with a large, triangular, violet, yellowish -edged blotch ; the spi-
nous part of the dorsal fin blackish ; the other fins yellowish. (Val.)
Vanicolo Islands.
8. Mesoprion bitseniatus.
Diacope bitseniata, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 536 ; Qiioy Sf Gaim. Voy. Astrol.
Poiss. p. 664. pi. 5. f. 2.
D.i2. A.|.
12 7
Caudalis slightly emarginate. Yellowish, with oblique streaks
above the lateral line, and longitudinal beneath ; two red bands
across the cheek, and a black one across the middle of the caudal fin.
Celebes.
9. Mesoprion wadgiensis.
Diacope waigiensis, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 307.
immaculata, Cm\ ^ Val. ii. p. 430 *.
D. 15. A. |. L. lat. 75.
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, and equal to the
length of the head; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the latter.
Praeoperculum verj' finely serrated ; notch conspicuous, knob rather
indistinct. Caudalis emarginate ; pectoral distant from anal fin ;
the third and fourth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the anal
* Cuvier quotes this species as Diacofv immactdata, Quoy & Qaim. ; but this
name was given by lumself, instead of the true denomination mentioned above.
ly2 PERCn)-E.
stronger, but not longer, tiian the third. Uniform oHvo (in a di-ied
state), with indistinct obli(|ue streaks above the Uiteral line, and
longitudinal ones beneath ; base of the pectoral with a nan-ow black
spot.
Sea of Waigiou ; Port Essington.
a. Adult : stuffed. Port Essington.
There is a tooth near the symphysis of the intennaxillan^- bones,
stronger than those of the velvet-like band ; then, more at the side,
but in front of the muzzle, a very strong and long canine ; then a
series of nine or ten smaller ones, gradually becoming smaller
behind; at the inside of these canines is the band of velvet-like
teeth. In the exterior scries of the lower jaw are four canines in
front and at the side ; and then follow two larger ones, but smaller
than the fang of the upper jaw.
10. Mesoprion chrysotaBnia.
Bleeher, Nntuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, ii. It^/Sl, p. 170, and Art.
S(H\ Sc. Itulo-Nedi'rl. i. p. 40.
D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 65.
lae height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the
head 3|^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter ; the
upper profile of the head straight-lined. Suprascapula and pneoper-
culum serrated, tlie latter with a conspicuous notch behind. Caudalis
emarginate ; the third and fourth doitsal spines longest. Bluish
green (in life), with seven or eight shining golden, broad, longitu-
dinal bands ; a black spot above the base of the pectoral fins ; fins
immaculate.
Sea of Batavia.
a. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
11. Mesoprion argentimaculatus.
Sciajna argentimaculata, Forsk. p. 50.
I'erca arg-'intata, HI. Srhn. p. 80.
Labriia argentatus>, Lacep. pp. 42(5, 407.
Diacope argontimaculata, Cur. df Vol. ii. p. 432 ; Hiipp. Athta Fische,
p. 71. t. 1!). f. 1.
D. 1^. A. |. Cajc. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, and equal to the
length of the head. The upper maxillary bone reaching to the level
of the postei-ior margin of the eye ; a slight notch of the pra^oper-
culum always conspicuous; knob of the interoperculum sometimes
wanting; fine di'nticiilations above the notch, coai'ser oiu's beneath.
Caudalis truncated, pectorals not fully reaching to the anal. Greenish ;
each scale lighter at the edge, sometimes vvhite. (H'lipp.)
Ked Sea.
37. MESOPEION. 193
12. Mesoprion lineatos.
Diacope lineata, Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 309.
striata, Qw. 4" f^«/. ii- p. 430.
Mesoprion striatus, Bleek. Perc. p. 44.
janthinuropterus, JJfeeA;. Celebes, iii. p. 751.
D.l|. A.|. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3-i- in the total length, and equal to the
length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the latter ;
the notch of the praeoperculum is very slight. Caudalis emarginate,
the fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest. Olive, with oblique red-
brown streaks above the lateral line, and with longitudinal lines of
the same colour on the opercles and sides of the body ; no lateral
blotch ; dorsal g,nd caudal fins blackish, the spinous part of the
former with a black edge ; pectorals yellow ; anal and ventral fins
rose-coloured.
Waigiou ; Molucca Sea ; Sea of Java.
13. Mesoprion gembra.
Sttssell, pi. "95.
Alphestes sambra, Bl. Schn. Syst. Posth. p. 236. t. 51.
Mesoprion yapilli, Cui\ Sf Val. ii. p. 483.
gembra, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 485 ; Cantor, Cutal. p. 15.
imniaculatus, Cuv. 8f Val ii. p. 474 ; Bleeh. Perc. p. 45.
— . — gembra, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 246 (young).
»-l^- ^-f L- lat. 46.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the
head 3|- ; the diameter of the eye is 4^^ in the latter. The upper
profile of the head is slightly concave ; the jaws are equal in front,
the upper maxillary bone reaching to betow the anterior half of the
eye. Suprascapula and prseoperculum finely serrated, the latter
slightly emarginate. Caudalis truncated, pectorals distant from the
anal ; the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second of
the anal fin not much longer, but stronger, than the third. Uniform
dark oUve, each scale with a brown base ; dorsal, anal, and ventral
fins olive, along the middle lighter, the former with a black edge as
far as the spinous part ; young specimens with nine or ten darker
cross-bands.
Bay of Bengal ; Molucca Sea.
a. Large specimen : bleached. India. Old Collection.
6. Large specimen : stuffed.
c. Adult. Sumati-a. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
d-(j. Half-grown. Amboyna ; Borneo. From Mr. Frank's Col-
lection.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
1c. Half-grown : stuffed.
I. Young.
194 PF,KCID.E.
Sir John Richardson mentions a di-ied specimen of this fish, in the
Collection of the British Museum, i)rocured by 'Mr. Gilbert at Port
Essington (No. 21), and he describes it under the name of M. yapiUi,
in the Ann. 4- Maij. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 2G. I am not able to find
this fish in the Collection.
14. Mesoprion cynodon.
Caballerote, Jocu, Parra, pi. 25. f. 1,2.
Anthia.s caballerote, Bl. Schu. p. 310.
jocu, £1. Si-/ui. p. olO.
Mesoprion cynodon, Cut: Sf 'Val. ii. p. 465.
analis, Cav. Sf Val. ii. p. 452 (not Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou
rares de VAmer. du Sud, Poiss. p. 4).
litura, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 407.
D. ij. A. |. L. lat. 43-46. L. transv. 9/16.
The height of the body is 3 to 3^ in the total length, the length
of the head 3|- ; the diameter of the eye is 41 in the latter, and 1 f in
the length of the snout ; jaws equal in front. Prteopercidum with
a distinct notch, but the knob of the interopcrculum .vei-y inconspi-
cuous ; suprascai>ula serrated. Caudalis slightly emarginate ; pec-
torals scarcely reaching to the origin of the anal ; the fourth dorsal
spine longest. Olive (in spirits), each scale with a darker base ; a
bluish-white, darker-edged streak from the pra^orbital below the eye
across the opercles. Canines large.
Atlantic Coasts of Tropical America.
n. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
b, c. Adult: not good state. South America. Purchased of Mr.
Brandt.
d. Half-grown : vci'y bad .state. West Inches.
e. Adidt,: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Young. St. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
This species may be readily distinguished from the following by
its smaller scales ; there arc nine or even ten longitudinal series of
scales between the lateral line and the dorsal tin, wliilst M. grisens
has six or seven only. The other characters are less conspicuous in
young and half-grown individuals, — viz., the greater height of the
body in M. ajnodun, and the greater length of the snout in M. griseus.
From Cu\-ier's description alone it woidd be impossible to determine
the species, as the greater part of the species of Mfsoprion, as in
many other genera, are either insufficiently described, or form no-
minal species only, founded on the most tiivial characters.
1"). Mesoprion griseus.
Mesoprion p-riseus, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 409; ? Giuchcn. in Ramon de la
Sar/i(i, Ili.'it. C'nlia, Poiss. p. 2(5.'
flnvoscoiis, Cnr. ^- J'l/l. ii. p. 472.
37. MESOPRION. 195
Mesoprion linea, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 468.
jocu, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 466.
goreensis, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 540.
D. j^y A. |. L. lat. 40-45. L. transv. ^^. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^ to 3f in the total length, and equal
to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is about 4^ in
the latter, and (in adult specimens) one-half the length of the
snout ; jaws equal. Praeoperculum very slightly emarginate at its
posterior Kmb, interoperculmn without knob. CaudaUs slightly
emarginate ; pectorals not reaching to the origin of the anal ; canines
very large. OHve (in spirits), each scale with a darker base ; a bluish-
white, darker-edged line from the pra^orbital below the eye across the
opercles ; the line is sometimes interrupted, forming a series of small
spots, sometimes not visible. Young and half-grown specimens often
with alternating lighter and darker cross-bars, or with the dorsal
and caudal fins black-edged/and the former with a series of irregular
dark spots.
Atlantic Coasts of Tropical America ; West Coast of Africa.
a. Large specimen. "West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b-d. Half-grown. West Indies.
e. Half-grown. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
f-h. Half-grown. West Indies.
i, Tc. Adiilt : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
I. Half-grown : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
m. Fine specimen, Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
n. Adult : skeleton. Cuba. From the CoUeetion of the Zoological
Society.
0. Adult : stuffed. Cuba. From the CoUeetion of the Zoological
Society.
p-i. Adidt and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection.
u. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
V. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schombm-gk.
w. Half-grown. British Guiana. Presented by Sir B. Schomburgk.
X, y. Adult ; not good state. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr,
Brandt,
z. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
a, (o. Adult : stuffed.
In specimens which have not attained to maturity, the soft portion
of the dorsal and anal fins is more elevated. I give the description
of specimen w.
Description of the specimen. — The body is compressed and rather
short, the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins beiig 2^ in
the length of the head. The head is compressed ; the interspace be-
tween the eyes not broader than the vertical diameter of the eye.
The cleft of the mouth is nearly horizontal, and rather wide ; the
upper maxillary reaches somewhat beyond the vertical, from the an-
o2
196 PERCID^.
terior margin, of the eye. The cheek is scaly ; there are seven rows
of scales between the eye and the lower limb of the pra^operciilum,
the row nearest the eye being formed by very large scales, as in most
of these fishes. The posterior Umb of the pra;opercidum is exceedingly
finely serrated, and has a slight notch above the angle ; the denticn-
lations of the angle are stronger. The operculum is triangular, its
width being Ig^ in its height ; it has posteriorly two short and veiy
obtuse lobes, separated from each other by a notch ; the lower is the
more prominent.
The base of the vertical fins is covered with smaU scales. The
origin of the dorsal fin corresponds to the vertical from the 4th scale
of the lateral line, the end to that of the 35th, the origin of the soft
portion to that of the 22nd. The upper margins of both portions are
convex, separated by a notch. The spines are of moderate strength,
and, as in many other AcantlioptenjyU , alternately stronger and
more feeble* ; the fourth is the longest, 2^ in the length of the head ;
the last spine is much shorter than the first ray. Among the rays,
the eighth and ninth are longest — rather longer than one-half the
length of the head. The caudalis is slightly emarginate. The anal
spines are moderately strong ; the second is rather longer, but not
stronger than the third ; the soft portion is much more elevated, and
has a rounded margin, the fourth ray being longest, and equal in
height to the ninth dorsal ray : the origin of the fin corresponds to the
vertical from the 25th scale of the lateral line, the end to that from
the 33rd. The pectoral and ventral fins are equal in length, the
fonner extending backwards to the vent only, the latter nearly to
the origin of the anal.
The scales are of moderate size ; one of the largest, taken from the
side, below the lateral line, covers nearly one-half the eye.
In both jaws there are larger teeth in the external row of the vilU-
form bands ; the upper jaw is armed ^nth one pair of canines, of mo-
derate size ; no canines in the lower jaw. The vomeiine teeth fonn
abroad triangidar patch, with a produced anterior angle. The pala-
tine teeth in cuneiform bands.
inches, lines.
Total length 5 5
Height of the body 1 8
Length of the head 1 8
Diameter of the eye 0 4A-
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 7|-
of the ninth dorsal ray 0 10
of the second anal spine 0 6^
of the fourth anal ray 0 10
of the pectoral . 1 1
There are four other specimens in the Collection of the British
* In fact, the spines are always equally strong, encli being oh one side broader
and on the other narrower; so that, if viewed from the left side, the third, fifth,
seventh, &c., appear to be broadest ; if viewed from the right, the fourth, sixth,
eighth, &c.
37. MESOPKION, 197
Museum, from the west coast of Africa ; they represent one or two
nominal species of Valenciennes (M. goreensis, and probably M. ful-
gens) ; the females have a considerably more elevated body than the
males.
•y, B. Adult : male. Eiver Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
€. Adult : female. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
^. Adult : female. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Collection.
T}. Half-grown. Fernando Po. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
Skeleton. — The maxillary bone gradually widens from the base to
its extremity, and has the posterior margin convex and the anterior
concave. The posterior processes of the intermaxillary bones are of
moderate length, about two-thirds the length of the bones themselves ;
these are armed with a pair of very strong canines, between which
are two other pairs of smaller ones ; there is a series of short conical
teeth along all the outer margin ; the remainder of the teeth form a
villiform band. The mandibulary is furnished with an outer scries
of conical teeth ; those standing in front of the jaw and in the middle
of the side of the dentary are the largest and canine-Uke ; the villi-
form band of mandibulaiy teeth does not extend on the lateral por-
tion of the dentary. The vomeiine teeth are arranged in an anchor-
shaped \illiform band, which extends backwards to the middle of
the bone. The palatine teeth form a broad band, three times as long
as broad, which does not extend on the pterygoid. The tui'binal
bones are strong, elongate, and being very divergent, they leave
between them a triangular groove, to receive the processes of the
intemiaxillaries. The anterior portions of the frontal bones also
diverge, and leave between them a space, filled up by an elongate
portion of the ethmoid, which in this and other species of Mesoprion
forms part of the upper surface of the shuU. The space between
the orbits is rather narrow and flat, with some grooves and openings
of the rudimentary system of mueiferous channels. The portion of
the upper surface of the skull, behind the orbits, is distinguished by
high crests,, leaving between them very deep longitudinal grooves.
The median crest is that of the supraoccipital bone, Avhich, strong,
but moderately elevated, slightly bifiu'cates in front, and extends on
the frontal bones to above the middle of the orbit. Two other crests
arise from the orbit, the inner of which runs (nearly parallel with
that of the occipital bone) to the articulation of the superior piece of
the suprascapula ; the outer crest descends downwards in a slight
curve, and terminates at the junction ofthe suprascajjula, operculum,
and prsDoperculum. The groove between the two outer crests is tri-
angular, and a large oi:)ening leads into the occipital region. The prae-
orbital is large, in'egularly quadrangular, and smooth ; the remainder
of the infraorbital bones are narrow, and form the base for a large
concave plate reaching into the interior of the orbit.
The operculum has neither spine nor notch ; the sub- and inter-
opcrcidum entire. The limbs of the praeoperculum have a very oblique
direction towards each other ; the angle is rounded, and anned with
strong spinous teeth ; the posterior limb is minutely serrated in all
198 PEECID^.
its length and in the open notch above the angle ; the inferior
limb is entire. Suprascapula obtusely denticulated. The glosso-
hyal is oblong, and covered with fine villiform teeth ; the urohyal
terminates posteriorly in two elongate points, with a semicirciilar
notch between.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebnc, the length
of the former portion of the column being to that of the caudal as
1 : 1-4. The first interhasmal spine is strong, dagger- shaped, with a
longitudinal groove on each side, and equal to the length of the
second vertebra to the eighth.
16. Mesoprion buccanella.
Mesoprion buccanella, Cuv. (§• Val. li. p. 455 ; Guichen. in liavum de
la Sayra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss, p. 23.
D.j;. A.}. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 8/17.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, and nearly equal
to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of
the latter, and ly in the length of the snout ; the upper profile of
the head oblique, straight, the lower nearly horizontal. Suprasca-
pula and pneoperculum serrated, the latter with a slight notch ; knob
of interoperculum flat, conspicuous. Caudalis emarginate, pectorals
just reaching the anal. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ;
the second and third of the anal fin nearly equal in length. Uniform
yellowish oUve (in a dried state), with indistinct oblique streaks
above the lateral line, and with longitudinal ones beneath ; base of
the pectoral deep black.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
h-e. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. ParncU's Collection.
/, rj. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
h. Half-grown ; stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Col-
lection.
i. Adult: stuffed. America.
17. Mesoprion aya.
Acaraaya, Margrave, pp. 107, 168.
Bodianus aya, HI t. 227 ; Lacep. iv. pp. 286, 287.
ruber, Bl. f^chn. p. 330.
Mesoprion aya, Ciw. ^ Val. ii. p. 457 ; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra,
Hist. Cuba, I'oiss. p. 24.
D. JJ. A. |. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 10/22.
The length of the head is nearly equal to the height of the body,
and 3 'I in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 41 or 4^ in the length
of the head, and If in that of the snout. Jaws equal in front ; tlie
!q)pcr maxillary reaches slightly beyond the vertical from the front
37. MESOPKION. 199
margin of the orbit. Praeopereulum with a distinct notch, inter-
opei-culura with a slight and flat knob. The. fourth and fifth dorsal
spines longest, longer than the soft rays. Caudalis shghtly emargi-
nate ; pectoral fin extending to the origin of the anal fin. Coloration
uniform, without black blotch ; caudalis with a narrow black margin,
Caribbean Sea.
«, h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parneirs Collection.
c. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parneirs Collection.
d. Fine specimen. South America. Presented by Sir 11, Schomburgk,
bb. Ground-colour red.
18. Mesoprion borensis.
Diacope borensis, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 430 (not Richards.).
tiea, Less. Voy. Dup. p. 231. pi. 23 (opercles bad).
14 9
The height of the body is 2-| in the total length, the length of the
head 3i ; the upper profile of the snout very slightly concave. Notch
of praeopereulum and knob of interoperculum very conspicuous.
Caudalis slightly notched ; pectorals reaching to the front end of the
anal. Red : the dorsal and caudal fins vdih a violet shade. {Less.)
Island of.Borabora.
This species belongs perhaps to the genus Gcnyorocje ; according to
the figure quoted, the third anal spine is much longer than the second,
19. Mesoprion erythrinus.
Diacope erythrina, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 92. t. 23. f. 3.
D '" A ^
U. -. A.-.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the outline of the forehead gibbous, promi-
nent above that of the snout. Praeopereulum with a very sUght
notch, interoperculum without knob. Lower jaw longest. Can dabs
truncated, pectoral not quite reaching to the anal fin. Uniform red.
{Riipp.)
According to the figure given by Dr. Riippell, this species would
be easily distinguished by the very small size of the eye, its diameter
being about one -seventh of the length of the head ; but this is not
mentioned in the description.
Red Sea.
20. Mesoprion rangus.
Rangoo, Russell, pi. 94.
Mesoprion rangus, Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 482 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 14.
^- 7JT5- ^' ¥•
The height of the body is 3-1- in the total length, and equal to the
200 PEIICID^.
length of the head. Praeopcrculum serrated, slightly emarginate,
and with stronger denticulations at the angle. Caudalis tnincated.
Uniform cherrj'-rcd.
Seas of Java and Ceylon ; Coast of Coromandel ; Malayan Peninsula.
a. Skin, twenty inches long. Ceylon. Collected by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
21. Mesoprion madras.
Cuv, 8f Val. vii. p. 44(5 ; Sleeker, Perc. p, 44.
D. -. A. -. L. lat. 55.
13 8
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the latter. Praeopcrculum
serrated, not notched. Caudalis truncated, the fourth dorsal spine
longest, all being slender, lleddish, with reddish-brown longitu-
dinal streaks ; fins yellow. {BJ.)
Seychelles; Batavia.
b. With a large black lateral blotch.
22. Mesoprion johnii.
Renard, Poiss. i. t. 31. f. 172 ; Russell, t. 97.
Anthias johnii, Block, t. 318.
Sparus tranquebaricus, Slia'io, Zool. iv. p. 471.
? Coins catus, Buck. Ham. Gang. Fish. p. 90. pi. 38. f. 30.
Mesoprion imimaculatus, Quoy 8f Gaini. Zool. Freyc. p. 304 ; Cuv. 8f
Val. ii. p. 441 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 42 ; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 229 ;
Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. de F Astral. Poiss. p. 065. pi. 5. f. 3.
johnii, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 443 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 13.
D.|5. A.|. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and nearly equal
to the length of the head. Notch of proeoperculum and knob of in-
teroperculum conspicuous ; proeoperculum with finer denticulations
above, and with coarser ones beneath the notch ; the upper maxillary
bone reaching to below the antcinor half of the eye. Caudalis slightly
emarginate, pectorals not reacliing to the front end of the anal fin ;
the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the
anal stronger than the third, but nearly equal in length. Yellowish
olive (in a dried state), vnth indistinct oblique streaks above the
lateral line and longitudinal ones beneath ; a large oval black spot on
the lateral line, extending over the scales of about the 23rd-28th
transverse lines.
Indian Ocean ; China Sea ; Malay Archipelago ; Coast of Australia ;
Pacific.
a. Half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
b. Half-grown, Old Collection.
c. d. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
t. Adult : stuffed : not good state. Sine patria. Old Collection.
37. MESOPBION. 201
/ Half-gi'own : skin : not good state. Port Essington. Presented
by the Earl of Derby.
g. Young : not good state. N.W. Australia. Presented by Sir
Kicbardson.
h. Half-grown : stuiFed. Pacific. Voyage of the Eattlesnake.
i. Half-grown : skin. China. From Mr. "Warwick's Collection.
Jc, I. Adult. China.
m-o. Young. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq.
p. Young. Macassar. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
q. Half-grown : stuffed. Cape Sea. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
r. Adidt : stuffed.
23. Mesoprion fuscescens.
Mesoprion fuscescens, Cuv. 8f Veil. vi. p. 538; Sleeker, Batjan, ii. p. 197.
noteen, Richards. Ichthyol, Clima, p. 229.
D.J^. A.|. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, and equal to the
length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is 41 in the latter ; the
upper profile of the head is straight, of the neck slightly concave.
Jaws nearly equal, the upper maxUlary bone reaching to below the
anterior half of the eye. Prseoperciilum serrated, with a conspicuous
notch behind and with stronger denticulations beneath. Caudalis
emarginate ; the fifth dorsal spine longest ; the second and third anal
spines nearly equal in length. OUve, each scale darker at the base :
a large black blotch on the lateral Line, below the middle of the soft
dorsal fin ; pectorals with a brownish spot at the base.
Fresh waters of Celebes and Batjan.
I refer to this species both the specimens upon Avhich Dr. Richard-
son founded the species M. hoteen, as all the details of Bleeker's de-
scription of M. fuscescens may be applied to them.
a. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
6. Half-grown : stuff6d. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
24. Mesoprion fulviflamma.
Scisena fulviflamma, Forsk. p. 45.
Perca fulviflamma, Bl. Schneid. p. 28.
Centropomus hober, Lacep. iv. p. 265.
Diacope flulviflamma, Cuv. Regtie Anim. ; Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 72.
t. 19. f. 2, and N. W. Fische, p. 94 ; Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 423.
Mesoprion monostigma, Cuv. df Val. ii. p. 446 (not Bleek.).
fulviflamma, Bleek. Amb. ii. p. 553.
D. f^. A. |. L. lat. 50. Csec. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and the length
of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye one-fourth of the length of
the head. Jaws equal, the upper maxillary bone reaching nearly to
below the middle of the eye. Praeoperculura indistinctly notched, the
denticulations becoming gradually stronger at the angle : no knob on
202 PERCIDiE.
the intpropereulum. Caudalis tnincated, pectorals not reaching to
the anal fin ; the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines, and the second
and third anal spines nearly equal in length and strength. Yellowish
oKve, viiih oblique streaks above the lateral line and with longitudinal
ones beneath ; a black lateral blotch on scales of the 22nd-30th
transverse Lines.
Red Sea ; Seychelles ; Seas of Java, Amboyna, and China.
a. Adult. Amboj-na. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna and Ceram. From the Collection of
Madame Ida Pfeiffer.
c. Young. AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Yoimg. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
e. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
25. Mesoprion uninotatus.
? Sparus vennicularis, Bl. Schn. p. 275.
? Salpa pui-purascons variegata, Catesb. pi. 17. f. 1.
? Sparus syuagris, L. Gm. p. 1275 ; Bl. Schn. p. 274.
Dipterodon plumieri, Lacep. iv. p. 107.
Mesoprion uninotatus, Ciiv. ^- Val. ii. p. 479; Spix, Fische Brasil.
pi. 05 ; Castelnaii, Anhn. nouv. ou rarcs de VAiner. du Sud, Poiss.
p. 4 ; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sayra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 21.
D.||. A.|. L. lat 47. L. transv. 8/16. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and equal to the
length of the head ; the upper profile of the head straight, obliquely
descending, the lower nearly horizontal. Praeopcrculum serrated,
with a very conspicuous notch ; inter^erculum without knob. Cau-
dalis slightly emarginate, pectorals just reaching to the front end of
the anal fin. Bluish green, with shining golden longitudinal bands ;
a black lateral blotch.
Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil.
a, h. Half-grown. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
c. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
d, e. Adult and half-grown. St. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
f-h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
i, Jc. Half-gro\vn : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
I. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection,
m. Half-grown : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Col-
lection.
n. Half-gro^v^l : stuffed : not good state. Bahia.
0. Adult: skeleton. West Indies. From the Haslar Collection.
p. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The skeleton of this species differs in the foUoAnng de-
tails from that of Afesojyrion r/risens. The canines of the upper jaw
are of moderate size, and there is one otlier pair only l)etween them ;
the outer series of the lower jaw is formed by conical teeth, of nearly
37. MESOPEION. 203
equal size. The band of the vomerine teeth also is anchor-shaped,
hut the peduncle is much shorter, occupying the anterior third only
of the bone. The palatine band tapers anteriorly and posteriorly.
The grooves and ridges between the orbits are more developed, and
the occipital crest reaches nearly to the level of the anterior margin
of the eye. The outer crest, from the orbit to the praeoperculum, is
transformed into a muciferous channel. The opercvilum has a slight
notch posteriorly, but no prominent point. The posterior edge of
the pharyngo-branchials is fringed and denticulated, which peculiarity
is not found in 31. griseus. The basal portion of the skull is swollen
and roimded, as in many Pristipomatklce and Scicenidce, whilst that
part is rather compressed in M. griseus.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length
of the former portion of the column being to that of the caudal as
1 : 1-54. The first interhsemal spine is of moderate strength, and
equal to the length of the first seven vertebrae together.
26. Mesoprion mahogoni.
Cuv. ^ Val ii. p. 447.
D. ^. A. A.
12 8
The length of the head is one-third of the total, the diameter of
the eye 3^ in the length of the head ; the lower profile of the muzzle
as much bent upwards as the upper is downwards, Caudalis
notched. Uniform brown, with a large black lateral blotch. {Cuv.)
Sea of Martinique.
27. Mesoprion vivanus.
? Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 154 (bad description).
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 10/20.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3|-
in the total. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth (in young indi-
viduals one-fifth) of the length of the head, and 2i (in young 1|) in
that of the snout. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from
the anterior margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum with an indistinct
notch ; interoperculum without knob. The third, fourth, and fifth
dorsal spines longest, very much shorter than the longest dorsal and
anal rays ; the soft dorsal and anal fins elevated ; caudal emarginate ;
pectoral reaching to the anal fin. Coloration uniform, in young
individuals with some indistinct cross-bars; no black spot at the
base of the pectoral ; a black blotch on the lateral line.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. 16" long : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
h. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Half-gro\sTi. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
d. Half-grown. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
204 PKKCIDJ2.
2. Eleven dorsal spines.
28. Mesoprion annularis.
Mesoprion annularis, Cui\ Sf Vul. ii. p. 484, iii. p. 497 ; Richardson,
Ichth. China, p. 229; Bieeker, Perc. p. 47; Cantor, Catal. p. 14.
Diacopc annularis, Ritpp. Atl. Fische, p. 74, and N. W. Fische, p. 91.
t. 24. f. 2 ; . Quay t^- Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 0G6. pi. "5. f. 4.
metallicus, Bleck. Topogr. Batav.
Mesoprion sanguineus, Bleek. Perc. p. 48.
D.^. A. 4 L.lat. 56-60.
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length, the length of the
head 31 ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter. Notch
and knob of the opercles indistinct, in young specimens more distinct.
Caudalis tnmcatcd ; pectoral reaching to tlic front end of the anal ;
the fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the
anal fin much stronger than the third. Red : a blackish streak from
the first dorsal spine to the eye ; back of the tail ^vith a black white-
edged spot ; streak and spot sometimes indistinct.
Indian Ocean : Red Sea ; Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Adiilt : stuffed : not good state. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves,
Esq.
h, c. Adult and young. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult.
e. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. AustraUan Seas. From Mr. Dring's Collection.
g. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher.
i. Young. From the Collection of the College of Surgeons.
Tc. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
Specimens h. and ?'. have alternate blackish and lighter longitu-
dinal bands below the lateral hne.
29. Mesoprion malabaricus.
? Spanis malabaricus, Bl. Schn. p. 278.
? Mesoprion malabaricus, Can. l^- Val ii. p. 480.
Mesoprion malabaricus, Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 3.
D. n A. |. L. lat. 52.
The height of the body is not quite one-third of the total length,
and rather longer tluin the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-
third of the length of the head ; the upper profile of the head
slightly concave. Jaws nearly equal in front ; the ujjpcr maxillary
bone reaches beyond the anterior half of the eye. Pra^opercidum
serrated and slightly cmarginate, with stronger denticulations at the
angle. Caudalis truncated ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal
spines rather longer than the posterior ones ; the second of the anal
longest and strongest. Rose-coloured (in life), with oblique streaks
above the lateral lino and with longitudinal ones beneath ; a violet
longitudinal l)und on the back along the l>ase of the dorsal fin ; a
37. MESOPEION. 205
reddish-violet spot on the back of the taU ; doreal and caudal fins
with a black edge ; spines of the anal and ventral fins white.
Sea of Padang (Sumatra).
a. -Half-grown. East Indies. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Perhaps a variety of the former species.
30. Mesoprion erythropterus.
Lutjanus eiytliropterus, Block, t. 249.
Mesoprion erythropterus, Cuv. <S,- Val. ii. p. 478 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 47.
xanthopterygius, Bleek. Perc. p. 46.
D.jii-3. A.|. L.lat.45.
The height of the body is rather more than one-fourth of the total
length, the length of the head 3^ in the same length ; the diameter
of the eye is one-thii-d of the length of the head. Prceoperculum
not or very slightly emarginate. Caudalis truncated; the dorsal
spines slender, the third and fom-th longest. Uniform yellowish ;
fins purplish. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia ; Sumbawa.
31. Mesoprion lineolatus.
Diacope liueolata, Riipiy. All. Fische, p. 76. t. 19, f. 3 (Bleek. Perc.
p. 46, different).
D. Jl. A. |. L. lat. 52. Cgec. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length ; the
length of the head is 3^ in the same ; the diameter of the eye is a
little more than one -third of the length of the head, and not much
larger than the distance between the eyes". The lower jaw slightly
prominent ; the upper maxillary bone reaches to below the middle of
the eye". Praeoperculum finely serrated and very slightly emar-
ginate behind ; knob of interopercidum none. Caudalis truncated,
pectoral distant from the anal ; dorsal spines moderate, the third,
fourth, and fifth longest ; the second of the anal fin longer and
stronger than the third. Greenish olive, with obhque darker
streaks above the lateral Une, and with longitudinal beneath.
Red Sea ; Amboyna.
a. Adult. Red Sea.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
32. Mesoprion timoriensis.
Diacope timoriensis, Quoi/ ^- Gaim. Voij. dii Freyc. Zool. p. 306.
pi. 57. f. 1.
calvetii, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 429 ; Faun. Japan, p. 14.
D. ii. A.i-.
14 8
The height of the body is not quite one-third of the total length ;
206 PEECiD-a:.
the length of the head is 3k in the same. Jaws nearly equal in
front. Prajoperculum with a conspicuous notch. Caudalis trun-
cated, pectorals reaching to the middle of the anal. Uniform red.
Sea of Timor ; Japan.
33. Mesoprion isodon.
Mesoprion isoodon, Cuv. ^- Val. ix. p. 443.
D. i^. A. 4. L. lat. 50.
15 7
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and eqiial to the
length of the head. Caudalis truncated. Uniform brownish. Three
strong canine teeth in the upper jaw. {Vol.)
St. Domingo.
3. Twelve dorsal spines.
34. Mesoprion dodecacanthus.
Blceker, Ambowa, iii. p. 104.
D. i|. A. |. L. lat. 46.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and equal to the
length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is not fully one-third
of the latter. Jaws 0(]ual in front, the upjwr maxillary bone reach-
ing to below the middle of the eye. Pneoperculum serrated, slightly
eraarginate. The spinous part of the dorsal fin much lower than
the soft ; the first dorsal spine shortest, the others nearly equal in
length ; the second of the anal longest. Caudalis truncated. Rose-
coloured (in life), with oblique brownish streaks ; a brown spot on
the back of the tail and at the base of the pectoral ; the dorsal and
caudal fins black-edged ; anal fin with a white anterior edge, and
with the anterior rays deep \-iolet. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
35. Mesoprion dodecacanthoides.
Blecker, Amboina, v. p. 489.
D. 1|. A. |. L. lat. 46.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and equal to the
length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is not fully one-third
of the latter. Jaws nearly equal in front, the upper maxillaiy bone
reaching to below the anterior half of the eye. Praiopercidum not
or vei-y slightly emargiuate, serrated, with stronger denticulations
beneath and at the angle. The spinous ])art of the dorsal fin liigher
than the soft ; the fourth spiiu; to the seventh e(]ual in length and
higher than the others ; the S(;cond of the anal fin longest. Caudalis
very slightly cmarginute. Rose-coloured (in life), ^vith seven oblique
37. MESOPEION. 207
brownish streaks; a brownish spot on the back of the tail; fins
yellow.
Sea of Amboyna. Madras.
a. Half-grown : not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C.
Jerdon, Esq.
36. Mesoprion aurorubens.
Centropristes aurorubens, Ctiv. ^ Val. iii. p. 45.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 8/19. Csec. pylor. 4.
Vert. 10/14.
Vomerine teeth lq a broad quadrangidar patch, with the anterior
sides shortest \())- Praeopercnlum with a very indistinct notch,
more conspicuous in young individuals. Dorsal fin even, caudal fin
notched ; the third anal spine longest. Coloration uniform.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a, b. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection,
c. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
This fish has been placed in the genus Centropristls, but it is
much nearer to Mesoprion, with which it agrees in the structure of
the pra^opercidum ; it may, however, be the type of a peculiar genus
distinguished by an arrangement of the vomerine teeth which is
scarcely to be found in other species of Mesoprion, and an increased
number of dorsal spines. The canines are very small.
B. With a more or less broad, distinct, blackish Isdereiiband.
37. Mesoprion vitta.
Serranus vitta, Quo^ ^ Gcmn. Voy. de Freyc. Zool. Poiss. pi. 58. f. 3.
p. 315 ; Hichafdson, Ichth. China, p. 234.
? Serranus vitta, Cuv. iSf Val. ii. p. 239, vi. p, 505.
Diacope vitta, Schley. Sf Temm. Faun. Japan, p. 13. pi. 6. f. 1.
? Mesoprion vitta, JBleeker, Perc. p. 44.
Mesoprion phaiotseniatus, Bieeker, Perc. p. 43.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and nearly equal
to the length of the head ; the cUameter of the eye is one-fourth of
the latter ; the upper profile of the head is veiy slightly concave ;
notch of pra3operculum and knob of interoperculum conspicuous.
Jaws nearly equal in front ; the upper maxillary bone reaches not
quite 'to below the middle of the eye. CaudaHs truncated or very
slightly eraargitiate ; pectoral not reaching to the front end of the anal ;
the dorsal spiiies are rather slender, the third and fourth longest \
the second and third of the anal fin are nearly equal in length, the
second stronger. Olive (in spirits), with conspicuous oblique streaks
above the lateral line and with longitudinal ones beneath ; a broadefr
blackish band from the eye to the back of the caudal fin ; dorsal and
208 PEKCID^.
caudal fins blackish, the others yellowish ; no black spot at the base
of the pectoral,
Japanese, Chinese, and Javanese Seas; Amboyna; Loiiisiade Archi-
pelago ; Island of Waigiou ; north coast of Australia.
a. Half-grown : skin. Chinese Seas. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
b. Young: not good state. Hong Kong. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
c. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
d. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Half-grown. Molucca Sea. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by the
Lords of the Admiralty.
g. Half-grown : stuflPed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
h. Half-gro^^Ti : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. (15 fathoms.)
Voyage of the llattlesnake.
{. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (Chaumont Island).
Voyage of the llattlesnake.
k. Adult : stuffed. Port Essington. Collected by Macgillivray.
I, m. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
n. Adult: stuffed.
Cuv. and Val. quote for their description the species of Quoy and
Gaimai'd, but give eleven spines for the dorsal fin. The description
and figure in the ' Zoologie de la Voyage, par L. de Freycinet,' per-
fectly agree with each other, as well as with the species of the ' Fauna
Japonica ' and ^vith our specimens. The number given in the ' Hist.
Nat. des Poissons ' appears to be wrong.
38. Mesopriou bleekeri.
Meaojprion lineolatus, Bleeker, Peic. p. 46. (Diacope lineolata, Riipp.
different.)
D. H A. |. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is 4^ in the total length, and the length
of the head Is 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the
latter. Muzzle rather narrow, with the lower profile as much
ascending as the upper is descending. Jaws equal in front, the
upper maxillaiy bone reaching to below the anterior half of the eye.
Praeoperculum serrated, with rather prominent and stronger denti-
culated angle ; suprascapula serrated. Caudalis truncated ; pectoral
small, short, not reaching beyond the end of the ventral ; the third,
fourth, and fifth dorsal spines longest, all being slender ; the second
of the anal rather thinner and shorter than the third. Yellowish
olive, with a blackish longitudinal band from the eye to the caudal fin.
Sea of Batavia ; Amboyna.
a. Adult. Ambo}Tia. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
37. MESOPRION. 209
39, Mesoprion enneacanthus.
Bleeker, Perc. p. 40.
D. ^^. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and the length
of the head 3|. Praeoperculum serrated, with a slight notch behind ;
operculum \\dth a single flat spine. Caudalis forked; the second
and third dorsal spines longest, the first longer than the last. Ob-
lique streaks above the lateral line ; a blackish band from the eye to
the caudal. No lateral blotch. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
C. "With permanent blackish cross-bands.
40. Mesoprion semicinctus.
Lutjanus semicinctus, Quoy 8^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 303.
Mesoprion semicinctus, Cuv. <^ Val. ii. p. 485 ; Bleeker, Amhoina, iv.
p. 331.
D. 1|. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The length of the head is 3| in the total, and nearly equal to the
height of the body ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the
length of the head ; the upper profile of the head straight-lined.
Jaws equal in front, the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the
anterior half of the eye. Praeoperciilum slightly emarginate, with
stronger denticulations at the angle. Caudalis slightly emarginate ;
the spinous and soft parts of the dorsal fin equal in height; the
fourth and fifth spines and the second of the anal longest. OUve,
with nine blackish cross-bands; tail behind with a large round
black spot ; the spinous part of the dorsal fin brown-edged.
Seas of Waigiou, Rauwack, and Amboyna.
D. With several distinct longitudinal bands.
41. Mesoprion quinquelineatus.
Russell, ii. pi. 110.
Mesoprion quinquelineatus, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 445.
? Diacope cseruleolineata, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 93. t. 24. f. 3.
"n ^^ A ^
Yellowish grey, with five narrow blue longitudinal lines and a
lateral blotch of the same colour ; fins with an orange-coloured edge.
(Red Sea) ; Javanese Sea.
a. Adult. Sine patria. D. f^. A. |. L. lat. 80.
42. Mesoprion sobra.
Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 453 ; Gidchen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba,
Poiss. p. 22.
1), -. A. -g-.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and equal to the
p
210 PEECIDiE.
length of the head ; the upper profile of the hfSad is straight, ob-
liquely descending, the lower nearly horizontal. Praeoperculum
serrated, not notched ; interopcrculum with a protuberance. Cau-
dalis notched ; pectorals not reaching to the anal fin. Yellowish
olive, with about fourteen blue longitudinal streaks; three blue
streaks on the cheeks, and a white one on the suborbital ; a black
lateral blotch.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Half-groAvn. "West Indies.
b. Half-groAvn. West Indies.
c. Half-grown. West Indies.
d-f. Young. West Indies.
43. Mesoprion decussatus.
Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 487 ; Blecker, Perc. p. 4S.
D. {^. A. |. L. lat. 55.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 3g ; the diameter of the eye is 4^ in the latter. Jaws equal
in front, the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the anterior
half of the eye. The notch and the knob of the opercles indistinct.
Caudalis slightly emarginate ; pectoral just reaching to the front
end of the anal ; the third to sixth dorsal spines longest ; the second
and third of the anal fin nearly equal. Silvery white (in spirits),
with five straight brown longitudinal bands, the three upper of
which are crossed by six or seven vertical ones.
Sea of Java ; Philippines.
a. Adult, Philippines,
b. Adult. India,
c. 3|" long, Amboyna, From Mr, Frank's Collection as Mesoprion
chrysotsenia. Young (?) ; with a large lateral blotch,
II, Species with anomalously armed praeoperculum,
44. Mesoprion retrospinis.
Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 541.
D-i?- A.i
The length of the head is 3| in the total ; the diameter of the eye
one-seventh of the length of the head, Praeoperculum without
notch, and -svith four or five rather strong teeth beneath ; inter-
operculum without knob. Caudalis trx'ncated. Unifonn yellowish
olive, (Val.)
West Indies,
45. Mesoprion pomacanthua.
BhekiT, Amhoina, vi. p. 407.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and equal to the
38. GLA.UCOSOMA. 211
length of the head; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
latter. The upper maxillary bone reaching to below the anterior
half of the eye. Praeoperculum serrated, not notched, and with a
very long spinous tooth at the angle, reaching to the gill-opening.
The second dorsal spine longest. Caudalis slightly emarginate.
YeUow, with two or three blue longitudinal bands. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
38. GLAUCOSOMA.
Glaucosoma, Temm. Sf Schleg. Faim. Japon. Poiss. p. G2 ; Richards.
Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fishes, p. 27.
Seven, occasionally eight branchiostegals. All the teeth vilHform,
without canines ; teeth on the jjalatines. One dorsal, with eight
siDines, the anal fin with three. Operculum with two flat points ;
praeoperculum crenulated. Scales moderate ; head entirely covered
with scales.
From the Japanese Sea to the Australian coasts.
1 . Glaucosoma burgeri.
Glaucosoma, sp., Faun. Japon. p. 62. pi. 67.
biirgeri, Richards. Voy. of Ereb. Sf Terror, Fishes, p. 27.
hebraicum, Richards. I. c. p. 27. pi. 17.
D. l^. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. ^.
The height of the body is 3|- in the total length, and nearly equal
to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-
fifth of the latter. The upper maxillary bone reaches to beneath
the posterior third of the eye ; the whole snout densely scaly ; oper-
culum with two flat thin obtuse tijis ; suprascapula not visible.
Caudalis tnincated, with slightly convex angles ; the first rays of the
dorsal fin longest. Back more or less distinctly marbled with black.
Sea of Japan ; Houtman's Abrolhos, south-western coast of
Australia.
Temminck and Schlegel described and figured a Japanese fish from
a drawing of Biirger, considering it the type of a new genus, Glau-
cosoma. Sir John Richal-dson afterwards discovered, in the Collection
of the British Museum, two similar, stuffed specimens from Australia ;
he thought them to be different from the Japanese one, and gave to
the latter the specific appellation of burgeri, to the former that of
hebraicum. There can be no doubt of their specific difference if we
compare the figures only, the first dorsal rays of the one being much
elongate, those of the oiher having the same length as the middle
ones. But on comparing the typical specimens of 6r. hebraicum with
the figure of 0. burgeri, I could Dot convince myself of the real ex-
istence of two species. They agree perfectly with that figure in the
form of the head and of the body, and in the number of the spines
and rays. The first dorsal rays are broken — a very common occmrence,
owing to the bad practice of preserving fishes in a dried or stiiffed
p2
212 PEHCiD^.
state ; and if they were at all elongate, they appear to be much less
so than in the figure in tlie Ichthyology of the Erebus and Terror.'
On the other hand, an apparently incomplete dra^ving, made from a
single fish, like that in the ' Fauna Japonica,' does not afford sufficient
authority as to the form of the single rays. "With regard to the different
coloration, the larger specimen of the two iu the British Museum is
nearly unifonn, although much darker than the figure of the Japanese
fish ; the other exhibits verj' distinctly the variegated coloration given
by Sir J. Eichardson. Thus, not having other materials than Sir
John Richardson had, I do not think myself justified in separating
the following specimens from the species of the ' Fauna Japonica.'
a, b. Large specimens : stuffed. Houtman's Abrolhos. (Jew-fish.)
Third Group. PENTACERATINA.
39. PENTACEROS.
Pentaceros, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 30.
Seven branchiostegals. Body high, triangular. All the teeth
villiform ; teeth on the vomer ; palatines ? One dorsal with ten,
twelve, or fourteen, the anal fin with four or five spines ; all the
spines strong. Operculum rounded ; prajoperculum denticulated.
Scales rather small, sometimes osseous, strongly adherent; head
above without soft integuments.
Cape Sea ; Pacific.
1. Pentaceros richardsouii.
Stmth, Illustr, S. Afr. lushes, pi. 21 (ventral spine much too feeble).
D. ii. A.i-.
10 8
The height of the body is 2f in the total length, the length of the
head 3§ ; all the bones of the skuU ^vithout soft integuments ; scales
rather small, ciliated. Ventral spine verj^ long and strong. The
triangular space between the ventrals and the throat much narrower
than long. Coloration uniform brown.
Cape Point.
a. Original specimen of Sir A. Smith's description.
2. Pentaceros capensis.
On: ^- Val. iii. p. 30. pi. 4:5.
D. J|. A. i-. Cffic. pylor. 9.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length, the length
of the head one-third. Ventral spine very thick and strong. The
39. PENXACEROS. 213
triangular space between the ventrals and the throat much narrower
than long. Yellowish, marbled with brown.
Cape of Good Hope.
8. Pentaceros decacanthus. (Plate XV. fig. A.)
D. ^. A. ^.
• 13 ' 8
The height of the body is one-half of the total length, the length
of the head not quite one-third. Ventral spine very thick and strong.
The triangular space between the ventrals and the throat as broad
as long. Yellowish, marbled with brown.
a. Has been dried. Pacific. Voyage of the Herald.
Description of the specimen. — In general appearance this species
much resembles the preceding, but it is still higher, and the much
greater breadth of the breast gives a very good distinctive character.
The outline of the lower profile is horizontal from the jaws to the
anus ; behind the vent it suddenly rises to near the caudal fin ; the
upper profile is very curved, but does not descend so far behind as in
front. The eye is placed high up the sides, without interfering with
the ilpper profile ; above its middle a spinous process projects from
the frontal bone, and there are, besides, several very small spines in
front of the larger one. The diameter of the eye is nearly one-third
of the length of the head, and equals the interspace between the eyes.
All the upper surface of the head appears to be bony, without being
covered by a soft skin ; it is striated, the streaks radiating from
a centre above each eye. The nostrils are close together, one before
the other, and placed immediately in front of the upper angle of the
eye : the anterior is very small, ovate ; the posterior larger, round.
The snout is rather shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the cleft of
the mouth is very oblique ; the lower jaw prominent. Both the jaws
are armed with bands of fine vilHform teeth : a small patch of
vomerine teeth is distinctly visible, but I am unable to see further
to the palatine bones. The upper maxillary does not appear to reach
the front edge of the orbit, and may be partly hidden beneath the
anterior suborbital bone ; this is large, and armed with several
strong denticulations below, and vdth very small ones at its orbital
margin ; the remainder of the infraorbital arch is not denticulated.
There is a rhomboidal bone with a prominent longitudinal ridge on the
occiput. All the bones of the humeral arch and the opercles are
strongly striated. The scapulary has a prominent ridge terminating
in a spine. The operculum is entire and has a waving margia ; the
praeopercidum has a rounded angle and is denticulated throughout,
the spinous teeth being stronger beneath. Cheeks scaly. The gill-
opening is wide ; but I cannot count the branchiostegals on accoimt
of the condition of the specimen.
The pectorals are inserted at the lower third of the height of the
body ; they are pointed, and appear to reach to the vent. The
ventrals are very remote from each other ; their spine arises just
214 PERCID^;.
behind and below the root of the pectoral ; it is very strong and long,
two-thirds of the length of the head, flattened, sharp outside, and
striated ; the first ray is the longest, scarcely longer than the spine
The dorsal fin commences above the humeral ; it has ten strong
spines, longitudinally striated ; the third and foui'th arc longest,
their length being 3i in the height of the body. The membrane
between the spines extends to the upper third. The length of the
base of the soft portion is more than one-half of that of the spinous.
The rays are broken off.
The origin of the anal fin falls below the end of the dorsal. The
first spine is scarcely shorter than the second, which is shortest ; the
two othei's are shorter, but nearly equal in length.
Caudal rounded ?
The scales are osseous, very adherent, not striated, each Math
three or four prominences behind ; those of the breast are largest ;
the fins are entirely scaleless. The lateral line commences behind
the scapulary spine, and is very curved on the trunk, like the back.
The ground-colour now is yellowish, largely marbled with broAATiish.
The spinous portion of the dorsal and the vcutrals are brown ; the
other fins yelloMash.
inches, lines.
Total length 1 8
Height of the body 0 10
Length of the head 0 7
of third dorsal spine 0 2-|
of second anal spine 0 1^
of ventral spine 0 5
Interspace between the ventrals 0 G
40. OREOSOMA.
Oreosoma, Cuv. 4' Val iv. p. 515.
Seven branchiostegals. Body high. All the teeth villiform ; teeth
on the jaws, vomer, and palatine bones. Two dorsals, the first with
five spines ; anal long, mthout spines. Opercles no* serrated nor
armed ; operculum with two ridges, terminating in flat angles. No
true scales, but with large, conical, bony protuberam es, symmetri-
cally arranged.
Atlantic.
1. Oreosoraa atlantiaim.
Cuv. <5- Veil. iv. p. 515. pi. 99.
D. ^. A. 20. V. 1/5.
•29 '
With 25 or 20 large, conical, bony protuberances, four of which
are on the back. (Cuv.)
Atlantic.
41. PRIAOANTHUS. 2l5
Fourth Group. PRIACANTHINA.
41. PRIACANTHUS*.
Priacantlius, Cuv. ^- Val, iii. p. 96.
Six branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines;
teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with ten
spines; the anal fin with three. Operculum with an indistinct
point ; prseoperculum serrated, with a more or less prominent, flat,
crenulated angle. Scales small, rough ; snout covered with ctenoid
scales. Lower jaw with prominent chin ; eye large.
Seas of the tropical regions (Australian Seas ?).
1. Priacanthus macrophthalmus.
Priacanthus macrophthahnus, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 97 (not Block) ;
Stanniwi in 3lHller''s Archil', 1848, p. 399 (on the swim-bladder).
arenatus, Cur. 8,- Val. iii. p. 101.
fulgens, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Sac. ii. p. 174.
D. -^, A. nrii- L- lat. 80-85. Vert. 9/13. C«c. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3 i- in the total length, the length of the
head is rather more than one-fourth of the latter ; the diameter of
the eye is 2^ in the length of the head. The posterior opening of
the nostril is a long slit, three times as long as broad ; the maxillary
bone reaching a Httle beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Angle
of the pra)operculum obtuse, with a short flat spine in the male ;
opercidiim with two short spines ; sub- and interoperculum entire.
Caudalis truncated ; the dorsal and anal spines gradually becoming
longer behind, the first ones Avith a rough surface ; the length of the
second dorsal spine is If in that of the last ; the ventral fins reaching
beyond the front end of the anal, the pectorals much shorter. Uni-
form red ; fins with a blackish edge.
Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil ; Madeira.
a. Fine specimen : male. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
b-e. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection.
f-h. Half-grown : male. W. Indies.
i. Fine specimen : female. Madeira. Presented by the liev. E. T.
Lowe (^ = Priacanthus ful</ens, Lowe).
* 1. Labrus cruentatus, Lacep. iii. p. 522. pi. 2. f. 3. — Priacanthus cruehtatus,
Citv. 4- Val. iii. p. 102.— Atlantic.
2. Priacanthus argenteus, Cuv. cf- Val. iii. p. 109; Renard, i. pi. 12. f. 72. —
East Indies.
3. Priacanthus macropterus, Cuv. tf- Val. vii. p. 471 ; Quoi/ cf- Gaim. Vai/. dc
I'Asfrol. pi. 7. f. 4.— St. Helena.
4. Priacanthus fax, Cuv. <^ Val. vii. p. 473. — Seychelles.
216 PEKCID^.
k. Adiilt: stuffed. W. Indies.
?. Adiilt: skin. W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
m. Half-grown : stuffed. W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
n. Half-ffi'own : stuffed. Atlantic.
2. Priacanthus boops.
Perca boops, Forster.
Anthias boops, Bl. Schn. p. 308.
Priacanthus boops, Cuv. $ f^ul. iii. p. 103 ; Barker-Webb 8f Berthelot,
Hist Nat. lies Canaries, Ichthyol. p. 12. pi. 3. f. 2 ; Peters, Wiegm.
Arch. 1855, p. 238.
macropus, Quoy^Gaim. Voy. deVAstrol. Zool. iii. p. 668. pi. 7. f. 1.
D. -. A.-. L. lat. 70.
12 13
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head and 3f
in the total ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length
of the head. The posterior opening of the nostril is a long broad
cavity, nearly three times as long as broad; the maxillary bone
reaching a little beyond the anterior margin of the orbit. Angle of
prseoperculum obtuse, with a very distinct, serrated, triangular, flat
spine ; operculum with two short spines ; sub- and interopereulum
minutely serrated. Caudalis truncated ; all the spines and rays of
the dorsal and anal fins with a striated or rough surface ; the leng-th
of the second dorsal spine is 2^ in that of the last. Rose-coloured ;
the vertical fins with a blackish edge.
St. Helena ; coast of Mozambique.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by General
Hardwicke.
h. Adult : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by General Hardwicke.
c. Adult. Sine patria.
Valenciennes describes (vol. vii. p. 469) a species procured by
Quoy and Gaimard on the voyage of the ' Astrolabe,' naming it
Priacanthus macropus, on accoimt of the elongated ventral fins,
which are one-third of the total length. This character alone would
prove its specific difference from Pr. boops. But there is another
fish, figured by Quoy and Gaimard, which they state to be the same
as the fish of Valenciennes, and having the ventral fins of moderate
length. There can be no doubt that the specimens in the British
Museum, or the Perca hoops of Forster, arc identical with that figure ;
but I cannot venture to bring the fish of Valenciennes into the
synonymy of Pr. hoops.
3. Priacanthus bonariensis.
Oiv. 8f Val. iii. p. 105.
D. I". A. ^. L. lat. 80.
13 13
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3|; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the latter.
41. PMACAIITHTTS. 217
The posterior opening of the nostrils is a long, broad, ear-shaped
cavity, narrowest in the middle. The angle of the proenpercxxlum is
obtuse, with a more or less cylindrical spine of moderate length ; oper-
culum with two shoi^t spines, a third larger one above, belonging to
the scapular bone ; sub- and interoperculum minutely serrated. Cau-
daHs truncated ; all the spines and rays of the dorsal and anal fins
with a striated or rough surface ; the length of the second dorsal
spine is nearly three times in that of the last ; ventral fins very long,
extending to the third soft ray of the anal. Rose-coloiired ; dorsal
and ventral fins nearly entirely black ; anal and caudal fins with a
broad black margin ; pectorals yellowish.
Atlantic shores of South America.
a. Adult. S. America. Presented by Sir R. Schombxirgk.
b. Young. Sine patria.
4. Priacanthus japonicus.
Priacanthus japonicus, {Langsdorf) Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 106. pi. 50 ;
Faun. Japon. p. 20 (not Bleek.).
The height of the body is nearly three times in the total length,
the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths of
the latter. The posterior opening of the nostrils is long, broad,
ear-shaped, wider above than beneath. The angle of the praeoper-
culum obtuse, with an acute, Hot serrated, triangular spine ; oper-
culum with two smaU spines, a third larger one above, belonging to
the scapular bone ; sub- and interoperculum minutely serrated.
Caudalis truncated ; all the spines and rays of the dorsal and anal
fins with a striated or rough surface ; the last dorsal spine is 2g as
long as the second, and much longer than the diameter of the eye ;
ventrals very long, extending, beyond the third soft ray of the anal.
Rose-coloured ; the spinous dorsal and the ventrals black.
Cape Seas ; Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
h. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
c. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
d. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
e. Skin, in spirits, Japan. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/. Young. China Sea. Presented by Captain Sir Edward Belcher.
This fish is probably only a ciimatal variety of Pr.. bonariensis.
5. Priacanthus niphonius.
Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 107 ; Fmin. Japon. Poiss. p. 21. pi. 7 a. f. 1, 2.
■ ^-TTT.- A-T^r L.lat.50.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of
218 PEBCID^.
the head 3^; the diameter of the eye is 2i in the latter. The
posterior opening of the nostrils is long, wide, situated on the upper
part of the head, semilunar, with the convexity turned forwards.
The angle of the praeoperculum obtuse, with a very indistinct spine ;
operculum with two inconspicuous spines ; sub- and interoperculum
and scapular bones serrated. Caudalis truncated; all the spines
and rays of the doi-sal and anal fins rough or striated ; the second
and the last dorsal spines nearly equal in length, the fifth longest ;
the ventrals reach to the anus. Rose-coloured ; fins immaculate ;
the ventrals more or less blackish.
Japanese Sea.
a. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
6, c. Adult : stuffed. Japan. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
6. Priacanthus blochii.
Anthias macrophthalmus, JSl. vi. p. 115. t. 319; Bl. Schn. p. 304.
Priacanthus japonicus, Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, ii.
p. 171 (not tkiv. ^- Val).
blochii, Bleek. I. c. iv. p. 456.
D-T^- ^-dr, L.lat.70.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3|-
in the total ; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the length of
the head. The posterior opening of the nostrils is a long, narrow,
elliptical slit. The angle of the pra^operculum is rather obtuse,
with a slightly projecting, flat, triangular spine ; opercidum with two
small spines ; sub- and interoperculum entire. CaudaUs truncated ;
all the spines and rays of the dorsal and anal fins rough ; the last
dorsal spine longest, equal to the diameter of the eye, and rather
more than twice the length of the second ; the ventral fins extending
beyond the front end of the anal. Rose-coloured ; the vertical and
ventral fins with black margins.
Sea of Amboyna ; Sumatra.
a. Adult. Moluccas. From Mr. Frank's Collection as Pr. macro-
phthalmus.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
7. Priacanthus benmebari.
Temm. ^- Schlng. Faun. Japan, p. 10. pi. 7. f. 1 ; Kriisenstern, p. 53. f. 2 ;
Richardson, ' Ichthyol. China and Japan, p. 237.
D. L«. A.r- L.lat. 75-80.
13 14
The height of the body is .'3j in the total length, the length of
the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the latter. The pos-
terior opening of the nostril elUptical, about 2^ as long as broad.
41. PRIACANTHUS. 219
The angle of the prseoperculura slightly obtuse, with a flat, rather
elongate, serrated spine ; operculum with two very small spines ;
sub- and interoperculum with excessively fine denticulationa. Cau-
dalis truncated ; dorsal and anal spines very slender, neither rough
nor striated ; the last of the dorsal fin hardly longer than the eighth
and ninth, and 1^ as long as the second ; the ventral fins reaching
to the anal, but shorter than that fin. "Red ; dorsal, anal, and ventral
fins paler, with round yellow spots.
Japanese Seas.
a. Adult : stuifed. Japan. From the Leyden Museum.
8. Priacanthus hamruhr.
Scisena hamruhr, Forsk. p. 45.
Anthias hamruhr, Bl. Schn. p. 307.
Lutjanus hamruhr, Lacep. iv. p. 209.
Priacanthus hamruhr, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 104 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische,
p. 95.
I>-I^5- A- fa- L-lat.85. Vert. 9/13.
Allied to Pr. benmebari.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and rather more than one-fourth of the total ; the diameter of the
eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head. The posterior
opening of the nostrils is a very long sUt, four times as long as
broad. The angle of the praeoperculum obtuse, with a prominent keel
instead of a free spine ; operculum obtusely serrated, with a very
small spine ; sub- and interoperculum ?. Caudalis more or less emar-
ginate ; all the anal and dorsal spines slender, smooth ; the rays of
the anal fin rough, those of the dorsal smooth ; the last dorsal spine
is 1|- as long as the second, the ventrals extending to the front
end of the anal. Rose-coloui-ed ; fins immaculate, the vertical fins
with a blackish margin.
Red Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
9. Priacanthus carolinus.
Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 105 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 224 ; Bleeker,
JBanda, i. p. 235.
^■tSf, A.j^,. L.lat.85.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the latter. The
angle of the praeoperculum obtuse, with a serrated spine of moderate
length ; operculum with a single small spine ; sub- and interoper-
culum entire ; the last dorsal spine equal to the diameter of the eye.
Caudalis truncated ; the ventral fins reaching beyond the first anal
spine. Rose-coloured ; the caudal and the soft portions of the dor-
sal and anal fins with numei'ous black dots. (Bl.)
Island of Oualand (Carolines) ; Banda Neira.
220 PERCID^.
10. Priacanthus schmittii.
Bleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 572.
D-T-:- A.j^3. L.lat.65.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is three-sevenths of the latter. The
angle of the prseoperciiliim obtuse, with a serrated spine of moderate
length ; operculum with two small spines, CaudaUs truncated ; the
last dorsal spine shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the ventral
tins not extending to the anal fin. llose-coloured ; fiins immaculate ;
the ventrals reddish violet, with a white spot on the membrane con-
necting the fifth ray with the belly. {Bl.)
Sea of Padang.
11. Priacanthus holocentnun.
BleeTter, Perc. p. 48.
D. 12. A. ^. L. lat. 65.
la 14
Allied to Pr. tayenus.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3^
in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the length of the head.
Praeoperculum with a very long serrated spine, extending beyond the
posterior limb of the operculum ; operculum mth two small spines.
Caudalis truncated ; the second spine of the dorsal is two-thirds of
the last, which is the longest ; the ventrals reach to the front end
of the anal fin. Rose-coloured ; dorsal and anal fins black- edged ;
ventrals with black spots ; the membrane between the ventrals and
the belly with a black spot.
Batavia; Sumatra.
a. Half-grown. Sumatra. (Named Priacanthus poeciloptenis 2)
b. Half-grown : dried. This specimen perfectly agrees with the other
one, but is said to have been procured from the London market (?).
12. Priacanthus macracanthus.
Priacanthus macracanthus, Cuv. 8fVal. iii. p. 108; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool.
Poiss. p. 225 ; Bleck. Perc. p. 48.
fax, Bleek. Topogr. Batav.
D. 1^. A. f,. L. lat. 90.
14 15
The height of the body is e(iual to the length of the head, and 3^
in the total length ; the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the length of
the head. Praioperculum with a long, flat, serrated spine, extending
beyond the hinder margin of the interopcrculura ; operculum with
two small spines. Caudalis truncated. Uniform rose-coloured ; pec-
toral and ventral fins yellowish.
Amboyna; Batavia; Japan.
a. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
41. PKIACANTirtrs. 221
13. Priacantlius dubius.
Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 19.
Caudalis forked. The height of the body is more than one-third
of the total length. Angle of the prseoperculiim obtuse, and with a
short, flat, serrated spine. Ventral fins elongate, extending to the
third anal spine ; fins immaculate ; the dorsal and anal with a blackish
margin ; the ventral^ blackish, with a black spot at the base. (Schleg.)
Japanese Sea.
14. Priacanthus tayenus.
Priacanthus tayenus, Richards. Ichth. of the Seas of China, p. 237.
Caudalis forked, with lengthened tips. The height of the body
is one-fourth of the total length ; the diameter of the eye nearly
one-half of the length of the head, or twice as large as its distance
from the end of the snout. The spine of the prseoperculum long and
serrated. All the dorsal and anal spines are feeble and slender ; the
second of the dorsal fin is two-thirds of the last, which is the longest ;
the ventral fins reach only to the anus. Eose-coloured ; the ventrals
with the connecting membrane brown-spotted.
Chinese Sea.
a. Adult. Canton. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
15. Priacantlius speculum.
Citv. 4* Val. vii. p. 471 ; Rbffne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 11. f. 1. »
Caudalis forked. The height of the body is equal to the length
of the head, and one -fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is
2|- in the length of the head, and equal to its distance from the end
of the snout. Praeoperculum with a very obsolete spine ; the length
of the anal fin is one-half of the height of the body. Red : anal
edged with blackish; ventrals violet. {Val.)
Seychelles.
222 PERCID^.
Fifth Group. APOGONINA.
42. AMBASSIS*
Chanda, sp., Buck. Ham. Fish, of Ganges, p. 103.
Ambassis, {Commers.) Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 175.
Bogoda (and Ambassis), Blcek, Nalez. Ichth. Farm. Beng. en Hivdost.
p. 89.
Six branchiostegals. Teeth \illiform, without conspicuously larger
canines ; teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals, the first Avith
seven, the anal fin with three spines ; a recumbent spine in front of
the dorsal, pointing forwards. Operculum without a prominent
spine ; the lower limb of the pra^operculum with a double denticulated
edgef. Scales lai'ge, deciduous.
Small fishes, li\-ing in the fresh and brackish waters and in the
seas of the Indian Region ; North Australia ; Dalmatia.
A. Species with the anal Jin of moderate length (9-11 raj's).
1. Ambassis robustus.
D. 7 I ~ A. |. L. lat. 46. L. transv. ^.
The height of the body is rather more than twice in the total
length (without caudal fin) ; the second sjnne of the anterior dorsal
almost four times in the same length ; the third spine of the anal fin
smaller and shorter than the second. Lateral line with a rather
strongly curved arch beneath the fourth spine of the dorsal fin. Colo-
ration (in .sjiints) unifomi.
Borneo.
a. Adult.
Prof. Peters, of Berlin, has kindly informed me that a specimen of
this species, which is apparently undescribcd, exists in the Berlin
Museum. It was sent by Prof. Schlegel, who gave to it the name of
A. robustus, and marked it as coming from Borneo. In the Berlin
specimen the second anal spine is as long as the head, and one-third
of the total length, whilst it is shorter in that in the British Museum
(Collection.
* 1. Clianda lata, Buth. Ham. p. 114. pi. 21. f. 39; Cuv. # Val. ii. p. 184;
Bleek. Vcrh. Bat. Gen. xxv. tab. 1. f. 1. — Ganges.
2. Chanda baculis, Buck. Ham. p. 112; Cuv. 4' Val. ii. p. 187. — Ganges.
3. Ambassis barlovi, Sj/kcs, Trans. 7awI. Soc. i. p. 350. t. 60. f. 1 (bad).
4. Priopis argyrozona, {Kahl cj- v. //«.«.) Cuv. |- Val. vi. p. 503. Known
from a drawing only : it may be placed for the present among the
doubtful species of Ambaasis, to which it is allied, though it may be
the type of a separate genus. — Java.
+ Sir J. Richardson is wrong in describing " both the anterior and the pos-
terior edges of the pncojiercular limb denticulated." (Ivhthyologi/. p. 275.)
42, AMBASSIS. 223
2. Ambassis commersonii.
Sciaena safgha, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 53.
Centropomiis ambassis, Lacep. iv. p. 273.
Lutjanus gymnocephalus, Laccp. iv. p. 216, iii. pi. 23. f. 3.
Ambassis commersonii, Cuv. ^ Val. li. p. 176. pi. 25 ; Riipp. N. W.
Fische, p. 89.
Ambassis ualua, Bleek. Perc. p. 30 ; Batav. p. 463.
B. 6. D. 7 I -^. A. |. L. lat. 30-33. Vert. 9/15.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length (without caudal
fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 3^ in the same length.
The second and third spines of the analis are equal in size and length,
or the third is rather longer ; lateral line slightly curved. Coloration
of body uniform.
Red Sea ; Isle de I'rance ; East Indian Seas ; Shores of Northern
Australia (not yet found in the Chinese Seas).
Cuvier quotes (p. 176) among the synonyma Chancla nalua, Buch.,
which is afterwards (p. 182) described as a separate species.
a. Adult : skeleton. India. From the Haslar CoUection.
b, c. Half-grown. India. ■
d. Half-grown : not good state. India.
e,f. Half- grown. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq.
g. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's CoUection.
i. Half-grown. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's CoUection.
k. Adult. Java. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
I. Adiilt. Java.
m. Adult. Port Essington. From the Haslar CoUection.
n. Adult. N. Australian Exped. Presented by Dr. J. R, Elsey.
0. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Skeleton. — The skuU, compared ^dth that of species of Apogon,
exhibits the capsula cerebri, although roimded, only slightly pro-
minent, forming the base of a very high crest, which, triangular and
pointed behind, reaches to the middle of the interspace between the
orbits ; it is supported by two bony spines, one of which is smaU,
arising from the paroccipital and directed horizontally backwards ;
the other, much longer and stronger, arises from the middle of the
suture between paroccipital and frontals, and passes in an obliqiie
direction to the upper posterior angle of the crest. There is a
groove and a ridge between the orbital part of the frontals, as in
Apogon ; the groove is, again, bifid behind, and there is another
small elevated ridge along each posterior branch of the groove. The
praeopereulum exhibits also a double edge, an exterior and an in-
terior ; the lower branches of both are serrated in this species, and
there is a strong spinous tooth at the angle of the interior edge.
The praeorbital is strongly serrated. There is no spine, or only a
. very feeble one, supporting the operculum. The intermaxiUary and
dentary bones are armed with teeth along their entire length ; those
of the vomer and of the palatine bones are situated in single series.
224 PEBCID^.
the former forming an obtuse angle. There are nine abdominal and
fifteen caudal vertebrae. According to the rule that the strongest
dennoneural or dorsal spines are supported by the strongest inter-
neurals, we find in this species the two anterior intemeural bones of
the dorsal fin and the two anterior of the anal very strong — the
former corresponding to the neural spines (processus spinosi) of the
second and tMrd abdominal vertebrae, the latter to those of the first
and second of the caudal portion.
3. Ambassis urotsenia.
Bleek. Amb. 4- Cer. p. 267.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length (without caudal
fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 4| in the same length ;
the third anal spine longest, shorter than the second of the dorsal fin.
Yellowish, with a silvery lateral band; the first dorsal blackish
between the second and third spines; each lobe of the caudal fin
with a broad blackish longitudinal band. (Bl.)
Seas of Amboyna and Wahai.
4. Ambassis kopsii.
Bleek. Singapore, ii. p. 253.
B.6. D.7|^. A.i^. L.lat. 27-28.
The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length
(without caudal fin). Orbit with a small spine, directed backwards,
at the posterior upper angle ; suboperculum entire, interoperculimi
sUghtly denticulated. Lateral line continuous; the second anal
spine rather longer than the third, but shorter than the second of
the dorsal fin. Yellowish, body and vertical fins minutely dotted
with brown ; the spinous dorsal with a rather broad black superior
edge. (BL)
Sea of Singapore.
5. Ambassis apogonoides.
Sleeker, Borneo, iv. p. 200.
B.6. D.7|^. A.^. L.lat.32.
Head pointed, as in Apogon. The height of the body is 3^ in the
total length (caudal included), the length of the head 3^ in the same
length ; the diameter of the eye 3| in the length of the head ; the
upper profile of the head concave ; the upper maxillary bone reaching
to below the middle of the eye. Denticulations of the praeorbital and
prffioperculum very small, inconspicuous ; the second dorsal spine
longest, one-seventh of the total length, and half the height of the
body ; the first ray of the ventral fin rather elongate ; the second and
42. AUBAssis. 225
third 'anal spines nearly equal, almost as long as the second of the
dorsal fin. Caudalis deeply forked. Yellowish; the first dorsal
blackish at the tip. (Bl.)
Rivers of Borneo.
6. Amhassis batjanensis.
Sleeker, Batjan, ii. p. 196.
^•7|ri^- ^'^.' I'-lat.28. L.transY.f
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length (without caudal
fin). Prseorbital entire ; inferior limb and angle of the praeoperculum
denticulated ; the length of the dorsal spine is five times in the total ;
the third spine of the analis longer than the second. Shining yel-
lowish, with a bluish longitudinal streak ; root of the caudal fin inore
or less violet.
Fresh waters of Batjan ; Amboyna.
a. Adult, Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
7. Ambassis dussiuuieri.
Ambassis dussumieri, Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 181, vi. p. 503, ix. p. 431 J
JBleeker, Perc. p. 30 ; Quoy 4* Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 650.
pi. 1. f. 3.
Chanda dussumieri, Cantor, Caial. p. 6.
D.7|5^. A.i.
The height of the body is more than three times in the total
length (without caudal fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal one-
fifth of the same length ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third
of the length of the head ; lateral line interrupted. Coloration of
body uniform.
Malabar ; Sea of Pinang ; Javanese and Chinese Seas ; Celebes ;
Amboyna ; Isle de France ; Seychelles.
a. Half-grown China.
h. Half-grown, China.
c. Half-grown. China.
8. Ambassis thenualis.
Cut. (§■ Val. iii. p. 493.
D.7|f A.|.
The height of the body is not folly three times in the total length
(without caudal fin). Greenish, with a silvery lateral band ; on each
lobe of the caudal fin a blackish longitudinal streak. (Les eeaUles
sent grandes et fortes. — Cuv.)
Warm springs of Cania (Ceylon).
9. Ambassis nalna.
Ambassis nalua, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 182.
226 PERCIDJ?.
Chanda nalua, Ham. Buch. Gang. Fish. p. 107. t. 6. f. 36 ; Cantor,
Catal. p. 6.
' I lO-U 9-10
The height of the hody is one-half of the total length (without
caudal -fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is one-fourth of the
same length ; no spinous teeth on the hinder part of the orbit (?) ;
interopcrculum entire (?). Coloration of body uniform.
A rather doubtful' species.
Javanese Seas ; Sea of Pinang ; Kivers of Lower Bengal.
10. Ambassis interrupta.
BleeJce}', Ceram, ii. p. 096.
D-7|^. A.J,„. L.lat.28.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal fin). Above the eye a small spine, directed backwards ; orbit
denticulated beneath ; interoperculum denticulated ; the lateral Hne
interrupted beneath the second dorsal fin ; the second spine of the first
dorsal one-third of the total length (withoiit caudal fin) ; the third
anal spine longest, but much shorter than the second of the dorsal fin.
Coloration uniform, A^th a silvery lateral band ; fins yellowish, the
interspace between the second and third dorsal spines blackish.
Seas of Batavia and Wahai (Ceram).
11. Amhassis bumensis.
Sleeker, Boeroe, p. 396.
I>-'|8-^- ^-^0- I'-lat.28. L.transv.g.
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length (without caudal
fin). Above the eye a small spine, directed backwards ; orbit not den-
ticulated beneath ; interoperculum "«dth a small spine at the angle ;
the lateral line internipted beneath the front end of the second
dorsal ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 3^ in the total length
(without caudal) ; the third anal spine not much longer than the
second, and shorter than the second of the dorsal fin. Coloration
uniform, with a silvery lateral band ; fins yellowish, the interspace
between the second and third dorsal spines blackish. (Bl.). — Closely
allied to the preceding species.
Rivers of Boeroe.
12. Ambassis wolffii
Bleeker, Borneo, i. p. 9.
A. i-. L. lat. 36.
D.7|^.
10
The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length (without caudal fin) ; the second dorsal spine is nearly one-
fourth of the same length, and equal to the second of the anal fin ;
42. AMBA8SI8. 227
several small spinous teeth above the orbit ; interoperculum slightly
denticulated. Coloration uniform ; the first dorsal above black. (Bl.)
Rivers of Borneo.
13. Ambassis vachellii.
Richardson, lehthyol. China, p. 221.
D.7|f A.f
The height of the body is 1^ in the total length, withoiit caudal
fin {Rich, states the length of fish 2-50 inches ; height of body 1-68
inch) ; four teeth, reclining backwards on the hinder part of the
orbit.
Sea of Canton.
14. Ambassis macracanthus.
Bleeker, Perc. p. 30, and Batavia, p. 455.
»-7|^„. A.^,. L.lat.29.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 2^ in the same
length. Sub- and interoperculum entire ; lateral line continuous ;
the third anal spine longest. Coloration of body uniform ; the in-
terspace between the second and third dorsal spines blackish.
Sea of Batavia.
15. Ambassis macrolepis.
Bogoda macrolepis, Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. ii., Borneo, p. 13.
D-7|^. A.^. L.lat.70.
Praeorbital denticulated ; the second anal spine longest, not shorter
than the second of the dorsal.
River Kapuas (Borneo).
B. Species with the anal fin rather elongate (14^17 rays).
16. Ambassis alta.
Cm. 8f Val. ii. p. 183.
D.7|i. A.i.
The height of the body is 2i in the total length (caudal fin in-
cluded) ; the second spine of the fif st dorsal is one-half of the height
of body. Both the inferior edges of praeoperculum and praeorbital
beautifully serrated.
Bengal.
a-c. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. "Waterhouse, Esq.
d-h. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. —
Bodv with three darker cross-bands.
^ q2
228 PEBCID^.
17. Ambassis ranga.
Chanda rajiga, Buch, Ham. p. 113. pi. 16. f. 88.
Ambflissis ranga, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 183.
D-'l^- A.i.
The height of the body is 2!^ in the total length (caudal fin in-
cluded) ; the first spine of the second dorsal denticulated.
Mouth of the Ganges.
18. Ambassis oblonga.
Chanda nama, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 109. pi. 39. f. 89.
phula, Buch. Ham. I. c. p. 111.
Ambassis nama et phula, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. pp. 185, 186.
oblonga, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 186.
Bogoda nanaa, pt., Bleeker, Nalez. Ichthyol. Fauna Beng. en Hindost.
p. 89. tab. 1. f. 2.
D. 71-. A.i-.
• I 16 14
The height- of the body is one-fourth of the total length (caudal
fin included) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is one-half of the
height of the body. Praeoperculum and preeorbital very slightly ser-
rated. Scales very small.
Fresh waters of Bengal.
a, h. Adult, India. Presented by G. R. "Waterhouse, Esq,
19. Ambassis bogoda,.
Chanda bogoda, Buch. Ham. p. Ill,
Ambassis bogoda, Cuv. S/- Val. ii. p. 187.
Bogoda nama, pt., Bleek. Nalez. Ichthyol. Fauna Beng. en Hhidost, p. 89.
D-71^. A.i.
The height of the body is not fully 2^ in the total length (without
caudal fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 5^ in the same
length. Scales very small.
Mouth of the Ganges.
a, h. Half-grown. India. Presented by the East India Company.
43. MICROICHTHYS.
Microichthys, Buppell, Verz. der im Mus. Senckenbg. aufgest, Samml.
Fische, p. 1.
Seven branchiostegals. AU the teeth viUiform, without canines ;
palatines ? * ; tongue ? Two separate dorsals ; anal fin "v?ith two
spines ; an acute ridge from the eye extending backwards over the
opercles*. Scales large, deciduous ; opercles naked. Lateral hne
commencing under the first rays of the second dorsal.
Mediterranean.
* Sir J. Richardson (Ichthyol. p. 275) misunderstood a part of Riippoll's de»
Bcription. Riippell says, " Die Zahne am G^aume^ konnten nicht untersucht
werden," and " von dem Auge riickwiirts ubor die schuppenlosen Operkeln eine in
eine Spitze auslaufende Leiste."
44. APOGON. 229
1. Microichthys coccoi.
Ruppell, I. c.
General aspect and the form and position of the fins as in Am-
hassis ; lower jaw projecting a Httle beyond the upper.
Sea of Sicily.
44. APOGON*.
Apogon, Lac^. iii. p. 411 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 142.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth vijliform, without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two separate dorsals,
the first with six or seven, the anal fin with two spines. Operculum
spiniferous; prseoperculum with a double serrated ridge. Scales
large, readily deciduous.
From the Red Sea, through all the Seas of the Indian and Au-
stralian region, some species entering the fresh waters ; one species
found on the coast of Brazil.
Synopsis of the Species.
A. Apogon with less than ten soft rays in the anal fin, and
1. with six spines in the first dorsal.
a. Body without longitudinal or transverse bands.
a. With a black blotch on each side of the base of the caudal fin.
1. A. imberbis, 2. A. heptastigma, 4. A. thermalis.
3. A. hyalosoma.
fi. Without such a black blotch.
5. A. poecilopterus, 7. A. axillaris, 0. A. leptacanthus,
6. A. godini, 8. A. hypselonotus, 10. A. nigromaculatus.
b. Body with 'darker transverse bands or oblong transverse ^pots.
11. A. orbicularis, 13. A. trimaculstus, 14. A. rhodopterus,
12. A. nematopterus, 15. A. koUomatodon.
c. Body with longitudinal bands.
16. A. margaritophorus, 18. A. amboinensis, 19. A. sangiensis,
17. A. taeniatus, 20. A. ceramensis.
* 1. Apogon latus, {Ehrenb.) Cuv. ^ Val.u. p. 159. — Eed Sea.
2. multitaematus, Cuv. ^ Val. I. c. ; Eiipp. Atl. p. 47. — Red Sea.
3. coecineus, Ewpp. N. W. p. 88. t. 22. f. 5.— Red Sea.
4. ceylonicufl, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 491.
5. moluccensis, Vol. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. 54. —
Amboyna.
6. giiamensis, Val. I. c. — Q-oam.
7. novae hoUandiae, Val. I. c. p. 55. pi. 4. f. 2. — Australia.
8. lateralis, Val. I. c. p. 58. — ^v anicolo.
9. novem-fasciatus, Faun. Japon. pi. 2. f. 2 ; A. schlegelii, Bleek,
Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 56.^rapan.
10. fuscufl, Qmy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 345. — Guam.
230 PEBCID^.
2. With seven spines iu the first doi-sal.
a. Body without longitudinal or transverse bands.
21. A. nigripinnis, 24. A. maculosus, 28. A. cuprous,
22. A. taeniopterus, 25. A. enneastigma, 29. A. hoevenii,
23. A. monochrous, 26. A. riippeUii, 80. A. truncatus.
27. A. novae guineas,
b. Body with darker transverse bands or oblong transverse spots.
31. A. bifasciatus, 83. A. bandanensis, 34. A. annularis,
32. A. timoriensis, 35. A. lineatus.
c. Body with longitudinal bands.
36. A. quadrifasciatus, 40. A. frenatus, 45. A. multitaeniatus,
37. A. semUineatus, 41. A. kaUopterus, 46. A. hartzfeldii,
38. A. chrysopomus, 42. A. fasciatus, 47. A. chrysotaenia,
89. A. kalosoma, 43. A, cyanosoma, 48. A. victorise.
44. A. cyanotaenia,
3. With eight spines in the first dorsal.
49. A. melas, 50. A. cantoris.
4. With nine spines in the first dorsal.
51.. A. meaco.
B. Apogon with more than ten soft rays in the anal fin.
62. A. lineolatufl, 64. A. macropterus, 57. A. buruensis,
63. A. fucatus, 55. A. bleekeri, 58. A. zosterophorus.
56. A. macropteroides,
A. Apogon with less than ten soft rays in the anal tin.
1 T) 6 I ^ A 2
* I 8 or 9* * 7 or 8 (in one species 9)'
a. Body without longitudinal or ti'ansverse bands.
1. Apogon imberbis.
Cor\ailus, Gcsner, p. 1273.
Mullus imberbis sive Rex mullonim, Willughby, p. 286 ; Ray, p. 91.
Trigla, sp. 3, Artcdi, Genera, p. 43.
Amia, Gronov. Zooph. p. 80.'pl. 9. f. 2 (omitted in his system).
Mullus imberbis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xiii. edit. 1. sp. 1341 ; Shaw, Zool.
iv.p.618. ' ^ V , ,
Apogon ruber, Lac^. iii. p. 411 ; Risso, Iclith. Nice, edit. 1. p. 214.
Dipterodon hexacanthus, Lacep. iv. p. 107, iii. pi. 4. f. 2.
Centropomus am-atus, Lac^. iv. p. 273.
rubcns, Spinola, Ann. Mas. Mist. Nat. x. p. 370. pi. 28. f. 2.
Perca pusUla, De la Roche, Ami. Mm. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 318.
Apogon rex muUorum, Cuv. i^- Val. ii. p. 143 ; Cuv. R^gne Anim. III.
pi. 7. f. 2 (not good) ; Guichen. Explor. Al(j6r. Poiss. p. 32.
A black blotch on each side of the tail. Bright red or orange-
coloured in life, with minute black points ; fins not spotted.
Mediterranean ; Madeira.
a. Adult. Europe.
h. Adult : skeleton. Em-ope.
44. APOGON. 231
c-e. Adult. Mediterranean. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/, Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
g. Adult : bad state. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton, — The skull of the species of the genus Apogon is distin-
guished by the hemispherical prominent capsula cerebri, formed by
the parietal and occipital bones and by the hinder part of the
frontals ; the latter part is generally provided with two or more small
spinous prominences; the orbital part of the frontals is very de-
veloped, not flat, but "wdth a deep narrow groove along the median
line ; this groove is bifid behind, thus separating the orbital part of
the frontals from the posterior. In front of the median groove is a
high ridge, generally half as long as the diameter of the eye, and
bifid behind ; this ridge, together with those spinous prominences of
the frontals, is for the purpose of keeping the skin suspended above
the grooves. Large mucose cavities are formed thereby, commu-
nicating with those of the suborbital arch, &c. The occipital crest
is very developed and broad, more or less truncated behind, reaching
downwards to the vertebral column, and supported by another,
narrower, horizontal one, which arises also from the occipital.
Another peculiarity of the skull of Apogon is the internal free
ridge of the prseoperculum, parallel to the external margin. The
operculum is always supported by a strong, straight bony ridge, con-
spicuous from the outside, but prominent only at the inner surface ;
it arises near the articulation of the operculum with the epitympanic
(os temporale), and projects sometimes in a small free spine at the
hinder angle of the operculum.
In Apogon imberbis the lower outer margin only of the proeoper-
culum is very finely denticulated, the teeth becoming smaller at the
angle. The vomerine and palatine teeth are arranged in a single
row, the series of the former forming a right angle. There are elevep.
abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae.
2. Apogon heptastigma.
Apogon heptastigma, {Ehrenherg) Cuv.-^ VaL ii. p. 160.
Two black spots on each side of the tail ; brownish red, tins red-
dish ; five black spots at the base of dorsalis.
Red Sea.
3. Apogon hyalosoma.
Apogon thermalis, Blecker, Perc. p. 27 (not Cuv.).
hyalosoma, Sleeker, Singapore, p. 63, and Amboyna, iv. p. 329.
Caudalis slightly notched. Uniform yellowish, wdth a black spot
at the root of the caudal fin ; interspace between the second and third
dorsal spines black. Suprascapula, sub- and interoperculum entu'e ;
the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the posterior half of
the eye.
Seas of Batavia, Sumbawa, Amboyna, and Sumatra.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
23^ PEBCIS^.
4. Apogon thermalis.
Cuv. .$• Vak iii. p. 492 (not Bleeker).
A black blotch on each side of the tail. Uniform yellowish ; in-
terspace between the second and third spines of the first dorsal fin
blackish.
Warm springs of Cania (Ceylon).
The circumstance of this species being found in warm springs
makes it probable that it is difierent from the preceding. The ori-
ginal description, like most of Valenciennes's, is too imperfect to de-
termine specimens by it.
5. Apogon poBcilopterus.
Apogon poecilopterus, {Kuhl 8f vati H'asselt) Cuv. ^ Vol. ii. p. 154 ;
Cantor, Catat. p. 2,
No black blotch on the tail; sides brown-spotted ; a large black spot
on the first dorsal fin ; the second marbled with brown, and with a
brown band at the base. Nine soft rays in the analis.
Javanese Sea.
6. Apogon godini.
Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 496.
No black blotch on the tail; rose-coloured; scales with violet edges ;
fins not spotted.. Thirty-three scales in the lateral line. Caudalis
emarginate.
Western coast of Sumatra.
7. Apogon axillaris.
Valenciennes, Nouv. Ann, Mvs. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. 66. pi. 4. f. 3.
Reddish, minutely punctulated with blackish ; a deep black spot
at the hasp of the pectoral fins, which are punctulated with black.
Caudalis slightly notched ; prajorbital entire ; prseopercuhun with a
single edge beneath ; analis with seven soft rays.
Ascension Island.
8. Apogon hypselonotus.
Bleeker, Batoe, p. 309.
Uniform greenish. Caudalis deeply forked ; suprascapula, sub-
and intcroperculum entire ; the second dorsal spine longest. L. lat.
23-25. L. transv. 9.
Sea of Batoe.
9. Apogon leptacanthus.
Bleeker, Temate, viii. p. 204.
Coloration uniform. Caudalis notched ; the dorsal spines flexible ;
the second elongate, filiform. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 8-9.
Sea of Temate.
44. APOQON. 233
10. Apogou nigromaculatiis.
Homhr. 8f Jacqum. Voy. au Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 82. pi. 1. f. 2.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal) ; the pncorbital with throe or four notches beneath. Spines
very long and strong ; the second dorsal spine longer than one-half
the height of the body. Rose-coloured, with small spots of deep
black ; fins immaculate.
New Guinea.
b. Body with darker transverse bands or oblong transverse spots.
11. Apogon orbicularis.
Apogon orbicularis, (Kuhl Sf van Hasselt) Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 155, vi.
p. 495 ; lileek. Amb. <^ Cer, p. 254 ; Quoy (^ Gaim. Voy, Astral.
Poiss. p. 648. pi. 1. f. 4 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. i. Amboina, p. 28.
A brown zone round the body from the front part of the first
dorsal fin to the anus, posteriorly with large, irregular, dark blotches ;
the first dorsal with small brown spots ; in the middle of the tail a
black longitudinal band.
Javanese Seas ; Coram.
12. Apogon nematoptems.
Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Manado en Macasmty p. 35.
A broad, vertical, blackish zone round the body^ occupying the
whole space beneath the first dorsal fin, posteriorly irregularly spotted
with brownish. The first and second rays of the second dorsal pro-
duced into filaments.
Sea of Manado.
13. Apogou trimaculatus.
Cuv. 8{ Val. ii. p. 156. pi. 22 {not Richards. Ichth. China, p. 221) ;
Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 237.
Analis with nine soft rays. Pectoral fins reaching to the middle
of the anal fin. Red (in Ufe), with three black transverse spots,
forming three half- rings and reaching to the middle of the depth of
the body : the first corresponding to the front part of the first dorsal,
the second to the second dorsal, and the third to the middle of the
back of the taU.
Bum (Moluccas).
Four pyloric appendages. {Cuv.)
14. Apogon rhodopterus.
Sleeker, Singapore, p. 62.
Analis with seven or eight soft rays ; pectoral fins not reaching
to the analis. Greenish, with two transverse bands, the first placed
beneath the front part of the fixst dorsal, the second beneath the
234 PEHCID^.
posterior part of the second ; tail with a round black spot (lateral ?) ;
the first dorsal black-edged.
Singapore.
15. Apogon koilomatodon.
JBleeker, Ternate, p. 4.
Prseorbital slightly denticulated; the upper maxillary bone reaching
to just below the middle of the eye ; back and sides with darker spots ;
two black half-rings encircling ttie back, the first corresponding to the
anterior dorsal fin, the second to the hinder part of the posterior.
Ternate (Moluccas).
c. Body with longitudinal bands.
16. Apogon margaritophoms.
Bleeker, Batjan, p. 363.
Along the back two blackish-\'iolet and two bright red alternate
bands ; along the middle of the side a broad orange-coloured band
with a row of 12 bluish spots ; crown with a yellowish-green mark
in the shape of a V ; on each side of the head four bright red longi-
tudinal bands ; fins uniform red.
Batjan.
17. Apogon tseniatus,
Apogon teeniatus, (Ehrenhenf) Cuv. Sf Veil. ii. p. 159 ; RUppell, Atlas
Fische, p. 48, and N. W. Fische, p. 87.
Brownish, with five lighter longitudinal lines ; above the pectoral
fins a roimd bro^\Ti spot ; a blackish spot at the base of the caudaHs ;
a vertical dark band in the middle of the second dorsal fin.
Djetta (Rod Sea).
Cuvier (Z. c.) gives the number of rays of the dorsal fins 7 1 j, but
RUppeU (Z. c.) twio€ states it to bo 6 1 ^.
18. Apogon amboinensis.
Bleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 329.
Yellowish (in life), mth two brown longitudinal bands, one
running from above the eye to the side and curved, the other from
the muzzle through the eye to the tail ; a round black spot at the
root of the "audal fin ; fins unifonn, the fiist dorsal blackish in front.
Caudalis notched ; +he upper maxillary bone reaching to behind the
middle of the eye ; pra;opcrculuni with only the posterior margin
denticulated ; sub- nnd intcroperculum entire ; the second spine of
the first dorsal longest. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 9.
Rivers of Amboyna.
44. APoooN. 235
19. Apogon sangiensis.
Sleeker, Sangi, p. 375.
Shining golden ; a broad deep brown band from the muzzle through
the eye to the operculum ; a round black spot at the root of the
caudal fin ; anal fin sparingly spotted with blue. Caudalis notched ;
suprascapula, sub- and interoperculum entire ; the third dorsal spine
longest. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 9-10.
Sea of Sangi.
20. Apogon ceramensis.
Bleeker, Amh. 8f Cer. p. 256.
Caudalis notched. Greenish; head sprinkled with darker; a narrow
brown streak from the thorax (?) to the tail ; a black spot at the
root of the caudal fin ; the interspace between the second and third
dorsal spines black.
Sea of Wahai (Ceram).
a. Body without longitudinal or transverse bands.
21. Apogon nigripinnis.
Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 152 ; Faun. Japan. Potss. p. 3.
Analis with eight soft rays ; the limbs of the praeoperculum den-
ticulated ; caudalis rounded. The first dorsal black, at least in its
upper half; the second dorsal and the anal fin with a black band
along the base, sometimes extending over all the fin ; the hinder
margin of the caudal and the ventral fins black.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
b, c. Half-grown. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
d-f. Young : not good state. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E.
Belcher.
g-i. Adult : bad state. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection.
Jc-r. Half-grown specimens. East Indies. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
s. Half-grown. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection.
t-v. Yoxmg. Eaigt Indies. From the Haslar Collection.
22. Apogon taeniopterus.
Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. 1835, p. 206.
Analis with eight soft rays ; the limbs and the inner edge of the
praeoperculum and the orbit denticulated ; caudalis notched. The
first dorsal with oblique black spots between the spines; the second
and the anal fin with a black band along tbe base ; each lobe of the
236 PEECID^.
caudal with a blackish streak ; the outer margin of the ventral
blackish.
Isle de France.
a. Largo specimen. Mauritius. Presented by the Zoological Society.
(I^e of the species.)
23. Apogon monochroas.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Manado en 3Iacassar, p. 34.
Analis with eight soft rays. Shining golden, minutely dotted
with brown ; fins sometimes rather darker. Bones of the head not
serrated, except the outer margin of the prseoperculum and the su-
prascapula. CaudaHs notched.
Seas of Manado, Amboyna, and of the Feejee Islands.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6, c. Adult. East Indies. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d, e. Adult. Feejee Islands. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
f-h. Half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
24. Apogon maculosus.
Cuv. ^ Val vi. p. 494.
Brown : on each side four series of darker spots ; fins brown-
spotted ; head immaculate.
East Indian Seas.
25. Apogon enneast^ma.
RiippeU, N. W. Fische, p. 87. t. 22. f. 3.
Reddish, with Hghtef fins ; the first dorsal with a black front edge ;
above the pectoral a round black, whitish-edged spot ; back with five
brown specks along the base of the dorsal fins ; another black spot on
each side of the tail. D. 7 ] t^^. A. ^.
Massaua (Red Sea).
26. Apogon riippellii (Plate XV. fig. B.)
Reddish, with lighter fins ; a series of seven blackish dots from
the occiput along the base of the dorsals, those beneath the fin not
being very conspicuous. A second series of nine dots along, and
immediately above the lateral line. There are two or three indi-
stinct dots on the back of the tail. No spot above the base of the
pectoral. The first dorsal blackish between the first three spines,
the second with some indistinct broAvnish spots. A brownish streak
from the eye to the angle of the praeoperculum. Analis with nine
or ten rays.
Australian Seas.
a. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
b, c. Adult : stuffed. Victoria. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
44. APOGON. 237
Description. — The height of the body is 3| to 3 times in the total
length, the length of the head 3^ to 3^. The diameter of the eye is
about one-third of the length of the head, and much longer than the
distance between the eyes ; the upper maxillary bone reaches a little
behind the vertical from the centre of the eye ; the outer edge of
the prseoperculum is minutely serrated and the angle rounded ; the
inner edge is entire ; operculum with a very short spine. D. 7 1 -^ ;
the third and fourth spines are the longest and equal, about half the
height of the body ; the spine of the soft dorsal is not much shorter,
and the middle rays longer, than the third spine of the first dorsal.
Caudalis slightly emarginate, with rounded lobes. A. -^ ; the
second spine is three-quarters of the longest of the dorsal; the
pectoral fins reach as far backwards as the ventrals. L. lat. 26.
L. transv. f . All the teeth minute, in narrow vilHform bands ; that
of the vomer rectangularly bent. Length 3 inches 9 lines.
27. Apogon novae guineae.
? Apogon vinosus, Cuv, &■ Vol. vi. p. 494,
Apogon novae guinese, Vcdenc. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1832, p.
f, 1 ; Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl, Indie, vii. p. 316.
53. pi. 4.
Nederl, Indie, vii. p. 3 If
modestiis, Bleeker, I. c. p. 315.
Body and fins yellowish, head sprinkled with brown. Caudalis
very slightly notched ; suprascapula, sub- and interoperculum entire ;
the upper maxillaiy bone reaching a little behind the middle of the
eye ; the fourth dorsal spine longest. L. lat. 24-25. L. transv. 8-9.
Sea of Anjer (Java) ; Batavia ; New Guinea,
a, b. Large specimens : very bad state. India. From the Haslar
Collection.
c. Large specimen : very bad state. Norfdik Island. From the
Haslar Collection.
28. Apogon cupreus.
Apogon cupreus, (Ehrenherg) Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 159.
? Apogon chrysosoma, Bleeker, Amb. 8f Cer. p. 256.
Caudalis forked. Uniform reddish brown ; fins not spotted.
Eed Sea.
29. Apogon hoevenii.
Bleeker, Amhoina, v. p. 483.
Caudalis forked. Red (in life) ; two obsolete darker streaks below
the eye ; the first dorsal fin blackish, the interspace between the sixth
and seventh spines black.
Amboyna Sea.
30. Apogon tnincatus.
Bleeker, Java, i. p. 415.
The upper maxillary bone reaching behind the level of the eye ;
238 PEBCID^.
caudalia very slightly notched. Yellowish, head brown ; the upper
half of the first dorsal fin black.
Batavia.
b. Body with darker transverse bands or oblong transverse spots.
31. Apogon bifasciatus.
Apogon bifasciatus, Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 86. t. 22. f. 2.
Apogon trimaculatus, (not Cue.) liichards. Ichthrjol. China, p. 221.
Analis with eight soft rays. Whitish, with two brownish half-
rings encirchng the back, the fii'st corresponding to the anterior
spines of the first dorsal, the second to the last rays of the second ;
on each side of the base of the caudalis a blackish spot*. (Cfr.
Apogon tnmaculatus, p 233.)
Red Sea ; Chinese Seas.
This species has three pyloric appendages.
a. Adult. China, Presented by J. 11. Reeves, Esq.
h. Adult. Philippines.
c. Young : bad state. Sine patria.
d. Adult. Red Sea.
e. Adult female : skeleton. Red- Sea.
Skeleton. — The bones of the suborbital arch form an open canal, the
edges of which are strongly serrated, with the denticulations directed
backwards, except in the praeorbital, the edges of which are entire.
Both the margins of the prajoperculum strongly serrated, the denti-
culations of the inner ridge being coarser, gradually becoming larger
at the angle. The suprascapula, sub- and interoperculum are entire.
The vomerine teeth are in a single series, forming a right angle.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae.
32. Apogon timoriensis.
Bleeher, Natuurk. Tydschr. Kcdcrl Ind. vi. 1854, p. 207.
Suprascapula denticulated. Shining golden, with two broad,
bro'miish-violet transverse bands, the first beneath the spinous
dorsal, the second beneath the soft dorsal, triangular, with the point
reaching to the base of the anal ; the spinous dorsal black at the tip.
Sea of Timor Kupang.
33. Apogon bandanensis.
Bleeker, Banda, iii. p. 95.
Supra-scapula entire. Brownish, with three broad violet bands,
the first corresponding to the anterior dorsal fin, the second to the
posterior, and the third to the middle of tail ; fijis not spotted.
Banda Sea.
* Riippell states in this species nine soft rays of the anal fin ; but all the
specimens in the British Museum Collection, some of which were sent bj Dr.
Kiippell himself, exliibit eight only.
44. APOGON. 239
34. Apogon annularis.
Riippell, Atlas, p. 48, and N. W. Fische, p. 86.
Whitish (in spirits), with a broad zone round the base of the
caudal fin.
Var. Apogon eoseipinnis.
Apogon roseipinnis, Cuv. 8f Vol. iii. p. 490, vi. p. 553 j Bleeh. Amh.
and Cer. p. 25.3 ; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 234 ; Quoy <^ Gaim.
Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 649. pi. 1. f. 5.
A series of black spots (a violet band in life) along the base of the
analis.
Eed Sea ; Coast of Mozambique ; Indian Ocean.
a. Adult female; skeleton. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult. Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's Collection.
d. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
e. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by 1 . C. Bowring, Esq.
In well-preserved specimens the whole tractus intestinalis exhi-
bited a deep black colour, not produced by the contents of the stomach
and of the intestines, but by a pigment deposited in aU its membranes.
There are four pyloric appendages, of the same intense black colour.
The other abdominal intestines have the usual colour. The pos-
terior third of the ovarium is united, the two anterior ones separated.
STceleton. — The very fine, velvet-like vomerine teeth form a rather
acute angle ; those of the palatine bones are situated in a narrow
biserial band. The prseorbital bone is rather flat, the others slightly
concave, with entire edges : of the edges of the praeopcrculum only
the posterior part of the external margin is minutely serrated. The
ridge of the frontal bones is low, the groove not deep, which is in
accordance with the less-developed canalicult mucosi of the other
parts of the skull in this species. There are ten abdominal and
fourteen caudal vertebrae.
35. Apogon Uneatus.
Te)7im. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 3 ; Bleeher, Verhand. Batav.
Genootsch. xx\-i. p, 54. t. 1. f. 1.
Reddish brown (in spirits), with 8-12 very obsolete brownish
cross-streaks ; no black spot at the base of the caudal fin.
Japanese Sea.
c. Body with longitudinal bands.
36. Apogon quadrifasciatns.
Valettciennes, ii. p. 153; Bleeker, Perc. p. 28; Cantor, Catal. p. 3;
Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 234.
Caudalis notched. Whitish (in spirits), on each side two parallel
240 PEBCIDJE.
brown longitudinal bands ; fins yellowish ; the upper half of the
anterior dorsal more or less iatense black.
Javanese and Chinese Seas ; Feojee Islands ; Coast of Mozambique.
a. Adult female: skeleton. India. Presented by the Zoological
Society.
6. Adult. Feejee Islands. Presentedby the Lords of the Admiralty.
c. Adult. China.
d. Half-grown. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
e. Young : very bad state. Australia. Presented by J. MacgUlivray,
Esq.
/. Adult. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
Oyana nearly entirely united, above with two lobes.
Skeleton. — The hinder half of the suborbital arch represents a closed
canal ; the posterior margin of the praeoperculum and the hinder part
of the ioferior are minutely serrated ; suprascapula, sub- and inter-
operculum entire. There are eleven abdominal and fourteen caudal
vertebrae.
37. Apogon semilineatus.
Temin. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 4. pi. 2, f. 3 (head of male) ;
Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xx^d. p. 55. t. 1. f. 2.
Caudalis forked. Brownish ; a black longitudinal streak from the
muzzle above the eye to the middle of the tail, another from the muzzle
through the eye to the point of the operculum. Tip of the first dorsal
fin black.
Japanese Sea.
38, Apogon chrysopomus.
BUeker, Celebes, v. p. 239.
Above violet (in life beneath yellowish) ; a brown longitudinal
band from the forehead above the lateral line to the back of the tail ;
opercles pearl-coloured, with five or six red spots ; a black spot at
the root of the caudal fin ; fins immaculate ; the first dorsal fin
blackish above. Caudalis notched ; sub- and interoperculum entire ;
suprascapula denticulated ; the third dorsal spine longest. L. lat. 25.
L. trans V. '8-9,
Sea of Macassar.
39. Apogon kaJosoma.
Bleeker, Banka, p. 448.
Reddish yellow, with two brown longitudinal bands, the upper
of which is curved towards the back, the lower being straight and
united with the former on the tail ; there are moreover about fourteen
serpentine brown longitudinal stripes on the back and the sides ; a
round black spot on the root of the caudal fin ; the first dorsal fin
blackish in front ; the second and the anal fin with a black band along
the base. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 15. Caudalis notched.
Sea of Banka.
44. APOGON. 241
40. Apogou frenatos.
Apogon frenatus, Valenc. Nouv. Ann. Mtis. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. 57.
pi. 4. f. 4; Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Amboina, p. 25.
vittiger, Bennett in Proc. Zool, Soc. 1833, p. 32.
melanorliynchos, Bleeker, Amh. Sf Cer. p. 255, and I. c. p. 26.
Reddish brown, with a black longitudinal band from the muzzle
along the middle of the side ; a black spot on the base of the caudal
fin ; the first dorsal black in front ; the second and the anal with a
black longitudinal band at the base ; caudal notched.
Mauritius ; Ceram ; Amboyna ; Feejee Islands ; Guam ; New
Guinea.
a. Half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald.
41. Apogon kallopterus.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. \., Manado en Macassar, p. 53.
Rose-coloured, with a violet shade; a violet band, above and
beneath margined with white, from the eye to the caudal fin ; a
brown band round the muzzle to the eyes ; a blackish spot on the
base of the caudal fin ; the spinous dorsal fin blackish brown, with
four subvertical yellow streaks ; the soft dorsal with four brown and
four pearl- coloured spots, forming two longitudinal series ; the anal
with a brown band along the base ; ventral fins with a white outer
margin. L. lat. 26-27. Caudal deeply forked.
Sea of Manado.
42. Apogon fasciatus.
Mullus fasciatus. White, New South Wales, p. 268. f. 1.
Apogon novem-fasciatus, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 154 ; Bleeker, Timor, L
p. 163 ; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 234.
fasciatus, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 344.
balinensis, Bleeker, Perc. p. 28, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.
xxii., Bali, p. 5.
aroubiensis, Homhr. 8f Jacquin. Voy. aw Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 31.
pi. 1. f. 1.
endeka-taenia, Bleeker, Banka, p. 449.
Caudalis notched. On each side four or five brown longitudinal
bands, and one along the middle of the back ; a large round black spot
at the root of the caudal fin ; the second dorsal and the anal with
a blackish band along the base. L. lat. 25-26. L. transv. 8-9.
Feejee Islands; Australian and Molucca Seas; Coast of Mozambique.
a. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Young : very bad state. Amboyna.
c. Adult. Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's Collection.
d-f. Half- grown. Feejee Islands. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty.
g. Adult : skin. Port Jackson. Presented by F. Strange.
h. Adult : skin. Port Jackson. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
i. Half-grown : not good state. New Holland.
R
242 PEECID^.
k, I. Adult : skin. Australia. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
m. Adult : stuffed. Australia. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
n. Half-grown. East Indies. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
43. Apogon cyanosoma.
Bleeker, Solor, p. 71.
Blue (in life), with six golden longitudinal bands ; fins red, imma-
culate. Caudaiis slightly notched ; the upper maxUlary bone reaching
to behind the middle of the eye ; prseoperculura with the posterior
and inferior edges denticulated ; sub- and interoperculum entire.
L. lat. 23. L. transY. 8.
Sea of Lawajong (Solor)
44. Apogon cyanotaenia.
Bleeker, Solor, p. 71.
Eose-coloured (in life) ; back with four or five brown longitudinal
stripes ; sides with two orange-coloured bands ; head with blue longi-
tudinal streaks ; fins immaculate, a black spot at the root of the caudal
fin. CaudaHs notched ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to behind
the middle of the eye ; pneopcrculum with denticulated inferior and
posterior margins; sub- and interoperculum entire. L. lat. 25.
L. transv. 8-9.
Sea of Lawajong (Solor).
45. Apogon multitseniatus.
Bleeker, Perc. p. 28 (? Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 159).
Caudaiis notched ; purple-coloured (in life), with 10-13 brown
longitudinal streaks on each side ; fins not spotted.
Bima (Sumbava Island).
46. Apogon hartzfeldii.
Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, iii. 1852, p. 254, and vi. p. 482.
Caudaiis slightly notched. Rose-coloured (in life) ; a large round
black blotch on the base of the caudal fin ; on each side of the back,
near the dorsal hne, a light-blue longitudinal band ; the second dorsal
fin and the analis with a brown band along the base.
Sea of Amboyna.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
47. Apogon chrysotaenia.
Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1851, p. 108.
L. lat. 25. L. transv. 9. The third dorsal spine longest. Cau-
dahs notched. Greyish brown, with two deep olive longitudinal bands
on the back and three golden ones on the side. The spinous dorsal
fin violet, the others red. {Bleeker.)
Batavia.
44. APOGojy. 243
48. Apogon victoriaB. (Plate XV. fig. C.)
Yellowish olive (in a dried state), with four darker longitudinal
bands on each side ; root of the pectoral deep black ; pectoral yeUow.
AU the outer edge of the praeoperculum denticulated, the inner entire.
a, 6. Adult: dried. Victoria (Australia). VoyageofH.M.S. Herald.
Description. — The height of the body is 85 in the total length,
the length of the head 3| ; ihe diameter of the eye is less than one-
third of the length of the head, and much longer than the distance
between the eyes. The lower jaw slightly projects beyond the
upper ; the upper maxillary bone reaches beyond the vertical from
the centre of the eye ; the outer margin of the praeoperculum is
finely serrated posteriorly and inferiorly, the interior ridge being
entire. D. 7 -^ ; the first spine is minute ; the second rather longer
than one-haK of the thii'd ; the third is very strong, and about 1-i-
in the length of the head. The spine of the second dorsal fin is not
much shorter than the soft portion, one-half the length of the head.
Caudalis notched. A. |- ; the second spine is rather shorter than
that of the soft dorsal ; the pectoral reaches slightly beyond the
origin of the anal fin ; the ventral spine is very strong, compressed,
and equal to the second of the anal fin. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 2/6-7.
The present colour is a yellovrish ohve, with four darker, rather
indistinct bands, broader than the interspaces of the ground-colour
between : the first from the nape, above the lateral line, along the
back of the tail ; the second from the eye to the middle of the root
of the caudal fin ; the third from the axil along the lower side of the
tail ; the fourth on the side of the beUy. The pectoral is yellow,
with the basal part deep black ; the other fins without distinct colour.
inches, lines.
Total length 3 9
Height of the body 1 1^
Length of the head 1 0
Diameter of the eye 0 4^
Length of the third dorsal spine 0 Qg
of the second anal spine 0 5g
3. With eight spines in the first dorsal.
49. Apogon melas.
Sleeker, Perc. p. 29, and Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Amboina, p. 27.
Caudalis notched. Entirely imifonn brownish black ; the second
dorsal fin with a large round blue spot in the middle of the base.
Bima (Sumbava Island) ; Celebes ; Amboyna.
50, Apogon cantoris.
Bleeker, Riouw, p. 479.
L. lat. 24. L. transv. 9. Caudal fin slightly notched. Greenish,
b2
244 PEKCID^.
punctiilated with brown, with two indistinct brownish cross-bands ;
a black spot at the middle of the base of the soft dorsal fin.
Riouw.
4. With nine spines in the first dorsal.
51. Apogon meaco.
Spams meaco, Laeip. iv. pp. 54 & 160.
Apogon meaco, Cuv. ^ Vat. ii. p. 161.
Caudal fin rounded ; six white bands and a brown spot on the tail ;
fins brown-spotted.
Hah.. ?
B. Apogon with more than ten soft rays in the analis. (The first dorsal
fin wi'.ii six spines.)
52. Apogon lineolatus.
Renard, fol. 40. p. 204.
Apogon lineolatus, {Ehrenb.) Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 160 ; Ruppell, Atlas,
Fische, p. 47. t. 12. f. 1, and N. W. Fische, p. 85.
Anal with fourteen soft rays ; whitish (in spirits), with twelve
blackish transverse lines ; a black blotch on the tail.
Bed Sea.
. 53. Apogon fucatus.
Cantor, Catal. p. 4.
Anal with sixteen soft rays ; caudal slightly forked. The upper
maxillary bone nearly reachmg to the front of the anterior margin of
the orbit. The lower part of the front edge of the second dorsal
spine is armed with three blunt teeth, vertically sitxiated ; the
second, third and fourth spines are of nearly equal length. From the
lower part of the orbit to the muzzle a gamboge oblique line ; at
the base of the caudal a large round black spot ; fins not spotted.
(Cant.)
Sea of Pinang.
Cant/or states that this species has no pyloric appendages.
54. Apogon macropteruB.
Apogon macropterus, {Kuhl Sf van Hasselt) Cuv. Hf Val. ii. p. 160.
? Apogon ceylonicxis, Cuv. df Val. iii. p. 491.
Anal with thirteen soft rays. Whitish (in spirits) ; on each scale
a vertical liae, formed by minute brown points ; fins not spotted.
{Cuv.)
Javanese Sea.
It will be difiieult to determine specimens belonging to this spe^
cies, the description of Cuvier being very imperfect. But the following
species, referred by Bleeker to A. macropterus, appears to be distinct,
45. APOGONICHTHTS. 245
as Bleeker himself supposes. His specimens exhibit a black spot at
the root of the caudal jfin, which is not mentioned by Ouvier ; and at
least one additional soft ray in the anal fin.
55. Apogon bleekeri
Apogon macropterufl, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1851,
p. 168.
? Apogon argenteus, Valenc. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. 60.
Anal with fourteen to seventeen soft rays ; caudal slightly forked ;
the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the middle of the eye.
L. lat. 23. The second dorsal spine longest, the first not much shorter.
Uniform yellowish ; a round black spot at the root of the caudal fin.
Batavia; Padang; Amboyna.
a. Half-grown : not good state. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's
Collection.
56. Apogon macropteroides.
Bleeker, Banka, ii. p. 724.
Anal with sixteen or seventeen soft rays ; caudal notched ; the
upper maxillary bone reaching to below the middle of the eye. L. lat.
23. The second dorsal spine longest, nearly twice as long as the
first. Keddish yellow (in life), with about twenty-three red trans-
verse streaks ; head and body punctulated with brown, the points on
the sides of the head larger ; at the root of the caudal fin the points
are crowded, and form a blackish spot ; fins immaculate.
Sea of Lepar.
57. Apogon hnmensis.
Bleeker, Boeroe, p. 394.
Caudal forked ; anal with twelve or thirteen soft rays ; the second
and third dorsal spines longest. Yellowish, shining golden, with
two brown longitudinal bands ; a blackish spot at the root of the
caudal fin. (Bl.)
Sea of Boeroe.
58. Apogon zosterophoms.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Manado en Macassar, p. 36.
Caudal notched ; anal with fifteen soft rays. Shining golden ; a
broad brownish band obliquely descending forwards from the whole
base of the second dorsal to the belly ; a blackish band round the
snout to the eyes ; a black spot at the root of the caudal fin.
Sea of Manado.
45. APOGONICHTHYS.
Apogonichthys, Bleeker, Floris, p. 321, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.
Ttxvi. p. 56.
Closely allied to Apogov. Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth
246 PEECID^.
villiform, \vithout canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue
smooth. Two separate dorsals, the first with six or seven, the anal
fin with two spines. Operculum spiniferous ; prfeoperculum with a
double ridge, but both entire. Scales large, readily deciduous.
From the Red Sea through the seas of the Indian and Australian
region. [Sea of Bahia.]
1. Apogonichthys gracilis.
Sleeker, Ternate, vii. p. 371.
Caudal notched ; anal with eleven or twelve soft rays ; the fii'st
dorsal spine longest. Shining golden, with a brown streak from the
muzzle through the eye to the operculum ; root of the caudal fin
with a brown spot ; each lobe of the caudal vdih a bro^vn longitudinal
band.
Sea of Ternate.
2. Apogonichthys auritus.
Apogon auritus, Cut: ^ Val. vii. p. 443.
punctulatus, Riippcll, N. W. Fische, p. 88. t. 22. f. 4 (not Bleek.).
? Apogon variegatus, Valetic. Nouv. Ann. Mus. i. p. 55.
Caudal truncated. Uniform brown ; a round, black, white-edged
spot on the operculum. L. lat. 20. L. transv. 7-8.
Isle de France ; Ked Sea.
3. Apogonichthys poly stigma.
Apogon pimctulatua, Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, iii. p. 696
(not Riipp.).
Apogonichthys polystigma, Bleeker, I. c. vi. p. 484.
Bro^sTiish, fins red ; operculum with a large blue, lighter-edged
spot below ; two oblique brown bands from the eye to the prteoper-
culum ; each scale with a blackish spot at the base. The upper
maxillary bone reaching a little beyond the posterior margin of the
eye ; the second and third dorsal spines longed. L. lat. 26. L.
transv. 9-10.
Sea of Coram ; Sumatra.
4. Apogonichthys amblyuropterus.
Apogon amblyiu-opterus, Bleeker, Ceram, ii. p. 695.
None of the opercular bones denticulated ; caudalis rounded. Red
(in life), sparingly sjirinlded with brown ; the first dorsal and the
ventral fins ilearly entirely brown, the others yellow ; the second
dorsal and the anal with three red longitudinal bands, the caudal
with three undulated red cross-bands. L. lat. 20. L. transv. 8.
Sea of Wahai (Ccram).
45. APOGONICHTHYS. 247
5. Apogonichtliys glaga.
Apogon glaga, Sleeker, Perc. p. 29.
Apogouichtnys glaga, Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 57.
Rose-coloured (in life), head minutely dotted with brown ; the
spinous dorsal violet-black in its upper half, the soft dorsal with light
blue spots and a broad blackish upper edge ; caudal fin black- edged.
Seven spines in the first dorsal. Caudalis truncated, with rounded
angles. L. lat. 23. L. transv. 8-9.
Javanese and Japanese Seas ; Singapore.
6. Apogonichtliys carinatiis.
Apogon carinatus, Cuv. Sf Val. ii, p. 157 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 3.
Apogonichthya carinatus, Sleeker, Floris, p. 321, and Verh. Batav.
Genootsch. xxvi. p. 56. pi. 1. f. 3.
Ten soft rays in the anal fin ; uniform whitish (in spirits) ; the four
hinder rays of the second dorsal black,
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
7. Apogonichthys perdix.
Sleeker, Floris, p. 321.
Orange-coloured in life, marbled mth brownish ; cheeks and oper-
cles brown ; the first dorsal fitn violet, the other fins orange, with all
the rays bro\vn-spotted. CaudaHs rounded; the third and fourth
dorsal spines longest. L. lat. 20. L. transv. 8-9.
Sea of Floris.
8. Apogonichthys aprion.
Apogon aprion, Richards. Ann. Nat. Hist, 1842, vol. ix. p. 16.
Caudal rounded. The first dorsal with six spines* ; praeoperculum
not serrated ; a small cluster of teeth on the tongue. L. lat. 40.
L. transv. 5/13. Brownish, with about eight blackish cross-bands
on the back ; top of the first dorsal deep black.
Coasts of North Australia.
a. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.
6. Adult: stuffed. Port Essington. Presented by J. Gould. Esq.
c. Adult: staffed. Australia.
d. Adult : skin. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection,
e. Adult : skin. King's River, near Victoria (Port Essington).
9. Apogonichthys americanus,
Apogon americanum, Castelnau, Anim. nouv. oil rares Amh-. du Sud,
Poiss. p. 3. pi. 3. f. 2.
Caudalis forked; analis with eight soft rays. Uniform reddish
olive. (Casteln.)
Coast of Bahia.
* The number fire, stated by Dr. Richardson, is anomalous in one of the speci-
mens; the others have six.
248 PEKCID*.
I refer this fish for the present to Apogonichihys, as there is no
mention of a serrature of the praeoperculum in the description. The
figure also exhibits an entire Hmb of this bone.
4(j. CHILODIPTERUS.
Cheilodipterus, LacSp. ill. p. 539 ; Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 162.
Seven branchiostegals. Villiform teeth with the addition of ca-
nines, generally in both jaws; teeth on the palatine bones. Two
dorsals, separated by an interspace, the first with six, the anal fin
with two spines. Operculum without points, praeoperculum with an
interior ridge and generally with double seiTature. Scales large,
deciduous.
From the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean into the Pacific.
1. Chilodiptems octovittatus.
CheUodipterus lineatus, Lactp. ill. p. 543. pi. 34. f. 1.
Centropomus macrodon, Lacip. iv. p. 273.
CheUodipterus octovittatus, Cui-. (§• Val. ii. p. 163.
heptazona, Bleek. Perc. p. 29.
CandaHs notched. Whitish, with eight black longitudinal bands
on each side ; a black blotch on each side of the base of the caudal fin.
Red Sea ; Indian Ocean.
a. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
b. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society.
2. Chilodipterus lineatus.
Perca lineata, Forskal, Bescrj^f. Anim. p. 42. no. 43; Riipp. N. W.
Fische, p. 89.
arabica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1312.
Centropomus arabicus, Lac&p. ivi pp. 250, 255.
Cheilodiptferus arabicus, Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 165. pi. 23.
Caudalis notched. On each side 14-16 black longitudinal lines ;
a black blotch on each side of the base of the caudal fin.
Red Sea.
a. Adult. Red Sea.
h. Adiilt. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
3. Chilodiptems quinquelineatus.
Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus, Ctw. Sr Val. ii. p. 167 ; Riipp. K W.
Fische, p. 89; Lesson, Zool. Vorf. Duperr. ii. p. 237; Bleeker, Atnb.
^ Cer. p. 252.
Apogon novenistriatus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 86. t. 22. f. 1.
Caudalis notched, with ten black longitudinal bands— four on
48. POMATOMUS. 249
each side, one along the middle of back, and one on the belly ; a
black :3pot on the tail with yellow centre ; the first 'lorsal fin blsick
in front.
Society Islands ; Amboyna ; Red Sea.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
4. Chilodiptems apogonoides.
Sleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Manado en Macassar, p. 37.
Caudalis forked. The interior ridge of the praeoperculum not
serrated ; an outer series of larger teeth in the upper jaw, two small
canines in the lower. Rose-coloured ; a brownish band round the
muzzle ; top of the spinous dorsal blackish. {Bl.)
Sea of Manado.
5. Chilodiptems amblyuropterus.
Sleeker, Boeroe, p. 395.
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; with nume-
rous blackish longitudinal streaks ; fins immaculate. (Bl.)
Sea of Boeroe.
47. SCOMBROPS.
Scombrops, Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japon^ p. 118.
Eye larg«. Seven branchiostegals ; in the upper jaw two long
canine teeth, in the lower a series of canine-like teeth ; teeth on the
palatine bones. Two dorsals, the first with eight, the anal fin with
three spines. No denticulations on the bones of the skull ; oper-
culum with two very feeble points. Scales moderate, very thin,
smooth. Pancreatic caeca in increased number.
Japanese Sea.
1. Scombrops chilodipteroides.
Scombrops, sp., Temm. 8f Schleg. I. c. pi. 63. f. 2.
cheilodipteroides, BUek. Ven'hand. Bat. Qenootsch. xxv. Jap. p. 9,
and xxvi. Jap. p. 58.
D. 8 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 55-60. L. transv. ^. Cac. pylor. 15.
Spines of the fins very feeble ; lower jaw longest ; caudalis forked ;
coloration uniform.
Japanese Sea.
a. Japan.
48. POMATOMUS.
Pomatomua, (not Lae6p.) Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 387 : Cuv. 4* Val.
ii. p. 171.
Eye very large. Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth -volliform.
250 PEKCiDJS.
without canines ; no teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals, sepa-
rated by an interspace, the first with seven, the anal fin with two
spines. No denticulations on the edges of the bones of the skull ;
operculum with two very feeble points, praeoperculum with promi-
nent rounded and striated angle. Scales moderate, slightly adherent.
Pancreatic caeca in considerable number.
Mediterranean.
1. Pomatomus telescopium.
Eisso, IcUhyol. Nice, p. 301. pi. 9. f. 31 ; Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 171. pi. 24,
\-i. p. 49.5; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 173; Guichen. Explor.
Scient. Alger. Poiss. p. 32 ; Barker- Webb 8f BeHhel. Hist. Nat. lies
Canar. Ichthyol. pi. 1.
D. 7 1 ^. A. |. L. lat. 40. Csec. pylor. 22.
Height of the body rather more than one-fourth of the total length ;
eye very large, one-third of the length of the head ; caudalis forked.
Coloration uniform.
Mediterranean ; Canarian Islands.
a. Young. Sicily.
49. ACROPOMA.
Acroporaa, 2'emm. ^- Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 31.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with canines in both the
jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals, the first with seven
(eight) spines, the anal fin wdth three. Operculum produced into
a long denticulated point, praeoperculum entire. Anus nearer th^
root of the ventrals than the origin of the anal. Scales moderate,
deciduous, minutely ciliated.
Japanese Sea.
1. Acropoma japonicum.
Acropoma, sp., Temm. <§- Schleg. I. c. pi. 12. f. 2, 3.
D.7(8)l^. A.f
Spines of the fins slender; lower jaw longest; caudaUs forked.
Coloration uniform.
Japanese Sea.
50. 0LIG0KU9. 261
Sixth Group. GRYSTINA.
50. OLIGORUS*
Gryates, sp., Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 58.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with
eleven spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum with one point,
prseoperculum with a single smooth or obtusely denticulated ridge.
Scales small. The number of the pyloric appendages small (3).
Rivers of Australia.
1. Oligorus macquariensis.
Grystes brisbanii, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 227.
Grystes macquariensis, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 58 ; Richards. Ereh. Sf Terr.
Fishes, p. 118. pi. 53. f. 8, 9.
peelii, Mitchell, Exped. Austr. pi. 6. f. 1.
B. 7. D. {i. A.^. Caec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-seventh of the latter.
Praeoperculum, suprascapula, and praeorbital entire ; operculum with
one small spine. Pectoral and ventral fins short, caudalis rounded ;
the fifth dorsal spine longest; the second and third of the anal
nearly equal in length. Brownish grey, with irregular darker spots.
Rivers of Austraha.
a, h. Adult : stuffed. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
2. Oligorus gigas.
Centropristis gigas, Oicen, Osteol. Catal. i. p. 51.
B. 7. D. li. A. |. Vert. 13/14.
Praeoperculum obtusely serrated.
New ZeMand.
This species, established by Prof. Owen from a skeleton in the
Collection of the College of Surgeons, can scarcely be referred to
Centropristis, even if that genus be technically taken in the extent of
the characters given by Cuvier, because there are no canine teeth at
all. Cuvier combined very heterogeneous fishes in that genus, and,
inconsistently enough, separated many others which exhibit all its
characters. At present it is quite impossible to retain it with
the defiuition of Cu\ier. The skeleton of the fish in question much
resembles that of some species of Serrunus ; but we cannot, on
* oX/yos, few, and Mpoi, guard ; formed according to pylorus, trom nvXif, gate,
and irijoos s. ovpos.
252 PEECID^.
account of the absence of the canine teeth, refer it to that genus.
Therefore, although not having a skeleton of Oligorus macquariensis,
I think it nevertheless best to combine both fishes, on account of the
similarity in the structure of their teeth, of their branchiostegals,
and of their fins, as well as in their general habit, size, and native
country.
51. GRYSTES*.
Grystes, sp., Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 64.
Six or seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without
canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal,
with ten spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum with two
points, praeoperculum with a single smooth-edged ridge. Scales
moderate. The number of the pyloric appendages increased. Air-
bladder simple, shghtly notched behind.
Rivers of the United States.
1. Grystes salmouoides.
Labrus salmoides, Lac&p. iv. pp. 716, 717. pi. 5. f. 2.
Cichla variabilis, Lesiieur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. PhUad.
Grvetes salmoides, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 54. pi. 45 ; Rhgne Anim. III.
Poiss. pi. 9 a. f. 2 ; Dehay, New York Fauna, Fishes, pi. 69. f. 223
(cop.); Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 25. pi. 4. f. 2 (dorsal wrong).
Micropterus, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 9 (founded on a mutilated specimen).
B. 6-7. D. , '" A. -^^. L. lat. 90. Caec. pylor. 14 and more.
13-14 11-12 ^•'
The height of the body is nearly one-fourth of the total length,
the length of the head is contained 3| therein. Lower jaw pro-
minent. Praeoperculum and supraseapula entire, operculum with
two spines ; prseorbital without or with some slight denticulations ;
pectoral and ventral fins short ; the fourth dorsal spine longest ; the
second of the anal much shorter than the third ; caudalis slightly
notched. Uniform greenish brown, with a black spot at the pos-
terior angle of the operculum. Young with many indistinct longi-
tudinal streaks.
Fresh waters of the United States.
Or-h. Adult and half-grown : skins. Lake Erie. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection.
52. ARRIPIS.
Centropristes, sp., Cuv. <^- Val. iii. p. 50, vii. p. 451 ; Richardson, Voy.
Ereh. Sf Terr. Fishes, pp. 29, 117.
Arripis, Jenxjns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 14.
Homodon, Brisout de Barneville, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 133.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth card-like or villiform, with-
* 1. Grystes nuecensis, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1864,
p. 25.
2. Grjstes faaciatus, Eoffm Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 289. — Ohio.
52. ARRiPis. 253
out any canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth.
One dorsal, with nine slender spines ; the anal fin with three.
Operculum spiniferous; prseoperculum denticulated. Scales mode-
rate. Number of the pyloric appendages increased (17-50)
Seas of the A\istralian region.
1. Arripis georgianus.
Centropristes georgianus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 451 ; Richm-dson, Ereb.
^ Terr. Fishes, p. 117. pi. 54. f. 3-6.
Arripis georgianus, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, p. 14.
D. ^. A. l^. L. lat. 55. Csec. pylor. 17.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, and the length
of the head nearly four times ; the diameter of the eye is one-third
of the length of the head ; praeoperculum finely serrated, operculum
with two spines. The fourth dorsal spine longest. In a dried
state greenish or yellowish olive, each scale punctulated with darker
in the centre or at the edges.
South-eastern and south-western coasts of Australia; Norfolk
Island ; Port Jackson ; King George's Sound.
a~c. Adxilt : skins. Holdfast Bay ; South Australia.
d. Adult : skin : not good state. Houtman's Abrolhos. — ' Herring' of
the Colonists.
e, /. Half-grown : skins : not in a good state. Hobson's Bay ; Port
Philip. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
g. Adult : skin. Port Jackson. Presented by Mr. J. Strange.
h. Half-grown : skin : not in a good state. Port Jackson. From
Mr. Gould's Collection.
2. Arripis salar.
Centropristes salar, Richardson, Zool. Trans, iii. p. 78, and Voy. Zool.
Ereb. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 29. pi. 20. f. 4-6.
tasmanicus, Hombr. 8f Jacq. in Dumont cC Urville, Voy. au Pole
Sud, Poiss. p. 40. pi. 4. f. 1.
D. ^. A. ■^. L. lat. 48-52. L. transv. 6/12. Csec. pylor. ca 50.
Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, and equal
to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of
the latter. Praeoperculum serrated behind and beneath ; sub- and
interoperculum with scales. The fourth dorsal spine longest ; the
third of the anal rather longer than the second. Back with darker
spots.
Bay of Islands (New Zealand) ; Port Arthur (Van Diemen's Land) ;
Australia ; Raoul Island ; Norfolk Islands.
a. Fine specimen. Raoul Island. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty.
254 PEECID^.
b-d. Half-grown. Norfolk Island. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult male : skeleton. Australia. From the Haslar Collection.
f-h. Adult : bad state. Australia. From the Haslar Collection.
r. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.
Jc. Adult: stuffed. Australia.
I. Adult : not good state. Australia. Presentedby Sir J. Richardson.
m. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
n-q. Adult : not good state. Poit Arthur. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
r. Adult: not good state. Port Arthur. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
s-iv. Adult : very bad state. Port Arthur. Presented by Sir John
Eichardson.
The swim-bladder is simple, provided with thin membranes ; tes-
ticuh two and separate ; pseudobranchise large.
STceleton. — The upper surface of the skull is broad, flat, rather
depressed in the middle ; the occipital crest is feeble, and does not
extend on to the upper surface of the skull ; one low, thin and muci-
ferous ridge passes from the orbit to the upper end of the praeoper-
culum. Praeorbital very small, triangular, with spinous teeth at the
lower margin. Suborbital arch narrow, with a concave plate at the
inner side for supporting the eyeball; upper maxillary with a rather
slender basal style, and widening behind ; there is an additional bone
situated along its upper margin. There is no free space between the
articiilary and dentary bone. The operculum terminates behind in
two very feeble, flat, thin points, separated from each other by a
notch ; the upper is shorter and rounded. The praeoperculum is
striated, each stria terminating in a fine tooth ; the serrature extends
over both the limbs, and is coarser beneath ; the sub- and interoper-
cillum have the margins entire and rounded ; suprascapiila scarcely
and very indistinctly denticulated, humeral entire ; the lower coracoid
styliform. There is no free space between both halves of the pubic
bone.
The length of the abdominal vertebral column is to that of the
caudal as 12: 19; the ribs are rather long and slender; the first
interhaemal is compressed, feeble and flexible, and attached to the
hsemals of the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth vertebrae.
The teeth, being rather strong and separate, form a card-like
band in the upper jaw. The others are villiform, and reach, in both
the jaws, to the extremities of the bones. The group of the vomerine
teeth forms nearly an isosceles triangle ; palatine band rather broad ;
those of the pharyngo-branchial villiform.
3. Arripis truttaceus.
? Perca trutta, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 54.
Centropristes (?) truttaceus, Ctcv. 8f Val. iii. p. 50.
D. ^. A. i.
18 9
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, and equal
54. PEBCiLiA. 255
to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one -sixth of the
latter. Denticulations of the prseoperculum visible on the inferior
limb only ; operculum with two feeble spines ; sub- and interoper-
culum without scales. The fourth dorsal spine longest. Coloration
uniform. {Cuv.)
Port "Western (New Holland).
53. EURO.
Huro, Cuv. ^ Vfil. ii. p. 124 ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 4.
Six branchiostegals. AU the teeth villiform, without canines;
palatine bones ? ; tongue ? Two dorsals, the first with six, the anal
fin with three spines. No denticulations on the bones of the head ;
operculum with two flat obtuse points. Scales moderate.
Lake Huron.
1. Huro n%ricans.
Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Ciw. 8f Val. ii. p. 124. pi. 17 ; Richards. Faun.
Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 4 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 15. pi. 69.
f. 224 (cop.).
^'^\h- ^-n- L-lat. 60-65.
Height of the body equal to one-third of the total length, excluding
the caudal ; cleft of the mouth obliquely running upwards towards
the plane of the forehead. Caudal slightly notched. Coloration
uniform.
Lake Huron. (Black Bass.)
54. PERCILIA.
Percilia, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. 1854, p. 197, and
U.S. Naval Astron. Exped. to the Southern Hemisph. Zool. p. 235.
Five or six branchiostegals. Maxillary teeth small, conical, with-
out canines ; palatine teeth none. Two dorsals, united at the base
only ; the first with nine spines, the anal with three. Operculum
without any spines ; a few minute spines along the Hmb of the prse-
operculum. Scales moderate.
Rio de Maypu.
1. Percilia gillissii.
Oirard, I. c. pi. 29. f. 5-9.
D. 9 I 11. A.|. L. lat. 35.
Snout short and rounded ; the upper maxillary reaching to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Light reddish or red-
dish brown, maculated with black. (Crir.)
Rio de Maypu.
^6 PEBCID^.
55. CENTRARCHUS*.
Centrarchus, Cuv. R^gne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 84.
Pomoxis, {Rafin.) Holhr. Ichth. S. Card. p. 36.
Six branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones and on the tongue. One dorsal ; the
anal fin generally with more than three spines. Operculum with
two flat points, praeoperculum entire or scarcely denticulated. Scales
moderate. Air-bladder notched behind. Pyloric appendages in
moderate number.
Fresh waters of the Nearctic region ; one species from Cuba.
1. Centrarchus seneus.
CilJlila senea, 7-e Siieur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1822, p. 214. pi. 12 ;
Kirtland, Zool. Ohio, pp. 168, 191.
Centrarchus seneus, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 84; Richards. Faun. Bor.
Amer. Fish. p. 18. pi. 75; Kirtland, Bost. Journ. iv. p. 239. pi. 11;
f. 1 ; ? Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 27. pi. 2. f. 4.
Centrarchus pentacanthus, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 88.
D. 1^. A. j^. L. lat. 39-40. L. transv. 19-20. Vert. 1^18.
Ctec. pylor. 7.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, and more than
the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the
latter, and rather shorter than the distance between the eyes.
Praeoperculum and prseorbital serrated. CaudaUs truncated. Grey-
ish brown, each scale with a dark centre ; vertical tins variegated
with dark brown ; a black spot above the angle of the operculum.
Lakes of North America.
o-c. Adult : skins. Lake Erie. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
2. Centrarchus pomotis.
Baird, in the Ninth Smithson. Export, p. 325.
D. il. A. 3^. L. transv. 6/12.
Snout very short, lower jaw longest ; the maxillary bone reaching
to the posterior margin of the eye. The length of the h«^ad is 3| in
the total, the diameter of the eye one-fourth of the former. Caudalis
roimded ; the external soft ray of the vcntrals extending as a filiform
appendage beyond the other rays, which do not reach the front end
of the anal. Greenish olive, with three or four irregular longitudinal
bands of dull greenish yellow ; a dusky spot at the end of the oper-
culum ; fins uniform. (Baird.)
New Jersey ; New York.
* 1. Centrarchus viridis, Cuv. 4~ Val. vii. p. 460. — Southern parts of N. America.
55. CKNTUAjtcnus. 257
3. Centrarchus intermptus.
Centrarchus interruptus, (iirard, Pt-oc. Ac. Nat. fie. Philad. 1854, p. 129.
maculosufl, Ayren, Proc. Californ. Ac. Nat. Hint. 1H54, p. 8.
Amblopli1x;s intftrruplus, Oirard, U. S. I*nc. It It Exp. Fishes, p. 10.
pi. 2. f. 1^.
The length of the head is about one-third of the total ; the dia-
mcttir of the eye one-fourth of the length of the h«!ad. (/reyish
brown, with irregiilar darker transverse bands, int<;rru{)t<;d along th©
lateral line ; the portion of the band a))ove is somewhat alternating
with that beneath it ; a large lilackt spot above the angle of tho oper-
culum ; two dark streaks diverge from the eye bac;kwards. (Gir.)
Rivers of California.
4. Centrarchus irideus.
Perca iridea, Bosc.
Labrus sparoides, Lac4p. iii. pi. 24. f. 2.
iris, Luc&p. iv. p. 710. pi. 5. f. 3.
nmcropterufl, Luc/tp. iii. pi. 24. f. 1.
Centrarchus irideus, Ouv. ^ Val. iii. p. 89; Ilolhr. Ichth. S. Carol.
p. 15. pi. .3. f. 1.
sparoides, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 458 (not pi. 48;.
1). ilzi£. A.!^.
Greenish, with scries of black spots ; the rays of the vertical fins
with alternate black and white spots. Dorsal fin wdth a duwky spot,
bordered with orange near the posterior extremity of tho fin (more
indistinct in old age).
Charlestfjn.
5. Centrarchus hexacanthus.
Centrarchus sparoides, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 88. pi. 48.
hexacanthas, Cuv. &■ Val. vii. p. 4o8; Kirtland, Boat. Journ. iii.
p. 480. pi. 20. f. 2.
Cichla storeria, Kirtl. Rep. Zool. Ohio, p. 101.
Pomcjfcis hexacanthus, Ilolhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 36. pi. 0. f. 1.
D-lSn- A.^,. Ca.c. pylor. 8.
Tho form of the head and body is similar to that of 0. ffMeus.
Praeoperciilum with somr; iriegnlar denticulations at the angle and
at the lower limb. Body and vertical fins irtregularly spotted with
blackish.
Fresh waters of North America.
a-e. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins. Streams leading into
Lake Erie. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
f-h. Young.
6. Centrarchus nitidus.
Pomoxis nitidus, CrtVarrfm U.S.Pac. R.R. Exp. Finhen, p.O. pl.2.f.5-8.
"• is- ^- Tr
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, and more
258 PEHCID^.
than the length of the head. Prajoperciilura entire. Back and
vertical fins irregularly spotted with blackish, on the back grouped
together in bands. {Gir.)
Houston llivcr, Kentucky.
7. Centrarcnus fasciatus.
Cichla ftsciata, Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. ii. p. 216.
ohioensis, miuima, Lcsucur, I. c. p. 218.
Centrarchiis fasciatus, ^eAay, Netc York Fauna, Fishes,^. 28. pi. 3. f. 8;
Kirtl. BosL Joitrn. v. p. 28. pi. 9. f. 1.
U. -. A. ^.
Body gibbous ; the height is 3i in the total length. Dusky bluish,
often with transverse bands.
Lakes of the United States.
^ 8. Centrarchus obscurus.
Dehay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 30. pi. 17. f. 47 (in the text 48).
T) 12 A ^
Body rather elongate, not gibbous ; the height is one-fourth of
the total length. Uniform greenish brown. (Dekay.)
Onondaga Creek.
9. Centrarchus gulosns.
Pomotis gulosus, Cuv. 4" J'^al. iii. p. 498.
Centrarchus gulosus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 459.
9 9
Brown, shining golden ; a black spot above the angle of the oper-
culum. {Cuv. Sf Tal.)
Lake font Chanrain ; Lakes near New Orleans.
10. Centrarchus tetracanthus.
Cuv, 8f Val. vii. p. 4G0.
D. ^. A. i-.
10 ^* 9*
The height of the body is about one-third of the total length.
Body and vertical fins spotted with blackish. {Vol.)
Fresh waters of Cuba.
56. BRYTTUS*.
Brj-ttus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 461.
Six (five) branchiostegals. AH the teeth viUiform, without canines ;
* 1. Bvyttus reticulatua, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 463.^-North America.
2. Calliurus diaphanus, Girard, U. 8. Pacif. E. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 13. pi. 4.
f. 1-4.— Texas.
3. Bryttua signifet', Girard, I. c. pi. 7. f. 5-8. — Texas.
4. humilis, Girard, l. c. pi. 7. f. 9-24. — Arkansas and Texas.
5. Calliurus microps, Girard, I. c. p. 17. pi. 4. f. 5-8. — Texas.
OG. BRYTTUS, 259
teeth on the palatine, bones*. One dorsai, with ten (occasionally with
nine) spines, the anal fin with three. Op(*i'culum with a rounded,
membranaceous, coloui'ed lobe above the angle ; proeoperculum entire.
Scales moderate.
Fresh waters of the Nearctic region.
1. Bryttus punctatus.
Brjiitus punctatus, Cuv. ^' Val. vii. p. 462.
unicolor, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 464.
D. i^. A.-i. L. kt. 35.
U 8-9
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal fin) ; the length of the head one-third. Caudalis emarginate,
with rounded lobes ; the first ray of the ventral pointed. Brownish
green, with parallel series of round black spots; cheeks black -
spotted. Angle and inferior limb of operculum blackish. Ventrals
black. {Val.)
Fresh waters of North America.
2. Brjrttus albulus.
Girard, U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 19. pi. 6. f. 1-4.
B. 5. D.|5. A.^. L. transv. 6/16.
The height 6f the body is 2|, the length of the head 3| in the
total length. The upper maxillary reaches to the anterior margin
of the orbit. Pale reddish brown, dorsal with a black patch (not
marked in the figure). (Gir.)
Eio Blanco (Texas).
3. Bryttus longulus.
Pomotis longulus, Baird 8f Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1853,
p. 391, and in Marcifs Explor. Red River, p. 245. pi. 12.
Bryttus longulus, Baird ^ Girard, I. c. 1854, p. 25.
Callim-us fomiosus, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 14.
pi. 5. f. 1-4.
longulus, Girard, I. c. p. IG. pi. 5. f. 5-8, pi. 6. f. 5-8.
The height of the body is about three times in the total length,
the length of the head 3| ; the upper maxillary does not extend to
the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. Keddish brown ;
the dorsal and anal with a sixbcircular large black spot behind;
ventrals and the external half of the anal yellowish. (i5. ^ G.)
Red River ; fresh waters of Texas and Ai'kansas.
* Sir J. Richardson probably made a mistake iu translating the diagnosis of
Cuvier, if he attributes to this genus "a narrow band of villiform teeth on tl)i'
tongue." {Ichfhyol. p. 277.)
s 2
260 PERcrD^.
4. Bryttus floridensis.
Calliurus floridensia, Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 53.
pi. 6. f. 1.
• 10 10
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 3^, The upper maxillary reaches to the middle of the orbit.
CaudaUs subtruncated, with rounded angles. Opercular appendage
very short. Dusky above, with black spots along the sides ; anal
and caudal fins dusky ; dorsal with a reddish-brown spot at its pos-
terior inferior margin. (Holbr.)
St. John's River (Florida).
This species is said to have the tongue armed with a patch of
asperities.
5. Bryttus melanops.
Calliurus melanops^ Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 11. pi. 3.
D.l^. A.i-.
10 9
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is about
one-third of the total. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical
from the posterior margin of the orbit. Reddish, with a blackish
spot at the centre of each scale. {Qir.)
Fresh waters of Texas.
6. Bryttus murinus.
CaUiurus murinus, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. FisheSf p. 18.
pi. 7. f. 1-4.
D.15. A.^.
12 10
The height of the body equab nearly the length of the head, and
is one-third of the total. The upper maxillary does not reach to
the vertical from the centre of the eye. Dark blackii^ brown ; the
dorsal with a black patch behind. (Gir.)
Fresh waters of Texas.
7. Brjrttns fasciatns.
Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 51. pi. 5. f. 3.
D » A ^
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length ; the length of
the head 3^. Caudalis rounded. Olive-brown, with dusky vertical
bars ; below yellowish, with numerous crimson spots. (Holbr.)
St. John's River (Florida).
8. Bryttus gloriosus.
Holbrook, I. c. p. 52. pi. 5. f. 4.
"f;- A.i.
The height of the body is 2f in the total length, the length of the
57. POMOTis. 261
head 3|. Caudalis rounded. Olive-brcJwn : head, body, dorsal and
anal fins with numerous golden spots ; a black blotch at the root of
the caudal fin. (Holbr.)
Cooper Elver ; South Carolina ; Georgia.
57. POMOTIS*.
Pomotis, Cuv. Hegne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 90.
Six branchiostegals. All the teeth viUiform, without canines ; teeth
neither on the palatines nor on the tongue. One dorsal, with ten,
rarely with nine or eleven spihes ; the anal fin with three spines.
Operculum with a rounded, membranaceous, coloured lobe above
the angle ; praeoperculum entire or minutely crenulated. Scales
moderate. Air-bladder large, subdivided posteriorly into two horns.
Pyloric appendages in small number (6-8).
Fresh waters of the Nearctic region.
1. Pomotis auritus.
Labrus auritus, L. Gm. p. 1286; Bl. Schn. p. 246; Shaw, Zool, iv.
p. 482.
Perca ^bbosa, Catesby, t. 8. f. 3.
Pomotis vulgaris, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 91. pi. 49, vii. p. 465 ; Richards.
Faun. Bor. Amer. p. 24. pi. 76 ; Kirtland in Bost. Jcnirn. iii. p. 470.
?1. 28. f. 2 ; Cuv. Eigne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 10. f. 3 ; Dekay, New York
^auna, Fish. p. 31. pi. 51. f. 166 ; Holhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 6. pi. 1. f. 2.
D. j^2- ^' To' ^- 1^*- ^^-^^- ^- ^^^^^^' Tizn- Vert. 14/16.
Caec. pylor. 6-8.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-foui'th of the latter, or two-
thirds of the distance between the eyes. Praeoperculum slightly
serrated; caudal fin slightly notched, with rounded lobes. The
length of the third dorsal spine 2| or three times in the length of the
* 1. Pomotis tetracanthuB, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 94. — Buenos Ayres.
2. ravenelii, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 465. — N. America.
3. holbrookii, Cuv. c^ Val. vii. p. 466. — Charieston.
4. incisor, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 466; Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, -p. 13. pi. 2.
f. 1. — New Orieans, S. Carolina.
6. gibbosus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 467. — Charieston.
6. soils, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 468. — Lake Pont Chartrain.
7. catesbyi, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 469. — Philadelphia.
8. breviceps, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Set. Philad. 1853, p. 390,
and in Marcy's Explor. Red Eiver, Zool. p. 246. pi. 13, and in
U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 28.— Eed Eiver.
9. Labrus appendix, Mitch. Suppl. Mem. Amer. Monthly Mag. ii. p. 247. —
Pomotis appendix, Dekay, New York Fauna, p. 32. — N. America.
10. Pomotis nitidus, Kirtl. Bost. Journ. iii. p. 472. pi. 28. f. 1. — Ohio.
1 1 . luna, Gir. U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 22. pi. 8. f. 1-4.— U. S.
12. aquilensis, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Set. Philad. 1853. p. 387,
and U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 25. pi. 9. f. 1-4, pi. 10.
f. 8-11. — P. nefaslus, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1854, p. 24.— P. popeii, Girard, U. S. Pacif R.R. Exp. Fish. p. 26.
262 PEECIDiE.
head. Coloration uniform, with a black lobe at the operculum, and
with series of brownish spots between the itiys of the vertical fins.
North America,
a. Adult : skin. Lake Erie. From Dr, Parnell's Collection,
h. Adult. New York. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
c, d. Adult. 'N. America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection,
e. Adult : skin. New Orleans. From Dr, Parnell's Collection.
/. Yoimg. New Orleans.
g, h. Young.
Var. Uniform blackish brown.
i. Adult : skin. Lake Erie. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
2. Pomotis rubricauda.
I'omotis rubricauda, Storer, Bost. Juurn. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 177; Holbr.
IcMh. S. Carol, p. 10. pi. 2. f. 2.
appendix, Storer, Si/nops. p. 42.
fallax, Baird ^ Gimrd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. P/iilad. 1854, p. 24,
and U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 27. pi. 8. f. 9-12, pi. 9. f. 5-12,
pi. 10. f. 1-7."
convexifrons, Baird 8f Girard, Pi-oc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,
p. 24.
D.^. A.^. Cffic. pylor. 7.
11 10 '^•'
The height of the body is about 2| in the total length, the length
of the head (without appeiidage) four times. The appendage very
long, one-half of the length of the head (in mature specimens),
Prajoperculum rounded, not, or but slightly, serrated at its angle.
The spinous portion of the dorsal lower than the soft. The pcctoi-al
not reaching so far backwards as the ventral. Caudal fin slightly
notched, with rounded lobes. Above dusky, sides of the operclcs
and below red, some blue waving lines on the sides of the head.
Appendage black, bordered above and below with pale greenish blue.
Fins uniform yellowish ; dorsal fin sometimes with a darker patch.
Fresh waters from Massachusetts to Georgia and Texas.
n. Half-grown : skin. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
3. Pomotis elongatus.
Holhrook in Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 47. pi. 5. f. 1.
^■l- A.f..
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length, the length of the
head four times. The upper maxillary reaches to the anterior mar-
gin of the eye. Opercular lobe black, of moderate size. -Caudulis
cmarginate, with rounded lobes. The soft ]>ortion of the dorsal
higher than the spinous. Checks with pale bluish lines ; body dusky
above, yellow below, with several dark vertical bars on the sides, and
a black blotch on the back of the tail behind the dorsal fin. {/lolbr.)
St. John's llivtr; Florida.
57. roMOTis. 263
4. Fomotis speciosus.
Baird 8f Girard, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 24, and U. S. Pacif
B. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 23. pi. 8. f. 5-8 (not Holbrook).
D.|^. A. :^. L. lat. 43.
The length of the head is one-fomth of the total ; the diameter of
thr eye one-fourth of the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate ;
pectorals reachrag as far backwards as the ventrals. Brownish,
with a narrow blackish band parallel to, and near, the dorsal line ;
posterior part of the soft dorsal with a large subcirciilar blacldsh
spot ; anal and ventrals blackish ; pectorals yellowish.
Fresh waters of the United States. (Texas.)
Some of the specimens in the British Museum Collection have the
spinous dorsal rather elevated, the fifth spine being more than one-
half of the length of the head. Others have the same spine much
shorter, contained about 2| in the length of the head. These
specimens, perhaps, are specifically different, but exhibit the black
dorsal spot mentioned in the diagnosis.
a-e. Adult, half-grown, and young : skins. (Lake Erie ?) From
Dr. Parnell's Collection.
5. Pomotis chsetodon.
Paird in the Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 324.
The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length ;
eye large, only one-third of the length of the head. Caudalis sub-
tiiincated ; the pectorals and ventrals extending beyond the third
anal spine. Dirty white, with six black vertical bands ; ventrals
black in the centre; the dorsal black between the tlirec anterior
rays. (Baird.)
Cedar Swamp Creek, New Jersey.
6. Pomotis heros.
Paird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 25, and U. S. Pacif.
R. R. Exp. FisJies, p. 24. pi. 9. f. 13-16.
• 12 n
The length of the head is 3| in the total ; the fliametcr of the
eye one-fourth of the former. Pectorals very long, extending to
the second soft ray of the jinal fin. Caudalis emarginate ; the spinous
dorsal elevated. Uniform blackish bro\Mi ; pectorals yellowish ;
other fins greyish. (B. 4' G-)
Texas.
Compare Pomotis machroch,ir[a, Raf.J, Kirtland, Best. Journ. iii
p. 460. pi. 27. f. 3.
264 PERCIBJ?.
7. Pomotis microlophijs.
Pomotis speciosus, Holbr. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philud. 1855, p. 48.
pi. 5. f. ^ (not Baird Sf Girnrd).
10 9
The height of the body is 2 1 in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter.
The upper maxillary reaches nearly to the anterior margin of the
eye. Opercular lobe small, black, edged with red. Caudalis emar-
ginate, with rounded lobes ; the soft dorsal higher than the spinous ;
the tenth dorsal spine much longer than the ninth (according to the
figure quoted) ; the pectoral fin extends to the second anal ray, the
ventral to the first spine. Brownish olive, with a few reddish-brown
spots on the sides ; lateral line red : fins immaciilate. (Holbr.)
St. John's Kiver (Florida).
8. Pomotis marginatus.
Holbr. I. c. p. 49. pi. 6. f. 2.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; snout shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the upper
maxillary extending to the orbit. Caudalis slightly emarginate ; the
pectoral reaches to the vent, the ventral to the origin of the anal.
Dusky olive brown, with vertical bars of the same colour ; head and
body with numerous bluish-green spots ; opercular appendix bordered
with green. (Holbr.)
St. John's River (Florida).
58. ANOPLUS.
Anoplus, Tcmm. ^ Schleg, Faun, Japan. Poiss. p. 17.
Branchiostegals six. The outer teeth of the jaws short, but
rather thick ; teeth on the vomer ; none on the palatine bones.
Dorsal deeply notched, the first portion with ten, the anal with
three spines ; all the spines very long, strong, and flattened. Cau-
dalis very slightly notched. Praeoperculum veiy finely serrated ; the
other opercles neither serrated nor armed.
Japanese Sea.
1. Anoplus banjos.
Banjos, Krusemtern's Raise, pi. 54. f. 1.
Anoplus, sp., Farm. Japan. I. c. pi. 8.
Anoplus banjos, jRichards. Ichth. ^hina,t.Tp. 23G.
D. J^. A. ^. L. lat. 66.
The third dorsal spine two-thir(Vi of the height of the body ; the
soft dorsal with a deep-black spot at the upper extremity.
a, b. Adult : stuffed. Japan. From the Leyden T^useum.
59. ODONTONECTES. 265
59. ODONTONECTES.
Csesio, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 442.
Six branchiostegals. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer
and the palatine bones ; an outer series of larger teeth in the jaws ;
canines very small. One dorsal, with ten spines, and with the basal
half scaly; the anal fin with three spines. Opercular points in-
distinct; the angle of the preeoperculum very slightly serrated.
Scales moderate, without visible serrature. Cleft of the mouth
oblique, the lower jaw longest ; eye moderate. Pyloric appendages
in small number ; air-bladder with two narrow processes in front to
the base of the skull.
East Indian Seas.
This fish cannot be referred to C(^sio, having distinct bands of
palatine and vomerine teeth ; nor to Cuvier's famUy of Mcenidce,
not having the mouth more protractile than the greater part of the
Perddce. It is very probable that Ccesio lunaris, and some other
similar species which I have had no opportunity of examining, should
also be referred to this genus.
1. Odontonectes erjrthrogaster.
Renard, i. 32. 174.
Csesio erjrthrogaster, (KuhlSr van Hass,) Cuv.i^ Val. vi. p. 442. pi. 166 ;
Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch, xxiii. Mcenid, p. 9.
B. 6. D. J^. A. ^. L. lat. 53. L. transv. 7/13. Vert. 10/14.
Csec. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the snout is equal to the diameter of the eye, and
about one-fourth of the length of the head. The upper maxillary
reaches scarcely beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye ; the angle of the prseoperculum rounded and very finely serrated.
The basal haK of the dorsal and anal fins scaly ; all the spines slender
and flexible ; the fourth of the dorsal longest^ dorsal continuous ;
caudalis deeply forked ; the second and thii-d anal spines nearly equal.
Above bluish green ; beUy rose-coloured.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult: skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : not good state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult.
g. Adult. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
Skeleton. — The skull of this species is distinguished by the ex-
ceedingly high crest, which extends from the foramen occipitale to
the anterior end of the frontal bones ; it is triangular, and sup-
ported by a bony ridge arising from the supraoccipital bone and
26G PERCID^.
ascending in an oblique direction. There are, besides, the two usual
lateral ridges, moderately developed. The basal portion of the
skull is not globose or swollen. The jaw-bones are rather feeble ;
the maxillary is styUform in its basal half, and widens at the oppo-
site extremity, so that the posterior and anterior margins are equally
and shghtly concave. The articulary processes of the intermaxillary
bones arc shorter than the bones themselves, and are received in a
slight groove of the extremity of the occipital crest. The muciferoiis
channel of the lower jaw is little developed, like those of the other
part« of the skull. The praeorbital is falciform, and has no denticu-
lation whatever ; the suborbital arch is narrow, with an interior
ridge reaching into the orbit. The pracoperculum is indistinctly
serrated at the angle only ; the posterior edge is nearly vertical, the
inferior and the angle slightly rounded. The operculum has a slight
ridge at the inner side, terminating in an obtuse point ; the sub- and
interoperculum are narrow and slightly curved. The coracoid, the
ulna, and the radius arc remarkably broad, the pubic bones rather
narrow and very elongate.
The teeth are very small, and an'angcd in a single series in the
upper and lower jaws. The band of vomerine teeth is bent at an
obtuse angle, and narrow, like that of the palatine bones.
Tlierc are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertcbroc, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1-6. The neural and haemal spines are slender ; the
first interhasmal is attached to the haimals of the eleventh and twelfth
vertebrae by a slender and styliform portion, and forms a broad semi-
circular plate, to which the anal spines arc joined.
60. DULES*.
Dales, Qiv. ^ Val. iii. p. 111.
Six branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines ;
teeth on the palatine bones. One dorsal, with ten spines, the anal
fin with three. Operculum with two or three points, pracoperculum
serrated. Scales moderate, minutely serrated ; chin not very pro-
minent ; eyes moderate.
Seas between the Tropics, some species entering into the rivers.
1. Dules auriga.
Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 112. pi. 51 ; Dikay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 34.
pi. 10. f. 54; Jenyns, Zool. of the Bcayle, Fishes, p. IG.
D.i2. A.}. Vert. 10/14.
The third dorsal spino very elongate, filiform, half the length of
« 1. Dules vanicolcnsie, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 478; Dumont (VUrvillc, Voy. Pole
Slid, 7'o/s,s. p. 42. pi. .'5. f. 2 (the (Igiires of species of Dules, quoted from this
work, <lo uot appear to be very correctly executed with regard to their coloration)
60. DTTLES. 267
the total. Cauclalis truncated. Operculum with three spines.
Yellowish grey, with two or three darker cross-bands.
This fish much resembles the genus Centrojyristis.
Coast of Brazil (and of North America ?).
a. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
2.
Dules flaviventris.
Cuv.
8fVal.
iii.
P-
113.
D-n-
A.f
No elongate dorsal spine. Caudalis truncated. Operculum with
three spines. Brownish, with a large yellow space on the belly, and
with two round black spots on each side, at the base of the caudal
fin. (Cuv.)
Coast of Brazil.
I suppose that this species belongs to Centropristis.
3. Dules caudavittatus.
Holocentnia caudavittatus, Lacep. iv. pp. 332, 367.
Dides caudavittatus, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 117, vii. p. 475; Regno Anim.
in. Poiss. pi. 11. f. 2.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 19.
In habit very similar to D. tmimrus. Caudal fin with two black
cross-bands, the posterior of which forms a black edge ; the soft
dorsal fin without black. (Cuv. 4" Val.)
Isle de France.
4. Dules taeniurus.
Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 114; Bleeker, Perc. p. 49.
D. H. A. l^. L. lat. 50-55. L. transv. 6/12.
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, the length of the
head 4-^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter. Oper-
culum mth two spines. Caudalis deeply notched ; the fourth and
fifth dorsal spines longest, the tenth shorter than the following ray ;
the spinous and the soft portion of the dorsal nearly equal in height
and in length ; the second anal spine stronger, but shorter than the
third. Above steel-blue ; each lobe of the caudal brown, with an
oblique white band; both bands convergent posteriorly; the soft
dorsal anteriorly and above with a brownish margin.
Chinese and Javanese Seas.
Bleeker (I. c.) mentions only forty scales in a longitudinal line, as
is the case in D. marginatus.
a. Fine specimen. Chinese Sea. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher,
h. Adult. Cliincse Sea. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
c. Adult. Chinese Sea. . Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
268 PERCTD.B.
5. Dules fascus.
Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 118; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. la'jS, p. 238.
D.i^. A.i-.
U 10
In habit similar to D. tceniurus. Brown ; the dorsal fin uniform
brown ; caudalis with some indistinct blackish longitudinal lines ;
analis with a series of black spots along the base. {Cuv.)
Isle de France ; Island of Anjoana (Mozambique).
6. Dules marginatus.
Cfuv. Sf Vol. ill. p. 116. pi. 52, vii. p. 474; Dumont d' UrviUe, Voy. Pole
Sud, Poiss. p. 41. pi. 3. f. 3 ; Bleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 573.
D. 12. A. ^2- ^- lat- 40-45. L. transv. 5/8. Caec. pylor. 8.
In habit similar to D. tceniurus. - The fourth and fifth dorsal spines
longest, the tenth as long as the following ray ; the second anal spine
stronger, but shorter than the third. Greyish above ; caudal fin with
two black cross-bands, the posterior of which forms a black edge ; the
soft dorsal fin anteriorly and above with a black band.
Sea of Java. AmbojTia. Vanicolo. Feejee Islands.
a. Adult. Java.
b. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult. Amboyna. From the Collection of Madame I. Pfeiffer.
d. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
e-g. Adult and half- grown. Feejee Islands. Presented by the
Lords of the Admiralty.
h. Adult. Feejee Islands. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
i, Tc. Adult : stuffed.
7. Dules rupestris.
Centropomus rupestris, Lacep. iv. pp. 252, 273.
Dules rupestris, Cuv. 4* Val. iii. p. 119, vii. p. 477 ; ? JBleek. Natuurk.
Tydschr. Ned. Indie, vi. p. 209.
maculatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. vii. p. 475 ; Bleek. Ambotna, iv. p. 333.
D.-L5-. A.-^. L.lat. 40-42. L. transv. 4/8. Vert. 11/15.
Ca!c. pylor. 7.
The height of the body is 3^-3f in the total length, and the length
of the head 4^-4| ; the diameter of the eyes equal to, or less than,
the distance between them. Operculum with two spines. Caudalis
truncated, or slightly emarginate ; the fourth and fifth doraal spines
longest, the spinous portion of the dorsal sometimes higher, some-
times rather lower than the soft. Brownish grey above, each scale
with a deep-black spot in the centre ; the vertical fins broMTi-spotted,
and edged with blaclcish.
Fresh waters of Isle dc France, of Celebes and Amboyna, of the
Feejee Islands, and of the Island of Oualau.
a. Largo specimen. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald.
60. DULEs. 269
b. Large specimen : skeleton. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald.
c-e. Adidt and half-grown. IslandofOoalau (fresh waters). Voyage
of the Herald.
/. Adult. Island of Ooalau (fresh waters). Voyage of the Herald.
g-i. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. frank.
k. Adult. Isle de France. Presented by the Zoological Society.
I. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological -Society.
Skeleton. — ^This genus, or at least this species of the genus, is
justly considered to be a true Percoid, the bones of the skull ofiFering
all the characters of the family, although somewhat modified in form.
The upper part of the skull is broad, flat, slightly rounded on
the sides, rough, but without any prominent ridges. The occipital
crest is well developed, pointed behind, but does not extend on to the
upper surface of the skull ; the nasals are narrow, cylindrical, tubi-
form. The praeorbital is small, only one-third as broad as the distance
between the eyes, and minutely serrated on the posterior third of
the lower margin ; the suborbital arch is feeble, rather narrow, and
there is no interior plate for supporting the eyeball. The upper
maxiUary is rather slender, widening behind, and with a slightly
convex upper edge and a concave one beneath. The operculum has
two very acute spines, the terminations of two ridges at its interior
surface. The lower spine is much longer, and obliquely fiirected
downwards. The praeoperculum is entire behind, nearly right-an-
gular, and has a minutely serrated inferior margin. The suboper-
culum is distinguished by a deep notch in the lower limb, in front
of which it shows an exceedingly fine serrature. The interopercu-
lum has a rounded inferior margin, with some denticulations so fine
as to be hardly visible. The suprascapula and humerus are finely
serrated ; the lower coracoid narrow, styHform.
The length of the abdominal vertebral column is to that of the
caudal as 11 : 15 ; the first interhaemal spine is not very strong, equal
to the length of the third to the eighth vertebra, and attached to
the twelfth haemal spine.
The dentition is very complete : there are villiform bands in both
the jaws, reaching to the extremities of the bones ; on the vomer in
a broad band, forming a right angle ; on the palatine and pterygoid
bones in narrow separate bands ; and, finally, in an oval patch on the
entopterygoid. The teeth on the pharyngo-branchial or upper pha-
ryngeal bone are remarkably strong and rasp-like.
8. Dules guamensib.
Cuv. 4* Vol. vii. p. 474 j Dumont cT Urville, Foy. Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 42.
pi. 3. f. L
10 10
In habit similar to D. tceniurus. Fins immaculate, each lobe of
the caudal black at the tip. ( Vol.)
Sea of Guam.
270 PEECIDiE.
9. Dules malo.
Duk'S malo, Cui\ ^ Val vii. p. 479 ; Dunwnt (T Urville, I. c. p. 4^}.
pi. Ji. f. 4.
mato, Less. Voy. Coq, Zool, ii. p. 223,
leuciscus, Jenyns, Zool, of the Beagle, Fishes, p. 17.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is larger than one-third of tlie
length of the head, or than the distance between the eyes. Silvery
white, brouTiish on the back; the dorsal, 'anal, and ventral fins
brown-spotted.
River Matavai (Otaiti),
10. Dules bennetti.
Perca aigentea, Bennett, Fishes of Ceylon, pi. 22.
Dules bennetti, (Sleeker) Peters, Wieym. Arch. 1855, p, 238.
B, 5? {Bennett). D. ^. A.:^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 6/12.
Caudalis forked. Uniform silvery ; a black streak along the middle
of the caudal, and on each lobe two oblique black transverse bands,
confluent into an oval ; all the other fins immaculate. (Benn.)
Sea of Ceylon (Bennett), Fresh waters of Mozambique (Peters).
a. Adult. Presented by Sir A. Smith. — The soft dorsal fin with a
black tip. Perhaj)S a variety- of D. tceniurus.
11. Dules ambiguus.
Datnia ambigua, Richardson, Voy. Ereh. i^- Terr. Fishes, p. 25. pi. 19.
D. {5. A. |. L. lat. 85.
The spines of the fins-vciy strong ; tlic snout rather elongate, much
longer than the eye ; pi-aeopcrculum mth spinous teeth at the infe-
rior hrab, directed fonvards. Coloration uniform.
Western Australia.
a. Adult : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. From the Haslar
Collection.
6, c. Adidt ; stuft'cd. West Australia. Presented by Captain Sir G.
Grey.
APHREDODERIDJi. 271
Before we proceed to the family of the Pristipomatidce, which con-
tain fishes with the habit and many of the characters of the Percidc^,
and which enter into a nearly continuous series with our last genera
{Odontonectes, Dules), we are obliged to intercalate a fish, which we
dare not remove very far from Pomotis, Centrarchns, and Bryttus —
fishes with a similar structure of the vertical fins, and inhabitants of
the fresh waters of the same geographical region. The extraordinary
position of the vent, before the ventrals (as occurs again in Ambly-
opsis), and the number of the rays of the ventrals demand the for-
mation of a separate family for this fish.
Fam. 4. APHREDODERIDiE.
Form of the body oblong ; eyes lateral ; cleft of the mouth ex-
tending on to the sides of the muzzle ; vent jugular, before the ventrals.
Villiform teeth in both the jaws and on the palate. Six branchio-
stegals. Some of the bones of the skull anned. Scales ctenoid.
Ventral fins thoracic, with more than five soft rays. One single
dorsal, with the spinous portion little developed. Caeca pylorica in
moderate number. Air-bladder simple.
Fresh waters of North America.
One genus.
1. APHREDODERUS.
Aphredoderus, {Lesumr) Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 446; Dekay, New York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 35.
Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the lower jaw longest ;
eye moderate. ViUiform teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and
on the palatine bones. Six branchiostegals. Infraorbital and pra)-
operculum with spinous teeth. Scales moderate, ^tenoid. Dorsal with
three, anal with two spines. Caudalis rounded. Pseudobranchiae ?
Fresh waters of North America.
1. Aphredoderus sayanus.
Scolopsis sayanus, Gilliams, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p. 81. pi. 3.
Aphredoderus gibbosus, {Lesneur) Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 448. pi. 278.
sayanus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 35. pi. 21. f. 62 ;
JSaird, Ninth Smithsonian Report, p. 326.
D. l^. A. |-. L. lat. 45-50. C«c. pylor. 12.
The height of the body is 4i in the total length, of which the head
is one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is less than the distance from
the end of the snout, and two-thirds of the distance between the
eyes. The maxillary bone extends beyond the vertical from the
anterior margin of the eye ; the distance of the anus from the snout
is equal to one-fifth of the total length ; caudalis rounded. Greenish
olive ; a vertical spot beneath the eye.
Harrowgate, near Philadelphia ; Lake Pont Chartrain. Many
streams on the Atlantic coast.
a. Adult; skin. United States. J? rom Dr. Pamcll's Collection.
272 PRTSTIPOMATID^.
Fam. 5. PRISTIPOMATID.E.
Percoidei pt., Scisenoidei pt., Sparoidei pt., et Maeuides, Cuv. H^gne
Atmn. ; Muller, Berl Abhandl 1844, p. 201.
Percidae pt., et Scifenidae pt., Otoen, Led. Comp. Anat. Vert. i. p. 49.
Theraponidae pt., Sciaenidje pt., Sparidae pt., et Maenides, Ricliards,
Body compressed and oblong, covered with scales, the serrature
of which is sometimes exceedingly fine and sometimes wanting.
Lateral line continuous, not continued on the caudal fin*. Mouth
in ffont of the snout, with lateral cleft. Eye lateral, of moderate
size. Five, six, or seven branchiostegalsf. Teeth in villiform bands,
with pointed and conical canines in some of the genera ; no molars
or trenchant teeth in the jaws, generally no teeth on the palate ;
jaws toothless in two of the genera. No barbels. Cheek not cuirased.
One donsal fin, formed by a spinous and soft portion of nearly equal
development, the former of which either contains strong spines or is
continuous with the latter; anal similarly developed as the soft dorsal;
the lower rays of the pectorals branched ; ventrals thoracic, with one
spine and five soft rays. The bones of the head ^vith a rudimentary
or moderately developed mucifcrous system. Stomach caecal ; pyloric
appendages in small or moderate number +. Air-bladder present,
more or less simple. Pseudobranchise weU developed §.
Carnivorous fishes, without molar or trenchant teeth, inhabiting
the seas of the temperate and tropical regions ; a few entering fresh
waters.
The fishes united by the above characters into a family form a
vciy natui-al group, in their external structure as weU as in their in-
ternal organization. A few of the members continue to have vomerine
teeth, like Percidce ; but they are either deciduous or absent in species
closest allied to them. At the end of the family there are some fishes
Vith a more cylindrical habit, and Etythrichthys has some resemblance
to the Scomhridce. There is a South American freshwater fish, Poly-
centrus, and Hyperoghjphe from Australia, which disturb the har-
mony of the characters of this family ; but not knowing a better place
for them, I thought it best to leave them where they were placed by
their first discoverers.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Anal Jin with three spines.
A. Air-bladder separated by a contraction into tin anterior and posterior
portion.
All the teeth villiform and couical I. TherApon.
T^eeth of the outer row with a small lobe on each side 2. Helotes.
* In Polycentrus absent. \ Except in Hi/per oglyphe.
t In ChcBtopteriiS four. § In Polycentms hidden.
PHISTIPOMATIDiE. 273
B. Air-bladder not contracted.
1. TeetJi in the jaws.
a. Mouth moderately protractile.
* Preeoperculum serrated.
Seven branchiostegals. A central groove behind the sym-
physis of the lower jaw. The vertical fins not scaly, or
at the base only. Teeth of the jaws vilUform 4. Pristipoma
Seven (?) branchiostegals. A central gfoove'behind the sym-
physis of the lower jaw. In each jaw an external series
of very stout and conical teeth 5. Coitodon.
Seven branchiostegals. A central groove behind the symphysis
of the lower jaw. The soft portions of the vertical fins
scaly to their margin 6. HiEMUL0N.|
Seven branchiostegals. Chin covered with barbel-like papillae. 7. Hapalogenys.
Six or seven branchiostegals. Lower jaw with pores, but
vrithput central groove. The upper profile of the head
parabolic 8. Diagramma.
Seven branchiostegals. The spinous dorsal very low, scarcely
continuous with the soft, with eight spines 9. Hypbroglyphk.
Six branchiostegals. Body elevated ; the upper profile of the
head concave 10. Lobotes.
Five branchiostegals. Prjeorbital with a spine directed back-
wards 13. SCOLOPSIS.
Five or six braneliiostpgals. Praiorbital not armed. Caudalis
deeply forked 14. Hbtbrognathodon.
Seven branchiostegals. Lower jaw without pores. Dorsal fin
with ten spines 17. Pristipomoides.
* Preeoperculum entire.
Canine teeth ; distance between the eye and the angle of the
mouth great ; more than three series of scales between
the eye and the angle of the prseoperculum. Dorsal
scaleless 15. Dentex.
Canine teeth ; distance between the eye and the angle of the
mouth great. Three series of scales between the eye and
the angle of the praeoperculum. Dorsal scaleless 16. Synaoris
Canine teeth ; distance between the eye and the angle of the
mouth small. More than three series of scales between
the eye and the angle of the praeoperculum. Dorsal
scaleless •. 18. Pentapus.
Four branchiostegals. Canine teeth none 19. Chjetopterus.
Seven oranchiostegals. Canine teeth none , 20. Apharews.
Dorsal scaly along the base 23. CiESio.
h. Mouth very protractile.
Spines of the fins very stoat ; twelve in the dorsal fid 11. Datnioidbs.
Dorsal^; anal— ^ 12. Gerres.
Spines of the fins feeble. Dorsal scaleless. Vomerine teeth... 21. M^ena.
Spines of the fins very feeble. Dorsal scaleless. Vomerine
teeth none 22. Smaris.
T
274 PRISTIPOMATID^,
2. Jaws toothless.
Spines of the fins very strong 3. Macquaria.
Spines of the fins feeble 24. ErythriChthys.
II. Anal fin with more than three spines.
Anal fin with five spines 25. Pbntaprion.
Anal fin with thirteen spines. No lateral line 26. Polycentrus.
1. THERAPON*.
Therapon, Ctiv. Rbgne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 125.
Datnia, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 138.
Pelates, Cuv. Rhgne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 145.
Six branchiostegals. Eye of moderate size. Teeth villi form in
both the jaws, deciduoiis on the vomer and the palatine bones.
Operculum spiniferous ; prseoperculum serrated. Dorsal more or
less notched, with twelve spines (in Th. caudovittatns with thirteen) ;
anal with three. Scales moderate. Air-bladder with two divisions,
an anterior and posterior, separated from each other by a contraction.
Cseca pylorica in moderate number.
From the Eed Sea to the Cape of Good Hope through the Indian
Ocean to the coasts of Australia. Several species entering rivers.
1. Therapon theraps.
Therapon theraps, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 129. pi. 53 ; Jilccher, Perc. p. 50 ;
Richards. Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix. p. 126 ; Riipp. Neue
Wirb. Fische, p. 95.
D.i?. A.|. L. lat. 55. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length ; the length of
the head four times. The snout is 11 the interspace between the
eyes. Praeoperculum rounded, seiTated, with moderate spinous
teeth at the angle ; operculum with two spines, the lower of which
is elongate and strong. Greenish grey, with three straight brown
longitudinal bands, the inferior of which extends fi-om the head to
the tail ; the spinous portion of Ijhe dorsal fin blackish between the
third apd seventh spines ; two or three blackish bands obUquely
crossing each lobe of the caudal.
All the Indian Seas ; Chinese Sea ; False Bay : entering rivers.
a. Adult, India,
6, Half-grown, India,
c. Many half-grown and young specimens. East Indies,
* 1. Therapon rubricatus, Richards. Ann. Sf Mag.N. H. 1842, vol. ix. p. 127.
— N. W. coast of Australia.
2. microlepis, Riippell, Vers. Fische des Senckenberg. Mus. p. 4. —
Indian Ocean.
3. Douzetianus, Homhr. f( Jacqtdn. Voy. Pdle Sud, Zool. iii., Poiss. p. 43.
pi. 4. f %—Hah. ?
1. THERAPON. 275
d-f. Young. India. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Half-grown. Singapore.
h, i. Young. Malacca.
Tc. Half-grown. China.
I. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
m. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
n. Adult: stiiffed. China Seas. Presented by J. 11. Reeves, Esq.
0. Half-grown. China Seas.
p. Adult : skin. False Bay. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
q-ii.. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
? Var.
V. Half-grown. Philippines.
2. Therapon obscurus. '
Cuv. 8,- Val. iii. p. 135 ; Cantor, Catal p. 20.
D.^^. A.|. Caec. pylor. 7.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained 3j in the total. Snout as in Th. theraps. Teeth of
the vomer and the palatine bones distinct. Prseoperculum equally ser-
rated ; operculum with two spines, the lower of which is the longest.
The dorsal fin deeply notched, the caudal emarginate. Pale blackish
silvery, with two broad, longitudinal lighter bands ; the spinous por-
tion of the dorsal fin blackish between the third and seventh spines ;
the caudal fin with two oblique black bands on each lobe.
Sea of Pinang.
The fish described by Bleeker (Perc. p. 51) under the name of Th.
obscurus cannot belong to this species.
3. Therapon squalidus.
Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 136.
D. i^. A. |. Caec. pylor. 13.
Very similar to Th. obscurus. The height of tbe body is nearly
equal to the length of the head, and contained about 3i in the total.
Snout as in TJi. theraps. Pra^operculum angular, equally serrated ;
operculum with two spines, the lower of which is the longest. The
dorsal fin is deeply notched, the caudal emarginate. Pale bluish
sUvery, with two broad silvery longitudinal bands ; the spinous por-
tion of the dorsal fin with a large blackish spot ; the caudal fin
with two narrow oblique black bands on each lobe. (Cuv.)
Indian Ocean.
Therapon transversus, Cuv. and Val. ui. p. 137, "wath indistinct
cross-bars and eleven pyloric appendages, may prove to be identical
with the former.
t2
276 PEISTIPOMATID^.
4. Therapon virgatus.
Datnia virgata, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 480.
Very similar to Th. obscurus. No teeth on the palate ; the spinous
teeth of the praeoperculum and the opercular spine very strong. Three
longitudinal bands ; each lobe of the caudal with two oblique streaks ;
the spinous dorsal with a blackish blotch, the soft portion and the
anal with two brown spots. ( Val.)
Bay of Bengal.
5. Therapon ellipticus.
Datnia elliptica, Htch. Voy. Ereh. 8f Terr. Fishes, p. 118. pi. 62. f. 4-8.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 85. L. transr. 17/31.
The height of the body is 3|- in the total length, the length of the
head 4|-. The snout moderately pointed. No teeth on the vomer
or palate. Praeoperculum serrated posteriorly and inferiorly, with
the angle scaleless ; praeorbital serrated ; two opercular spines, the
lower of which is the broader and longer. Dorsal fin nearly even ;
caudalis emarginate. Uniform.
Rivers of Western Australia,
a. 17" long: stufied. Australia. — Type of the species.
h. Adult : skin. River Namoi (Australia).
6. Therapon cancellatus.
Datnia cancellata, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 144 ; Sleeker, Celebes, vii. p. 438.
B, 6. D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of
the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 3^-3f in the latter. The
upper maxillary reaches nearly to the anterior margin of the eye.
Snout scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye. The angle of the
praeoperculum with spinous teeth ; operculum with two spines, the
lower of which is much the longer. The fourth dorsal spine less than
one-half of the depth of the body, and equal to the second of the
anal fin. Caudal scarcely emarginate, with a pointed upper lobe
and a rounded lower one. Above greenish, with brownish cross-
bands on the back ; three brownish longitudinal bands below the
lateral line, the lower of which is formed by spots. The spinous dorsal
with a black mai'gin ; the anal and ventral fins with a large blackish
basal blotch.
Seas of Java and Celebes.
7. Therapon cinereus.
P Therapon cinereus, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p, 138.
D.}?. A.|. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 11/18.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of
1. THEHAPON. 277
the head 3|. The interspace between the eyes equals nearly the
liameter oi the eye ; the snout is a Kttle longer. Praeoperculiun
rounded, with moderate denticulations, gradually becoming larger
towards the angle. Operculum with two spines, the lower of which
is very long and strong. Spiaes of moderate strength ; the fourth
of the dorsal more than one-half the length of the head, and the
twelfth much longer than the preceding. The third spine of the
anal longer than the second. Caudalis scarcely emarginate. Cheeks
with five or six series of scales. Coloration uniform ; a black blotch
between the third and sixth spines.
India.
a, Adxilt. India. Old Collection, with the name of Perca argentea.
8. Therapon xinicolor. (Plate XVI. fig. A.)
D. }?. A. J. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 9/20.
The height of the body is four times iji the total length, the length
of the head 4^ ; the interspace between the eyes is more than their
diameter, and the snout is still longer. Praeopereulum rounded,
finely serrated; praeorbital and coracoid indistinctly denticulated.
Opercidimi with two spines, the lower of which is slightly pointed.
Spines of the dorsal rather feeble ; the sixth is the longest, and 3| in
the length of the head. Caudal truncated, with rounded angles
Cheeks with small scales, forming many series. Greyish, each scale
with darker margin.
Fresh waters of New South Wales.
a-d. Adult : skins. Head of Mosquito Creek, near Darling Downs.
e-Jc. Adult : skins. Gwydir River.
Description. — The height of the body is one-fourth of the total
length. The head is sKghtly compressed, its width between the
orbits being one-fourth of its length, -vvhieh is 3^ in the total. The
upper surface of the head is flat and entirely scaleless. The snout
is of moderate length, the upper maxiUfity reaching beyond the an-
terior margin of the eye. The praeorbital is quadrangular, not much
narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; it has the lower edge indi-
stinctly denticulated. The eye is situated high up the sides, rather
small, taking one-sixth of the length of the head. The scales of the
cheeks are small, and arranged in about nine series between the
orbit and the angle of the prseoperculum. The naked margin of the
praeopereulum is narrow, the angle rounded ; the posterior Hmb
finely serrated, and longer than the lower, which is entire. The
scales of the opercles are intermediate in size between those of the
cheek and of the body. The operculum has two points, with a notch
between ; the upper is very obtuse, the lower spinous and rather
prominent. The sub- and interoperculum do not show any denticu-
lation ; the suprascapula is not visible, whilst the coracoid is very
broad, scaly, and denticulated at its posterior margin.
The spines of the dorsal fin are feeble and rather low : the first is
278 PRlSTIPOMATIDwB.
one-half of the second ; the sixth is the longest, 3| in the length of
the head ; the twelfth longer than the eleventh. The soft portion of
the dorsal is more elevated and rounded ; the distance between the
dorsal and caudal fins is less than the height of the tail below the
end of the dorsal. The caudal is rather short, truncated, and has
the angles rounded. The origin of the aiial falls somewhat behind
the vertical from the origin of the soft dorsal, whilst the ends of both
correspond to each other; the spines are? moderately strong; the
first is one-half of the second, which is stronger, but not longer than
the third ; the soft portion is lower than the corresponding dorsal
fin. The pectorals are rounded, verj- short, and 8| in the total
length. The ventrals are inserted immediately behind the pectorals,
and rather longer, their length being one-seventh of the total.
The scales are of moderate size, minutely ciliated ; those of the
belly are very small. The lateral line is nearly straight, slightly
bent downwards beneath the soft dorsal.
The teeth form villiform bands, with an outer series of stronger
ones ; there are no teeth on the palate.
The fishes are now uniform greyish, silvery shining ; each scale
has the margin darker.
inches, lines.
Total length 7 0
Height of the body 1 10
Length of the head 2 0
Distance between the eyes 0 6
Diameter of the eye 0 4
Length of the sixth dorsal spine 0 6^
Height of the soft dorsal 0 9
Length of the caudal 1 1
of the second anal spine 0 5^
Height of the soft anal 0 8
Length of the pectoral 0 10
of the ventral 1 0
9. Therapon servus.
Scisena jarbua, Forskal, Descr. Anim. p. 50; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 541.
Holoeentnis servus, Block,, t. 238. f. 1.
jarbua, Lace2>. iv. pp. 348, 355.
Grammistes servus, £1 Schn. p. 185.
Therapon timoriensis, Quoj/ & Gaim. Voy, Fr&ijc. Poiss. p. 341.
servus, Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 125, vii. p. 479 ; Bkekfir, Perc. p. 50 ;
Richardson, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. Lx. p. 126 ; Kiipp.
N. Wirh. Fische, p. 95.
Pterapon trivittatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. pi. . f. 1.
D. 11*1^. A.|. L. lat. 80. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and is contained 3| in the total length. The snout is a httle longer
than the interspace between the eyes is broad. Pra^oporculum
* The first spine is minute and scarcely visible in young specimens.
1 . rnEEAPON, 279
rounded, serrated, with strong spinous teeth at the angle ; operculum
with two spines, the lower of which is elongate and strong. Greenish
grey, with three curved, brown, longitudinal bands, the convexity
of which is towards the beUy ; the inferior extends from the head
to the taU. ; the spinous portion of the dorsal fin blackish between
the fourth and seventh spines ; two blackish bands obliquely crossing
each lobe of the caudal.
Erom the Red Sea along the Eastern Coasts of Africa through all
the Indian Seas to the North Coast of Australia; entering fresh
waters.
a. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Port Essington (fresh water).
h, c. Adult : stuffed. Cape York. Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
d-f. Fine specimens. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
g. Adult. Moluccas. From the Leyden Museum.
h. Adult. Moluccas.
i. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
Tc. Adult: skeleton. China,
I. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
m. Half-grown. China. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.
n. Half-grown : skin. China. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
0, p. Young. China. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.
q, r. Half-grown : not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C.
Jerdon, Esq.
s, t. Half-grown : not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C.
Jerdon, Esq.
M, V. Young. Fresh water of Point de (jaUe (Ceylon). Presented
by Sir A. Smith.
w. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea.
X, y. Half-grown : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith,
z. Half-grown, India. With the name of Perca cincta.
a. Half-grown. India. With the name of Perca cincta.
13. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq
y. Half-grown. India.
S. Young : not good state. India.
€-0. Young. India.
(. Young. India. From the Haslar Collection.
K. Half-grown: stuffed. (Nepal?) Presented by B.H.Hodgson, Esq.
SJceleton. — The skeleton of Therapon differs in nothing particularly
from that of the Percine type, and does not yet show those developed
grooves on the skull of the tnie Scicenidce. The upper surface of
the skull is continued, in a straight line, into the occipital crest,
which, well developed, exhibits a strong and thick ridge. The
frontal bones are flat and broad, without sharp ridges, tapering
from the anterior angle of the orbit, and truncated in front. The
prseorbital is broaa, irregularly quadrangular, with the lower margin
denticulated ; the remainder of the infraorbital arch is very narrow ;
the bone next to the prseorbital has at its inner side a broad plate,
joining the entopterygoid and supporting the eyeball from beneath.
The maxillary is^noderately widened behind; the intermaxillary has a
280 PRISTIPOMATIDJE.
broad band of villifoain teeth in front, and several larger ones in its
external series ; the viUiform band is very narrow on the lateral
parts of the bone. The villifonn band of the mandibula is much
narrower ; but there is an external series of teeth, rather larger and
more numerous than in the upper jaw. There is a very narrow
transverse band of exceedingly fine teeth on the vomer. The pha-
ryngeal bones are separated from each other, the upper as well as
the lower ones ; they are armed with villiform teeth.
x"he operculum is distinguished by a very long and strong spinous
process, longe'* than its greatest width ; there is another small one
above. Suboperculum narrow, with a small notch to receive a limb
of the coracoid ; not serrated. Intcroperculum shorter and broader,
with the lower limb distinctly serrated. The axes of the two limbs
of the praeoperculum form a very obtuse angle ; they are represented
by a thick ridge, from which striae radiate, terminating in strong
spines ; there are about fifteen spines round the edges of the bone,
two of which (at the angle) are strongest ; those of the lower limb
are very feeble. The suprascapula and the coracoid are distinctly
denticulated, and the latter exhibits flat striae besides. The pubic
bones are shaped as in the Percina ; namely, each is formed by three
plates, the internal thinnest, broadest, and closely joined to that of
the other side. The two other plates, situated in one plane vertical
to the third, are low.
There are ten abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae. The fourth
has a broad process, to which the air-bladder is fixed. The second
rib is remarkably broad in its upper half. The first interhaemal is
of moderate strength, equal to the length of the second vertebra to the
seventh, and is fixed to the haemals of the eleventh and twelfth.
10. Therapon trivittatus.
Russell, ii. pi. 126.
Coius trivittatus, Buch. Ham. pp. 92, 370.
Therapon puta, Cuv. <^- Vol. iii. p. 131 ; Bleek. Pare. p. 50; Cuv. Rbgne
Anim. 111. Poiss. pi. 12. f. 2.
trivittatus. Cant. Catal. p. 19.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 90-100. Cffic. pylor. 7. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is 3f- 4^ in the total length, the length of
the head 4-J-. The snout is 1^ the interapace between the eyes.
Praeoperculum serrated, with very long spinous teeth at the angle ;
operculum with two spines, the lower of which is elongate and
strong. Greenish grey, with three straight brown longituchnal
bands, the inferior of which extends from the ej'e to the tail ; the
spinoxis portion of the dorsal fin blackish between the third and
eighth spines ; two blacldsh bands obliquely crossing each lobe of
the caudal.
Indian Seas.
a. Adult : skeleton. Itidia. From Mr, Frank's Collection.
h. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
1. THEBAPON. 281
c. Young, Singapore.
d. Adult. Moluccas.
e. Adult. Piirchased of M. Parzudaki.
/. Air-bladder of specimen a.
Skeleion.-^H\\Q general structure being the same as in Th. servus,
I only give descriptions of those parts which show the specific
difference. The breadth of the frontal bones between the eyes is
naiTower ; these bones do not taper in front, but show a sinuous
lateral margin from the angle of the orbit. The teeth in the
external series of the intermaxillary are scarcely larger than those
of the viUiform band behind, and very numerous ; the lower jaw
has no larger teeth whatever. Vomer edentulous. Suboperciilum
without notch, interoperculum not denticulated. The angle of the
prEeoperculimi is still more obtuse; the axis of the lower Hmb is
prolonged into a long spine, not much smaller than that of the
operculum ; there are two smaller spines above this long one,
directed upwards, and two below, directed backwards ; all the lower
limb is finely serrated. The fourth vertebra shows the same pecu-
liarity as in the preceding species ; but not the second rib, which
is like the succeeding ones.
11. Therapon ghebul.
Therapon ghebul, (JEhrenberg) Cuv. <5* Val. iii. p. 133 ; Sleeker, Perc.
p.. 51.
^- r.' A. ,„,' „,. L. lat. 90-100.
10 10 {Cub. g)
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head and
4|— 4^ in the total. Snout as in Th. trivittatus. Praeoperculum ser-
rated, with long spinous teeth at the angle ; operculum with two
spines, the upper of which is short, the lower moderately long.
Greenish, with four straight brown longitudinal bands, the third of
which extends from the muzzle to tlie tail ; the spinous portion of
the dorsal fin blackish between the third and eighth spines ; two
blackish cross-bands obliquely crossing each lobe of the caudal.
Red Sea ; Javanese Sea.
12. Therapon oxyrhjrnchus.
Temm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Japon. p. 16. pi. 6. f. 3; Richards. Ichthyol.
China, p. 239 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 64.
D j^. A. \. L. iat. 55-60. L. transv. 15/25. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head (oper-
cular spine included) and 3| in the total ; the snout is nearly
twice as long as the interspace between the eyes is broad. Prae-
operculum rounded, with long spinous teeth behind, longest at the
angle, smallest at the. lower margin. Operculum with two spines,
the lower of which is elongate. Greenish grey, with four brown
longitudinal bands, the third running from the snout through the
282 PUISTIPOMATID^.
eye to the root of tail ; the dorsal fin ^vith two brown bands, one
along the base, the other along the upper margin of the spinous
portion.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Skin, in spirits. Japan. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult: stuffed. Japan.
c. Adult. China.
d. Adult. China.
e. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult (has been dried). India. Presented by the Zoological
Society.
g. Adult: skeleton: not good state. India. Presented by the
Zoological Society.
Skeleton. — This species has the same dentition of the jaws as
Th. trivittatus. The vomer has a prominent traiisverse ridge, but I
cannot find any teeth. The angle of the pra;operculum is as obtuse
as in Th. trivittatus, but the spinous teeth of the posterior limb and
of the angle are more numerous and more equal ; there are about
nine above the longest at the angle, more or less directed upwards ;
then follow several smaller ones ; and the greater part of the lower
Hmb shows a fine serrature. The other parts of the skeleton are
very much Like Th. trivittatus.
13. Therapon quadrilineatus.
Iloloccntrus quadrilineatus, Block, t. 238. f. 2.
Therapon quadrilineatiis, Cuv. ^- Vol. iii. p. 134 ; Sleeker, Pere. p. 51 ;
Richards. Ichth. China, p. 239.
xanthm'us, Cuv, Sf Val. iii. p. 135.
^-WTo- ^'h L.lat.65.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
one-fourth of the total. Snout as in Th. trivittatus. Prseoperciilum
serrated, ^vith stronger teeth at the angle ; operculum with two
moderate spines, nearly equal in length. Dorsal fin not very deeply
notched. Caudal truncated, with rounded angles. Greyish, with
four straight, brown, longitudinal bands ; the spinous portion of the
dorsal fin black-edged, and with a blackish spot between the third
and seventh spines ; caudal fin immaculate.
Javanese and Chinese Seas.
14. Therapon cuvieri.
Pristipoma sexlineatum, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Potss. p. 320.
Pelates aexlineatus, quadrilineatus, et quinquelineatus, Cuv. 8f Val. iii.
?. 140. pi. 55 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 223 ; Cuv. Rigne Anim.
II. Poiss. pi. 12. f. 1.
Therapon cuvieri, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Itidie, vi. p. 211.
D. I?. A. ^. L. lat. 66. L. transv. 12/23. Ccec. pylor. 6.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of
1, THEEAPON. 283
the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is nearly five times in the
length of the head, and 1| in that of the snout. Praeoperculiim
finely and equally serrated throughout ; opercular spines very feeble.
No vomerine or palatine teeth. Dorsal scarcely notched, with
slender spines ; the fifth and sixth are longest, their length being 2|
in the depth of the body ; the last two spines much longer than the
first two ; anal spines feeble. Caudal very slightly notched. Four,
five, or six longitudinal bands ; fins immaculate.
Coasts of Australia ; Sea of Timor.
a. Half-grown : skin. N. S. "Wales.
b. Half-gro^vn: skin. Port Jackson. From Mr. Gould's Col-
lection.
c. Adiilt. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult: skm. Port Essington. From Mr, MacgiUivray's Col-
lection.
/. Adult. Australia. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult. Austraha. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Adult. Austraha. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
i. Adult : stuffed. Australia. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
15. Therapon argenteus.
Datnia argentea, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. 139. pi. 54 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 52.
Mesopristes macracantlius, Bleeker, Topogr. Batav.
Datnia cancellatoides, Bleek. Sumatra, i. p. 5 (yoimg with longitu-
dinal bands).
Cuvier quotes t6 this species Coim datnia, Ham. Buch. Gang. Fish,
p. 88. pi. 9. f. 29, creating for this species the generic name of Datnia.
By comparing Buchanan's figure of the fish, and stiU more his
description, one may easily see that this is quite a different fish.
Hamilton's figure has thirty-three scales in the lateral line ; Cuvier's
fish has nearly sixty. Ham. Buch. describes the posterior teeth as
" blunt and crowded together; the palate is smooth, and has behind
the teeth a short membranous veil ; above each ventral fin is a long
scale-like appendant.*' Neither such -a membranous veil nor such,
an appendix is to be foimd in Cuvier's fish ; and this species of Ham.
Buch. is identical with Sparus hasta, Schneid., or Chrysophrys lon-
gispinis, Cuv. & Val., Chrysophrys hasta, m.
B. 6. D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 25. Csc. pylor. 11.
The height of the body is more than one-third of the total length,
the length of the head nearly one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye
is 3^ in the latter. The upper maxillary does not reach to the an-
terior margin of the eye ; snout much longer than the diameter of
the eye. Suprascapulaiy and coracoid serrated ; operculum with two
spines, the lower of which is the longer. The fourth and fifth dorsal
spines longest, longer than half the height of the body ; the second
anal spine still stronger and longer. Caudal sHghtly notched. Scales
284 PRISTIPOMATID^.
very finely serrated. Silvery, darker on the back ; the spinous dorsal
with a narrow black edge ; the soft anal with a blackish blotch.
Capo Sea ; Indian Ocean ; Molucca Sea.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult. India.
d Adult : stuffed : not good state. Cape Seas.
16. Therapon caudovittatus.
Datnia cauda\'ittata, Richards. Voy. of the Erebus and Terror, J'ishes,
p. 24. pi. 18. f. 3-5.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 46.
Snout rather longer than the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum
rounded, finely and equally denticulated. Operciilar spines flat and
rather short. Dorsal scarcely notched : the last spines as long as the
first rays ; the fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest, half as
high as the body, slender ; the second anal spine rather stronger than
the' third. Spotted with greyish brown : each lobe of the caudal
with one broad deep-black band.
Rivers of Australia.
a. Adult. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty.
b, c. ' Fine specimens : stuffed. Victoria. Voyage of H. M. S.
Herald.
d, e. Adult : stuffed. Cape York. Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
f-Ti. Adult : skins : not good state. Harvey River (fresh water),
Western Australia.
h. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
The contraction of the air-hJmlder in this species is as conspicuous
as in any other Therapon ; it has been overlooked by Sir J. Richardson,
who describes the air-bladder as undivided, and sepai'ates Th. caudo-
vittatus from this geuus.
2. HELOTES.
HeloteS, Cuv. Bigne Anim ; Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 149.
Six branchiostegal s . Eye of moderate size . Cleft of the mouth rather
small ; jaws nearly eijual. Teeth : none on the vomer or the palatine
bones ; those of the outer rows with a small lobe on each side. Oper-
culum with feeble spines ; prasoperculiim denticulated. Dorsal not
deeply notched, with twelve spines, anal with three. Scales small,
ctenoid. Air-bladder separated by a contraction into an anterior
and posterior portion. Cajca pylorica in moderate number.
From the Molucca Sea to Australia.
3. MAcarAniA. 285
1. Helotes sexlineatus.
Therapon sexHneatus, Quoy 8; Gaim. Voy. Freyc, Poiss. pi. 60. f. 1.
Helotes sexlineatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. iii. p. 149. pi. 56 ; Bleek. Natuurk.
Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, p. 171 ; Cuv. H^gne Anim. III. Poiss.
pi. 12. f. 3.
D. -. A. •^. L. lat. 110. L. transv. 35. Caec. pylor. 15.
]0 10 -^ •'
Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4|^ in the
total. Teeth with distinct lobes. Operculum with two short spines,
the lower of which is somewhat prominent ; praeoperculum rounded,
denticulated. The fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest. Six blackish-
brown longitudinal bands on each side.
Australian Coasts.
2. Helotes octolineatus.
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 18.
1). -. A. J.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and
4^ in the total. Jaws equal. Teeth distinctly three-pointed. Oper-
culum with two spines, the lower of which is prominent. Eight
blackish-brown longitudinal bands on each side. (Jen.)
King George's Sound (S. W. Coast of Australia).
3. Helotes polytsenia.
Bleeker, Hahnaheira, p. 53.
D. ^. A. i-. L. lat. 75. L. transv. ii.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3i«in the latter. Teeth
with rather indistinct lateral lobes. Operculum with two flat, short
spines ; praeoperculum rounded nearly throughout, denticulated. The
fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest, half as high as the body, the
two posterior ones much longer than the two anterior. A black blotch
above the lateral line near the nape ; (ten or twelve) brown longitu-
dinal bands on the sides.
Sea of Halmaheira.
a. Adidt. — It is not without doubt that I refer this specimen to the
above species, as it has six longitudinal bands only, and a black
blotch on the dorsal. In other points it agrees with Bleeker's
description.
3. MACaUARIA.
Macquaria, Cuv. ^ Val, v. p. 377.
Form of the body oblong, compressed ; eye moderate ; cleft of the
mouth nearly horizontal, with the jaws equal. One dorsal, with
286 PRlSTIPOMATIDiE.
eleven spines, anal fin with three ; all the spines strong. No teeth
in the jaws or on the palate. Branchiostegals five. Both limbs of the
prsDoperculum serrated ; operculum with two points. Scales mode-
rate, ctenoid. Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in moderate
number.
Freshwater fish from Australia.
1. Macquaria australasica.
Cuv.^ Val. I c. pi. 131 ; Less, Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 194. pi. 14. f. 1.
D. Jj. A. |. L. lat. 65-66. Caec. pylor. 3.
Externally very similar to Dules ambigitus. Snout scaleless. The
fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the anal fin much
longer and stronger than the third. Uniform browTiish.
Macquarie River.
4. PRISTIPOMA*.
Pristipoma, Cuv. Rkgne Anim. ; Cuv. % Val. v. p. 243.
Form of the body oblong, compressed. Eye moderate. Cleft of the
mouth hoiizontal, not very -wide, ^\ith the jaws nearly equal ; a cen-
tral groove below the chinf. One dorsal, with eleven to fourteen
spines, the anal with three ; vertical fins not scaly, or with scales on
the basal portions only. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, without
canines ; none on the palate. Brrfnchiostegals seven, l^raeoperculum
serrated ; operculum with very indistinct points. Scales moderate,
ctenoid. Pscudobranchioc. Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages
in small number.
All the Tropical Seas, extending into the Japanese Seas and the
Mediterranean.
1. Pristipoma cavifrons.
? Lutjanus luteus, Bl. taf. 247.
? Grammistes hepatus, Bl. Schn. p. 187.
Diagramma cavifrons, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 290. pi. 123.
B. 7. D. f^. A. |. L. lat. 50. Vert. 10/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Snout short, cleft of the mouth small. The
upper margin of the orbits is elevated, and renders the space between
concave. Praeoperculum serrated throughout. Dorsal fin notched,
* 1. Pristipoma rangii, Ctiv. ^ Val. ix. p. 484.— Cape Verde.
2. jubclini, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 2.')U.— Cape Verde ; Senegal.
3. Rusixll, pi. 132.— Pristipoma giioraka, Cuv. # Vol. v. p. 256, cop. in
Belang. Voy. p. 303 ; Cant. Caf.al. p. 73.
4. Pristipoma? chloronotum, Eichards. Ichth. China, p. 228.— Canton.
6. ? gallinaceum, liickards. Ichth. China, p. 228. — Canton.
6. ? grammopcecilum, Richards. Ichth. China, p. 228. — Canton.
7. leucurum, Cuv. Sf Fal.ix. p. 488.- -Seychelles.
Cfr. Pristipoma cavifrons.
4. PEISTIPOMA. 287
with long and strong spines. Caudalis emarginate ; the second anal
spine very strong, and much longer than the third. Coloration
uniform.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Adult : skin. '^'West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
This species ib said to have no groove below the chin, and has been
placeli' in Diagramma by Cuvier, but it is closely allied to the fol-
lowing species.
2. Pristipoma serrnla.
Cuv. Sf Val. V. p. 272 j Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 70.
13 • 9*
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the snout
short, not longer than the width of the eye. Dorsal fin very deeply
notched, with feeble spines ; the second and third anal spines equal
in length. Back with four or five yellow longitudinal lines. (Cuv.)
Martinique.
Pristipoma auratum, Cuv. & Val. I. c, with uniform coloration, may
b6 only a variety of the above species.
3. Pristipoma melanoptemin.
Pristipoma melanopterum, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 273.
? Pristipoma bilineatum, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 271. pi. 122.
I^-TTnfer- ^-h I^-lat.50. L. transv. 9/14.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 3f . The snout is obtuse, rather shorter than the diameter of
the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. The cleft of
the mouth is narrow, the upper maxiUary reaching to the vertical from
the front margin of the eye. Praeoperculum with the posterior limb
very shghtlj emarginate, and with rather, stronger denticulations at
the angle. The dorsal fin deeply notched, with strong spines ; the
third longest, one-half the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate ;
the second anal spiae exceedingly strong, and much longer than the
third of the dorsal fin. Vertical fins scaly on one-half their height.
On each side two parallel brown bands, one above the lateral line,
the other from the eye to a round spot at the root of the caudal ;
the fins blackish. Coloration in old age uniform, with blackish fins.
Coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. Rio Janei^-o. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.
6. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pam ell's Collection.
I should without any hesitation consider P. bilineatum as the
younger state of P. melanopterum, if Cuvier had not stated fifteen soft
rays in the dorsal fin of the former. On the other hand, specimen a,
which is not full-grown, has seventeen rays, and the exact coloration
given by Cuvier of P. bilineatum.
288 PRisTiPOMAin)^.
Likewise Pristipoma hicolor (Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares, Amer,
Sud, p. 8. pi. 2. f. 2) may prove to be a variety only of the above
species, or tlio tj-pe of the species itself, but with the coloration
made from life.
4. Pristipoma virginicum. =
Margrave, p. 152 (Acara pinima), and p. 148 (Guatucupa juba).
Sparus virginious, Linn^Grnel. p. 1278; Bl. Schn. p. 274.
vittatus, Bl. taf. 26-3. f. 2 (not taf. 275).
Perca juba, BL taf. 308. T. 2 (very bad).
Grammi-stes mauritii, Bl. Schn. p. 185.
juba, Bl. Schn. p. 184.
Lutjanus virginicus, Lacep. iv. pp. 197, 199.
Sparus jub, Lacep. iv. pp. 4.3, 138.
Pristipoma rodo, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 274.
D. _1^. A.-. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 14/16.
15-17 10
The profile of the head and nape veiy steep. The height of the
body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head four times.
The cleh of the mouth is small, the ui)por maxillary not extending
to the anterior margin of the orbit. The portions of the dorsal fin
scarcely separated by a slight notch ; the spines stout, the longest
shorter than the second of the anal, wliicli is one-half the length of
the head, Caudahs deeply notched. An oblique brown band from
the nape thi'ough the eye to the angle of the mouth ; another, more
vertical, from the origin of the dorsal to the root of the pectoral ;
behind this cross-band six parallel bluish longitudinal bands.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America,
a, b. 13" long : skins. Jamaica, From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Adult: skin, Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
d. Adult. S, America, Presented by Sir K, Schomburgk.
e. HaLf-gro^vn. From the Collection of the Zoological Society,
/, g. Half-grown, From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
h. Adult, From the Haslar Collection,
i. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection,
Jc, I. Adult: stuffed.
m, n. Adult: stuffed. Old Collection.
5. Pristipoma surinamense,
Ijutjanus surinamensi^, Bhch, taf. 253.
Holocentrus gibbosus, Lac^p. iv. pp. 344, 391.
Pristipoma surinamense, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 273.
D.li, A.|.
10 7
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. The
snout is short, not longer than the width of the eye. Dorsal fin
notched ; the fourth spine longest ; the second anal spine strong.
Caudalis somewhat rounded. Body mth irregular blackish cross-
bars.
Surinam,
4. TRISTIPOMA. 289
6. Pristipoma nigrum.
Pristipoma nigrum, (Martens) Cuv. 4' Vol- v. p. 258 ; Cant. Catal. p. 74.
B.7. D.|i. A.f
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 3| ; eye one-third of the latter. Blackish brown.
Sea of Pinang ; Manilla.
7. Pristipoma hasta.
Lutjanus hasta, Blocli, taf. 246. f. 1 ; Bl. 5cA«.p.324 ; Lacep.'w. p. 229.
Labrus commersoni, Lacep. iii. pp. 431, 477. pi. 23. f. 1 ; Shatv, Zool.
iv. p. 493.
Lutjanus microstoma, Lacep. iii. pi. 34. f. 2, iv. pp. 181, 216.
Pristipoma kakaan, Cuv. Sr Val. v. p. 244 ; R'dpp. N. W. Fische, p. 123.
t. 20. f. 1 ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 227 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat.
Genootsch. xxiL p. 3.
commersonii, Cuv. 8r Val. v. p. 252 ; Cant. Catal. p. 72.
hasta, Cuv. 4" Val. v. p. 247, cop. in Belanger, Voy. hid: Orient.
p. 362 ; Bleek. I. c. xxiii. Scicen. p. 20.
chrysobaliou, (Kuhl ^- v. Hasselt) Cuv. 4* Val. v. p. 248.
D. 11 1 ^i- A.. ^. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 6/10. Caec. pylor. 6.
The height of the body is 3 to 3| in the total ; the length of the
head is sometimes equal to that height, sometimes less ; the snout is a
little longer than the width of the eye, the diameter of which is 4^
in the length of the head. Jaws equal ; the upper maxiUary reaches
to the level of the anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior limb
of the praeoperculum emarginate, its angle roimded, produced and
denticulated. The fourth dorsal spine longest, longer than half the
length of the head ; the dorsal fins separated by a more or less deep
notch. CaudaHs truncated ; the second anal spine very strong, but
shorter than the longest of the dorsal fin* ; pectoral pointed, elon-
gate, its length being 3| in the total. Back and upper part of the
sides with brown spots, more or less regularly aiTanged, sometimes
forming longitudinal seiies, sometimes cross-bars ; both the dorsal
fins wdth two or three series of round brown spots.
From the Red Sea along the east coast of Africa through all the
Indian Seas to the northern shores of Australia.
a. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
6. Adult. India. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
e. Adult : skin. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
d. Half -grown : not good state. In(^a. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult. China.
/. Adult, China.
g. Adult : not good state. China.
h. Adult : stuffed. China, Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
i. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R, Reeves, Esq.
k. Half- grown. China,
* In young specimens the anal spine is as long as the fourth of the dorsal fin.
U
290 PEISTIPOMATlUiK.
/. Half-grown. China.
m, n. Young. China.
0. Half-grown. Philippine Islands.
p. Half-grown. Moluccas.
q. Half-grown. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
r. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
s. Half-grown. Cerara. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
t. Half-grown. Sumatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
u. 20" long: stuffed. Cape York (69 fathoms). Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
V. Half-grown: bad state. North Australia. Presented bv Dr.
J. R. ELsey.
8. Pristipoma nageh.
Riippell, N. TV. Fische, p. 124. taf. 30. f. 2 ; ? Richardson, IcJiiJi. Oiina,
p. 227 ; Bleek. I. c. xxiii. Scian. p. 21.
D. 11 I ^. A. \. (L. lat. 40, Bleek.)
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 85 in the total. The snout is elongate, compressed ; praeoper-
culum slightly emarginate ; dorsal fin deeply notched, with the spines
of moderate strength, the fom-th the longest. Caudalis truncated ;
the second anal spine longer and stronger than the thii'd, but shorter
than the highest of the dorsal. Silvery, with eight vertical bands,
each formed by one or two series of blackish spots. Dorsalis with
brownish spots.
Red Sea ; Sunda Sea.
9. Pristipoma punctulatum.
Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 124. taf. 30. £ 3.
D-H- A.|.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head nearly four times. The snout and the cleft of the mouth are
short; pra^operculum slightly emarginate posteriorly. The dorsal
and anal fins are low ; the former is slightly notched, and has the third
spine longest, which is one-third only of the height of the body ; the
second anal spine is still .shorter, but very strong ; the third much
shorter and thinner. Caudalis tnmcated ; pectoral elongate, 3| in
the total length. Back and sides with blackish dots, forming undu-
lating longitudinal lines ; dorsal fin with longitudinal series of black-
ish spots.
Red Sea.
a. Fourteen inches long : stuffed. Isle dc France. From Dr.
Janvier's Collection. — This specimen agrees very well with the
above description, taken from fishes of the Red Sea ; but the
second anal spine is rather longer tjflan the third of the dorsal,
and exceedingly strong. There are forty-eight transverse rows
of scales, eight longitudinal ones above the lateral line, and
sixteen below.
4. ritisTiroMA. 291
10. Pristipoma dussumieri.
Cur. S^' Val. v. p. 259.
D. AH. A. y. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 6/12.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 3j in the total. The snout is scarcely longer than the diameter
of the eye, which is nearly one-fourth of the length of the head.
The cleft of the mouth is rather narrow, the upper maxillary scarcely
reaching to the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Prse-
operculum with the posterior limb shghtly emarginate, and with the
angle not projecting. The dorsal fin notched, with strong spines ;
the foiuth the longest, 2| in the length of the head. Caudalis trun-
cated. The second anal spine is exceedingly strong, much longer
than the third, and at least as long as the longest of the dorsal. The
length of the pectoral is one-fourth of the total.
Coast of Coromandel.
a. Adult : bleached. Old Collection, as Perca corvina.
b. Adult : bleached. Old Collection, as Perca corvina.
c. Adult ; stuffed : not good state.
11. Pristipoma argenteum.
Scisena argentea, Forsk. p. 51 (not Gmelin).
Poiuadasis argenteus, Lacep. iv. p. 516.
Pristipoma argenteum, Cm: Sf Val. v. p. 249 ; Riipp. N. W. Finche,
p. 123.
D. i±i^. A. ^. L. lat 56, L. transv. 8/15.
13-15 7-9
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is If in the length of the snout,
and 4| in that of the head. The snout is elongate, the cleft of the
mouth rather small, the upper maxiUary not extending to the front
margin of the orbit. The prseoperculum shghtly sinuous behind.
The dorsal fin deeply notched, with spines of moderate strength ;
the foui'th longest, 2i in the length of the head. CaudaHs with
rather elongate lobes, but nearly truncated when stretched out. The
second anal spine not much stronger and scarcely longer than the
third, shorter than the highest of the dorsal fin. Pectoral nearly
one-foui-th of the total length. Silvery, the upper two-thirds with
brownish dots. Dorsal fin with a series of brownish spots along its
base.
Red Sea.
a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
b. Adult; not good state. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
€. Young.
d, e. Young : stuff'e^ : bad state.
The specimens in the British Museum Collection are of unknown
u2
292 PRISTIPOMATIDyE.
origin, and I doubt whether they came from the Red Sea ; but they
agree very well with P. argenteum, as far as the characters are given
in the descriptions quoted.
12. Pristipoma argyreum.
Pristipoma argyreum, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Scteen. p. 22.
? Pristipoma argyreimi, Cuv. (^ Val. ix. p. 485.
D. iif^ A.f L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is 3^ to Sj in the total length, and equal
to the length of the head. The snout is much shorter than the eye,
which is one-third of the leng-th of the eye. Praeoperculum slightly
emarginate behind, with fine denticulations. The third and fourth
dorsal spines longest, one-half of the height of the body. Caudalis
tnincated ; the second anal spine one-seventh of the total length.
Uniform silvery ; operculum with an oUve spot.
Coast of Coromandel ; Sumatra ; Batavia.
13. Pristipoma pihloo.
Richardson, Ichth. CJiina, p. 227.
U. -. A. -.
Prseoperculum with the posterior edge emarginate. The second
anal spine longer and stronger than the third. A row of seven
roundish dark spots or short transverse bars along the back above
the lateral line. {Richardson.)
Canton.
The specimen on which this species was foun(Jed by Sir John
Richardson appears to have been mislaid.
14. Pristipoma paikeeli.
Paikeeli, Russell, pi. 121.
Pristipoma paikeeli, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 259 ; Cant. Catal. p. 74 ; Bleek.
Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Sci<en. p. 20.
B. 7. D. ^. A. -5-. L. lat. 55-60.
15 9
The height of the boay is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 3|. Caudalis emarginate. Silvery brownish
white ; on the back and sides as far as the pectoral fin, six brown
parallel longitudinal bands edged mth black ; all the fins, except
the pectoral, minutely dotted with brown ; the spinous dorsal black-
edged ; the upper half of the soft dorsal and the posterior margin of
the caudal blackish. Membrane of the soft dorsal, of the caudal,
anal, and ventral fius j)artially-covercd with minute scales.
Madras ; Vizagnpatam ; Sea of Pinang.
4. pmsxiPOMA, 293-
15. Fristipoma maciQatimi.
Anthias maculatus, Bl. tab. 326. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 306.
Lutjanus maculatus, Lacep. iv. p. 239.
Caripe, Russell, pi. 124.
Pristipoma caripa, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 261 ; Cant. CataL p. 76 ; Riipp.
N. W. Fische, p. 124; Bleek. I. c. p. 21.
D.lllii^- A.f L.lat.47.
The height of the body is 85 in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the snout is not longer than the diameter of the eye, and
3|^ in the length of the head. The jaws are equal in front ; the
upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. The posterior limb of the praeoperculum is conspicuously
emarginate, and iSnely denticulated like the angle. The dorsal fin
is deeply notched ; the spines are strong ; the fourth is the longest,
half the length of the head. CaudaKs slightly emarginate ; the
second anal spine, stronger and longer than the third, is not quite so
long as the longest of the dorsal. Pectoral elongate, one-fourth of
the total length. A black cross-band before the dorsal fin ; six large
blotches on each side of the back, either forming two longitudinal
rows or three cross-bands. The spinous dorsal blackish, with a
series of whitish spots along the base ; the soft dorsal with two
series of brown spots.
Fjom the coast of Coromandel to New Guinea ; Red Sea.
a. Half-grown: stuffed. Torres Strait. Voyage of the Rattle-
snake.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
16. Pristipoma aaritum.
Cuv. 8f Val. V. p. 263 ; Cant. Catal. p. 76.
B.7. D.i^. A.^^.
The length of the opercle little less than one-half of that of the
head ; it projects backwards above the anterior half of the pectoral.
Mouth small. The fourth dorsal spine longest, and equal to the
second of the anal. Caudal fin covered almost throughout with
minute rough scales; the membrane of the ventrals scaly. The
spinous dorsal with numerous brownish spots, foi-ming tlii-ee to six
oblique series ; the upper margin black. The soft dorsal with some
smaller rounded spots.
Siam ; Sea of Pinang.
17. Pristipoma therapon.
Sleeker, Java, i. p. 100, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Scicen. p. 22.
D. IH. A. i-. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length ; the diameter of
294 PRISTIPOMATID^.
the eye is one-third of the length of the head, the snout rather
shorter. Prseopercnlum with the posterior limb very slightly emar-
ginate. The fourth spine of the dorsal longest, 1^ in the height of
the body ; the second of the anal one-sixth of the total length.
Uniform ; a large brown blotch on the anterior part of the dorsal
tin. (Bl.)
Sea of Bata\aa.
18. Pristipoma terribile. (Plate XIV.)
D. 12 I ^. A. J. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 8/19.
The height of the body is thi'ee times in the total length, the
length of the head 3| ; the snout is rather pointed and longer than
the diameter of the eye, which is 8|-in the length of the head. The
upper jaw is rather longer than the lower ; the maxillary extends
nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The
posterior limb of the pra?operculum is emarginate and serrated, and
the angle produced backwards, rounded, and armed Avith stronger
spinous teeth. Dorsal fin deeply notched ; all the spines very strong
and long : the fourth of the dorsal is the longest, and more than one-
half of the length of the head. CaudaHs trunc*ated ; the second anal
spine exceedingly long, five-sixths of the length of the head ; the
length of the pectoral is one-fifth of the total. Coloration uniform ;
the first dorsal with a black edge.
a. Sine patria.
Description of the specimen. — This species is intermediate between
P. hasta and P. crocro. It resembles Therapon argenteus in general
habit and in the strength of its spines, which are relatively stronger
than in any other species of Pristipoma. The body is rather com-
pressed and elevated, its greatest depth, below the fourth dorsal spine,
being one-third of the total length. The upper profile descends
abruptly from its highest point to the nape, where it is slightly
concave ; from thence to the snout it is straight. The upper surface
is moderately broad, the distance between the eyes being less than
the width of the orbit. The snout is rather pointed, with the upper
jaw slightly overlapping the lower. The teeth form viUiform bands
without canines or other larger teeth. On the chin there is the usual
central groove and some indistinct lateral pores. The praioperculum
approaches in form that of P. hasta, being conspicuously emarginate,
with the angle produced backwards, and armed with much stronger
spinous teeth than those of the posterior limb. The scales extend to
the margin of the bone, and are smaller than those of the operculum.
The operculum has a notch behind, between two feeble and obtuse
points. The suprascajnda is serrated.
The origin of the dorsal fin falls in front of the vertical from the
base of the pectoral, and its end before that of tlie anal ; the base of the
spinous portion is more than twice as long as tluit of the soft. The
sjinee arc exceedingly strong, on one side broadi'r than on the other:
4. PRISTIPOMA. 295
the first is small ; the second one-half the length of the third ; the
third three-fourths of the fourth, which is the longest, half as high
as the body. The following decrease in length to the twelfth ; the
thirteenth, which must be considered as j)art of the soft portion, is
longer than the two preceding spines, and equal to the tenth. The
soft portion has a rounded margin, the second, third and fourth rays
being the longest, and equal in height to the sixth spine ; they are
twice as long as the last, which is the shortest. The spinous portion,
as well as the soft, can be received into a scaly sheath. The caudal
fin is truncated, and scaly at the base only : .-^ne of its longest rays
is one-fifth of the total length. The distance between the caudal and
anal fins equals the base of the latter ; the origin and end of the
anal fin fall vertically behind the origin and the end of the soft dorsal.
The first spine is one-half the length of the third, and is excavated
posteriorly. The second is exceedingly long, equal to the height of the
body above it, and broader on the left side than on the right. The third
is broader on the right side, two-thirds of the length of the former,
and shorter than the first ray. The margin of the soft portion of
the anal fin is very slightly emarginate. The pectoral fin is rather
pointed, and of moderate length, one-fifth of the total. The root of
the ventral fin is situated immediately behind that of the pectoral ;
the first ray is one-third longer than the strong adjacent spine, and
produced into a short filament which extends to the vent.
The scales are of moderate size, slightly crenated, quadrangular,
rather longer than high ; one of the largest covers about one-fifth of
the eye. The lateral line is curved, and parallel to the profile of the
back.
The specimen is now uniform silvery, with the spinous dorsal
black-edged ; this part of the fin appears to have been blacldsh.
A supposition as to the origin of the specimen cannot be given with
any certainty, on account of its affinity to neotropical sj)ecies,, as
well as to palasotropical ; but there is more pijobability of its being
found in a part of the East Indian Seas, or of the Pacific.
inches, lines. '
Total leng-th 6 11
Height of the body 2 3
Length of the head 2 0
Diameter of the eye 0 5|
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 2
of the thirteenth dorsal spine .... 0 7
of the third dorsal ray 1 0
of the eleventh dorsal ray 0 6
of the caudal fin 1 5
of the first anal spine 0 7
of the second anal spine I 7
of the pectoral 1 5
of the ventral 1 6
of a large scale 0 2^
Height of a large scale 0 2
'2{)& PBrSTlPOMATID.!:.
19. Pristipoma crocro.
Cuv. 4- Val. V. p. 264.
D. 12 1 i. A. y. L. lat. 50-5G. L. trausv. ^^. Vert. 11/15.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head 3-J. The snout is elongate and rather pointed ; the dia-
meter of the eye is 4| in the length of the head, and 1| in that of
the snout. The upper jaw is rather longer than the lower ;. the max-
illary extends to the vertical from the anterior mai'gin of the orbit.
The posterior limb of the pra^operculum very slightly emarginate,
serrated, the angle not prominent, rounded, and with stronger den-
ticulatious. The dorsal fin deeply notched, all the spines strong ;
the fifth dorsal spine longest, nearly one-half as long as the head.
Caudalis ti'uncated ; the second anal spine exceedingly strong, nearly
two-thirds of the length of the head ; pectoral rather short, one-sixth
of the total. Coloration uniform ; the first dorsal blackish, the pec-
toral yello^vish, the other fins grepsh.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
b. 14" long : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
c. Adult : skin : Jamaica. From Dr. I'araeirs Collection.
d. Adult.
e. Half-grown.
/. Half-grown : skeleton. Old Collection.
g. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. —
It agrees with the other specimens in all the characters, except
in having the dorsal spines, and especially the anal spine, shorter.
Skeleton. — The most superficial comparison of the skeleton of this
fish with that of a species of T'herapon (c. (j. Th. servus) shows the
close afiinity of those genera, and the error of Cuvier, who united
Pristipoma, &c., \vith the Scicenidce. The upper surface of the skull
is nearly even between the orbits, there being two pairs of foramina
only, one close together in the middle of the frontal bones, the other
more distant from each other, near the anterior extremity of those
bones : these foramina lead into narrow muciferous channels in the
interior of the bone. The occipital crest is raised above the level of
the skull, and moderately elevated ; it extends as far as the occipital.
On each side of this crest there is another, much lower, running to
the point where the suprascapular bone is suspended. The turbinal
bones are elongate, concave, forming a half-channel. The inter-
maxiUarj' is stout and rather short, the upi)er posterior process being
more than one-half of the length of the bone ; the anterior portion
of each process is broad, the posterior styliform ; its posterior mar-
gin is S-shaped, without a prominent process. The maxillary is
rather narrow, with the posterior margin deeply notched. The
lower part of the mandil)ulary is transformed into a wide muciferous
channel, with four grooves, sepaiatod from one another by narrow
transverse ridges. The infraorbital ring is very narrow, except the
4. PEISTIPOMA. 297
praeorbital : there is no interior plate to support the eyeball fi-om
beneath. The praeorbital is triangular, with the lower side curved,
and has three or four cavities or wide openings of its muciferous
channel. The operculum is very irregularly Sihaped, and posteriorly
armed with two points of nearly equal size, separated from each
other by a deep notch ; the lower is more acute : there is no ridge on
the interior side of the bone. Sub- and interoperculum without
any denticulation. The praeoperculum is very strongly built and
armed ; there are three strong but short spinous teeth at the angle,
and fifteen smaller ones along the posterior margin ; the upper of
these teeth are directed upwards ; the lower margin is shghtly con-
vex and entire. It has four wide openings of the muciferous channel ;
two larger ones on the lower limb, and two smaller ones above the
angle. The suprascapula is strongly, the coracoid bone not serrated.
The vomer is anteriorly broad, rounded, along its middle slightly
concave, without any teeth. The teeth in the jaws are placed in
broad villiform bands, the lateral ones being scarcely larger than the
remainder. The pharyngeal teeth are short, cardiform.
There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae ; the length
of the former portion of the column being to that of the caudal as
1 : 1-5. There are several spurious interneural spines (interneurals
without corresponding dorsal spine) in front of the dorsal fin, and
each of these interneurals terminates above in a small hook, directed
forwards, as is the case in many other fishes. The fii'st interhgemal
is very strong, with deep longitudinal grooves ; its length equals that
of the first eight vertebrae.
20, Pristipoma coro.
Seba, iii. 27. 14.
Coro-coro, Marqr. p. 177.
SciiBna coro, Bl pi. 307. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 81.
Pristipoma coro, Cuv. &■ Val. v. p. 266 ; Cuv. Eegne Anim. Bl. Paiss.
pi. 30. f. 2.
D. 11 I ^. A. J. L. lat. 50. L. transv. ■^.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter ; the
snout is rather longer, with the loAver jaw longest, and with the cleft
of the mouth moderate, the upper maxillary reaching somewhat
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The pos-
terior limb of the praeoperculum obliquely descending backwards,
with pointed, distant, spinous teeth ; two strong spinous teeth at the
angle. DorsaHs deeply notched, -ndth rather strong and long spines ;
the fourth longest, rather more than one-half the length of the head.
Caudalis truncated ; the second anal spine exceedingly strong, and
even longer than the fourth of the dorsal. Body with about eight
brownish cross-bands.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a, h. Adult. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
298 PRISTIPOMATIDiE.
21. Pristipoma catharinae.
Cuv. 4- Val. V. p. 269 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zwl ii. p. 201.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. The mouth
is small. Praeoperculiim with rather stronger denticulations at the
angle. The dorsal fin notched, with strong and long spines, the
twelfth being longer than the two preceding ones. Caudalis emar-
ginate ; the second anal spine strong, longer than the third, which
equals in length the first ray. Ventral fins longer than pectorals,
with a long spine. Coloration uniform ; the fins brown, except the
pectorals. {Cuv.')
Coast of Brazil.
22. Pristipoma rogerii.
Cuv. ^ Vol. V. p. 254.
B. 7. D. j|. A. ■^. Csec. pylor. 5.
The praeoperculum with the posterior margin vertical, and with
the angle rounded ; the foiu'th and fifth dorsal spines longest, one-
third of the greatest depth of the body. The anal spines very strong ;
the thii'd rather longer than the second, and nearly one-third the
depth of the body. Uniform silvery ; along the base of the spinous
dorsal brown and white spots ; on the soft portion brown spots only.
(Cuv.)
Senegal.
A rather doubtfid species, and perhaps identical with the following.
23. Pristipoma bennettii.
Pristipoma bennettii, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 176; Valenc. m
Barker- Webb, Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Iclith. p. 26 ; Gnichen. Poiss.
in Explor. Alger, p. 44.
Pristipoma ronchus, Valenc. I. c. p. 25. pi. 7. f. 2 ; Guichen. I. c.
D.i^^ A.^. L.lat. 50-55. L. transv. ■^. Csec. pylor. 8.
Vert. 10/16.
The height of tlie body nearly equals the length of the head, and
is 3| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter,
and If in the length of the snout. The cleft of the mouth is mode-
rate, the upper maxillary not reaching to the vertical from the front
margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum with the posterior limb very
shghtly emarginate, and with rather coarser denticulations at the
angle. Dorsalis notched, and Avith the spines of moderate strength ;
the fourth is the longest, and 2i in the length of the head. Caudalis
emarginate ; the second anal spine stronger, but not longer than the
third, and rather shorter than the highest of the dorsal ; the length
of the pectoral is 4^ in the total. Coloration uniform ; sometimes a
greenish -black spot above the angle of the opercidum.
Coast of Algiers ; Canary Islands ; St. Vincent's.
4. pwsTiPOMA. 299
a. Fine specimen. St. Vincent's. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Col-
lection.
b-d. Young. St. Vincent's. Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.
e. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
(/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
STcehton. — The system of muciferous channels is rather more de-
veloped than in other species of Pristipoma : the two pairs of fora-
mina on the frontal bones are wide, and lead into spacious channels ;
the turbinal bones are elongate, and transformed into half-canaLs.
The occipital crest is elevated, triangular, and does not extend over the
frontal bones. Of the two lateral crests, the interior is short, without
free processes posteriorly, and the exterior is wide and muciferous,
communicating with channels of the suprascapida and the praeoper-
culum.
The maxillary is very irregularly formed, broadest near its base ;
it is joined by one process to the palatine bone, by a second to the
intermaxillary, and by a third to the vomer. The posterior process
of the intermaxillary is longer than the descending, toothed branch
of the bone ; the anterior portion of each process is broad, the pos-
terior styUfonn ; the descending branch is rather narrow, without
any prominence. The lower part of the mandibulaiy is transformed
into a wide muciferous channel, with four grooves, separated from
one another by delicate transverse ridges. The praeorbital is trian-
gular, with the lower side curved, and has four or five wide openings.
The remainder of the infraorbital ring is very narrow, muciferous,
and without an interior plate to support the eyeball from beneath.
The operculum has two obtuse and flat points posteriorly, with a
deep groove between; there is no longitudinal ridg-e on its inner
surface. The praeoperculum is very strongly built; its serrature
begins near the upper extremity, the teeth becoming gradually coarser
at the angle, and disappearing at the lower limb. The posterior teeth
are horizontally directed backwards. There are four wide openings,
separated from one another by narrow ridges : two larger ones on
the lower limb, one on the angle, and one on the posterior limb.
The suprascapula is obtusely denticulated, the coracoid entire.
The lower part of the brain-capsule is slightly swollen, and there
is an elongate opening before the occipital joint. The anterior por-
tion of the basisphenoid has a narrow sharp ridge above and below.
The head of the vomer is broad, rounded, and slightly concave at its
lower surface.
The teeth in the jaws form broad villiform bands, with an outer
series of stronger ones. The pharyngeal teeth arc stout, conical, and
placed in elongate triangular patches below, and in rounded ones
above.
There are ten abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrae, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : I'o. There are three spurious inte*neural spines in
300 I'RISTIPOMATID^.
front of the dorsal fin, each tenninating in a small hook, directed
forwards. The fiist interhaemal is very strong, with two divergent
anterior ridges, leaving a deep groove between them ; it is attached
to the eleventh vertebra, and its length equals that of the first seven
vertebrae.
24. Pristipoma conceptionis.
Cfuv. <§• Val. v. p. 268, ix. p. 486 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 200 ; Gay,
Hkt. Chil. Zool ii. p. 195, Atl Ictiol. lam. 4. f. 2. •
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 60.
14 13
The length of the head is rather less than the height of the body,
which is one-fourth of the total. Praeoperculum slightly serrated ;
dorsal and anal fins low ; dorsal notched ; the spines feeble. Colo-
ration uniform.
Coast of Chili.
25. Pristipoma stridens.
Sciaena stridens, Forsk. p. 50.
Pristipoma simmena, Cuv. Sf Val. y. p. 2G0.
stridens, Biipp. N. W. Fische, p. 122. taf. 31. f. 1.
D. 11 I y^. A. ^g. L. lat. 62. C»c. pylor. (5) 6.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and somewhat less than one-fourth of the total. The snout is of
moderate extent, longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-
fourth of the length of the head. The upper jaw is rather longer
than the lower ; the maxillary extends nearly to the vertical from
the anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior limb of the prae-
operculum very slightly emarginate, serrated ; the angle not promi-
nent, rounded, and with rather stronger denticulations. The dorsal
fin deeply notched ; the spines slender, but scarcely flexible ; the
fifth dorsal spine longest, one-half the length of the head. Caudalis
emarginate ; the second anal spine not strong, and shorter than the
third. On each side two to six brownish-black longitudinal bands ;
if two, one from the eye to the root of the caudal, the other above
the lateral line.
Red Sea.
a. Adult. Red Sea.
26. Pristipoma lineatum.
? Pristipoma rubrum, Ciuk ^- Val. v. p. 283.
Pristipoma lineatum, Cuv. 9f Val. v. p. 287.
D. 1^. A.-^. L. lat. 56. L. transv. ^. Caec. pylor, 5.
Vert. 11/15.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3|. The profile of the nape is convex, abruptly descending.
The snout is high, and 1 1 the width of the eye, the diameter of
4. PRisTH'OMA. 301
which is 4i iii the length of the head. The ck'ft of the mouth is
moderate, the upper maxillary reaching exactly to the vertical from
the anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior margin of the praa-
operculum is slightly oblique in a backward direction, and finely
denticulated. The dorsal fin scarcely notched ; the spines moderate ;
the fourth longest, and rather shorter than one-half the length of
the head. Caudalis emarginate ; the second anal spine is stronger
than the third, but not longer, and scarcely one-half the length
of the fourth dorsal spine. The pectoi'al fins rather longer than the
ventrals. Indistinct obUque streaks above the lateral hnc ; a dark
band on the upper half of the operculum ; a whitish band along the
base of the dorsal fin ; the soft portion with or without brownish
spots.
Coast of Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. E.io Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.
27. Pristipoma fasciatum.
Ckw. 4' Val. V. p. 285, cop. hy Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 87.
D. J|. A. -1. L. lat. 75. Ctec. pylor. 6.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 3| in the total. The snout is compressed, produced, with the
jaws nearly equal, and with the cleft of the mouth rather small.
The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and
less than one-half the extent of the snout. The dorsal fui is nearly
even ; all the spines rather slender. Caudalis emarginate ; the third
anal spine somewhat thinner and longer than the second. The sides
of the body clouded with darker, in the form of more or less regtdar
cross-bars ; a dark streak on the upper half of the operculum, ex-
tending on the sides. The dorsal fin with two, posteriorly with
three longitudinal series of rounded brown spots.
Coast of the Southern States of North America.
a. Fine specimen. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr, Cuming.
Cu\'ier mentions his specimens as coming from New York ; but
it is not confirmed by any of the American natm-alists ; and I toink
this to be a more southern species. Hcemidon falvomacuhitum of
Holbrook appears to be closely allied, but specifically difierent.
28. Pristipoma fulvomaculatum.
LabioLS fulvomaculatus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. i^ Phil. Soc. New York, i.
p. 406.
Haemidon fulvomaculatum, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 84.
pi. 7. f. 21 ; Holbr. Ichthyol. S. Carol, p. 166. pi. 22. f. 2.
D. i^. A. I. Cjec. pylor. 6.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3i. The upper maxillary does not extend to the vertical
302 pristipomatiDjK.
from the front margin of the orbit. Prseoperculum with the poste-
rior limb very slightly emarginate. Spines of the fins slender ; the
third of the dorsal fin longest, Caudahs emarginate. Sides of the
head and body and the vertical fins with niimeroxis yellow spots ; those
above the lateral line arranged in irregular obUque serie^, those
below it in horizontal rows. {Holhr.)
Coast from Georgia to Virginia.
29. Pristipoma viridense. *
Cuv. 8r '^ol- V. p. 287 ; Barker- Wehh 8f Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Iks Canar.
Ichthyol. p. 26.
D.J|. A.|. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 12/28. Vert. 11/15.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 3| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 3f in the length of
the -head. Dorsal fin continuous, with the spines of moderate
strength ; the second anal spine strong, scarcely longer than the
third. Caudalis timncated. Coloration uniform brown ; dorsal fin
with a more or less distinct black margin.
North-west Coast of Africa ; Caribbean Sea.
a. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
h. Fine specimen. St. Vincent's. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty.
c. Large specimen : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
30. Pristipoma suUlum.
Cuv: ^ Val ix. p. 482,
D. ^. A.-. L. lat. 55.
15 9
The height of the body is nearly four times in the total length, the
length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the
latter, and much shorter than the long and pointed snout ; the eye
occupies the middle of the length of the head. The praeoperculum
with a deep sinuosity above the angle, and finely serrated. Dorsal
and anal spines rather feeble ; caudalis forked ; pectoral one-fifth of
the total length. Body with streaks formed by greenish ispots,
oblique above the lateral line, straight beneath; dorsalis with a
series of large greenish spots. ( Val.)
Cape Verde.
31. Pristipoma peroteti.
Pristipoma perotaei, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 254.
D. -. A. -. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 26.
17 10
Coloration uniforai. {Cuv.)
Senegal.
4. PETSTIPOMA- 303
32. Pristipoma octolineatmii.
Cur. ^- Vul. ix. p. 487 ; Guirhen. Poiss. in Explor. Algpr. p. 44. pi. 2.
14 7
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is rather less than one-
third of the length of the head. Prajoperculum with strong denticii-
lations. Doreal fin even, caudal scarcely emarginatc. On each side
four blue longitudinal sti>eaks.
Cape Verde ; Coast of Algiers.
i53. Pristipoma cantharinunL
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 4fl. pi. 10.
i^-lS-e- ^•^- L.lat.70.
The height of the body is 3-| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is one -fifth of the latter ;
the snout produced, twice as long, with the jaws equal in front.
The upper maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the orbit. Prteoperculura rectangular, with the angle
slightly rounded, and the ascending Hmb straight and finely denti-
culated. The dorsal fin is scarcely notched, the longest (fourtli)
spine being 2^ in the length of the head. The caudal forked ; the
second anal spine stoutest, but rather shorter than the third, and
scarcely one-half of the length of the longest of the dorsal fin ; the
pectorals are 5^ in the total length. Uniform bluish grey-
Galapagos Archipelago.
a. Bleached ; 7g" long.
34. Pristipoma japonicum.
Cuv. Sf Vul. V. p. 288 ; Fann.Japoii. Poiss. p. 60. pi. 26. f. 2 ; Richards.
Ichth. Cfhina. p. 228.
D.ii^. A.|-. L. lat. 89. Ca;c. pylor. 8. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of
the head 4 or 4i. The snout is short, scarcely longer than the
diameter of the eye, with the lower jaw longest ; the upper maxillary
reaches to the front margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum finely ser-
rated throughout, with the posterior Hmb slightly emarginate, and
the angle rounded. DorsaHs not notched ; the spines of moderate
strength. Caudalis slightly emarginate; the anal spines nearly
equal. Coloration uniform.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Fine specimen. China.
b. Adult ; stuffed. China Sea. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult: skeleton. China Sea. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
Pseudobranchiae well developed. Air-bladder large, simple.
304 PKISTIPOMATIDJC.
Skeleton. — In this species the system of muciferous channels is
still less developed than in Puistipoma crocro. The occipital crest is
very elevated, and extends to the anterior extremity of the frontal
bones ; the lateral crests, between the orbit and suprascapula, are
relatively as high. At the anterior end of each frontal bone there is
a wide oval opening continued into the channel-shaped turbinal bone.
The bones of the jaws are rather feeble : the length of the posterior
processes of the intermaxillarics is about one-half of that of the
entire bone ; a projecting semicircular process at the posterior mar-
gin. The maxillary bone is concave posteriorly, and has the lower
posterior angle produced. The mandibulaiy bone has four or five
grooves beneath ; they are shallow, very small in front, and sejia-
rated from one another by broad bony interspaces : the anterior
part of the vomer is angular and slightly swollen, as in fishes with a
toothed vomer. The praeorbital is broad, triangular, with some small
irregular cavities ; the remainder of the infraorbital arch is very nar-
row, without an interior plate for supporting the eyeball from beneath.
The operculum has two very obtuse points, distant and separated from
each other by a deep and wide notch ; the sub- and interoperculum
are not denticulated, and have the lower margins sHghtly rounded ;
the Hmbs of the praeoperculum have a vertical direction towards
each other, but the angle at which they meet is rounded. The
posterior limb is deeply serrated, the inferior very indistinctly ; the
teeth above the angle are the strongest and spinous. The muci-
ferous channel of the praeoperculum has four narrow openings.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrce, the
length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of
the latter as 1 : 1'5. The neural spines are slightly inclined back-
wards ; the haemals of the first four caudal vertebrte are lengthened,
and broad at their lower extremity, to receive the interhaemals.
The first interhaemal is strong, and as long as the first seven vertebrae
together.
The dentition is composed of villiform bands only, the pharyngeal
teeth being rather stronger than those of the jaws.
5. CONODON.
Conodon, Cuv. 8f Vah v. p. 156.
Body oblong ; muzzle with the jaws nearly equal in front. Two
dorsals, united by a low membrane ; the first with eleven strong
spines ; three strong anal spines. In each of the jaws an external
series of very stout, short, conical teeth. Praeoperculum denticu-
lated. Scales moderate. Pseudobranchiae ? Air-bladder with two
very short horns in front.
Caribbean Sea.
1. CoBodon plumieri.
Scisena plumieri, Block, vi. p. 66. taf. 306.
Perca plumieri, Bl. Schn. p. 85 ; Cm\ ^ Val. ii, p. 5L
6. H^MuiON. 305
Centropomas plumieri, Lac^. iv, p. 268.
Chilodipterus chrysopterue, Lacep. iii. p. 542. pi. 33*. f. 1,
Conodon antillanus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 156.
D. 11 1 }-. A. -i. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 1.
The second anal spine one-half of the length of the hea*. The
upper maxillary reaches to the anterior margin of the eye. Pree-
operculum vrith denticulations posteriorly and inferiorly, equal in
size, and with two spinous teeth at the angle. Caudalis truncated.
Body with eight cross-hands.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
h. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Adult : stuffed : not good state.
d. Adiilt : stuffed. Old Collection.
e. Adult : skin : not good state.
The lighter (yellowish) longitudinal bands disappear in the pre-
served fish.
6. ILffiMULONt.
Diabasis, Desm., Benn.
Heemulon, Ciiv. B^gTie Amm. ; Cuv. <5' Val- v. p. 223.
Form of the body oblong, compressed. Eye moderate. Cleft of
the mouth horizontal, generally wide, with the jaws equal. A central
groove below the chin. One dorsal, with twelve or thirteen spines,
the anal with three ; the soft portions of the vertical fins scaly to
their margins. VilHform teeth in both the jaws, without canines ;
none on the palate. Branchiostegals seven. Prseoperculum serrated ;
operculum with very indistinct points. Scales moderate, ctenoid!
Pseudobranchiae. Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in small
number.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
1. HaBmulon formosum.
Cateshy, ii. p. 6. pi. 6. f. 1 ; Duhnm. Peches, it.lj. 62. pi. 11. f, 2.
Perca lormosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 488.
Labrus plumieri, Lac6p. iii. p. 480. pi. 2. f. 2.
Haemulon formosum, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 230 ; Castehi. Anim. nouv. ou
rares Amer. du Sud, Poiss. p. 10.
D. i|. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. :g.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 34- in
the total ; the diameter of the eye is four times in the length of the
head and 1| in that of the snout; the snout is elongate, compressed •
the cleft of the mouth wide ; the upper maxiUary reaches to below
* CuTier erroneously quotes pi. 23.
t 1. Hsemulon arcuatum, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 481 ; Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol. d1 17
•f. 2.— S. Carolina. ^'
2. Diabasis obliquatus, Benn. Zool. Journ. r. p. 90. — Jamaica.
306 PBISTIPOMATID,^.
the middle of the eye. The eleventh and twelfth dorsal spines are
nearly equal in length. Caudalis forked. The side of the head with
eleven or twelve bluish, waving longitudinal streaks, edged with
brownish, and not extending on the trunk.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Half-grown, From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
6, c. Fine specimens. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. Smith, Esq.
d, e. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection.
/, g. Adult : stuffed.
2. Haemulon elegans.
Anthias formosus, Bl. taf. 323 ; Bl. Schn. p. 305.
Hsemulon elegans, Cuv. Sf- Vol. v. p. 227 ; Cuv. JRkgne Anim. III. Poiss.
pi. 30. f. 1.
D. j|. A. |-. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 8/16.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3^ in
the total ; the diameter of the eye is 1| in the length of the snout
and 3| in that of the head. The snout is compressed, elongate ; the
cleft of the mouth wide ; the upper maxillary reaches to below the
middle of the eye. The eleventh and twelfth dorsal spines are nearly
equal in length ; caudalis forked. Sides of the head and of the
body with seven or eight waving, light-blue longitudinal bands,
edged with brownish.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult.
h. Half-grown : bleached. Old Collection.
e-e. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection.
/. Young.
g, h. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
k-n. Adult : stuffed.
0. Adult : stuffed. Old Collection.
3. Haemulon microphthalmum. (Plate XVII.)
D. |§. A. |. L. lat. 55.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 31 in
the total. The eye is small, its diameter being one-sixth of the
length of the head, and contained 2| in the length of the snout.
The cleft of Iho mouth is rather wide, but the upper maxiUaiy does
not reach to the vcitical from the anterior margin of the eye. Prae-
operoulum with the posterior limb very slightly emarginate, finely
and equally sorrHtcd. Dorsal fin not deeply notched, with the spines
of moderate si length ; the f'oui-th is the longest, and 2^ in the length
of the head ; caudal forked. The second anal spine vciy strong,
longer than tlio third, two-thirds of the fourth dorsal spine. Vertical
H. H^MTJLON. 307
fins covered with very thin scales and transparent. Coloration uni-
form olive (in a dried state).
Coast of America.
a. Adult : stuffed. America.
Description of the specimen. — This species much resembles H.
eleganSfformosum, canna, &c., but may be readily distinguished by its
small eye, uniform coloration, and by the ti"ansparent scales, which
cover the vertical fins. The length of the head and the height of
the body are nearly equal, and 3|^ in the total length. The crown
is very convex and elevated, much broader than the diameter of the
eye, and covered with scales to the nostrils. The eye is nearer the
posterior margin of the praeoperculum than the end of the muzzle,
and relatively smaller than in other species, its diameter being one-
sixth only of the length of the head. The praeoperculum is finely
and equally serrated at both its Umbs ; the posterior Hmb is very
slightly emarginate, the angle and the inferior Hmb are rounded.
The scales reach to the margin. The suprascapula is serrated.
The base of the spinous portion of the dorsal fin is longer than that
of the soft. The spines are of moderate strength, on one side broad,
on the other with a longitudinal ridge : the first is one-half as high
as the second, the second is rather more than one-half of the third ;
the fourth is a little longer than the third ; the following spines
gradually decrease in height to the eleventh and twelfth, which are
equal. The soft dorsal has the superior margin slightly curved, the
middle rays being longest, and about equal to the ninth dorsal spine :
this part of the fin is covered with transparent scales nearly to its
margin. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is equal
to the width between the last ten dorsal rays. The caudal -^in. is
moderately forked, the lobes being 4^ in the total length : trans-
parent scales cover two-thirds of the fin. The distance between the
caudal and anal fins equals the width between the last thirteen
dorsal rays. The origin of the ancd fin falls below the fourth dorsal
ray, its end below the twelfth. The first spine is small ; the second
extremely thick and striated, equal in length to the eighth of the
dorsal ; the third is shelter and less strong, on the right side flat,
on the left with a longitudinal ridge. The first ray is equal to, or
rather shorter than, the second spine, and covered with transparent
scales, like the whole fin. The pectoral is pointed ; but the extremity
being broken off, I am not able to state the relative length of the
fin. The length of the ventral is 6f in the total ; its base falls
immediately behind that of the pectoral ; the spine is modei'ately
strong, and two-thirds of the length of the fin.
The scales covering the head are much smaller than those of the
body, especially those of the nape ; they are very finely ciliated.
The scales of the lateral line are small, one-third the size of one
of the adjacent series.
The teeth are in broad villiform bands, with rather stronger ones
in the outer series ; those which are placed on the side of the lower
jaw are the strongest.
x2
308 PRISTIPOMATID^.
The colour is now entirely uniform, each scale having a darker
margin.
inches, lines.
Total length 14 0
Height of the body 4 1
Length of the head 4 0
of the diameter of the eye 0 7^
of the fourth dorsal spine 1 7^
• of the eleventh dorsal spine .... 9 0
of the seventh dorsal ray 12 0
of the second anal spine 1 1 g
4. Hsemulon macrostoma. (Plate XVIII.)
D. 11 1 3^. A. |. L. lat. 55-58. L. transv. 10/17.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is S^
in the total. The snout is elongate and compressed, and rather more
than twice the diameter of the eye, which is 5^ in the length of the
head. The cleft of the mouth is very wide, the upper maxillary
nearly reaching to the vertical from the anterior marg^in of the eye.
Praeoperculum with the posterior hmb nearly vertical, and with
obtuse denticulations, which become stronger at the angle, but dis-
appear with age. Dorsal fin deeply notched, Avith strong spines, the
foiirth being the longest, 2^ in the length of the head, and the last
being considerably longer than the eleventh. Caudalis forked ; the
second anal spine very strong, scarcely longer than the following,
and equal in length to the sixth of the dorsal. The length of the
pectoral is 4^ in the total. Five blackish (in a dried state) longi-
tudinal bands, one being very distincrfrom the eye to the caudal fin,
the others more or less indistinct and interrupted.
Jamaica.
a-c. Adult and half- grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection.
Description. — This fish belongs to the group with the cleft of the
mouth wide, and with the vertical fins thickly enveloped by scales,
and is closely allied to H. elegans, canna, &c. The body is rather
elevated, its greatest depth being below the origin of the dorsal fin,
and contained 3i in the total length. The length of the head is
equal to that height. The mouth is nearly horizontal. The max-
illary and intermaxillary may be nearly entirely concealed below the
prseorbital, the greatest width of which is one-half more than that
of the orbit ; it is covered with scales, like the cheeks and the
prfieoperculum. The space between the eyes is convex, larger than
the width of the orbit, and scaly nearly to the nostrils, which are
situated immediately before the eyes. The eye is nearer the poste-
rior margin of the operculum than the end of the snout. The
suprascapiJa is scarcely to be distinguished from the scales ; it is in-
conspicuously serrated.
The dorsal fin begins above the base of the pectoral and terminates
♦5, H-EMULON. 309
a little behind the anal ; the base of the spinous portion is one-half
longer than that of the soft ; both portions are separated by a deep
notch. The spines are strong : the first is two-fifths of the second ;
the second three-quarters of the third ; the fourth is the longest, and
2^ in the length of the head; the fifth equals the third, and the
following gradually decrease in height to the eleventh ; the twelfth
is longer than the preceding, and it belongs apparently to the soft
dorsal, being closely attached to the adjacent ra5^ The soft portion
is so thickly enveloped by scales, that it is difficult to distinguish
the single rays. The upper margin is slightly rounded, the third,
fourth, and fifth of the rays being the longest, and equal in height
to the second spine, whilst the last measures not half that height.
The caudal fin is moderately forked, and thickly covered by minute
scales to its margins. The origin of the anal fin falls below the
third or the fourth dorsal ray : the soft portion is higher than the
spinous, entirely enveloped by scales, and has a rather concave
margin. The fiist spine is very small ; the second very strong,
striated, equal in length to the sixth dorsal spine, or one-third of
the length of the head ; the third is rather shorter and not so stout
as the other ; on one side it is flat and striated, on the other longi-
tudinally grooved. The pectoral fin is pointed, and contained 4|- in
the total length ; it extends to the vertical from the vent ; there are
some scales at its base. The base of the ventral falls below that of
the pectoral ; and being much shorter than that fin, it does not reach
to the vent, and is one-sixth of the total length ; a series of small
wcales follows each of the rays, covering their base and the inter-
spaces between them nearly to the end of the fin. The ventral spine
slightly exceeds one-half of the length of the adjacent ray.
The scales are of moderate size, ctenoid, and arranged in rather
irregular sei'ies; those of the lateral line are small, and their number
is variable, and would not indicate the number of the transverse
series of scales. An oblique stripe of very small scales descends up-
wards and forwards from the suprascapula to the nape.
The teeth form in both the jaws broad villiform bands, but the
outer series contains large conical teeth, which are as strong in the
lower jaw as in the upper. In one of the specimens, one of the
upper pharj'ngeal bones is preserved ; it is armed with powerful
teeth, which, at the outer part of the bone, are strong and curved,
and towards the middle conical and pointed ; on the inner portion
of the bone the teeth are obtuse and broad, and assume the character
of molars.
The ground-colour is now greyish ; there is a distinct, straight,
blackish band from the middle of the eye to the upper half of the
tail. Above this band are two or three others, and below 'it a
fourth, much less distinct, and in two of the specimens inteiTupted.
The ventrals are blackish.
inches, lines.
Total length 10 6
Height of the body 4 0
Length of the head 4 0
Diameter of the eye 0 0
310 PK1STIP0MATID3C.
inches, lines.
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 7
of the eleventh dorsal spine 0 8
of the third dorsal ray 1 5
of the second anal spine 1 4
of the pectoral 2 11
5. Haemulon chromis
Perca chromis, Broussonet.
Haemulon c&niin,Affass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 130. pi. 69 (not C. 8f V.).
chromis, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 242.
D. JL|_. A. |. L. lat. 43. L. transv. 6/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 1^ in the length of the snout,
and 3|- in that of the head. The cleft of the mouth is rather wide,
the upper maxiUary reaching a little beyond the front margin of the
eye. The praeoperculum is finely and equally denticulated, with the
posterior limb slightly emarginatc. The dorsal fin deeply notched,
with the spines of moderate strength ; the fourth is the longest, 2|
in the length of the head. Caudalis forked, and enveloped by scales
nearly to its extremities ; the second anal spine much stronger, but
scarcely longer than the third, 2A in the length of the head ; ventral
and pectoral fins covered with scales. Each scale with a darker
centre, the spots forming more or less distinct oblique streaks. A
blackish-brown spot, concealed by the angle of the praeoperculum.
Fins browTiish.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
h. Adult: not good state. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
c. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
(J. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
e. Half-grown: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
/. Half-grown. Gulf of Mexico. From the Haslar Collection.
(J. Large specimen : not good state. South America. Presented by
Sir 11. Schomburgk.
Ji. Adult : not good state. S. America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
i. Adult. Old Collection, as Perca chromis.
Tc. Adult : not good state. Old Collection.
The fish described by Agassiz {I. c.) agrees much better with H.
chromis than with H. canna, Cuv, The number of the soft rays of
the dorsal fin, the extent of the upper maxillaiy, and the less distinct
oblique streaks, are the characters by which H. chromis may be
distinguished from H. canna.
6. Haemulon schrankii.
Af/d.^s. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 131. tab. G9<7.
D. i^. A.^.
18 10
Thr height" of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
6. HiEMULON. 311
and 3^ in the total. The cleft of the mouth is rather wide, the upper
maxillary reaching nearly to below the centre of the eye. The dorsal
fin notched, wij;h the spines of moderate strength, and with the
fourth longest. Caudalis forked, but the basal half only scaly ; the
pectoral and ventral fins without any scales. Coloration immaculate.
Coast of Brazil.
7. Hsemulon canna.
Cuv. 8f Val. V. p. 233 ; ? Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares de I' Amir,
du Slid, Poiss. p. 11 (not Agass.).
D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3§ in
the total. The snout is elongate and compressed, and nearly twice
the width of the eye, the diameter of which is 5| in the length of
the head. The cleft of the mouth is wide, but the upper maxillary
does not reach the vertical from the front margin of the eye. Prae-
operculum with the posterior limb nearly vertical, and with rather
stronger denticulations at the angle. Dorsal fin notched, with strong
spines, the fourth spine longest, 2| in the length of the head ; the
caudal forked. The second anal spine very strong, rather longer
than the third, but not quite so long as the fourth spine of the dorsal
(in yoimg specimens rather longer). The length of the pectoral is
4^ in the total. Oblique black bands descend from the back along
the series of the scales ; dorsal, caudal, anal, and ventral fins blackish.
Coasts of Tropical America.
a-cL Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection.
e. Adult. Guatemala. Purchased of Mi-. Frank.
/. Half-grown. Puerto CabeUo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
8. HaBmulon album.
Ctw. Sr Val. v. p. 241.
D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 7/16.
The height of the bodyis 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3|; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the latter, and 2^
in the length of the snout ; the cleft of the mouth is wide, but the
upper maxiUary does not reach to the vertical from the front margin
of the orbit. Praeoperculum finely and equally serrated, with the
posterior limb nearly vertical. The dorsal fin scarcely notched ;
spines moderately strong, the fourth longest, 2i in the length of the
head. Caudalis forked. The second and third anal spines nearly
equal in length and strength, rather longer than one-half of the
foui-th dorsal spine. Coloration uniform (in a dried state) ; no black
spot behind the angle of prajopercidum.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Seventeen inches long: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Col-
lection.
312 PBISTIPOMATlDiE.
9. Hsemulon xanthopterum.
Haeiuuloii bonariense, Cuv. "^ J'a/. \ . p. l^'U.
xanthopterum, Cuv. Sr Val. v. p. 2-"}4.
heterodon, Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 2^^). pi. 121.
D. 11 I ^^. A. |. L. lat. 50. Vert. 11/15.
The height of the body is 3 or 3^ in the total length, the length
of the head 3| or 3|. The snout rather pointed, of moderate length,
rather longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 3| in the length
of the head. The upper maxillary does not fuUy extend to the
vertical from the centre of the orbit. The posterior limb of the
prcDoperculum is slightly emarginate and minutely denticulated ; the
angle Avith rather stronger spinous teeth. The dorsal fin is notched ;
the spines are moderately strong ; the fourth the longest, exactly
one-half the length of the head. The soft dorsal, the caudal, and
anal fins are thickly enveloped by scales. Caudalis forked ; the
second anal spine is stronger and longer than the third, and rather
longer than the longest of the dorsal. The pectoral fins are tm-ned
upwards. Tlie lateral scales hettveen the pectoral Jin and the lateral
line are conspicuouslij much larger than the remainder. Coloration
uniform, with oblique bands beneath the lateral line ; a deep-black
spot is concealed by the angle of the praeoperculum.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a, b. Adult. West Indies.
c. Adult : skeleton. West Indies.
d. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
e-l. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
m. Adult : stuffed. Martinique.
n-y. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection.
z. Half-grown : skin. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson,
Esq.
a. Half-grown. Puerto CiibeUo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
/5. Half-grown. Old Collection, as Perca chromis.
y. Half-grown : stuffed. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
Peritoneum black.
Skeleton. — The system of muciferous channels is more developed
than in Fristipoma, but much less than in the true Sci(jemdoe. There
are four very distinct openings on the upper part of the skull, between
the eyes ; the posterior and smaller pair close together ; the anterior
more distant from each other, and close behind the turbinal bone,
which, more strongly developed than usual, forms a soHd half-
channel. Between these openings there is a deep longitudinal
groove, wddening between the turbinal bones to receive the processes
of the intermaxillaries. The occipital crest is very prominent, the
horizontal portion being wider than the vertical, and extending on the
frontal bones ; the latci'al crests are relatively less developed, but very
distinct, and the outer one is transformed into a muciferous channel,
commencing with an elongate opening above the posterior pait of
6. H^MULON, 313
the orbit. The basisphenoid is distinguished by a very deep longi-
tudinal groove, arising from the condyloid process of the basioccipital.
• The intermaxillaries are furnished with very elongate posterior
processes, much longer than the bone itself. Cuvier might have
placed this species in his family of Mcenides wdth greater propriety
than several species of Ccesio. The maxillary bone, as in most o( the
species of Mcemuhn and Pristipoma, is broadest near its base, where
it is hidden below the large praeorbital, the free part being narrow, and
nearly of equal width to the posterior extremity. The anterior part
of the vomer is slightly swollen and rounded. The mandibulary
has four wide cavities below, separated from one another by deUcate
transverse bones. The operculum has no prominent point, and is
irregularly quadrangular, the posterior side being slightly emarginate.
The prseoperculum has the strongest denticiilations at the angle, the
posterior margin slightly concave and the inferior convex ; its muci-
ferous channel has four wide openings with thin bones between, as in
the mandibular channel. The praeorbital is very large, triangular,
with the inferior side curved ; three or four muciferous cavities of
considerable width. Suprascapula with some denticulations.
The exterior row of the maxillary teeth, as well as of the mandi-
bulary, contains several larger conical teeth, and there is also a large
tooth at the posterior extremity of the row.
There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrce, the
length of the former portion of the colximn being l-o that of the latter
as 1 : 1-44. The first interhaemal is strong, and equals the length of
the first eight vertebrae together.
10. Hsemulon caudimacula.
Cuv. 4- Val. V. p. 236.
10 7
Caudalis forked. Brownish oblique streaks on the back and sides ;
a black spot on each side of the root of the caudal fin ; ventral and
anal fijis blackish. (Cuv.)
Coast of Brazil.
11. Hsemulon chrysoptenun.
Catesby, Hist. Nat. Carol, ii. p. 2. pi. 2. f. 1.
Perca chrysoptera, Linn. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 488 ; Linti. Gm, p. 1314.
Lutjanus chrysopterus, Lacep. iv. pp. 186, 226.
Haemulon chrysopteron, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 240 ; Dekay, New York
Zool. iv. p. 85. pi 7. f. 22; Holhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 120. pi. 17. f. 1.
^- tS;- ^' I- ^- ^^*' ^^- ^- transv. 6/13.
The height of the body is 3|- in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the length of the head,
and 1^ in that of the snout. The cleft of the mouth is wide, the
upper maxillary reaching nearly to :the vertical from the centre of
the eye. The praeoperculum with the posterior limb slightly emar-
ginate, and with rather stronger denticulations at the angle. The
dorsal fin notched ; spines slender, flexible ; the fourth longest, 2\
314 PEISTIPOMATID^.
in the length of the head. Caudal fin deeply forked ; the second
anal spine stronger, but scarcely longer than the third, and much
shorter than the fourth of the dorsal. Scales of the pectoral region
not larger than the others. Coloration uniform (in spirits), without
a black spot behind the angle of the pra^operciilum.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America ; S. Carolina.
a. Adult. "West Indies.
b. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
c-h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
/. Adult: skin. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.
k. Adult : stuffed : not good state. Bahia.
12. Hsemulon chrysargyreum. (Plate XVI, fig. B.)
D. 11 I ^. A. |-. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 9/12.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head nearly four times. The snout is of moderate length and rather
shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the
length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is moderate, the maxillary
scarcely reaching beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. Prajoperculum with the posterior limb nearly vertical and
finely serrated, the denticulations becoming rather stronger at the
angle. Dorsal fin deeply notched, with slender spines, the fourth
being the longest and more than one-half of the length of the head.
Caudalis deeply forked. The second anal spine rather slender, nearly
equal to the following, and one-third the length of the head. Silvery,
with five golden parallel longitudinal bands on each side, and a sixth
medial one from the crown to the origin of the dorsal ; the spinous
dorsal blackish.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
h. Fine specimen. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.
Description. — The upper profile descends in a gentle curve from
the fourth dorsal spine to the end of the snout. The body is not
very elevated, its greatest depth being 3i in the total length. The
head forms nearly one-fourth of the same length, and has the croAvn
rather concave and covered with small scales to the nostrils. The
distance between the eyes is less than the width of the orbit. The
cleft of the mouth is nearly horizontal, with the jaws equal ; the
upper maxillary reaches to, or scarcely be^-ond, the anterior margin
of the orbit ; it is nearly entirely hidden beneath the praeorbital, the
greatest width of which is three-quarters of the diameter of the eye ;
the posterior portion of the praeorbital is scaly. The eye is rather
large, one-third of the length of the head, and nearer the end of the
snout than of the operculum. The posterior limb of the prteoper-
culura is very slightly emarginate, or nearly vertical, and finely
serrated ; the angle is roundcnl, and armed with rather coarser denti-
culations. The operculum has a slight notch posteriorly ; the supra-
scapula is hidden by the scales and minutely serrated.
6. HdCMULON. 315
The dorsal fin begins above the base of the pectoral, and terminates
above, or a little behind, the end of the anal ; the base of the spinous
portion is one-half longer than that of the soft ; both portions are
separated by a deep notch. The spines are slender, but not flexible ;
the first is two-fifths of the length of the second, the second three-
fifths of the third, the third rather shorter than the fifth ; the fourth
longest, one-half of the height of the body. The following spines
gradually decrease in height to the eleventh ; the twelfth is longer
than the preceding, and it belongs apparently to the soft dorsal, being
closely attached to the adjacent ray. The soft dorsal is covered with
transparent scales from the base to the upper margin, which is nearly
straight and obliquely descending backwards ; this portion of the fin
is much lower than the spinous. The distance between the dorsal
and caudal fins is shorter than the base of the soft dorsal. The
caudalis is deeply forked, the upper lobe (which is rather longer than
the lower) being 4| in the total length, and three times as long as
one of the middle and shortest rays. Series of small scales extend
over one-half of the lobes. The distance between the caudal and
anal fins equals the length of the base of the soft dorsal. The origin
of the anal falls below the second dorsal ray, the end a little before
the vertical from the end of the dorsal. The first spine is small ; the
second and third are nearly equal, and rather stronger than the
dorsal spines, the eighth of Avhlch they equal in length. The soft
portion of the fin has the margin slightly emarginate, and is thickly
covered with minute scales ; it is higher than the soft dorsal, the
first ray being nearly one-half of the length of the head. The pec^
toral fin is slightly pointed, scaly at the base only, and nearly one-
sixth of the total length. The ventral is much shorter ; its base
falls immediately behind that of the pectoral ; the spine is two-thirds
the length of the first ray ; there is a narrow series of minute scales
along the outer side of each ray.
The scales are of moderate size, one of the largest covering one-
sixth of the eye ; they are finely serrated, and rather higher than
long.
The teeth form villiform bands, with the outer series of the upper
jaw containing rather larger ones.
The colours are beautifully preserved in the specimen from Trinidad.
The ground-colour is silvery, with a greyish-green hue on the back.
A narrow golden longitudinal streak descends from the origin of the
dorsal to the centre of the crown. There are on each side five golden,
parallel, longitudinal bands, not much narrower than the intermediate
stripes of the ground-colour : the first from the snout above the eye
to the middle of the base of the soft dorsal ; the second from the
upper margin of the orbit crossing the lateral line to the en J of the
dorsal ; the third from the posterior margin of the orbit along the
middle of the body ; the fourth from the inferior margin of the orbit
across the base of the pectoral to the base of the lower caudal lobe ;
the fifth from the inferior margin of the praeorbital to the end of the
anal. The upper part of the iris and the inside of the mouth are
red. The dorsal and caudal fins blackish ; the spinous portion of the
316 PEISTIPOMATID^.
former is of deeper black on the marginal half ; the anal and ventral
fins citrine ; pectoral colourless, with the axil blackish. All these
coloiirs are changed into a uniform yellowish in dried specimens.
inches, lines.
Total length 5 10
Height of the body 1 8
Length of the head 1 6
Diameter of the eye 0 6
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 10
of the eleventh dorsal spine 0 4
of the third dorsal ray 0 7
of the upper caudal lobe 1 3
of the second anal spine 0 6
of the first anal ray 0 8
of the pectoral 1 0
of the ventral 0 10
of a large scale 0 2
Height of a large scale 0 2^
13. Haemulon quadrilineatum.
? Capeuna, Maryr. p. 155 (fiff. p. 163).
Granunistes trivittatus, Bl. bchn. p. 188.
Serraniis capeuna, Licht. Berl. Ahhandl. 1820, p. 288.
Haemulon quadrilineatum, Cut: Sf Vol. v. p. 238. pi. 120
D. 1^. K.^.
14 8
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is
somewhat less than one-fourth of the total. The upper maxillary
reaches to the front margin of the orbit. The dorsal spines not very
strong ; caudalis forked ; the second anal spine stronger and longer
than the third. Two brown bands along nearly all the side of the
body — one above, the other along the lateral hne ; a short browoi
streak between the upper band and the spinous dorsal, another
along the side of the head above the orbit ; two broad golden longi-
tudinal bands from the eye and muzzle beneath the lateral line ;
dorsal and caudal fins grejash brown. {Cuv.)
S. Domingo.
14, Hsemulon aurolineatum.
Cuv. 8f Val. V. p. 237 ; Casteln. Anhn. noia: oh rarcs Andr. du Sud,
Poiss. p. 11.
D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 7/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 1^ in the length of the snout,
and 3i in that 9f the head. The cleft of the mouth is wide, the
upper maxillary reaching to below the centre of the eye. Pneoper-
culum with the posterior limb vertical, aiul with rather stronger
denticulations at the angle. The dorsal fin w ith a notch ; the si)inos
rather slemirr ; the fourth longest, rather less than one-half the
7. HAPALOGENYS. 317
length of the head. Caudalis deeply forked ; the second anal spine
rather longer and stronger than the third, but much shorter than the
fourth of the dorsal. On each side two brown longitudinal bands,
one from the vertex to the end of the dorsal, the other beneath the
lateral line from the eye to the middle of the tail ; a large brown
spot on each side of the base of the caudal.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. Pemambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
7. HAPALOGENYS.
Hapalogenys, Richards. Aim. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiii. p. 463, and
Ichthyol. Sulph. p. 84.
Pogonias, sp., Temrn. ^- Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 59.
Form of the body compressed, elevated. Eye moderate. Cleft of
the mouth horizontal. Mandibula inferiorly with several pores, hidden
by crowded, barbel-like papillae. Pi-aeoperculum serrated ; operculum
with short spines. Six branchiostegals. One dorsal, with eleven
spines, the anal with three ; all the spines very strong. Caudal
convex. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size. Air-bladder simple.
Pyloric appendages in small number. Pseudobranchise. The lower
pharyngeal bones separated.
Chinese and Japanese Seas,
1. Hapalogenys n^^pinnis.
Pogonias nigripinnis, Temm. 4" Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 59. pi. 25
^ot good).
Hapalogenys nitens, Richards. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiii.
p. 463, and Ichthyol. Sulph. p. 84. pi. 43. f. 1, 2.
? Hapalogenys maculatus, RicJiards. Ichth. China, p. ^5.
B. 6. D.y^. A.^. L.lat.65. L. transv. 11/25. Cac.pylor.4.
The fourth dorsal spine longest, nearly one-half the length of the
head ; the second anal spine rather more than one-half of the fourth
of the dorsal fin. Coloration uniform reddish grey ; fins blackish.
Chinese Seas.
a. Adult : stufied. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
Sir John Richardson mentions, in his ' Report on the Ichthyologj^
of the Seas of China and Japan,' four specimens in the" British
Museum Collection — types of four species of Hapalogenys : —
1. The typical specimen of H. analis.
2. A specimen in spirits (4|" long), representing H. nitens. This
is, without any doubt, the original of the figure in the * Voyage of
the Sulphur.'
3. A specimen of H. maculatus. There is no such specimen in the
318 PEISTIPOMATIDiE.
Collection, Having established the species from the figure of Reeves,
he has probably, by some mistake, referred the second specimen to
this species. Not trusting in species established from figures, I
consider H. maculatus as a very doubtful species — if not merely a
young individual of H. nitens.
4. This specimen (9" long) is stated to have been received " from
Berlin as Pogonias melanopterus, out of Biirger's Collection." In
fact it has been purchased with that name, of Mr. Frank, who
received it from the Ley den Museum. Doubtless it is one of the
specimens on which P. nigripinnis of the ' Fauna Japonica ' was
founded, and is of great value, because it proves that the figure
given in that work is very faxilty, representing the upper profile of
the tead much too concave, the dorsal spines too slender, the barbels
too long, and the coloration too dark ; consequently the figure is of
no use for determining the species. But, moreover, that specimen
proves the unmistakeable identity of Pogonias nigripinnis and of
Hapalogenys nitens ; and I am surprised that Sir J. Richardson did
uot arrive at the same result, having seen both the specimens. The
figure in the ' Ichthyology of the Sulphur ' is a perfectly true repre-
sentation of the species.
2. Hapalogenys mucronatns.
Pristipoma mucronatura, Eydoux ^ Souleyet, Voy. de la Bonite, Zool.
p. 161. pi. 2. f. 1 (1841).
Hapalogenys analis, Richards. I. c, Sf Ichth. Sulph. p. 85. pi. 43. f. 2.
B. 6. D. 1^. A. |-. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 11/23.
The third dorsal spine and the second of the anal exceedingly
long and strong, the former three-quarters of the length of the
head ; the anal sj)ine two-thirds of that of the dorsal. Body with
dark cross-bands* ; the soft dorsal and the caudal black- edged.
China Seas.
a. Stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
8. DIAGRAMMA.
Diagramma, Chcv. Bigne Anim. ; Cuv. & Val. v. p. 290.
Plectorhynchus, (LacSp.) Cafitor, Catat. p. 77.
Form of the body compressed, oblong, with the upper profile of
the head parabolic. Cleft of the mouth Small, horizontal. Eye
moderate. Procopcrculum serrated ; suborbitals without any spines.
Six or seven branchiostegals. No canine teeth. Four or six pores
under the mandibula, but no larger groove. One dorsal, with nine
to fourteen spines ; three anal spine*j. Caudal not forked. Scales
ctenoid, rather small, in the first sp(>cies moderate. Swim-bladder
simple ; pyloric appendages in small number.
From the Red Sea through all the Ea.st Indian feeas to the Pacific.
One species in the Mediterranean.
* They ait not more visible in the specimen in the British Museum Collection.
8. DIAGKAMMA. 319
1. Diagramma gibbosum.
Diagramma gibbosus, (^Hombr, Sc Jacq.) Guichen. Voy. Pole Sud, Poiss.
p. 46. pi. 5. f. 2.
D. 15. A. K
18 8
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of
the head nearly four times. The distance of the caudal fin from the
dorsal is longer than the height of the tail beneath the end of the
dorsal (according to the figure). Dorsal fin notched, with strong
spines ; caudalis subtruncated ; the second anal spine much longer
and stronger than the third ; the fourth dorsal spine longest. Uni-
form greenish. (Guichen.)
Samoa (Polynesia?).
2. Diagramma crassispiuum.
Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 125. taf. 30. f. 4.
The height of the body is 2-2 in the total length, the length
of the head 3f ; the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is
much longer than the height of the tail below the end of the doi-sal
(according to the figure). Dorsal fin notched, with strong spines ;
the fourth dorsal spine longest, 2^ in the height of the body ; the
second anal spine much longer and stronger than the third. Caudalis
truncated. Uniform blackish; fins black. {Rupp.)
Red Sea.
3. Diagramma afl&ne. (Plate XIX. fig. A.)
? Diagramma crassispinum, Bleek, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii.
Scicen. p. 26 (not Rilpp.).
D. Ji. A. |-. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 9/16.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 3f ; the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is less
than the height of the tail below the end of the dorsal. Dorsal fin
notched, with strong spines, the fourth of which is the strongest, 2i
in the height of the bodj' ; the second anal spine much longer and
stronger than the third. Caudalis slightly convex. Uniform brownish ;
the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins black.
Coasts of N.W. Australia ; East Indian Archipelago.
a. Adult : very bad state. N.W. Australia. Presented by Sir J.
Richardson.
h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult : deformed. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
/. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq,
h. Fine specimen. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
Description. — This species is closely allied to D. crassispinum,
320 PRISTIPOMATID^.
Riipp., from which, however, it must be distinguished, on account of
its shorter and higher tail. One might also suppose it to be iden-
tical with Pristipoma nigrum, of which we find a bad description
by Cuvier in the Hist. Nat. des Poissons: but oiu- fish, ha\4ng no
central groove beneath the chin, cannot be referred to Pristipoma.
The form of the body is very compressed and elevated, its greatest
depth being 2| in the total length. The upper profile is nearly
straight along the base of the spinous dorsal, but it descends steeply
along that of the soft, and still more from the origin of the dorsal to
the snout. The lower profile is nearly straight between the snout
and the anal fin. The length of the head is 3f in the total ; it is
very compressed, the distance between the eyes being one-half only of
the width of the orbit. The snout is short, but elevated ; the cleft
of the mouth horizontal, rather narrow, the upper maxillary extend-
ing to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit ; all the snout
scaleless. The nostrils are situated immediately before the e5-e ;
they are rather distant from each other, and nearly equal in wndth.
The diameter of the eye is 3^ in the length of the head, and longer
than the greatest width of the prseorbital. The pra^operculum is
distinctly serrated, and covered with scales to the margin ; its
posterior limb is nearly vertical and twice as long as the inferior ;
the angle is rounded. The operculum has a crescent-shaped notch
between two obtuse points. The suprascapula is serrated.
The dorsalis begins above the suprascapula and terminates a little
behind the anal ; the length of the base of the spinous dorsal is
nearly twice as long as that of the soft. The spines are strong, and
broader on one side than on the other : the first is two-fifths of the
length of the second, the second three-fifths of the third ; the fourth is
the longest, and 2 j in the height of the body ; the following decrease
in length to the thirteenth, the last being a little longer than the pre-
ceding, and about equal to the second. The soft dorsal has a rounded
upper margin, the middle rays being the highest, but rather shorter
than the fourth dorsal spine. All the fin is scaleless, and moves in a
scaly sheath. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is
nearly one-half the length of the base of the soft dorsal, and less than
the height of the tail below the end of that fin. The caudal fin is
slightly rounded, scaly at the base, and its length 5| in the total.
The distance between the caudal and anal fins equals the length of
the base of the latter. The origin of the anal fin falls vertically
below the fourth dorsal spine, and its end a little before that of the
dorsal ; the spines are very strong : the first is one-third of the
length of the second, the second is 2| in the height of the body ; the
third is one-third shorter than the former, and broader on the right
side than on the left. The soft portion is shorter than the spinous,
and the whole fin moves in a scaly sheath. The pectoral is rounded,
and short(;r than the ventral, the length of which is 4| in the total ;
it reaches to the vent, and its ba.se is situated posteriorly to that of
the pectoral.
The scales are of moderate size, one of the largest covering about
one-fourth of the eye : they are finely ciliated, and about as high as
8. DI AGRA MM A. 321
long. Those above the hiteral line are rather smaller than those
below it, therefore the number" of transverse series of scales below
that line is less (45). The curvature of the lateral line follows that
of the back.
The coloration is uniform brownish, the breast white ; all the fins,
except the pectorals and the caudal, are black. The caudal and the
margin of the soft dorsal and anal are white (in spirits).
inches, lines.
Total length 4 3
Height of the body 1 y
of the tail below the end of the
dorsal 0 6
Distance between dorsal and caudal fins. . 0 4| '
Length of the head 1 3
Diameter of the eye 0 4|
T/cngth of the fourth dorsal spine 0 9
of the thirteenth dorsal spine .... 0 3|
of the fifth dorsal ray 0 8
of the second anal spine 0 8|
of the pectoral 0 9
of the ventral 0 11
of a large scale 0 2
Height of a large scale 0 2 j
4. Diagramma griseum.
Our. Sf Val. v. p. 306.
D.i-J. A.f Vert. 10/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Caudalis truncated ; the second anal spine
strong. Uniform greyish. {Cuv.)
Coast of Malabar.
5. Diagramma pertusum.
I^rca pertusa, Thiinberg, Nya Handl. Stockh. 1793, xiv. p. 198. pi. 7.
f. 1 (sec. Block)
Lutjanus pertusus, Bl. Schn. p. 328.
Diagramma thunbergii, Cuv. t^ Val. v. p. 308.
D '" A '
Uniform brownish (in a dried state).
Japanese Sea.
6. Diagramma mediterraneum.
Guichen. Explor. Alyer. Rept. et Puiss. p. 45. pi. 3.
17 9
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
latter. Dorsalis nearly even, caudalis forked. Uniform greyish ;
fins blackish brown. (Gidch.)
Coast of Algiers.
r
322 PRISTIPOMATIDJE.
7. Diagramma centurio.
Cuv. ^ Val. V. p. 308.
D.l?. A.f
Brownish grey ; neck, back, dorsal and caudal fins dotted with
brown. (Cuv.)
Seychelles.
8. Diagramma shotaf.
Seisena shotaf, Forsk. p. 51.
Diagramma shotaf, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 126, and N. W. Fische, p. 125 ;
? Cfuv. 4- Val. V. p. 305.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-foiirth. The height of the soft dorsal is one-half of
the greatest depth of the body. Caudalis truncated ; the second
anal spine longer and thicker than the third. Grey, with blackish
fins, and two light-blue streaks from the eye on the prseoperculum.
Red Sea.
9. Diagramma fcetela.
Seisena fcetela, Forsk. p. 51.
Diagramma flavo-macidatum, (Fhrenb.) Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 304 ; Rupp.
Atl. Fische, p. 127.
fcetela, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 305 (adult) ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 125.
D.i A,l.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head nearly one-fourth. Along the back two series of rounded
yellowish spots ; across the opercles several yellowisli longitudinal
bands, continued on the body, but interrupted, and forming spots on
the posterior half ; the dorsal fin with a yello\Adsh margin and two
series of yellowish spots ; caudal and anal fins spotted with yellow.
Uniform with age. •
Red Sea.
10. Diagramma gaterina.
Seisena gaterina, Forsk. p. 50.
Renard, fol. 3. f. 17.
Holocentrus gaterina, Lacep, iv. p. 347.
Diagramma gaterina, Cuv. i<f Val. v. p. 301. pi. 125 ; Riipp. Atl. Fische,
taf. 32. f. 1.
^' ''■ ^- iSb- ^- f ^'- ^^^- ^^- ^- ^^^^«^- 12/25. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head nearly one-fourth. The third spine of the dorsal fin and
the following four or five nearly equal in height. Caudalis tnin-
cated ; the second anal spine stronger, but not much longer, than the
third. Body and vertical fins with numerous blackish-brown spots.
Red Sea.
8. DIAGRAMMA. 32 'j
a. Adult. Red Sea, From the Senckenberg Museum.
b. Adult: stuffed.
The fish mentioned by Sir J. Richardson {Ichthyol. China, p. 227)
cannot belong to this species, its numbers being — D. p. A. — .
11. Diagramma pardalis.
Diagramma pardalis, {Kuhl 8f v. Hasselt) Cuv. 4* Val. v. p. 300.
D. j|. A. |. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 12/22.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length
of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 4^ in the length of the
head, and one-half of that of the snout. The upper maxillary does
not extend to the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Prae-
operculum with the posterior limb vertical, and the angle rounded,
fixiely and equally serrated. The dorsal fin cannot be entirely con-
cealed in a scaly sheath ; it is deeply notched, with the middle part
of the soft portion elevated ; the spines are moderate, the fourth the
longest, and 2| in the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate ; the
second and third anal spines nearly equal in length, but the former
stronger. Head, body, and vertical fins covered with numerous
round brown spots ; the spinous dorsal edged '^^'ith deep black ; pec-
toral and ventral fins blackish, the former dotted with brown.
Javanese Sea.
a. Large specimen (15").
6. Large specimen : not good state : has been in chloride of zinc.
Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown : stuffed : bad state.
12. Diagramma punctatum.
Diagramma punctatum, (Ehrenb.) Cuv. &• Val. v. p. 302 ; Faun. Japan.
Poiss. p. 60; Rilpp. Atl Fische, p. 126. taf. 32. f. 2, and N. W.
Fische, p. 125 ; Quoy &■ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. pi. 12. f. 2. p. 699 * ;
Cuv. likgne Anim. 111. Poiss. pi. 30. f. 3 ;' Bleeker, Verh. Batav.
Genootsch. xxiii. Sci(sn. p. 25 (not synonymy).
Holocentrus radjabou, Lacep. iv. pp. 335, 374.
Diagramma cinerascens, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 307 (adult) ; R'dpp. Atl.
p. 127.
B. 7. D. ^. A. I- L. lat. 85. Vert. 12/15.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 4i. The width of the eye is scarcely longer than the extent
of the snout, and 3| in the length of the head. The \ipper maxiUary
extends to the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. , Prae-
operculum with the posterior limb vertical, and the angle rounded,
finely and equally serrated. The dorsal fin moves in a high scaly
sheath, and is even or slightly notched ; the spines are moderate,
the second and third the longest, half the length of the head. Cau-
* These natui-aliists giVe the following numbers : B. 5. D. — . A. — , &c. (!)
Y 2
;j24 pniSTiroMATiDj*:.
diilis truncated; the second und third anal spines nearly equuUy
strong, the latter rather longer. Body and vertical fins with nu-
merous hrown spots, disappearing with age ; the dorsal and aiud fins
with a hlack margin. Sometimes light longitudinal streaks at the
side of the head.
Red Sea ; Trincomalee ; Seas of Java and Vanicolo ; Sea of China.
a. Adult : stuflfed. Red Sea. From the Senckcnberg Museum.
6. Adult: skin. Ceylon. Presented by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
c. Adidt. China.
d. Adult. China.
e. f. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Half-grown: stuffed. From theCollection of the Zoological Society.
h. Adult: skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
The air-hlathler has been described* as simple, but a closer ex-
amination has shown me that there arc several slender horns in
front and on the sides of the anterior quarter. Their number differs
in diffei'cnt individuals from five to eight. They are rather short,
and, reaching hdtvecn the musclea of the abdominal cavity, have here
the very peculiar ])urpose of fixing the air-bladder ; they decrease
in length posteriorly, and are hollow.
Skeleton. — The maxillanj bone scarcely widens at its posterior
extremity, but it has the inferior angle produced ; the interma-cciUary
is a little shorter, and has a flat prominence posteriorly, and a deej)
notch between tliis prominence and the process ; its postei'ior process
is broader and stronger than the Ixme itself, and of aboui the same
length, but does not extend to the level of the orbit. The vomer
has antei-iorly an angular transverse ridge, as in species with a
toothed vomer ; its posterior portion is longitudinally grooved. The
mandihula is elevated, but short, its length slightly exceeding the
width of the orbit ; the muciferous channel, which is contained in the
lower part of the bone, is nearly entirely closed by the bone, there
being two or three small openings only, as is the case with neaily
all the rest of the system of muciferous channels. The turhinal
bones are very elongate, tubuliform, with a long slit posteriorly and
a small opening in front ; there is a wide interspace between these
bones to receive the posterior processes of the intermaxillaries. The
free margin of the 2>olafine bone has nearly a vertical direction ; the
ptei-ygoid reaches to the mandibulary joint, and terminates in a small
prominent knob. The pre-, meso -, and epitympanic form together an
oblong plate, with a central impression and a wide opening between
the pre- and epityriipanic.
The occijrital crest is very elevated, its horizontal portion being
nearly three times as wide as the vertical, and extending to the level
of the anterior margin of the orbit. There are, besides, two similar
crests on each side from the orbit to the scapulaiy ; they are very
developed, the outer being lower and muciferous, and the inner con-
tinued into the upper orbital edge, which is likewise elevated. There
arc two pairs of openings of moderate width at the anterior extre-
» Riipp. Atl. p. 120.
M III Mill \ IVI l\l A .
MIJA
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ilnnlli iiliillniiM linin|i iIiiihIihI ii|iwmilM Tim ilniniil Iln iiininnl Inni)
ilnnjily unlilnil. nil Iln ri|iiiii.|:) a||iiii|i, i iiiniil I'lnnil , llin Iniiilli n|iiin>
lnil(^nal., mmn llinii mn IniH llm lnii|i||i nl llm lininl , IIm iim mnl iiinil
HpillO llllinll nllnll({ni mnl lnii|inr llimi llm lliliil, Inil nlimli i llinn llm
Iniifii'hl III' llm ilniniil Oiimlulln niit'lil ly nniivnk , 'I'lm iimini Inill nl'
Mm linil^ iinil llm vmlliwil llim Willi liMKO lil'nwil N|inl.M, l.linMn nl' llin
linily hninnllinnn nimillni A ll(i,lil liliiwil liiiinl I'lnni llm n| l|ijii nl llm
llm mi I In llm Imnn nl' llm | inn I mnl , m unnninl, i iim i il. rnnii linlnw 1 1 in
llilililln III llm ii|iliiniiM ilniMiil In llm mnl nl Iln nnll ilniniil . n li|',lil
Innwil nviiln Mnlili linlnW lliniililnilni Imll mI llm nnll ilnlMiil
< 'lilimtin mnl ,lii|imii<nii Mniih
(( Ailnll Clilnii I'mnr^llilMl li,\ ^ K llii'M'^, l''.ni|
326 PRISTIPOMATIDJE.
b. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult. China.
d. Half-grown. China.
e. Adult; skeleton. China.
/. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g. Adult: skin. Nepal? Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
14. Diagramma chaetodonoides.
Plectorhynchus chaetodonoides, Lacep. ill. p. 136, ii. pi. 13. f. 2.
Lutjanus chsetodonoides, Lacep. iv. pp. 195, 243.
Chsetodon plectorhynchus, UShaw, Zool. iv. p. 356. pi. 49.
Diagramma plectorhynchus, Cuv. 8f Val v. p. 294 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav.
Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen. p. 24.
B. 7. D. ||. A. ^. Case, pylor. 12.
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length. The dorsal
spines of moderate length and strength, the second of the anal fin
rather long and strong. Brownish black, with nine white blotches
on each side, each with a blackish centre. The soft dorsal and the
anal white, with black spots ; the spinous dorsal blackish, with a
whitish margin ; pectoral and ventral fins black.
Sea of Batavia.
Cuvier considers a fish in the Collection of the Leyden Museum as
a variety of this species : it has a whitish ground-colour, the back
marbled with blackish ; a whitish spot in front of the ventral tins,
another behind the pectoral, a third, round, above the anal, and a
foiu-th, square, occupying the tail ; the vertical fins black-spotted.
15. Dia^amma pica.
Seha, iii. 26. 31.
Diagramma pica, Cuv. i^ Val. v. p. 297.
D. i?. A. |-. L. lat. 85.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length ; the dorsal spines
one-fourth of the height of the body. Three large white spots on
each side, one across the muzzle, one across the neck, and a third
near the end of the spinous dorsal ; belly and lower parts of the
sides white, notched by the black coloration of the back. Dorsal fin
black, above the white spot white; caudal white, with irregular
black bands and spots. {Cuv.)
Sea of Otaheiti.
16. Diagramma orientale.
Anthias orientalis, Bloch, taf. 326. f. 3 ; Bl. Schn. p. 306.
Lutjanus aurantius, Lacep. iv. p. 239.
Serranus orientalis, Cue. 4* Val. ii. p. 318.
8. DIAGBAMMA. 327
Diagramma orientale, Cuv. 6f Val. v. p. 299. pi. 124 ; Sleeker.. Verh.
Bat. Gen. xxiii. Sci<sn. p. 23.
sibbaldii, Betm. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 182.
D.jii-^. A.|. L.lat.65.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 4^. Dorsal fin notched ; spines moderate, the second anal
spine stronger and longer than the third. A white spot across the
muzzle, another across the neck, a third near the end of the spinous
dorsal, a fourth round the tail ; belly of white colour, extending on
several parts of the side of the body; dorsal fin black, above the
white spots white. Caudal white, with a black longitudinal streak,
and with blackish margins.
Seas of Ceylon and Bali.
a. Half-grown. Ceylon. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. Type of Diagramma sibbaldii.
17. Diagramma pictum.
Seba, iii. 26. 32 (very bad).
Perca picta, Thunb. Nya Handl. xiii. p. 141. pi. 5.
Grammistes pictus, Bl. Schn. p. 190.
Lutjanus pictus, Lacep. v. pp. 687, 688.
Diagramma pictum, Cuv. i^ Val. v. p. 315 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 62 ;
Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 227.
PlectorhjTichus balteatus, Cant. Catal. p. 78.
D. 9ii?. A. I- L, lat. ca. 95. C«c. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3g in the total length, the length of the
head 45 ; the diameter of the eye is 3f in the latter. The dorsal
fin is slightly notched, and has the second spine elevated, |^ or f of
the greatest depth of the body. Caudalis convex. The second anal
spine stronger and a httle longer than the third. BeUy yellowish ;
back and sides brown, with foiu' (in varieties with less or more) white
longitudinal bands. The fii'st from the muzzle along the median line
of the crown, bifurcating on the neck into two bands, one on each
side ; the lateral part runs to the anterior part of the soft dorsal,
sending upwards a vertical portion to the first three dorsal spines.
The second band) broader, from the nostril above the eye to the back
of the tail, continued on the last rays of the dorsal, as well as on
the upper part of the caudal. The third from the lower margin of
the orbit to the lower part of the caudal. The fourth, indistinct from
the yellowish coloration of the belly, from the snout to behind the
anal fin. The spinous dorsal black, between the first three spines
white ; the soft portion with a broad white longitudinal band, and
with the posterior rays white. The caudal with a broad black median
band, and with two oblique ones of the same colour on each lobe ;
the anterior half of the anal black," the remainder white ; pectoral
colourless, ventral black in the outer half.
Coast of Pondicherry ; SeasofPinang, Java, and Amboyna ; Chinese
and Japanese Seas.
328 PRISTIPOMATTBvE.
a. Half- grown. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
b. Half-grown. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. ArabojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half- grown.
e. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
/, g. Half- grown : dried : not good state.
There can be no doubt that the fish described by Dr. Cantor as
Plectorhynchus halteatus belongs to the tj^iical form of Diagramma
pictiim. He appears to have been misled by his specimens exhibiting
twenty-three rays of the dorsal, and the length of the second dorsal
spine being contained | in the depth of the body, which is really
more in accordance with Cuv^er's description of Diagromma halteatum.
But, on the other hand, the coloration is exactly the same as in D.
pictum, and differing from D. balteatum ; and Cuvier does not men-
tion anything about the height of the dorsal spines of D. jjidum. In
fact, the height of these spines appears to vary very much ; and I
fully believe that D. balteatum is a variety of D. pictum, so that Dr.
Cantor's mistake appears to be of no great consequence.
Var. A.
h, i. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jcrdon, Esq.
I consider these two specimens as a variety of D. pictum. The
form of the body is the same, the second anal spine three-fifths of
the height of the body. Six white longitudinal bands on each side :
the first as in the typical specimens ; the second (additional) narrow
and short from the crown of the head, lost on the anterior third of
the body ; the third like the second in the tjq^e ; the fourth (addi-
tional) from tiio middle of the eye to the root of the caiidal ; the
fifth and sixth like the third and fourth in the type. On the dorsal
the white band of the soft portion is continued on the spinous ; the
membrane between the first three spines white ; on the other fins
the black colour predominates ; pectorals colourless. These speci-
mens have nine dorsal spines.
Var. B. Diagramma balteatum.
Diagramma balteatum, (Kuhl ^- v. Hass.) Cuv. ^ Vol. v. p. 316.
D.!S. A.f
The height of the body is 85 in the total length, the length of the
head 4i. The dorsal fin is slightly notched, and the second spine is
I as high as the body. Caudalis convex. Belly yellowish ; back
and sides brown, with a white spot beneath the first three dorsal
spines. One white band from above the eye to the upper half of the
caudal ; the remainder of the caudal black. Dorsal black, with a
white longitudinal band along the middle, and with the posterior
part white.
Sea of Java.
k, I. Half-grown. China or Borneo? Presented by Sir Kdward
Belcher.
8. DIAGRAMMA. 329
18. Diagramma pcBcilopterum.
Diagramma poecilopterum, Cuv. i^ Val v. p. 314 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss.
p. 61.
23 5
White, with six or seven black longitudinal bands, alternately
complete and interrupted; dorsal and caudal with round or irre-
gular black spots ; anal and ventrals black.
Coast of Pondicherry ; Trincomalee ; Molucca Sea ; Japanese Sea.
19. Diagramma lessonii.
Cuv. Sf Val. V. p. 313 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii, p. 199. pi. 24 (bad) •
Bleek. Batav. p. 463.
B. 6. J).'^. A. I L.lat. 90.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the latter. DorsaUs even,
the third, fourth and fifth spines longest^ 2| in the length of the
head. CaudaUs truncated ; the second anal spine longer and stronger
than the third. Back and sides blackish brown, with five white
longitudinal bands (on the head six) ; belly whitish. All the bands
meet those of the other side on the crown and muzzle : the first
from the nape to the first dorsal rays ; the second from the crown to
the middle of the base of the soft dorsal ; the third from the upper
margin of the orbit to the back of the tail ; the fourth from the
lower posterior angle of the orbit to the middle of the root of the
caudal ; the fifth from the lower margin of the orbit to the lower part
of the tail ; the sixth on the head only, from the snout to the base
of the pectoral. The spinous dorsal blackish brown, with a serrated,
white, broad longitudinal band, continuing near and along the upper
margin of the soft dorsal, but narrower. The soft dorsal yellowish,
with a brownish-black narrow edge, besides the white band and
large round brown spots ; doi-sal and anal largely spotted ^vith brown ;
pectoral not coloured ; ventral with the outer half brown.
Waigiou ; Amboyna.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
20. Diagramma blochii.
Anthias diagramma, Bl. tab. 320.
Grammistes diagi-amma, Bl. Schn. p. 184.
Spams diagramma, Shaw, Zool, iv. p. 440. pi. 65.
Diagramma blochii. Cut: 4" Val. v. p. 312.
Plectorhynchus blochii, Cantor, Catal. p. 77.
B.6. D.- A.f
The second, third and fourth dorsal spines equal or even slightly
exceed one-half of the height of the body ; the second and third anal
spines equal the length of the tenth dorsal spine, and slightly exceed
one-third of the height pf the body. YeUow : from between Ihc eyes
330 PBlSTIPOMATIDaC.
a longitudinal brown band following the back, continuing above the
base of the soft dorsal fin ; a second from the muzzle above the orbit,
dividing in two portions, which again unite above the middle of the
pectoral fin, and continue straight to the posterior part of the soft
dorsal ; a third, the broadest, from the eye straight to the root of the
caudal ; a fourth, imder and parallel to the latter ; a fifth and sixth,
of lighter brown, from the muzzle to the posterior part of the abdo-
men ; a seventh, similar, from the gill-opening to the posterior part
of the root of the caudal fin. The margin of the dorsal black ; be-
tween the root of the third and fourth dorsal spines a black spot ;
from the point of the second to the base of the eighth spine, a broad
oblique black band, continuing straight to the middle of the soft
dorsal, where it unites with the first band of the body, and thus con-
tinues to the posterior part of the fin ; caudal orange, with scattered
irregular black spots ; anal and ventral greyish, posterior part black ;
pectorals orange, with a black band across the root, the centre, and
the point. (Cant.)
Seas of Ceylon and Pinang.
? a. Adult : skin : not good state. East Indies.
21. Diagramma albovittatuin.
MiippeU, N. W. Fische, p. 125. taf. 31. f. 2 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. htdo-
Nederl. i. Man. en Makass. p. 46.
B. 6. D. j|. A. g^^. L. lat. 75-80.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of
the head four times. Dorsal fin nearly even, caudal slightly rounded.
Brown, with three white bands on each side: the first from the
vertex along the base of the spinous dorsal to the last dorsal spine ;
the second from above the eye to the back of the tail ; the third from
below the eye to the inferior side of the tail. Fins yellowish ; the soft
dorsal with two brown longitudinal bands; the caudal fin with a
median band, and two oblique ones on each lobe, all of a brown colour.
Red Sea ; Sea of Manado.
22. Diagramma lineatum.
Seba, ill. 27. 18; Benn. Cinjl. Fish. p. 13. f. 13.
Perca diagramma, L. Gm. p. 1319.
lineata, L. Gm. p. 1319.
Sciffina lineata, L. 3fus. Ad. Frid. i. 31. f. 4.
abu mgaterin, Foisk. p. 51.
Grammistes lineatus, Bl. Schn. p. 180.
Diagramma lineatum, Cuv. <$• Val. v. p. 309 ; Bleek. Amhoina, iii. p. 22.
B. f>. D. 1?. A. |. L. lat. 75.
20 7
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 4^. The fourth dorsal spine longest, about half the depth of
the body ; caudalis rounded ; the second anal spine longer than the
8. DIAGRAMMA. 331
third. Brown, with six yellowish longitudinal bands : the first along
the middle of the neck and occiput ; the second from the eye to the
middle of the base of the soft dorsal ; the third, broader, from the
eye to the back of the taU, and continuing on the caudal ; the fourth
from the eye to the root of the caudal ; the fifth from the snout to
the lower pa^t of the caudal ; the sixth from the mouth to the anal.
Fins yellow ; the anal and dorsal fins with a basal and marginal
black band, the basal of the latter widening posteriorly, and extend-
ing to the top of the soft portion ; caudal fin with a median black
band, and with two other oblique ones on each lobe ; pectoral with
three spots, ventral with one large brown spot.
23. Diagramma radja
Sleeker, Atnboina, iv. p. 366.
B. 6. D. j|. A. |. L. lat. 75.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the latter ; the fourth and
fifth dorsal spines longest, one-third of the height of the body.
Caudalis rounded ; the second anal spine longer than the third.
Yellow, with eight or nine black longitudinal bands, the fourth of
which runs from the eye to the caudal. The spinous dorsal with a
basal and with a marginal black band, continued on the soft portion ;
the caudal with a median longitudinal band, and with foui* or five
obHque streaks above and beneath; the anal with some blackish
spots; pectoral with a blackish spot at the base; ventral imma-
culate. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
24. Diagramma sebse.
Seba, iii. 27. 17.
Diagramma sebae, Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen, p. 24.
D.Jf. A.|. L. lat. 80.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 3-3| in the latter. The
second, third and foiirth dorsal spines are the longest, and 2| or
three times in the height of the body, the last is the shortest ; the
second spine of the anal tin longest, and one-third of the height of
the body, Caudalis truncated. Yellowish, with seven brown longitu-
dinal bands ; the vertical fins black-edged and spotted with blackish ;
pectoral and ventral fins yeUow, the former with -a red spot at the
base. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia and Banda Neira.
25. Diagramma goldmanui.
Bleeker, Ternate, ii. p. 602.
B. 6. D. ||. A. J. L. lat. 65-70,
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, the length of the
332 PElSTirOMATID^.
head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is about one-third of the latter ;
the third and foiu'th dorsal spines longest, nearly one-third of the
height of the body. Caudahs truncated ; the second anal .spine
scarcely longer than the third. Yellow, wath ten or eleven blackish-
brown obUque longitudinal bands edged with blue : the first from
the middle of the nape to the base of the fourth dorsal spine ; the
second and third from above the head to the base of the spinous
dorsal ; the fourth, fifth and sixth from the eye to the base of the
soft dorsal ; the seventh from below the eye to the end of the dorsal ;
the eighth from below the eye to the caudal ; the ninth from the
mouth to the caudal ; the tenth along the belly. Dorsal fin above
black-edged, and with a series of round black spots. Caudal and
anal fins without bands, with a few large black spots ; pectoral and
ventral fins immaculate, above the base of the former a large san-
guineous spot. (M.)
Sea of Temate.
26. Diagramma haematochir.
Blecker in Natuurk, Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1854, p. 175.
B. 6. D.i?. A.|. L. lat. 80.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 4| ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter ; the
third and fourth dorsal spines longest, nearly one-thii'd of the height
of the body. Caudalis truncated. Yellowish; tne snout brownish,
with two white, curved cross-bands between the eyes ; on each side
about seventeen oblique blackish -brown bands : one along the middle
of the neck, eight from the head to the back, and the others from the
side of the belly to the back ; no bands below the eye. The vertical
fins black-edged ; the spinous dorsal with one series of blackish-
brown spots, the soft with two ; caudalis with numerous, analis with
scarce spots. A large sanguineous spot above the base of the pectoral
fin. {Bl.)
Sea of Temate.
27. Diagramma polytaenia.
Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 756 (not Solor, p. 08).
B. 6. D.i?. A.|. L. lat. 100.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 41 ; the diameter of the eye is 3|^ in the latter ; the third,
fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, one-third of the height of tlie
body. Caudfdis truncated ; the second anal spine longer than the
third. Yellow, with nine bluish-white longitudinal bands edged with
black, the four upper ones terminating at the base of the dorsal, the
four next at the caudal, the lowest near the anus. {BI.)
Sea of Macassar. (Port Essington.)
a. ? Adult : skin : not good state. Port Essington. Presented by
the Earl of Derby.
8. DIAGUAMMA. 33;1
28. Diagramma polytaenioides.
Diagramnifi polytainia, Blevk. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nedcrl. Inrlir, v. j-i. 08
(not /. r. iii. p. 755).
polyUenioide-s, Bleek. I. c. vi. p. 377.
B. 6. D. ^. A..|. L. lat. 85.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 4| ; the diameter of the eye is 3 1 or 3| in the latter. The
fourth dorsal spine longest, rather longer than one-third of the height
of the body ; the second anal spine longer than the third. Yellow,
with nine bluish-white longitudinal bands edged with brown ; the
three upper ones running from the croAvn to the base of the dorsal
fin ; the fourth, fifth and sixth from the side of the head to the
caudal fin ; the seventh and eighth from the head to the anal ; the
ninth from the head to the belly. The caudal brownish violet, with
nine or ten oblique bluish-white streaks ; the other fins yellow ;
the pectorals with three brownish cross-bars ; the anal with two or
three white oblique bands ; the soft portion of the dorsal wdth three
brown longitudinal bands.
Sea of 8olor ; Amboyna.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mi-. Frank. — I consider this
specimen as a variety of D. j^oli/hvuioides;. It has six white
longitudinal bands only, but the same numbers of the fins, thf-
same spinous dorsal fin of nearly uniform j-ellow, and two cross-
bars on the pectorals.
29. Diagramma chrysotaenia.
Bleeker, Celebes, viii. p. 30o.
B. G. D. i2. A.l. L. lat. 65.
JO /
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of
the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-third, of the
length of the head. Caudalis subtruncated ; the second anal spine
longer and stronger than the third. Above bluish ; on each side
eight orange-coloured longitudinal bands : the fii'st from the neck
along the base of the spinous dorsal, continuing on the soft portion
of this fin ; the second from the forehead, extending on the posterior
quarter of the soft dorsal ; the third from the snout above the eye
and the lateral line to the back of the tail ; the fourth from the eye
to the upper half of the root of the caudal ; the fifth from the eye to
the middle of the caudal ; the sixth from below the eye to the lower
half of the root of the caudal ; the seventh from the mouth to the
lower margin of the caudal ; the eighth from the mouth to the base
of the anal. A median yellow band from the snout to the origin of
the dorsal. The dorsal and caudal fins brown-edged ; the spinous
portion of the former with two, the soft with three yellow longitu-
dinal bands ; the other fins yellow. {Bl.)
Sea of Macassar.
334 J'RISTIPOMATID^.
3(J. Diagrarama reticulatum.
D.-i^. A.-^. L. lat. 85. L. transv. 13/25.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head four times. Caudalis truncated ; the second anal spine is
stronger, but scarcely longer than the third. Brownish grey (in a
dried state), reticulated with darker waved lines ; three longitudinal
bands on the operclos.
Chinese Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
b. Adult : stuffed. China. Purchased of Mr. Wai-wick.
Description. — The greatest depth of the body is above the pectoral
fins, where it is contained 3| in the total length ; the upper profile
descends parabolically from the fifth dorsal spine to the mouth. The
cleft of the mouth is horizontal and rather small, the upper maxillary
not extending to the anterior margin of the orbit. The snout is
much longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the
length of the head. The lips arc thick and fleshy. The scales above
extend to between the nostrils, laterally on the posterior portion of
the pra;orbital. The scales of the cheek are very small, and cover
the prajopcrculum to its margin. The pra^operculum is distinctly
and equally serrated, and has the angle and the inferior limb rounded.
The operculum has two obtuse points, with a slight notch between.
Suprascapula serrated.
The dorsal fin begins above the suprascapula, and ends above the
middle of the distance between the anal and caudal fms ; the length
of its spinous portion is rather more than that of the soft, and the
distance from the caudal fin etpials that between the first and fifth
dorsal spines. The upper margin is continuous and slightly waved.
The spines are of moderate strength, on one side broader. The first
spine is three-fifths of the length of the second, the second tliree-
quartcrs of the third, the third rather shoncr than the fourth, fifth
and sixth, which are the longest, and about 3,| in the height of the
body. The posterior spines gradually decrease in length, the last
being about equal to the second. The first ray is longer than the
preceding spine ; the following rays become gradually longer to the
tenth, which, together with the following three or four, form the
highest portion of the fin, even higher than the longest spine; the
posterior rays decrease again in length, and fomi a rounded angle of
the fln. The spinous j)ortion moves in a scaly sheath, which be-
comes deeper and more conspicuous from the seventh spine ; the soft
portion is covered with scales for half its height.
The caudal fin is tnincated ; one of its longest rays is one-fifth of
the total length. Minute scales extend between the rays to one-half
of the length of the fin. The origin of the anal fin falls vertically
below tlu! fifth ray of the dorsal, and the end below the fburteenth ;
the length of its ba.se is rather more than one-half of its distance
from the caudal. The first sj)ine is small ; the second strong, and
ecjual to the longest ray of the dorsal ; the thii-d is rather shorter
and much thinner. The first three rays exceed the spines in length.
8. DIA6RAHMA. 335
and form, with the other shorter ones, a rounded margin. One-half
of the fin is thickly covered with scales. The pectoral is slightly
rounded, and its length 6g in the total. The ventral is rather shorter ;
its base falls immediately behind that of the pectoral ; the spine is
moderate, about two-thirds the length of the fin. Both the latter
fins are far distant from the vent.
The scales are rather small, ctenoid ; the lateral line is very slightly
curved.
The teeth of the jaws are in villiform bands, the outer row con-
taining rather larger ones.
The coloration is now brownish grey, with darker stripes, waved
and anastomosing ; the stripes have a more longitudinal direction on
the anterior part of the body, and a more oblique one in the middle
and posteiiorly. There are three indistinct bands acrpss the oper-
culum.
inches, lines.
Total length 11 2
Height of the body 3 5
Length of the head 2 9
of the fourth dorsal spine 1 0|
of the thirteenth dorsal spine .... 0 9
of the eleventh dorsal ray 1 2\
of the longest caudal ray 2 2
of the second anal spine 1 2
Distance between caudal and dorsal fins . . 1 0
between anal and caudal fins . . 2 0
31. Diagramma nitidum. (Plate XIX, fig. B.)
D. i?. A. |. L. lat. 95. L. transv. 20/25.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the
head four times, Caudalis truncated. The second anal spine
stronger, but scarcely longer, than the third. Reddish brown- (in
spirits), with six bluish, darker-edged, parallel, longitudinal bands :
the first from the nape to the origin of the soft dorsal ; the second
from above the eye to the posterior third of the soft dorsal; the
third from the eye on, and above, the lateral line to the back of the
tail ; the fourth from the eye below the lateral line to the middle of
the tail; the fifth from below the eye to the inferior part of the
caudal ; the sixth from the mouth over the root of the pectoral to
the end of the aiial fin.
a. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby,
Description of the specimen. — The greatest depth of the body is
above the pectoral fins, where it is contained 3^ in the total length ;
the upper profile descends parabolically from the third dorsal spine to
the mouth. The cleft of the mouth is horizontal and small, the
upper maxillary not extending to the anterior margin of the orbit.
The diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and
336 PRISTIPOM VfTD^:.
more than the extent of the snout (perhaps in younger individuals
only). There are three pairs of minute pores near the symphysis of
the lower jaw. The scales above extend to between the nostrils,
laterally nearly over all the praeorbital. The scales of the cheek are
not much smaller than those of the opeiculum, and cover the praj-
operculum to its margin. The prajoperculum is distinctly and equally
serrated, and has the angle and the inferior limb rounded ; its pos-
terior limb descends in a slightly oblique direction forwards. The
operculum has iwo obtuse points with a slight notch between. Su-
prascapula serrated.
The dorsal fin begins above the base of the pectoral, and the ver-
tical from its posteiior end falls nearer to the anal than to the
caudal ; the length of its spinous portion is rather longer than that
of the soft, and the distance from the caudal fin equals that between
the first and sixth dorsal spines. The upper margin is continuous
and slightly waved. The spines are of moderate strength, on one
side broader. The first spine is one-half the length of the second,
the second three-fifths of the third, the third rather shorter than the
next four^ which are the longest, and about 85 in the height of the
body. The posterior spines scarcely decrease in height, the last
being equal to the third. The first ray is rather longer than the
preceding spine, and the following gradually become higher to tlu^
tenth, which forms the highest point of the fin — higher than the
spinous dorsal ; from thence they decrease again, forming a rounded
angle of the fin. The spinous portion moves in a scaly sheath, which
becomes deeper and more conspicuous from the fourth spine ; the
soft portion is covered with scales for half its height.
The caudal fin is truncated ; one of its longest rays is one-fifth of
the total length. Minute scales extend between the rays to one-half
of the length of the fin. The origin of the anal fin falls vertically
below the sixth ray of the dorsal, and the end below the eleventh ;
the length of its base is one-half of the distance from the caudal.
The first spine is small ; the second strong, and equal to the longest
ray of the dorsal ; the third is rather shorter and more slender. The
first three rays exceed the spines in length, and form, with the other
shorter ones, a rounded margin. One-half of the fin is thickly covered
with scales. The pectoral is slightly rounded, and its length is one-
sixth of the total ; the ventral has the same length, and extends to
the vent. Its base falls immediately behind that of the pectoral.
The spine is moderate, about two-thirds of the length of the fin.
The scales are small, ctenoid. The lateral line is slightly curved.
The teeth of the jaws stand in villiform bands, the outer row con-
taining rather larger ones.
To the description of the colours given above, must be added, that
the fins appear to be immaculate, and that the lower portion of the
side of the head is silvery shining.
inches, lines.
Total length 4 6
Height of the body I r>
Length of the head 1 2
10. LOBOTES. 337
Diameter of the eye 0 ."j
Length of the fifth dorsal spine 0 .">
of the twelfth dorsal spine 0 4!
of the tenth dorsal ray 0 7
of the longest caudal ray U 11
of the second anal spine 0 7
Distance between dorsal and caudal fins . . 0 o^
between anal and caudal tins , 0 lU
9. HYPEROGLYPHE*.
Diagramnia, .sp., Richanh. ErtJi. i)- Terr. Fisht's, p. •2'*).
Body (jblong, compressed. Eye moderate. Snout blunt ; cleft of
the mouth oblique, with the up[)er jaw lougcu-. Two dorsals, scarcely
united, the first much lower than tlie second, with eight short spines ;
anal fin with very feeble spines. Pj-oeorbital and prajopcrculum ser-
rated; operculum spiuiferou^. Seven branchiostcgals. Jaws with
the teeth in -s-illiform bands, without canines. Roof of the mouth
with a deep longitudinal groove. Scales small, cycloid. (Pharyngeal
bones separated from each other. j Air-bladder sim])le ; pyloric ap-
pendages in great number.
Coasts of Australia.
1 . Hyperoglyphe porosa.
l^iitgramnia povosa, Rtrhnnk. Enh. ^- Terr. Fisliefi, p. 20. f. 5, 6.
B. 7. D. 8 I ^-. A. f^. L. lat. 95-100.
I 20 16
The upper maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye ; both
limbs of the praeoperculum ciliated. Caudalis slightly emarginate.
Uniform brown (in spii'its) ; the soft dorsal and anal fins mtli two
series of dark-brown spots.
Coasts of Australia.
a. 5.|" long. From the Haslar Collection.
10. LOBOTESt.
Lobote.^, Cur. Kef/ne Anim. ; Cur. S;- Vul. v. p. ^18.
Form of the body and of the vertical fins rather elevated. Eye
i-ather small. Snout blunt, with the lower jaw longer and the clelt
of the mouth oblique. One dorsal, with twelve spines, the anal fin
with three. Caudalis rounded. No canines (inferioi- pharyngeal
bones separated). Praeoperculum denticulated ; operculum with ob-
* From iinep, above, and y\v(pi), grooro.
t 1. Lobotes citrimis, Riihardf,. Ichth. Ch/nn. p. 237.
2. — — — emarginadis. Baird tj" Girtrnl. XinfJi Smi^ln^'ni . Hrpnrf^ y ?,'X^.
(United States) does not nppear to belon;; to tins (jenust
7.
338 PRlSTIPOMATIDyE.
tuse points. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Branchiostegals six. Air-
bladder simple ; pyloric appendages few. Pseudobranchise developed.
Atlantic Coasts of America. Indian Seas.
I. Lobotes auctonun.
Holocentrus surinamensis, BL taf. 243 ; Bl. Schn. p. 316.
Bodianus triurus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 418.
b1. 3. f. 10.
LoDotes surinamensis, Cuv.Sf Vol. v. p. 319; Uekay, New York Fauna,
Pibhes, p 88. pi. 18. f. 49 ; Holhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 159. pi. 23. f. 2.
Lobotes erate, Ciiv. 8f Val. v. p. 322 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch.
xxii. p. 4, and. xxiii. Scicen. p. 26 ; Cant. Catal. p. 80 ; Cuv. Regne
Anim. III. Pviss. pi. 31. f. 1.
farkharii, Ctiv. ^ Val. v. p. 324.
somnolentus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 324.
incurvus, Richards. Ichth. Chiii. p. 237.
^•iSe- ^-n- L. lat. 45. Csec. pylor. 3. Yeri;. 13/11.
Caiidal fin rounded ; the soft dorsal and anal fins rather elevated ;
nape concave ; eye small. Uniform brownish, yellowish, or blackish ;
caudal fin sometimes with a lighter edge.
Atlantic coasts of America from New York to the coast of Su-
rinam ; Caribbean Sea. Ceylon ; Bay of Bengal ; Sunda, Molucca,
and Chinese Seas.
As in all fishes which attain to a considerable size, the individuals
of this species are subjected to some modifications of several external
characters ; for instance, of the denticulations of the prseoperculum,
of the colours, and of the height of the fins. I cannot find any
determinable difference between specimens from the old and new
world. Lobotes incurvus is founded on a half-grown specimen, with
the vertical fins scarcely longer than usual.
a. 22" long : stuffed. North America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
h. Half-grown. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
c, d. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From ])r. Pamell's
Collection.
e. 22" long : stuffed. Calcutta. Presented by E. Blyth, Esq.
/. Half- grown : stuffed. China. Presented by J. 11. Keeves, Esq.
— Original specimen of Lohotcs incurvus.
g. Half-grown : stuffed. India. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
h. Half-grown : stuffed.
II. DATNIOIDES.
Datnioides, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nadcrl. Indie, 1853, v. p. 440.
Body elevated. Eye moderate. Intermaxillaries very protractile,
their posterior processes extending to the occiput. One dorsal fin,
with a deep notch and t^\elvo spines ; the anal fin with three ; all
the spines very stout ; caudalis rounded. Pneoperculum serrated,
operculum with short spines. Scales moderate or rather small,
12. GERRES. 339
ctenoid. Six branchiostegals. Pseudobranchiae. (Th^ lower pha-
ryngeal bones separated.) Air-bladder simple.
East Indian rivers.
1. Datnioides polota.
Coius polota, Buck. Ham. pp. 95, 370. pi. 38. f. 31 ; Faun. Japan. Poiss
p. 17 ; Richards. Ichth. Sulph. p. 83.
binotatus, Gi-ay, Ind. Zool. Pise. pi. 2. f. 2 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss.
p. 17 ; Richards. Ichth. Sulph. p. 83.
Datnia polota, Cantor, Catal. p. 16.
Lobotes hexazona, Bleek. Natuurk. Tyds, Ned. Ind, i. p. 9, ii. p. 1G5.
Datnioides polota, Bleek. I. c. v. p. 441.
B.6. D.l?. A. 4 L.lat.70.
Greenish, with eight blackish cross-bands.
Estuaries of the Ganges ; rivers of Borneo and Sumatra.
a. Adult. Borneo.
h-h. Half-grown and young. India.
?". Young. India, Presented by W. Masters, Esq.
2. Datnioides microlepis.
Bleeker, Borneo, vii. p. 442.
B. 6. D. j|. A. |. L. lat. 75-80.
15 9
Red, with eight black cross-bands.
Kiver Kapuas (Borneo).
12. GERRES*.
Gerres, Cuv. R^gne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 446.
Catoch£enum, Cant. Catal. p. 55.
Form of the body compressed, oblong or elevated. Mouth very
protractile, and descending when thrust out. Eye rather large. Prae-
operculum generally entire. Six branchiostegals. No canine teeth.
Dorsalis deeply notched, with the formula^; analisr^,. Caudal
forked. Scales moderate, minutely or not cihated. Air-bladder
simple ; pyloric appendages in small number. Pseudobranchiae.
All the tropical seas, entering fresh waters. One species from the
coast of North America.
* 1. Gterres bilobus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 466. — Cape Verde.
2. peruvianus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. i67 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss.
p. 180.— Coast of Peru.
3. richii, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 469.— East Indies?
4. Smaris lineatus, Humboldt, Observ. Zool. p. 185. pi. 46. f. 1. — Q-erres li-
neatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 470. — Acapulco.
5. Gterres limbatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 476. — Catochsenum limbatum, Cant.
Catal. p. 65. — East Indies.
6. lucidus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 477. — Pondicherry.
7. waigiensis, Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 292. — Waigiou.
8. Eucinostomus argenteus, Baird iSf Gir. Ninth Sitiithson. Report, p. 345,
probably should be referred to this genus. The species being the
most northern, is highly interesting ; but the description given
does not distinguish it from East Indian species. — Coast of New
Jersey.
2
;i40 I'lilSTIl'U.MAI'lD.l..
1 . Gerres plumieri.
Ciir. .y Vol. vi. p. 45-2. pi. 1(57.
D^ A.— L. lat. ;^7. L. transv. 6/11. Vert. 10/14.
10 7-8
The height of tne body is 21 in the total length (without caudal
tin). Prtcorbital serrated; the second dorsal and anal spines ex-
ceedingly strong and long ; the former slightly longer, nearly as long
as the head. Silvery, ^N-ith more or less distinct longitudinal stnp(>s
corresi)onding to the series of scales ; dorsal generally lilackislu
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
b. Skeleton. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
c. Fine specimen. Central America. From M. Salle's Collection.
(/. Adult. Guatemala. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Adult. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, E.sq.
/. Adult, lialiia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
g, h. Half-gi-own and young : skins. South America. From Dr.
Parnell's CoUecticm.
Air-hladiler simple.
Skeleton. — The skull of Gerres exhibits several jjoculiarities liy
which it may be distinguished from any other: they are — the high,
triangular occipital crest, with a deep groove in front, to receive two
very elongate processes of the intermaxillary bones, the jjcculiar
shape of the jaws, and the broad and strong pubic bones. The max-
illary bone has a somewhat irregular form, is slightly curved, and
has a broad shallow groove along its upper and posterior margin.
The front part of the intermaxillary bones is broad and slightly
excavated, not unlike the upper jaw of some Tortoises ; the pos-
terior processes are veiy slender, flexible, and extend backwards into
a groove of the occipital crest situated on the posterior half of the
frontal bones ; the descending branch of the intermaxillary also is
rather irregularly foi'mcd and bent. The mandibula has tlie inferior
margin slightly concave ; the front part of the dentary is rather flat
and hoiizoutal, whilst the posterior part, together -with the adjacent
portion of the articulary, forms a high and elevated ridge. The tui--
binal bones are very tlongate. irregularly bent, and transformed into
a half-channel. The praH)rbital is triangular, broadest anteriorly,
and with the infeiior margin distinctly serrated; the infraorbital
arch, like the posterior part of the pra^orbital, is narrow, and without an
interior plate. The head of the vomer forms an angular prominence,
but without any teeth ; the palatine bones are deeply grooved. The
posterior margin of the pra^operculum is nearly straight and minutely
serrated ; the angle is rounded, and armed with equal and coar.se
denticulations ; the lower margin is straight and very distinctly ser-
rated. The operculum is twice as deep as long, five-sided, with the
posterior side slightly emarginate, and without prominent points ; its
inferior angle is veiy acute. The sub- and interoperculum are very
thin; thfir inferior margins are entire, and form together a ve.y
12. GKRUKS. 341
strong curvature. The upper surface of the skull is furnished with
a very high and strong triangular crest, shai-ply pointed above, and
supported by two pairs of sh(jrt and low ridges, one before, the other.
The occipital crest bifurcates anteriorly, forming the posterior end of
a longitudinal groove, in which the processes of the intermaxillaries
move, as in a sheath. The base of the skull is rather compressed. The
humeral arch does not exhibit any peculiarity. The pubic bones
form a very strong and broad triangular plate, and have the exterior
ridges much developed.
There are ton abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrct, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1-3. The ribs are moderately strong, and have a longi-
tuchnal groove anteriorly and posteriorly ; the first rib is short, bent
backwards, and has a short prominence at its outer curvature. The
neural spines of the posterior abdominal vertebrae gradually become
longer, and are furnished with a flat, transparent posterior ridge.
The intern eural spines of the spinous dorsal have a similar ridge
anteriorly and posteriorly ; and these ridges are so broad, that they
do not leave a free space between them. The interneural belonging
to the second dorsal spine is exceedingly strong, and nearly equals
the first interhaemal ; it is intercalated between the second and third
neural spines. The lirst interhaemal, to which are joined the first
and second anal spines, is trihedral, exceedingly strong, and attached
to the hajmals of the tenth and eleventh vertebrae ; its length equals
that of the second vertebra to the ninth.
2. Gerres poeti.
Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 468; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxiii. M(hti(l. p. 11.
V. -. A. y.
The diameter of the eye is 2| in the length of the head. Spines
of the fins extremely strong and broad ; the length of the third dorsal
spine is 2^ in the depth of the body, and its width is one-ninth of
its own length. The second anal spine is rather shorter than the
third, and one-third of the depth of the body ; its width is one-fifth
of its ovm length. Uniform silvei-y ; dorsal above black-cdgcd.
Coast of Mahe (entering the rivers) ; Sunda Sea.
3. Gerres rhombeua.
Shane, Jamaica, ii. pi. 253. f. 1.
Gerres brasilianu;', Cue. ^ Val. vi. p. 458.
rhombeus, Cuv. i$- Val. \n. p. 459.
D. ^. A.Hf-g. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 6/11. 9/15.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal fin). Praeorbital entire ; prseopcrculum distinctly, interoper-
culum finely serrated. The sjiincs moderate ; the second of the dorsal
two-thirds the Irngth of the head, in young individuals a.<» long as
342 riUSTIl'OMATID.'U.
the head ; the second of the anal three-fourths of the second of the
dorsal. Silvery ; dorsal with a blackish margin.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
b-f. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection,
r/. Adult : not good state. Puerto Capollo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
h. Adult : not good state. South America. Purchasedof Mr. Brandt.
i-I. Adult: not good state. South America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
VI. Half-grown. South America. Presented by Sir K. Schomburgk.
n. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
0. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
2>. Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection.
(/. Young.
SJceleton. — I have had skeletons of the fish prepared with two
anal spines as well as with three, and having found them exactly
alike, I am fully coavincec^ that the form with two anal spines is
merely accidental in so.ne individuals, and that O, rhombens of Cmier
must be considered as a nominal species. I have, however, preferred
the name of G, rliomheus to that of G. brasiliensis.
The skeleton differs from that of G. plumieri in several points.
The maxillary bone is very irregularly shaped, and exhibits a thick
protuberance in the middle of its outer surface ; this is, however,
more conspicuous in very old specimens. The interna axillaries and
the mandibula arc very much like those of G. pJumieri. The prae-
orbital has the maxillary margin concave and entire ; its posterior
j)art is rather broader than the remainder of the infraorbital arch.
The head of the vomer is rather flat, without a distinct i:)rominence ;
the palatine bones exhibit a slight groove. Both the margins of the
prieoperculum are straight ; the angle is rounded, and Like the inferior
limb armed with a very distinct and equal serrature ; the posterior
limb is entire. The remainder of the opercidar apparatus as in
G. plumicri. The occipital crest extends fui'ther forwards than in
G. plumieri, the anterior groove being situated above the anterior
portion of the frontal bones ; there is, besides, this peculiarity in
G. rhombcKS, that the groove mentioned communicates with the
orbital cavity by a pair of large oval holes.
There are nine abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebra'. ; the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1-8. The ribs are rather feeble, \\dth a posterior and
anterior longitudinal groove ; the first three libs arc very slender,
short, and without a prominent knob. The neural sjunes become
gradually longer to the thirteenth vertebra, and are furnished with a
more or less distinct, flat, transparent, posterior ridge. The inter-
neural spines do not differ from those of G. plumicri, except that of
the second dorsal spine, which, like that spine itself, is not quite so
strong. The first intcrhtemal is exceedingly strong, and has in front
a very broad and cmai-ginate ridge ; its length equals that of the
first nine vertebrae.
12. UEREES. 343
4. Gerres zebra.
Mull. ^ Trosch. in Scho?nbur(/k's Barbae!, p. 608.
D. ^. A.^.
10 7
Silvery : steel-blue above ; five or seven vertical bands. The
height of the body is a third of its length, and contains two and a
half times the length of the second and third spine in the dorsal fin,
and three times of the sficond spine in the anal fin. {M. ^ T.)
Coast and freshwater ponds of Barbadoes.
5. Gerres subfasciatus.
Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 477.
U. -. A. y.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the snout
is rather shorter than the diameter of the eye. Spines of the fins
slender ; the third of the dorsal fin is one -half of the height of the
body, its width being less than one-twelfth of its own length. The
second anal spine stronger, but rather shorter than the third, and
about one-fifth of the height of the body. Silvery, with six or seven
indistinct vertical bands.
Port .Tackson.
a, h. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
c-e. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
6. Gerres ovatus. (Plate XX. fig. A.)
D. f^. A. y. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 5/10.
The height of the body is 2i in the total length (without caudal
fin) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head,
longer than the snout, and equal to the distance between the eyes.
The groove for the processes of i;he intermaxillary bones is short,
and does not extend beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye ; there are no scales between that groove and the orbit. The
spines of the dorsal slender and flexible ; the second and third longest,
and 2 1 in the height of the body ; the third of the anal fin longest,
shorter than the first ray, and nearly one-fourth of the height of the
body. Coloration uniform ; dorsaUs black-edged.
Coast of Australia.
a. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
6. Adult. Australia. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.
Description. — The body is elevated, ovate, its greatest depth being
above the ventral fin, where it is contained 2i in the total length
(without caudal fin), or three times when this fin is included. The
upper profile anteriorly descends abruptly from the origin of the dorsal,
the lower ascends from the base of the mandibula ; both nieet at a
not very acute angle. Posteriorly, along the base of the anal, the
311
I'Ki.srri'oM \ iiii.i:.
lower ])i'()Hlc usrciitls more siiddonly UiiUi llie iippti descends. Tlu;
Iciifrlli of the lieiid is Hi in tfic total, witliout caudal Hn, or oiu'-iilth
of tii(> same length, that fin included. The .->uout is shorter than the
diani(;ter of the eye, the upper maxillary extending to tlic anterior
margin of the orbit. The groove for the pioecsises of the intermaxillary
houcs i.s .>hort, quadrangular, with a posstejior and anterioi- angle
and two latei'al ojies ; it does not extend lje}-ond the vertical from the
anterior margin (jf the eye, and is entirely scaleless, as is the intcr-
s[)ace between this groo\e and the orbit. The iijjper surface of the
head is covered with large scales, to between the anterior part of
the distance between the eyes. The nostrils are placed high up the
Sides, neai-er the eye than the end of the snout ; they arc rather
prominent, with the posteiior opening wider. The pneorbital is
entirely scaleless: anteriorly broad, it is narrowest between the
maxillary and the orbit. The scales of the clieeks aic rather smaller
than those of the body, and extend on the mandil)ula, there forming
a narrow stripe immediately behind the maxillary. The pra:!operculum
has a vertical posterior margin ; the angle and the inferior limb are
rounded, without any denticulations ; the scales of the cheeks do not
extend over its limbs. The 0])ei-culum is irregularly quadrangular ; its
post(;i'ior side is cnuirginate ; the inferior straight, slightly ascending
backwards. The sub- and interoperculum are, like the operculum,
covered witu dc(;iduous scales ; their inft'Hor maigins are convex.
The (lor.idl iin is not very deei)ly notched ; the length of the base
of the spinous portion is .shoile'r than of the soft, and its distance
from- the caudal is one-fh'lh only of that from the end of the snout;
its oi-igin is above the base of the pectoral, and its end a little before
the vertical fj-om the end of the anal fin. The .'^i^mes are slender,
and the anterior ones flexible: the first is minute; the second and
third arc the highest, and 2^ in the depth of the body ; the fourth,
fifth and sixth decrease in length, the last four being nearly equal,
and one-half of the third. The first ray is higher than the preceding
spine, the other rays not dirt'eiing vc^ry much from it in height, and
forming together a slightly convex margin, with the membrane
l)etwcen deeply notched. Theic are eleven soft rays in one specimen,
in thv- other ten. The caudal fin is deeply forked, the middle
and shortest ray i)eing Hi in the length of one of the outer and
longest rays ; the u])per lol)e is scarcely longer than the lower, and
one-fourth of the total length ; small, thin, and deciduous scales
extend over the basal thiid of each lo]>e. The origin of the anal fin
falls below the .sixth d.nsal ray, and its end a little l)ehind that of
the dorsal ; the length of its base is more than its distance from
the caudal, and equals five-eighths of the length of the head; it
moves, like the dorsal, in a scaly sheath. The anterior spine is
minute ; tlu^ second stronger than the stoutest of the dorsal ; the
thii'd is m(»re slender, but longer than the second, aiid about one-
fonrth of the height of the l)ody. The fiist ray is rathe)- longer than
tlic preceding spine, and the following rays diminish in length, so as
1o form a (nncavc margin oi ilic Iin.
The )><rff,ral tin is ch.ng'ilc. liic middle r;i\s being th(> longest . it
12. (iKKltKs. Ji-lO
docs not fully extend to the orij^in of the tinal, luid ia 3| in the total
hsiifijth ; its base is entirely sealeless. The base of the ventral is at
some distanee behind that of the jjeetoral, and falls below the foui'th
dorsal spine ; it does not extend to the vent, and is G| in the total
length; it is eomposed of one straight spine, two-thirds of the
adjacent ray, and of fjve rays, the last of which is split into two
branches to its base.
The scales are very thin, not ciliated, scarcely higher than long ;
one of the largest covers one-half of the eye. There is an exceedingly
long squamose flap at the exterior base of the ventral. The lateral
line is slightly curved.
The teeth are minute, in villifoim bands.
The back is reddish olive, with some reflecting longitudinal streaks ;
the sides and the belly are silvery. The dorsal fin has a broad
blackish margin, the other fins arc colourless.
inches, lines.
Total length 0 8
Height of the body 2 3
Length of the head 1 4
Diameter of the eye 0 5
Length of the third dorsal spine 0 11
of tlie ninth dorsal spine 0 5^
of the middle caudal ray 0 0
of the upper caudal lobe 1 8
of the second anal spine 0 G
of the third anal spine 0 7
of the pectoral fin 1 10
of the ventral fin 1 0
of the squamous flap 0 9
of a scale 0 34
Height of a scale 0 3|
7. Gerres abbreviatus.
Bleeker, Java, i. p. 103, and Verh. Jiatav. Genootsch. xxiii. Manid. p. 1 1 .
D. ■^. A. J. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5/10.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length ; the diameter of
the eye is one-thLrd of the length of the head. Pracorbital and praj-
opcrculum entire. The second s})ine of the dorsal fin more than
one-half of the height of the body, and nearly equal to the length
of the head. The second and third anal spines strong, and rather
longer than the rays, one-third of the height of the body, C'oloia-
tion uniform ; dorsal black- edged.
Seas of Batavia and Amboyna.
Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
8. Genres filamentosus.
Rnssr//, i p. 52. p!. r.8
'^icrrcs filam<>ntosns,' ^Vr. .V In/. \'/. p. 4^2; Jl'-rlrr. I'rrJi. Jhil. f,',-
tiootscli. xxiii. Mfciiiil. p., 11.
346 PRISTIPOMATID^.
Gerres punctatus, Bleeker, Topogr, Batav. (not Cuv.).
Catochacnum filamentosum, Cant. Catal. p. 56.
D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/12.
The height of the body is 2^ in. the total length (without caudal
fin). The spines of moderate strength ; the second of the anal pro-
duced into a filament, which sometimes extends to the caudal.
Sea of Pinang; Sunda and Molucca Sea; New Guinea.
a. Adult : not good state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : not good state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult; stuffed. Cape York (in 68 fathoms). Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
9. Gerres punctatus.
Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 480,
D.^. A.i-.
10 8
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length. The second
dorsal ^pinc prolonged into a short filament, and sometimes as long
as three-quarters of the height of the body. Silvery ; dorsal with a
narrow black margin, each ray with a brown point at the base.
Young individuals with indistinct cross-bands.
Coast of Pondicherry ; Sea of China.
Gerres macracanthus (Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind.
1854, vi. p. 195) may be foimded on older individuals of the above
species. (A. y. L. lat. 40.) Caught near Batavia.
o. Adult. Old Collection, as Sparus edentulus.
b, c. Yoimg. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Half-grown. Philippine Islands.
«. Half-grown. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
10. Gerres gnla.
Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 464 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 58.
D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 4/9. Vert. 9/15.
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length (without caudal
fin). Praeorbital and prteoperculum entire, the latter Avith the angle
shghtly rounded. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries
extends nearly to the vertical from the centre of the eye ; a trans-
verse stripe of scales covers a part of the groove, separating from
it the posterior third*. The snout is shorter than the diameter of
the eye, and equal to the space between the eyes. The spines of
the fins of moderate strength ; the second and third of the dorsal
half as long as the head, but twice as long as the second of the anal.
Silvery : dorsal fin minutely dotted with brown ; the dots more
crowded at the top of the dorsal.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
* Space between the eyes with a fovea in the middle {Jenyns, I. c.)
12. GEBfiES. 347
a. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
b. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
c. Adult : skeleton. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
d. Half-grown. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
e. f. Young. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection.
g. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Young.
i, k. Half-grown and young: skins.
Skeleton. — The very remarkable form of the first interhaemal spine
has been mentioned by Cuvier. He states the number of the caudal
vertebrae to be thirteen ; but I have found fifteen, as in other species
of Gerres. The length of the abdominai portion of the vertebral
column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1'6.
11. Gerres nigri. (Plate XX. fig. B.)
D. ^. A.|. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 5/11.
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length (without caudal
fin) ; the diameter of the eye is about one-third of the length of the
head, rather longer than the snout, and equal to the distance between
the eyes. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillary bones
is elongate, triangular, reaching nearly to the vertical from the
centre of the eye, and is entirely scaleless. Spines of the fins rather
slender ; the second of the dorsal is 2^ in the height of the body, and
nearly twice as long as the third of the anal, which is rather longer,
but less stout, than the preceding. Silvery, with indistinct longitu-
dinal stripes above the lateral line ; the vertical fins blackish ; dorsal
black-edged.
Mouth of the River Niger.
a. Adult. Eiver Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
6. Half-grown. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Collection.
Description. — The body is moderately elevated, its greatest depth
being below the origin of the dorsal, where it is contained 21 in the
total length, without caudal fin, or 3^ in the same length, the caudal
included. The upper profile anteriorly and posteriorly descends as
much as the lower ascends, and they i^eet in front at an acute
angle. The length of the head is 3f in the total, without caudal
fin. The snout is rather shorter than the diameter of the eye, the
upper maxillary extending to the anterior margin of the eye. The
groove for the processes of the intermaxillary bones is elongate,
triangular, with a somewhat rounded posterior angle, and widening
anteriorly. The scales of the upper surface of the skull do not extend
over that groove, forming a stripe between the groove and the
orbit, and terminating behind the nostrils, which are situated high up
the sides, nearly halfway between the orbit and the end of the snout.
The prseorbital is entirely scaleless : anteriorly broad, it is narrowest
between the maxillary and the orbit. The scales of the cheeks are
smaller than those of the body, and extend in a narrow stripe on the
mandibula, immediately behuid the maxillary. The prasoperculum is
348 rRISTIPT).M atid.t:.
rounued, without any dcnticulations wliatevor ; the scales of the checks
do not extend on its limbs. The operculum is irregularly quadran-
gular ; its posterior side is emarginate, the inferior straight, obliquely
ascending backwards. The sub- and interoperculum are covered with
deciduous scales, like the operculum ; their inferior margin is slightly
convex.
The dorsal fin is not very deeply notched ; the length of the base
of the spinous portion is shorter than of the soft, and its distance
from the caudal is one-third only of that fi'om the end of the snout ;
its origin is above the base of the ventral, its end a little before the
vertical from the end of the anal fin. The spines are rather slender,
but not flexible : the first is minute ; the second the highest, and
2i in the height of the body ; the third is a little, the fifth and sixth
considerably shorter ; the last three are nearly equal in length, and
2| in the length of the second. The first ray equals the sixth spine ;
the other rays not differing very much in height, and forming a
slightly convex margin, with the membrane betAveen deeply notched.
The caudal fin is deeply forked, the middle and shortest ray being
one-fifth only of the length of one of the outer and longest rays ;
the lobes are equal, and one-fourth of the total length : small, thin,
and deciduous scales extend over the basal third of each lobe. The
origin of the anal fin falls beneath the third ray of the dorsal, its
end a little beliind that of the dorsal. The length of its base is
more than its distance from the caudal, and exactly equals the distance
between the anterior margin of the eye and the hinder end of the
operculum ; it moves like the dorsal in a scaly sheath. The anterior
spine is minute ; the second rather stronger than the strongest of the
dorsal ; the third is more slender, but longer than the second, it is
more than half of the second dorsal spine, and about one- sixth of the
height of the body. The first ray is rather longer than the last spine,
and the following rays diminish in length, so as to form a concave
margin of the fin.
The pectoral fin is elongate, the middle rays being the longest ; it
reaches beyond the origin of the anal fin, and is one-fourth of the
total length. The base of the ventral fin falls behind that of the
pectoral ; it does not extend to the vent, and is one-seventh only of
the total length ; it is composed of one slightly curved spine, three-
fourths of the adjacent ray. and of five rays, the last of which, as
in all the species of Gerres, is si)lit into two branches to its l)asc, so
that there is an appearance of the fin having six soft rays.
The scales are deciduous, not ciliated, higher than long : one of
the largest covers one-third of the eye. There is an exceedingly
long s(juamous Hap at the exterior base of the ventral. The lateral
line is very slightly curved.
The teeth are minute, in villiform bands.
The back is reddish olive, with some retiectiiig longitudinal streaks ;
the sides and the belly arc silvery. The veitical fins are blackish ;
i\\o dorsal fin with a black edge. In the younger of the specimens
the blackish culnur <>f the dorsal fin forms two loncitudinal scries of
S])Ots.
12. uKUUKs. ;',4<)
line:
-J
Total length 7 s
Height of the body 2 5
Lei4>th of the hc^ad 1 lo
Diameter of the eye 0 7
Length of the second dorsal spine 1 1
of the ninth dcn^sal spine 0 r>
of the middle caudal ray ( )
of a caudal lobe 1 lo"
of the second anal spine 0 7',
-of the third anal spine 0 8^
of the pectoral fin 1 11
of the ventral fin 1 1
of the scjuamous Hap 0 i( )
of a scale 0 3.j
Height of a scale , 0 4]
12. Gerres squamipimiis. (Ti-atk XXI.)
1). f^. A.|. L. lat. 4;i-44. L. transv. 5/1;?.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length (without caudal
fin) ; the diameter of the eye is rVi in the length of the head, rathei-
shorter than the snout, but e(jual to tlie distance between the eyes.
The groove for the processes of the intei-maxillary bones is broad,
triangular, entirely scaleless, and does not reach to the vertical from
the centre of the eye. The dorsal spines are rather slender and
slightly compressed; the second is 1^ in the length of th(> head.
The second anal spine is rather strong, stronger and a little longer
than the third ; its length is 1^ in that of the head : caudal fin
deeply forked, entirely covered with scales ; the length of a lobe is
nearly ;5| in the total. Uniform silvery; the margin of the dorsnl
fin blackish.
Caribbean Sea.
a-d. Adult : skins, .famaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
e. Half-grown: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Paniell's Collection.
/. Adult: not good state. Guatemala. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Description. — The body is moderately elevated, its greatest depth
being below the anterior part of the spinous dorsal, where it is con-
tained 2g in the total length, without caudal fin, or 'S^ in' the same
length, the caudal included. The upper profile, anteriorly and nos-
teriorly, descends as much as the lower ascends, and they m(H't
at an acute angle in front. The length of the head is 8^ in the
total, without caudal fin. The snout is rather longer than the dia-
meter of the eye, and the u})pcr maxillary extends slightly beyond
the anterior margin of the eye ; the part of the maxillary which is
not hidd-n by the pra^orbital is rather elongate, ovate. The groove
for the i^rocesses of the intermaxillary bones is rather broad, trian-
gular, widening anteriorly, with a rounded posterior angle, which is
situated in the vertical fiom the anterior third of the ort)it. The
350 PRISTIPOMATIDiE.
scales of the upper surface of the skull do not extend over that
groove, forming a stripe between the groove and the orbit, and ter-
minating a little behind the nostrils, vrhich are situated high up the
sides, close to the orbit, and remote from the end of the snout. The
prajorbital is entirely scaleless, and without any denticulations ;
anteriorly broad, it is narrowest between the maxillary and the
orbit ; its maxillary margin is semilunate. The scales of the cheeks
are rather smaller than those of the body, and extend on that part
of the mandibula which is situated immediately behind the maxil-
lary ; they are arranged in four series on the praeoperculum and in
two on the mandibula. The angle and the inferior margin of the
prseoperculum form one curve : a narrow space along this curve is
scaleless ; it is about as wide as one of the scales of the cheek. The
operculum is irregularly quadrangular, with the posterior side slightly
emarginate ; the inferior is straight, obliquely ascending backwards.
The sub- and interoperculum arc covered with deciduous scales, like
the operculum ; their inferior margins form one convexity.
The dorsal fin is not very deeply notched ; the length of the base
of the spinous portion is two-thirds of that of the soft, and the
distance of the dorsal from the caudal is not quite one-third of that
from the end of the snout ; its origin is a little behind the vertical
from the base of the ventrals, whilst the extremities of the dorsal
and anal fins correspond to each other. The spines are rather slender :
the first is very short ; the second the highest and somewhat flexible,
its length being 1| in that of the head, and 2^ in the height of the
body ; the third is rather shorter ; and the following gradually de-
crease in length to the last, which is one-half of the second. The
first ray nearly equals the sixth spine. The caudal fin is entirely
and densely co'^ered with minute scales, and deeply forked, the
middle and shortest ray being one -fifth only of the outer and longest
rays ; the upper lobe is rather longer than the lower, and nearly 3|
in the total length. The origin of the anal fin falls beneath the fifth
ray of the dorsal, whilst the extremities of both fins correspond to
each other ; the length of its base is rather more than its distance
from the caudal, and rather less than the distance between the ante-
rior margin of the eye and the hinder end of the operculum ; it moves,
like the dorsal, in a deep scaly sheath. The first spine is very short ;
the second strong, its length being 1^ in that of the head, and 3| in the
height of the body ; the third is rather shorter, and half as stout as
the second. The first ray has about the length of the second spine,
whilst the following rays diminish in length, so as to form a concave
margin of the fin.
The pectoral fiji is rather elongate, the middle rays being the
longest ; it reaches nearly to the origin of the anal fin, and is 8| in
the total length. The base of the ventral fin falls behind that of the
pectoral ; it is partly covered with stripes of minute scales ; it does
not reach to the vent, and is G^ in the total length ; it is composed
of one spine, slightly curved, and three-fourths of the adjacent ray,
and of five rays, the last of which, as in all the species of Qerres, is
split into two branches to its base.
12. GERRES. 351
The scales are not ciliated, higher than long ; one of the largest
covers one-third of the eye. There is an exceedingly long squamous
flap at the exterior base of the ventral. The lateral line is very
slightly curved.
The teeth are minute, in villiform bands.
The colour is uniform silvery, with shining longitudinal stripes ;
the upper half of the spinous dorsal is greyish.
inches, lines.
Total length 11 0
Height of the body 3 6
Length of the head 2 7
Diameter of the eye 0 8|
Length of the second dorsal spine 1 7
of the ninth dorsal spine 0 9
of a caudal lobe 3 2
■ of the second anal spine 1 1
of the third anal spine 1 0^
of the pectoral fin 3 0
of the ventral fin 1 9
of a scale 0 4^
Height of a scale 0 5^
13. Gerres japonicus.
Blcekcr, Japan, p. 404, and Verli. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Japan, tab. 5. f. 2.
D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is 2|^ in the total length (without caudal
fin) ; the diameter of the eye is one-thii-d of the length of the head.
Praeorbital and praeoperculum entire. Spines of the fins slender;
the second of the dorsal fin one-half of the dej^th of the body ; the
second of the anal longer than the third, or than one-half of the
second dorsal spine ; the caudal lobes are 4| or 4| in the total length.
The spinous dorsal above black ; caudal fin with a broad blackish
margin.
Seas of Japan and China.
a. Half-grown : not good state. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves,
Esq.
14. Gerres acinaces.
Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1854, vi. p. 194.
D. ^. A.j. L. lat. 40-45.
The height of the body is about 3|- in the total length ; the dia-
meter of the eye is 3| in the length of the head. The second dorsal
spine longer than one-half of the height of the body, but much
shorter than the head ; the second of the anal longer than the third
and than the rays, nearly one-half of the length of the head. Sil-
very; caudalis brown-edged posteriorly. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
3o2 pnrsTiroMATiD.i;.
This species appears to be very similar to Gcrres ^(/uamipinnis ;
but the latter has the caudal fin so thickly covered with scales, that
I do not believe that fileeker would have omitted so conspicuous u
character if it were also present in G. acinaces.
15. Genres kapas.
Bleeker, Rmiw, p. 482.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 32.
10 /
The height of the body is 3i-3^ in the total length. The spines
of the fins slender ; the second and third of the dorsal fin one-half
of the height of the body ; the second and third of the anal not longer
than the rays, and contained three or four times in the height of the
body. Silvery: above greyish ; the spinous dorsal black-edged. (BJ.)
Sea of Batavia.
10. Gerres aprion.
Cuv. Sc Vul. vi. p. 4H1.
D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/10. Ciec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is one- third of the total length (Avithout
caudal fin). Prseorbital and prseoperculum entire, the latter vnx\\
the angle slightly rounded. The groove for the processes of the in-
termaxillaries extends to the vertical from the centre of the ej^e, is
elongate, and entirely free of scales. The snout is slightly longei-
than the diameter of the eye, which exceeds the width of the head
between the eyes. The spines of the fins moderate ; the second of
the dorsal is longer than one-half of the length of the head, and
nearly twice as long as the second of the anal. Silvery : a deep-
black spot at the top of the dorsal fin ; the upper part of the snout
blackish brown.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h. Half-grown. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
c-h. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins. Jamaica. From Dr.
Parnell's Collection.
i-l. Adult : bad state. West Indies.
m. Half-gro\\Ti : skin : bad state. West Indies. Purchased of Mr.
Scrivener.
n. Adult. South America. Presented by Lord Stuart.
0. A(nilt. South America. Presented by Loi'd Stuart.
p. Half-grown.
(j. Half-grown.
r. Half-grown.
s. Adult: skin.
1 7. Gerres oyena.
Labrus oyena, Forsh. p. .35: lil. Srfin. p. 245: Larq). iii. p. 40.3.
Sparus erythrurus, lil. (ab. 201 (very bad).
Cichla ervtluiua, Jil. Sclin. p. ;').30.
12. (iKUKEs. , J35J3
8panis britannus, Lacep. iv. pp. 132, 134.
Labius longirostris, Lacvp. iii. p. 407. pi. 19. f. 1.
Smaris oyeua, Itiqyp. All. p. 11. taf. 3. f. 2.
GeiTes oyena, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p, 472 ; ? Jriiyus, Zool. Berif/lc, Fishes,
p. 69; Block. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Mmiuh p. 12.
oblongus, Bleek. I'opoyr. Bafni: (not Cuv. ).
? GeiTes equiila, Temm. |- Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 70. pi. 40. f. 1
(not good) ; Bleek, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxa i. p. 92.
D. ^. A.|-. L.lat. 35-38. Cjec. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length (withoiit caudal
fin). Praeorbital and prasoperculura entire, the latter ^vith the angle
slightly rounded. The snout is slightly longer than the diameter of
the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. Tlie spines
of the fins moderate ; the second of the dorsal Ls one-half of the
height of the body, and at least twice as long as the second of the
anal. Uniform silvery,
Ked Sea; Isle de France; Sunda Sea (Japanese Sea?).
a. Adult : bad state. Old Collection.
h, c. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
18. Gerres macrosoma.
Sleeker, Gilolo, p. 50.
D.A A.f L.lat. 42.
The height of the body is four times in the total length (one-third
without caudal), the length of the head 4| to 4| ; the diameter of
the eye is one-third of the latter, and rather shorter than the snout ;
the interspace between the eyes is rather less than the width of the
orbit. The groove for the processes of the intermaxiUarj^ bones is
entirely scaleless, and does not extend to the vertical from the centre
of the eye. The spines of the fins are slender ; the second of the
dorsal 1| in the height of the body ; the second of the anal shorter
than the third. Silvery : each spine and ray of the dorsal with a
brown basal spot ; the spinous portion black-edged.
Seas of Gilolo and Amboyna.
a. Half -grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
19. Gerres argyreus.
Sciaena argyrea, Forster.
Cichla argj-rea, Bl, Schn. p. 344.
Gen'es waigieusis, Quoi/ 8f Gaim. Voy. Frcyc. Zool. p. 292
argyreus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 478.
D. ^. A.|. L.lat. 45.
The height of the body is scarcely more than the length of the
head, and one-third of the total (Without caudal fin) ; the diameter
of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and rather longer
2a
354 PKISTIPOMATID.K.
than the snout, the extent of which equals the distance between the
eyes. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillaiy bones is
entirely scaloless, and does not extend to the vertical from the centre
of the eye. The spines of the fins are slender ; the second of the
dorsal is one-half of the height of the body, and more than twice the
length of the second anal spine, which is rather stronger, but not
longer, than the third. Silvery ; top of the dorsal blackish.
Red Sea ; Seas of Waigiou, Strong, and Tanna ; Port Jackson.
n. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Adiilt. From the Haslar Collection.
c, d. Adult : skins : not good state. Port Jackson. Purchased of
J. Gould, Esq.
20. Gerres oblongus.
Cuv. Sf- Val. vi. p. 479.
D. K A. 4-.
The height of the body is less than one-fourth of the total length.
Spines of the fins' slender. Silvery, with five or six indistinct brown-
ish vertical bands. Lateral line nearly straight. {Cm .)
Sea of Ceylon.
13. SCOLOPSIS*.
Scolopsides, Cuv. Regne Anm. ; Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 327.
Form of the body oblong. Eye moderate. Snout moderate, with
the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal and the jaws equal. One
dorsal ; the number of the fins — D. ^. A. ~ ; caudalis more or
less forked. Infraorbital arch Avith a spine directed backwards.
Prajoperculum generally distinctly denticulated ; operculum Avith an
indistinct spine. Scales moderately ctenoid. Five branchiostcgals.
Pseudobranchia). Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages few.
From the Kcd Sea through the Indian Oceaji into the Pacific.
1. Scolopsis japonicus.
Anthias japonicus, Moch, taf. 325. f. 2; Bl. Schn. p. 307.
Lutj anus japonicus, Lacep. iv. p. 31.
Kuiite, Russell, pi. 106.
Scolopsis kate, Cui\ i^ Val. v. p. 329.
kurite, Riipp. All. Fische,v>. 9. taf. 2. f. 3 ; Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 331.
Scolopsides riipp^lii, Cuv. <5* Val. v. p. 332 ; Richardson, Ichth, China,
p. 236.
D. '-. A. I- L. lat. 41-44. L. transv. ^^.
The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is about one-
* 1 . Scolopsides pomotis, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 237.
2. taEniopteruB, Cuv. <f- Val. v. p. 345 ; Bkefc. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii.
Scian. p. 29. — Batavin
13. scoLOPSis. 355
third of the latter, and longer than the snout. The infraorbital ring
with two prominent spines ; the anterior spuaiferous plate rather
elevated, and denticulated beneath the spine ; pr8eo])erculum with a
shght notch above the angle. The spines of the fins strong ; the
second of the anal fin longer and rather stronger than the third,
nearly one-half of the length of the head. Caudalis slightly forked.
Coloration uniform.
Red Sea ; Coast of Pondicherry ; Chinese Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cliina. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h, c. Adult: skins. Ceylon. Collected by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
The notice given by Sir J. Richardson (I. c.) is taken from spe-
cimen a. ; it shows the tw^o infraorbital spines, one of which is di-
rected hackAvards, the other forwards, as conspicuously as in nny
species of Scolo2)sis. Therefore the statement of Sir J. Richardson,
" two suborbitar teeth pointing backwards, one under the other and
more slender, none pointing forwards," is erroneous.
2. Scolopsis margaritifer.
Cur. ^- Vul. V. p. 337; Bleaker, Verliand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii.
Sciccn. p. 30.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/15.
The height of the body is 3^-3^ in the total length, the length
of the head 4^-41 ; the diameter of the eye is 2|- in the latter,
longer than the snout, and equal to the distance between the eyes.
Pra^orbital half as wide as the orbit, with a very long and strong
spine, and some denticulations beneath ; the second (third) infra-
orbital terminating posteriorly in a small point, above the tip of the
large spine. Praeoperculum with strong and short spinous teeth,
each of which has a small hook at the base ; the angle projecting
backwards, strongly armed. The spines of the fijis moderate ; the
second of the anal stronger, but rather shorter than the third, which
is 2|^ in the length of the head. Caudalis forked, the upper lobe
longest. Greenish olive, each scale with a pearl-coloured base. The
marginal half of the dorsal violet.
Sea of Batavia ; Waigiou.
«. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
3. Scolopsis ciliatus.
Holocentrus ciliatus, Lacep. iv. pp. 383, 371.
Lycogeuis argyrosoma, Kuhl 8f van Hasselt.
Scolopsides lycogenis, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 346. pi. 127.
B. 5. D, i^. A. |. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 4/15. Ca3C. pylor. 5.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 4| ; the snout is rather shorter than the diameter of the eye,
2 A 2
3oG PRISTIPOMATID.li;.
which is ouc-third of the length of the head, and equal to the inter-
space between tlie eyes. The ni)per maxillaiy araicd witli a pro-
minent sen-ated longitudinal ridge, and extending to the vertical from
the front margin of the eye ; the infraorbital arch with two promi-
nent spines of nearly equal size. Praeopcrculum with stronger spinous
teeth at the angle, but the angle not prominent. Operculum with
a conspicuous spine. Spines of the fins slender ; the third of the
anal fin longer than the second. Caudalis emarginate. A shining
white longitudinal band between the lateral line and the middle of
th^ dorsal fin.
Seas of Java, Ambo)Tia, New Guinea, and Vanicolo.
a. Adult. AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult. Amboyna. From Madame Ida PfeifFcr's Collection.
4. Scolopsis auratus.
Perca aurata, Mtimjo Park, Trans, Linn. Soc. iii, p. 35.
Antliias vosmeri, £1. tab. 321 ; SI. Schn. p. 304.
Lutjanus vosmtn-i, Laccp. iv. p. 213.
am'covittatus, Laccp. iv. p. 216.
Pomaccntrus enneadactylus, Lacep. iv. pp. 505, 508.
Scolopsides vosmeri, Onv. i^ Val. v. p. 333 ; Bleak. Vcrit, Bat. GenootscJi.
xxiii. Scicen. p. 27.
Scolopsis aurata, Cant. Catal. p. 81.
9 7
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head about four times ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
latter. The infraorbital arch with two prominent spines, and the
anterior spiniferous plate denticulated beneath the spine ; a part of
the prasopcrcular tee.th bent outwards, and most of them with a
miijute spine at the base, pointing downwards ; the second anal
spine longest and strongest, the first half its length. A silvery
longitudinal band beneath the lateral line, terminating opposite the
soft dorsal fin.
Seas of Java, Sumatra, and Pinang.
5, Scolopsis torquatus.
Chiv. ^ Val. V. p. 335; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. p. 28.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 41-42. L. transv. 4/15.
Body rather elevated ; snout short ; pra^orbital .spine strong ;
angle of prajoperculum projecting; the spines of the fins rather
strong ; the second of the anal fin longer than the third. A broad
yellowish cross-band from the nape over the operculum.
Sea of Batavia ; Molucca Sea.
rt. Fine specimen. Moluccas (as Scolopsides collaris).
b. Adult. India.
13. scoLorsis. 357
6. Scolopsis bilineatus.
Anthias bilineatus, Block, taf. 325. f. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 30G.
Lutianus ellipticus, Larep. iv. p. 213.
Scolopsitles bilineatus, Cui\ ^ Val. v. p. 33G; Bleek. Verh. Bat.
Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen, p. 28.
D. ^. A. l L. lat. 46. L. transv. 4/15.
The snout is short, shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the
interspace between tlie eyes exceeds the diameter. Praeoperculum
notched above the angle. A yello\\dsh band, edged with brown,
ascends from the angle of the mouth in a slight curve upwards to
the origin of the soft dorsal ; a yellowish blotch on the back, below
the posterior two-thirds of the soft dorsal. A yellow line from the
origin of the dorsal to the middle of the forehead ; another, parallel,
above the eye ; a third through the eye, joining that of the other
side on the muzzle. Dorsal fin white, with a broad black streak on
the marginal half of the soft portion ; anal black in its anterior half,
white in its posterior.
Seas of Amboyna and Celebes.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Franlc.
h. Half-growTi. Celebes.
c. Adult. Old Collection, as Perca /rewato.
7. Scolopsis bimaculatus.
Scolopsis bimaciUatus, Rilpji. Atl. Flsche, p. 8. pi. 2. f. 2, and N. IV.
Fische, p. 126 ; Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 340.
Scolopsides ta^niatus, (Fhrenb.) Cuv. <^ Val. I. c.
luermis, Rich. Iclith. China, p. 236 (not Schley.).
D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 4/15.
The height of the body is 3-^- in the total length, the length of the
head four times. The diameter of the eye is one-third of the length
of the head, and rather longer than the snout, or the interspace
between the eyes. Infraorbital arch with one strong spine; the
spiniferous plate rather elevated, with several denticidations beneath
the spine. Prajoperculura with the angle projecting. Spines of the
fins rather slender ; the thii'd of the anal fin somewhat longer and not
thinner than the second. Caudalis slightly forked. Rose-coloured,
with a large oblong blackish blotch in the middle of the total length
Red Sea ; Ceylon ; Chinese Seas.
a. Adult: stuffed. China Seas. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Fine specimen.
8. Scolopsis inermis.
Temm. 8f Schley. Faun. Jajmi. Poiss. p. 03. pi. 28. f. 1 ; Bleek. Verh.
Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 83. — Richards. Ichth. China, p. 236,
belongs to Sc. bimaculatus.^
D. ^, A.-i. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is 3f to 3f in the total Icngtii, the Icnglh
358 PRISTIPOMATIDiE.
of the head 3f to 4 ; the diameter of the eye is a little less than
one-third of tlie latter. The prajorbital is only half as high as the
eye, and has a short spine and some denticulations beneath. Prae-
operculum with the angle rounded, slightly denticulated. The anal
spines strong, the second and third nearly equal ; caudalis scarcely
emarginate. Coloration uniform.
Japanese Sea.
9. Scolopsis monogramiua.
Scolopsides monogramma, (Kuhl S)- r. Hans.) Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 338 ;
Cur. Signe Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 31. f. 3; Meek. Verh. Batav. Gen.
xxiii. Scicen. p. 29 (not synonymy).
D. -. A. -. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 4/16.
9 7 '
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length
of the head, and rather longer than the snout, or the distance between
the eyes. Praeorbital two-thirds as high as the eye, with a flat
strong spine and some denticulations beneath ; praeoperculum di-
stinctly serrated at the angle and at the posterior limb, which is
slightly emarginate. The spines of the fins moderate ; the third of
the anal fin a little longer than the second. Caudalis emarginate.
Coloration uniform (in spirits).
Sea of Java ; Molucca Sea.
a. Adult. Moluccas.
b. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
10. Scolopsis phaeops.
Scolopsides phaeops, Bennett, Proc. Committ, Zool. Soc. i. p. 165.
D. -. A. |. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 5/17.
9 7 '
The height of the body is three times in the total length (without
caudal fin), the length of the head 3i ; the snout is rather longer
than the diameter of the eye, which is 3f in the length of the head.
The praeorbital is in the middle half as wide as the orbit, and anned
with a flat strong spine and seyeral spinous teeth ; pneoperculum
with strong spinous teeth, and with a notch above the projecting
angle. Caudalis deeply forked, with both lobes produced into fila-
ments. A silvery streak from the muzzle across the praeorbital to
the eye ; another from the praeorbital spine to the angle of the prae-
operculum. A hght yellowish longitudinal band from over the eye,
above and parallel to the lateral line, to the end of the dorsal.
Isle de France.
a. Fine specimen. Isle de France. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society. — Type of the species.
Description of the specimen. — This species is rather elongated, the
greatest depth of the body being one-third of the totid length (wnthout
caudal fin). The head is rather broad and flat above, covered with
scales nearly to the nostrils ; all the snout is scaleless. The distance
between the eyes is more than the width of the orbit or the extent
13. scoLopsis. 359
of the snout. The cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique, moderate,
the maxillary not reacliing to the vertical from the anterior margin
of the orbit. The praeorbital is broadest between the eye and the
top of the snout ; it is composed, as in all the species of Scolopsis, of
two pieces, the posterior of which is the spiniferous ; i^s width in
the middle, or in the suture between the two pieces, is one-half of
that of the orbit. The spine is sti'ong, flat, and pointed ; and there
are five spinous teeth besides, much smay.er than the spine, but
similar in shape : there is no spine pointing forwards. The prse-
operculum is scaly to its posterior margin, but part of its inferior
limb is naked. There are six series of scales between the orbit and
the angle of the praeoperculum. The posterior limb descends
obliquely forwards, and is armed Avith about twelve rather distant
spinous teeth, the middle of which are sti'ongest ; the ang.e is
rounded and projecting, and anhed with, about eight spinous teeth,
more feeble than the strongest ones of the limb ; the inferior limb is
smooth, without teeth, and as long as the posterior. The operculi^m
has a short and prominent spine, and is covered with scales of mo-
derate size ; even its basal margin is scaly. The suprascapula is
finely serrated, and it can scarcely be distinguished from the sur-
rounding scales.
The dorsal fin begins before the vertical from the base of the pec-
toral, and terminates a little behind the anal. The length of the
base of the soft dorsal is 1| in that of the spinous. The spines ate
moderate, not flexible : the first is two-thirds of the second ; the
second is rather shorter than the folio-wing foiu% which are the
longest, and one-third of the height of the body. The soft dorsal is
rather higher, the sixth and seventh rays being the longest. The
distance between the dorsal and caudal fins equals the height of the
tail beneath the end of the dorsal. The caiulal is deepl}^ forked,
each lobe being produced into a filament, the length of which equals
that of the first dorsal ray ; the upper lobe is slightly longer than the
lower. The fin is nearly scaleless. The distance between the caudal
and anal fins equals the height of the tail above the end of the latter.
The anal fin begins beneath the second dorsal ray, and terminates
a little before the dorsahs. The spines are rather stronger than
those of the dorsal, and on one side broader than on the other : the
first is nearly one-half of the second ; the second three-quarters of
the third, which is three times as long as the head. The margin of
the soft portion is slightly rounded, the postexior rays gradually be-
coming shorter : the first ray is 2\ in the length of the head. The
pectoral fin is slightly pointed, scaly at the base only, and does not
reach to the vent. The base of the ventral fin faUs behind that of
the pectoral ; it is shorter, and also does not reach to the vent ; the
spine is two-thii'ds of the first ray.
The scales are of moderate size, finely crenated,- much higher than
long, and fii-mly adherent ; one of the largest covers one-fifth of the
eye.
The ground- colour is now greenish olive ; tho fins are colourless,
The. bands as described above.
360 PKISTIPOMATID^.
inches, lines.
Total length 9 11
Length from the snout to the root of the
caudal 7 4
Height of the body 2 5
Length of the head 2 3
Diameter of the eye 0 7|
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 10
of the seventh dorsal ray 1 1|
of the upper caudal lobe 2 7
of the third anal spine 0 9
of tho ^t anal ray 1 0
of the pectoral fin 1 8
of the ventral fin 1 6
of a large scale 0 2|
Height of a large scale 0 3|
11. Scolopsis temporalis.
Scolop§ides temporalis, Cuv. i5|- i''al. v. p. 341.
D. ii. A. J. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 6/17.
The snout is as long as the diameter of the eye ; the praeorbital
tWo-thirds as high as the eye, with a flat spine and some denticula-
tions beneath ; the praeoperculum with the posterior hmb oblique
and coarsely denticulated, and with the angle projecting backwards.
The spines of the fins rather slender ; the second anal spine shorter
and not thicker than the third. Caudalis deeply forked, with the
lobes produced into filaments, the upper being the longest. The first
ray of the ventrals produced into a short filament. Upper part of the
head, between the scaly crown and the tip of the snout, violet, with
three cross-bands of yellowish colour (in a dried state) ; the upper
band continued behind the eye, and forming there a violet ring with
yellowish centre. Body and fins imiform.
Seas of Waigiou, Yanicolo, and New Guinea ; Louisiade Archipelago.
a, h. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (in 15 fathoms). Voy-
age of the llattlesnake.
12. Scolopsis personatus.
C'Mt". 8f Vol. V. p. 344 ; Bleek. Sumatra, i. p. 576.
D. ^. A.|. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 3i in the latter. The
pi-aiorbital is half as wide as the eye, and denticulated beneath the
spine ; the snout is scarcely longer than the (htuncter of the eye.
I'ra?opcrculum with the angle roimdcd, and tlie posterior limb slightly
cmarginate, strongly denticulated. The tbird anal spine longest.
13. scoT.opsis. 361
Caudal fin deeply forked, with the lobes pointed ; the first ray of the
ventral fins produced into a short filament. Snout above violet, with
a bluish band (in life) between the eyes ; a broad yellow band from
the eye to the caudal ; the soft dorsal with a violet margin behind.
Seas of Java and Sumatra.
13. Scolopsis frenatus.
Cuv. 4- Val. V. p. 343.
9 7
Prseoperculum with strong denticulations, some of which are bifur-
cate ; the angle projecting backwards. Caudahs deeply forked, with
both the lobes produced into filaments. The upper part of the
muzzle violet, with a whitish margin in front ; a green band from
the eye to the third dorsal spine (sometimes disappearing in spirits).
Sometimes a blackish spot on the tail. (Cuv.)
Seychelles ; Isle de France.
14. Scolopsis cancellatus.
? Scolopsis lineatus, Qtioy ^ Gahn. Voy. de TAstrol. pi. 60. f. 3 (very
bad).
Scolopsides cancellatus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 351 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav.
Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen. p. 28,
D. •^. A. J. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 3/12.
Csec. pylor. 6. Vert. 10/14.
I'he height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 3f in the total ; the snout is very short, two-thirds of the dia-
meter of the eye, which is 24- in the length of the head. The inter-
space between the eyes is flat, narrowest above the middle of the
eyes, and there shorter than the width of the eye ; but above the
anterior angle of the orbit it widens so much as to equal the dia-
meter mentioned. The upper maxillary extends to the vertical from
the^front margin of the orbit. The infraorbital arch with one spine
only. Prseoperculum finely and equally serrated, with a slight notch
above the angle. Spines of the fins moderate ; the second anal spine
rather strongei , but not longer than the third. Back largely marbled
with greyish brown ; two yellowish longitudinal streaks from the
upper half of the eye ; a black spot between the first three dorsal
spines.
Polynesia ; Sumatra.
a. Half-grown. Sumatra. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
15. Scolopsis bleekeri.
Scolopsides lineatus, Bleeker, Solor, p. 73 (not Riipp.).
D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 35.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
3G2 PRISTIPOMATTD.E.
head 4| ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the latter, and longer
than the snout. The praeorbital is one-third as high as the eye, and
armed with a strong slender spine and some denticulations beneath.
Praeoperculum with the posterior limb strongly serrated and scarcely
emarginate. Caudahs forked ; the second anal spine much longer
and stronger than the third, even longer than the soft portion of the
fin. Above dark violet ; a yellow cross-band between the eyes ; three
bluish longitudinal bands — the first along the middle of the neck to
the dorsal fin, the second from tl^e crown to the base of the soft
dorsal, the third from the eye to the end of the dorsal ; a white lon-
gitudinal band from the snout, below the eye, to the caudal. A black
spot on the anterior part of the spinous dorsal. (Bl.)
Sea of Solor.
16. Sc^iopsis ghanam.
Scisena ghanam, Forslc p. 5J
Holocentrus ghanam, Lacep. iv. p. 847.
Scolopsis lineatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 7. pi. 2. f. 1, and N. W. Fische,
p. 126.
Scolopsides ghanam, Ctiv. 8f Val. v. p. 848.
D. ]1, A.y. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 4/14. Csec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is 3|^ in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 3f in the latter, and
much longer than the snout, or the interspace between the eyes. The
infraorbital arch with one fiat spine of moderate length ; the spini-
ferous plate slightly denticiilated, and not elevated. Praeopercuhim
with a notch above the angle. Spines of the fins slender ; the third
of the anal longer and not thinner than the second. Caudalis sliglitly
forked. The lateral line angularly curved below the fourth dorsal
spine, and steeply descending behind the end of the dorsal fin. On
each side four whitish lines : the first from above the anterior angle
of the orbit to the end of the dorsal ; the second from the supra-
scapula above, and following the lateral line to the back of the tail ;
the third from the posterior upper angle of the orbit below, and fol-
lowing the lateral line, lost on the posterior third of the body ; the
fourth, shortest, from the posterior lower angle of the orbit, lost above
the base of the pectoral.
Red Sea.
a. Adult.
b. Adult.
17. Scolopsis pectinatus.
Scolopsides pectinatus, {KuhlSfv. Hass.) Cue. c^- Val. v. p. 34G,
D.H. A.i.
Praeorbital narrow, with a verj'' acute spine and without other den-
ticulations ; praeoperculum with the angle projecting backwards.
Yellowish, indistinctly spotted ; fins immaculate. (Cuv.)
Sea of Java.
13. scoLOPSis. 363
18. Scolopsis longulus.
Richards. Ann. (^ Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1842, p. 889.
D. ^. A. -i. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 3/15.
The height of the hody is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and about one-fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is rather
shorter than the snout, and 3| in the length of the head. The prae-
orbital is three-quarters as wide as the eye, and armed with a small
spine and some denticulations beneath ; praeoperculum with the pos-
terior limb very finely serrated, and with the angle rounded. The
spines of the fins moderate ; the second of the anal shorter than the
third. Caudalis emarginate. A yellowish band broadly edged with
blackish above and below, from above the pectoral to the root of
the caudal ; two indistinct blackish Hues above the lateral hne.
North-west coast of Australia.
a. Adult : skin. Torres Straits. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection. —
Type of the species.
6". Adiilt : skin. Port Essington, Presented by the Earl of Derby,
c. Adult : skin. Port Essington.
19. Scolopsis leucotsenia.
Bleeker, Banka, p. 451.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 36.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the latter, and
longer than the snout. The praeorbital half as high as the eye, with
a single spine, and without denticulations beneath ; praeoperculum
with the posteiior limb slightly emarginate and strongly denticu-
lated. Caudalis forked ; the second anal spine much longer and
stronger than the third. A brown band from above the eye to the
end of the dorsal fin, a second from the snout to the base of the
caudal ; a white band between. (Bl.)
Sea of Banka.
20. Scolopsis leucotsenioides.
Bleeker, Celebes, vii. p. 439.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
one-fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is much longer
than the snout, twice the distance between the eyes, and 2| in the
length of the head. The praeorbital is one-third as high only as the
eye, with a short spine behind, and without any other denticiilations.
Praeoperculum serrated. Caudalis forked ; the second and third anal
spines nearly equal. A black curved band from the muzzle, above
the eye and the lateral line, to the caudal fin, anteriorly and pos-
teriorly united with that of the other side ; a second black straight
364 PRISTIPOMATID.T:.
band from the muzzle, through the eye, to the root of the caudal ; a
third, very broad white band from the eye to the caudal. A black
blotch between the first and fourth dorsal spines ; a series of brownish
spots along the base of the soft dorsal. (Bl.)
Sea of Manado (Celebes).
21. Scolopsis caninus.
Cuv. ^ Vol. V. p. 354.
1).-. A.y.
Several larger teeth in the jaws. Pra^orbital with the posterior
margin very oblique, entire, and terminating above in a short point ;
praeoperculum with the margin rounded and scarcely serrated ; spines
of the fins slender. A yellowish band from the eye to the caudal fin.
New Guinea.
14. HETEROGNATHODON*.
Heterodon, JSleeker, Bydr. Topogr. Batav.
Heterognathodon, Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. 1850,
p. 100, and Verkand. Batav. Genootsch, xxiii. Sciccn. p. 30.
Form of the body oblong ; eye^moderate ; cleft of the mouth nearly
horizontal, with the jaws equal. One dorsal; dorsal with the
number ^ ; anal y ; spines feeble. Caudalis more or less deeply
forked. Canine teeth in both jaAvs. Infraorbital arch entire ; prsc-
operculum serrated ; operculum with a single spine. Five (some-
times six) branchiostegals. Scales moderate, ciliated
East Indian Seas.
1. Heterognathodon bifasciatus.
Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen. p. 30.
D. ^. A. f. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. The snout is convex, shorter than the
diameter of the eye, which is 2|- in the length of the head. The
upper maxillary bones rough ; prajorbital naked. The third anal
spine longest ; caudalis cmarginate. Bluish, with two pearl-coloured
longitudinal bands; the first between the eye and the end of the
dorsal, the second from the snout to the caudal. {Bl.)
Sea of Siunbawa.
2. Heterognathodon hellmuthii.
Bleeker, Solor, p. 75.
B. 6. D. ^. A. J. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of tho
* ] suppose that the Lama gidiminda, BussoU, ii. pi. 107, is to be referred to
(his genus. It is identical with CanfhavKs ffuiimhim, Cuv. & Yul. vi. p. 344,
nncl Spondi/liosoma f/idiminda, Cantor, Catal. |). .W. — Eas' Indian Sea?
14. UETEKOGNATUODON. 366
head 4f . The snout is convex, shorter than the diameter of the
eye, which is nearly one-third of the length of the head. Prajorbital
and margin of the praeoperculum scaly; the posterior limb 'of the
pra)operculum minutely denticulated. Caudalis forked. A brownish
longitudinal band from the eye to the caudal fin ; above and below
the lateral line two series of blue dots. (Bl.)
Sea of Solor.
3. Heterognathodon xanthopleura.
Heterodon zonatus, Sleeker, Bydr. Topogr. Batav.
Heterognathodon xanthopleura, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl.
Indie, i. 1850, p. 101, and Ver. Bat. Genootseh. xxiii. Sciatn. p. 31.
D. '-^. A. |. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total ; the snout is conical and rather longer than the
diameter of the eye, which is 3i in the length of the head. Praj-
orbital naked; prajoperculum very finely denticulated. The third
anal spine longest. Caudalis emarginate. On each side two lighter
longitudinal bands ; a bluish band from the eye to the operculum.
Seas of Batavia and Amboyna.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Brandt as Dentex lineatus.
4. Heterognathodon macnirus.
Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. 1850, p. 101, and Verhand,
Batav. Genootseh. xxiii. Sciceti. p. 31.
D. ■^. A. |. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is 41 in the total length, the length of the
head five times ; the snout is conical, shorter than the diameter of
the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. Pjraeorbital
scaly. The third anal spine longest. Caudalis deeply forked. A
broad yellowish band from the eye to the caudal fin. (5/.) ,
Sea of Batavia.
5. Heterognathodon nemurus.
Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 754.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 45 {BUeTcer 55 ?).
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is Si
in ihe total length (without the caudal) ; the snout is conical and
scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 3^ in the
length of the head. Prseorbital naked, the margin of the praeoper-
culum scaly. Caudalis forked, with the lobes produced into filaments
longer than the fin ; body with two broad yellow longitudinal bands
on each side.
Sea of Macassar.
a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
366 PRISTIPOMATTHyl-:.
G. Heterognathodon microdon.
Sleeker, Batav. p. 4G4.
B. 5. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is A\ in the total length, the length of the
head 4^. The snout is conical, shorter than the diameter of the
eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. Praeorbital
scaleless ; margin of pra^operciilum scaly. Caudalis forked. Rose-
colom-ed ; a yellow band from the snout through the eye to the
caudal fin.
Seas of Batavia and Amboyna ; Louisiadc Archipelago.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Ai'chipelago. Presented l)y the
Lords of the Admiralty.
15. DENTEX*.
Dentex, sp., Cuv. Reyne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 212.
Fonn of the body oblong, rather elevated ; eye moderate ; cleft of
the mouth more or less horizontal, with the jaws nearly equal. One
continuous dorsal, with the numbers varying between '" '^". '^ ; in
' •' "^ 10 and 12
the anal between — ; caudalis more or less forked. Generally strong
canines in both the jaws. Praeorbital entire, broad ; distance between
the eye and the cleft of the mouth great ; prajoperciUum entii'e, wath
more than three series of scales ; operculum without prominent spine.
Six branchiostegals. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Pseudobranchiae.
Swim-bladder with a not<^h posteriorly. Pyloric appendages in small
number.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic ; lied Sea ; Sunda Sea ; Japanese Sea.
1. Dentex vulgaris.
Swayptf, ^vvohovs, Aristot. ii. c. 13, 15, viii. c. 2, 13, ix. c. 2.
Dentex, Colum. Viii. c. IG.
SwoSour, JElian, i. c. 4G.
Synagris, Salv. p. Ill; Rondel, v. c. 19. p. 15U.
Sparus, no. 5, Artedi, Genera, p. 3G.
, no. 6, Artedi, Sijnon. p. 59.
* 1. Labrus macrocephalus, Lacep. iii. p. 480. pi. 2G. f. 1. — Dentex macroce-
phalus, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 232 ; Cuv. Kegne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 35. f. 2. —
Hab. ? — Probably a species of Par/rus.
2. Dentex gobioides, {Solander) Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 234. — Otaheiti.
3. Labrus thunbergii, Lacfp. iv. p. 467. — Dentex thunbergii, Cuv. ^ Val.
vi. p. 2.37. — Japan.
4. Sparus cynodon, Bloch, taf. 278. — Cichla cynodon, Bl. Schn. p. 338. —
Dentex cynodon, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 2.'{9. — Ilab. ?
6. Dentex rivulatus, Benn. Proc. Zool^ Soc. iii. p. 91 (not Riijrp.). — Trebizond.
6. — — waigiensis, Quoy 4' Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 302. — Appears to be
some Percoid fish.
15. UKNTEX. 3(57
Sparus dentex, L. Gm. p. 1278 ; Bl. taf. 268 ; Bl. Schn. p. 271 ; Lucep.
iv. p. 121 ; Hisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 253 ; De la Roche, Ann. 3Itis. xiii.
p. 317.
Duhamel, Peches, ii. c. 2. p. 251.
Cichla dentex, Bl. Schn. p. 337.
Sparus cetti, Binso, Ichth. Nice, p. 256.
Dentex cetti, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 256.
vulgaris, Cur. 8f Val. vi. p. 220. pi. 153; t'lem.Bnt. Anim. p. 212 ;
Jen. Man. p. 357 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. i. p. 127 ; GidcJien. Explor.
Alffer. Poiss. p. 51 ; Webb ^ Berthel. Isles Canar. Poiss. p. 3(5.
13. 6. D.i^. A.|. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 7/16. Cecc. pylor. 5.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 5^ in tiie latter, and 2^ in that
of the snout. The prseorbital is very large, its height being nearly
twice that of the eye. There are eight series of scales between the
prseorbital and the angle of the prseopcrciilum, the Hmb of which is
also partly covered with small, irregular scales. In each of the jaws
fom: canine teeth, the outer pair of which is much stronger than the
inner one. The spines of the fins are rather slender and flexible ; the
fourth of the dorsal is the longest, and 2| in the length of the head.
CaudaHs forked. The third anal spine rather longer than the second,
and rather shorter than the first ray ; the posterior rays of the dorsal
and anal fins slightly elongate. Bluish silvery, Avith some h-regular
blackish dots on the back ; axil blackish.
Mediterranean ; Canary Islands ; Coast of England (occasional).
a. Adult : skeleton. Adriatic. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Fine specimen. Dalmatia. Pm-chased of Dr. Heckel.
c. Half-grown. Lisbon. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
d, e. Young: stuffed: not good state. Lisbon. Presented by G.
Hough, Esq.
/. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. LoAve.
g. Young : bad state. Old Collection.
h. Adult : bad state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Skeleton. — The upper maxiUary bone is oblong, flat, with the pos-
terior inferior angle forming a prominence, to which the extremity
of the intermaxillary is joined ; the intermaxillary tapers little, is
rather broad at the base, and has the posterior processes nearly as
long as the descending branches, although they do not reach back-
wards to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The
mandibulary is moderately elongate and elevated, and has a ver^
distinct muciferous channel wiiji fom- elliptical openings. Thp head
of the vomer is broad, slightly excavated and rounded anteriorly ;
the palatine bones have a nearly vertical situation. The turbinal
bones are veiy elongate, tubuliform ; the prteorbital veiy large, qua-
di'angular ; there is a bony plate at the inner side of the infraorbital
ring. The lower limb of the praeoperculum is only one-half the length
of the posterior ; both meet at a rather obtuse angle, which, however,
is rounded ; long slits and openings lead into a channel along the
368 I'RISTIPOMATID.E.
interior ridge of the bone. The opercuhim is quadrangular, with a
slight exterior ridge; the interoperculura rather broader than the
suboperculum. The anterior portion of the frontal bones is slightly
convex, porous. The occipital crest is strong, and extends on the
frontal bones to dbove the centre of the orbit ; the lateral crests also
are very developed. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is
slightly compressed, and the basisphenoid has a quadrangular open-
ing before the occipital joint. The humeral arch and the pubic
bones do not show any peculiarity.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal venebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column . being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1-4. Some of the anterior ribs arc broad in their basal
portion. The neural and-'hajmal spines slender, the interneurals di-
lated ; the first interhaemal is rather feeble, but it has a verj' distinct
anterior ridge.
2, Dentex argyrozona.
aw. ^ Val. vi. p. 235 ; Smith, III S. Afr. Fishes, pi. 19.
D. _iL. A. f. L. lat. 60. L. transv. ^. Cjbc. pylor. 4.
Vert. 9/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in
the total. The snout exceeds in length the diameter of the eye.
Canines very strong. The praeorbital scaleless, nearly as high as the
eye ; there are eight or nine rows of scales between the pracorbital
and the margin of the profsoperculum, which is also covered with
scales for its greater part ; the scales above the lateral line scarcely
smaller than those of the sides. The spines of the fins slender,
rather flexible ; the fourth of the dorsal longest, and not (juite one-
third of the length of the head ; the second and third anal spines
nearly equal. Caudalis emarginate. Red, with silvery longitudinal
bands.
Cape Seas.
a. Half-grown : not good state. Cape of Good Hope. From the
Haslar Collection.
b. 23" long : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
c. 29" long : stuffed. Cape Seas. Purchased of Mr. Gould.
d. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
e. Adult : skin. False Bay.
/. 29" long : stuffed.
3. Dentex prav^rbitalis. (Plate XXIII. fig. A.)
D. {|. A. g L. lat. 60. L. transv. 10/15.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the length of the
snout, and 6f in that of the head. Canines very strong. The pi-ae-
orbital regularly quadi'angiilar, scaleless, much higher than wide ;
the width of the orbit is 2] in the height of the pracorbital. There
15. DENTEX, 369
are eleven or twelve series of scales between the praeorbital and the
margin of the praeoperculum, which is also entirely scaly. The scales
on the upper surface of the head entirely cover the space between
the eyes ; those above the lateral line are considerably smaller than
those below. The dorsal spines moderate, not flexible ; the fourth
is the longest, and 2| in the length of the head ; the third anal spine
rather longer than the second. Caudalis emarginate. Coloration
uniform (in a dried state).
Cape Seas,
a. Stuffed, Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
Description of the specimen. — The greatest depth of the body is
below the origin of the dorsal, where it is contained Sg in the total
length. The nape of the neck is very convex and gibbous ; from
thence the upper profile of the head is straight and descends in an
oblique line. The head is elevated and strongly compressed, its
width between the eyes being 5| in its length, which is one-fourth
of the total. The head is entirdy covered with rather small scales,
except the snout ; on the upper side the scales extend to the level of
the anterior nostril. The posterior processes of the intermaxillaries
are rather longer than these bones. The praeorbital is very large,
elevated, quadrangular, with the posterior margin straight, descend-
ing obliquely downwards. The eye is situated high up the sides,
but does not interfere with the upper profile ; it is rather small,
its diameter being 6f in the length of the head.
The dorsal spines are of moderate strength, on one side broader
and compressed ; the first is two-thirds of the second, the second
three-quarters of the third ; the third rather shorter than the fourth,
which appears to be the longest, and 2| in the length of the head ;
the soft dorsal is considerably lower than the spinous. The caudal
fin is slightly forked. The posterior edge of the pectoral is slightl-^
emarginate ; the fin is pointed, its length being 4| in the total, anu
reaches nearly to the anal fin : the ventral is much shorter ; but I
cannot state its exact length, part of the fin being broken off.
The scahs are rather small on the head, on the back, and on the
breast, much larger on the sides of the body and on the back of the
tail. They are minutely ciliated and higher than long. One of th6
largest covers the eye.
Each of the jaws is armed with a series of pointed conical teeth,
becoming smaller posteriorly ; there are four canines in front of the
upper jaw, six in front of the lower, the outer of which are strong
and curved. Behind these larger teeth is a narrow band of small
cardiform teeth.
The present colour is a uniform greyish olive.
inches, lines.
Total length 20 6
Height of the body 5 9
Length of the head 5 0
Diameter of the eye 0 9
Distance between the eyes 0 11
2b
370 PKISTIPOMATID^.
inches, lines.
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 2 0
of the pectoral 4 6
of the ventral spine I 10|
of a scale 0 Tj
Height of a scale 0 9|
4. Dentex rupestris.
Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 231 ; Smith, III. S. Afr. Fishes, pi. 14 (not good) ;
Owen, Os'eolog. Catal. L p. 00.
D. n A. |, L. lat. 58. L. ti-ansv. {^.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3^
in the total. The snout is twice as long as the diameter of the eye,
which is 5 3 in the length of the head. Canines very strong. The
praeorbital scaleless, much higher than the eye ; there are seventeen
rows of scales between the praeorbital and the margin of the prae-
operculum, which is also covered with sfc'les for its greater part;
the scales above the lateral line are much smaller than those of the
sides, similar to those of the head. The spines of the fins moderate,
not flexible ; the fourth of the dorsal is the longest, and Sj in the
length of the head ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal.
Caudalis eraarginate. Coloration uniform.
Cape Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
5. Dentex macrophthalmns.
Ivvaypii, 2vvooov, Athen. vii. pp. 322, 327; Oppian, i. 170.
Synagris, Belloru p. 181.
PDentalis seu Dentex Bellonii, Gesner, pp. 934, 1119.
Synagris Bellonii, Gesner, p. 934.
SpaiTis macrophthalmus, Bloch, taf. 272 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 250.
Cichla macrophtlialma, Bl. Schn. p. 337.
Sparu.s erythrostoma, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. no. 31.
Dentex macrophthalmus, Cuv. ?^ Val. vi. p. 227; Guicheiu Eocplor
Seietit. Alger. Poiss. p. 51 ; Webh 4- Berth. I. c. p. 37.
? Dentex maroccanus, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 234.
B. 6. D. }?. A. |. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and
longer than the distance between the eyes ; the praeorbital is three
times as long as high ; praeoperculum with scaly margin ; four canines
of moderate size in the upper jaw. Dorsal spines moderate; the
second of the anal fin longer and stronger than the third. Caudalis
emarginate- Uniform red.
Mediterranean.
15. DENTEX. 371
a. Adult : stuffed : not good state.
h, c. Half-grown : stuffed.
d. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.
6. Dentex filosus,
Dentex filosua, Valenc. in Webb, lies Canar. Poiss. p. 37 ; Gtdchen.
Explor. Scient. Alg6r. Poiss. p. 52.
Dentex filamentosus, Valenc. I. c. pi. 6 (not Cuv. 8' Vol.).
D. }^. A. |. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 8/14.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head four times. Nape very convex, elevated. The scales of the
upper surface of the skull do not extend to the vertical from the
anterior margin of the eye ; there are eight series of scales between
the prseorbital and the angle of the praeoperculum. Four canines in
each jaw. The third or the third and fourth spines of the dorsal
produced into more or less long filaments. Caudalis forked. The
first ray of the ventrals sometimes elongate. Reddish, with irre-
gular blackish spots on the back.
Coast of Algiersj Canary Islands ; Cape Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith-
7. Dentex nufar.
Dentex nufar, {Ehrenh.) Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 240; Riipp. N. W. Fische,
p. 115.
D.l?. A.-|. Ca3c. pylor. 4.
The third spine of the dorsal fin three-quarters of the height of
the body, the fourth and fifth shorter ; four canines in each of the
jaws. Coloration uniform silvery.
Eed Sea.
8. Dentex hypselosoma.
Bleeker, Japan, p. 402, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Japan, tab. 4. f. 2.
B. 6. D. {?. A. f . L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 3|^ or 4 ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter,
and longer than the snout. The height of the praeorbital two-thirds
of that of the eye. Four canine teeth above, six below. The scales
of the praeoperculum are arranged in five series. Dorsal spines
rather slender ; the fourth longest, nearly one-third of the height of
the body. Caudalis emarginate ; the second anal spine longest.
Rose-coloured; a broad yellow band between the eyes. {Bl.)
Sea of Japan.
2 B 2
372 PBISTIPOMATID^.
0. Dentex ^seus.
Dftntex griseus, Temm. 8f Schley. Faun. Jupon. Poiss. p. 72. pi. 36 5
Blocker, Sumatra, iv. p. 80, and Verhand. Batav. Genootach. xxvi.
JapuH, p. 88.
Dt-ntex lethrinoidfts, Bfeek. Java, i. p. 102, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii.
Spar. p. 11.
Lobotes microprion, Bleek. Natuurk. Tyihchr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 174
(young).
B. 6. D. L". A. ^. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 2|-3| in the total length, the length of
the head four times. The snout is rather longer than the eye ; the
prseorbital is large, about half as high as the eye, and scaleless, like
the margin of the praeoperculum ; there are four rows of scales be-
tween the prseorbital and the angle of the pi*a3operculum. Six canine
teeth in the upper jaw. Spines of the fins moderate : the fourth of
the dorsal longest, one-third of the height of the body ; the third of
the anal fin much longer than the second. CaudaUs emarginate.
Uniform rose-coloured, the dorsal and anal fins marbled with darker ;
young specimens with seven brownish cross-bands.
Seas of Japan, Java, and Sumatra.
«. Adult : stuffed : not good state. Japan.
10. Dentez microdon.
Bteeker, Celebes, i. p. 219.
B. 6. D.J?. A.f^. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and
equal to the length of the snout. The height of the pneorbital is 1|
in the diameter of the eye ; the upper maxillary does not extend to
the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. No canine teeth.
There are four series of scales between the pra;orbital and the mar-
gin of the praeoperculum. Dorsal spines slender ; the third, fourth,
and fifth longest, one-third of the height of the body ; the 'third
anal spine longest. Caudalis deeply forked. Greenish ; a black streak
from the eye to the interoperculum. {Bl.)
Sea of Bulucomba (Celebes).
11. Dentex rivulatris.
Riipp. N. TV. Fische, p. 116. taf. 29. f. 2 (not Benn.).
D. 12. A. ^.
9* 10
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 3| ; the eye is one-third of the latter. There are
four series of scales on the praeoperculum. Canines in both jaws ; on
the sides a series of conical teeth. Spines of the fins^ moderate;
caudalis forked ; the third anal spine longest. Greenish ; sides of
the head with blue Avavcd lines. {Riipp.)
Kcd Sea.
16. STNAGRIS. 373
12. Dentex midtideiis.
Cuv. <5- Val. vi. p. 238.
B.'A A.i-.
n 9
Eight or ten canine-like teeth in the outer series of each of the
jaws. The last rays of the dorsal and anal fins elongate ; the spine
of the ventral compressed, very broad, and nearly as long as the
rays. Praeorbital narrow and elongate. Pectoral very long. Uni-
form red. (Val.)
Red Sea.
This species, imperfectly described by Valenciennes, perhaps should
be referred to Pentapiis.
13. Dentez hasta.
Cuv. 9f Val. vi. p. 255.
B.6. D.ii. A.|.
Dorsal spines, and especially those of the anal, strong ; prieoper-
culum slightly ciliated, its limb scaleless. Si& stout canine teeth in
each of the jaws. The height of the body one-third of the total
length. Coloration uniform. ( Val.)
Coast of Malabar.
16. SYNAGRIS*.
Dentex, sp., Cuv. B^gne Amm. ; Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 212.
Form of the body rather elongate; eye moderate; cleft of the
mouth more or less horizontal, wJth the jaws nearly equal. One
continuous dorsal with the number j ; anal fin =^ ; spines feeble.
Caudalis deeply forked. Canine teeth, at least in the upper jaw.
Infraorbital arch entire ; preeopercxilum entire, or with very indi-
stinct serrature, with three series of scales; operculum without
prominent spine. Six branchiostegals. Scales moderate, ciliated.
Pseudobranchiae. Swim-bladder with a notch posteriorly. Pyloric
appendages in small number.
From the Red Sea, through all the East Indian Seas, into the
Pacific. [One species from the Surinam coast.]
1. Synagris furcosus.
Dentex furcosus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 244.
D. ^. A., -i. L. lat. 48-50. L. transv. 4/14.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
* 1. Dentex marginatus, Ctcv. Sf Val. vi. p. 245. — East Indies.
2. tambuloides, Bleek. Batav. p. 465. — Batavia.
3. tolu, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 249 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Spar.
p. 13. — Batavia.
4. Coryphsena striata, Block. — Dentex striatus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 252. —
Tranquebar.
5. Dentex mesoprion, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 13. — Sumatra.
G. ruber, Ciiv. ^- Val. vi. p. 245 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poias. p. 187.
pi. 31. f. 2; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Spar. p. 12.— East Indies.
374
PRISXIPOMATID^.
fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is 3f in the latter, and
lg-l| in the length of the snout. The pra^orbital is higher than the
eye ; there are three rows of scales between the prseorbital and the
margin of the praeoperculum. Six canine teeth in each of the jaws.
The spines of the fins slender, flexible ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth of
the dorsal fin longest, 2|— 2^ in the length of the head. Caudalis
deeply forked, scaly, the upper lobe rather longer ; the second and
third anal spines verj' feeble, nearly equal ; the posterior rays of the
dorsal and anal fins slightly elongate. Coloration uniform.
Coast of Trincomalee ; Sea of Amboyna ; Louisiade Archipelago ;
Coasts of Austraha.
a. Fine specimen. Ambojoia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by the Lords
of the Admiralty.
c. Adult : stuffed. Chaumont Island (Louisiade Archipelago), in
17 fathoms. Voyage of the Rattlesnake. \
d, e. Adult : skins. Damlay Island.
/. Fine specimen. Australia. Presented by J. Macgillivray, Esq.
g. Fiae specimen. Australia. Presented by J. Macgillivray, Esq.
2. Ssmagris taeniopteras.
Dentex taeniopterus, Cuv. <§• Vol. vi. p. 246; •Bleek. Verh. Batccv.
Genootsch. xxiii. Spar. p. 11.
B. '\ A. ^. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 4/11.
9 7 '
The height of the body nearly equals the length of the head, and
is 3f in the total ; the snout is longer than the diameter of the
eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The prseorbital
is as high as the eye ; there are three series of scales between the
prseorbital and the margin of the praeoperculum. The spines of the
fins slender and flexible ; the posterior of the dorsal fin longest, 2|
in the length of the head, and jather shorter than the rays. Cau-
dalis forked. The third anal spine iutermediate in length between
the second spine and the first ray ; the posterior rays of the dorsal
and anal fins slightly elongate. Rose-coloured, with yellow longi-
tudinal bands on the body ; a yellow band from the base of the first
dorsal spine to the top of the last ray.
Coasts of Australia ; Molucca Sea
a. Adult : stuffed. N.E. coast of Australia. Voyage of the Rattle-
snake.
h. Adult. Molucca Sea.
3. Syna^s mulloides.
Dentex mulloides, Bleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 576.
D. ^. A. f L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length
of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is about one-third of the
16. STNAGEIS. 375
latter, and as long as the snout; the praeorbital is only half the
height of the eye. Six or eight canine teeth in the upper jaw, none
in the lower. There are three series of scales between the praeor-
bital and the angle of the praeoperculum. The spines of the fins
feeble, flexible ; the middle ones of the dorsal fin highest, not quite
so high as the body ; the third anal spine longest, but rather shorter
than the first ray. Caudalis deeply forked, the upper lobe longer
Uniform rose-coloured. (Bl.)
Sea of Sibogha (Sumatra).
4. Synagris upeneoides.
Dentex upeneoides, Bleeher, Banka, ii. p. 725,
B. 6. D. ^. A. I- L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and as
long as the snout. The upper maxiUary reaches to the vertical from
the anterior margin of the orbit ; the height of the praeorbital is If
in the diameter of the eye ; there are three series of scales between
the praeorbital and the margin of the praeoperculum. Six canine
teeth in the upper jaw, none in the lower. The spines of the fins
slender, flexible ; the middle ones of the dorsal longest, half the
height of the body ; the soft portion of the fin lower than the spinous.
Caudalis deeply forked. Rose-coloured ; the soft lorsal with a yeUow
longitudinal band near the upper margin. (5Z.)
Sea of Banka.
5. Synagris zysron.
Dentex zysron, Sleeker, Mas, p. 219.
B. 6. D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length
of the head 4|- ; the snout is shorter than the diameter of the eye,
which is one-third of the length of the head ; the praeorbital is not
half as high as the eye. Eight or ten canine teeth in the upper jaw.
There are three series of scales between the praeorbital and the mar-
gin of the praeoperculum. Praeoperculum with slight denticulations.
Spines of the fins slender, those of the dorsal more than one -half
lower than the body. Caudalis deeply forked. The third anal spine
intermediate between the second spine and the first ray. Rose-
coloured; dorsalis with the upper margin yeUow; analis with an
obHque yellowish longitudinal band. (Bl.)
Sea of Nias.
6. Synagris ovenii.
Dentex ovenii, Bleeker, Celebes, v. p. 246,
B. 6. D. ^. A.f L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length
of the head 4i ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter,
and equal to the length of the snout ; the height of the praeorbital- is
376 PEISTIPOMATIDiE.
1^ in the diameter of the eye. Six or eight canine teeth in each
jaw. Scales of the praeoperculum arranged in three series. Dorsal
spines slender, about half the height of the body ; caudal fin deeply
forked, with the upper lobe longer. The third anal spiae longe'st,
much shorter than the soft portion of the fin ; the posterior anal ray
shortest. Rose-coloured, without any bands. (Bl.)
Sea of Macassar.
7. Synagris metopias.
Dentex metopias, Bleek. Act. Soe. Nedet'l. ii., Ambotna, p. 51.
D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 48-50.
The height of the body is 4|- in the total length (without caudal
fin), the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the
latter, and much longer than the snout ; the height of the praeorbital
is less than one-half the width of the orbit (above the angle of the
mouth) ; the upper maxillary reaches to below the anterior half of the
eye ; praeoperculum with denticulations. The soft portion of the dorsal
scarcely higher than the spinous ; the first ventral ray produced into
a filament ; the upper caudal lobe longer than the lower. Uniform
rose-coloured. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
8. Synagris hexodon.
Dentex hexodon, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc, Poiss. p. 8Q1 ; Cuv. Sf Val.
vi. p. 243.
D. ^. A. \. L. lat. 45.
Scales of the cheeks larger than those of the body ; six canines in
each jaw ; the dorsal spines feeble, and lower than the soft portion
of the fin. Body elongate. Uniform rose-coloured, silvery beneath.
{Val.)
A rather doubtful species, from the Sea of Timor.
9. Synagris peronii.
Dentex peronii, Cuv. 8^ Val. vi. p. 245. pi. 154.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 65.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4^ in
the total length. CaudaUs deeply forked, covered with scales. The
posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins not elongate ; the third anal
spine longer than the second. Rose-coloured. ( Val.)
Molucca Sea.
10. Synagris variabilis.
Dentex variabilis, ( Ehretibery) Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 241.
fasciolatus, {Ehrenberq) Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 242.
D.f A.|.
Dorsal fin rather low. Silvery ; body and vertical fins marbled
with brownish. ( Val.)
Red. Sea.
16. STNAGEIS. 377
11. Synagris luteus.
? Coryphsena lutea, Bl. Schn. p. 297. taf. 58.
Dentex luteus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 260.
D. ^. A.}. L. lat. 40.
Teeth nearly equal. {Vol.)
Coast of Pondicherry.
12. Sjrnagris celebicns.
Dentex celebicus, Sleeker, Celebes, v. p. 245.
B. 6. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is five times in the tctal length, the length
of the head 4|. The snout is scarcely short or than the diameter of
the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head ; the upper
maxillary reaches to below the anterior half of the eye ; the praeor-
bital is narrow, its height being 1| in the diameter of the eye. Six
canine teeth in each jaw. Scales of the prseoperculum arranged in
three series. The dorsal spines slender, the posterior ones longest,
one-half the height of the body ; the soft portion of the dorsal scarcely
higher than the spinous. Caudahs deeply forked ; the third anal
spine longest, rather shorter ihan the soft portion of the fin. Rose-
coloured, with a yellow lateral band ; dorsal and anal fins with
two greenish-yellow longitudinal bands, the former with a yellow
margin.
Macassar ; Louisiade Archipelago.
a. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (in 30 fathoms). Voyage
of the Rattlesnake.
13. Synagris nematopus.
Dentex nematopus, Sleeker, Celebes, i. p. 219.
D.^. A.|-. L. lat. 45.
The height of the body is 4|^ in the total length, and equals the
length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is 3-1- in the latter, and
equal to the length of the snout. The praeorbital is half as high as
the eye ; there are three series of scales between the prajorbital and
the margin of the praeoperculum. The upper maxillary reaches
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Four
canines in the upper jaw, none in the lower. Spines of the fins
slender ; the posterior ones of the dorsal longer, and 1| in the height
of the body ; the soft portion of the fin higher than the spinous.
The pectoral fins rather longer than the head ; in adult specimens
the first ray of the ventrals produced into a filament, reaching beyond
the origin of the anal fin. The third anal spine intermediate in
length between the second spine and the first ray. Caudalis deeply
forked, the upper lobe being longer. Red, with two yeUow bands
378 PKISTIPOMATIDJE.
from the head to the caudal fin ; dorsal fin with three waved, green-
ish-yellow longitudinal stripes.
Sea of Biilueomba (Celebes). Lotiisiade Archipelago.
a-d. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voy-
age of the Rattlesnake (in 30 fathoms).
14. Synagris japonicus.
Spams japonicus, Block, t. 277. f. 1.
Dentex blocliii, Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1851, p. 176.
B. 6. D.H A.f L.lat. 45.
The height of the body is 4 or 3| in the total length, and nearly
equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is 3-3^ in
the latter, and rather longer than the snout ; the height of the prae-
orbital is about one-half of the diameter of the eye ; there are three
series of scales between the praeorbital and the angle of the praeoper-
culum. Eight or ten canine teeth in the upper jaw, none in the
lower. The spines of the fins slender ; the posterior ones of the
dorsal longer, 2f in the height of the body ; the third anal spine in-
termediate in length between the second spine and the first ray.
Caudalis deeply forked, with the upper lobe longer, and sometimes
produced into a short filament. Reddish violet, with seven or eight
golden longitudinal bands; a ferruginous spot on the opercidum;
dorsal fin yellow-edged, caudal red. (-BZ.)
Sea of Batavia.
15. Synagris filamentosns.
Cantharus filamentosus, R'dpp. Atl. Fische, p. 50. pi. 12. f. 3 (not
Dentex filamentosus, Cuv. 8f Val).
Dentex bipunctatus, (Shrenberg) Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 247.
tambulus, Cfuv. df Val. vi. pp. 249, 558 (not Spams japoniciis,
Block) ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 114 ; Bleek. Verlutnd.Bat. Gettoatsch.
xxiii. Spar. p. 12.
D. '-^. A. |. C^. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is three times in the total length (without
caudal), the length of .the head 3^. The snout is longer than the
eye. The posterior spines of the dorsal fin longest, one-third of the
height of the body ; caudalis deeply forked ; in adult specimens
(males ?) the upper lobe prolonged into a filament nearly as long as
the fin, and the ventrals elongate, about one-foui'th of the total length.
Reddish ; two yellow streaks along the belly.
Red Sea ; Coast of Pondicherry.
16. Synagris nemurns.
Dentex nemurus, Bleek. Act. Soe. Nederl. ii., Amboitia, p. 49.
B. 6. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length (without caudal
16. 8TNAGBI8. 379
fin), the length of the head 3|- ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the
latter, and longer than the snout ; the praeorhital is not half as high
as the orbit (above the angle of the mouth) ; the upper maxiUary bone
reaches to below the anterior half of the orbit ; praeoperculiun den-
ticulated, operculum with a conspicuous spiae. The first ventral ray
produced rato a filament; the upper caudal lobe with a filament,
which is 3f in the length of the body. Eose-coloured ; the dorsal
fin with a yeUow margin ; the anal with a series of yellow dots along
the base. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
17. Synagris sinensis.
Spams sinensis, Lac^. iv. p. 46.
Dentex setigerus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 253 ; Faun, Japan. Poiss. p. 73.
pi. 37. 1 I (not good).
D.^. A.-|. L. lat. 48. L. tran^v. 4/10.
The height of the body is four times in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is much
shorter than the muzzle, and one-fourth of the length of the head.
Praeorhital very large, much higher than "the eye, and scaleless, Hke
the margin of the praeoperculum. Praeoperculum minutely ciliated.
The spines of the fins slender, those of the dorsal 2^ in the length
of the head ; the last rays of the dorsal and anal fins elongate ; the
upper lobe of the caudal produced into a very long filament. Red,
with sik yeUow longitudinal banfls on each side ; dorsal and anal
fins with a yeUow band along the base and margin ; the elongated
caudal ray yellow.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Adtilt : stuffed : injured. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Adult : skin : not good state. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves^
Esq.
18. Synagris nematophonis.
Dentex nematophorus, Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 500.
B. 6. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and
4| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is about one -third of the
latter, and longer than the snout. The praeorhital is haK the height
of the eye ; there are three series of scales between the praeorhital
and the angle of the praeoperculum ; the upper maxiUary reaches to
the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The first two
dorsal spines produced into very long filaments, extending to the
caudal fin. Caudalis deeply forked, the upper lobe produced into a
filament. Rose-coloured, with three or four yellow longitudinal
bands ; dorsal fin yellow-edged, anal with a yellow basal streak. (Bl.)
Sea of Padang (Sumatra).
380 PKISTIPOMATID^.
19. Synagris macronemus.
Dentex filamentosus, Cuv. >§• Val. vi. p. 254. pi, 155 (not Dentex fila-
mentosiis, Val. in Webb, I. c, or Cantharus filamentosus, Itupp.).
B. 6. D.H A.f
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the first dorsal spine, the upper lobe of the caudal,
and the first ray of the ventral produced into long filaments. (Val.)
Surinam.
It is not certain, from the imperfect description of Valenciennes,
whether this fish shoiild be referred to Sytiagris or to Dentex ; ac-
cording to the figure, it has the habit of Synagi'is, but the scales on
the praeopereulum arc arranged in more than three series, as in
Dentex.
17. PRISTIPOMOIDES.
Pristipomoides, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1852, iii. p. 574.
Form of the body compressed, rather elongate ; eye and muzzle
moderate, with the lower jaw longest. Seven branchiostegals. Two
or four canine teeth. Praeopereulum denticulated. No pores under
the mandibula. One dorsal with ten, the anal with three spines ;
caudal fin deeply forked and entirely scaly. Scales moderate, ctenoid.
Coast of Sumatra.
1. Pristipomoides typus.
Pristipomoides typus, Bleek. I. c. p. 575.
Dentex pristipoma, Bleekei; Celebes, v. p. 246.
B. 12. A. -i. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 4^ to 4f in the total length, the length
of the head 4| ; the snout is not shorter than the eye ; the upper
maxillary reaches to below the anterior half of the orbit ; dorsal fin
not notched, spines slender ; the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins
elongate. Rose-coloured. {Bl.)
Sea of Sibogha (West Sumatra).
18. PENTAPUS*.
Pentapus, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 258.
Leiopsis, Bennett, in Life of Raffles, p. 088.
Form of the body oblong ; eye nioderate ; cleft of the mouth hori-
zontal, with the jaws equal. One continuous dorsal, with the
numbers varying between ^-^^^ ; in the anal between y^^^ ; cau-
dalis deeply forked. Canines small. Pra^orbital entire, narrow ; the
distance between the eye and the cleft of the mouth small. Prae-
opereulum entire, with more than three series of scales ; operculum
with one feeble spine. Six branchiostegals. Scales moderate,
» 1. Pentapus iris, Cuv. {J- Vol. vi. p. 266.— Australia.
18. PKNTAPTJS. 381
ciKated, Pseudobranchiao. Svvim-bladdcr simple. Pyloric a])pendages
in small number.
East Indian and Australian Seas.
1. Pentapus aurolineatus.
Spams aurolineatus, Lacep. iv. p. 1.32.
Pentapus aurolineatus, Cuv. ^- Veil. vi. pp. 269, 559. pi. 167 ; Bleeher,
Halmaheira, p. 7.
D. j;. A. ,j^. L. lat. 70-75. L. transv. 6/17.
The upper maxillary with a crenulated longitudinal ridge ; four
or five series of scales between the prasorbital and the angle of the
prgeoperculum. The third anal spine longest. Body with more or
less distinct longitudinal stripes ; a white spot on the back, beneath
the end of the dorsal fin.
Isle de France ; Molucca Sea ; Louisiade Archipelago.
a-c. Adult : stufied. Louisiade Archipelago (in 43 to 50 fathoms).
Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
d. Adult. Isle de France. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society (Dentex lycogenis, Benn.).
2. Pentapus vitta.
Quoy ^ Gahn, Toy. Freyc. JJran. Poiss. p. 294. pi. 44. f. 4 ; Cuv. ^ Vol,
vi. p. 204.
D. ^. A. j-^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 6/20.
The margin of the prseoperculum without distinct scales, slightly
striated. The height of the body equals the length of the head, and
is about one-fourth of the total. The diameter of the eye is shorter
than the snout, and the distance between the eyes one-fourth of the
lengtli of the head. Caudalis forked, with acute lobes. The spines
of the fins feeble ; scales of the praeoperculum small, in about six
series ; the second of the anal one-half of the third. A broad
brownish-black band from the snout through the eye to the upper
half of the root of the caudal fin.
Coasts of Austraha,
a, b. Adult : stuffed. Victoria (Australia). Voyage of H.M.S.
Herald.
c-f. Adult : skins. Houtman's Abrolhos. From Mr. Gould's Col-
lection.
g. Adult : not good state, 'From the Haslar Collection.
3. Pentapus peronii.
Cuv. (§• Val vi. p. 268.
D. ^. A. 1. L. lat. 50. Csc. pylor. 6.
The margin of the prsooperculum scaleless ; pectoral very short ;
a black band from the eye to the caudal fin. (Vol.)
Hub. ?
382 PBISTIPOMATID^.
4. Pentapus vittatus.
Spams vittatiis, Block, taf. 276.
Pentapua vittatus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 260.
B. 6. D. ^. A. -i. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 14-15.
The margin of the praeoperculum scaly. The height of the body
equals the length of the head, and is one-fourth of the total ; the
diameter of the eye is rather less than one-third of the length of the
head, and equals that of the snout. CaudaUs forked. Three blue
longitudinal bands from the head along the sides. {Vol.)
East Indies.
5. Pentapus porosus.
Cuv. ^ Val vi. p. 267. pi. 156.
D. ■^. A. -i. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total. The pectoral does not extend to the anal. Body
with indistinct oblique streaks. (Fa?.)
Hah. ?
6. Pentapus nubilus.
Pentapodus nubilus, Cantor, Catal. p. 49.
D.i5. A.|. L. lat. 47.
The length of the head, when the muzzle is protracted, is one -
third of that of the body, the caudal not included. The pectoral
reaches to the anal. An indistinct blackish oblique band from the
nape of the neck to the point of the operculum ; a second, similar,
in front of the dorsal, terminating beneath the lateral line in a large
rounded spot ; a few indistinct, blackish, clouded spots along the
sides. {Cant.)
Sea of Pinang.
7. Pentapus unicolor.
Cuv. <§• Val. vi. p. 263.
D, ^. A.|. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is about
one-fourth of the total. Caudalis forked. Coloration uniform. {Val.)
East Indies ?
8. Pentapus setosus.
Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 270 ; Bleeker, Nattmrk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851,
p. 175.
B. 6. D. y. A. J. L. lat. 60. Csec. pylor. 5. Vert. 10/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4| in
the total ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the length of the head.
The middle spines of the dorsal longest ; the first ray of the ventrals
18. PENTAPTJS. 383
produced into a filament, reaching to the anal ; the third anal spine
intermediate between the second spine and the first ray. The upper
lobe of the caudal produced into a long filament. A blue and yellow
band from the muzzle through the eye to the operculum ; a brown,
bhiish-edged spot at the root of the ca,udal ; dorsal fin with the
upper margin yellow.
Sea of Batavia.
9. Fentapus paradiseus. (Plate XXIV. fig. A.)
D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 5/16.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total (without caudal filament) ; the diameter of the
eye is 3| in the length of the head. The middle spines of the dorsal
are the longest. The first ray of the ventral sometimes produced
into a short filament, which does not reach to the vent ; the third
anal spine intermediate between the second spine and the first ray*
In male (?) individuals the upper lobe of the caudal produced into a
filament, sometimes as long as the body. Muzzle above bluish silvery
with two yeUow cross-bands, the anterior of which runs to the middle
of the eye, crossing the prseorbital. A third yellow band from the
praeorbital, along the inferior margin of the orbit, across the cheek,
operculum and suboperculum, to the base of the pectoral. A silvery
longitudinal band from the middle of the eye, along the side of the
body, below the lateral Une, to the upper part of the tail, and con-
vergent with another pearl-coloured band from the origin of the
anal : both the latter bands meet at an acute angle in the middle of
the base of the caudal fin. Finally, a pearl- coloured band on the
back, along the base of the dorsal fin.
Polynesia; Sumatra.
a. 11" long, filament 3^". Old Collection.
h. 6" long, filament 2". Sumatra. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society.
c, d. 7|" long, filament 2^". Australia. Presented by J. Mac-
gillivray, Esq.
e, f. 8" long, filament 5" : stuffed. Moreton Island (12 fathoms).
Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
g, h. 6" long, filament |" : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (30
fathoms). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
i. 7^" long, filament none. Purchased of Mr. Gosse.
k. 7" long, filament 2". Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.
I. 5" 4'" long, filament none. From the Haslar Collection.
Description. — This fish forms one of the most beautiful species
of the whole family. The coloration, with the exception of the
ground-colour, is very well preserved in specimens in spirits, but
not so well in dried specimens ; this facilitates its distinction from
P. setosus, to which it is closely allied. It appears, however, from
the descriptions of the latter species, that, besides the differences
384 PRISTIPOMATIB^.
ill colour, our new species has fewer transverse rows of scales and
a more elevated body. Its greatest depth is above the base of the
ventral fins, where it equals the length of the head, and forms one-
fourth of the total ; the height of the body is 3^ in the total length
(the caudal excluded). The head is ratlier broad above, the distance
between the eyes being more than the width of the orbit, and
equal to the length of the snout ; it is scaly to the level of the nos-
trils, which, close together, and at some distance from the eye, are
situated rather on the upper surface of the head than on its side.
The snout is somewhat pointed, with the jaws equal, and with the
cleft of the mouth moderate and slightly oblique. The upper maxillary
reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The
praeorbital is porous, and has a slight notch to receive the extremity
of the maxillary bone ; here it is narrowest, the distance between
the angle of the mouth and the eye being only one-half of the
diameter of the latter; it is, like the rest of the snout, entii'ely
scaleless. The prseoperculum is not denticulated, exhibiting some
slight striae at the angle ; the limbs have a nearly vertical direction
towards each other, but the angle is rounded ; there is a broad
scaleless space above the angle and the lower limb, the remainder of
the cheek being covered with seven series of scales of rather small
size. The operculum has a semicircular notch behind, but no pro-
minent points. The suprascapula can scarcely be distinguished from
the surrounding scales.
The origin of the dorsal fin is above the posterior extremity of the
operculum, and its end behind the vertical from the end of tho anal
fin. The spines are slender and somewhat flexible : the first is three-
fifths of the length of the second ; the second and third are rather
shorter tnan the three following, which are the longest, and 2| in the
height of the body ; the posterior spine is rather shorter than the rays,
which form a slightly convex margin of the fin, and none of which
attain the height of the spinous dorsal ; the posterior rays are not
elongate. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins equals
the height of the tail below the end of the dorsal. The caudal is
forked, and partly covered with series of small scales ; the upper
lobe is longest, and produced in some of the specimens into a filament,
which is shorter than the fin in two half-grown specimens, but one-
third or three-quarters of the total length in adult ones ; a third
part of the specimens are destitute of such a filament. I am inclined
to beheve that this is a sexual difierence. The distance between
the caudal and anal fins is equal to that between the snout and the
posterior margin of the eye. The anal spines are veiy feeble ; the
first is one-half the length of the second, the second two-thirds of
the third ; the third is three-quarters of the first ray. The fin is
lower than the soft portion of the dorsal, and has sometimes a
rounded margin ; sometimes the last ray is rather elongate. The
pectoral is slightly pointed, and its length is 1^ in that of the head.
The base of the ventral falls behind that of the pectoral ; its first ray
is sometimes produced into a short filament, in other spccinuns not.
The scales are of moderate size, finely ciliated, much higher than
19. CH^TOPTEEITS. 385
long ; one of the largest covers one-sixth of the eye. The lateral
line follows the curvature of the back.
There are, besides the ^^ Hi form bands and the outer series of larger
teeth, four canines of moderate size in front of the upper jaw. The
lower jaw is armed mth a single pair ; they are rather bent out-
wards, and receive the four upper ones between them.
To the coloration, as given above, must be added, that the ground-
colour is now a reddish olive (rose-coloured in life?), and that
two of the specimens exhibit a brownish speck at the root of
the caudal, in the angle formed by the pearl-coloured bands. A
similar spot is found in Pentapus setosus.
inches, lines.
Total length (without filament) 7 6
Height of the body 1 11
Length of the head 1 11
Diameter of the eye 0 6
Length of the fifth dorsal spine 0 9
of the pectoral 1 3
of a large scale 0 1|
Height of a large scale 0 3
19. CH^TOPTERUS.
Chaetopterus, Temm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Jaimn. Poiss. p. 78.
Form of the body elongate ; eye moderate ; cleft of the mouth
slightly oblique, with the lower jaw rather longer. One continuous
dorsal with ten spines, the anal fin with three. CaudaUs deeply
forked. Canine teeth none ; minute teeth on the vomer and the
palatine bones. Praiorbital and praeoperculum entire, i Four bran-
chiostegals. Scales moderate, ciliated.
Japanese Sea.
1. Chaetoptenis dubius.
Chaetopterus, sp., Temm. <^ Schleg. I. c. pi. 37. f. 2.
Uniform red.
Japanese Sea.
D. 1^. A. f L. lat. 75.
20. APHAREUS.
Aphareus, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 485 ; Rlqip. N. W. Fis^rhe, p. 121.
Form of the body oblong ; eye moderate ; the cleft of the mouth
slightly oblique, rather wide, with the lower jaw longer. One
dorsal, continuous, with the anterior part highest, and witt ten
or twelve spines ; analis |-. All the spines feeble ; caudalis deeply
forked. No canines. No teeth on the palate. Praeorbital and prae-
operculum entire. Scales rather small. Seven branchiostegals. Air-
bladder simple. A (respiratory) cavity behind the branchiae, at the
interior side of the humenis. Pyloric appendages in small number.
Red Sea ; Isle de France.
386 PHISTIPOMATID^.
1. Aphaxeus furcatus.
Renard, pi. 80. p. 166 ; Valentijn, no. 129.
Labrus furcatus, LacSp. iii. pp. 424, 477. pi. 21. f. 1.
Caranxamorus sacrestinns, ia<;^. v. p. 682.
Aphareus cserulescens, Cuv. Sf Vol. w. p. 487. pi. 167 b.
D.J?. A,|. L. lat. 75.
The third dorsal spine is the longest. The last ray of the dorsal
and anal fins twice as long as the preceding. Uniform hrowniah
blue. {Cuv.)
Isle de I'rance.
2. Aphareus mtilans.
Cuv. 4" Val. vi. p. 490; BUpp. I.e. — ; ? Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. ii.,
Amboina, p. 52.
D. 'j. A. |. Csec. pylor. 5.
The fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines are the longest ; the last
ray of the dorsal and anal fins twice as long as the preceding.
Uniform rose-coloured.
Red Sea. [Sea of Amboyna.]
Bleeker found ten dorsal spines and eleven rays in a specimen
from Amboyna, which number is given to the other species by
Cuvier. In other respects the description agrees better with A. ru-
tilans. Bleeker states seventy scales for the lateral line.
21. MJENA*.
Msena, Cuv. JRkgne Amm. ; Citv. ^ Val. vi. p. 886.
Form of the body compressed, oblong ; eye moderate ; the motith
very protractile; the posterior processes of the intermaxillaries
extending to the occiput. One dorsal, scaleless, with the number
— ; the anal -^ : the spines feeble. Caudalis forked. Minute teeth
on the vomer. Praeoperculum entire. Scales moderate, ciliated.
Six branchiostegals. Pseudobranchiae. Air-bladder posteriorly di-
vided into two lobes. Pyloric appendages in smaU number.
Mediterranean.
1. Msena vulgaris.
? Maivlsf Aristot. vi. cap. 15, 17, viii. cap. 30, ix. cap. 2.
? Msena, Plin. ix. cap. 25 ; Rondel, v. cap. 13. p. 138.
SpaTus, sp. 7, Artedi, Genera, p. 36.
Sparus msena, L. Om. p. 1271; ^ Bl. taf. 270; Bl. Schn. p. 272.
mendola, Lac&p. iv. p. 85.
Msena vulgaris, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 390 ; Martens, Iteise nach Venedig,
ii. p. 424; Guichen. Explor. Scient. Alg&r. Poiss. p. 55.
B. 6. D. ij. A. |. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 6/13. Caec. pylor. 4.
Vert. 9/13.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
* 1. Msena jusculum, Cuv. 4" Val. vi. p. 395.^Medit«rranean.
22. «MARis, 387
head 4\; the diameter of. the eye is one-fourth of the latter. The
height of the dorsal is 2| in that of the body. Lead-coloured, with
indistinct longitudinal stripes ; a black blotch beneath the lateral line.
Mediterranean.
a. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
b-e. Adult and half-grown. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult female': not good state. Malta.
g. Adult.
h, i. Adult : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
k. Adult: stuffed.
2. Msena vomeriua.
Ciw. Sf Val. vi. p. 400. pi. 164.
D. H. A. -|. L. lat. 60-65. L. transv. 20. Caec. pylor. 4.
The vomerine teeth are arranged in a small patch on the anterior
part of the bone. The height of the body is Sf in- the total, the
length of the head 4i ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
latter ; the spinous dorsal half as high as the body. Coloration
uniform. ( Val. )
Malta.
3. Maena zebra.
? Sparus lineatiis, Osheck, Act. Nov. Nat. Curios, iv. 1770, p. 100 *
Sparus zebra, Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 47 ; Bl. Schn. p. 279.
osbeckii, Lacep. iv. pp. 33, 109 ; Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 246.
massiliensiS; Lacep. iv. p. 107.
tricuspidatus, Spinola, Ann. Mus. x. pi. 18.
gora, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 2nd edit. p. 357.
Msena osbeckii, Cuv. fy Val. vi. p. 397 ; Onichen. I. c.
D. Ji. A. J. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 20. Caec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/13.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 4^. Greyish blue : head, body, and vertical fiiis
with light-blue spots, those of the cheeks forming radiating series.
Mediterranean.
22. SMARISt.
Smaris, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 403.
Form of the body oblong or cylindrical ; eye moderate or rather
large; the mouth very protractile, the posterior processes of the
intermaxillaries extending to the occiput. One dorsal, scaleless,
with (nine) eleven and more spines, the anal fin with three ; all the
* It is very doubtful whether the fish described by Osbeck is to be referred to
this species, wliich has no lateral blotch, whilst Osbeck says, "Macula nigra
utrinque infra lateralem." The fish is called by Osbeck Sp. lineatuR. and not
radiaftis, as Valenciennes en'oneously copies from Bonnaterre.
t 1. Smaris martinicus, Cuv. 4 Val. vi. p. 424.— Martinique.
2 c2
388 PEISTIPOMATID-S:.
spines veiy feeble ; caudalis forked. No teeth on the vomer. Prae-
operculum entire. Scales rather small, ciliated. Six branchiostegals.
Pseudobranchiffi. Air-bladder generally forked posteriorly. Pyloric
appendages in small number.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic. [Sea of Ceylon.]
1. Smarts vulgaris.
? "Sfiapis, Arist. Hist. Anim. viii. cap."" 30.
Smans, Rcndel. .v.- cap. 14. p. 140.
Giaret, Bellotu i. p. 221. fig, in p. 223 & p. 222.
Maena Candida seu Smaris Rondeletii, Gesner, Aquae, iv. p. 522.
Smaris primus, Johnst. i. cap. 1. p. 55. tab. 20. f. 5.
Spams, sp. 10, Artedi, Genera, p. 36.
Sparus smaris, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 468 ; L. Gm. p. 1271 ; Bl. Sehn.T,. 273 j
Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 238 (not Briinn.) ; tacep. iv. pp. 79, 84.
Smaris smaris, Bisso, Hist. Nat. iii. p. 345.
Sparus argenteus, macula, &c., Briinn. Ichth. Mass. p. 42.
Smaris vulgaris, Cuv. (^ Val. vi. p. 407 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci,
pi. . f. 1.
Smaris gagarella, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 420 ; Bonap. I. c.
-D.il. A.|. L.lat.70. L. transv. 7/12. Csec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4| in
the total ; the snout (when closed) is rather longer -than the diameter
of the eye, which is 3^ in the length of the head. The dorsal fin
not notched, with the posterior rays shortest ; the sixth spine is the
longest, longer than one-half of the height of the body. A large
black lateral spot beneath the lateral line.
Mediterranean.
a. Fine specimen. Dalmatia.
6, c. Adult. Adriatic. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
d. Adult. Lisbon.
«. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.
2. Smarts alcedo.
Smaris, Willughhy, iv. cap. 23. p. 43.
Sparus alcedo, Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 258.
Smaris smaris, mas, Bisso, Bur. Merid. iii. p. 845.
Scisena gymnodon, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 252.
Smaris alcedo, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 416 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. pi. . f. 3 ;
Guich. Expilor. Scient. Alg&r. Poiss. p. 55.
chryselis, Cuv. Sc Val. vi. p. 419. pi. 165 ; Bonap. I. c. f. 4 ;
Nordm, in Demid. yog. Buss. Mirid. p. 389.
D. i{. A. |. Csec. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length >3f the head,
and one-fourth or one-fifth of the total. The spinous dorsal rather
higher than one-half of the depth of the body ; the posterior rays
22. SMAK18. 389
not shortened. Head and body with irregular blue spots and
streaks ; vertical fins blue-spotted ; a brownish spot between the
first two or three dorsal spines.
Mediterranean,
a. Adult : skin. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
3. Smarts maurii.
Bonap. Faun, Ital. Pesci, pi. . f. 3.
D. ii. A.i-.
12 9
The height of the body is rather shorter than the length of the
head, and about one-fifth of the total. Dorsal fin without notch,
with the posterior rays longest, rather higher than one-half the
height of the body. No black lateral blotch. (Bonap.)
Mediterranean.
4. Smaris gracilis.
Sparus smaris, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 344.
Smaris gracilis, Bwiap. Faun. Ital. pi. . f. 1.
The length of the head is much more than the height of the
body, which is one-sixth of the total length. The dorsal without
notch, much higher than one-half of the depth of the body ; the
posterior rays shortest. A black lateral blotch below the lateral Une.
Mediterranean.
a. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.
5. Smaris melanarus.
Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 422.
D, 1^, A. ^. C»c. pylor. 7. L. lat. 6tj. L. transv. 8/15.
Lead- coloured, silvery shining ; a large black spot at the root of
the caudal fin.
Cape Verde.
a-c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
6. Smaris balteatus.
Ciw. 8f Val. vi. p. 424.
Body cylindrical, elongate. Dorsalis deeply notched. Above
reddish brown, dotted with white ; a silvery band from above the
eye to the caudal; beneath silvery. {Val ^
Ceylon.
390 PKISTIPOMATID^-
7. Smaris insidiator.
Smaris insidiator, Cuv. 8) Val. vi. p. 414; Boriap. Faun. Ital Pcsei,
f. 2.
?^n]
maris angustatus, Solander, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 421. — Madeira.
? Smaris royeri, Bowdich, Cuv.. Sf Val. vi. p. 421. — Madeira.
D. ■^. A. ^. L. lat. 90. L. transv. 4/15. Caec. pylor. 3.
Body cylindrical. The height of the hody is one-sixth of the
total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the
eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head, and equal toj^that
of the snout. Caudalis notched. No lateral blotch.
Mediterranean ; Madeira.
a. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Fine specimen. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
c. Adult: bad state. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.
e. Adult.
/. Adult.
23. C-ffiSIO*.
Caesio, sp., (Cominersou) Cuv. Ri'yne Anim. ; Cuv. H) Val. vi. p. 426.
Form of the body oblong ; eye moderate ; the cleft of the mouth
more or less oblicjue, with the jaws e(]ual, or the lower slightly
longer. One dorsal, continuous, with the anterior part highest, more
or less covered with scales f ; the number of the spines varjang be-
tween nine and thirteen ; anal fin ^^ ; all the spines very feeble ;
caudalis deeply forked. No teeth on the palate. Prajoperculum
entire, or minutely denticulated. Scales moderate, ciliated. Six or
seven branchiostegals. Pseudobranchia). Air-bladder simple. Py-
loric appendages in small number.
From the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean into the Pacific.
1 . Caesio lunaris.
Rcnard, pi. 32. f. 174.
CfBsio lunaris, (Ehrenbg.) Cuv. 8) Val. vi. p. 441 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool.
ii. p. 18G, Pois.s. pi. 34 (faulty) ; Bleeker, Natuufk. I'ydschr. I^ederl.
Indt'r, 1851, p. 1<7.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 55. Cffic. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length -of the
head 4| ; the diameter of the eye is 3g in the latter ; the second
* 1. Cicsio tricolor, Cnv. ^ Va!. vi. p. 4.S8. — Enst Indies.
2. Spania cuning, Bl. taf. 2G3. f. 1 ; Lacip. iv. p. 1 15. — Ciclila cuning. Bl.
Schn. p. 3iK>. — Ciesio cuning, Cav. tV Val. vi. p. 444. — East Indies.
t t'fr. Ca'sio gyranopterus, p. 394.
23. CJE8I0. 391
anal spine longer and stronger than the third. No lateral band ; a
"black spot at the axil ; caudal lobes with black tips.
Red Sea ; Sea of Batavia ; New Ireland.
a. Adult: stuffed.
2. Csesio xauthonotus.
Bleeker, Batav. p. 460.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head 4j ; the diameter of tlw- eye is 3| in the latter, and
longer than the snout. Al)ove yt^llow, a blue band between the
snout and eye ; lateral lino brown ; base of the pectorals violet ; no
band or spot on the caudal. {BL)
Sea of Batavia.
3. Cffisio pisang.
Bleeker, Amboina, iii. p. 23.
D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is 4|-4f in the total length, the length of
the head 4|-45 ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter,
and nluch longer than the snout. llose-colourcd ; scales of the
upper parts with a blue basal spot ; lateral line brown ; lobes of the
caudal with l)luck tips.
Seas of An*boyna and Batavia.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
4. CsBsio pinjalo.
Pinjulo typus, Blctk. By dr. Tupoyr. Batav.
Cajsio pinjalo, Bleek. Java, i. p. 102.
D. \\. A. ^. L. lat. 55.
The height of the body is 3 or 3^ in the total length, the length
of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
latter. Coloration uniform ; dorsal black-edged. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
5. C»8io maculatus.
Cuv. 8f Val vi. p. 439.
D. 12. A. ^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 7/14.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total. A black longitudinal stripe on each loltc of the
caudal ; axil black. Greenish, s])otted with blue ; no latcual band.
Seas of Amboyna, Vanicolo, and China (Madagascar).
392 PRISTIPOMATID^.
a. Largo specimen. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
6. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq.
c. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult. Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's Collection.
6. Csesio caerulaureus.
Cfesio coendaureus, Lact'p. ill. p. 8G; Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 434 (cfr.
p. 559, aud note by Valenciennes) ^
? Smaris mauritianus, Quoi/ 8f Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. Poiss. p. 290.
pi. 44. f. 3.
? Csesio azuraureus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 130.
? coerulaureus, var., Cant. Catal. p. 54.
The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length.
Above bluish, with a golden longitudinal band along the lateral line ;
along each lobe of the caudal a blackish band {Cuv.)
Red Sea ; Isle de France ; Ceylonese Sea.
It is very doubtful whether the fish described by RiippeU as Ccesio
azuraureus is to be referred to Cuvier's species. It has the formula
D. 1^, A. Y^, no lateral band, and appears to be higher in compari-
son with its length. On the other hand, the fish from the Red Sea,
described by Cuvier as a variety of C. coerulaureus, p. 436, is probably
identical with Ccesio striatus of Riippell. From the extremely deli-
cate structure of the fin-rays^ it is very difiicult to count them and
to give the correct numbers, but which is the more necessary, as we
do not yet know to what extent they vary in the species of this genus.
7. Caesio striatus.
Csesio striatus, Eiipp. Atl. Fische, p. 131. pi. 34. f. 1.
? Caesio ccerulaureus, var., Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 43G.
t B. 6. D. f-^. A. ^. L. lat. GO. L. transv. 8/13.
The height of the body is 4^ in the total length, the length of the
head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the latter, and shorter
than the snout. Violet, with four or five blackish longitudinal bands ;
along each lobe of the caudal a blackish band ; above the axil a black
spot.
Red Sea.
a. Fine specimen. Red Sea.
8. Caesio chrysozona.
Coesio chrysozona, {KuJd Sfvan Ilass.) Cnv. &■ Val. vi. p. 440.
^- Ts- ^- fa- ^- 1^^- ^''5- ^- transv. 6/16.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the
latter, and nearly equal in length to the snout. A broad shining
23. c^sio. 393
golden longitudinal band from the shoulder to the caudal ; axil and
tips of the caudal blackish.
Molucca Sea.
a. Adult. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
9. Caesio argenteus.
Bodianus argenteus, Block, vii. p. 44. taf. 231. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p, 332.
Csesio argenteus, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 437.
D. i^. A. i-.
14 12
The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length.
Uniform sUverj-, with a black spot above the axil.
East Indies ?
10. Caesio tile.
Cuv. %■ Val. vi. p. 428 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 181 ; Cuv. R^gtie
Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 36. f. 2.
B. 6. D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 18 or 20. Ctec. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length
of the head 4i ; the diameter of the eye is about one-fourth of the
latter, and 1^ in the distance between the eyes. A blackish band
from the shoulder, continued on the upper lobe of the caudal fin ; the
lower lobe with a longitudinal band of the same colom\ Axil black.
{Cuv.)
Archipelago of the Caroline Islands.
11. Caesio cylindricus. (Plate XXIV. fig. B.)
B. 7. D. fj. A. ^. L. lat. 76. L. transv. 6/15.
Body cylindrical ; its greatest depth is one -sixth of the total length.
The distance between the eyes less than the diameter of the eye.
The base only of the soft portions of the vertical fins scaly. Above
bluish, each scale of the back with a brownish margin ; a brown
longitudinal band from the suprascapula, continued on the upper
caudal lobe ; the lower lobe with a similar band ; axil deep black.
Madagascar.
a. Fine specimen. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
Description of the specimen. — The body is elongate, cylindrical, but
with the back not broad. The length of the head is 4| in the total ;
above, it is scaly to the vertical from the centre of the eye ; the
distance between the eyes is less than the width of the orbit, which
is nearly one-fourth of the length of the head ; the snout is rather
longer than the diameter of the eye, and scaleless, like a crescent-
shaped space behind the eye. The cleft of the mouth is slightly
oblique, and of moderate width, the upper maxiUary reaching to the
anterior margin of the orbit. The jaws are equal, the upper mode-
rately protractile, the processes of the intermaxillaries reaching to
above the anterior third of the eye. The teeth of the jaws are very
fine ; a toothless ridge across the vomer. The nostrils are distant
394 PRISTIPOMATID^.
from each other ; the posterior is situated above the anterior margin
of the eye, at the upper surface of the skull ; the anterior more on
the side of the head, nearer the eye than the extremity of the snout.
There are three series of scales on the praeoperculum, nearly one-
half of which is scaleless and finely striated; the lower limb is
rather longer than the posterior, both meeting at a rounded angle.
The operculum is without any spine, and the suprascapula is not ser-
rated. The origin of the dorsal fin is in a vertical line from the base
of the ventral, and its end above that of the anal. The spines are
extremely feeble ; the third is the longest, and one-haK of the length
of the head ; the posterior rays decrease in length to the origin of
the soft portion. The caudal fin is deeply forked, with -the lobes
equal, the length of which is 5^ in the total. The lower margin of
the anal is slightly emarginate, and the spines are rather shorter
than the first ray. The base of the ventrals is situated at some
distance from that of the pectorals, but, being much shorter, they
do not reach quite so far backwards as the pectorals. Their length
is 8| in the total, that of the pectorals 5^.
The scales are smooth, not ciliated, scarcely higher than long, and
rather small ; one of the largest covers about one-eighth of the eye.
The lateral line is nearly straight, but slightly bent downwards above
the anal fin.
The ground-colour of the back and of the sides is bluish, of the
belly sUvery ; a brown longitudinal band runs from the suprascapula
along, and on the tail above, the lateral line to the caudal, on the
upper lobe of which it is continued ; each scale abov6 this band has
a brownish margin. There is a similar band on the lower caudal
lobe. The dorsal fin is entirely blackish ; the other fins are colour-
less, except the base of the upper three pectoral rays, which is black,
like the axil.
inches. lines.
Total length 4 9
Height of the body 0 9^
Length of the head 1 1|
Diameter of the eye 0 3^
Length of the third dorsal spine 0 6|
of the caudal fin 0 10
of the pectoral fin 0 10
of the ventral fin 0 6|
Bleeker refers the following species to Ccesio, from which, however,
it must probably be separated, ha\'ing the dorsed fin entirely naked,
and seven branciiiostegals. There are, moreover, extremely minute
teeth on the vomer ; but these alone, as Bleeker justly obsei-ves, could
not alter the situation of this species in the system.
12. CsBsio gymnopterus.
Bleeker, Ternate, vii. p. 372.
K A. i-.
15 12
Dorsal fin without any scales. The height of the body is one-
B. 7. D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 65-70.
24, ERTTHBICHTHTS. 395
seventh of the total length, the length of the head about one-fourth.
The upper maxillary scaleless, reaching to the anterior margin of the
eye. Coloration uniform. (Bl.)
Sea of Temate.
24. ERYTHRICHTHYS.
Erythrichthys, Tetnm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Jupoii. Poiss. p. 117.
Emmelichthys, Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 47.
Boxaodon, Gay, Hist. Cliil. Zool. ii. p. 208.
Dipterygonotus, Bleek. Contr. Ichth. Celebes.
Form of the body elongate ; eye moderate ; the mouth very pro-
tractile, the processes of the intermaxillaries extending to the occiput.
Two dorsals, with several isolated spines between ; all the spines
feeble. Caudalis forked. No teeth in the jaws or in the palate ;
the lower pharyngeal bones separated from each other, and, hke
the upper ones, armed with cardiform teeth. Praeoperculum entire.
Scales rather small, ciHated. Seven or six branchiostegals. Pseudo-
branchiae.
Molucca Sea ; Sunda Sea ; Australian Seas ; Pacific.
1. Erythrichthys schlegelii.
Erythrichtliys, sp., Temm. iSI' Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 117.
pi. 63. f. 1.
B.6. D.10|A A.i;.
The angle of the praeoperculum is a right one, not rounded. Uni-
form red.
Japanese Sea.
The figure of this species given in the Fauna Japonica does not
show isolated spines between the dorsals ; but it is highly probable,
from its great similarity to the following species, that such exist.
2. Erythrichthys nitidus.
Emmelichthys nitidus, Richards. I. c. pi. 29. f. 7, 8.
B. 7. D. 9 I 3 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 96. L. transv. 8/20.
XJnifonn greyish silveiy. The angle of the praeoperculum rounded.
West Australia ; New Zealand.
a. Adult : skin New Zealand. Presented by Mr. Frederic Knap.
6. Adult : skin.
3. Erythrichthys cyanescens.
Boxaodon cyanescens, Gay, I. c. p. 209, Atl. Ictiol. lam. 5. f. 1.
D. 8 I 5 I 10. A.
2 (3?)
12 *
Uniform bluish green.
Sea of Valparaiso.
This fish decidedly belongs to the genus Ei'ythrichthys of Hchlegol.
396 PEISTIPaMATIDiE.
or Emmelichihys of Richardson ; but it is difficult to give the di-
stinctive characters of the species, as the descrijition quoted evidently
contains many errors : e. g. six branchiostegals are stated in the
diagnosis of the genus, and seven in the formula attributed to the
species ; two anal spines are given in the description, and thi'ee in
the figure, &c. The mouth also is said to be little protractile.
4. Erythrichthys leucogrammicus.
Dipterygonotus leucogrannnicus, Bleek. Contr. Ichth. Celebes.
Emmelichthys leucogrammicus, Bleek. Java, i. p. 103.
B.7. D.lOMlf A. A
Bluish, with three white longitudinal streaks on each side.
Sunda and Molucca Seas.
a, h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
c, d. Half-grown : not good state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of
Mr. Frank.
25. PENTAPRION.
Pentaprion, Bleek. Java, i. p. 104, and Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii.
Mcenid. p. 13.
Form of the body compressed, oblong ; eye moderate ; mouth very
protractile, and descending when thrust out. One dorsal, deeply
notched, with ten spines, the anal fin with five. Caudahs forked.
No teeth on the palate. Scales moderate, not cUiated, deciduous.
Six branchiostcffals.
Sunda Sea.
Sleeker, I. c.
Uniform silvery.
Sea of Batavia.
1. Pentaprion gerreoides.
D. 15. A. ^.
14 12
26. POLYCENTRUS.
Polycentrus, Miill. (§• Trosch. in Schomb. Rcis. Brit, Guyana, ill. p. G22,
and Horm Ichthyol. ill. p. 25.
Six branchiostegals. Praeoperculum and praeorbital serrated ;
operculum spinifcrous. No lateral line. Dorsal and anal fins with
numerous spines. ' Pharyngeal bones separated fron^, each other.
Pseudobranchiae hidden.
Essequibo.
1. Polycentrus schomburgkii.
Miill. 8f Trosch. I. c, and Hor. Ichthyol. iii. taf. 5. f. 2.
B. 6. D. ^. A. ^. V. 1/.5.
Brown.
Essequibo.
1. irpENEOiDEs. 397
Fam. 6. MULLID^E.
Percoidei, pt., Cuv. B^gne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. iii.
p. 419 ; Mull. Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 201,
Percidse, pt., Owen, Led. on Compar. Anat. p. 49.
Mullidse, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840 j Richardson.
Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with large scales with-
out or with an extremely fine serrature. Profile of the head moie.
or less parabolic ; hyal apparatus with two long barbels. Lateral line
continuous. Mouth in front of the snout, with the cleft lateral "and
rather small. Eye lateral,^ of moderate size. Four branchiostegals ;
pseudobranchise. Dentition feeble, more or less complete. ' Two
dorsal Jins, remote from each other ; anal similar to the second
dorsal ; ventrals with one spine and five rays. Air-bladder, if present,
simple and of variable size ; stomach siphonal.
Inhabitants of nearly all the tropical seas, extending in Europe on
to the coasts of the temperate region. Some species entering rivers.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and the
palatine bones 1. Upeneoides.
Teeth in both the jaws and on the vomer ; none on
the palatine bones 2. Upeneichthys.
No teeth in the upper jaw 3. Mullus.
No teeth on the palate ; teeth of the jaws in several
series 4. Muxloides.
No teeth on the palate ; teeth of .the jawS in a sin^e
series , . - 5. Upeneus.
1. UPENEOIDES*.
Upeneus, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 448.
Upeneoides, Bleeker.
Teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones.
"Red Sea ; East Indian and Australian Seas.
1. Upeneoides yittatus.
Mullus vittatus, Forskal, Faun. Arab. p. 31V; L. Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 1341 ; Bl. Schn. p. 79 : Lac^. iii. pp. 382, 401. pi. 14. f. 1 : Shaw,
Zool. iv. p. 616. pi. 89.
Russell, pi. 158.
Mullus bandi, /S^atc, Zool. iv. p. 615.
* 1. Upeneus taeniopterus, Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 451. — Ceylon.
2. Mullus subvittatus, Temm. J- Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 30. — Upeneus
aubvittatus, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 219. — Japanese and Chinese
398 MULLlDiB.
Upeneus vittatus et bivittatus, Citv. ^ Val. iii. p. 448, vii. p. 620; R'unp.
N. W. Fische, p. lOl.
bitinniatiis^ Ifftntu-tt, P)-oc. Comm. Zool. Soc. 1830-.'}], p. 59.
Uponcoid»;H bivitlatus, lilvekcr, Perc. p. G4, and Amhoina, vi. p. 411.
vittatus, Bleek. Act. Soc, Nederl. ii. Amboina, p. 4.'}.
D. 8 1 1. A. 7. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 3/0.
The lonptli of tlic licud \h 4^ in tho total ; tho barbels reach to
the vortical from tho aTi^jjhi of tbo jjnnoporculum ; the lu^if^lit of the
HpinouH (lorHal ih four-fiftliH of that of the body. Hody with two or
three longitudinal bands, Hliiniiif^ f^oldcn ; tlu^ sjtinouH dorsal with
the top black, and with one or two blackish bands ; tho upper lobe
of the caudal with throe or four, the lower with two or three oblique
black bands.
From tho Rod Sea to nearly all tho Indian Seas.
a. Adult. Philij)pincs.
b. Adidt: very bad skin. Ceylon! Presented by tho Zoolof^cal Society.
c. Half-f^rown. AiiiboyiUi. From Mr. Frank's Oollrction.
d. Half-grown. India. From the llaslar Collection.
e. f. Half-grown : very bad state. India.
2. Upeneoides tragula.
Upenoufl tragula, Richarchon, Ichth. China, p. -220.
UpeneoidoH variogatus, lilvekcr, I'crc. p. (54, and Act. Soc. Ncdcrl. ii.
Amboina, p. 48.
D. 8||. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 2/5.
The length of the hpad is 4| in the total ; the barbels do not reach
to the vortical from the postonor margin of the pra)operculum. The
height of the spinous dorsal is threo-(|uarters of tliat of the body.
Vomerine teeth in two lateral stripes. Head, body, anal, pectoral,
(did v(!ntrul lins sparingly and irrcgulaily Ki)ottcd with brownish ; a
brown longitudinal ])aii(l from the snout tbrougli tlio eye to the base
of tho caudal ; dorsal lius largely marbled with Idackish ; each lobe
of the caudal with live or six o])li([ue brown cross-bands.
East Indian Archipelago; Chinese Sea.
ffl. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
6. Adult. Philii)pin(!s.
c. Adult : stuffed. Canton. Presented by J. R. Roeyea, Esq.
d. Adult: stuffed. Voyage of H. M.S. Herald.
3. Upeneoides sulphurous.
Valcnt. iii. n. 504. fig. 505; Rvnard, \. 4.'{. 210.
Cponeus sulphurous, Cuv. c^ Val. iii. p. 450.
? llypcneus vittatus, var., (,'ant. Catal. p. 35.
Upeneoides sulphurous, lileelcer, Act. Soc. Nederl. ii. Amboina, p. 45.
D. 8 I -^. A. 7. L. lat. 38.
The length of the head is 4^-4jJ in tho total ; tho height of tho
Rpinous dorsal is 1^ or 1^ in that of the body. Rose-coloured, with
1. UPENEOIBES. 399
five yellow longitudinal bands ; belly yellow. The dorsal fins with
two or three longitudinal bands, and with the top black. The caudal
white-edged, the upper lobe brownish.
Red Sea ; East Indian Archipelago ; Chinese Sea.
a. Half-grown, lied Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Half-grown : not good state. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr.
Frank.
c. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
? d. Half-grown : stuffed. New Hebrides. Voyage of the Herald.
4. Upeneoides moluccensis.
Sleeker, Amboina, vi. p. 409.
D. 7 I y. A. 8. L. lat. 38-39.
The height of the body is 5| in the total length, the length of the
head 4?^ ; the space between the orbits is flat. The vomerine teeth
form a continuous angular band. The barbels do not roach to the
posterior margin of the pra;operculum. The height (jf the Hj)inous
dorsal is 1^ in that of the body. Rosc-colourod, with a yellow
lateral band; the caudal and dorsal fins with alternate yellow and
pearl -coloured bands ; those of the spinous dorsal horizontal, those of
the second dorsal and of the caudal obUque ; the upper caudal lo^e
with blackish tip. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
5. Upeneoides bensasi.
Mullus bensaai, Temtn. (^ Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiaa. p. 80. pi. 11. f. 2.
Upeneoides beusaai, IJleek. Verh. Batav, GenootscJi. xxvi: Japan, p. 71.
D. 7|i. A. 7. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is 5-5|- in the total length, tHe length of
the head 4|-4|. Vomerine teeth ii\ an angular uninterrupted band.
The height of the spinous dorsal not, or scarcely less than, that of
the body. Rose-coloured : dorsal fins with two or three deep-red
longitudinal bands ; the upper caudal lobe with four oblique deep-
red bands.
Japanese Sea.
6. Upeneoides sundaicus.
Upeneoides vittatus, lileeker, I'erc. p. Gu.
Bundaicua, Sleeker, Amboina, vi. p. 411, and Aet. Soc. Nederl. ii.
Amboina, p. 47.
D.8|l.
A. 8. L. lat. 34-^5.
The length of the head is 4^ to 5 in the total. The barbels
reach to the posterior margin of the prajoperculum. The spinous
dorsal as high, or nearly as high as the body. Back light violet ; a
broad brown band from the eye to the caudal. Fins rose-coloured ;
the soft dorsal with five yellow longitudinal stripes ; the upper caudal
400 MXJLLIDJE.
lobe with four or five yellow cross-bands, the lower margined with
violet posteriorly.
East Indian Archipelago.
7. Upeneoides vlamingii.
Vlaming, no. 123 ; Renard, i. 5. 31.
Upeneus vlamingii, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 452. pi.. 71 ; Richardson, Ann.
8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 211.
D. 8 I 9. A. 8. Csec. pylor. ca. 30.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3^ in
the total. The barbels reach to the angle of the praeopercalum. The
vomerine teeth are divided into two lateral groups. Red ; each scale
with a violet speck, forming together longitudinal series ; snout and
cheeks with obUque violet streaks ; the second dorsal and anal fins
with longitudinal series of violet specks. {Cuv.)
Island of Motuaro, Queen Charlotte's Sound. (Rich.)
2. UPENEICHTHYS.
Upeneua, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 455.
Upeneichtnys, Blceker.
Teeth in both the jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatine
bones.
Australian Seas, entering rivers.
1. Upeneichthys porosus.
Upeneus porosus, Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 455 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss.
p. 216.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/6.
The barbels reach to the vertical from the extremity of the oper-
culum. Two silvery streaks between the eye and the mouth, the
lower continued below and behind the eye.
Seas of Australia, Van ])iemen's Land, and New Zealand : enter-
ing rivers.
a. Adult: skin: not good state. Port Jackson. From Mr. Gould's
Collection.
b. Half-grown : skin. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
c. Half-grown: skin. Australia. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
d. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
e-g. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
3. MULLUS.
Mullus, Linn4 ; Cuv. Rkgnc Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 422.
Teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and on the palatine bones,
none in the upper jaw.
Mediten-anean ; Coasts of Temperate Europe.
3. MTTLLTJS. 401
1. Mullus barbatus.
TpiyXa, Aristot. ii. cap. 17, iv. cap. 11, v. cap. 9, vi. cap. 17, viii.
cap. 2& 13, ix. cap. 2&37; JEIian, ii. cap. 41; Athen. vii. pp. 324, 325.
Mullus, Ovid, V. 123; Plin.ix. cap. 17, 18,51; Martial, x. ep. 30,31,
xi. ep. 50 ; Colum. viiL cap. 17 ; (Salv. fol, 235 ; WillugMy, p. 285 ;
Ray, p. 90.
rrigla, no. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 43.
MuUus barbatus, Linn. Srjst. Nat. i. p. 495 ; Bl. taf. 348. f. 2 ; Mart.
Reise nach Venedig, ii. p. 426 ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 442. pi. 70 j Yarr.
Brit. FisJies, i. p. 36 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Poiss. p. 373.
MuUus ruber, Lac&p. iii. p. 385 ; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iv. p. 611.
B. 4. D. 7 1 1. A. 2/6. L. lat. 40. Vert. 10/14.
The upper profile of the snout approaching the vertical line ; the
upper maxillary reaching beyond the vertical from the anterior mar^
gin of the eye. Red, without yellow stripes.
From the Mediterranean to the South coast of England.
a. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
b. Adult : skeleton. Madeira. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
c. Adult : very bad state. Adriatic. From Mr, Frank's Collection.
d. Fourteen inches long. London market- Purchased.
e. Adult: stuffed. Devonshire.
/. Half-grown. Brighton. Presented by Mr. E. Gerrard.
g. Half-grown : skin. Europe. From Mr. Yan-ell's Collection.
For a description of the skeleton see the following species.
2. Mullugi surmuletus.
MuUus, Plin. ix. cap. 17.
Mullus major, Salv. fol 236; Wittughhy, p. 285; Ray, p. 91.
Trigla, no. 2, Artedi, Genera, p. 43. *
Mullus surmuletus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 496; Block, taf. 67; Lac6p.
iii. p. 394 ; Petmant, Brit. Zool. iii. p. 368. pi. 64 ; Linn. Faun.
Suec. ed. Retz. jp. 341 ; Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 71 ; Martens, Reise
nach Venedig, ii. p. 427 ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 433 ; Cuv. Rigne Anim.
III. Poiss. pi. 19. f. 2 ; Yarr ell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 31 ; Guichen. Explor.
Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 8.
barbatus, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 316 ; Gronov. ^yst. ed.
Gray,^. 108*.
B. 4. D. 7 1 1. A. 2/6. L. lat. 40. Caec. pylor. 22. Vert. 10/14.
The upper profile of the snout very oblique ; the upper maxillary
reaching to the vertical from the anterior margin of the ejQ. Red,
with three yellow longitudinal stripes.
From the Mediterranean to the Baltic.
it. Adult: stuffed. Brixham.
'6, c. Adidt. British Channel. London market.
d. Adult and half-grown. Madeira, From the Haslar Collection.
* Gronovius considers M. barbatus as the male and M. surmuletus as the female
of one and the same species
2d
402 mtjllidjE.
e. Half-grown : skeleton. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
/. Half-grown. Dalmatia.
g. Half-grown. Dalmatia.
h. Adult : skin : bad state. From Gronovius's Collection.
Skeleton. — The doubts which I have jilways entertained on the
specific difference between Mullus barbatus and surmuletus are still
more increased by the examination of the skeletons. Both are so
much like each other, that they need only one description. There
is no difference at all between them except in the more abrupt upper
profile of the snout in M. barbatus. The maxiUary is thin, oblong,
as broad at the base as at the extremity ; the intermiaxiUary feeble^
thin, with the posterior process shorter than the descending branch,
which shows a flat prominence on its^ posterior margin. The man-
dibulary also is thin, with some pores, and becomes suddenly very
narrow near the symphysis. The entopterygoid is well ossified, and
extends upwards to the bony plate situated at the inner surface of
the infraorbital ring ; there is a wide slit between the epi- and pre-
tympanic. The length of the inferior limb of the praeoperculum is
three-fifths of that of the posterior ; both meet at a rounded angle ;
there is a rudimentary muciferous channel between the margin of
the bone and the iiufer ridge, which is rounded and scarcely elevated.
The operculum is irregularly quadrangular, the posterior side being
emagriiate. The sub- and interoperculum are thin. iThe prseorbital is
oblong, twice as long as wide, and very porous ; the remainder of the
infraorbital ring very narrow. The frontal bones are fiat, with some
slight ridges and grooves. The occipital crest is very feeble, and not
more developed than the lateral crests ; the interior lateral crest does
not extend backwards to the articulation of the suprascapula. The
basal portion of the brain-capsule is neither compressed nor roimded,
and the basisphenoid has a large opening before the occipital joint.
The barbels are fixed to the basihyal ; the urohyal is formed by three
plates, the two lower of which are rather convergent towards each
other. The ulna and radius are dilated, and the openings between
them and the humerus are very small. The inner plates of the pubic
bones are broad, and joined together in their whole length.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1:1-4. The neural, haemal, interneural and interhgeraal
spines are very feeble.
4. MULLOIDES*.
Upeneits, sp., Cue. 8( Vol. iii. p. 456.
MuUoides, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 697.
* 1. Upeneus raartinicus, Cuxk cf- Val. iii- P- 483. — Martinique.
2. parvus, Poey, Memor. Cuba, p. 226. — Cuba. — This fish maj belong
to another group.
3. — — balteatus, C'lcv. 8f Val. iii. p. 484. — Cuba. — A very doubtful species.
4. mauritianus, Bcrin. Prnr. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 69. — Mauritius.
4. MTJLLOIDES. 403
Teeth in both the jaws in several series, but neither on the vomer
nor on the palatine bones.
From the Red Sea, through all the Indian Seas, to Polynesia.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
1. Molloides flavolineatus.
MuUus flavolineatus, Lacep. iii. p. 406.
aureo\'ittatus, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 618.
Upeneus flavolineatus, Cuv, 8f Val. iii. p. 456 ; Rujyp. N. JT". FiscJie,
p. 101. t. 26. f. 1 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 24
? Hypeneus flavolineatus, var., Cant. Catal. p. 36.
Mulloides flavolineatus, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 697.
D. 7 1 -g-. A. 8. L. lat. 35-36. L. transv. 2/5-6. Ctec. pylor. 18.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 5 j in the total length ; the space between
the eyes is 1^ in the length of the snout, and flat ; the barbels reach
to the vertical from the angle of the praeoperculum ; the spinous dorsal
is nearly as high as the body. A broad citrine band from the eye to
the caudal; yellow streaks on the snout ; fins immaculate.
From the Red Sea to the Chinese Sea.
a. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
6. Adult male : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Half-grown. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
d. Half-grown. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
e. Intestines of specimen h.
The skeleton differs very little from that of Mullus barbatus ; the
posterior process of the intermaxillary is more elongate, and equals
in length the descending branch ; the limbs of the praeoperculum
have a rectangular direction towards each other, the angle itself being
slightly rounded. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is rounded ;
the length of the abdominal poxtion of the vertebral column is to that
of the caudal as 1 : 1*46.
2. Mulloides flavovittatus.
Upeneus flavovittatus, Poey, Memor. Cuba, p. 224. lam. 17. f. 4.
D. 7 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 38-41. L. transv. 3/7. Caec. pylor. 10-18.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length ; the space
between the eyes is 1| in the length of the snout, and flat; the
barbels reach to the vertical from the angle of the praeoperculum ;
the spinous dorsal is much lower than the body. A broad citrine
band from the eye to the caudal ; yellow streaks on the snout ; fins
immaculate.
Caribbean Sea.
a-c. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
CoUeetion.
2 D 2
404 MTJLLID^.
d. Large specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
Poey attributes a single series of teeth to this species ; but I can
distinctly distinguish a band of several series of teeth, rather stronger
than in the species with villiform bands.
3. Mulloides vanicolensis.
Upeneus vanicolensis, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 521.
Mulloides vanicolensis, Bleek. Ternate, li. p. 601.
D-Mi-
A. 8. L. lat. 35.
The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length ; the
space between the eyes is very convex ; the barbels reach to the pos-
terior margin of the prseoperculum. The scapula without spine.
The spinous dorsal nearly as high as the body. Coloration uniform.
Seas of Ternate and Vanicolo.
4. Mulloides zeylonlcus.
Upeneus zeylonlcus, Cuv. 8c Val. iii. p. 459, vii. p. 520.
D.7||. A. 7.
The height of the body is 5| in the total length. The barbels do
not reach beyond the angle of the prseoperculum. Red : the first
dorsal brownish yellow, the second with a black line along the base.
{Cuv.)
Coasts of Trincomalee and New Guinea.
Air-bladder large.
5. Mulloides japonicus.
MuUus japonicus, Houtt. 3Iem. Had. xx. p. 334; L. Gm. i. p. 1340;
Bl. Schn. p. 79.
Upeneus japonicus, Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 460.
D.7|l. A. 7.
Scapula with a small spine. Coloration uniform. (Cuv.)
Sea of Japan.
5. UPENEUS*
IJpeneus, sp., Cuv. (§• Val. iii, p. 401.
Lpeneu8, Bleeker.
1. MiUlus auriflamma, Forsk. p. 30; Bl. Schn. p. 79.— Upeneus auriflamma.
Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 461. r t-
2- cherseryclros, Lacip. iii. p. 406.— Scisena ciliata, LacSp. iv. pp. 308,
312.— Mullus radiatus, Shaw, p. 618.— Upeneus cherserydros, Cuv. ^
Val. iii. p. 470. — Indian Ocean.
3. Upeneus cinnabarinus, Cuv. iS( Val. iii. p. 475. — Ceylon.
4. fraterculus, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 524.— Seychelles.
5- atherinoides, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 626. — Guam.
6. cyprinoides, Cuv. Sc Val. vii. p. 526.— He de Prance.
7- luteus, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 521 ; Bled. Perc. p. 63.— Indian Ocean.
5. UPENETJS. 405
The teeth in both the jaws form a single series ; palate without
any teeth.
From the Red Sea, through all the Indian Seas, to Polynesia.
Tropical parts of the Atlantic.
1. Upeneus barberinus.
Mullus barberiBus, Lacep. iii. p. 406. pi. 13. f. 3.
Upeneus barberinus, Cuv. ?f Val. iii. p. 462 ; Rilpp. N, W. Fische, p. 101.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 29-31. L. transv. 2/7. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 45-4| in the total length ; the distance
between the eyes is one -half the length of the snout ; the barbels
reach slightly beyond the vertical from the angle of the praeoperculum.
A black band from the eye along the lateral line to below the anterior
half of the second dorsal ; a round black spot on each side of the
root of the caudal.
Red Sea ; East Indian Seas.
a. Fine specimen. Moluccas.
b. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. From the Collection of Madame Ida
Pfeiffer.
c. Young. Amboyna. From the Collection of Madame Ida Pfeiffer.
d. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Adult. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/. Adult. India.
g. Adult. India.
The skeleton differs very distinctly from that of Mullus and of
Mulloides flavolineatus. The maxillary is much narrower at the
base than at the extremity ; the posterior process of the intermaxillary
is very short. The frontal bones are concave between the orbitg,
and there is a longitudinal crest along their meeting margins, ex-
tending nearly to the anterior end of the bones and not continued
into the occipital crest, which is rather higher than the lateral ones.
The angle of the praeoperculum is as much rounded as in M. barbatus ;
the basal portion of the brain- capsule is neither compressed nor
roimded. The length of the abdominal portion of the vertebral
column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-7.
2. Upeneus macronemus.
Mullus macronemus, Lac^. iii. pp. 404, 405. pi. 13. f. 2.
auriflamma, Lacdp. iii. p. 400 (not Forsk.).
Upeneus lateristriga, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 463 ; Rupp. N. W. Fische,
p. 101.
D. 8|9. A.i-.
The space between the eyes is somewhat sinuous. The barbels
reach to the base of the ventrals ; the last dorsal ray elongate. Rose-
coloured ; a brown longitudinal band from the nostrils through tiie
eye to below the middle of the second dorsal ; a brown spot on each
406 MULLiD,*;.
side of the tail ; the ventral fin, the anterior margin of the first
dorsal, the lower half of the second, and the lateral margin of the
caudal fin are brown. The anal fin and the upper half of the second
dorsal yellowish, with violet longitudinal lines. {Ru2>2y-)
Red Sea.
3. Upeneus barberinoides.
Bleeker, Amboina i^- Ceram, p. 263.
D. 8 1 1. A. 8. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is 4|-4| in the total length, the length of
the head about four times. The barbels reach slightly beyond the
posterior margin of the prseopcrculum. Kcd : the dorsal scales with
a reddish-violet centre ; a lateral brown band from the snout through
the eye to below the anterior portion of the soft dorsal ; opercles
with a large brown spot besides, extending on the side of the body ;
a blackish spot on the lateral line, corresponding to the extremity of
the second dorsal ; the soft dorsal with a bluish-black base, and with
alternate yellow and blue stripes on its upper half. {Bl.)
Northern coast of Ceram.
4. Upeneus indicus
BnsseU, ii. p. 42. pi. 157.
Mullus indicus, Shaw, Zool. iv. pt. 2. p. G14.
Upeneus russellii, Cuv.Sf Val. ill. p. 465; Richards. Ichth. C%i«a,p.220;
Bleeker, Perc. p. 62.
? Upeneus waigiensis, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 466.
D. 8 I 9. A. y. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/7.
Interspace between the eyes rather flat ; the barbels reach slightly
beyond the angle of the praeoperculum. A shining golden spot on
the lateral line, disappeaiing after death; a black blotch on each
side of the tail, on the lateral line, between the dorsal and caudal
fins.
East Indian Seas.
a. Thirteen inches long : stufied. China. Presented by J. R.
Reeves, Esq.
h. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
5. Upeneus spilurus.
Bleeker, Japan, p. 395, and Verhand. Batav. Oenootsch. xxvi. Japan,
p. 68. tab. 2. I 2.
D. 8 I -i-. A. 8. L. lat. 28.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 4^ in the total. Scales ctenoid (?). The spinous dorsal much
lower than the body. Rose-coloured ; a large round black spot above
the lateral line, between the second dorsal and caudal. {BL)
Sea of Japan.
5. trpENEus. 407
6. Upeneus pleurospilos.
Sleeker, Natuurh. Tydschr. NederL Ind. iv. p. 110, and Verhand. Satav.
Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. 69.
D. 8 1 1. A. 8. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 4| in the total. The barbels reach to the posterior margin of
the operculum. The spinous dorsal much lower than the body.
Rose-coloured : each scale of the back and of the sides with a central
reddish-violet spot ; a black spot below the lateral line, con-esponding
to the posterior part of the spinous dorsal ; cheeks and snout with
bluish stripes ; the second dorsal with two blue longitudinal bands ;
the caudal, anal, and ventral fins with yellow bands. (-BZ.)
Seas of Japan and Amboyna.
7. Upeneus brandesii.
? Upeneus pleurostigma, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 59.
Upeneus brandesii, Bleekvr, Bandu, i. p. 236.
D. 8 1 1. A. 8. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. The barbels reach to the posterior margin of
the praeoijerculum. Red : a large round black spot on the lateral
line between the dorsals ; the second dorsal with a large black basal
spot. {Bl.)
Sea of Banda Neira (and of Mauritius ?). J»
8. Upeneus malabaricus.
Cuv. (^- Val. iii. p. 467.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/7.
The barbels reach beyond the angle of the prseoperculum. A
large ovate white spot on the lateral hne, above the extremity of
the pectoral ; a black spot on each side of the root of the tail.
Coast of Malabar ; Philippine Islands.
a. Half-grown. Philippines.
9. Upeneus trifasciatus.
Mullus bifasciatus, Lac&p. iii. p. 404. pi. 14. f. 2.
trifasciatus, Lacep. iii. p. 404. pi. 15. f. 1.
multifasciatus, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. pi. 59. f. 1.
Upeneus bifasciatus, Cuv. 4" Val. iii. p. 468.
trifasciatus, Citv. 8f Val. iii. p. 468 ; Jemjixs, Zool. Beagle, Fishes,
p. 25 ; Bleek. Banda, i. p. 237.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/7. Vert. 10/14.
The distance between the eyes is convex, and If in the length of
the snout. A broad black cross-band over the tail, a second from
the anterior portion of the soft" dorsal ; the space between the two
408 MULLIDiE.
bands yellow or white ; sometimes a tliird black band from the spi-
nous dorsal. An oblong black spot behind the eye. The basal half
of the second dorsal black, the upper half with white longitudinal
bands ; the anal with blackish longitudinal bands.
From the Indian Ocean to Polynesia.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
b. Adult. China.
c. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half-grown. Celebes.
e. Adult : skin : bad state. Ceylon. Presented by the Zoological
Society.
/. Adult : skeleton. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
g. Half-grown. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
h. Half-grown. India. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Half- grown. India. From the Haslar Collection.
Var. — Anterior portion of the body black, with two white longi-
tudinal bands, one fi'om the muzzle above the eye to the origin of the
soft doi-sal ; the second oblique, from the cheek below the eye to the
lateral line. A black spot on each side of the tail instead of the
caudal band.
Jc. Half- grown. East Indies. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
The skeleton of this species is entirely similar to that of Upenms
barberinus : the length of the abdominal portion of the vertebral
column is to that of the caudal as 1:1-6^
10. Upeneus maculatus.
Mar ff rave, pp. 156, 181.
Mulius maculatus, Bl. taf. 348. f. 1.
Upeneus maculatus, Cut: ^^• Val. iii. p. 478 ; Poey, Mem. Cub. p. 223 ;
Castcln. Anim. nouv. ou rares Atiier. Sud, p. 6.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/6.
Caec. pylor. 8-9 {Cuv. ; 18, Poey). Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length ; the interspace
between the eyes one-half of the leng-th of the snout, and flat. Two
black blotches on the lateral line, corresponding to the two dorsal
fins.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a-i. Adult and half-grown : sldns. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection,
h. Half- grown.
I. Half-grown. West Indies.
m. Adult: stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
11. Upeneus punctatus.
Cuv. ff Veil lii. p. 482.
D. 7 1 9. A. 7.
Red, each scale with a lilac centre ; on each side of the snout
5. UPKNEUS, 409
three lilac streaks ; on each side of the body four or five clouded
brownish spots. {Guv.)
Sea of Martinique.
12. TTpeneus prayensis.
Cuv. 4" Val. ill. p. 485 ; Jenyns, Zool. BeagU, Fishes, p. 2G.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/6.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length ; the distance
between the eyes is flat, and one-half of the length of the snout ; the
barbels reach nearly to the vertical from the opercular spine. Colo-
ration uniform (in siDirits), except a small black spot behind the eye,
at the upper extremity of the prseoperculum, and a blackish longitu-
dinal band on the soft dorsal.
West coast of Africa.
a. Half-grown. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
13. Upeneus cyclostoma.
Miillus cyclostomus, Lacep. iii. p. 404. pi. 19. f. 3 (very bad).
Scisena heptacantlius, Lacep. iv. pp. 308, 312.
Upeneus cyclostomus, Cuv. i^- Val. ill. p. 472; Rlipp. N. W. Fisc/ie,'p. 101.
? Upeneus immaculatus, Benn, Proc. Comin. Zool. Soc. i. p. 60.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 27-30. L. transv. 2/7,
The height of the body is 4^ in the total length ; the diameter of
the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and less than one-half
of that of the snout. The snout not pointed ; the distance between
the eyes is convex, and 1-| in the length of the snout. The height
of the spinous dorsal is two -thirds of that of the body. The tubes
of the. lateral line with very short lateral branches. The barbels
reach to, or nearly to, the base of the ventrals. Coloration uniform
(in spirits).
From the Red Sea, through the Indian Ocean, to the Indian Archi-
pelago.
a. Fine specimen. Moluccas. From the Leyden Museum as Upe-
neus luteus.
b. Half-grown. Coram and Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's
Collection.
c. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the Rattle-
snake.
d. Young : stuifed. Louisiade Archipelago (30 fathoms). Voyage
of the Rattlesnake.
e. Half-grown : stuifed. Redscar Bay (S.E. coast of New Guinea ;
on mild). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
14. Upeneus oxycephalus.
BkfifCcA ^ct. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. 3Ianado en Makass. p. 45.
D. 8 I -^. A. 8. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is 4^-4^ ia the total length, the length of
410 UVLLIDJE.
the head 3|-4 ; the space between the orbits convex ; the greater
part of the eye is situated on the posterior half of the length of the
head, in which it is contained 5-5g times ; the snout is pointed, and
longer than twice the diameter of the eye. The barbels reach to the
base of the ventrals ; the height of the spinous dorsal is If in that
of the body. Hose-coloured ; two blue stripes on the side of the
snout, and two or three others on the side of the head. The second
dorsal and the anal bright yellow, with three to live bluish longi-
tudinal bands. (Bl.)
Sea of Manado (and He de France).
rt. ? Adult : stuffed. Mauritius. From Dr. Janvier's Collection.
15. Upeneus chrysopleuron.
Mullus chrysoplem-on, Temm. S,- Schley. Faun. Japm. Poiss. p. 29.
pi. 12. f. 1.
Upeneus biaculeatus, (Gray) Rich. Ichth. China, p. 219*.
Upeneoides chrysopleuron, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv,
Japan, p. 10.
Upeneus chrysopleuron, BUek. I. c. xxvi. Japan, p. 70.
D. 8 I y. A. 8. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 4| in the total. The length of the snout is twice the diameter
of the eye. Crown rather flat ; the teeth of the jaws of unequal
.size. The spinous dorsal much lower than the body. Rose-coloured,
with a broad golden band from the head to the caudal, extending on
the back of the tail ; snout mth bluish streaks ; fins immaculate ; a
small blackish spot above the axil.
Seas of Japan and China.
«. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Hulf-grown. China Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adiilt. China.
d. Adult. China.
€. Adult : stuffed. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq.
/. Half-gi'own. Presented by the Zoological Society.
16. Upeneus jansenii.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl i. Man. en Makass. p. 44.
D. 8 I j. A. 8. L. lat. 30,
The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is about
one-fourth of the latter, and much more than one-half the extent
of the snout. Crown rather flat. The barbels reach to the posterior
* Sir J. Richardson quotes as the first authority, " Gray, Catal. Brit. Mus."
A catalogue containing an account of this fish has never been published, tn my
knowledge.
5. UPEITEUS. 411
margin of the praeoperciilum. The height of the spinous dorsal is
1| in that of the body. Uniform rose-coloiu-ed.
Seas of Manado and Ambojna.
a, h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
17. Upeneus dubius.
Miillus dubius, Temm. c^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 30. pi. 11, f. 3.
D.7|i A.±
Red, with a yellow longitudinal band ; dorsal and anal fins with
obhque brown longitudinal bands. {Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
18. Upeneus bilineatus.
Ciw. 4" Val. vii. p. 525.
D.7|i. A. 7.
Snout short, with the upper profile approaching the veitical line,
as in Mull us barbatus. Barbels leather short. Back brownish ; two
yellow stripes along the side of the body ; the top of the first dorsal
black. (VaL)
Sea of Amboyna.
19. Upeneus crassilabris.
Ciiv. ^ Val. vii. p. 523.
D.8||. A. 7.
The height of the tail is one-half of that of the body. Lips thick.
The barbels do not reach to the base of tbe ventrals. Ventrals very
large. The first dorsal violet ; the second violet on the base, and
with violet stripes on its upper half; anal dotted and obUquely
striped with violet ; caudal dark-coloui'ed, dotted with white ; the
three outer rays of the ventral violet ; barbels brownish. ( Val.)
412 SPARIBJE.
Fam. 7. SPARID^.
Sparoidei, pt., ot Squamipinnes, pt., Cuv. Rbgne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val.
Hist. Nat. des Poiss. ; Midler, Berl Abhandl. 1844, p. 201.
SpaxidaB, pt.,"et Ch8etodontida3, pt., Richardson.
Body comjjressed and oblong, covered with scales, the serrature of
which is exceedingly minute, and sometimes wanting. Tail not armed.
Lateral line continuoiis, not continued on the caudal fin. Mouth
in front of the snout, with lateral cleft. Eye lateral, of moderate
size. Five, six or seven branchiostegals. Either trencJiant teeth in
front of the jaws, or lateral series of molar teeth* ; generally no teeth
on the palate. One dorsal fin, formed by a Spinous aild soft portion
of nearly equal development ; anal with three spines ; the lower rays
of the pectorals generally bKinohed, in one group simple ; ventrals
thoracic, with one spine and five rays. The bones of the head with
a rudimentary muciferous system. Air-bladder present, often bifid
posteriorly. Pseudobranchite well developed.
Herbi- and carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the seas of the tempe-
rate and tropical regions ; a few entering rivers.
Synopsis of the Groups.
a. Cantharina. More or less broad, trenchant teeth in front of the
jaws ; no molars or vomerine teeth ; the lower pfectoral rays
branched. — Mostly vegetable feeders.
6. Haplodactyliua. Trenchant teeth in front ; no molars ; the
lowpir pectoral rays simple. — Vegetable feeders.
c. Sarg^a. Trenchant teeth in front and molar teeth on the sides.
— Mostly carnivorous.
d. Pagrina. Conical teeth in front and molars on the sides. — Car-
Mvoroua.
e. Pimelepteriua. Trenchant teeth in front ; teeth dh the palate. —
Carnivorous ?
[Appendix: Bobibia.]
First Group. CANTHARINA.
Sparidce with more or less broad, trenchant teeth in front of the
jaws ; no molars or vomerine teeth ; the lower pectoral rays branched.
* Some species of Leihrinus appear to make an exception, but th6ir teeth are
..hick, and approach to molars ; they are, moreover, readily distinguished by their
naked cheek.
1. CANTHABTTS. 413
Synopsis of the Genera.
* Cheeks and opercles scaly ; vertical fins without scales.
A band of cardiform teeth in front of both jaws, the
outer series containing teeth, which are slightly
compressed and lanceolate 1. Cantharus.
A single series of trenchant, notched teeth in both
jaws, without a band of other teeth behind 2. Box.
A single series of broad lanceolate teeth in both jaws,
without any other teeth behind 3. Scathardb.
A single series of broad, trenchant teeth in both jaws,
with granular teeth behind and pointed ones on
the side ^. 4. Oblata.
One or two series of broad, trenchant teeth, and with
a band of granulated teeth behind ; no pointed •
lateral teeth 5. Cbenidens.
*♦ Cheeks and opercles scaly ; vertical fins more or less
covered with scales.
A series of broad lanceolate teeth in both jaws, with
a band of similar teeth behind, which are less de-
veloped. Eleven dorsal spines 6. Pachymetopon.
Dorsal fin deeply notched. Ten dorsal spines 7. Dipteeodon,
A recumbent spine before the dorsal fin 8. Peoteracanthps,
*** Cheeks scaly, opercles naked.
Scales moderate; fourteen or fifteen dorsal spines... 9. Girblla.
Scales moderate; twelve dorsal spiiieB 10. Doydixodon.
Scales small 11. TspHBiEOPa.
**** Cheeks naked.
Scales moderate 12. Gtmnoceotaphus.
1. CANTHARITS*
Cantharus, Cuv. Signe Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Vol. vi. p. 818.
Teeth cardiform or villifoBm, those of the outer row slightly com-
pressed and lanceolate t ; no molar teeth. Cheeks scaly. The dorsal
spines (ten or eleven) can bo received into a scaly sheath ; three
anal spines. Scales moderate. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric ap-
pendages in small number. . Air-bladder with two horns posteriorly.
Mediterranean ; from the coasts of Great ^Britain romid the Cape
to the Seychelles.
1. Canthaxas lineatris.
? Kavdapos, Aristof. viii. cap. 13.
CaxLth&iua, Rondel, v. cap. 4. p. 120; Gesner, p. 178; Aldrov. ii. cap. 20.
p. 186; WUlughhy, p. 309; Ray, p. 130.
* 1. Cantharus sene^alensis, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 337. — Cape Verde.
t This is very conspicuous in mature specimens, and has been overlooked by
Cuvier. Therefore I separate liiese fishes from the Pristipomatidte, and do not
think that the Indian species are to be referred to this genus.
414 SPAEIDJE
Sparus, no. 2, Artecli, Genera, p. 36.
cantharus, L. Gm. p. 1274; Bl. Schn. p. 17 ; Duhamel, Pt'ches,
ii. sect. 4. pi. 7. f. 1.
lineatus, Montagu, Mem. Wern. Sac. ii. 1815, p. 451. pi. 23.
vetiJa, Couch, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 79.
sciandra (Uttdolpht), Rosenth. Ichthyot. Tafeln, taf. 14. f. 1.
Pagi'us lineatus, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 211.
Cantharus vulgaris, Cuv. ^ Val. \\. p. 319. pi. 160; Guichen. Explor.
Sc. Alqer. Poiss. p. 53.
griseus, Cuv. iSf Val. vi. p. 333 ; Jen. Brit. Vert. p. 358 ; Yarrell,
Brit. Fishes, p. 130 ; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 178.
lineatus, JVJiife, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 16.
By an examination of several specimens from the Mediterranean
and the Canary Islands, as well as from the British Channel, it is
evident that the few differences on which Valenciennes separated the
G. griseus from C. vulgaris must have been merely accidental in the
individuals from which the descriptions \^?ere taken. In the ' His-
toire Natm-elle des lies Canariens, par Webb et Berthelot,' Valen-
ciennes says, that C. griseus is not found in those seas, and that the
C. griseus, Lowe, is to be referred to C. vulgaris. There are speci-
mens in the British Museum (oub was sent by the Rev. R. T. Lowe)
which really agree better with C. griseus, Val. But other specimens
from the British coast have the prseorbital as slightly notched as
it is stated to be by Valenciennes in the Mediterranean fish ; others
from the Mediten-'anean have six series of praeopercular scales, as
weU as those from the Channel.
D.ii. A.^. L.lat. 68-75. L. transv. 5il?. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3-3| in the total length, the length of
the head 4^ , the diameter of the eye is about one-fourth of the
latter (in young and half-grown individuals larger), and equal to, or
rather shorter than, the snout. There are six (or seven) series of scales
between the pra?orbital and the pra^opercidar limb ; praeorbital notched
by the maxillary bone. The dorsal spines rather slender and flexible,
the fourth, fifth and sixth the highest, and longer than any of the
rays. Caudalis emarginate ; the anal spines very. much shorter than
the rays. Greyish green, with darker longitudinal lines ; fins black-
ish grey.
a. Adult: stuffed. Polperro.
h. Adult : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,
R.N.
c. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth.
d, e. Eighteen inches long :' skins. Plymouth. Fr»m Mr. Yarrell's
Collection.
/. Half-grown. British Channel.
g. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
h. Adult : stuffed. England. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
i. Fine specimen. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
Jc. Half-grown : stuffed. Santa Cruz, Tencriffe.
I. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
m-p. Adult: stuffed.
1. CANTHARUS. 415
q-s. Half-grown : stuffed.
t. Half-grown : not good state. Mediterranean, Purchased of Mr.
Frank.
u. Half-grown : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society.
V. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
w. Half-grown : bad state. From the Old Collection,
•r. Adult. From the Old Collection.
y-y. Adult : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
S. HaLf-gro'wn : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
e. Adult: skeleton.
Skeleton. — The maxiUary bone is oblong, straight, with a longitu-
dinal ridge, and provided above and behind with a semicircular flat
process. The intermaxillarj' is rather nan'ow, styliform, with the
posterior processes shorter than the descending branches. The man-
iibula has a narrow cleft between the dentarj' and articular bones,
and several very distinct pores of the muciferous channel. The vomer
has a rather irregularly quadrangular and slightly concave head,
and terminates in a long tapering tail. The marginal part of the
praeoperculum is very thin ; the length of the inferior Umb is two-
thirds of that of the posterior ; both meet at a right angle, which,
however, is rounded. The praeopercular ridge is rather low, with a
narrow muciferous channel. The operculum is irregiilarly qua-
drangular, with t/ie upper side shortest, and the posterior slightly
emarginate ; there is a very slight ridge on the inner surface of the
bone, descending obhquely downwards, and not terminating in a
point ; the-surface near the upp6r angle is roughened by pores. The
suboperculum is rather shorter and narrower than the interoper-
culum. The turbinal bones are somewhat elongate, transformed into
a muciferous channel, and widened posteriorly. The pra^orbital is of
moderate width, tapering posteriorly, with the anterior margin con-
vex ; the remainder of the infraorbital ring is very narrow. There
is an excavated bony plate at its inner side, to support the eyeball
from beneath ; this plate articulates with the pterygoid by a rather
strong process. The frontals form a high and very convex bony
protuberance, ^pierced by several pairs of pores, whilst the super-
ciliary portion is thin, and without bony excrescences ; from that
bony protuberance afises the high, triangular, occipital crest, with
the upper margia slightly convex. The lateral crests also are well
developed. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is slightly com-
pressed. The glosso-hyal rather short, cuneifoiTn, with the anterior
extremity thickest. The urohyal is veiy deeply notched posteriorly,
terminating in two processes, the upper of which is flat, in a vertical
direction, whilst the lower horizontal one is again forked, and forms
two long spines. The pubic bones are elongate, each being formed
by three lamellae of nearly equal development.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1-34. The neural spines are of moderate length; those
416
SPAEIDJ!.
of the first caudal vertebrae are the longest, as long as three of the
latter together. The interneurals are much dilated ; there are three
spurious interneurals. The first interhaemal is rather slender, equal
to the length of the first six vertebrae.
The teeth form, in both the jaws, broad cardiform bands, and the
anterior ones are distinctly compressed and lanceolate.
2. Cautnarus brama.
Duhamel, Perhes, ii. sect. 4. pi. 4. f. 1.
Sparus brama, Block, v. p. 77 (not fig.).
Cantharus brama, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 328 ; Gxdchen. Explor. Se. Alg&r.
Poiss. p. 53 ; i:xpSd. Sc. Moree, Zool. pi. 17. f. 1 a, b.
D.ii. A.i-.
12 • 10" ,
Very similar to C. lineatus ; it is said to have the praeorbital not
notched. (Val.)
Mediterranean.
3. Cantharus orbicularis.
Cuv. Sr Val. vi. p. 331 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci, pi.
D. -. A.-. L. lat. 70.
12 10
The height of the body is 2| in the total length; praeorbital
without notch ; the sixth dorsal spine the highest.
Coast of Corsica.
4. Cantharus emarginatus.
? Cantharus emarginatus, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 338.
D. Ji. A.-^j. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 13/21.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head is 4| in it ; the diameter of the eye is about one-fourth
of the latter, less than the distance between the eyes, and nearly
equal to the length of the snout. There are eight series of scales
between the praeorbital and the praeopercular limb ; praeorbital
notched by the maxillary bone, which has a rather sharp longitu-
dinal ridge. Dorsal rather low. Caudalis emarginate, the third
anal spine shorter than the dorsal spines. Coloration uniform (in a
dried state).
? Cape Seas.
a. Adult: stuffed.
5. Cantharus blochii.
Sparus brama, Block, taf. 279 (not descr.).
Cantharus blochii, Cuv. 4' Val. vi. p. 339.
D. 1^. A. ~. L. lat. 64. L. transv. 9/18. Caec. pylor. 3 (4 ?).
Vert. 11/13.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 4-^ ; the diameter of the eyes is 1| in the distance between
1. CANTHAEUS. 417
them, and about one-fourth of the longm of the head. The anterior
teeth broad, lanceolate. There are about eleven series of scales be-
tween the proeorbital and the prseopercular limb, Avhich is covered
with scales. The dorsal spines moderate and rather short ; the
fourth one-third of the length of the head. The anal spines of mo-
derate size. Uniform brownish.
Cape Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
b. Adult : skin. False Bay.
c. Adult: skin. From Gronov's Collection.
0. Canthanis grandoculis.
Cm\ 4" Vnl. vi. p. 341 ; Cuv. Rh(]ne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 35. f. 3.
T) i^ A i-
Nape of the neck slightly concave ; the greatest depth of the body
is below the posterior dorsal spines, where it is contained three times
in the total length. Pra^orbital withoiit notch. The diameter of
the eye is 2^ in the length of the head. Four series of scales on the
prfcoperculum. Spines of the fins strong. Greenish ; dorsal spotted
with violet ; ventrals blackish. {Vol.)
Seychelles.
I very much doubt whether the three following species, referred
by Valenciennes to Canthartts, really belong to this genus or to this
family at all.
7. Cantharus caeruleus.
Ctiv. Sf Val vi. p. 342.
^^- To- ^- lo-
Body ovate, obtuse in front ; praeorbital without notch, caudal
forked. The soft portion of the dorsal and anal fins elongate.
Bluish ; a bluish streak from the muzzle to the orbit. ( Val.)
Sea of Guam (Mariannes).
8. Cantharus maculatus.
Cuv. l<f Val. vi. p. 343.
D. -. A. -.
Body ovate, elongate ; snout obtuse ; prscorbital narrow, without
notch. The spinous dorsal low, the soft and the anal fin high ;
caudal slightly forked. Red, with three series of irregular, rounded,
white spots ; fins brown, the caudal and the margin of the soft dorsal
5'ellow. {Val.)
Indian Ocean.
418 SPAKIDJE.
9. Cantharus lineolatus.
Cm. ^ Vol: vi. p. 344.
•p, 10 .3
"' Ta- '^- Fa-
Body ovate ; proeorbital narrow ; caudal truncated. Brown, with
lighter spots and lineolated with white ; fins bi-own, sparingly spotted
with white. (Val.)
Indian Ocean.
2. BOX*.
Box (Boops), Cuv. Reyne Anim, ; Ciiv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 340.
In both jaws a single anterior sci'ics of broad incisors, notched at
the cutting margin ; no molars. Cheeks scaly. The dorsal spines
(eleven to fifteen) can be received into a scaly sheath ; anal spines
three. Scales moderate. Six branchiostcgals. Pyloric appendages
in small number ; air-bladder with two horns posteriorly. Intestinal
tractus elongate.
Vegetable feeders. From the Mediterranean ; Western coasts of
Europe and Africa ; Caribbean Sea ; one species from the East Indies.
1. Box vulgaris.
Bwl, Aristot. ix. cap. 3 ; Ojjjnan, i. p. 5.
Box, Plin. xxxii. cap. 11; Jicllon. p. 230.
Boops, Mondel. v. c. 11. p. 136; Gesner, p. 127; Aldrov. ii. c. 41.
p. 231 ; Willwjhhy, p. 317 ; Ray, p. 135.
Sparus, no. 6, Artccli, Oen. p. 36.
boops, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 469 ; L. Gm. p. 1274 ; Briinn. Pise.
Mass. p. 44 ; Lacep. iv. pp. 97, 99 ; PL Schn. p. 273 ; Risso, Ichth.
Nice, p. 242 ; Martetis, Reisc nach Timvdiq, ii. p. 424.
Box vulgaris, Oiv. ^ Val. vi. p. 348. pi. 161 ; IVhifr, Catal. Brit.
Fishes, p.' 20; Ciw. Rbgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 36. f. 1 (not good);
Guichenot, Explor. Sc. Alyei: Poiss. p. 54.
Boops canaripiisis. Valenc. in Webb 8f Berihel. Hist. Nat. lies Cciiar.
Poiss. p. 36. pi. 10. f. 1.
D. ii. A.^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. G/13. Ca>c. pylor. 5.
Vert. 11/13.
Body elongate, somewhat cylindrical ; caudal deeply forked.
Yellowi.sh ohve, with golden longitudinal bands.
Mediterranean ; Canary I.slands. Occasionally on the southern
coast of England. Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult: stuffed. ^Mediterranean. rurcha.scd of Mr. Argent.
6. Half-grown. Dalmatia.
c. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Hashir Coll'ction.
(/. Skeleton. Madeira. From the Rev. K. T. Lowe's Collection.
e. Half-grown : skin : not good state. Santa Cruz (Teneriffc).
/. Adult. Lisbon. Presented by P. Hough, Esq.
(J. Young. Lisbon.
h. Young. Li.sbon.
* 1 Hdx sMlpoides, Cuf. t\ Vul ri ]>. "(ii") East Iiiflie.s
2. BOX. 419
('. Adult : skin : very bad state Falmouth fish-market. Presented
by W. P. Cork, Esq.
k\ Adult. Old Collection.
I. Half-f^rown : bad state.
m. Hall'-grown : bad state.
n. Half-grown : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrcll's Collection.
0. Young.
^>. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection. - .
Var. CARAimcA, an species?
q. Fine specimen. 8t. Vincent's. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
D. -. A. 4. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 8/15.
14 lb
This specimen differs more from the Mediterranean fish than the
Boops canariensis of Valenciennes, having smaller scales above the
lateral line ; but the wider the range of ? species, and the more
numerous it is in individuals, the more caution is required in sepa-
rating new forms from it, as after all it may prove to be a climatic
or an accidental variety. But the fish is verj' interesting, as a spe-
cimen of Box lias not yet been found in the West Indies.
SJcehton. — The occipital crest and the two lateral crests are thin,
feeble, and moderately elevated ; the former does not extend on the
frontal bones, and the latter emit a flat free process posteriorly. The
upper surface of the frontal bones is roughened by low irregular ridges
and grooves ; there is a shallow median groove along the snture of
the bones. The turbinal bones are transformed into a rather elongate
tube. The posterior process of the intermaxillary is shorter than
the descending branch of the bone ; the mandibula is of moderate
length, as long as the prjEorbital. The vomer is cuneiform, flat.
The praiorbital is elongate, slightly tapering posteriorly ; the re-
mainder of the infraorbital arch is somewhat narrower, without
interior plate. The pra^operculum has no prominent ridge, or a
developed muciferous canity ; its angidar portion is very thin, flexible,
broad, produced, Avith the posterior margin rounded. The operculum
is twice as high as broad, and has a very obtuse jiosterior point,
Avith a slight notch above. The subopcrculum is elongate, and has
a nearly vertical situation. The basal portion of the brain-capsule
is compressed, and the basisphenoid has a verj' wide foramen before
the occipital joint. The urohyal is distinguished by a very deep in-
cisure in its posterior margin, Each pubic ])one is formed by three
lameUse of equal extent ; their entire length is less than that of the
coracoid.
I find one vertebra more than stated by Valenciennes, namely
eleven abdominal vertehrce and thirteen caudal, the length pf the
former portion of the vertebral column being to that of' the latter as
1 : 1-07. The single vertebrae are rather elongate ; the neural and
hccmal spines narrow, except those of the first four vertebra;, which
are dilated ; the interneural spines are dilated, triangular, but short,
and do not extend between the neural spines. The interha^mal
spines are very feeble, and the first is scarcely difFerent fiom the
othei's. Tlie ribs are slender.
2 i: 2
42U SVAUID.K.
2. Box salpa.
2<iX7Tr;, Ari.st: iv. c. 8, v. c. 9, 10, vi. c. 17, viii. c. 2, 13, ix. c. 37 ;
JElian, ix. c. 7. p. 51G; Oppimi, i. p. (>; Athen. vii. p. 320.
Salpa, Ovid. Hal. v. 121 ; Plin. ix. c. 57 ; Ih-Ilon. pp. 187, IHO; J2w!r?.
V. c. 23. p. 154; GesHcr, pp. 832, 979: ^iW;«r. ii. Q. 21. p. 189;
Wilhujhhy, p. 310 ; i?«y, p. 134.
Spams, no. 15, Artidi, Gvn. p. 38.
salpa, Linn. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 470 ; Briinn. Pise. 3fass. p. 4(5 ;
L. Gm. p. 1275 ; Block, taf. 265 (not pood) ; Bl. Schn. p. 270 ;
Lacep. iv. pp. 97, 101 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 243.
Cynfcdus, Gronov. Zoojyhi/l. no. 21G.
Box salpa, C?a-. <!i- rrt/.vi.'p.357. pi. 162; Webb i<f Berth. I. c. ^Gidrh.l.c.
C'ynpcdus onias, Gronov. Si/st. cd. Gray, p. 55.
!)• 77- ^•rrn- L. lat. 73. L. transv. 5/14. Cicc. i)ylor. 4.
15 14-15 * •'
Vert. 10/14.
Body rather compressed ; caudalis forked. Greenish, with orangc-
coloiired longitudinal bands ; a black spot in and above tlic axil.
Mediterranean; Canary Islands ; Cape Seas?
'I. Adult : skin : not good state. Mediterranean. From the Collection
of the Zoological Society.
h. young. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult. Sicily. I'resented by W. Swainson, Esq.
d. 13" long. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult : stuffed. Capo Seas. Purchased of Sir A. Smitli. — Axil
wdth a black spot ; therefore not identical with B. f/oreensls.
f. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult : bad state.
)j. Adult: stuffed.
i. Adult : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
k. Half-gro\ra.
I. Half-grown : stuffed : bad state. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
m. Large specimen : skeleton. Lanzarote. From the Rev. R. T.
Lowe's Collection.
n. Intestines of specimen m.
0. Half-grown : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
A description of the anatomy of the soft parts has been given by
Valenciennes, to which I may add, that the pyloric appendages are
very elongate.
Skeleton. — The occipital crest and the two lateral crests are rather
feeble and moderately elevated ; the former slightly extends on the
frontal bones, and the latter emit a flat free process posteriorly. The
upper surface of th(! frontal bones is slightly convex and roughened
by irregular small ridges and holes ; there is no central longitudinal
grcjove. The upper portion of the skull is broad, and therefore the
turbinal bones are remote from each other ; they are transformed into
curved tubes. The intermaxillaries are short and strongly built ;
their posterior processes are nearly equal in length to the descending
bran(;h. The maxillary bone is short, bent, and very irregularly
shajjcd ; its upper portion is fitted in the angle of the intermaxillary
and provided with a deep gi'oove for the articulation with the tur])inal
bone, — a! structure bj- wliit'li we are rtniinded of that of GireUa;
2. BOX. 421
Pimelepterus, &c. The mandibulary is stout, elevated, and short,
shorter than the praiorbital, and relatively much shorter than in Box
vuJ(jaris. The vomer has a broad and flat head, and its posterior
portion compressed and narrow. The praeorbital has its upper anterior
portion rather produced, and its inferior edge slightly emarginatc.
The infraorbital ring is not much narrower than the posterior part
of the praeorbital, and has no interior plate. The angle of the prse -
operculum is regularly rounded and not produced. The operculum
is quadrangular, twice as high as broad ; the anterior side is the
longest, the superior the shortest ; it has no spine at all. The sub-
opcrculum is obliquely situated, and much narrower than the inter-
operculum . The basal jDortion of the brain-capsule is very compressed,
and the basisphenoid has a wide and elongate foramen before the
occipital joint. The glossohyal is very short, triangular. The uro-
hyal not only has a very deep posterior incisure, but the lower of
the two processes formed by that incisure is again deeply forked.
The pubic bones are formed by three lamellae of equal extent, as
in Box vulgaris, but they are relatively longer, and not much shorter
than the coracoid.
I find one vertebra more than stated by Valenciennes, namely
ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebra;, the length of the former
portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1-18.
The single vertebrae are strong, but not distinguished hj their length.
The neural and haemal spines are narrow, remote from each other,
except those of the first three vertebrae, which are dilated. The
intemeural spines are rather short, and do not extend very far
between the neurals ; those of the spinous dorsal are dilated. The
interhaemal spines are very feeble ; the first is stronger and longer
than the others, with a short anterior ridge, and is attached to the
haemal of the eleventh vertebra. The ribs are of moderate strength,
and some have epipleural spines.
The incisors are similar to those of Pimelepterus ; there arc nine
on each side of the upper jaw, and twelve on each side of the lower.
Each has a free vertical portion and a horizontal one, by which the
tooth is anchylosed to the bone. The vertical portion has a shallow
outer longitudinal groove, terminating in a notch at the cutting
margin ; the horizontal portion is compressed, and has a very deep
groove for the soft parts of the tooth. The teeth are replaced from
time to time by others, ivhich enter tJieir place from the outside of the
series, whilst we observe, in other fishes of this family, that the teeth
replacing the old ones are developed on the interior side of the cavity
of the mouth. The pharyngeal teeth form broad cardiform patches,
and are stronger beneath than above.
3. Box goreensis,
Cuv. Sr Val. vi. p. 364.
Very similar to B. salpa, but without black at the axil, (l^al.)
A rather doubtful species from Cape Verde.
422 SPAKIDJE.
3. SCATHARUS.
Scatharus, Cuv. 4- Val. vi. p. 375.
In both jaws a single series of lanceolate teeth, behind which are
no other teeth ; no molars. Cheeks scaly. The dorsal spines (eleven)
can be received in a scaly sheath ; anal spines three. Scales mo-
derate. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number ;
air-bladder with two short posterior horns.
Mediterranean.
1. Scatharus graecus.
Cuv.Sf Val. vi. p. 37G. pi. 1G2 ter; Expecl Sc. Moree, Zool. pi. 17.
f. 2 a, b.
D.il. A.^. Ca^c. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Colo-
lation uniform.
Mediterranean.
4. OBLATA.
Oblata, sp., Cuv. R^gne Anim. ; Cuv. 6f Val. vi. p. 366.
In both jaws a series of broad incisors in front, notched at the
cutting margin, behind which is a band of granular teeth* ; on the
sides a series of small pointed teeth ; no molars. Cheeks scaly. The
dorsal spines (eleven) can be received in a scaly sheath ; anal spines
three. Scales moderate. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages
in small number ; air-bladder with two horns posteriorly.
Mediterranean.
1. Oblata melanura.
i/l(\avovpos,Arist. viii. c. 2 ; JEllan, i. c. 41, xii. c. 17 ; Oppian, i. p. 5 ;
Athen. vii. p. 313.
Melanui-us, Ovid. Hal. v. 113 ; Flin. xxxii. c. 11 ; Bdlon. pp. 270, 271 ;
Rondd. V. c. 6. p. 126; Sulv. f. 181, 182; Aldrov. i. c. 13. p. 64;
Gesner, pp. 540, 638 ; Willwjhhy, p. 310 ; Bay, p. 131.
Spurns, no. 14, Artedi, Genera, p. 37.
melanm-us, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 468 ; Bribin. Pise. Mass. p. 41 ;
L. Gm. p. 1271 ; Bl. SeJm. p. 273.
oblada, Lacip. iv. p. 76 ; Bisso, Irhth. Nice, p. 237.
Oblata ra*>l".r.ai'a, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 366. pi. 162 b ; Guichenot, Exjjlor.
Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 54.
D. ||. A. f^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. ^^. dec. pylor. G. Vert. 10/14.
The lower jaw rather prominent ; a large black blotch across the
back of the tail, extenchng on the sides.
Mediterranean ; Madeira ; Canary Islands.
o. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.
* The teeth behind the incisors arc not villiforni, ns stated hy Cuvier, but
granular, aa in Crenidens, to which genus Oblata is closely allied.
4. OHLATA. 423
b. Adult. Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
c. Many young specimens. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Kev. R. T. Lowe's Collection.
e. Adult. Lanzarote. From the Rev. R. T, Lowe's Collection.
/. Adult male : skeleton. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adidt. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
h, {. Half-grown : bad state.
k. Half-grown : stuffed : not good state. From Mr. YarreU's Col-
lection.
/. Intestines of specimen /.
SJceleton. — The occipital crest is very elevated, triangular, and
extends anteriorly to a transverse protuberance of the frontal bones
between the eyes ; the lateral crests are moderately developed, and
terminate posteriorly in a short free process. The frontal bones
have a very rough surface -with many larger and smaller pores and
a broad impression in front: The inter maxdlarics are moderately
developed, and have the posterior processes shorter than the descending
branches. The maxillary is slightly curved, and not much broader
at its free extremity than at its base. The mandibiila is longer than
the praeorbital, with a free interspace between the dentary and
articular bones. The turbinal bone is transformed into a half-
channel. The praeorbital is porous, and tapers slightly at its pos-
terior extremity ; the other infraorbital bones form a very narrow
ring, with a narrow interior plate for supporting the eyeball from
beneath. The anterior i)ortion of the vohier is flat and broad. The
system of muciferous channels is more developed in this species than
ifi Box : there is a pra^opcrcular channel with very distinct openings ;
the Hmbs of the praeoperculum are inconspicuously striated, and the
striae do not terminate in denticulations ; the inferior Umb is shorter
than the postei'ior. The operculum is 1| as high as broad, and
irregularly quadrangular ; the upper side is oblique. There is a ridge
at the inside of the bone, running towards the posterior angle, and
not terminating in a prominent spine. The sub- and interoperculum
are very thin, and the former is situated in a very obU(]ue direction.
The basisphenoid has a very wide opening before the occipital joint,
and ascends in a cui've from the brain-capsule to the nasal vertebra.
The glossohyal is elongate, styliform ; the urohyal triangular, ele-
vated, and without posterior notch. Each pubic bone is formed by
three lamellae of nearly equal development, as in Box ; it is of
moderate length and much shorter than the coracoid.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1'4. The neural and haemal spines arc slender ; the
longest are those belonging to the eighth vertebra to the fifteenth.
The haemal spines are much longer than the neurals. The? inter-
neurals of the spinous dorsal are dilated, and not shorter than the
neurals. The first interhaemal is slender and has a narrow ridge
anteriorly ; it is attached to the eleventh vertebra. The ribii are
moderately strong, and some of them bear ei)ipleural ispines.
424 spABiD-s;.
The eigbt anterior teeth of the upper jaw and the ten anterior of
the lower are compressed, but without horizontal process. All the
lateral teeth are conical and pointed There are some granular
teeth behind the incisors, irregidarly arranged. The pharyngeal
teeth are cardiform, the upper ones strongest.
5. CRENIDENS.
Crenidens, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 377.
In both jaws one or two series of broad teeth, with the cutting
margin crenulated ; a band of granulated teeth behind those series ;
no pointed lateral teeth. Cheeks and opercles scaly. The spines of
the dorsal (eleven) can be received in a groove ; three anal spines;
dorsal and anal fins not scaly. Scales of moderate size. Five bran-
chiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number ; air-bladder
simple.
A vegetable feeder from the eastern coasts of Africa.
1. Crenidens forskalii.
Sparus crenidens, Forskal, Descript, Anim. p. xv.
Crenidens forskalii, Cue. 4" Vnl- vi. p. 377. pi. 162 quater ; Rilppell,
N. W. Fische, p. 120 ; Peters, Wtegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 243.
D. ii. A. J. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 5/13. Csec. pylor. 3.
Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Three
series of scales on the cheeks. Coloration uniform.
Red Sea ; Coast of Mozambique.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippcll's Collection.
6. PACHYMETOPON.
A series of trenchant incisors in front of both the jaws, behind
which is a band of similar teeth, but less developed, and replacing
the former. No molars ; no teeth on the palate. Dorsal and anal
fins partly, caudal entirely hidden by scales. Dorsal without notch
and with eleven spines. Scales moderate. Cheek scaly.
Eab. ?
1. Pachymetopon graude. (Plate XXVI."
D. ii. A.^. L. lat. 88. L. transv. 11/22.
A large and convex transverse protuberance between the eyes.
Hab. ?
a. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Description of the specin^fn. — The form of the body describes a
rcgiilar o\n\, the lower pi-ofil'> being (•(•nsidorably ciirvod. The profile
6. VACUYMETOrON. 425
of tlie neck is strongly curved, and passes into a very prominent
rounded protuberance between the eyes. The greatest height of the
body is above the root of the ventrals, and ono-third in the total
length ; the head is rather short, one-fifth of the total length, and
distinguished by the convex prominence across the forehead. The
width between the eyes is 24 in the length of the head. The snout
is elevated, short, and obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth rather
email, the upper maxillary reaching to the vertical from the pos-
terior nostril. The posterior portion of the mandibula is scaly.
The praeorbital is rather longer than wide, and naked, like the upper
part of the skull. The eye is of moderate size, and contained 4i in
the length of the head, or 1| in that of the snout. The nostrils are
situated before the upper angle of the orbit, and rather remote from
each other; the posterior is an elongate slit, the anterior more
rounded. The cheek is covered with six series of scales, but a
broad marginal space of the praeoperculum is scaleless ; the pos-
terior margin of the praeoperculum is straight, slightly oblique ;
the angle is rounded and minutely serrated ; the inferior margin
convex, and about half as long as the posterior. The other opercles
are covered with scales, without any. spines or denticulations. The
suprascapula is much larger than a scale, and indistinctly striated ;
a series of scales, similarly striated, ascends from the suprascapula
to the neck.
The distance of the occiput from the dorsal fin nearly equals that
from the end of the snout. The fin is continuous, and its soft por-
tion is enveloped in a scaly coat to one-half of its height. Its origin
falls vertically above the root of the pectoral, and its end above the
sixty-third scale of the lateral line. The spines are moderate ; the
fifth is one of the highest, and about 24 in the length of the head.
The soft dorsal nearly equals the same height. The distance between
the caudal and dorsal fins nearly equals the height of the tail beneath
the dorsal fin. The caudal fin is densely covered and entirely hidden
by minute scales ; it is emarginate, with the lobes pointed, one of
the middle rays being rather less than one-half of the length of a
lobe. The anal fin is scaly to the same extent as the soft dorsal ;
its origin falls vertically rather behind that of the soft portion of the
dorsal ; the spines are rather strong ; the first is one-half of the
length of the second ; the second rather stronger, but not longer
than the third, and about two- thirds the length of the longest dorsal
spine. The rays appear to be equal to one another, and to those of
the dorsal fin. The pectoral fin is 3| in the total length, and reaches
to the origin of the anal ; the fifth ray exceeds the others in length ;
the basal portion of the fin is densely covered with scales. The
root of the ventral falls entirely behind that of the pectoral ; the fin
has a moderately strong spine, about two-thii-ds of the length of the
adjacent ray, and reaches nearly to the vent.
The scales arc of moderate size, not ciliated, higher than long ;
one of the largest covers one-half of the eye.
The teeth forming the outer seiies arc tiiangular, broad, with
pointed extremities, sixteen in the upper jaw and twenty-two in the
426
SPABID^,
lower. The other teeth, behind this series, arc arranged in a broad
band, similarly but less developed, with the cutting margin not yet
pointed.
The coloration is now a uniform greyish ; but the fish appears to
have been red in life, \vith the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins blackish
inches, lines.
Total length 20 6
Height of the body 7 0
Length of the head 4 0
Distance between the eyes 1 10
Diameter of the eye 0 10
Length of the fifth dorsal spine 1 9
of the second anal spine 1 3
of the pectoral fin 5 6
of the ventral fin 3 6
of a scale 0 6
Height of a scale 0 8
7. DIPTERODON.
Dipterodon, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 274.
A series of trenchant incisors in both jaws ; no molars ; no teeth
on the vomer or the palatines. Cheek scaly. Mimite scales cover
the greater part of the soft portions of the vertical fijis. Dorsal
deeply notched, with ten spines, nine of which form the spinous
portion ; three anal spines. Praeoperculum denticulated. Scales
small. Six branchiostegals. Air-bladder simple.
Cape Seas.
1. Dipterodon capensis.
Coracinus, Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 220.
Dipterodon capensis, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 270. pi. 188.
Coracinua aper, Gronov . Syst. ed. Gray, p. 57.
D.9|t7^- ^-Thl' I-lat.75. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is 2f in the total length. Uniform dark
brown.
Cape Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. Procured from Sir A. Smith.
h. Adult.
<5. Half-grown : stuifcd. Cape Seas. Procured from Sir A. Smith.
d. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
8. PROTERACANTHUS.
Crcnidons (Girella), sp,, Cant. Cafaf. p. 52.
In both jaws one or two series of flat tricuspid tcoth, behind
which is a band of similar teeth, replacing the former. No molars.
Checks and operdcs scaly. A recumbent spine before the dorsal ;
9. OIEET.LA. 427
ten dorsal and three anal spines ; the soft portions of tlic dorsal and
anal scaly at the base. Scales of moderate size. Five branchioetegals.
Sea of Pinang ; Malayan Peninsula.
1. Proteracanthus sarissophorus.
Crenidens sarissophorus, Cant. Catal. p. 52. pi. 1.
Girella sarissophorus, Bleek. Sinyup. pp. 03, 04.
D. 'A A.-i.
15 14
The height of the body is 2| in the total length ; caudal trun-
cated ; the fourth dorsal spine (the recumbent spine not included)
very strong and elongate, overlapping the succeeding five spines \ the
first ventral ray produced into a filament. Coloration imiform
brownish. {Cant.)
Sea of Pinang ; Malayan Peninsula.
9. GIPvELLA*
Girella, Oray, Ulustr. Ind. Zool.
Melanichthys, Te>n?n. ^ Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 75.
Crenidens, sp., Richardson.
In both jaws series of flat and generally tricuspid teeth, behind
which is a band of similar teeth, but less developed, and replacing
the former. No molars ; [in one species a short scries of palatine
teeth.] Cheeks scaly ; opercles naked, except the upper angle of
the operculum. The dorsal spines (fourteen or fifteen) can be re-
ceived into a rather incomplete groove. Scales of moderate size.
Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in great number; air-
bladder divided into two posterior horns.
Chinese, Japanese, and Australian Seas.
1. Girella punctata.
Girella punctata. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. pi. 98. f. 3, 4.
Melanichthys, Temm. 8f Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 75. pi. 39.
Crenidens pimctatus, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 242.
melanichthys, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 243.
D-S5- A-IiVs- L.lat. 52-66. L. transv. ^.
The length of the head is about 4| in the total length ; dorsal nn
of moderate height, the longest ray rather longer than the last spine ;
the incisors three-pointed, moderately broad, imbricate, the upper
in three, the lower in two series. Uniform broAvnish.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. 9" long ; skin. China Seas. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
6. 14" long: stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esf].
— Type of Girella punctata : rather deformed by stuflUng.
c-f. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
* 1. Crenidens Iconinus, Ifickardson, Ichtk. China, p. 242.— China Seas
42S spahidj;.
2. Girella tricuspidata.
I>ox tricuspidiitus, Quntj i^- Gaim, Voy. Frcxjc. Zool. p. 2'J(5.
Oblata tiicuspidata, Cue. i^- Val. vi. p. 372.
Cronidcns tnglyphus, Richm-clson, Voy. Erch. Sf Tor., Fishes, p. 36.
pi. 25. f. 2.
^•TTiTr ^'TTTr L. lat. 50. L. trausv. 10/20*. Vert. 11/16.
The length of the head is 4-| in the total length ; dorsal fin mode-
rately high, the spinous portion lower than the soft ; the incisors
three-pointed, moderately broad, imbricate, in several series in the
upper, in two in the lower jaw. Uniform brownish.
Australian Seas.
a. Adult : had state. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.
b. Thirteen inches long: stuffed. Australia. Purchased of Mr.
Warwick.
c. Young. Australia. Purchased of Mr. (jould,
d-r/. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
Jc. Intestines of specimen h.
The peritoneum is of an intensely black colour ; the stomach horse-
shoe-like bent ; the pyloric appendages are exceedingly numerous,
thin, and many of them bifid or trifid ; the intestines make five com-
plete convolutions, and are 1| as long as the whole fish; the uir-
bladder is posteriorly divided into two large horns, situated between
the mupcles of the tail and the ha)mal spines belonging to the anal fin.
Skeleton. — The occipital crest is elevated, triangular, and does not
extend on the frontal bones. The frontal bones are broad, and fur-
nished -ndth two low elongate protuberances, which diverge between
the eyes, each terminating in two crests, lateral to that of the occi-
pital, and moderately developed ; the nasal (ethmoid) bone is not
concealed by the frontal bones, and projects considerably before
them. The anterior portion of the intermaxiUaries is strong and
thick ; their posterior processes equal in length the descending
branches. The maxillary is feeble, with a broad free extremity.
The mandibula is short, elevated, and about as long as the prajor-
bital. The head of the vomer is triangular and slightly excavated.
The turbinal bone is very elongate and tubiform, the pra^orbital
rhombic, the suborbital arch narrow, with a broad interior plate for
supporting the eyeball from beneath. The horizontal limb of the
pra^opercidum is much shorter than the vertical ; both are minutely
serrated ; the angle rounded ; there are small openings from the
muciferous channel of the bone. The operculum is Ig as high as
wide, (quadrangular, with the upper side horizontal, and the posterior
slightly emarginatc ; it is provided at its inner sui-face with a bony
oblique ridge, terminating in a fice j)romiucnt spine. The sub-
* The series of email scales on the back and on tlie belly arc included in these
numbers.
9. GIUELLA. 429
and mteropcrculum arc obliquely situated ; the former tapers pos-
teriorly, and is produced into an elongate point. The basal por-
tion of the brain-capsule is not compressed ; the basisphenoid has a
narrow opening before the occipital joint. The urohyal is elevated,
triangular, with the posterior side emarginate. Each pubic bone is
formed by three lamella), the inferior of which is the broadest, and
the two exterior ones strongest ; it is elongate, and nearly as long
as the coracoid.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vcrfehra', the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1:1-4. The single vertebra) are rather short. The first
interha;mal spine is of moderate strength, and evidently composed of
two. Some of the ribs have epipleural spines.
3. Girella simplex.
Crcnidcus simplex, Richardson, Voy. Erebus Sf lerror, Fishes, p. 25.
^- rS-3- ^- h- ^- ^^^- ^^- ^- transv. 11/20.
The length of the head is one-fifth of the total length ; dorsal fin
of moderate height, the spinous portion about as high as the soft ;
the incisors ^\'ith the cutting margin entire, moderately broad, im-
bricate, above and below in two or three irregular series. Uniform
broAvnish (in a dried state).
Australian Seas.
a. Adult. Sydney. Purchased of Mr. lirandt.
b. Adult : stuffed. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr. Gould. Type
of the species.
c. Adult : stuffed. Moore's Bay. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
This species is distinguished by a short series of teeth on the
anterior portion of the palatine bones.
4. Girella zonata. (Plate XXVII.)
D. il. A. ^. L. lat. 49. L. transv. 9/17.
14 ,11
In both jaws a pluriscrial band of narrow tricuspid teeth, sepa-
rated from a posterior band of similar teeth, which are less deve-
loped, by a groove. Brown (in spirits), with a vertical lighter zone
across the middle of the body ; the vertical fins and the ventrals
blackish.
Australian Seas ?
a. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
Description of the specimen. — The anterior part of the trunk is
slightly elevated, its greatest height being above the base of the
ventral fins, where it is one-third of the total length. The head is
rather short and thick, the distance between the eyes being one-
third of the length of the liead, which is 4^ in the total. The sno^if
430 SPAKID^.
is obtuse and broad ; the upper maxillary (which, wlu-ii the mouth is
closed, is entirely hidden) reaches to the vertical from the anterior
marjiin of the eye. The pra^orbital is higher than long, and entirely
scalcless. The eye is situated near the upper profile of the head,
without interfering with it ; it is of moderate size, its diameter being
4'i in tlie length of the head. The cheeks are covered with very
small scales extending nearly to the pra^opercular margin, which ex-
hibits some_ minute serrature at the angle. The operculum is scaly
on its upper angle only ; the remainder is naked, like the sub- and
interoperculum. The suboperculum is narrow, and tapers vcrj- much
posteriorly; its lower margin is nearly straight ; the interoperculum
is broader and crescent-shaped. Thf; suprascapula is not visible
externally.
The dorsal fin begins vertically above the root of the pectorals,
and ends in the vertical from the 38th scale of the lateral line.
Streaks of minute scales ascend between the spines and raj's to about
one-half of the height of the fin. The spines are of moderate size ;
they gradiudly become longer to the sixth, the seventh to the four-
teenth being nearly equal in length, about 2^ in the length of the
head ; the anterior rays arc rather more elevated, but the posterior
ones decrease again, and the last is about one-third of the length of
the head. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins exactly
equals that })etween the end of the snout and the pncopcrcular mar-
gin, or the depth of the tail beneatli the end of the dorsal. The
caudal fin is nearly scalelcss, emargiiiate, with acute lobes ; one of
the middle rays is about two-thirds of the upper lobe. The ayial fin
begins a little behind tlie soft portion of the clorsal, and ends a little
before it ; its base is scaly, and streaks of minute scales extend on be-
tween the rays to about one-third of the depth of the fin ; the lower
margin is very convex. The spines are rather strong ; the first is
one-half the length of the second ; the second three-quarters of the
third, the free poi'tion of which is 2J in the length of the head ; the
following rays become longer to the fourth, fifth, and sixth, which are
about two-thinls of the length of the head ; and the last ray is ono-
hfdf only of the sixth. The pectoral fins are scaly in their basal third ;
they have a rounded posterior margin, and are of moderate length,
not extending to the vent. The root of the vcnh-ah is placed at
some distance behind the vertical from the })ase of the pectorals ;
they extend to the vent, and are com])osed of one spine and five rays,
the former of which is about one-half the length of the first ray.
There is no elongate scale at the base of these fins.
The sc(des are distinctly ciliated, and rather longer than high,
their basal portion being much larger than the free. Many beau-
tifully arranged fine streaks radiate from the centre to the basal
mai-gin. One of the largest covers one-half of the eye.
15oth jaws arc furnished in front with a transverse band of deli-
cate, tricuspid, narrow tectli, arranged in three or four series. An-
other (posterior) band of teeth is s(>parated from the foimer by a
groove; this band contains teeth, by which the anterior ernes jnay
be re])laced ; (licy are tlierefore in a less develo])ed condition, having
1 1 . TKrint.Eors. 431
rather the appearance of setiform or ^illiform teeth, with tlic notches
at tlie cutting margin scarcely visible. There are no palatine teeth
whatever.
The colour is now a dark nut-brown, with a liglitcr vertical band,
descending from the middle of the spinous dorsal to the belly, and
occupying three series of scales. The dorsal, anal, and ventral fins
are blackish.
inches, lines.
l\ital length 8 4
Height of the body 2 10
Length of the head 1 11
Distance between the eyes 0 8
Diameter of the eye 0 5
Length of the sixth dorsal spine 0 10
of a caudal lobe 2 0
of the third anal spine 0 9
of the fifth anal ray 1 4
of the eleventh anal ray 0 7
of the pectoral 1 7
of the ventral 1 5
of a scale 0 31
Height of a scale 0 3
10. DOYDIXODON.
Doydixodon, Valenc. in Voy. Venus, v. p. 318.
In both jaws scries of flat teeth, behind which is a band of similar
teeth, less developed and replacing the former. No mohirs ; no
teeth on the palate. Cheeks scaly ; npercles naked. Dorsal and
qnal fins scaly at the base ; twelve dorsal spines ; the soft poi-tions
elevated. Scales of moderate size. Five branchiostegals.
Galapagos Archipelago.
1. Doydixodon freminvillei.
Valenc. I. c. p. 323. pi. 5.
Uniform bro^vTiish.
Galapagos Archipelago.
11. TEPHR.ffiOPS.
Cronidens, sp., Richards. Voy. Erch. c^ Terr., FisJiea, p. 09.
In both jaws series of flat, tricuspid teeth, behind which is a
band of similar teeth, less developed and replacing the former. No
molars. Checks scaly ; opercles naked, except the upper angle of
the ojx'rculum. Fourteen dorsal spines. Scales very small.
Australian Seas.
* Tlie (igure docs not agree witli tliese numbers.
432 sparid.t:.
1 . Tephraeops richardsoni.
Crenidens tephraeops, Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sc Terr., Fishes, p. 69.
pi. 41. f. 1.
13 11
In front of the jaws a single series of tricuspid teeth, separated
from the broad posterior band of smaller pnes by a groove ; anal fin
rather elevated, the second ray being four-fifths of the length of
the head. Uniform blackish. »
King George's Sound.
a. Eleven inches long : stuffed. King George's Sound. — Type of
the species.
2. Tephraeops zebra.
Crenidous zebra, Richards. I. c. p. 70.
Nine blackish-brown bars descending from the back.
Known from a drawing only.
King George's Sound.
12. GYMNOCROTAPHUS*.
In both jaws a series of broad, lanceolate incisors, behind which
is a band of cardiform teeth. No molars. Cheeks naked. Opercles
scaly. Six branchiostegals. Ten dorsal spines. The vertical fins
partly covered with scales. Scales of moderate size.
Cape Seas.
1. Gyinnocrotaphus curvidens. (Plate XXTI.)
B. 6. D. J^. A. -p^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 0/18.
The height of the body is about one-third of the total length.
Cape Seas.
a. Thirteen inches long: stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir
A. Smith.
Description of the specimen. — The fish is somewhat similar to
Canthctrus in general appearance. The body is rather elevated, its
greatest height above the ventrals being nearly one-third of the
total length. The length of the head is one-fourth of the total.
The space between the eyes is rather convex and broad, its width
being 2| in the length of the head. All the snout, the cheek, and
the procoperculum are completely naked, and the scales of the neck
do not extend on between the eyes. The snout is of moderate length.
The eye is situated high up the sides, and its diametei- is 5i in the
length of the head. The nostrils are before the upper angle of the
* From yv^i'tis naked, nnd icporn^os check.
32. GYAiNOCROTArrirs. 4:3.'}
eye and rather remote from each other ; the praiorbital is a little
higher than long. The angle of the praeoperculum is rounded ; its
limbs are directed towards each other at a rather obtuse angle ; it
has no denticulations whatever. The other opercles arc entirely
covered with scales, and have no armatm-e. The suprascapula is
very large, and there is a series of similar scales between- it and the
nape of the neck.
The distance of the occiput from the origin of the dorsal fin is
much less than from the end of the snout ; the former falls vertically
above the root of the ventrals, and its end above the forty-sixth scale
of the lateral line. The last two spines and the soft dorsal are
enveloped in scales, which ascend to one-half the height of the fin:
The spines are of moderate strength and rather short ; the first is the
shortest, whilst the third to the last are nearly equal and 3f in the
length of the head. The soft dorsal is higher, quadrangular. The
distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is much less than the
depth of the tail beneath the end of the dorsal fin. The greater
part of the caudal is covered with small scales ; it is slightly
emarginate, with rounded lobes. The anal fin is opposite to the
soft dorsal, to which it is very similar, though somewhat lower.
The spines are not stronger than those of the dorsal ; the third is
the longest, rather shorter than the longest dorsal spine or than the
first anal ray. The pectoral is pointed, and one-fourth of the total
length ; the portion nearest to the base is scaly. The base of the
ventrals falls behind that of the pectorals ; their length is 6^ in the
total; the spine is of moderate strength, and three-fifths of the
length of the adjacent ray.
The scales are of moderate size, minutely ciliated, higher than
long; one of the largest covers rather more than one -half of the
orbit.
There is a series of broad, lanceolate, curved incisors in each of
the jaws — in the upper one twelve, in the lower fom-teen ; there is
also a broad band of cardiform teeth behind these incisors. Neither
the vomer nor the palatine bones appear to have any teeth.
Colour unifoi-m brownish grey (in a dried state).
inches, lines.
Total length 13 0
Height of the body 4 0
Length of the head 3 3
Diameter of the eye 0 7^
Distance between the eyes 1 3
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 10^
of the pectoral 3 3
of the ventral 1 10^
of a scale 0 4^
Height of a scale 0 6
2v
434
Second Group. HAPLODACTYLINA.
Sparidce with cutting teeth in front ; no molars ; the lower
pectoral rays simple, not branched.
One senus.
13. HAPLODACTYLUS.
Aplodactylus, Cuv. ^- Val. viii. p. 476.
In both jaws series of flat and generally tricuspid teeth, behind
which is a band of small cardiform teeth ; no molars ; vomerine teeth.
Cheeks and opercles scaly. Two elongate dorsal fins, the first with
fifteen or sixteen spines ; anal short ; the lower pectoral rays simple.
.Scales very small. Six or five brancliiostegals. Pyloric appendages
in small number ; aii'-bladder simple.
Western coasts of South America ; Port Arthur (Australia).
Vegetable feeders.
1. Haplodactylus punciatus.
Aplodactylus puuctatus, Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 477. pi. 242; Jenyns,
Zool. of the Beagle, Fishes, p. 15 ; Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 150.
Aplodactylus reginae, (Valeric.) Oorj, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 158. lam. 1.
tig. 2.
D. 16 I 21. A. |. Csec. pylor. 2.
Incisors tricuspid ; six simple pectoral rays. Brownish red, dotted
all over with black.
Coasts of Chile.
a. Fine specimen. S. America. From Mr. Bridges' Collection.
2. Haplodactylus vermiculatus.
Gay, Hist. Chil Zool. ii. p. 159. lam. 1. f. 1.
D. 15U. A.^.
I 20 8
Incisors tricuspid. Brownish grey, lighter beneath, vermiculated
with brown ; fins brown-spotted. {Oay.)
Sea of Valparaiso.
3. Haplodactylus guttatus.
Gay, I. e. p. 160,
D-15|i^„. A.f
Yellowish, dotted all over with white. (Oay.)
Coast of Chile.
U). IIAPLODACTYLUS. 435
4. Haplodactylus arctidens.
Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 96, and Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 81.
D. 16|^. A t. Caec. pylor. 4. Vert. 1(5/18 (?).
Incisors lanceolate, without distinct lobes in old age. Six simple
pectoral rays. Unifonn bro\ynish.
a. Twenty-three inches long: stuffed. Port Arthur. Presented
by Sir J. Richardson. — Type of the species.
o. Haplodactylus lophodon. (Plate XXIII. fig. B.)
B. 5. D. 17 I 20. A. 1. L. lut. 78-
Each incisor with a terminal lobe and two lateral lobes (on each
side). Six simple pectoral rajs. Brown : opercuhim with a black
spot behind ; caudal and anal variegated with lighter.
Coast of New South Wales.
a. Adult. Sydney. Presented by the College of Surgeons.
h. Young. New South Wales. Presented by Dr. G. Bennett.
Dcscnption of the specimen. — The greatest height of the body is 3^
in the total -length, and is below the sixth dorsal spine ; the upper
profile of the head and the nape of the neck is rather concave. The
head is small, its length being one-fifth of the total; its upper
surface between the orbits is flat. The snout is obtuse and rounded,
not longer than the diameter of the eye, which is more than the
distance between the eyes, and one-fourth of the length of the head.
The cleft of the mouth is narrow, horizontal, situated at the lowei'
part of the snout, which considerably projects above it ; the mouth
is very little protractile, and the upper maxillary does not reach to
the anterior margin of the orbit. The nostrils are rather remote
from each other, and the anterior is furnished with a short membra-
naceous appendage. The limbs of the prseoperculum are flexible
and skinny, and meet at a roimded angle ; the operculum terminates
posteriorly in a point, separated from another shorter one by a deep
semicircular notch ; the sub- and interoperculum are narrow. The
opercles and checks are covered with minute scales, the other parts
of the head being naked.
The dorsal fin begins in the vertical from the extremity of the
operculum ; the spinous portion has the upper margin convex, and is
continued by the soft one, although the latter is considerably elevated
above the posterior spines ; its upper margin is nearly straight,
obliquely descending. The first spine is one-half the length of the
second, the second one-half of the third ; the following increase in
length to the sixth, which is nearly one-half of the length of the head.
The posterior spines gradually become shorter to the sixteenth and
seventeenth, which are equal in length to each other and to the second
spine. The second and third rays arc the longest, rather longer than
the sixth spine, the following gradually becoming shorter. There is
a pad along all the base of the fin, covered witb small scales and
2 V 2
436 spARiDj;.
hiding the basal portion of the fin. The distance between the dorsal
and caudal fins is 8|- in the total length, and much more than the
height of the tail below the extremity of the dorsal. The caudal
fin is slightly emarginate, with the lobes rather roimded ; its length
is nearly one-sixth of the total. Stripes of minute and transparent
scales extend over the greater half of the interspaces between the
rays. The anal Is very short, the length of its base being 2^ in its
distance from the caudal ; its origin falls vertically below the second
dorsal ray, and its end below the eleventh. The first spine is one-
half the length of the second, the second is one-half of the third, the
third two-thirds of the second and third rays, which are the longest,
and about Ig in the length of the head; the base of the fin is scaly.
The pectoral fiJi is rounded, and equals the head in length. The
six lower rays are simple, not distinguished from the others in
length or in thickness. The ventmls are shorter and do not reach
to the vent ; they are inserted below the middle of the pectoral :
their spine is two-thirds of the total length of the fin.
The scales are small, longer than high, not ciliated at their outer
margin ; one of the largest covers one-fifth of the eye.
The teeth are placed in a band in the upper jaw and in a single
series in the lower ; they are compressed and rather elongate, with
a lobe at the extremity and with two on each side. There are no
vomerine or palatine teeth.
The ground-colour is brown ; body and tail with indistinct and
interrupted darker longitudinal stripes ; a darker vertical spot below
the eye ; the notch of the operculum black, white-edged anteriorly ;
the pectoral and ventral fins are blackish, the caudal and anal this
variegated with lighter.
inches, lines.
Total length 5 10
Length of the head 1 2
Height of the body 1 7
Diameter of the eye 0 3^
Length of the sixth dorsal spine 0 6^
Interspace between dorsal and caudal fins . . 0 8
Length of a caudal lobe 1 0
of the second anal ray 0 11
of the pectoral 1 2
of the ventral 0 11^
of a scale . 1 If
Height of a scale 0 1^-
Third Group. SARGINA.
Sparidce with cutting teeth in front of the jaws and molars on
the sides.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Molar teeth in several series 14. Sargus.
Molar teeth in a single series 15. Charax.
14. SAllGUS. 437
14. SARGUS*.
Sargus, (Klein) Ciiv. Rcyne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 9.
A single front-row of cutting teeth and several side-rows of rounded
molar teeth in both the jaws. Cheeks scaly. The spines of the dorsal
(ten to thii'teen) may be received in a gi'oove ; three anal spines.
Opercles not armed. Scales of moderate size. Five or six branchio-
stegals. Pyloric appendages in small nimiber ; air-bladder some-
times notched anteriorly and posteriorly.
Mediterranean ; warmer parts of the Atlantic ; shores of the
United States ; eastern shores of Africa.
1. Sargus vulgaris.
Sargus, Gesmr, Aquat. p. 825; Aldrov. pp. 174, 176; Scdoian. f. 179;
Bellon. p. 244.
Sparus sargus, Briinn. p. 38. no. 52.
piuitazzo, Risso, Eur. Mericl. iii. p. 352.
Sargus vulgaris, Geoffr. Descr. Ey. pi. 18. f. 2.
sahiani, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 28 ; Guichenot, Explor. Sc. Alyir.
Poiss. p. 47 ; Webb ^ Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies Canar., Poiss. p. 28.
D. iiiL2 A. ^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 6/14. Cajc. pylor. 4.
15-14 14 / LJ
Vert. 10/14.
Incisors moderately broad, implanted obliquely. The molars of the
upper jaw form two distinct series only. The diameter of the eye is
four times or 4| in the length of the head, 1| or If in that of the
snout, and 1| in the distance between the eyes. The crown of the
head is slightly convex, and there is a small protuberance above the
upper anterior angle of the orbit. The prseorbital is broad, and covers
entirely the maxillary bone. The pectoral fins extend to, or slightly
beyond, the origin of the soft portion of the anal fin, and the ventrals
to the vent ; the second anal spine is rather longer, but not stronger,
than the third, and Sj in the length of the head. Golden olive-
yellow, sometimes silvery, with narrow, slightly wa'n^, golden-yellow
longitudinal stripes : a broad black band from the nape to the shoiilder
and axil ; a broad black blotch across the back of the tail.
Mediterranean.
a. Adult : skin : not good state. Mediterranean. From the Col-
lection of the Zoological Society.
b-e. Young and half-grown, Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Half-grown: skin. Malta. From Mr Yarrell's Collection.
g, h. Very •'fine specimens. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev.
R. T. Lowe.
/, h. Adult : stuifed. Santa Cruz (Tcncriffe).
J. Adult. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
m. Adult : bad state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
n, 0. Half-grown : bad stao>. From the Haslar Collection.
2^. Adult : not good state : stuffed.
There is a specimen in the British Museum which so remarkably
* 1. Sargus ascensionis, Cuv. (f Val. vi. p. Gl. — Ascension,
436 .sPAiuDj;.
dift'ers in thu number of the fins, that I considered it as the type of
a new species for a long while, to which I intended to give the name
oi S((iyi<^ auricularis ; but having this single specimen only, 1 pre-
fer to give a fiill dcscrijjtion of it, as after all it may prove to be
merely an accidental variety.
q. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
D. i2. A. ^. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 6/14.
Description of the sjieciynen. — The body is rather elevated, its
greatest depth, below the fifth dorsal spine, being 2^ in the total
length. The profile of the nape forms a not very strong curve, and
is continued into that of the head, which descends to the snout in a
straight lino ; the distance between the occiput and the end of the
snout e(juals that between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal
fin. The head is compressed, and forms one-fourth of the total length ;
the distance between the eyes is one-third of the length of the head.
The snout is rather pointed and of moderate length, the upper
maxillaiy reaching nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the orbit. The prscorbital is 1 1 as long as high, and covers entirely
the maxUlary bone. The eye is of moderate size, and situated
much nearer to the upper vertical than to the inferior limb of the
pra^operculum. The nostrils are placed near the upper angle of the
orbit ; the posterior is an elongate sHt, the anterior is round. There
are four series of scales between the priEorbital and the limb of the
pra3operculum, which also is partly covered with a single series of
deciduous scales. The posterior margin of the prasopcrculum descends
forwards in a straight and slightly oblique line ; the angle is rounded ;
the inferior margin straight and oblique. The operculum has no
^distinct spine, and is covered with scales, like the sub- and inter-
operculum. The supraseapula is scale-Ukc, without striae or don-
ticulations ; but there is a curved scries of scales, ascending from the
supraseapula to the nape, which exhibit very distinct stria).
The dorsal fin begins above the root of the ventrals and extends
to the vertical from the forty-first scale of the lateral line, its
distance from the caudal fin being 2| in the length of the head. The
spines are rather strong, compressed, and broader on one side ; the
first is one-half the length of the second ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth
are longest, and 2| in the length of the head ; the following gradually
decrease in length to the last, which is 3|^ in the length of the head.
The soft rays are nearly equal in length to one another and to the
last spine. The caudal fin is forked, one of the middle rays being
nearly one- third the length of the upper lobe, which is rather longer
-than the lower. The origin of the a)uil fin falls vertically below the
end of the spinous dorsal, and its end immediately behind that of the
soft dorsal ; it is rather higher than the opposite fin, the posterior
rays, however, gradually becoming shorter. The spines an; rather
stout ; the fust is two-fifths the length of the second, the second
slightly exc(!cds the third, and is one-third of the length of the head.
The aixth 2i<.'ctoral ray is longest, reaching to the origin of the soft
14. sARors. 439
anal. The base of the ventmh falls entirely behind that of the
pectorals ; they are of moderate length and reaching nearly to the
vent ; the spine is three-quarters of the length of the adjacent ray.
There is an elongate pointed scale inserted at the base of the ventral.
The scales are minutely ciliated, higher than wide ; one of the
largest covers one-third of the eye.
The incisors are moderately broad, little narrower than in S. ron-
deletii; they are obliquely implanted, eight in each of the jaws.
The molars are arranged in two series ; but there are several inter-
calated between the two series of the upper jaw, giving the appearance
of a third series ; the posterior ones of the inner series are the largest.
The fish is silvery, ^\'ith a blackish band froiu the nape across the
shoulder and the posterior edge of the gill-opening ; another broad
blackish band on the tail, behind the dorsal ; the axil and the ventral
fins are blackish, the latter Avith a narrow white outer edge.
inches, lines.
Total length 8 11
Height of the body 3 2
Length of the head 2 3
Distance between the eyes 0 8|
between the dorsal and caudal fins 1 0
Diameter of the eye 0 7j
Length of the fifth doi-sal spine 0 11
of the thirteenth dorsal spine .... 0 71
of the pectoral 2 7
of the ventral 1 5
of the second anal spine 0 9
of a scale 0 3|
Height of a scale 0 4^
Skeleton. — The jaw-bones, armed with several series of broad
molar teeth, are of a stronger and more solid structure than in any
other fish of the preceding families. The intermaxillaries have their
posterior processes rather elongate, the groove in which they move
extending to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The
portions for the incisors and for the posterior molars are slightly
swollen and separated from each other by a slight notch. The
raaxillJiry has the lower extremity bent forwards to support the
functions of the intermaxillaiy, by which it is received in a groove.
This structure is widely different from that of the fishes of the pre-
ceding families, where both the bones are very loosely connected
with each other; only some species of Dentex approach to it.
The maxillary is pierced by an opening above the middle. The
mandibulary is short, elevated, and thick ; there is no free space
between the articular and dentary bones ; its muciferous channels
ai'e very rudimentary, with small openings. The head of the vomer
forms a semicircular plate, its posterior portion being very narrow,
with a small groove behind the head. The lower limb of the
prasopcrculum is one-third shortc)' than tlio ])<)sterior ; both meel
at a rather obtu.sc anslo, which, however, i.s roiaidcd. Thf intcrioi
440 SPAEIDiE.
ridge is strong, rounded, not prominent, witn a narrow miiciferoiis
channel behind. The operculum is irregularrly quadrangular, half as
wide as high, with the posterior and superior sides shortest and very
slightly emarginate. There is a ridge on its inner surface, obli(]uely
descending downwards. The interoperculum is longer and broader
than the suboperculum. The turbinal bone is elongate and rather
widened posteriorly ; the prseorbital rhombic, with the anterior njargin
membranaceous and much wider than the remainder of the infra-
orbital ring. There is a bony plate at the inner side to support the
eyeball from beneath. The frontal bones, between the orbits, are
slightly convex, with several low ridges and pores, radiating from
the anterior extremity of the occipital crest. The occipital crest is
very high, strong, triangular, with the upper margin slightly convex,
and extends to above the centre of the orbit. The lateral crests also
are Avell developed, though veiy much lower than the median one.
The basal portion of the brain-capsule is compressed, the basioccipital
having a very wide quadrangular foramen behind the occipital joint.
The large free space between the coracoid and radius is triangular,
widest above, and not twice as long as broad. Each of the pubic
bones is formed by three lamellae of nearly equal development.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrcB, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1'4. There are three spimous interneural spines, each
with a small process above, directed forwards, as in many Acantho-
pteiygian fishes ; the process of the fli'st is rather longer than the
others. The first interhaemal has an anterior ridge, and is strong and
elongate, its length equalling that of the second vertebra to the eighth.
There are eight rather narrow incisors in both the jaws, with a
group of granular teeth behind. The immature teeth, destined
to replace those which arc in use, make their ai)}>earance on the
outer side of the bone. The molars are arranged in two series in
both the jaws ; sometimes several smaller ones extend further back-
wards at the inner side of these series, and give the ipixjarancc of a
thud.
2. Sargus rondeletii.
2dpyos,Aristot. viii. c. 2,ix. c. 5 ; JEHan, i. c. 23, 2G, xiii. c. 2; Oppian,
iv. 599, 308-403; Athen. vii. 313, 321.
Sargusi, Ovid. Hal. v. 106 ; Plin. ix. c. 17, 51, 59 ; Bellon. Aqiiat,
p. 242; Romk'l. v. c. 5. p. 122 ; Salv. f. 178 ; Gesn. Aquat. p. 828;
Gfonor. Zoophyl. p. 63. no. 219.
Spams sargiis, L. Gm. p. 1270 ; HI. taf. 264; Bl. Schn. p. 270; Lacep.
iv. pp. 27, 77 ; Rissn, Ichth. Nice, p. 236.
variegatus, {Bonnat.) Lacep . iv. p. 107.
Sargus rauous, Geoffr. Descr. Etj. Puiss. pi. 18. f. 1.
roridciletii, Cav. tV Val. vi. p. 14. pi. 141 ; Guichetiot, Eorploi: Sc.
Alf/er. Poiss. p. 46 ; Webb SfBerthel. Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 28.
J). LLl?. A. ^-. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 8/16. Ca;c. pylor. 5.
12-15 13-14 ' ^ "
Vert. 10/14.
Incisors rather broad, imj)lantcd obliquely. Three series of molars
above, two beneath. Th'- diameter of the ey(^ i-s 4. J in the length of
14. 8ABGU8. 441
the head and 1^ in that of the snout, which equals the distance be-
tween the eyes ; the crown of the head is convex, and there is a pro-
tuberance above the upper anterior angle of the orbit ; the praeorbital
does not entirely cover the maxillary bone. The pectoal fins extend
to the origin of the anal, and the ventrals nearly to the vent. The
second anal spine is rather stronger and longer than the third, and 3^
(in younger individuals 2|) in the length of the head. Silvery or
shining golden, with numerous narrow longitudinal dusky stripes
(8 or 9 above and 15 or 16 below the lateral line), 'and with four or
five narrow blackish cross-bands, the first between the origin of the
dorsal and the axil ; a broad black cross-band on the back of the tail.
Mediten-anean ; Canary Islands ; Madeira.
a. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
c. Fine specimen. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
d. Adult : skeleton. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
e. f. Adiilt; stuffed. Santa Cruz (Tenerifie). Presentedby J. Gould,
Esq.
g. Adult : stuffed. Santa Cruz (Teneriffe).
h. Adult : stuffed. Lisbon. Presented by G. Hough, Esq.
i. Adult : skin. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
k, I. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The skeleton is very similar to that of the preceding
species ; there are, however, the following differenoes. The foramen
of the maxiUary is much smaller, and situated more towards the
upper extremity of the bone. The occipital crest has the upper
margin straight. The large free space between the coracoid and the
radius is triangular and elongate, three times as long as broad. There
are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length of the
former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the caudal
as 1 : 1*24. Valenciennes attributes nine abdominal vertebrae to this
and the preceding species, — I have found ten in both. Further, he
says, " le premier intere'pineux porte a sa partie superieure une opine
osseuse, courte, mais tres-grosse, dont la pointe est dirigee vers la
teto du poisson ; en avant de cet interepineux en sent trois sans
rayons." This is incorrect ; the first true interneural has no spine
directed forwards, but that spine belongs to the third spurious inter-
neural (t. e. to the third interneural without corresponding dermo-
ncural). But, in fact, aU the three spurious intemeurals have such
a spine directed forwards, as usual in this Order of fishes. The
first interhsemal is strong and very elongate, equal to the length of
tlie second vertebra to the ninth.
There are eight rather broad incisors in both the jaws, with a
group of granular teeth behind. The molars are arranged in three
series above, and in two below ; sometimes some smaller teeth extend
from that group along the inner side of the constant scries, giving
the appearance of a fourth (or third in the lower jaw) additional one.
The pharyngeal teeth are cardiform, and the upper ones arc slightly
compressed, terminating in a small curved hook.
14:
•^J'ARlD.i;.
3. Sargus capensis.
Sniifh, lllustr. ZooL S. Afr. Fis/u-.s, pi. 23. f. 2.
A. -^. L. lat. 72. L. transv. 8/15.
^^' U-16"
Incisors moderately broad, inijilanted obliquely ; tbrcc series of
molars in the uj)per jaw, two in the lower. Head rather small,
its length being 4| in the total length ; the distance between the
origin of the dorsal fin and the occiimt is much moro than that
between the occijiUt and the snout. The diameter of the eye is
one-fourth of the length of the head, less tlian tlie distance between
the ej'os, and 1 ^ in the lenglli of the snout. The pectoral fins
extend to the vertical from the second soft ray of the anal fin ;
the second anal spine is ratlier longer and stronger than the tliird,
and nearly one-third of the length of the head. Uniform silvery : a
large black blotch behind the dorsal (in life).
Cape Seas.
Adult. D. i?.
Adult. D. i|.
Adult: stuffed.
Smith.
Adult : stuffed.
A.
A.
D -
D. !^. A.
Cape Sea.'s. Presented by Sir A.
Cape Seas. Presented by Sir
A, Smith. — Type of the species.
Description. — The body is rather elevated, its greatest depth being
below the fourth dorsal spine, where it is nearlj' one-third of the
total length. The profile of the nape forms a strong cui-v-c and is con-
tinued into that of the head, which is straight and descends abruptly
to the snout ; the distance between the occiput and the end of the
snout is about three-quarters of that between the occi])ut and the
origin of the dorsal fin. The head is compressed and rather short,
its length being 4| in the total; the distance between the eyes is
one-third of the length of the head. The snout is of moderate
length, the upper maxillary reaching to the vertical from the posterior
nosti-il. The prseorbital is 1^ as long as high, and does not entirely
cover the maxillary bone. The eye is of moderate size, situated in
the middle of the vertical from the neck to the inferior limb of the
pracoperculum. The nostrils are ])laced near the upper angle of the
orbit ; the posterior is a very small slit, the anterior more ovate in
form. There arc five scries of scales between the pr3Corl)ital and the
Limb of the prtcoperculum, which is also covered with a single series
of scales. The posterior margin of the procoperculum is vertical, the
angle and the inferior margin arc cun-ed. The op(!rculum has an
obtuse spine posteriorly, and is covered with scales, like the sub-
and interoperculum. The suprascapula is scale-like, without any
strife or denticulations ; and there is an indistinct curved scries of
scales, ascending from the suprascapula to the nape, which exhibit
some incons])icuous stria}.
'Hic dorsal lin begins immediately bcliind ihc vcjliral from tlie
II. H.\l((it!M. 443
biiHc of the poctonil, luid (ixtf^iids to tliiil, fioiii the liCty-wixtli hchIu oI'
tlm hitorul liiid, its (lintimro IVoiii tln' ciuidiil fin bciii;^ (!(|Ual to oiio-
liiilftlic Iciif^tli of tlio lioiul. TIk! Hj)iii(%siiro latliorHtroii;.^, coiiiprcHSod,
and Itroadcr on out! Hido ; tlio first iw ono-liuU" Un', Icii^tli of tlio wicoiid ;
tho fourth and liflli an; tho loii;j;rHt, lu^aily onc^-lialf tlio lcn^>th of tho
head ; tho followinjj; ;^ni<hially (KicniaHo in h:ngth to the laHt, which in
M in tho hinj^th of tho fourth. Tho nol't niyH unr noarly (-(lual in
length to one another and to tho hiHt Hj)ine. 'I'lio raudal \\\\ \h forked,
one of th(! middle raya heinjj; niiarly one-tliird of \}w upper lol>o, which
is rather lonj^cr than tlui lower. 'I'he orij^in of the <vniil fin IiiIIh
v(^itically 1)elow that of the Hoft doiHal, and its end iniinediaf,eiy
Ixihind that of the dorHal ; it iw Hcaredy lower than the op|»osite fin,
hut the poHterior rayH ;^ia(hially hecoin<i Hoinewliat Hhortc^r. 'i'he Hpines
are rather Htout ; tho first is nearly one-half tho lcn/j;tli of \\h) second ;
the Hocond ratlnsr loiif^cr and stronp^er than the third, ami about ouo-
lliird of the length of the iicfud. The pictoral fin has a fow very
Hrnall scales at llu; base ; the sixth ray excecids th(! others in lenf;;th,
reachirif^ to*the s(;eond anal ray. 'J'he base of the ventrala falls
entinily la^hind that of tlu; jxictorals ; they are of niod«)rat(! lenf^th,
the first ray exttindiiif? to the vent ; the s])ine is about three-cjiiarterH
of th<! lenj^th of that ray. There is a lonpf scaly fluj) inserted at tlio
base of the ventral.
Tho scales are minutely ciliated at the ouu^r marf^iu, bif^her than
wide ; one of the largest covers on(!-third of the eye.
The incisofs are modcirately broad, \(ny little narrower than in
S. rondcMuii ; they are implanted in an obli(pie direction; there
are six or eight in the up|)(!i- jaw, an<l eight or ten in the lower. The
molars are rather sniall, arranged in three series in the iippcsrjaw,
and in two in tho lower; there is sometimes anotluir molar af the
inner side of the series of teeth in the h)W<!r jaw.
Th(! (!xamj)l<!S are now unifoitn silvcuy, witli a shining strc^ak along
(!a(di series of seahis ; the ojiercular margin, tlus dorsal, anal, and
vt;ntral lins an; gnsyish. The black dorsal blotch on tiit; lat(!ral linti,
behind the dorsal, has disappeared.
inoliOH. liiK^H.
Total length 1) 0
Height of the body ',i 4
Ji(!ngth of the head '2 0
Distance betw(;(!n the eyes 0 H
betw<!en tho dorsal and tho occiput I i I
between tho occiput and the snout I 4\
Diameter of tlie eye 0 (5
Length (>( the fourth dorsal spine 0 11
of the twelfth dorsiil spine* 0 7
of the upjxsr caudal lobe 2 (5
of the second anal s[»ine 0 H\
of the pectoral 2 i)
of the v(!ntial I 7
of tt scahi 0 2^
Height of a scale () Mjf
•444 SPARID^.
4. Sarg^s vetula.
Scarus, Rondel, vi. cap. 2. p. 164; Willuyhhy, i. p. 305. § 11.
Saxgus vetula, Cuv. 8/- Fed. vi. p. 48 ; Gitichen. Explor. Sc. Alyer. Poiss.
p. 47 ; Wehb &■ Berthclot, Hist. Nut. des lies Canar. Poiss. p. 29 (not
pi. a f. 2).
J), i-;. A. f3. L. lat. 75-80.
Four series of molar teeth in the upper jaw and three in the
lower. The space between the eyes slightly convex. A brown
spot on the sujjrascapula, another on the angle of the operculum ; a
black blotch across the back of the tail ; vcntrals black.
Mediterranean.
5. Sargus lineatus.
? Cuv. (§• Val. vi. p. 59.— [?? Cuv. Rhyne Anim. Ill Poiss. pi. 34. f. 1.]
13 13
Incisors moderately broad, implanted in an obUq^^ direction,
eight in each jaw. The distance between the origin of the dorsal
and the occiput is much more than that between the occiput and
the end of the snout. Body with four or five very narrow black
cross-streaks ; tail with a broad black band ; base of the pectoral and
ho ventral fins black.
Coast of Brazil ?
a. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
6. Sargus noct.
Sargus noct, (Uhrenbery) Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 51 ; Rilpp. N. W Fische,
p. 110 J Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alyer. Poiss. p. 47.
D. j|. A. f^. Cffic. pylor. 5. Vert. 10/13.
Eight mcisors in the upper jaw, six in the lower ; foiu" series of
molars in the upper, three in the lower. Dorsal spiiies rather strong,
the rays of the dorsal and anal fin short. On each side of the tail,
on the lateral line, a roimd black spot.
Eed Sea : Mediterranean.
Valenciennes describes the air-bladder as simple ; but lliippell
mforms us that it is bifurcate anteriorly and posteriorly.
a. Adult: stufi*ed: not good state. Red Sea. Presented by J.
Bui-ton, Esq.
7. Sargus argenteus.
Cuv. ct Val. vi. p. GO.
D. i|. A. ^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 9/1 G.
Incisors moderately broad, implanted in a rather obIi(iue diiection ;
three scries of molars in the ujiper jaw, two in the lower. The
14. SARGTJS. 445
diameter of the eye is 3| in the length of the head, li in that oi
the snout, and equal to the distance between the eyes. The crown
of the head is slightly convex ; a very slight protuberance above the
upper anterior angle of the orbit. The pectoral fins extend scarcely
to the origin of the anal, the ventrals to the vent ; the second anal
spine is longer and stronger than the third, and 2| in the length ot
the head. Silvery, with a black band across the back of the tail ;
ventrals blackish.
Coast of Brazil.
a. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.
8. Sargus auriventris.
Peters, Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 243.
D.i-'. A.I.
14 11
Bluish, shining ; a narrow golden longitudinal streak above the
ventrals. {Pet.)
This species does not appear to have a black caudal spot.
Mozambique.
9. Sargus annularis.
Sparulus, Ovid. v. 106 & 107.
Sparus, Rotidel. v. c. 3 ; Salvian. f. 177 ; Gesner. pp. 180, 1056, 1058 ;
WilliKjhby, p. 308. pi. 5. f. 2.
Sparus, no. 12, Artedi, Genera, p. 37.
Sparus annularis, L. Gm. p. 1270 ; Bl. Schn. p. 272 ; De la Roche,
Ann. Mas. xiii. p. 342. pi. 24. f. 13.
smaris, Bri'mn. Pise. Mass. p. 40.
haffara, Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 244.
Sciaena melanura, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 254.
Sargus annularis, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 18. f. 3 ; Czw. 8f Val.
vi. p. 35. pi. 142 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 386,
Poiss. pi. 4. f. 1 ; Guichen. Explor, Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 47.
D. j^g. A. ;^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 6/13. C»c. pylor. 4.
Vert. 9/14.
Incisors, broad, implanted vertically. The diameter of the eye is
four times in the length of the head, and Ig in that of the snout ;
the distance between the eyes is more than their diameter, and
slightly convex. The pector^d fins extend slightly beyond the origin
of thei anal; the ventrals are much shorter and remote fiom the
vent. The second and third anal spines are nearly equal, and
rather longer than the diameter of the eye. Silvery: back with
several more oi' less distinct cross-bars ; axil not black ; a broad
black band across the back of the tail behind the dorsal fin ; lateral
line very conspicuous, greyish.
Mediterranean ; Canary Islands.
a. Adult : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc, Mediterranean.
Purchased of Mr. Frank.
44() spaktd.t:.
h. Half-grown : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. Medi-
terranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. Malta. From
the Haslar Collection.
(L Many young specimens. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
e,f. Adult; bad state. From the Old Collection.
r/, Ji. Adult. Lisbon.
i. Adult. Lanzarote. From the Rev. R. T. Lowe's Collection.
I: Adult.
/. Adult.
i/i. Half- grown.
n. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
10. Sar^s flavolineatus.
Chv. <§• Vol. vi. p. 00.
D. i5. A. 1.
11 10
Incisors broad, implanted in a vertical direction. No transverse
bands or caudal spot. Bluish, -v^-ith 13-14 golden longitudinal
bands (in life) ; vertical fins greyish. (VaJ.)
Shores of Cuba.
11. Sargus unimaculatus.
Mar(jr. p. 153.
Perca unimaculata, Blor^h, taf. 308. f. 1 (bad).
Grammistes unimaculatus, lil. Scltn. p. 184.
Sparus salin, Lacip. iv. pp. 130, 138.
Sargus humeri-niaculatus, Qu»ij ^- Gai'm. Voy. Fnn/c. Zoo/, p. 297.
unimaculatus, Ciiv. if Val. vi. p. 02.
Cj-najdus brama, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 50.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 48. -L. transv. 9/17. Cac. pylor. 5 (7, Val.).
Vert. 10/14*.
Incisors broad, each with a notch. The diameter of the eye is
four times in the length of the head, and l^ in that of the snout ;
the distance between the eyes equals their diameter ; there is a
protuberance above the anterior angle uf the orbit. The pectoral
fins extend nearly to the origin of the soft portion of the anal fin ;
the ventrals do not reach to the vent. The s(;c(>iid anal sjjine is
curved, and much longer and stronger thaji the tliird, luai-ly one-
half the length of the head. Reddish-silvery: a large black. blotch
behind the shoulder, below the lateral line.
Atlantic shores of Tropical America.
a. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.
l>. Adult: skeleton. Brazil. Presented 1»y Lord Stuart.
c. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
d. Adult : skin : bad state. Rio Janeiro. Presented by Th. Thomp-
son, Esq.
* Vnlcnciennos says fiflooii. wliicli cortainlr i'' iiif'orroct.
14. SARGUs. 447
e. Adult: not good state. Guatemala. Pui'chased of Mr. Frank.
/. Adult : bad state. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
g-i. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
h. Adult. From the Ha^lar Collection.
I. Half-gro-\vn : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
m. Adult: stuffed.
Sheleton. — The skeleton differs very little from that of S. vulgaris.
The occipital crest and the neural spines are not quite so elevated as
in that species, and the upper maxillary bone is not pierced by a
foramen. The length of tne abdominal portion of the vertebral
column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1*3. The length of the first
in.terh8emal equals that of the first vertebra to the seventh.
12. Sargus ovis.
Sparus, Schoepff, Schriften der Gesellsch. Nat. Freunde, viii. p. 152.
Sparus ovis, Mitch. Tram. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. Netv York, i. p. 392. pi. 2.
f. 5.
Sargus ovis, Cuv. i§* Val. vi. p. 53 ; Storer, Report, p. 36 ; Dekay, Netv
York Fauna, Fishes, p. 89. pi. 8. f. 23 ; Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 51.
pi. 8. f. 2.
^•IVJ^y ^'W L-lat.46. L. transv. 8/18.
Incisors broad, quadrilateral. A recumbent spine in front of the
dorsal. The diameter of the eye is six times in the length of the
head, and 2| in that of the snout. The distance between the eyes
is more than twice their diameter*. Th^ pectoral fins extend
nearly to the origin of the anal fin. The second anal spine is longer
and stronger than the third, about one-third the length of the head.
Body with five blackish cross-bars.
a. Twenty-two inches long: stuffed. N. America. Presented by
Edward Doubleday, Esq.
h. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
13. Sargus rhomboides.
Sparus rhomboides, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 427 ; SJiato, Zool. iv. p. 447 :
Schoepff, Schrift. der Naturf. Freunde Berlin, viii. p. 153.
Sargus rhomboides, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 68. pi. 143, cop. by Dekay,
New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 93. pi. 71. f. 228.
Lagodon rhomboides, Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 56. pi. 8. f. 1.
D.l^. A. A Caec.pylor. 4.
A recumbent spine before the dorsal fin. Incisors mdderately
broad, each with a notch ; two series of molars in each jaw. Body
with longitudinal stripes, and sometimes with several dusky cross-
bars. A black blotch at the origin of the lateral line.
Southern shores of the United States.
* These measurements are taken from the very large specimen in the British
Museum, and may be found different in younger individuals.
448 spAUin.io.
14, Sargus fasciatus.
Sargxis fasciatus, Cm: Sf Val. vi. p. 59; Guichcn. Explor. Sc. Alf/ir.
Poiss. p. 48 ; ? Valenc. in Webb ^ BertheM, Hist. Nat. lies Ca'tiar.
Potss. p. 29 (not fig.).
D. j^. A. ^. L. lat, 60. L. tranav. 9/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of
the head four times. Molars small, in two series. Incisors ^,
narrow, elongate, implanted in an oblique direction ; lips very thick
and fleshy ; snout rather elongate, tAvice the diameter of the eye.
The pectoral fin Scarcely reaches to the origin of the anal. Whitish
(in spirits), with seven broad brown cross-bands, each three times
as broad as the interspaces between.
? BrazU, Cuv. ^ Val. ; Mediterranean, GuicJi. ; Canary Islands, Vah
a. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
15. Sargus cervinus.
Charax cervinus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 177.
? Sargus cervinus, Valenc. in Webb Sf Berthem, Hist. Nat. Hes Canar,
Poiss. p. 29.
Sargus fasciatus, Valenc. I. c. pi. 9. f. 2 (not descript.).
hottentottus, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Fishes, pi. 2.3. f. 1.
]). JLi_. A. ^. L. lat. 58-60*. L. transv. 9/16.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of
the head foiu' times. Molars smaU, in two series; incisors ^>
narrow, elongate, implanted in an oblique direction ; lips vety thick
and fleshy ; snout rather produced, twice the diameter of the eye.
The pectoral reaches beyond the origin of the anal. Shining golden,
with seven brown cross-bands, broader than the interspaces between
them.
Madeira ; Canary Islands ; Cape Seas.
a. Very fine specimen Lanzarote. From the Rev. R. T. Lowe's
Collection.
b. Stuffed. Cape Seai, Purchased of f-ir A. Smith.— Type of
S. hottentottus.
e. Young. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith,
If we could always depend on the correctness of the descriptions
given by Valenciennes, it would appear that there exist one or even
two other species of these banded Sargi with thick lips, in the Seas
of Madeira and the Canaiy Islands. The Rev. R. T. Lowe has
kindly communicated to me his notes, taken on the spot, from seven
specimens caught in Madeira ; they all belong to the species with the
high body, Charax cervinus, Lowe. The only discrepancy from my
diagnosis, taken from a Lanzarote specimen, is, that Mr. Lowe states'
65-66 scales of the lateral line ; but, possibly, the small scales
* Sometimes with several supernumerary scales on tlic caudal fln.
14. SAEGUs. 449
covering the caudal fin have been reckoned. Very different is the
description of Valenciennes, which, if correct, clearly shows that he
had a fish scarcely identical specifically with Charax cervinus, Lowe.
On the other hand, the figure of Sargiis fasciatus, given by him,
agrees well with Mr. Lowe's fish, but not with that described in the
' Hist. Nat. des Poiss.' under that name, and said to have a body
miu:h, more elongate tJian in Sargus Uneatus. There is, apparently,
confusion in the descriptions of M. Valenciennes, who, moreover, in
the text refers the figure with the name of S. fasciatus to S. vetula.
Therefore I think it of no great importance if he attribute to S.
fasciatus |^ incisors, whilst I find ^. But, if the descriptions are
really correct, we should have the following specific forms : —
1. Charax cervinus, Lowe. Height of the body 2^ in the total
length. Incisors y. L. lat. 58-60 (66). — Madeira, Lanzarote.
2. Sargus cervinus, Val. in Webb & Berth. Height of the body
one-third of the total length. Incisors ^. L. lat. 50. —
Canary Islands*.
3. Sargus fasciatus, Cuv. & Val. Body oblong. Incisors |^. —
Canary Islands, Val. in Webb <Sf Berth.
4. Sargus fasciatus, Gthr. Height of the body one-third of the
total length. Incisors^. L. lat. 60.— iTaS. ? Haslar
Collection.
16. Sargus aries.
Cuv. 8f Val. VI. p. 68.
Incisors very narrow and elongate. The second anal spine strong.
Body with seven narrow vertical bands; ventral fins black. (Val.)
Atlantic coasts of South America.
17. Sargus ambassis. (Plate XXVIII. fig. A.)
D.l|. A.:^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. ^.
A recumbent spine before the dorsal fin. Incisors narrow, im
planted in a rather oblique direction ; two series of molars in both
the jaws. Nape of the neck very convex; the upper profile of the
head descending in a straight Hne. The diameter of the eye is 4|
in the length of the head, half the length of the snout, and less
than the distance between the eyes. The pectoral fins extend to
the vertical from the second soft ray of the anal fin; the second
anal spine is rather shorter and not stronger than the thii'd, and 3f
* Mr. Lowe observes : " Sargus cervinus, Val., is, I tliink, merely a larger ex-
ample of my Charax cervinus, the less depth being due to the h-regular contraction
in a dried specimen, such as almost, if not quite, aU the fishes sent by Webb to
Valenciennes were."
2g
450 8PABID^.
in the length of the head. Body uniform greenish, with golden longi-
tudinal streaka ; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins blackish ; axil blackish.
Atlantic coasts of the United States.
a. Adult. New York. Pxirchased of Mr. Brandt as S. ovis.
h. Adult: skin. New York. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Thirteen inches long : not good state. N. America. Purchased
of Mr. Warwick.
d. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
«. Adult : skeleton. Old Collection.
Description. — This species appears to have been confounded with
ihe following North American fishes, which also exhibit a procum-
bent dorsal spine ; —
1. With Sargus ovis, which has broad quadrilateral incisors.
2. With Sargus rhomboides, which has moderately broad incisors,
each with a notch.
3. Perhaps with Sargus aries (a more southern species), which has
the body marked with seven cross-bars.
4. With Chrysophrys aculeatus, which, according to Valenciennes'
description, has three series of molars. In our species the anterior
incisors, although sufficiently flattened, are so narrow, that a super-
ficial observer might take them for conical canine-Hke teeth, as in
Chrysophrys.
Our species, which I call ;S^. ambassis, from the recumbent spine
by which the genus Ambassis is distinguished, has the body elevated ;
its greatest depth is below the sixth dorsal spine, where it ia con-
tained 2| in the total length. The nape of the neck descends abruptly
in a somewhat irregular curve, whilst the upper profile of the head
is straight. The distance between the origin of the dorsal fin and
the occiput is shorter than the length from the occiput to the snout.
The length of the head is nearly one-fourth of the total ; the head
is rather compressed, the distance between the eyes being one-fourth
of the length of the head. The snout is elevated, rather pointed, and
slightly produced ; the pra;orbital is rhombic, as wide as high ; the
upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior nostril.
The eye is of moderate size, situated in the vertical from the occiput.
There are six series of scales between the prajorbital and the limb
of the prajoperculum, which is covered at the angle with a few
irregular scales besides ; th operculum has a narrow space along
its base scaleless, the remainoer is covered with scales like the sub-
and intcroperculum. The suprascapula is scale-like, striated, and
there is a curved series of similar scales ascending from the supra-
scapula to the nape.
The dorsal fin begins above the opercular margin and extends to
the vertical from the 37th scale of the lateral line, its distance from
the caudal fin being equal to one-half the length of the head. The
spines are of moderate size and taper very much at their extremity :
the first is short ; the fourth is the longest, one-half the length of
the head; the following gradually decrease in length to the last,
which is five-eighths of the longest. The upper margin of the doraal
14. SAKGUS. 451
is very slightly convex, but the posterior angle is rounded ; the rays
differ little in length, the posterior ones excepted, and are about
three-fourths of the longest spine. The cavdal fin is forked, one of
the middle I'ays being not quite one-half of the rays of the upper
lobe, which is longer than the lower. The distance of the caudal
fin from the anal is much less than that from the dorsal. The
origin of the anal falls vertically below the end of the spinous dorsal
or the 22nd scale of the lateral line, its end below the 39th scale ;
it is much lower than the soft dorsal and has a slightly curved
margin, nearly parallel to its base. The spines are moderately strong :
the first nearly one-half the length of the second ; the second not
stronger and rather shorter than the third, and contained 3^ in the
length of the head ; the first ray is rather longer than the last spine.
The pectoral fin has a few very small scales at the base ; the fifth ray
exceeds the others in length, reaching to the second ray of the anal
fin. The base of the ventrals falls entirely behind that of the pec-
torals ; they are elongate, the first ray extending to the origin of
the anal; the spine is about one-half of the length of that ray.
There is a long scaly flap inserted at the base of the ventral.
The scales are minutely ciliated at the outer margin, higher than
wide ; one of the largest covers one-half of the eye.
The incisors have a conical root and the crown slightly compressed
and flattened ; there are six in the upper jaw and eight in the lower.
The molars axe arranged in two series, the inner of which contains
the larger ones ; all are of moderate size, but they gradually become
larger posteriorly.
The scales are greenish, with an olive margin and golden centre ;
the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins and the axil are blackish,
inches, lines.
Total length 10 8
Height of the body 4 3
Length of the head 2 9
Distance between the eyes 0 8^
Length of the snout 1 2
Diameter of the eye 0 7
Distance between dorsal and caudal 1 4
between anal and oaudal 1 1
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 4
of the twelfth dorsal spine 0 10
of the second dorsal ray 1 0
of the second anal spine 0 9
of the first anal ray 0 10|
of the pectoral 3 0
of the ventral 2 1
of a scale 0 4
Height of a scale 0 5^
Sl-eleton. — The jaw-bones, being armed with teeth much smaller
than those of 'Sargus vulgaris, ar§ therefore not so strongly developed
2g2
452 spAiiiD^.
as in that species. The intermaxillaries have their posterior pro-
cesses elon{>;ate, with their base widened ; the groove in which they
move does not extend to the vertical from the anterior margin
of the orbit. There are also no protuberances on the descending
branches of the bone, which are uniformly wide to their extremity.
The maxillary has the lower extreraity very slightly bent forwards,
and is without a foramen. The mandibulary is rather short and
elevated, without a free space between the articular and dentary
bones; there are five distinct pores from its muciferous channel.
The head of the vomer is broad, flat, triangular. The lower limb of
the pra)opcrculum is one-third shorter than the posterior ; both
meet at a nearly right angle, which, however, is rounded. The
interior ridge descends obliquely forwards, is flat, not prominent,
witli 9 rudimentary muciferous channel behind. The operculum is
irregularlj' quadrangular, half as wide as high, with the upper side
shortest and deeply notched ; the ridge on its inner surface is very
feeble. The sub- and intcroperculum are of nearly equal length
and width. The turbinal bone is tubiform anteriorly, \\'idened and
flat pbsteriorly. The praeorbital is large, rhombic, the remainder of
the infraorbital ring narrow ; there is a bony plate at its inner side
to support the eyeball from beneath. The frontal bones, between
the orbits, are rather flat, with three low ridges and several pores
and grooves. The . occipital crest is high, strong, triangular, with
the upper margin very slightly convex, and extends to above the
centre of the orbit, terminating posteriorly with the occipital. The
inner of the lateral ridges is very feeble, the outer one moderately
developed. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is slightly com-
pressed. The pubic bones are of moderate length ; each of them is
formed by three lamellaD of nearly equal development.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrcc, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1'44. There are three spurious intemeurals, each with
a small process above, directed forwards ; the first two dorsal spines
have one common interneural, with the horizontal spinous process,
which is \-isible externally. The first interhaimal exhibits a peculiar
transformation into a conical cavity, but in a slighter degree tiian
in Gerres gula.
The incisors are very narrow, slightly curved, and six or eight in
number ; there is a band of small setiform and minute granular teeth
behind them. The molars are small and arranged in two series in
both the jaws.
15. CHARAX.
Charax, Hisso, Eur. M^rid. iii. p. 353 ; Cuv. 8f Vid. vi. pp. 9, 71,
Narrow incisors and a single series of small molar teeth in both the
jaws. Cheeks scaly. The spines of the dorsal (eleven) folding into a
groove; three anal spines. Opercles not armed. Scales of moderate
size. Five branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number.
Air-bladder simple.
Mediterranean ; Canary Islands.
16. LETHRINUS. 453
A ■
1. Charax pnntazzo.
Aldrov. Do Pise. p. 182 ; Rai/, Sytiops. p. 130.
Sparus puntazzo, L. Gm. p. 1272.
annularis, Bri'mn. Pise. Mass. p. 37.
acutirostris, De la Roche, Ami. Mtis. xiii. p. 348, pi, 24. f. 12.
Charax acutirostris, JRisso, I. e. p. 354.
puntazzo, Cuv. Sf Vol. \\. p. 72. pi. 144 ; Nordm. vi Demid. Voy.
Russ. Merid. iii. p. 387. pi. 4. f. 2; OuicJien, Explor. Sc, Algir.
Poiss. p. 48.
^' liri- ^- h' I" la*- ^^-^^- ^«c- pyi<^^' 7.
Silvery, with blackish vertical bands ; a black blotch on each side
of the tail. Snout produced.
Mediterranean ; Canary Islands.
a. Adult. Dalmatia.
b. Very fine specimen, 19" long. Lanzarote, Presented by the
Rev. R. T. Lowe.
Fourth Group. PAGRINA.
Sparidce with conical teeth in front and molars on the sides.
Synopsis of the Genera,
* Cheeks naked.
D. H. A. -I 16. Lethrinus.
•* Cheeks scaly.
Canine teeth ; molars in a single series 17. Sph^rodon.
Canine teeth; the upper molar teeth in two series. 18. Pagrus.
Canine teeth none 19. Pagellus.
Canine teeth ; the upper molar teeth in three and
more series 20. Chrysophbys.
16. LETHRINUS*.
Lethrinus, Cuv. R^gne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 272.
Cheeks naked. Cardiform teeth in front of the jaws, with the
* 1, Lethrinus gothofredi, Cuv. ^ Fa^. vi. p. 286 ; Bilpp.N. W. Fische, p. 120.
— Red Sea.
2. fasciatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 290. — Trincomalee.
3. frenatus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 291. — Ceylon.
4. korely, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 292. — Pondicherry.
5. maculatus, Cuv. df Val. vi. p. 292. — Pondieherry.
6. emereus, Cuv. cf Val. vi. p. 293. — Ceylon.
7. microdon, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 295. — Buru.
8. oUvaceus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 295. — Siuida Sea.
9. waigienais, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 297. — Waigiou ; New Guinea.
10
454 SPAKID^.
addition of canines; lateral teeth in a single series — conical, or
conical and molar-like, or obtuse molars. Formula of the fins : D. y.
A. I". Scales of moderate size. L. lat. 45-50. Six branchiostegals.
Two or three short pyloric appendages ; air-bladder generally notched
posteriorly, and with short lateral appendages.
From the Eastern shores of Africa through all the East Indian
and Australian Seas to Polynesia ; and one species on the Western
coast of Africa.
I. Species with all the lateral teeth more or less conical, without true
molars.
A. With a blackish blotch above the pectoral fin.
1. Lethrinus rostratus.
Lethrinus rostratus, {Kuhl8fvan Ilass.) Cuv. Sf Vol. vi. p. 296; Sleek.
Verh. Batav, Genoolsch. xxiii. Spar, p. 13,
D. J. A. I-. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 6/16.
The height of the body is four times in the total length; the length
of the head 3i. The snout very elongate and pointed. The length
of the diameter of the eyes is more than the width of the distance
between them, and 2| in the length of the snout ; the upper maxillary
does not reach to the vertical from the anterior nostril. Canine teeth
moderate ; the teeth of the lateral series slightly compressed, pointed ;
the hindmost only of the upper jaw blunt and molar-hke. Dorsal
spines moderate ; the third rather shorter than the longest ray, and
3| in the length of the head ; the third anal spine intermt-diate between
the second spine and the fu-st ray. Caudalis emaiginate. Olive (in
10. Lethrinus sordidus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 298. — New Guinea.
11. flavescens, Guv. ^ Val. vi. p. 299. — Tongatabu.
12. azureuB, C'liv. 4~ Val. vi. p. ;300. — New Ireland.
13. casrulHus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 301. — Seychelles.
14. croceopterus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 302.— Seychelles.
15. argenteus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 303. — Seycl^elles.
16. borbonicus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 303. — Isle dc Franco.
17. genigutta,tus, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 304. — East Indies.
18. genivittatus, Cuv. S Val. vi. p. 306. pi. 159.— Habitat ?
19. Sparus chaerorhynchus, Bl. Schn. p. 278. — Lethrinus chserorhynchus,
Cuv. # Val. vi. p. 308.— Japan?
20. Lethrinus virescens, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 308. — Habitat ?
21. BUfSsell, pi. 89. — Lethrinus karwa, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 311. — East Indies.
22. Lethrinus abbreviatus, {Ehrenb.) Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 312. — Red Sea.
23. erythropterus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 313. — Ulea.
24. erythracanthus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 314. — Luganor.
25. alboguttatus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 314. — Bonin.
26. xanthopt€rus, Cuv. ^" Val. vi. p. 315. — Ulea.
27. SparuB miniatus, (Forsi.) Bl. Schn. p. 281. — Letlirinus miniatuB, Cuv. ^
Val. vi. p. 315. — Pacific.
28. Lethrinus anatarius, Richardson, Ichtkyol. Voy. Sulph. p. 145. — Chinese
Sea.
29. cyanoxanthus, Richards. Ic. pi. 4. f. I. — Australia.
30. einnabai'inue, Richards. Ic. pi. 4. f. 2. — Austraha.
16. LETHBINUS. 455
spirits) ; head, body, dorsal and anal fins clouded with brownish ; a
quadrangular blackish blotch between the pectoral and the lateral
line ; the rays of the ventrals wliite, the membrane between black-
ish. Each joint of the rays of the vertical fins with a brownish
streak.
Sunda and Molucca Seas.
a. Adult. Moluccas.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. Ceram. From Madame Ida Pfciffer's Collection.
d. Twenty-three inches long : skin : not good state. Ceylon. Col-
lected by E. F. Kebart, M.D.
2. Lethrinus amboinensis.
Sleeker, Amboina, v. p. 490.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is rather less than one-fourth of the total
length ; the length of the head is 3^ in it. The snout is rather
pointed, but not much longer than the diameter of the eye ; the
upper maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the orbit. Canine
teeth of moderate size ; the lateral teeth conical, and not obtusely
rounded. The third and fourth dorsal spines longest, rather more
than one-half of the height of the body. Caudalis emarginate, with
pointed lobes. Head uniform oHve ; a large blackish blotch between
the pectoral and the lateral line ; back and sides largely marbled
with blackish ; base and spines of the dorsal fin and the pectoral
rays variegated with violet.
Sea of Amboyna.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
3. Lethrinns moensii.
Sleeker, Natuurk. Tychchr. Nederl. Ind. 1855, ix. p. 435.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is about four times in the total length, the
length of the head 3| to 4. The snout is pointed, and much
longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 3-3| in the length of
the head. Space between the eyes flat. The upper maxiUary bone
does not reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
Canine teeth large, curved ; lateral teeth conical. The third dorsal
spine longest, lower than one-half of the height of the body. Cau-
dalis forked, with pointed lobes, the upper of which is longer. Green-
ish ; snout and cheeks deep violet ; body with seven indistinct cross-
bands. In young and half-grown individuals a blackish blotch below
the anterior half of the soft dorsal, and partly below the lateral
line ; opercular membrane red ; each spine and ray of the dorsal fin
with a brown spot at the base.
Seas of Groot-Oby, Batjan, and Timor; Louisiade Archipelago.
456 SPARID^.
a. Adult : skin. Copang.
h, c. Adult : stuffed. Lmiisiade Archipelago. Presented by the
Lords of the Admiralty.
d. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the Kattlc-
snake.
4. Lethrinus nematacanthus.
Bleekcr, Japan, p. 403, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan,
p. 91. tab. 0.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is nearly four times in the total length, the
length of the head 4 to 3| ; the snout is slightly elongate and pointed ;
the diameter of the eye is 1| in the Iciigth of the snout. The upper
maxillary bone reaches to or nearly to the A'ertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. Canine teeth moderate ; the lateral teeth co-
nical, the posterior ones more obtuse and rather rounded*. Doi'sal
spines slender ; the second is the longest, flexible, longer than the
longest ray, and than one-half of the length of the head. Caudalis
slightly emarginate. Olive, shining golden, with four or five orange-
coloured longitudinal bands ; head and body A\-ith indistinct and iiTC-
gular brownish spots ; a blackish blotch between the jicctoral and
the lateral line ; spines and rays of all the fins (except of the pec-
torals) with brownish spots.
Sea of Japan ; Louisiade Archipelago.
a. 8" long; filament 1" long: stuffed. Loiiisiadc Archipelago. Pre-
sented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
h. 6" long ; filament indistinct : stuffed, Louisiade Archipelago (30
fathoms). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
5. Lethrinus richardsonii.
Lethrinus hasmatopterus, Richardson, Zool. SulpJt. Fislics, p. 144.
pi. G4. f. 1-3 ; Blcek. Verhand. liatav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. Ul
(not Schley.),
D. 'j. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/17.
The height of the body is 3-3^ in the total length, the length of
the head 3|. The snout is sUghtly elongate and pointed; the dia-
meter of the eye is rather more than the width between the orbits,
and 1|-1-| in the length of the snout. The upper maxiUaiy reaches
to the vertical from the anterior nostril. Canine teeth rather small ;
all the teeth of the lateral series conical, none molar-like. Dorsal
and anal spines rather stoutf; the fourth and fifth longest, but
distinctly shorter than the rays, and about 2| in the length of the
head. Caudalis emarginate. Brownish olive (in spirits), indistinctly
* Tln8 does not agi-ee with the figure, wliidi exhibits all the lateral t^etli
conical, pointed, and small.
t The figiu-e quoted represents them too flcnder.
IG. LETHBINrS. 457
marbled "with darker ; a black roundish blotch between the lateral
line and the pectoral fin.
China Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. Ori-
ginal specimen of the figure quoted.
5, c. Adidt : skins. China. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
d. Half-grown. China.
e. Half-grown. China.
/, Half-grown: bad state. Hong Kong. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
g. Half-grown. Hong Kong. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
h. Half-grown. Hong Kong. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
i. Half-grown.
k. ? Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
B. Without blackish lateral blotch.
6. Lethrinus reticulatus.
Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 298 ; Blceker, Ba7idu, iii. p. 96.
D.^. A.f. L.lat. 43(48?).
The height of the body is 3^-4 in the total length, the length of
the head 3| ; the snout is pointed, scarcely longer than the diameter
of the eye, which is one -third of the length of the head ; the upper
maxillary bone reaches nearly to the vertical from the anterior mar-
gin of the eye. Canine teeth distinct and curved ; lateral teeth
conical, the posterior ones obtuse. Caudalis emarginate, with pointed
lobes. OKve or rose-coloured : head and body with violet specks,
arranged in irregular transverse bands ; generally two violet streaks
from the eye to the snout ; the spinous dorsal marbled with violet ;
ventral fins violet; the rays of the vertical fins with fine cross-
streaks. {Bl.')
Seas of New Guinea and Banda.
7. Lethrinus chrysostomus.
Richards. Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. IcUhyol p. 118. pi. CO, f. 6, 7.
D.^. A.|-. L.lat. 48. L. transv. 5/16.
The height of the body is three ""imes in the total length, the
length of the head 3^. The snout is elongate and pointed, and the
eye, in adult specimens, of rather small size, its diameter being less
than the distance between the eyes, or nearly one-third of the length
of the snout*. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the
posterior nostril. Canine teeth rather strong; the teeth in the
* In immature specimens of 6" length, the eye appears larger and tlie snout
less elongate, the diam_etcr of the former being 1^ in the lengtli of the latt«r. The
lateral teeth have more the appearance or molars, and become more pointed with
age only.
458 8PAR1D^.
lateral series are of moderate size, conical and pointed, the hindmost
rather shorter and blunt. Dorsal spines moderate ; the tliird is
rather shorter than the longest ray, and 3^ in the length of the head.
OHve, each scale of the back and of the sides with a black vertical
streak at its base ; head, dorsal, caudal, anal, and ventral fins black-
ish brown ; the caudal vaiiegated with lighter.
Norfolk Islands ; Australian Seas.
a. Adult, Norfolk Islands. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. — Type
of the specie's.
b. 18" long : stuffed. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
c. Adult : stuffed. Cape York. Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
d. Young ; stuffed. Cape York. Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
e. Half-grown : stuffed. Victoria. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
8. Lethrinus latifrons.
Lethrinus variegatus, Cui\ ^ Val. vi. p. 287. |i
elongatus, Cuv. (§• Val. vi. p. 289.
P Lethrinui? seniieinctus, Cuv. 8( Val. \\, p. 294.
Lethrinus latifrons, Riipp. N, W. Fische, p. 118. taf. 28. f. 4 ; Bleek.
CeUh. i. p. 220.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 50. Cebc. pylor. 2.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length
of the head 3|^ ; the diameter of the eye is ?>\ in the length of the
head, and 1^ in that of the snout*; the snout is pointed, and the
upper maxillary bone does not reach to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the orbit. The interspace between the eyes equals one-
third of the greatest depth of the body. Canine teeth large ; all the
lateral teeth conical. The fourth dorsal spine is the longest, higher
than the soft dorsal, and -2^ in the length of the head. Greenish,
with five or six darker cross-bands ; the rays of the dorsal and caudal
fins variegated with darker, the other fins immaculate.
Red Sea ; East Indian Seas.
II. Species with distinct molar teeth.
A. With a blackish lateral blotch.
9. Lethrinus harak.
Scisena harak, Forsk. p. 52.
Lethrinus harak, Riiiip. N. W. Fische, p. 116. taf. 29. f. 3; ? Bleek.
Verhand. Batav. Gcnootsch. xxiii. Spar. p. 15.
? Ijethrinus erythrurus, Cuv. (S" Val. w. p. 293.
? Lethrinus rhodopterus, Bleek. Singapore, i. p. 65.
D. ^. A. f . L. lat. 47. L. transv. 6/14.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the snout moderately elongate and pointed, llic
diameter of the eye is longer than the distance between the eyes, and
16. LETHRINUS. 459
1| in the length of the snout. There is a slight protuberance before
the upper anterior angle of the eye ; the upper maxillary reaches to
the vertical from the anterior nosti-il. Canine and molar teeth mo-
derate. Dorsal spines rather feeble ; the fourth is the longest, rather
shorter than the highest ray, and 2| in the length of the head.
Caudalis slightly emarginate. Greenish olive, with an oblong lateral
blotch of blackish colour below the lateral line and below the middle
of the dorsal fin.
Eed Sea ; East Indian Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
B. Without blackish lateral blotch.
10. Lethrinus ramak.
Scisena ramak, Forsk. p. 52.
Lethrinus ehrenbergii, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 312.
ramak, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 117. taf. 28. fig. 3.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/15.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3|
in the total. The snout is rather elongate and pointed ; the length
of the diameter of the eyes is rather more than the width of the
distance between them, and one-half the length of the snout ; the
upper maxillary bone does not reach to the vertical from the anterior
nostril. Canine and molar teeth rather small. Dorsal spines mode-
rate, the fourth nearly equal to the longest ray, and one-third of the
length of the head. Caudalis emarginate. Uniform olive ; in life
with an indistinct shining yellowish longitudinal streak.
Red Sea. [? Sea of Ceylon.]
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea.
h. ? Adult : skin. Ceylon. Presented by E. F, Kelaart, M.D.
11. Lethrinus cocosensis.
Bleehei', KoTcos, p. 40.
D. i?. A. i-. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head .3^, The diameter of the eyes is 3^ in the latter, and more
than the distance between them. The snout is longer than the eye,
and the upper maxiUary bone does not reach to the vertical from the
anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior teeth are molars ; ca-
nines moderate. The fifth dorsal ^pine longest, one-third shorter
than the height of the body, and shorter than the rays. Caudalis
forked, with pointed lobes. Olive, with four or five orange-coloured
or red longitudinal bands ; fins immaculate, reddish yellow, the spi-
nous dorsal brown-edged. {Bl.)
Sea of Nova Selma (Kokos Islands)
460 sPAHiDji:.
12. Lethrinus atlanticus.
P Lethrinus atlanticus, Ctiv. 8f Val. vi. p. 275.
D. 12. A. |. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 5/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3f
in the total ; the longitudinal diameter of the eyes is much more than
the width between them, and 1^ in the length of the snout ; the
upijcr maxillary bone reaches to the vertical from the posterior
nostril. Canine teeth moderate, the molars rather smaU. Doraal
spines moderate ; the fourth is the longest, rather longer than the
longest ray, and 2^ in the length of the head. Uniform greenish
olive, the spinous dorsal blackish.
West coast of Africa.
a. 6" long. Kiver Niger. From Mr. Frascr's Collection.
Although my description differs from that of Valenciennes in
several points, I have little doubt that the fishes themselves are
identical, whilst the descriptions are taken from specimens of dif-
ferent age.
13. Lethrinus kalloptems.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i. Manado en Makassar, p. 47.
D. i5. A. I-. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in
the total. The snout is pointed and much longer than the diameter
of the eye, which is 3^ in the length of the head ; the upper max-
illary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
Canine teeth large ; molar teeth. The third and fourth dorsal spines
longest, one-third only of the height of the body, whilst the soft
dorsal is one-half of it ; caudalis slightly emarginate. Above olive,
snout and cheeks red-spotted ; the rays of the fins beautifully red ;
the spinous dorsal and the anterior portion of the soft spotted with
violet and yellow ; the anal fin and the base of the caudal spotted
with yellow. {Bl.)
Sea of Manado.
14. Lethrinus nebulosus.
Scisena nebulosa, Forsk, p. 52,
Lethrinus nebulosus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 284; Rilpp. N. W. Fische, p. 1 18,
c(niturio, Cuv. ^ Val. \\. p. 301 ; Peters, Wieym. Arch. 1855,
p, 243,
esculentus, Cuv. 8f Val. pi. 158,
D,-. A,-. L, lat, 48. L, transv. 6/15.
9 8
The height of the body is 3 1 in the total length, the length of the
head four times. The snout is rather elongate and pointed. The
length of the diameter of the eyes is rather more than the width of
the distance between them, and 1| in the length of the snout ; the
10, LETHEINTTS. 461
Upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior nostril.
There is a slight protuberance before the uj^per anterior angle of the
orbit. Canine and molar teeth moderate. Dorsal spines moderate ;
the fourth rather shorter than the longest ray, and one -third of the
length of the head ; caudaHs forked, with pointed lobes. Olive ;
bluish spots on the sides of the head.
Red Sea ; Seychelles ; Coast of Mozambique.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. RuppeU's Collection.
15. Lethrinus opercniaris.
Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 289 ; Jileeker, Ve7-hafid. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii.
Spar. p. 14.
D.i?. A.|. L. lat. 44.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the
head 3^-3§ ; the diameter of the eye is 1| in the length of the
snout ; the pneorbital higher than the orbit. The molars of mode-
rate size. The fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines are the longest.
Greenish olive, the scales on the back with a pearl -coloured spot ;
the opercular margin red ; dorsal and anal fins rose-coloured, trans-
parent, with violet margin. {Bl.)
Seas of Batavia, Bantam, and Samarang.
16. Lethrinus xanthotsenia.
? Lethrinus omatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 310.
Lethrinus xanthotaenia, Blcekcr, Natuurk. Tydschr, Ncderl. Ind. 1851,
ii. p. 176.
D. 12. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3-i- in the total length, the length of the
head 3|-3| ; the diameter of the eye is 2^-3 times in the latter, and
equal to the length of the snout. Canine teeth small, the posterior
teeth short, tubercular. The fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines
longest ; caudalis slightly emarginate. Greenish olive, with five or
six yellow longitudinal bands ; the opercular membrane, the dorsal
and caudal fins red, the other fins yellow. {Bl.)
Seas of Java and Sumatra.
17. Lethrinus leutjanus.
? Bodianus leutjanus, Lac6p. iv. p. 281.
? Lethrinus leutjanus, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 809.
Lethi'inus leutjanus, Bleek. Verhand, Bat. Genootsch. xxiii. Spar. p. 14.
D. y. A. -|. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/14. Coec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3^. The snout is rather elongate and pointed. The diameter
of the eye equals the width between the orbits, and is one-half
the length of the snout. The upper maxiUary reaches to the vertical
462 SPAKTDiE.
from the anterior nostril. Canine teeth moderate ; the posterior
teeth of the upper jaw are rather obtuse and molar-like. Dorsal
spines moderate ; the foiirth is the longest, and 2| in the length of
the head ; caudalis emarginate. Reddish oUve (in spirits) ; the
scales on the back with a very distinct pearl- coloured spot in the
centre.
West coast of Sumatra.
a. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
6. HaK-grown. From the Haslar Collection,
18. Lethrinus glyphodon. (Plate XXV.)
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/15.
The height of the body is 2A or 3 times in the total length,
the length of the head 3i. The snout is elongate and pointed. The
diameter of the eye equals the width between the orbits, and is one-
half the length of the snout. The iipper maxillaiy reaches to the
vertical from the posterior nostiil. Canine teeth moderate, the
molars large, and with a longitudinal groove on the crown. Dorsal
spines rather slender ; the third, fourth and fifth are the longest,
and about one-third of the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate.
Unifonn olive (in a dried state).
Louisiade Archipelago.
a. Adult. Louisiade Archipelago. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-
lection.
h. Adult. Louisiade Archipelago (fifteen fathoms). Voyage of the
Rattlesnake,
Description.' — The general form of this species is rather stout and
elevated, the greatest height of the body, above the base of the ven-
traLs, being one-thu'd of the total length, or even more. The upper
profile of the neck is convex, and is continued into that of the head,
which is straight. The length of the head is 3^ in the total ; the
snout elongate and pointed, twice the diameter of the eye. The
upper maxillaiy reaches to the vertical from the posterior nostril
when the mouth is closed, and is entirely hidden beneath the largo
pra^orbitt.l, Avliich is rather higher than long. The diameter of the
eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and equals the space
between the orbits, which is flat or very slightly convex. The
operciilum and suboperculum arc covered with scales, and the former
teiTninates in a very obtuse point with a slight notch above it.
The spines of the dorsal fin are rather slender, slightly compressed
on one side. The third, or the third, fourth and fifth spines are the
longest, about one-third the length of the head, but rather shorter
than the fifth and sixth rays, which form the highest part of the soft
dorsal. The caudal is slightly emarginate, with the lobes somewhat
pointed. The anal spines are rather stronger, but shorter, than those
of the dorsal fin : the fii'st is three-fifths of the second, the second
intermediate in length between the first and third ; the third is 3i in
16. LETHBINUS. 463
the length of the head, and rather shorter than the first ray, which
equals the longest dorsal spine. Of the pectoral rays the third is
the longest, reaching to the vertical from the origin of the anal fin ;
it is one-third of the total length. The ventral fins are inserted
behind the pectorals, and reach nearly to the origin of the anal ;
their length is 4A in the total ; the spine is rounded, and about two-
thirds of the adjacent ray. There are four canine teeth in the upper
jaw, and two in the lower. The molars are broad, and the largest
ones have a longitudinal groove, the crown exhibiting two tubercles ;
the groove and the tubercles are less distinct in the larger of the
specimens ; the three anterior lateral teeth are more conical ; there
are six or eight teeth in the upper jaw, and eight in the lower. A
villiform band behind the canines.
The ground-colour is now yellowish olive (rose-coloured in life ?),
with a golden longitudinal streak along each series of scales. The
fins are colourless.
inches, lines.
Total length 13 8
Height of the body 4 11
Length of the head 4 2
Diameter of the eye 0 10
Length of the third (or fourth) dorsal.spine. 1 5^
-■ of the sixth dorsal ray 1 6-1-
of the thu'd anal spine 1 3
of the first anal ray 1 5^
of the pectoral fin 3 7
of the ventral fin 2 10
19. Lethrinus mahsena.
Sciasna mahsena, Forsk. p. 52.
Lethrinus bungus, (Ehretihff.) Ctiv. iS/- Val. vi. p. 279.
mahsena, Cuv. ^ Val. Ad. p. 313 ; Riipp, N. W, FiscJie, p. 119.
taf. 29. f. 4 (dorsal spines rather too slender).
D. |. A. |. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 5/15. Cgec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 3g. The upper profile of the head somewhat
gibboxis above the eyes (at least, in adult specimons). The eye is
not very large, its diameter being 2^ in the length of the snout,
which is very moderately produced. The upper maxillary reaches
to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Lips fleshy.
Canines very large ; the posterior molar teeth with a distinct longi-
tudinal impression. Dorsal spines rather compressed and broad on
one side ; the third is nearly equal to the longest ray, and 3| in the
length of the head ; the pectoral fins reach beyond the origin of the
anal ; caudal forked, with rounded lobes. Greenish ; in adult pre-
served specimens several indistinct lighter cross-bands.
Red Sea.
a. Sixteen inches long : stuff'ed. Red Sea. Presented by J. Burton,
jun., Esq.
464 SPAKtD^.
20. Lethrinus mahsenoides.
? Lethrinus mahsenoides, Cui\ ^ Val. vi. p. 286.
Lethrinus mahsenoides, Bkek. Ver. Bat, ofetiootsch. xxiii. S^ar. p. 15,
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/15.
The height of the body is three times in the total lengthy the
length of the head' 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the latter,
and 1|- in the length of the snout and in the height of the praeor-
bital. Canine teeth strong, molars moderate. The fourth, fifth and
sixth dorsal spines longest. Uniform greenish olive, the opercular
membrane red.
Seas of Batavia (and Amboyna) ; Philippine Islands.
a. Fine specimen. Philippines.
? 6. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
21. Lethrinus haBmatopteniB.
Lethrinus hsematopterus, Tettim. ^. Schleg. Faun, Japon. Poiss. p. 74
pi. 38 (not Richards, or Sleek.).
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 48. L. transv. -/-=.
9 8 15-10
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 3|. The snout is rather elongate and pointed.
The diameter of the eye is rather less than the distance between the
eyes, and 2^ in the length of the snout. The upper maxillary
reaches scarcely to the vertical from the anterior nostril. Canine
teeth moderate ; the teeth of the lateral series blunt, rounded mo-
lars, with a very indistinct impression on the crown. Dorsal spines
moderate, very much tapering; the third shorter than the longest
ray, and nearly one-third the length of the head ; caudalis emar-
ginate. Greenish oUve, each scale of the back and of the sides with a
blackish spot at the base. The soft portions of the dorsal and anal
fins red.
Sea of Japan.
a. Twenty inches long : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
22. Lethrinus latidens.
Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 316.
Snout short. A series of molar teeth in the upper jaw, the second
of which is twice as broad as long ; the three posterior ones are still
larger. Six molar teeth in the lower jaw, two of which are large.
A blackish appendage behind each dorsal spine. Coloration uniform ;
axil of the pectorals and three spots on the anal fin black. ( Val.)
New Guinea.
18. PAGEus. 465
17. SPKffiRODON.
Chrysophrys, sp., Cuv. Sc Vat. vi. p. 134.
Sphserodon, Rilpp. N. W. Fische, p. 112.
Pagrus, sp., Bleek, Gilolo, p. 54.
Jaws with several conical canine-like teeth in front, and with a
single series of molars on the sides. Cheeks scaly. Dorsal fin with
ten spines, which can be received in a groove ; three anal spines.
Scales of moderate size. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages
in small number.
Red Sea ; East Indian Archipelago.
1. Sphaerodon grandoculis.
Sciseua grandoculis, Forsk. p. 53 ; L. Gm. p. 1305,
Sparus grandoculis, Bl. Schn. p. 276; Lacep. iv. p. 111.
Chrysophrys grandoculis, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 134.
Sphaerodon grandoculis, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 113. taf. 28. f. 2.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 5/16. Csec. pylor. 3.
Vert. 10/14.
Eyes large. The dorsal spines equal on both sides ; the third
anal spine longest; the spinous dorsal with two series of bluish
spots, some of the rays of the dorsal and anal fins with a black spot
behind their base,
lied Sea.
a, b. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. Presented hj Dr. Rixppell.
2. Spliserodon heterodon.
Pagrus heterodon, Bleeker, Gilolo, p. 54.
D. 12. A. -i. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/^4.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 2f in the latter ; the pncorbital
is half the width of the orbit. Dorsal spines not elongate. Rose-
coloured ; the scales with violet margins ; base of the pectorals violet.
Seas of Halmaheira and Amboyna.
a. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
? 6. Adult : skin : bad state. Ceylon. Collected by F. Kelaart, M.D.
3
18. PAGRUS*.
Pagrus, Cup. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 141.
Several pairs of strong, conical, canine-like teeth in the outer
* 1. Sparus hurta, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, ii. p. 73; Si/st Naf. i. p. 409*; L. Gm.
p. 1272 ; Bl. Schn. p. 273 ; Eisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 255.— Aurata hurta,
Eisso, Eur. Merid. p. 358.— Pagrus hurta, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 152.—
? Cynasdus torvus, Gro7wv. S^st. ed. Gray, p. 54.— Mediterranean.
2. Sciffina lata, &^awt^e>-.— Pagrus latus, Eichardson,Ann. <^ Mag. Nat. Hist.
1842, ix. p. 392. — ^New Zealand (identical with P. guttulatus or uni-
colorl).
3. Dentex macroeephalus, Cuv. Eigne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 35. f. 2 (see p. 366)
2 H
466 spARiDai.
series of both the jaws ; the molars are arranged in two series.
Cheeks scaly. The spines of the dorsal (twelve, rarely eleven) are
sometimes elongate, and can be received in a groove ; three anal spines.
Scales of moderate size. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in
small number (in one species none) ; air-bladder simple.
Mediterranean ; Coasts of Africa ; Atlantic shores of the United
States ; Edst Indian and Australian Seas.
A. Species with the dorsal spines not elongated.
1. Pa^^rus vulgaris.
ndypos, Aristot. viii. cap. 13 & 17.
Pagrus, Rondel, v. c. 16. p. 142.
SpariLS, no. 4, AHedi, Genera, p. 36.
Duhamel, iv. cap. 2. p. 29.
Sparus pagrus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 469 ; Brimnich, Pise. Mass. p. 94 ;
Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 241; De la Rnche, Ann. Mas. xiii. p. 317;
Martens, Reise nach Venedifj, ii. p. 425.
argenteus, Bl. Schn. p. 271.
Pagrus vulgaris, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 142. pi. 148 ; Ynrrell, Brit. Fishes,
i. p. 116, figure copied from Cuv. ^ Val. I. c. (not description or
vignette) ; Webb 8f Berthel. Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 32 ;
Guichen. Explor. Scient. Alger, Poiss. p. 49.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 6/13. Vert. 9/15.
The height of the body is 3g in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of tlie eye is Ij in the distance between the
eyes, and If in' the length of the snout. The upper profile of the
neck and head is parabolic ; an obtuse protuberance before the upper
anterior angle of the eye; the preeorbital is Ig-lj as long as high,
and has an incision in front. Dorsal spines not elongate ; the second
anal spine stronger, but not longer, than the third, one-fourth of the
length of the head ; pectoral elongate, reaching to the fourth soft
ray of the anal fin. Silvery ; back rose-coloui-ed.
Mediterranean ; Sea of Madeira and of the Canary Islands.
a. Adult.
b. Yery fine specimen. Lanzarote. From the Rev. 11. T. Lowe's Col-
lection.
c. Half-grown. Orotava. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
d. Adult : skin. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Yarrell has entirely mistaken this fish, and, as we shall see here-
after, some other species of the Sparida3. The specimen from which
he made the description and a' drawing of the dentition (pp. 117-119)
is in the Collection of the British Museum, and belongs to Pagelhis
erymnnus. The figure of the fish and the notes on the synonymy
(pp. 11 6-1 17) arc taken from the ' Histoire Naturellc des Poissons, par
Cuv. & Val.' It appears to mfi highly probable that Pagrus vulgaris
does not reach so far northwards as the coast of Great Britain, as I
have neither met with this species on the coast or in fish-markets,
nor found a British specimen among th.> aumerous skins of British
18. PAGRus. 467
Spariflae in the Collection of the British Museum. The specimens
mentioned in Mr. White's Catalogue of British Fishes as belonging
to Pagriis vulgaris are likewise Pagellits eryihrinus.
2. Pagrus orphus.
Aurata orphus, Risso, Eur. M^rid. iii. p. 356.
Pagrus oi-phus, Ciiv. (^ Val. vi. p. 150. pi. 149; White, Catal. Brit.
Fishes, p. 17 ; JFebh ^ Berthel. Hist. Nat. Iks Canar. Poiss. p. 32.
D. 1^. A. |. Cffic. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is one- third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
length of the head, and less than the distance between the ej'^es.
The upper profile of the head is parabolic between the origin of the
dorsal fin and the eye ; thence it descends abruptly to the snout, and
is rather concave. The lower jaw projects slightly beyond the upper.
Prajoi'bital elevated. Dorsal spines not elongate; the second anal spine
stronger, but not longer, than the third ; pectoral elongate, reaching
to the fourth soft ray of the anal fin. Rose-coloured, with a blue
cross-band between the eyes.
Coast of Nizza (and of Cornwall?) ; Canary Islands.
a. 21" long: stuffed. Polperro, Cornwall. Presented by J. Couch,
Esq.
It is not without doubt that I follow the opinion of Mr. White
and refer this specimen to the above species. It is evidently some-
what defonned by stuffing, and does not appear to have the dentition
of a true Pagriis.
.'}. Pagms laniarius.
Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 108.
D. 1|. A. |. L. lat. 54-58. L. transv. 8/16.
The height of the body is 3f in tte total length, the length of the
head 3|^. The distance between the eyes is rather flat, and nearly
equals the diameter of the eye, which is If in the length of the
snout. The upper profile from the nape to the snout is nearly
straight, obliquely descending. The maxillary bone with a promi-
nence situated near its base, and received in a notch of the proeor-
bital. The praeorbital is nearly as high as long ; there are ten series
of scales between the praiorbital and the interior ridge of the prae-
operculum, the limb of which is covered with scales. The outer
pair of canines in the upper jaw bent outwards. Dorsal spines rather
strong, compressed on one side ; the second and third anal spines
strong, and nearly equal to one-third of the length of the head ; pec-
toral not reaching to the anal fiti. Uniform reddish.
Cape Seas.
a, h. Adult : stufted. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection
c. Adult : skin. False Bay.
2 n 2
468 spartd.t;.
4. Pagms unicolor.
Chiysophry'S iimcolor, Qiwy Sf Gairn. Voij. Uraii. p. 299.
Pagrus unicolor, Cuv. ($• Val. vi. p. 162 ; Richardson, Ichth. China,
p. 242.
guttiilatus, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 160 : Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii, p. 188.
D. 1^. A, |. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 8/17, Csdc. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye equals the distance between the
eyes, and is 1^ in the length of the snont* ; a very slight protu-
berance above the upper anterior angle of the eye ; the prteorbital is
1|^ as long as high; there are six or seven series of scales on the
prfeopcroulum. Dorsal spines not elongate ; the second anal spine
rather longer, but not stronger, than the third, one-third of the length
of the head ; the pectoral reaches to the third anal spine, and is 4|
in the total length. Silvery ; back darker, witli silvery specks,
sometimes disappearing in preserved specimens.
New Zealand ; Australian Seas. (Chinese Seas ?)
a. Young. Now Zealand. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.
b, c. Young. New Zealand. Presented by Sir J. Kichardson.
d, e. Young. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection.
f-h. Y''onng. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Adult: bad state; has been in chloride of zinc. Sydney. Pre-
sented by Sir J. Richardson.
Jc. Fine specimen. Port Jackson. Collected by Mr. Macgillivray.
/. Skeleton. Port Jackson. Collected by Mr. Macgillivray.
m. Half-grown. Norfolk Island. Presented by Sir J. Kichardson.
n. Half-grown. . Norfolk Island. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
o. Adult: stufted. Moreton Island (12 fathouis). Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
p. Adult : skin. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warw ick.
q, r. Adult: skins. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Gould.
s. Adult : bad state. Hong Kong? Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
t, n. Adult: skins. Cape of Good Hope? From Mr. Macgillivray's
(!ollection.
V. Half- grown : skin.
w, X. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
y, z. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
a. Many j'oung specimens. From the Haslar Collection.
Pagrus ynin-ojifents, established by Yalenciennes from an apparently
faulty drawing (Cuv. <Sr Val. vi. p. 163), may prove to be identical
with this .species.
The foUouing specimens probably belong to a chfferent and un-
known species ; but being half-skins only, and deformed by stuffing,
they do not admit of any satisfactory description. If we put aside
their general form and their great size, they agree best with P. tmi-
color.
- In y. aiig individuals equal to tlic lougth of the snout.
18. PAORL's. 469
a, h. 29" long : stuffed. Houtman's Abrolhos.
c, d. 22" long : stuffed. Houtman's Abrolhos.
e, f. Half-grown : skins. Houtman's Abrolhos.
Skeleton. — The maxiUary bone is of nearly equal width in the
middle and at the extremities, and has the anterior edge slightly
emarginate ; the intermaxillary is joined to the posterior extremity
of the former, and has the posterior processes of moderate length,
rather shorter than the descending branch. The mancUbulary is some-
what elevated, with a narrow free interspace between the articular
and dentary pieces ; there are four or five distinct openings of the
muciferous channel, which runs along its lower surface. The head
of the vomei* is triangular, and has the anterior margins slightly
swollen. The turbinal bones are very long, tubiform, broadest pos-
teriorly, where they together form a suture, and divergent ante-
riorly, to receive the processes of the intermaxUlaries. The praeor-
bital is quadrangular, not much narrower posteriorly than anteriorly,
and one-third longer than wide ; the remainder of the infraorbital
ring is narrow ; there is a concave plate at its inside to support the
eyeball from beneath, and joined \o the entopterygoid by a hammer-
like pi-ocess. The axes of the limbs of the praeopercidum form an
obtuse angle ; the angle of the margin is rounded. There runs a
rather strong ridge parallel to the margins of the praeoperculum, with
a rudimentary muciferous channel and several disiinct foraminfe.
The operculum is irregularly quadrangular, with an interior ridge
descending obUquely in a backward direction. The suboperculum is
nearly vertically situated and pointed above ; the interoperculum
with the lower margin rounded. The frontal bones are rather flat,
obliquely situated, their highest point being at their meeting with
the occipital crest. The supraoccipital is horizontally situated, and
has a high triangular crest, the upper margin of which is swollen.
Of the lateral crests ihe outer one only is developed, and transformed
into a very distinct channel with about five openings. The base of
the skull is slightly compressed, and there is a wide cavity in the
basisphenoid before the occipital joint. The pubic bones are of mode-
rate length ; each is formed by three lamellae, the inner of whieh is
broadest.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1-4. There are three spurious interneural spines in front,
styliform ; nearly aU the others are dijated : the second is the longest,
the following gradually decreasing in length. The first interhaemal
is strong, and equal in length to the first seven vertebroe. Some of
the ribs have epipleural spines.
There are foux canine teeth in both jaws. The molars are of
nearly equal size, and small ; two series in the upper jaw. In the
lower jaw they are arranged in two, series on the middle part only
standing in a single series anteriorly and posteriorly.
470 SPARID^,
5. Pagnis major,
ChryBophrys major, Temm. 8f Schlefj. Faun. Jupoti. Poiss. p. 7L pi. 35.
D. ;|. A. |. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 7/15.
The distance between the eyes equals their diameter, which is Ig
in the lengtjj of the snout. The prseorbital is 1 ^ as long as high ; a
slight protuberance before the upper anterior angle of the eye. Limb
of the prasopurculum naked. Dorsal spines moderate, slightly com-
pressed on one side : the fourth is the long-est ; the second anal spine
rather stronger, but not longer than the third, which is one-third of
the length of the head. Molars small, in two series, sometimes with
a third of rudimentary teeth. Unifprm reddish.
Japanese and Chinese Seas. (West coast of Australia?)
a. Adult: stuffed. China. Presented by J. K. Eeeves, Esq.
b. Half- grown. China.
c. Adult: stuffed. Japan.
6. Pagrus tumifrons.
Chiysophrys tumifrons, Tem7n, 8f Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 70.
pi. 34.
D. ^. A.i.
11 10
Nape very gibbous, the profile of the head descending abruptly ;
the height of the body is 2| in the total length. Eye large ; the
cleft of the mouth wide, extending to below the eye. Dorsal spines
equal in strength, moderate ; the second and third anal spines nearly
t'qual. Uniform reddish. (Schleg.)
Japanese Sea.
B. Species with some of the dorsal spines flexible and elongate.
7. Pagrus cardinalis.
Sparus cardinalis, Laccp. iv. p. 141.
Cnrysoplirys cardinalis, Cm: 8f Val. vi. p. 130; Faun. Japon. Poiss.
p. 09. pi. 33 ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 241.
D. ^. A.^.
10 9
The height of the body is |ths of the total length ; a slight protu-
berance above the eyes. Molar teeth small, in two series, sometimes
with a third series of nidimcntary teeth. The first two dorsal
spines veiy prominent, but much shorti^r than the third and fourth,
which are elongate, filiform ; the second and tliird anal spines equal.
Reddish ; back covered Avith small greyish flecks.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Half-grown : stuffed : bad state. China. Presented by J. R.
Reeves, Esq.
18. PAGKUS. 471
8. Pagrus auriga.
Pagriis bertheloti, Valenc. in Webb 8f Berthel. Hist. Nat. lies Canar.
Poiss. p. 33.
.auriga, Valenc. in Webb ^ Bert/iel. Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss.
p. 34; Guichen. Explor. Scient. Alyer. Poiss. p. 49. pi. 4. f. 1,
D. i|. A.|. L. lat. 50. L. transv. G/15.
The greatest depth of the body is beneath the sixth dorsal spine,
where it is 2f in the total length ; the diameter of the eye is one-
fourth the length of the head. There are eight scries of scales be-
tween the praeorbital and the angle of the praeopcrculum. The lengtli
of the pectoral is 3| in the total ; the third and fourth dorsal spines
filiform, the former |^— 4 of the depth of the body, lied ; back some-
times sparingly spotted with blue.
Canarj' Islands ; Madeira ; Mediterranean.
a. Skeleton. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R.. T. Lowe.
b. Half-grown. Orotava (Tencriffe). Presented by the Rev. R. T.
Lowe.
c. Very fine specimen. Orotava. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
— These specimens do not show the cross-bands mentioned by
Valenciennes.
'/. Young : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. From the Haslar
Collection. — With brown cross-bands.
Pafjrtis bertheloti and aurvja are the same fish according to the
observations of the Rev. R. T.. Lowe, the former representing old
specimens of the latter. In specimen c, which is twelve inches long,
the third dorsal spine also is more than one-half the height of the
body, whilst in the fishes on which Pagrus bertheloti was founded,
the length of the same spine is 2| in the height of the body.
9. Pagrus ehrenbergii.
Cue. ^- Val. vi. p. 155.
^■'i- '^'hcrjvr.r L. lat. 54.
The height of the body is 3g in the total length. The first two
dorsal spines short, but very consincuously prominent between the
scales; the third, fourth, and fifth spines elongate and filiform, the
former of which is the longest, and sometimes renches backwards to
the soft portion of the fin. Red ; back covered Avith blue spots.
Mediterranean.
(J.Young. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Collection.
b. Adult : stuffed : not good state.
10. Pagrus filamertosus.
Cm. ^ Val. vi. p. 158.
D.iH. A.|. L. lat. 54. L. transv. (i/ 15.
The height of the body is 2\ in the total length, the length of t)i<-
472 SPARID^.
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is less than the distance between
the eyes, one-third the length of the head, and 1-^ in that of the
snout. There are five series of scales betAveen the pracorbital and the
angle of the praeoperculum. The first two dorsal spines verj' short,
but projecting between the scales ; the third very elongate, the fourth
less ; the fifth not flexible ; the second anal spine stronger and longer
than the third, 2| in the length of the head. Uniform red, shining
golden ; the spinous dorsal violet.
Sea of Mauritius.
a. Adult. Mauiitius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
11. Pagms spinifer.
Sparus spinifer, Fojsk. p. 32 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1273 ; Bl. Sc/tn. p. 281.
Russell, li. p. 1. pi. 101.
Pagrua spinifer, Ctiv. ^- Val vi. p. 150; Rlipp. N. W. Fische, p. 114.
lougifilis, Cue. ^- Val. \\. p. 159 ; Bleek. Celeb, iii. p. 756.
D. j^. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 22.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 4g ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter. The
first two dorsal spines very short [and the first not projecting from
the scaly sheath of the fiji ?] ; the third very elongate and filiform ;
some of the following spines flexible, and in some of the specimens
also filiform, but shorter than the third ; the second "and third anal
spines nearly equal. Uniform rose-colom-ed ; the spinous dorsal
black- edged.
lied Sea ; East Indian Seas.
Riippell has not found any pyloric appendages in this species.
a. Young. China. — A. ~.
12. Pagrus argyrops.
Sparus argyrops, Linn. Si/st. Nat. p. 471; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 426; SI.
Schti. p. 277.
Schospff, Schrift. Naturf. Freuncle Berlin, viii. p. 153.
Sparus xanthurus, Lucep. iv. p. 120.
Labrus versicolor, Mitch. IVans. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i.
p. 404. pi. 3. f. 7.
Pagrus avg^Tops, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 164 ; Agassiz in Spix, Pise. BrasU.
p. 117. tab. 64 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 95. pi. 9. f. 25 ;
Baird, Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 333; Hulbr. Ichth. iS. Carol, p. 175.
pi. 25. f. 1.
D. 1^. A. f!^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 20-23.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length. Canine teeth
feeble ; molars very small, in two series. The second and third
dorsal spines elongate, filiform, the third shoi'ter than the second.
Brownish, golden shining ; a narrow, vertical, blackish spot in the
middle of each side.
Atlantic coasts of the United States.
19. PAGELLUS. 473
19. PAGELLUS*.
Pagellus, Cuv. Sf Veil. vi. p. 169.
The anterior teeth card-like, without canines, the outer series
generally containing larger ones than those behind. Several series
of rounded molar teeth in both the jaws. Cheeks scaly. The spines
of the dorsal (eleven to thirteen) can be received in a groove ; three
anal spines. Opercles not armed. Scales of moderate size. Six
branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number; air-bladder
simple,
Mediterranean; Atlantic (except the shores of North America).
1. Pagellus erythrinus.
? 'EpvOpivos, Aristot. 10. cap. 11.
Erytluiuus, Bellon. p. 185 ; Rondel, v. pap. 16. p. 144 ; Sakian. f. 2.39 ;
Aldrov. ii. cap. 9. p. 154; Gesttcr, p. 365; Willuyhby, c. 10. p. 811.
tab. 5. f. 6 ; Ray, p. 134.
Sparus, no. 3, Artedi, Genera, p. 36.
Spams er) thrinus, Linn. Syst. i. p. 469 ; L. Gm. p. 1272 ; Bl. Schn.
p. 275; Shaw, Xat. Misc. xx. pi. 834; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 240;
Martens, Reise nach Venedig, ii. p. 425 ; Duhanwl, Pechcs, iv. c. 2.
p. 29.
Sparus pagellus, Laccp. iii. p. 86.
Pagrus en thrinus, Rissn, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 361.
Pagellus erythrinus, Cuv. Sf Vcd. vi. p. 170. pi. 150; Yarrell, Brit.
Fishes, i. p. 120, fig. cop. from Cuv. Sf Val. (not descript. and
vignette ; not White) ; Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Rt(ss. 31erid. p. 388 ;
GuichcH. Explor. Scient. Alqer. Poiss. p. 50 ; Couch in Loudon's May.
Nat. Hist. v. p. 17. f. 3 ; Parn. Fishes, Firth of Forth, p. 43. pi. 27.
Pagellus rostratus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 177.
Pagrus vidgaris, Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 117-119 (descript. and
vignette, but not figure and synonymy, which belong to the true
Payrus vnlyaris) ; White, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 17 (not synon.).
Pagellus canariensis, Valenc. in Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies
Canar. Poiss. p. 35. pi. 10. f. 2.
D.j|. A.|. L. lat. 60. L. transv. ^^ Caic. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^- in the total length, the length of the
head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye equals the distance between the
eyes, and is 3| in the length of the head and 1.] (twice in large
specimens) in that of the snout. The pra?orbital is ] | or I3 as long-
as high, with the maxillaiy edge shghtly notclied (in adult speci-
mens). There are six series of scales between the prajorbital and
the angle of the praioperculum. In both jaws two scries of molars
only. The posterior nostril ovate. Uniform red.
Mediterranean ; Black Sea ; coasts of the Peninsula, ol l^'rance
and Great Britain ; Canary Islands. [Cape Seas ?]
a. 19" long : stuffed. Firth of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's Col-
lection.
* 1. Pagellus breviceps, C">: Sf V<il. vi. p. UO. — Mediterranean
474 SPARID^.
b. 21" long: skin: not good state. Brixham. From Mr. Yarrell's
Collection (cfr. Yarrell, Brit. Fish. pp. 117, 118).
c, 20" long : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,
R.N.
d-f. 20" long : skins. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
(J. 20" long : skin. Devonshire, From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
h. Half-grown. Lisbon.
i. Half-grown : stuffed. Lisbon. Presented by G. Hough, Esq.
h. Fine specimen. Orotava. Presented by the llev. 11. T. Lowe.
I. Adult : stuffed. Santa Cruz (Teneriffe).
m. Half-grown. Adriatic. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
n. Half-grown. Mouth of the Danube.
0, p. Adult : skins. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
q. Adult : skins. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
r. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar CoUoction.
s. Half-groA^Ti : stuffed.
t, u. Young: skins: not good state. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
V. Young : not good state. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
IV. Adult: skeleton.
There is an important error in Valenciennes' description of this
fish, by which some of the confusion among the Sparoid fishes in
Yarrell's work may have originated. Valenciennes attributes eight
anal rays to this fish (p. 17G), whilst the figuj-e (pi. 150) correctly
represents nine. AU the European specimens that I have examined
invariably exhibited the same number, viz. nine, and by this character
alone Pagellus erythrinus may be readily distinguished from Pagrus
vulgaris, which has constantly eight only. I have seen a single
specimen of P. eri/thrimis, which formed an exception in having ten
anal rays ; but this came from the Cape, and may prove to be a sepa-
rate species.
Thus, even without having the original specimens from Yarrell's
Collection, one could easily see that the description and the vignette
representing the dentition, which Yarrell has given in the article on
Pagrus vulgaris, were taken from specimens of Pagellus erythrinus.
The article on the fish which he has described under the name of
Pagellus erythrinus is composed of several elements. The figure,
above all, is a copy, taken fi'om the Hist. Nat. Poiss., Cuv. 4' Val,
pi. 150, and, so far, there is no mistake about the fish ; but with
regard to the rest, cfr. Pagellus owenii, p. 478 of this Catalogue.
Finally, there arc two other specimens in the British Museum
Collection, which, perhaps, are types of separate si)ecics ; but in a
group where it is necessary to prove the constancy of the distinctive
characters, and where the species arc so (hfficidt of recognition, I
think it better to refrain from establishing species upon doubtful
characters.
Vab. ? Spec. nov. ?
.V. Twenty-three inches long: skin. Soutli Devon. From Mr.
Yarrell's Collection. — Mt>lars in both jaws irregularly arranged,
19. PAGELLU8. 475
and giving the appearance of three series. I observe that this
specimen is not the type, either of the descnption given by
Yarrell of Pagellus erythrinus, or of the vignette.
Var. ? Spec. nov. ?
y. Adnlt : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection. —
Anal with ten soft rays.
SJceleton. — The maxiUary bone is compressed, oblong, with a groove
near its posterior extremity for the articulation with the extremity
of the intermaxillary ; there is another longitudinal groove at its
upper extremity for the articulation with the palatine bone. The
intermaxillary is stout, joined to the maxillary, and has the posterior
process rather longer than the descending branch, but not reaching
to the vertical from the orbit. The mandibula is stout, and there is
no free space between the dentaiy and articular bones ; five pores
lead into the rudimentar} muciferous channel running at its lower
surface. The anterior part of the vomer is broad, flat, subtriangular ;
the posterior is continued into the sharp crest of the basisphenoid.
The palatine bones are crescent-shaped, and situated nearly ver-
tically ; their upper portion is bent forwards, reaching as far as the
turbinal bone, and is joined to the maxillary. The turbinal bones
are long, tubiform. The prceorbital is longer than high, slightly
concave at the maxillary margin. ; from its inner side arises a plate
to support the eyeball from beneath. The remainder of the infra-
orbital arch is narrow, muciferous. There are three singular conical
cavities at the upper surface of the skull : a single one between
the posteiior extremities of the turbinal bones, and another on each
side, above the anterior angle of the orbit. The frontal bones are
truncated anteriorly, with the upper surface slightly convex,
roughened by pores and grooves. The occipital crest is rather stout,
and, with two others on each side, well developed ; the external is
muciferous. The brain-capsule is very slightly swollen on each side ;
the basisphenoid has a lai'ge opening before the occipital joint, and
is compressed to a sharp ridge, obliquely ascending to the vomer.
The praeopcrculum has an obtuse and strong ridge, Avith the muci-
ferous channel very rudimentary ; the horizontal limb is shorter than
the vertical ; the angle and the lower margin are striated, the strice
not terminating in points. The operculum is nearly twice as high
as wide, irregularly quadrangular, with the posterior side slightly
cmarginate and the lower angle much produced downwards ; its
inner surface is furnished with an oblique bony ridge. The sub-
operculum is obliquely situated, the interoperculum nearly horizon-
tally. The pubic bones are of moderate length ; each is formed by
three lamellae, the interior of which arc joined together, without free
space between ; the outer one is much less developed, and situated
nearly in the same plane with the interior ; the anterior extremities
of the bones diverge.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal va-tehra',, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
476
SPARID^.
latter as 1 : 1*47. The first spiirious intemeural spine has a strong
spine, pointing forwards ; the other interneurals are much dilated,
and in immediate contact wdth one another. The fii-st interha;mal
is of moderate length and strength. Some of the ribs have long
epipleural spines.
The teeth of the anterior portion of the jaws form a villiform band,
with an outer series of rather stronger ones ; posteriorly they assume
a more granular character, and pass finally into two scries of mode-
rate molars, the larger of which are placed in the inner series. The
new teeth, replacing the old ones, are developed below, and pro-
tected by, the latter.
2. Pagellus centrodontus.
Orphus, Rondel, v. cap. 25. p. 157 ; Aldrov. ii. cap, ii. p. 158.
Pagrus, Aldrov, ^. 151,
Sparus orplius, Lacip. iv. p. 146.
. pagrus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 212. pi. 42 ; Bl. taf. 267 ; Bl.
Schn. p. 271; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 98.
aurata, Don. Brit. Fishes, iv. pi. 89 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 97.
Duhamel, ii. sect. 4. cap. 2. p. 80.
Sparus centrodontus, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 345. pi. 23. f. 2.
massiliensis, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 247, and Eur. Merid. p. 357.
Pagrus vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 211.
Pagellus centrodontus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 180 ; Parii. Fishes Firth of
Forth, v>. 40. pi. 27 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 123 ; Webb ^ Berthel.
Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 34. pi. 7. fag. 3; Guichen. Explor.
Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 50.
D.j|. A. 4 L.lat.75. L. transv. 7/16. Ctec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 2| to 3| in the total length, the length
of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is rather more than the
distance between the eyes, equal to the length of the snout and 3|
in that of the head. The prfeorbital is much narrower posteriorly
than in front, and not notched. There are seven series of scales
between the praeorbital and the angle of the pra^operculum. Teeth
very fine, intermixed posteriorly with minute molars, more or less
irregularly arranged. The pectoral reaches to the origin of the anal.
Silvery, back rose-coloured ; a large black blotch on the shoulder.
Mediterranean ; Canary Islands ; coasts of the Peninsula, France,
and Great Britain ; North Sea.
a. Adult : stuff'ed. Fii'th of Forth,
6, Adult : stuffed. Firth of Forth. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Adult : sldn. South Devonshire, From Mr, Yarrell's Collection,
d. Adult : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc, English coast.
Presented by Mr. E, Gerrard.
e. Adult : stnffcd. Enghsh coast.
/. Adult: skin. EngUsh coast. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
(/. Half-grown : skin. English coast. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
h. Very large and fine specimen. Lanzarotc. Presented by the llcv.
R. T. Lowe.
19. PAGELLrs. 477
i. Adult: not good state.
k. Adiilt : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection,
I. Half-grown : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
m,n. Half- grown: stuffed.
0. Half-grown: bad state : stuffed.
p. Adult : skeleton : not good state.
Monstrosity '1 13 inches long and 5^ inches high; the pectoral
reaches far beyond the origin of the anal. (See figure given by Yarrell.)
q. Polpcrro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
Skeleton. — The maxillarj' bone is oblong, with the anterior margin
nearly straight, and with the posterior convex and pi'ovided with a
notch ; the articular groove in which the palatine bone moves is
verj' shallow ; the articulation with the intermaxillary is near its
lower extremity. The intermaxillary is moderately strong, with the
posterior process shorter than the descending branch. The mandibula
somewhat elevated ; there is a free space between the dentary and
articular bones ; five or six small openings load into the rudimentary
muciferous channel. The head of the vomer is veiy broad, flat, tri-
angular, whilst the posterior part tapers and passes into the sharp
ridge of the basisphenoid. The palatine bones are narrow, situated
in a nearly vertical direction ; they terminate siiperiorly in a process,
rectangularly bent forwards for the junction with the maxiUary bone,
and reaching as far as the turbinal bone. The nasal (ethmoid) js
rather elongate, Avith two longitudinal impressions, in which are re-
ceived the processes of the intermaxillaiy bones. The turbinal bones
are provided with irregular grooves and cavities, and widened at both
extremities. The prajorbital is twice as long as wide, whilst the
remainder of the infraorbital ring is vcrj' narrow ; from the inside
of the prseoi'bital arises a comparatively small plate to support the
eyeball from beneath. The frontal bones are truncated anteriorly ;
their upper surface is slightly convex, and roughened by pores and
grooves. The occipital crest is moderate, and does not extend on the
frontal bones ; the two lateral crests, and especially the outer one, are
comparatively much more developed. The brain-capsule is slightly
compressed ; the basisphenoid has the usual large opening before
the occipital joint, and is compressed anteriorly into a sharp ridge.
The pra3operculum has a very low ridge, and the muciferous channel
is consequently nidinientary : the horizontal limb is shorter than the
vertical ; both meet at a rounded angle, which, like the whole margin,
is entirely smooth. The operculum is twice as high as \5dde, irregu-
larly quadrangular, with the upper side oblique, the posterior curved,
and with an acute lower angle ; there is an oblique bony ridge at its
inner surface. The suboperculum is nearly vertically situated ; the
interopereulum broad, with the lower margin rounded. The pubic
bones are of moderate length ; each is formed by three lamella), the
outer of which is the most feeble, and situated nearly in the same
plane with the interior ; both the bones diverge anteriorly.
478 SPARID.E.
There arc ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehro}, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : l-ii4. The three spiuious interneurals are not spiniferous;
the first interha3mal is of moderate length and strength,
3. Pagellus owenii.
Pagellus acarne, (not Cuv.) ram. Fishes Firth of Forth, p. 24. pi. 27 ;
Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 122* (fig. not aecurato ) ; White, Cat.
Brit. Fishes, p. 19.
Pagellus erythrinus, Yarrell, I. c. p. 120, descr. and vignette [not fig.
or syrun.].
D. f^. A. ^. L. lat. 68. L. transv. 0/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head and is 3| in
the total ; the diameter of the eye is nearly equal to the distance
between the eyes, Ig in the length of the snout, and 4| in the length
of the head. The prasorbital is narrower posteriorly, its greatest
depth being about Ig in its greatest length. There are three series
of molars in the upper jaw and tM'o or three in the lower. Silveiy
red, with a dark violet spot in the axil.
Only known at present from the coasts of the British Isles.
a,h. Fourteen inches long . skins. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell 's
Collection.
c. Fourteen inches long : stuffed. Firth of Forth. From Dr. Par-
neU's Collection.
d. Fourteen inches long : .stuffed.
e. f. Fourteen inches long : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
Description. — This fish, known to British ichthyologists under
the name of the " Axillary Bream," has been confounded by them
with the Acarne of the Mediterranean, which appears to spread to
the southern coasts of England in a few instances only. Both fishes
are very similar to each other ; but the British species has constantly
three series of molars in the upper jaw, whilst the southern speci-
mens exhibit two only, as is stated by Cuvier and confirmed by the
specimens in the British Museum. If there is any irregularity in the
arrangement of the series of the upper molar teeth, and therefore
a doubt about their number, they appear to form four series rather
than three, and never two.
I have mentioned above that the article on Pagellus eri/thrinns
in ' Yarrell's Fishes ' treats of a different species, except the figure,
which is a copy, as acknowledged by himself. That part of the
description which is composed by himself, contains xcry few specific
characters which might not be attrilnited to other Sparida as well
as to the species in question. But there is one sentence which
clearly shows that Yarrell could not have had a .specimen of Pa-
gellus eri/thrinus for this description, as he professes ; he says, p. 122,
" The last two or three soft rays of both dorsal and anal fins are
invested together in one scaly covering." This is the case in /*. owenii
and in P. acarne from the Mediterranean, but not in Paqellvs erif-
19* PAaELLXTS. 479
thrinus. And if we consider, together with this character, the vignette
of the same page, representing the molar teeth of the upper jaw in
three regular series, as in P. owenii, and never in P, erythrimis or
P. acarne, we cannot have any doubt that this description and this
vignette were taken from specimens of P. owenii.
One point only appears to contradict this view, namely the
formula of the fins, in which Yarrell attributes eight soft rays to the
anal. But I have stated above that there is a misprint in this very
number in the Hist. Nat. Poiss., and Yarrell in reproducing it clearly
shows that he copied the formula from that work, in order to bring
his description more into accordance with that of a work which he
appears to have considered as infallible. Thus, Yarrell not only
confounds four species of fish, but increases this confusion by pub-
lishing figures and descriptions of them, part of which are taken
from the work of a better informed author, and part from specimens
totally distinct from the one intended to be described.
The fish from which Yarrell has taken his article on P. erythnnus
is again described under the name of " Axillary Bream," p. 122*.
The article on that fish is merely a reproduction of Dr. Parnell's
observations ; it is, as stated above, different from the Acarne of thd
Mediterranean, and I have named it in honour of Prof. R. Owen.
The general form is very much like that of P. acarne. The head
is one-third of the total length, without caudal ; the snout appears
to be rather more elongate, the distance between the extremity of
the snout and the lower posterior angle of the praeorbital being 2^
in the length of the head. There are five series of scales on the
cheek. A large crescent-shaped space' on the angle of the pra^oper-
culum is naked.
The anterior teeth in both jaws are villiform, the outer series
being formed by somewhat larger but equal teeth. Fui'ther pos-
teriorly the teeth become granular, and, gradually assuming the
character of molars, they form three regular series in the upper jaw ;
each series contains six or seven molars, and they are all of nearly
equal size, except the last two of the inner series, which are one-
third larger than those around them. The lower jaw is generally
armed with two series only, but occasionally the inner series is
broken up in the middle, forming a third series, which, however,
does not extend so far as the others ; each series contains six or
seven molars, and the posterior ones of the inner series are nearly
twice as large as the others.
The body is rather thick, and its greatest depth is 3| in the total
length.
The spines of the fins are rather slender ; the fourth of the dorsal
fin is the longest and 2| in the length of the head ; the soft dorsal
is much lower. Caudalis forked.
The scales are somewhat irregularly arranged, especially on the
anterior portion of the trunk nearest to the head ; the posterior
margin of most of them has a more or less distinct notch in its
upper half. The lateral line is slightly curved, and runs parallel to
the back.
480 SPARID^.
inches, lines.
Total length 14 G
Length of the head 4 3
Height of the body 4 0
Diameter of the eye 1 0
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 G
4. Pagellus acame.
? "AKapva, Athcn. viii. cap. 13.
? Acame, Plin. xxxii. cap. 11.
Acame, Rondel, xv. cap. 20. p. 151 ; Ihihamel, Pcches, ii. sect. iv.
c. 2. p. 32.
Spams oerda, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 252.
Pagi'us acame, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 361..
Pagellus acame, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 191 ; Cui\ Regne Anim. III. Poiss.
pi. 35. f. 1; Guichen. Explor. Scient. Alger. Poiss. p. 51.
^' TT- ^- To- ^' ^^t. 72. L. transv. 5/13. Vert. 22.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3|
in the total ; the diameter of the eye is nearly equal to the distance
between the eyes, rather less than the length of the snout, and
3| in the length of the head. The praeorbital is narrower pos-
teriorly, its gx-eatest depth being 1| in its greatest length. There
are five series of scales between the pra^orbital and the angle of the
prseoperculum. In both jaws two series of molars only. Reddish,
shining golden ; a deep brownish-red spot in the axil.
Mediterranean ; from the Canaiy Islands to the coasts of Great
Britain.
a. Fine specimen. Lanzarote. Presented i ■' the Ilev. H. T. Lowe.
b. Half-grown. Lisbon.
c. Half-grown. Cornwall. Museum Loach.
5. Pagellus bogaraveo.
Sparus bogaraveo, Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 49; Lac6p. iv. pp. Ill, 112;
Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 249.
Pagms bugaravclla, Risso, Eur. Merid, p. 359.
Duhamel, Peches, sect. 4. pi. 1. f. 1.
Pagellus bogaraveo, Cuv. 8f Val, vi. p. 19G.
D.lli^. A.-?-. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 7/14. Vert. 22.
12-11 11-12 '
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3|
in the total ; the diameter of the eye is a httle more than the distance
between the eyes or than the length of the snout, and is one-third
of the length of the head. The pra;orbital is rather narrow and
elongate, its greatest depth being 2i in its length There are six
scries of scales between the praeorbital and the angle of tlie pi-ac-
operculum. In both jaws two series of small molars. Silver}-, back
rose-coloured.
From the Mediterranean to the British Channel.
a. Adult. Cadiz. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society.
19. PAGELLU3, 4bl
(j. Pagellus mormyrus.
Mnpfivpoi, Arktut. vi. cap. 17 ; Athen. vii. p. 313.
M(5p/xiiXos, Opj)ian, i. v. 100.
Momi-sTus, Pliti. xxxii. cap. 11 ; Bellon. p. 183 ; Rondel, v. c. 22.
p. 153 ; Salv. f. 184 ; Gemer, p. 547 ; Aldrov. ii. c. 10. p. 184 ; Wil-
lughby, p. 329 ; Rmj, p. 134.
Spams, no. 9, Artedt, Geneiri, p. 37.
Sparus mormyrus, L. Syst. Nat. p. 472 ; Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 9<)
L. Gm. p. 1279 ; Bl. Schi. p. 277 ; Martens, JReise nach Vencdiij
ii. p. 425.
i'ajp'us monn}'rus, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 18. f. 3.
Pagellus mormyrus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 200; Webb ^^ Berthelof, ilist
Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 35 ; Guichen. Explor. Seient. Aly^r. Puisti
p. 51.
Pagellus goreensis, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 203.
pernambucensis, Cue. Sf Val. vi. p. 210.
D. ||. A.^. L. lat. 63-G5. L. transv. 6/12-14. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of tho
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the
head, 2^ in that of tlie snout, and 1 g in the distance between the
eyes. The mouth is very protractile, and the upper maxillary bent,
with the concaAity downwards and forw^ards. Tlic molar teeth in foiu
series in the upper jaw, and in two or tliree in the lower. Silvery,
shining golden, with seven narrow blackish cross-bars, and some
times with seven other more indistinct ones between.
MediteiTanean ; Canary Islands ; North-west coast of Africa ;
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. Lanzarote. From the CoUeetion of the Rev. K.
T. Lowe.
b. Adult: not good state. Sicily. Presented by W. Swain.son, Esq
0, d. Young. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Half- grown. Dalmatia.
/. HaLf-gi'Own : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society.
g. Half-grown: skin : bad state. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
h. Young : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
i. Adult : bad state. (Cape of Good Hope ?) From the Haslar
Collection.
k. Adult: skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
In all the specimens I found the number of the dorsal spines and
the dentition as stated by Valenciennes for P. goreensis, which, 1
have no doubt, is identical wdth P. mormyrus.
The following South American specimens, probably identical with
Pagellus pernambucensis, do not differ from those of the other side
of the Atlantic Ocean.
1, m. Half-grown. St. Vincent. From Mr. Maogillivray's Collection.
a. Half-grown : skeleton. St. Vincent. From Mr. Macgilli\'ray*s
Collection.
Sh'h'ton. — I cannot ugree with Valenciennes" viow. that tlii^ ske-
2 J
4d2 SPABII)^.
leton of this fish does not offer any remarkable peculiarity. The
maxillary bone is crescent-shaped, with the anterior side emarginate
and both extremities narrowest. The intermaxillary is broad, shorter
than the maxillary, and its extremity forms an articulation with the
anterior side of the latter ; the posterior processes are broad, very
elongated, much longer than the descending branch of the bone ;
they do not reach to the vertical from the orbit. The mandibula
is very stout, and there is no free space between the dentary and
articidar bones. The anterior portion of the vomer forms a very
broad and concave plate. The palatine bones are, crescent-shaped,
and situated in a nearly vertical direction ; their upper portion is
much developed, bent forwards, reaching as far as the turbinal bone,
and joined to the maxillary. The nasal (ethmoid) is very elongate,
with two longitudinal impressions, in which are received the processes
of the intermaxillary bones. 77ie turbinal bones, are exceedingly long
and tubiform. The prseorbital is much longer than high, whilst the
remainder of the infi-aorbital ring is very narrow : from the inside of
the prseorbital arises a broad plate, su,pported by a strong process,
which is attached to the entopterygoid. The frontal bones slightly
diverge anteriorly to receive the extremity of the nasal ; their upper
surface is roughened by pores and grooves. The occipital crest, with
two others on each side, is moderately elevated. The brain-capsule
is slightly compressed ; the basisphenoid has a large opening before
the occipital joint, and its anterior portion is compressed into a ridge.
The praeoperculum has an obtuse and strong ridge, with the muci-
ferous channel very rudimentary ; the horizontal limb is much shorter
than the vertical ; the angle is rounded and striated, the strise not
terminating in points. The operculum is twice as high as wide,
quadrangular, with the upper side oblique ; its inner siirface is fur-
nished with an oblique bony ridge terminating in an obtuse point.
The suboperculum is nearly vertically sitiiated, the interoperculum
obliquely. The glossohyal is styliform, the urohyal triangular, with
the posterior side notched. The lower pharyngeal bones are very
elongate, with both the extremities pointed. The pubic bones are
of moderate length ; each is formed by three lamellae, the interior of
which is broadest.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1*33. The first interhsemal is of moderate strength and
length. Some of the ribs have long epipleural spines.
The teeth of the anterior portion of the upper jaw form a villiform
band, with an outer series of rather stronger ones. The two outer
bands of the molars contain small teeth, which are somewhat
irregularly arranged. The molars of the third series, nine in num-
ber, gradually become larger posteriorly ; the fourth series extends
to one-half only of the length of the third, and has small molars ;
there are, finally, granidar teeth, forming two oblique and short series.
The anterior teeth of the lower jaw are equal, short, and cardiform ;
there are two series of molars in the posterior portion of the jaw,
those of the inner one being large and broad ; this series is anteriorly
20. CURYSOPHRTS. 483
double, containing teeth equal to those of the outer one, The j)ha-
ryngeal teeth are cardiforni.
The compariHon of the skeletons of European and West Indian
specimens proves the identity of Pagellus pemamhucensis with P.
mormyrxis.
7. Pagellus lithognathus.
aiv. 8r Val. vi. p. 204. pi. 151.
D.iJ. A.|. L.lat. 43-50. L. transv. 5/13. Vert. 22.
Adult. — The height of the body is 4| in the total length ; the
diameter of the eye is seven times in the length of the head, and 3|
in that of the snout. The upjK'r maxillary bone (of achdt specimens)
is very thick, swollen, and hard like stone. The molar teeth in the
upper jaw form a band, and are irregularly arranged ; throe series in
the lower. Uniformly coloured.
Cape of Good Hope.
a. Thirty-six inches long : stuffed.
Young. — The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of
the head, and about 3.| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is one-
fifth of the length of the head, about one-half of that of the snout,
and 1 ;| in the distance between the eyes. The mouth is vei*y pro-
tractile and the upper maxillaiy bent, with the concavity downwards
and forwards, but not swollen. The molar teeth are rather small,
arranged in three rcgidar Mrries in the upper jaw, and in one com-
plete or in two incomphite series in the lower. The dorsal s])inos are
moderate, slightly compress(>.d on one side ; the fourth, fifth and
sixth are longest, their length being (^qual to the distance between
the third and seventh spines. Coloration unifoi-m (in a dried state) ;
in life with five brownish cross-bands.
b. 9|" long: stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
e. 10" long : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
20. CHRYSOPHRYS*.
Chrysophrys, Cuv. Rbgne Anitn.; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 81.
Four or six conical canine teeth and three or more series of
rounded molar teeth in both jaws. Checiks scaly. The sjnnes of the
dorsal (eleven or twelve) can bo received in a groove; ; three anal
spines. Scales of moderate size. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric ap-
* 1. SparuB bilobatus, Lackip.'w. p. 141. — Chrysophrys bilobato, Cuv. ^ Val.
vi. p. 125. — From a drawing.
2. Renard, fol. 21. no. 214. — Chrysophrys coracinus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 13;i.
— He de France.
3. Sparus fuscescens, var., Lacip. iii. pi. 17. f. 3. — Chrysophrys madagaflca-
riensis, Cuv. 4" Val. vi: p. 1.'}.5.— From a drawing.
4. Sparus annularis, lil. taf. 27 1 .— Cltrysophrys annularis, Cuv. Sf Val. vi.
p. l;i'.). — rcrlia|)8 an imaginary spiicioH.
."■>. Sparus I'orsUni,, lil. Svlin. ]). 282. -Chrysophrys fprstcri, Cuv. tf- Val.
vi. p. 140. — Pacifio.
2 1 2
484 SPAKID.!:.
pendages in small number ; air-bladder sometimes notched, or with
very short appendages.
Ronjid the coasts of Africa ; Indian Ocean ; East Indian Rcas .
Pacific ; Atlantic coasts of the United States.
1. Chrysophrys aurata.
Xpi(TO(f)pvs, Aristot. i. c. 5, ii. c. 17, iv. c. 10, v. c. 10, vi. c. 17, viii.
c. 2, 1.3, 15, 19 ; Athen. vii. p. 328 ; Mian, xiii. c. 28, xvi. c. 12 ;
Oppian, i. p. 7.
Aurata, Colmnell. viii. c. 16 ; Plin. ix. c. 16 ; Bellon. pp. 192, 198 ;
Rondel, v. c. 2. p. 115; Salman, fol. 174. b. 175; Gesner, pp. 110,
128; Willughhy, p. 307. tab. 5. fig. 6 ; Ray, p. 131.
Aurata vulgaris, Aldrov. ii. c. 15. p. 171.
Sparus, DO. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 35 ; Gronuv. Mm. Ichthyol. p. 38.
no. 90.
Sparus aurata, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 467 ; Ilasselq. Ita- Palest, p. 337 ;
L. Gm. p. 1270; Bl. taf. 206?; Bl. Schn. p. 270; Risso, Ichthyol.
Nice, p. 234 ; Briimiich, Pise. Mass. p. 36 ; Lacep. iv. p. 57 ; 3Iar-
tens, Keise nach Venedig, ii. p. 424.
Duhamel, Peches, ii. sect. 4. pi. 11. f. 1.
Mochar, Osbeck, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. iv. p. 100.
Sparus scriptus, Bl. Schn. p. 279.
Chrysophrys aurata, Cuv, Sf Val. vi. p. 86. pi. 145 ; Guichen. Explnr
Scient. AlgSr. Poiss. p. 48; Ynrrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. Ill ; White,
Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 17 *.
D. i^. A. p,. L. lat. 76. L. transv. 8/17. Csec. pylor. 4.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 83 in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the distance between the eyes is rather more than
their diameter, which is If in the length of the snout. The praeor-
bital is 1| as long as high ; a slight protuberance above the upper
anterior angle of the eye. Dorsal spines moderate, of equal strength ;
the second and third anal spines nearly equal in size, one-fourth of
the length of the head. The spinous portion of the dorsal conspi-
cuously higher than the soft. Back bluish, belly silvery ; a dark
violet blotch above the angle of the operculum ; a bright yellow band
between the eyes.
Mediterranean ; western shores of the Peninsula and of France.
Occasionally southern shores of England.
a. Adult. Dalmatia.
h. Half-grown. South Devonshire. Museum Leach.
f . Adult : stuffed. English coast.
2. Chrysophrys crassirostris.
Cuv. 8f. Val. vi. p. 98. pi. 146.
Ti,]l, A,l, L. lat. 85.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of tho
* The skin, mentioned by Mr. White as in the Collection of the British Museum,
was afterwards referred by him to Pagrus orphitx.
20. CHRYSOPHKYS. 485
head four times ; the distance between the eyes is more than their
diameter. Dorsal spines rather feeble, of equal strength ; the spi-
nous portion of the fin not, or scarcely higher than the soft ; the
.second anal spine rather stronger than the third, 4^ in the length of
the head. Eaek bluish, belly silvery ; body striped ; a large black
blotch above the angle of the operculum ; a bright yellow band be-
tween the eyes. (Veil.)
Mediterranean.
3. Chrysophrys globiceps.
Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 100.
B-n- A.i.
Closely allied to Chrysophrys cairata.
The pra!orbital is not so high. Doreal spines rather feeble, of equal
strength. Back bluish, belly silvery ; a blackish blotch above the
angle of the operculum ; a bright yellow band between the eyes.
Young individuals with three or four cross-bands, each formed by a
double series of black points. ( Val.)
Cape of Good Hope.
4. Chrysophrys caeruleosticta.
Ciw. ^ Val. vi. p. 110; WebbS,- Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies Canar. p. 81.
pi. 6.f. 2.
D. ||. A.. |. L. lat. 50. Cjbc. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the dia-
meter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and Ig in
the distance between the eyes. The upper profile, between the dorsal
fin and the snout, forms a quarter of a circle ; the crown is slightly
convex. Proeoperculum with three series of scales. Incisors conical,
strong ; four series of molars in the upper jaw, three in the lower ; no
single large molar. The third dorsal spine longest, three- sevenths of
the height of the body ; pectorals very long, extending to the fourth
soft ray of the anal, lied, shining golden ; back with small blue
spots arranged in four or five series ; a yellow band between the
eyes ; dorsal fin minutely dotted with blacldsh.
North-west coast of Africa.
According to the statement of Valenciennes, the air-bladder is fur-
nished with a gx'eat number of short and obtuse appendages on each
side.
5. Chrysophrys laticeps.
Cyn8edu.s, sp., Gronov. Zuuphi/l. no. 213.
Cha-ysophrya laticeps, Ciiv. ^' Val. vi. p. 122 ; Cuv. Reyne Ani/n. III.
Poiss. pi. 34. f. 2.
Perca leonina, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 113.
D. il^. A.|. L. lat. B5. L. transv. 8/17. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 2| in llic total length, the lenglli of tho
486
SPARIDj-K.
head 3f . The upper profile of the neck is slightly parabolic, and
that of the head straight, obliquely descending. The space between
the eyes is very slightly convex, and ccpial to 1] diameter of the
eye ; the length of the snout is twi(>e this (hametcr. Tlie praeorbital
is 1^ as long as high, and covers the maxillary bone nearly entirely.
There are twelve series of scales between the prajorbital and the in-
terior ridge of the prajopercidum, the limb of which is entirely covered
with scales. In both jaws one series of larger molars only ; in-
teriorly vnth a band of granular molar teeth irregularly arranged.
Dorsal spines moderate, compressed on one side ; the second and
third anal spines nearly equal, and 3| in the length of the head.
Reddish.
Cape Seas,
a. Adult: stuffed.
b. Half-grown : stuffed.
c. Half-grown : stuffed : not good state. Cape Seas. Presented by
Sir A. Smith,
d. Half-grown : skin. False Bay.
e. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
6. Chrysophrys cristiceps.
? Chrysophrys cristiceps, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 132.
D. jj. A. |. L. lat. 60. L, transv, 9/22.
The Space between the head and the origin of the dorsal fin is
elevated, and the height of the body beneath this space is 2| in the
total length, the length of the head 3|. The space between the
eyes is very convex, and equal to 1^ diameter of the eye ; the length
of the snout is t\vice this diameter. The prseorbital is rather longer
than high, and covers the maxillary bone nearly entirely. There are
ten series of scales between the prteorbital and the interior ridge of
the praeoperculum, the limb of which is entirely covered Avith scales.
In both jaws one series of larger molars only ; interiorly with a band
of granular molar teeth iiTcgularly arranged. Dorsal spines mode-
rate, compressed on one side ; the second and third anal spines nearly
equal, and 3| in the length of the head. Reddish, irregularly marbled
with greyish.
Cape Seas.
o. Adult: stuffed.
7. Chrysophrys gibbiceps.
Chrysophrys gibbiceps, Cuv. ^ Val. \\. p. 127. pi. 147.
^•TT^- ^-l- I^-la^-53. L. transv. 9/1 8.
Nape very gibbous ; profile of the head abniptly descending. The
greatest depth of the body is beneath the nape, whore it is three
times in the total length ; the length of the head is 3| in the same.
The prreorbital is as long as high ; its maxillary edge is emarginate,
20. CHEYSOPHRYS. 487
and the greater part of the maxillary bone cannot be hidden below
the praeorbital ; limb of praeoperenlum scaly ; a protuberance above
the upper anterior angle of the eye. Molars small anteriorly,
numerous, and irregularly arranged ; two large ones on each side,
behind the middle of each jaw. Dorsal spines moderate, of nearly
equal strength ; the third and fourth nearly equal in length ; the
second and third anal spines are 3| in the length of the head,
lied ; the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins black.
Cape of Good Hope.
a. 23" long : stuffed. Cape Seas. Purchased ot Mr. Argent.
h. 21" long; stuffed. Cape Seas. Purchased of Sir A. Smith.
c. 21" long: not good state : stuffed. Cape Seas. Piirchased of Sir
A. Smith.
d. ] 7" long : skin. False Bay
8. Chrysophrys calamus.
PageUus calamus, Cuv. 4" Vol. vi. p. 206. pi. 152.
? PageUus penna, Cuv. <y Vol. vi. p. 209 ; Guicheti. in Ramon de la
Sagra, Hist. Cub. Poiss. p. 82.
D. i?. A. j^. L. lat. 50-56. L. transv. 7/19 Vert. 22.
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length, the length of
the head 3|. Forehead broad, with a protuberance before the upper
angle of the orbit ; the upper profile of the snout abruptly descending;
the prseorbital very large, higher than long ; the upper maxillary
with a prominent knob at its upper extremity (sometimes absent) ;
the posterior opening of the nostrils a very long slit. Molars above
in three series, beneath in two. Canines very distinct with age,
and sometimes bent outward. Greenish, with golden longitudinal
streaks ; dorsal and anal spotted with blackish ; ventral blackish.
Atlantic shores of Tropical America.
a. Ad\ilt. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki,
6. Half-grown. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Itichardson, Esq.
c. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
d-h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection.
i-m. Half-grown: skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection,
n. Fifteen inches long : stuffed.
0. Adult: stiiffed.
J). Half-grown : stuffed.
This species has very distinct canines when in mature age, and
therefore it cannot remain in the genus PageUus, to which it was
referred by Valenciennes.
Payellus microps, Guichen. I. c. p. 83. pi. 3. f. 1, appears to be
different from the above species, although closely allied. It is said
to have two series of molars in the upper jaw.
488 SrARlD.Ts.
}>. Chrysophrys sarba.
lixsscll, pi. 91.
.Sparus .sarba, Forsk. p. 31 ; L. (hn. p. 127.") ; Jti. Sc/i/i. \\ 280 ; Lacrp.
iv. np. 07, 103.
bufonites, Lac^p. iv. pp. 141', 143. pi. 2(i. i. 3.
p.sittacus, Laccp. iv. pp. 141, 143.
Chrysophrys sarba, Cuv. 8^ Val. vi. p. 102 ; Itiipp. N. W. Fischc. p. 1 10
pi. 28. f. 1.
chrysargyra, Cue. c^ Val. vi. p. 107.
D. -LL. A.f!-. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 7/14.
12-13 11 '
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the distance between the eyes is rather more than
their diameter, which is 1| in the length of the snout. The prtc-
orbital is 1^ as long as high ; a .slight protuberance above the \\\y\wY
anterior angle of the eye. The incisors arc broad, obtuse ; the
molars in groat number, forming four sei-ies, above and beneath :
a large ovate molar at the posterior end of each jaw. Dorsal
spines moderate, rather compressed, broader on one side ; the fourth
is the longest ; the second and third anal spines nearly eipial, )i^ in
the length of the head. Silvery, with about fourteen indistinct longi-
tudinal streaks in preserved specimens.
From the lied Sea to the lie de France and to the Molucca Sea.
K. Adult : stuffed, lied Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
h. 21" long : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
10. Chrysophrys haffara.
Sparu.s haffara, Fort<k. p. 33 ; L. Om. p. 127G ; Bl. Schn. p. 279.
Chrysophr} c haffara, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 108 ; Ritpp. N. W. Fisc/ic,
p. 111. taf. JO. f. 1.
^■U' A.^. Cec. pylor. ;i.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. The upper profile of the head is parabolic,
j)rominent above tlic nostrils, and truncated in front. Dorsal spines
moderate, of equal strength ; the second anal spine rather stronger,
but scarcely longer than the third, 3| in the length of the head ; the
.spinous portion of th(t dorsal fin higher than the soft. Uniform
silvery.
Red Sea.
1 1 . Chrysophrys bifa«ciata.
Valcnt. Amb. iii. p. 147 ; Hciutrd, li. 19, 91 (very bad).
Chsetodon bifasciatiis, Forsk. p. 64.
Holocfiitrus rabaji, Lacep. iv. p. 725.
Sparas mylio, Luap. iv. p. 131, iii. pi. 20. f. 2.
[iabrus catenula, Lacfij}. iii. p, 4G7. pi. 20. f. 3.
rhr-y«ophrysbifasciata, Oo'.cvFif/i'. vi.p. 118; liiipp.N. ]V. Fisch ,\\. 112.
D. ^. A. -^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. fi/12.
in-i 1
The height of the })ody is nearly three times in the (otal jotigtb
20. CUUYSuJllKV>. -ISO
the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 1 ^ iu the
distance between the eyes, and 2^ in the length of the snont. The
pneorbital is 1 1 as long as high ; a slight protuberance above the
upper anterior angle of the eye. The incisors are broad, obtuse ;
the molars in great number anteriorly, jjosteriorly larger, and forming
three series. Dorsal spines rather strong and compressed, broader
on one side ; the fourth is slightly longer than the third and fifth ;
the second anal spine longer and stronger than the third, and 2^ in
the length of the head. Silveiy, Avith two black cross-bands from
the nape, one through the eye, the other along the posterior margin
of the operculum.
lied Sea ; East Indian Seas.
a. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
12. Chrysophrys aries.
Icmm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 68. pi. 31 ; Bleek, Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 87.
D. :^. A. — ^. L. lat. 58. L. transv. 8/14.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 4i ; the diameter of the eye is equal to the distance between
the eyes, and Ig in the length of the snout; forehead somewhat
swollen and prominent. The pra^orbital is 1| as long as high. The
incisors are rather broad, triangular, pointed ; the molars form three
series in the upper jaw and three in the lower, the middle containing
several larger teeth. Dorsal spines moderate and somewhat com-
pressed, a little broader on one side ; the third, fourth, and fifth are
longest ; the second anal spine rather stronger, but not longer than
the third, and 2| in the length of the head. Coloiation uniform, with
indistinct longitudinal streaks.
Chinese and Javanese Seas.
a. Adult. China.
h, c Half -grown. China.
13. Chrysophrys taurina.
Chrysophrys taurina, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 56. pi. 12 ; Valcnc.
Voy. VSnus, v. p. 330.
cyanoptera, Valenc. I. c. Paiss. pi. 4. f. 2.
D.if. A. A L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is twice in the length of
the snout. Praeorbital elevated. There arc four series of scales on
the praeoperculum and operculum. Above, three scries of molar teeth,
without a large oval one at the back ; two scries in the lower jaw.
Dorsal spines moderate ; anal spines rather stout, the second being
a little stronger and longer tlian the third. AVhitt\ witli four dark-
brown much-interrupted bands, giving a luoUlcd ajtpcarance.
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archii)elago )
490 SPARIDJI.
14. Chrysophrys hasta.
Spams liasta, Bl Schn. p. 275.
Coius datnia, Bticli. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 88. pi. 9. f. 29.
Chrysophrys longispinis, Ciiv. ^- Val. vi. p. 116 ; Bleeker, Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxv. Nalez. Ichth. Faun. Beng. Hf Hind. p. 93.
berda, Cm: 8f Val. vi. p. 113 ; Bichard.son, Ichth. China, p. 240.
longispinis, Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 08. pi. 32 ; Richardson, Ichth.
C/iina, p. 240.
schlegelii, Bleeker, Japan, p. 400, and Verhatid. Batav. Genootsch.
xx\i. p. 86.
calamara, Cant. Catal. p. 48 (not C. 8,- V.).
xanthopoda, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 241.
amipes, Richardson, I. c.
^•n^- A-s^- L.lat. 42-45. L. transv. ±?.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 3^ ; the eye is relatively much larger in immature specimens,
in which it equals the distance between the eyes, and is 1^ in the
length of the snout. In adult specimens the diameter of the eye is
1| in the width of the forehead and twice in the length of the snout.
The praeorbital is twice as long as high, and, especially in very large
specimens, considerably notched, to receive the posterior extremity of
the maxillary bone. There is a verj' slight protuberance above the
upper anterior angle of the eye. The incisors are conical, pointed,
of moderate strength ; the molars in great number, above in four
or even five series, beneath in three, sometimes in four. Dorsal
spines strong, compressed, broader on one side ; the foiu'th is the
longest ; the second anal spine very strong, 1 1 in the length of the
head. Operculum with a rather prominent spine. Silvery ; anal
blackish, dorsal edged with blackish.
Bay of Bengal, entering the rivers ; Chinese and Japanese Seas.
A. Western specimens with 11 dorsal spines: Sparus hasta, Bl.
Schn., Chrysophrys berda, Valenc, but not Sparus berda, Forsk.
a. 15" long : skin. Ceylon. Collected by E. F. Kelaart, M.D,
b. 17" long : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
c. Adult : stuffed. Bay of Bengal. From Dr. Cantor's Collection
as Pagrus fiavipinnis.
d. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jordon, Esq.
e. Adult : stuffed.
/". Half-groAvn. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. —
The second ray of the anal fin is transformed into a spine.
B. Western specimens with 12 doi-sal spines : Coiiis datnia, Buch.
Ham., Chr. longispinis, Valenc., Bleek.
g. Fine specimen. Calcutta. Presented by G. R. vVaterhouse, Esq.
h. Adult : stuffed. Ganges at Calcutta. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
J. Adult: stuffed. Bay of Bengal. From Dr. Cantor's Collection
as Pagrus Jlavopinnis.
2U. CHKYSOPHRYS, 491
C. Western specimen with 13 dorsal spines.
Tc. Adult: stuffed.
D. Eastern specimens with 11 dorsal spines: Chr. longispinis,
Schleg., Richards., Chr. xantho_poda, Richards., Chr. schlegelii, Bleek.
I. Half-grown. China.
m. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
n, 0. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. —
Types of Chr. xanthopoda and Chr. auripes, Richardson.
p, q. Adult and half-grown : skins. China. Purchased of Mr.
War\vick.
/•. Adult: stuffed. Japan.
s. Adult. From the Haslar Collection ?
t. Adult: stuffed. (Named Chr. maryinata?)
u. ? Adult: bad state. N.W. Australia. Presented by Sir J.
Richardson.
The fine series of specimens in the Collection of the British Museum
has enabled me not only to rectify- the synonjiny, but to form also
a judgment on the differences obseiTed in fishes from different
localities. Above all, there £lre three fishes described by older
authors : Spams berda by Forskal, from the Red Sea, Sp. hasta by
Schneider, from the coast of Coromandel, and Coius datnia by
Buchanan Hamilton, from the Bay of Bengal. The description of
the fii'st would appear too insufficient to admit of a decision but for
the figure given by Riippell, which undoubtedly represents the same
fish. We shall afterwards see that it is highly probable that the Red
Sea fish must be separated from those of the East Indies, and that
Valenciennes is wrong in applying the name of Sp. berda to the latter.
Not having had specimens from the Red Sea, or the figure pubhshed
by Riippell, Valenciennes was imable to compare both species. Thus
the second name, Sp. hasta, given by Schneider, has the right of
priority. Schneider had a specimen wdth eleven dorsal spines, and
he gives a good diagnosis, by which the fish may be easily recog-
nized ; and his specimen coming fi-om the coast of Coromandel, cannot
be identified wdth Forskal's fish. With regard to Coius datnia, Buch.
Ham., I have shown above (p. 283) that Cuvier was entirely wi'ong
when he confounded it with Datnia argentea (Therapon argenteus, m.) ;
the description given by Buchanan Hamilton is quite correct, and
there cannot be the least doubt, from the dentition stated, that this
ichthyologist described a Sparoid fish. The figure is excellent, and
agrees with the specimen {g.) of the British Museum Collection as if
it were di-awn from it.
In the sixth volume of the * Histoire Naturelle des JPoissons,'
Valenciennes confounds, iinder the name of Chr. berda, Bengal spe-
cimens oiSparus hasta with eleven dorsal spines, and Sp. berda, Forsk.
Under the name of Chr. longispinis, he unites specimens from Japan
and those from Bengal wdth twelve dorsal spines.
Schlegel and Riippell have not compared their specimens with ex-
amples from other localities : the former applies Valenciennes's name
492 SPAlUDiE.
of Chr. hiigispims to those from Japan • the hitter correctly restores
Forskfil'a name to the Ked Sea fish (the following species), and gives
an excellent figure.
Sir J. Kichardson, in his Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas
of China and Japan, has, in my opinion, entirely mistaken tlicse
fishes iu the British Museum Collection, the Chinese and Japanese
specimens of which only he has examined. Ho refers those preserved
in spirits (sp. I, in.) to Chr. berda ; another (sp. r.), deformed by
stuffing, and probably pui'chased in Holland, to Chr. lomjispinis ;
finally, two other stuffed specimens (n, o), presented by ]\Ir. Reeves,
and differing little from each other, which bettor retained their
natural form, were consider'^d by him as tj-pcs of two new species —
Chr. auripes and ccanthopoda (? xanthopus).
Bleeker made no reference to Chr. berda, Valenc, probably
because he though' it identical with the fish described by Forskal
and RUppell, and endeavoured to show a specific difference between
the Bengal specimens and those from the Japanese Seas, — taking for
the former the name of Chr. lomjispinis, and for the latter a new
denomination, Chr. sclilegeln. All the Bengal specimens of his Col-
lection exhibited twelve dorsal spines, and examples with eleven
were unknown to him.
After having thus illustrated the synonymy of this and the fol-
lowing species, I shall make some remarks on the differences found
in the specimens from different localities, and first compare the Red
Sea fish with those from the East Indies. Althoiigh not ha\dng a
specimen from the Red Sea, the figure given by RUppell appears to be
quite correct, like aU contained in his admirable works on the fishes
of the Red Sea, and fidly sufficient for the purpose. From that
figure it may be seen that the Red Sea fish has a much higher body
even than those from Bengal, which are said to be higher than those
from j'apan ; secondly, it has the second anal spine much shorter than
any of the East Indian or Japanese specimens ; thirdly, there is a very
conspicuous opercular spine in all the specimens from the East Indies,
Japan, and China, but nothing of it is mentioned in the Red Sea fish
or marked in the figure, — a character which certainly woiUd not
have been overlooked by so accurate an observer as I)r. RUppell.
Fi;om these differences I am induced to believe that Sparus berda,
Forskal, forms a really separate species.
In the East Indian specimens the following differences were
observed : —
1. Bleeker states the Bengal fish to be higher than that from
Japan ; I found, in specimens of the same size, the height of the body,
absolutely, and compared with the total length, exactly the same.
There are, moreover, Bengal specimens in the British Museum Col-
lection with a body not so deep as may be observed in examples
from China. There is some variation in this respect in all the
species of fishes, according to their sex, or to the season in wliich
they are caught. At all events, the difference appears to be less than
between the Red Sea fish and the species from the East Indies.
2. Bleeker states eleven dorsal spines for the Japanese fish, and
20. CHEYSOPHRYS. 493
twelve for the Bengalese. It is evident from my examination that
the number varies iu the latter. It must be considered a rule in
those fishes tvith a truly single dorsal fin, composed of a spinous and
soft portion, that often one or tivo soft rays, nearest to the spines, are
transformed into true S2)ines, the number of the latter thus appearing
to be increased. That is the case in this species, where we find
specimens with eleven spines and eleven rays, or others with twelve
spines and then with ten rays only. This view is very nicely
illustrated by a specimen of this (and of other) species in the British
Museum Collection, where the second ray of the anal fin is trans-
formed into a true spine. A variation of the spines, corresponding
to that of the rays, is much less observed in those Acanthopterygii
which have the dorsal divided by a more or less deep notch.
3. Valenciennes says that his Chr. longispinis from Japan and
Bengal has a somewhat longer second anal spine than the other
(^Chr. herda, Val., from Pondicherry), and Bleeker states nearly the
contrary, viz. that the Bengal fish has that spine longer than the
Japanese one. There is variation also in this respect: immature
and half-grown specimens have that spine generally relatively longer ;
but wo find specimens of the same size, from Japan and Bengal,
where this spine is equal.
4. I could not observe a conspicuous difference m the height of
the dorsal fin, as stated by Bleeker.
5. The examination of any of the Sparoids in different ages shows
that the molar teeth are subjected not only to a regular reproduction,
like the front teeth, but also to a different arrangement. Therefore
the number of the series of molars and their shape can be used as a
specific character only when founded on the examination of several
specimens. If there are several series of molars, the inner series
generally contaias the smallest ones and extends more or less back-
wards, so that sometimes a specimen appears to have one series more
than another. This is the case in the two fishes on which Sir J.
Richardson has founded Chr. luripes and xanthopoda, the latter of
which had lost moreover one of the canines. Both the specimens
are stuffed skins, one-half of which only is preserved.
15. Chrysophrys calamara.
Calamara, Ru.ssell, i. pi. 92.
Chrysophrys calamara, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 117; Bleeker, Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Spar. p. 10.
berda, Bleek. Topogr. Batai\ and Ichth. Madura.
B. ij. A.. |. L. lat 35.
The height of the body is 2|-2| in the <-otal length, the length
of the head about foui' times ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth
of the latter and equal to the length of the snout. The molars in
four or five series, the largest ones in the outer series. The pra;-
orbital is much lower than the orbit. There arc five series of scales
between the pra^orbital and the angle of the proeoperculum. Dorsal
45^4 spahidjE.
spines strong ; the fourth is the longest, one-third of the length of
the head ; pectoral fins longer than the head, and reaching to the
origin of the anal ; ventral fins shorter than the head, with the
spine as long as one-third the height of the body ; the second anal
spine very strong, 2-l-2| in the length of the head ; caudal emar-
ginate, with the lobes obtuse. Silvery-greyish, with twelve darker
longitudinal streaks ; the vertical fins black-edged. {Bl.)
Indian Archipelago.
16. Chrysophrys berda.
Sparus berda, Forsk. p. 32 ; Lacej). iv. pp. 31, 105.
Chrysophrys berda, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 120. taf. 27. f. 4 (not
Cuv. 4- Val). '
D. J^. A. i-.
11-12 10
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3|. The praeorbital is twice as long as high, and notched to
receive the posterior extremity of the maxillary bone. Dorsal spines
strong, compressed, broader on one side ; the fourth is the longest,
one-half the length of the head, and equal in length to the second
anal spine. (Operculum without spine?) Coloration unifonn. (i??/^.)
Red Sea.
17. Clirysophrys australis. TPiate XXVIII. fig. B.)
^- lirr ^- 1- ^- ^^^- 44-45. L. transv. 5/13.
The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth. The diameter of the eye is 4| in
the latter, and Ig iii the length of the snout. The molars in four
series in the upper jaw and in three in the lower; the posterior
ones are the largest. The praeorbital is rather lower than the orbit.
There are five series of scales between the praeorbital and the angle
of the praeoperculum. Dorsal spines strong ; the fourth is the longest,
and nearly one-half of the length of the head. The second anal
spine very strong, equal in length to the fourth of the dorsal. Silvery,
with shining golden longitudinal streaks ; edge of the spinous dorsal
and axil black.
Australian Seas, entering rivers.
a. Sixteen inches long : stuffed.
b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult : sldn. Port Essington. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
d. Adult: skin. Port Jackson. Purchased of J. Gould, Esq.
e,f. Adult and half- grown: skins. Australia. Purchased of Mr.
Warwick,
y, ^. Adult : skins. Harvey River. (Fresh water. West Australia.)
Description. — This species belongs to the grotip with the body
elevated and the anal spines strong, which is formed by Clir. herd a.
hasta, and calnmnra, all being East Indian species. The body is very
20. CHHRY80PHBT9. 495
compressed, and its greatest height is nearly one-third of the total.
The head is relatively rather small, its length being one -fourth of
the total ; its width between the eyes is 3^ in its length. The
profile of the nape is strongly curved, and descends abruptly like that
of the head, which has a slight protuberance between the eyes. The
distance from the occiput to the dorsal fin is much longer than to the
snout. The snout is moderately elevated, equal to 1^ diameter of
the eye ; the upper maxillary, which is nearly entirely hidden by
the praeorbital, reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the orbit. The praeorbital has the maxillary edge sUghtly emar-
ginate, and is 1^ as long as high. The nostrils are placed before
the upper angle of the orbit and remote from each other ; the pos-
terior is an elongate slit, the anterior a very small ovate opening.
There are five series of scales between the praeorbital and the angle
of the praeoperculum ; the inferior limb and the angle are naked.
Operculum, sub- and interoperculum covered with scales ; the former
has the posterior point not prominent. The suprascapula is striated,
Hke the series of scales ascending to the nape of the neck.
The origin of the dorsal fin falls vertically above the root of the
pectorals, and its end above the 34th scale of the lateral line. The
spines are strong, compressed, and much broader on one side : the
first is two-fifths of the second ; the fourth is the longest, nearly
one-half of the length of the head ; the following gradually decrease,
the last being about two-thirds of the fourth. The soft portion of
the fin is rather lower than the spinous, and has the posterior extre-
mity rounded ; the fifth and sixth rays are longest, and about three-
quarters of the longest spine. The distance between the dorsal
and caudal fins is rather less than the depth of the tail beneath
the extremity of the dorsal fin. The caudal fin is emarginate, with
pointed lobes ; one of the middle rays is one-half of one of the outer
ones. The origin of the atuil fin falls vertically below the fifth dorsal
ray, and its end a little behind that of the dorsal fin. The first spine
is very short ; the second is equal to the fourth dorsal spine, though
stronger ; the third is more feeble and shorter. The anterior rays
equal the third spine, and the posterior ones gradually become
shorter. The pectoral fin is elongate, and reaches to the origin of
the soft anal, the fourth ray exceeding the others in length. The
ventrals are much shorter ; they are inserted behind the pectorals,
and do not extend to the vent ; the spine is compressed and rather
strong, about three-quarters of the adjacent ray.
The scales are minutely ciliated, higher than long, nearly elliptical
but for the posterior margin, which is straight ; one of the largest
covers four-fifths of the eye.
There are six canine-like teeth in each of the jaws, with a'villiform
band behind them. The outer series of the lateral ones is formed by
rather conical teeth. There are four series in the upper jaw, the
posterior teeth gradually becoming larger ; the posterior tooth of the
third series is the largest of aU. There are three series only in the
lower jaw, which have the largest teeth also posteriorly ; but there
are several other small ones at the hindmost extremity of the jaw.
490 SPARIDiE.
The teeth of the upper ^^haryngeal bones are exceedingly fine, viUi-
form ; those of the lower ones setiform, with an outer series of larger
ones, hook-like.
The coloration is now uniform silvery, with golden longitudinal
streaks ; the dorsal fin is blackish, with a blafck edge on the spinous
portion. The caudal fin has a broad blackish margin ; anal and
ventrals blackish ; axil black.
inches, lines.
Total length 9 3
Length of the head 2 4
Height of the body 3 3
Diameter of the vjye () G
Distance between the eyes 0 8
Length of the fourth dorsal spihe 1 1
of the eleventh dorsal spine .... 0 9
of the fifth dorsal ray 0 10
of the second anal spine 1 1
of the third anal spine 0 10^5
of the pectoral 2 7
of the ventral 1 7
of the ventral spine 1 2
of a scale 0 4^
Height of a scale 0 54
18. Chrysophrys aculeata.
? Aurata bahaniensis, Cutesby, Hist. Carol, p. & pi. 16.
? Sparus chrysops, L. Gm. p. 1277 ; lil. Schn. p. 277.
Chrysophrys aculeata, Cuv. l^ Val. vi. p. 137.
D.lf. A.:i. Vert. 10/14.
Body rather elongate. A recumbent spine before the dorsal.
Molar teeth small, in three series in the upper jaw. Limb of the
prseoperculum scaly. Pectoral elongate. Silvery, reddish on the
sides, witli golden longitudinal streaks ; dorsal and anal fins reddish
brown ; ventrals red. (Val.)
Atlantic Coasts of the United States.
This fish may prove to be a species of Sargus, having a recumbent
dorsal spine, like the other North American Sargi. It appcare to
be very near to Sargus ambassis, from which, however, it must be
different (if the description of Valenciennes is corx-ect), having the
body much more elongate, and tho upper molars arranged in three
series.
21. PIMELEPTERUS. 497
Fifth Group. PIMELEPTERINA,
Spnndce 'with cutting teeth in front, and ^dth teeth on the palate.
One genus only.
21. PIMELEPTERUS*.
Pimelepterus, (Lacep.) Cuv. Regne Anini. ; Cuv. Sf Vol. vii. p. 254.
Kyphosus, {Lacep.~) Cuv. Rkgtie Anim.
In both jaws a single anterior series of cutting teeth, implanted by
a horizontal posterior process, behind which is a band of villiform
teeth ; fine teeth on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the
tongue. The soft portions of the vertical fins thickly enveloped by
minute scales ; eleven dorsal and three anal spines. Prseoperculum
generally denticulated. Scales of moderate size, bony. Seven
brancliiostegals. Pj'loric appendages sometimes in small number,
sometimes exceedingly numerous. Air-bladder notched posteriorly
and sometimes anteriorly.
Apparently in all the ti'opical seas.
1. Pimelepterus boscii.
Pimelepterus boscii, Lac&p. iv. pp. 429, 430 ; Cmi. %■ Vol. vii. p. 258.
pi. 187, cop. hyDekay, Neio lork Fauna, Fishes, p. 100. pi. 20. f. 5(5;
Vaknc. in Wehb <^ Berth. Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. pi. 19.
Pimelepterus incisor, Vhlenc. I. c. p. 47 (not Curier).
? Pimelepterus oblougior, Cuv. 6f Val. vii. p. 264.
D. i^. A. •^. L. lat. 66. L. transv. 10/20. Vert. 9/16.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 4| ; the distance between the eyes is 2| in the
length of the head. The longest dorsal spine is about one-fifth of
the height of the body, rather longer than the soft portion of the
dorsal, and nearly equal to the longest anal ray. The horizontal
process of the teeth not much longer than the vertical. Uniform
brownish (in a preserved state) ; a silvery streak along the praeorbital.
Tropical parts of the Atlantic ; Sea of Madeira.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
h. Adult : stuffed. Cuba. From Dr. Poey's Collection.
c. Half-grown: stuffed. Madeira. From the Rev. R. T. Lowe's
Collection.
* 1. Pimelepterus dussumieri, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 273; Cuv. Regime Anim. III.
Poiss. pi. 43. f. 1. — Bay of Bengal.
2. Pimelepterus raynaldi, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 274. — Simda Sea.
3. Pimelepterus oblongior, Cant. Catal. p. 174. — Pinang.
4. Pimelepterus incisor, Cuv. S( Val. vii. p. 266 (not Valenc. in Webb ^~
Berth.). — Brazil.
5. Pimelepterus indicus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 270 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 86. —
Japanese Sea.
G. Pimelepterus Irevifrons, Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. Ichthyol. p. 18. — Lima.
2k
i98 SPARID^.
2, Pimelepterus fuscus.
Xyster fuscus, (Commers.) Lacep. v. pp. 484, 485.
Pimelepterus fuscus, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 2G4; Riipp. N. W. Fische,
p. 34. taf. 10. f. 3.
T),Ji. A.f^. L. lat. 68. L. transv. 12/22. Csec. pylor. ca. 1000.
Vert. 9/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the dis-
tance between the eyes is 2 j in the length of the head. The soft
portions of the dorsal and anal fins lower than the longest dorsal
ispine. The horizontal portion of the incisors thr6e times as long as
the vertical. Uniform greyish.
Cape of Good' Hope ; Red Sea.
a. 21 inches loiig : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
6. 25 inches long : stuffed.
c, 21 inches long : stuffed.
d. Young. Old Collection, as Chcetodon cyprinoides.
3. Pimelepterus waigiensis.
Pimelepterus waigiensis, Quoy Sf- Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 386. pi. 02.
f. 4.
Pimelepterus marciac, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 267; RUpp. N. W.Fischc,^. 35.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 12/20. C«c. pylor. 5-6.
The height of the body is 2| to 2^ in the total length. The breadth
between the eyes is 2|- in the length of the head. The spinous
dorsal fin is rather higher than the soft portion and the anal. The
horizontal part of the incisors is distinctly longer than tlie vertical.
Greyish ; a silvery streak along the proeorbital.
Coasts of New Guinea, Java, and Amboyna.
a. Adult. Old Collection, as Chcetodon cyprinoides.
h. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half-grown: stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
e. Young. India.
4. Pimelepterus lembus.
Cuv. i^ Val. vii. p. 209 ; Jilcck. Batav. p. 469.
D. -. A.-. L. lat. 00. L. transv. 10/18.
14 13 '
The height of the body is 3g in the total length ; the space
between the eyes is 2| in the length of the head ; the horizontal
portion of the incisors is twice the length of the vertical. The
spinous portion of the dorsal fin higher than the soft. Bluish, with
brown longitudinal streaks ; a golden band from the muzzle through
the eye to the operculum ; another from the maxillary to the pnc-
operculum.
Seas of Batavia and Vanicolo,
a. Adult : not good state. Moluccas, Purchased of Mr. Frank.
22. BoaiDiA. 499
5. Pimelepterus tematensis.
Sleeker, Ternate, ii. p. 604.
D. ji. A. ^. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. The
spinous portion of the dorsal rather lower than the soft. Greenish,
with brownish longitudinal streaks.
Sea of Ternate.
6. Pimelepterus tahmel.
Scisena tahmel, Forsk. p. 53.
Pimelepterus altipinnis, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 270 ; Bleek. Banka, ii.
p. 727.
Pimelepterus tahmel, Rilpp. N. W. FUche, p. 35. taf. 10. f. 4.
D.li. i^.l. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 9/21.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length ; the distance
between the eyes is 2| in the length of the head ; the soft portions
of the dorsal and anal fins elevated, much higher than the spinous.
Greyish, vnih. numerous reddish-brown longitudinal stripes. [Pyloric
appendages in very great number.]
From the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean and Archipelago to
New Guinea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
h. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands.
c. Young. AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Young.
I here subjoin, as an appendix to this family, the description of
a fish which I had no opportunity of examining, and which appears
to be nearer the family Pristipomatidoe, from which, however, it
differs by its peculiar dentition.
22. BORIDIA.
Boridia, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 154.
Two dorsal fins, the first with eleven spines. In each jaw three
or four series of molar-like teeth ; the anterior teeth also molar-like ;
no teeth on the palate. Cheeks scaly, fins scaleless. Scales of
moderate size, not ciliated. Praeoperculum denticulated.
Brazil.
1. Boridia grossidens.
Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 154. pi. 114.
Body rather elongate. Caudal forked ; spines of the fins of mode-
rate strength and length.
Brazil.
2 K 2
ADDENDA
Page 3. Gasterosteus aculeatus
appears to be found in Icoland. — Cfr. Falxr, Fische hhinds, ]). 129
Pago 4. Gasterosteus argyropomus.
The amended diagnosis is —
I^-M l|l^- ^-h- l*-'^- ^ert.l/].
Bo<ly wathout any plates. Dorsal spines short, serratc^d. Insertion
of the ventrals rather nearer the first dorsal s])ine than (lie second ;
their extremities reach to the tip of the ventral plate. Tlic pnstcrioi
margin of the caudal tin truncated.
Page 4. 2 a. Gasterosteus williamsoni.
(iirard, IT. S. Parif. E. It. llrpcd. Ft'slics, p. !);>, and Pmc. Jr. A,il
Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 133.
D. 1 I 1 |±. A. 1/7.
Body without any plates. I)oi-sal spines exiguous and sk>ndcr, not
serrated. Insertion of the ventrals slightly in advance of the secojul
dorsal spine, their extremities not reaching the tij) of tlie V(Uitral
jdate. The posterior margin of the caudal fin subcrcscentic. {Oir.)
Williamson's J*ass (California).
Page 8, Add to the Sijimpsis of the Genera : —
Two dorsals. Neither praioporcular nor ven-
tral spine 4,/. IIicTEnopHTHAi.Mis.
Two dorsals. Procoporcidar spine none ; one
ventral spine 7. M-iiiiPRiSTis.
Page 12. Add another genus of BERYCID^ : —
4 a. HETEROPHTHALMUS.
Ileterophthalmus, Bkekcr, Act. Site Sc. Imh-Kedcrl. i. 3[(tnndo oi
Mahass. p. 42,
Muzzle very short, truncated, wnth the jaws nearly equal. Eye
very large, Villiform teeth in the jaws and on the palatine bones.
ADDENDA. 501
none on the vomer, luj^ht branchiostegals. Opercular bones ser-
rated ; praeoperculuni without spine. Scales small, ctenoid. Two
separate dorsals ; ventrals six-rayed, without spine ; caudal forked ;
anal with two spines. Abdomen serrated.
Sea of Manado.
1. Heterophthalmus katoptron.
Bkek. I. c. p. 43.
Eye with a double lobe beneath the pupil. {Bl.)
Sea of Manado.
Page 51. Add t the Synopsis of the Genera : —
* Lateral line none. Pseudobranclua; none ; two dorsals. 54a. Lembcs.
Page 62. Paralabrax nebulifer.
Figured by Girardin U. S. Pacif. Ji. R. Exp, Fishes, p. 33. pi. 12. f. 1-4.
Page 63. Paralabrax clathratus.
Figured by Girard in U. S. Pacif. It. R. Exp. Fishes,^. 34. pi. 12. f. 5-8.
Page 67. Labrax multilineatiis.
Syn. : Labrax chrysops, Girard in U. 8. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes,
p. 29. pi. 11. f. 1-4.
Page 74. Add as a doubtful species to LUCIOPERCA : —
1. Stizostedion boreus, G-irard in U. 8. Pacif. R. R. Fishes, p. 31. pi. 11.
f. 5-8. — Northern rivers of North America.
Page 77. BOLEOSOMA.
Fishes closely allied to this and the preceding genus are described
by Girard under the name of Arlina effulgem, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philad. 1859, p. 64, — of Estrella atromaculata, 1. c. p. 65, — of Oligo-
cephalus* lepidus, humeralis, and litisleyi, I.e. p. 67, — oi Alvordvus
mactdatm and of Catonotus fasciatus, p. 68.
Page 88. ANTHIAS.
Add as uncertain species : —
1 . Anthias lepidolepis, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. hulo-Nederl. n. p. 37.— Amboyna.
2. hechtii, Bleek. I. c. p. 38.— Amboyna.
3. Centropristis macrophthalmus, Milll. tf Trosch. in Schomb. Hist. Barbad.
p. 666. — Caribbean Sea.
* The praiseworthy attempt to form a generic name according to the rules of
scientific naturalists has not been attended with success, the name Oligocephalus
denoting a fish with a few heads, — and not with a small head, which Mr. Girard
intended to signify.
502 ADDENDA.
Page sy. Anthias borbonius.
Syn. : SeiTanus delissii, Benn. Proc. Connn. Zool. Soc. i. p. 126.
Page 89. 2a. Anthias manadensis.
Sleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Manado en Makau. p. 39.
D. ||. A. |. L. lat. 45.
The third dorsal spine a little longer than those which follow ;
ventrals not elongate ; the caudal lobes very pointed and produced.
Red : each dorsal scale .shining golden, with an oHve basal spot ; body
with two, head with three rose-coloui'ed bands ; the soft dorsal dotted
with yellow. (Bl.)
Sea of Manado.
Page 89. 2b. Anthias pleurotaenia.
BUeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina, p. 34.
D. ||. A. |-. L. lat. 52.
The third dorsal spine, the second ray of the ventral, and the
caudal fin elongate. The denticulations at the angle of the praeoper-
culum stronger. Eosc-coloured, with two pearl-coloured bands
along the lower half of the sides of the body. [Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
Page 89. 2c. Anthias cheirospilos.
Blocker, I. c. p. 36.
D. i^. A. 4. L. lat. 40.
7 7
The third dorsal spine veiy long, filiform, the ventral and caudal
fins elongate. The denticulations at the angle of the prfeoperculum
stronger. Rose-coloured : tho soft dorsal black at the top ; anal and
caudal fins violet posteriorly ; pectorals with a violet blotch ; ventrals
violet, with rose-coloured longitudinal bands. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
Page 91. Anthias macrophthalmus.
I have lately ascertained that both the specimens from which tho
diagnosis was taken are from the Mauritius, and should be referred to
Serranus filamentosiLS, Val., from which I do not know how to di-
stinguish the Centropristis macrophthalmus of Miiller and Troschel.
The latter therefore forms, for the present, an uncertain species of
Anthias, whilst it is replaced by
8. Anthias filamentosns.
Serranus filamentosus, t'uv. Hf Val. vi. p. 500.
Centropristis iilamentoaus,MiilLi^Trosch.inSchomb. Hist. Barb. p. 666.
Serraaus mitis, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 127.
Diagnosis as given of Centropristis macrophthalmus (p. 91).
ADDENnA. 503
a. Large -specimen : stuffed. He de France. From Dr. Janvier's
Collection.
b. Fine specimen. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Typo of ^en-anus mitis.
8a. Antliias zonatus.
Serranus zonatus, Cuv. S)- Val. vi. p. 509.
? Serranus argyrogrammicus, Cuv. iff Val. viii. p. 472.
Serranus telfairii, Benn. Proc. Cumm. Zool. Soc. i, p. 127.
This species is described as Serramis zotiatus, p. 103, but it evi-
dently belongs to Anthias.
Pago 95. Anthias cichlops.
In a separate copy of Bleeker's paper " Diagnostische Beschryringen
van nieuwe Vischsoorten van Sumatra," published in Natuurk.
Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, iv. 1853, the number of the dorsal spines
is wrongly stated to be live, Avliich is evidently a misprint. The
proper reference to this species is — Natuurh. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid.
iv. 1853, p. 245 ; and the number of the dorsal fin |^.
Page 99. Add to the uncertain species in Note § : — .
5. Sexranus diktiophorus, Bleek. Aot. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Manado en
Ma&ass. p. 38.
Page 103. Serranus filamentosus and zonatus
ai*e to be referred to Anthias.
Page 107. 16a. Serranus amblycephalus.
Sleeker, Act. Soe. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina, p. 32.
D ii. A. |. L. lat. 120.
The /height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the latter. Snout entirely
scaly. Spiniform denticulations at the angle of the praeoperculum ;
sub- and interoperculum entire. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal
spines longest, and as high as the soft portion. Yellowish-brown, with
seven brownish-violet cross-bands : the first between the eyes, and
trifid below the eye ; the second across the neck ; the fifth above the
anal spines ; aU the bands with black spots along the margins. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
Page 141. Serranus hexagonatus.
Syn. : Serranus stellans, Bleelcer,Acl. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nedei-l. i. Amhotna,
p. 29.
504 ADDENDA,
Page 154. 127a. Serranus melanotsenia.
Bkeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indn-Nederl. ii. p. 33.
D. :^. A.|. L. lat. 110.
The height of the body is one-fom-tli of the total length. Rose-
coloured, with a broad black band from the eye to the end of the
dorsal ; body and vertical fins dotted with white, the dots on the
snout, back, and dorsal fin edged with \dolet ; a large round black
spot above, on the base of the caudal. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
Page 161.
The name of Plectropoma cyanostlgma is to be altered into that of
PUctropoma ocelJatnm, the former having been given by Bleeker to a
fish which is identical ^vith PUctropoma leopardinum (p. 157).
Page 169. Pogonoperca ocellata.
Access to the Acta Soc. Sclent. Indo-Nederl. was only to be
obtained after the printing of the family of PercidaD was nearly
finished. It is now evident, from the excellent description by Dr.
Bleeker contained in the 2nd volume, p. 31, that the above fish is
identical with Grammistes punctatus, Cuv. & Val., mentioned in this
Catalogue, p. 171. A generic separation from Orammistes, however,
appears to be fully justified, and the proper denomination therefore
will be Pogonoperca punctata. The species not being new, I have
not considered it necessary to give the figure.
From Amboyna.
Page 178. Genyoroge bengalensis.
The forniiila of the fins has been omitted : —
D. li. A. I. L. lat. 65.
Page 179. Genyoroge caeruleovittata.
Syn. : Diacope angiUus, Benn. Proc. Comrn. Zool. Soc. i. p. 127.
Page 179. 5a. Genyoroge spilura.
Diacope spilvura, Benn. Proc. Coinni, Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 182.
D. il. A. 1.
12 8
On each side five broad, parallel, red longitudinal bands ; a large
black blotch before the base of the caudal fin ; the spinous part of
the dorsal with a narrow blackish margin superiorly and infcriorly.
(Benn.)
iSea of Ceylon.
ADDENDA. 505
Page 222. AMBASSIS.
Add to the diagnosis : Scales deciduous, generally large ; in some
species very small.
Page 255. Add a new genus of PERCIDJE : —
54 a. LEMBUS*.
Lateral line none. Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchia? absent.
Eody subfusiform ; cleft of the mouth rather wide, with the lower jaw
longest. A band of villiforra teeth in the jaws and on the vomer ;
no canines or palatine teeth. Opercles neither serrated nor armed.
Two dorsals, the first with seven slender spines ; anal spines indi-
stinct. Scales rather small, ctenoid. Air-bladder present.
Fresh waters of Ecuador.
1. Lembus maculatus.
B. 6. D. 7 I J. A. f. L. lat. 57. L. transv. 22.
Yellowish, irregularly spotted witli blackish : back Avith five dark
cross-bars ; a black blotch behind the extremity of the operculum ;
three blackish streaks radiating from the eye ; the vertical fins dotted
with blackish.
a. Andes of Ecuador. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
Description. — This fish is one of the most interesting additions
in the collections sent home by Mr. Fraser. It is a true repre-
sentative, in South America, of the Perches of the Arctic regions. It
offers, however, several modifications of the typical characters, the
most important of which appears to be the absence of the lateral
line. In general appearance it resembles Lucioperca, or some of the
other elongate Porches, its greatest height below the spinous dorsal
being one-fifth of the total length (without caudal f). The body is
rather thick, its greatest thickness between the opercles being five-
sixths of the height. The tail is compressed. The length of the
head is one-third of the total ; it is rather depressed, broad and flat
superioi'ly, the width between the orbits being 4| in the length
of the head, or 1|^ the diameter of the eye. The snout is pro-
duced, depressed, with the lower jaw longest, and with the cleft of
the mouth wide, the upper maxillary reaching nearly to below the
middle of the eye. There are two nostrils on each side, far apart
from each other : the posterior is near the upper angle of the orbit ;
the anterior is minute, and close to the upper extremity of the max-
illary bone. The eye is of moderate size, one-seventh the length of
the head, situated high up the sides, so that its margin interferes
* Fi'om Xt;u/3os, a small, long, swift boat.
t The eaudal fin is lost in the single specimen, which is otliorvvisc very well
preserved.
506 l.I)J)ENDA.
with the upper profile of the head. The praeoperculum has the pos-
terior margin subvertical, the angle and the lower margin roiuaded ;
it is longer than high, and has no sen-ature whatever. The oper-
culum and siiboperculum are slightly produced posteriorly into a
flexible point. The branchiostegous membrane is fixed to the isthmus,
without touching that of the other side. The head is entirely covered
with small scales, except the snout.
The spinous dorsal commences at some distance from the vertical
from the base of the pectorals, and is composed of seven slender
flexible spines, entirely separated from the soft dorsal ; the first spine
is rather shorter than the second, the length of which is one-half
that of the head ; the following become gradually shorter. The
second dorsal commences nearer to the root of the caudal than to the
occiput ; it is subquadrangular and rather elevated ; the first ray
is the shortest, undivided, and may be considered as a spine ; the
following rays gradually become longer to the last two, wbicli are
considerably higher than the spinous dorsal. The commencement
and the end of the anal fin fall vertically behind those of the soft
dorsal, which it resembles in form ; the first two raj-s are undi-
vided ; the sixth branched ray is the longest, higher than the spinous,
and lower than the soft dorsal. The pectoral is rounded, and com-
posed of slender branched rays ; it does not extend on to the vent.
The ventral is inserted exactly below the pectoral, and composed of
one feeble spine and five rays, the fourth of which is the longest,
nearly reaching to the vent.
The scales are rather small, ctenoid, pentangular, vnih the basal
margin vertical : there is no trace of a lateral line.
Each of the jaws is armed with a band of viUiform teeth, the pos-
terior of which are more cardiform : no canines. The vomerine band
is narrow, angularly bent ; palatine bones smooth. The pharyngeal
bones are separated from each other and toothed, as in the typical
Percidce.
The intestines are badly preserved ; pieces of an air-bladder, how-
ever, could be easily detected.
inches, linos.
Total length (without caudal) 5 3
Height of the body 1 1
Thickness of the body 0 10
Length of the head 1 10
Width between the orbits 0 5
Diameter of the eye 0 3
Length of the second dorsal spine 0 11
of the last dorsal ray 1 2
of the sixth anal ray 1 0
of the pectoral 1 2
of the ventral 1 2|
Page 286. Add to the doubtful species of PRISTIPOMA: —
8. Pristipoma scapularo, Tachiirf?, Faun. Penmn. Ichthyol. p. 12.— Cbast of
Peru. — It does not appear to he a species of this genus.
ADDENDA. 607
Page 305. Add to the doubtful species of HiEMULON: —
3. Heemulon modestum, Tsckudi, Faun. Peruan. Ichthyol. p. 11. — Coast of
Peru. — It does not appear to be a species of this genus.
Page 339.
7. Gerres waigiensis, Quoy ^ Gaim., is identical with Gterres argyreus, p. 353.
Page 355. Scolopsis margaritifer.
Syn. ; Scolopsis margaritifer, Less. Voy. Duperr. Zool. Poiss. p. 198.
Page 360. Scolopsis temporalis.
Syn. : Scolopsis temporalis, Less. Voy. Duperr. Zool. Pviss. p. 197.
pi. 26.
Page 381. Pentapus anrolineatus.
Syn. : Dentex lycogenis, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 127.
Page 437. Add to the doubtful species of S ARGUS : —
2. Sargus arenosus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 91. pi. 22. f. 07. —
Coast of New York.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
abbreviatus (Gcrrcs), 345.
abbreviatus (Lethriims),
454.
abdoininalis (Serranus),07
abu iiigateriii, o'iO.
Aeanthoptorygii, ] .
Acaraaya, IOH.
Acarne, 480.
acarne(Pagellus),47S,480.
acarne (Pagrus), 480.
accensuiii, 1G7.
Acerina, 72.
acerina, 73.
aeinaccs (Gerres), 351.
Acropoiiia, 250.
aculeata (Cbrysoplirys),
4i)G.
aculeatum (Plcctropoma),
1U3.
aculcatus (Gastero-stcus),
2, 5tH).
aculeatus (Obolarius), 2.
acuta (Perea), GO.
acutirostris (Charax), 453.
acutirosti'is(Seri"anus),135
acutirostris (Sparus), 4C)3.
adriaticus, 84.
adustus, 22, 37, 45.
aenea (Cichla), 25G.
ajncus (Centrarchus), 25G.
a;neu8 (Serranus), 134.
affinc (Diagrami)ia), 319.
affinis (Bcryx), 11, 13.
akitara, 140.
albidus (Labrax), G3.
albo-aureus (Lutjanus),
185.
albo-aureus (Mesoprion),
185.
albofuscus (llolocentrus),
108.
albofuscus (Serranus), 108.
alboguttata (Diacopc), 1 82.
alboguttatus (Lethrinus),
454.
alboguttatus (Serranus),
I2i>.
albomaculatus (Serranuf*),
105.
alborubrum (Iloloccn-
tritm), 3G.
albo^'ittatum (Diagram-
nia), 330.
albulus (Bryttus), 259.
album (Ilicmulon), 311.
alcedo (Smaris), 388.
alcedo (Sparus), 388.
alexandrinus (Serranus),
99.
alta (Ambassis), 227.
altipinnis, 499.
altivolioides (Serranus),
127.
altivclis (Serranus), 152.
Alvordius, .501.
Anibassis, 222, 505.
anibassis (Ccntropomus),
223
anibassis (Sargus), 449.
anibigua (Datiiia), 270.
ambiguus (l)ules), 270.
aniblycepbalus (Serra-
nus), 503.
amblvuropterus(Apogon),
24G.
amblyuropterus (Apogon-
ichthys), 24G.
amblyuropterus (Chilo-
dip^erus), 249.
aniboinensis(Apogon),234
amboinensis (Genyorogc),
183.
amboinensis (Lethrinus),
455.
amboinensis (Mosoprion),
1S3.
amboinensis (Serranus),
15G.
americana(Lucioperca),74
americana (Perca), G5.
americanum (Apogon),
247.
amcricanus(Aniplnbrion),
1G9.
amcricanus (Apogonich-
tliys), 247.
amcricanus (Labrax), G5.
Amia, 230.
Amphacanthus, 28.
Ampbiprion, 10, 29.
analis (Diacopc), 175.
analis (Hapalogenys), 318
analis (Mesoprion), 194
analis (Serranus), 123.
anatarius (Letbrinus),454.
angularis (Serranus), 126.
angulosus (Labrus), 4G.
angulus (Diacope), 505.
angustatus (Smaris), 390.
annularis (Ajiogon), 239.
annidaris (C'lirysoplu"ys),
483.
annularis (Diacope), 204.
annularis( Mesoprion), 204
annidaris (Sargus), 445.
annularis (Sparus), 44.5,
453, 483.
annulatum (Plcctropo-
ma), 158.
Anoplogaster, 8, 12.
Ano])lus, 2()4.
Antliias, 88.
antliias (Lutjanus), 88.
antillanus (Conodon),305
Anyperodon, 95.
apdtcs, 7.'
aper (Coracinus), 42G
A]iliarcus, 273, 385.
Apbredoderidac, 271.
Aphredodcrus, 271.
Aplodactylus, 434.
Apogon, 229.
Apogonichthys, 245.
Apogonina, 222.
apogonoides (Ambassis),
224.
apogonoides (Chilodi-»
pterus), 249.
appendix (Labrus), 2G1.
appendix (Pomotis), 2G1,
2G2.
Aprion, 81.
aprion (Apogon), 247.
aprion (Apogonichtliys),
247.
aprion (Gerres), 3.52.
Aj)silus, 82.
510
ALPHABETICAL IJTPF.X.
apua, 140.
aquila (Scinena), 169.
aquilensis (Pomotis), 261.
ara, 147.
arabica (Pcrca), 248.
arabicus (Centropomus),
248.
arabicus (Chilodiptorus),
248.
arara, 97.
arctiden8(Haplodactjlu9),
435.
arcuatum (H£emulon),305
arenatus (Priacanthus),
215.
arenatus (Rhypticu8),173.
arenosus (Sargus), 507.
areolata (Perca), 149.
areolatum (Plectropoma),
156.
areolatus (Serranus), 149.
argentata (Perca), 192.
argentatus (Labrus), 192.
argentea (Datnia), 283.
argentea ^Perca), 270.
argentea (Scisena), 291.
argenteum (Holocen-
trum), 28.
argenteum (Pristipoma),
291.
argenteu3 (Apogon), 245.
argenteus (Bodianu8),393.
argcnteus (Ca;sio), 393.
argenteus (Eucinosto-
mus), 339.
argenteus (Lethrinus),
454.
argenteus (Mesoprion),
185.
argenteus (Pomadasis),
291.
argenteus (Priacanthus),
215.
argenteus (Sargus), 444.
argenteus (Sparus), 388,
466.
argenteus (Therapon),
283.
argentimaculata (Dia-
cope), 192.
argentimaculata (Scisena),
192.
argentimaculatus (Meso-
prion), 192.
argentinus (Ilolocentnis),
97.
argcntinuB (Serranus), 97.
argus (Cephalopholis),! 15
argus (Holoc^ntrus), 104.
argus (Serranus), 115.
argyrea (Cichla), 353.
argyrea (Sciiena), 353.
argvreum (Pristipoma),
292.
argyreu8(Gcrres),353,507.
argyrogrammicus (Ser-
ranus), l(t3, 503.
argyropomus, 4, 500.
argyrops (Pagrus), 472.
argyrops (Sparus), 472.
argyrosoma (Lycogenis),
355.
argyrozona (Dentex), 368.
argyrozona (Priopis), 222.
arics (Chrysophrys), 489.
aries (Sargus), 449.
Arlina, 501.
armatus (Chaetodon), 81.
armatus (Enoplosus), 81.
aroubiensis (Apogon), 241
Arripis, 252.
ascensionis (Amphacan-
thus), 28.
ascensionis (Holocen-
trum), 28.
ascensionis (Lutjanus),28.
ascensionis (Perca), 28.
ascensionis (Sargus), 437.
Asper, 78.
asper (Perca), 74.
asperiUnguis ( Anthias), 89
aspersus (Serranus), 99.
Aspro, 78.
atherinoides, 404.
atlanticum (Oreosoma),
214.
atlanticus (Lethrinus),459
atlanticus (Sparus), 130.
atrarius, 86.
atrobranchus, 86.
atromaculata, 501.
auctorum (Lobotes), 338.
Aulacocephalus, 173.
aurantiaca (Diacope), 175.
am»ntiu8 ( Lutjanus), 326.
aurantius (Serranus), 1 18.
Aurata, 484.
aurata (Chry30phry3),484.
aurata (Perca), 356.
aurata (Scolopsis), 356.
Burata (Sparus), 476, 484.
auratum (Pristipoma),287
auratus (Centropomus),
230.
auratue (Holocontru9)^97.
auratus (Scolopsis), 356.
auratus ("Serranus), 97.
aureovindis (Sphyrspna),
79.
auriflamma, 404, 405.
aiu-iga (Dulcs), 266.
auriga (Pagrus), 471.
auripc8(ChrysopbryB),400
auritiim (Pristipoma), 29.'i
aurituB (Apogon), 24(i.
auritus (Apogonichthys),
246.
auritus (Labru.'^), 261.
auritus (Pomotis), 261.
auriventris (Sargus), 445.
aurolineatum(Ha'mulon),
316.
aurolincatus (Mesoprion),
184.
aurulineatus (Pentapus),
381, 507.
aurolincatus(Sparus),.381 ,
aurorubens (Centropris-
tes), 207.
aurorubens (Mesoprion),
207.
aurovittatus (Lutjanus),
356.
aurovittatus (Mesoprion),
186.
aurovittatu8(MuIlus), 403.
australasioa (Macquaria),
286.
australis (Chrysophrys),
494.
aust rali8( Trachichtliy s), 1 0
awoara (Serranns), 150.
axillaris (Apogon), 232.
axillaris (Diacope), 175.
axillaris (Myripristis), 19,
aya (Bodianus), 198.
aya (Mesoprion), 198.
azuraureus (Ca^sio), 392.
azureus (Lethrinus), 464.
baciilis, 222.
bahamenais (Aurata), 496.
balinensis (Apogon), 241.
balteatum (Diagramma),
328.
balt«atu9 (Plectorhyn-
chus), 327.
balteatus (Smaris), 389.
balteatus (Upcneus), 402.
bandanensis (Apogon),
2m.
bandi (Mullus), 397.
Banjos, 26*1.
banjos (Anoplus), 264.
barbatus (Mullus), 401.
barberinoides, 406.
barberinus, 405.
barlovi, 222.
bataviensis (Serranus), 129
batjanonsis (Ambassis),
225.
Bcllonii (Synagris\ 370.
bcngalcnsis (Gtenyoroge),
178, 504.
hpngalensis (TTolorcn-
trus), 178.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
511
benmebari (Priacanthus),
218.
bennetti (Dules), 270.
bennettii (Pristipoma),
298.
bensasi (MuUus), 399.
bensasi (Upeneoides), 399
berda (Chrysophrys), 490,
493, 494.
berda (Sparus), 408, 494.
bertheloti (Pagrus), 471.
BerycidsB, 8.
Beryx, 8, 12.
biacideatu8( Gaaterosteus),
5.
biaculeatiis (Upeneu8).410
bicolor (Pristipoma), 288.
bicolor (Rhypticus), 173.
bicolor (Smecticus), 173.
bifasciata (Chrysophrys),
488.
bifasciatum (Diploprion),
174.
bifusciatus (Apogon), 238.
bifasciatus (Chtetodon),
488.
bifasciatus (Heterogna-
thodon), 364.
bifasciatus (Mullus), 407.
bifasciatus (Upeneus),407.
biguttatus (Serranu9),156.
bilineata (Perca), 171.
bilineatum (Pristipoma),
287.
b'ilineatus (Anthias), 357.
bilineatus (Scolopsides),
357.
bilineatus (Upeneus), 41 1 .
bilobata (Chrysophrys),
483.
bilobatus (Sparus), 483.
bilobus (Gerres), 339.
bimaculatus (Scolopsis),
367.
binotatura, 28, 40.
binotatus (Coius), 339.
bipunctatus(Dentex),378.
bita'niata (Diacope), 191.
bitiuniatus (Mesoprion),
191.
bitscniatus (Upeneus),398.
bivittatus (Centropristis),
82.
bivittatus (Serranus), 82.
bivittatus (Upeneoides),
398.
bivittatus (Upeneus), 398.
bleekeri (Apogon), 245.
bleekeri (Mesoprion), 208.
bleekeri (Myripristis), 20.
bleekeri (Scolopsis), 3G1.
blochii (CantJiarus), 416.
blochii (Dentex), 378.
blochii (Diagramma), 329.
blochii (Plectorhynchus),
329.
blochii (Priacanthus), 218.
boelang (Serranus), 112.
boenack (Bodianus), 1 12.
boenack (Serranus), 112.
bogaraveo (Pagellus), 480.
bogaraveo (Sparus), 480.
Bogoda, 222.
bogoda (Ambassis), 228.
bogoda (Chanda), 228.
boliar (Diacope), 190.
boliar (Lutjanus), 190.
boliar (Mesoprion), 190.
bohar (Sciaena), 190.
Boleosoma, 77.
bonariense (HsemiUon),
312.
bonariensis (Priacanthus),
216.
bontoides (Serranus), 149.
bontoo, 138.
Boops, 418.
hoops (Anthias), 216.
boops (Perca), 216.
boops (Priacanthus), 216.
boops (Sparus), 418.
borbonicus (Lethrinus),
454.
borbonicus (Myripristis),
19.
borbonicus (Serranus), 89,
145.
borbonius (Anthias), 89,
502.
borensis (Diacope), 199.
borensis (Mesoprion), 199.
boreus, 501.
Boridia, 499.
boscii, 497.
botche, 19.
bottonensi^ (Diacope), 181
bottonensis (Genyoroge),
181.
bottonensis (Mesoprion),
181.
boutton( Holocentrus), 181
bouzetianuB (Therapon),
274.
bovinum (Plectropoma),
166.
Box, 418.
Boxaodon, 395.
brachycentrus, 5.
brachyrhynchus (Rhynch-
ichthys), 50.
brama (Cantharus), 416.
brama (Cynaedus), 446.
brama (Sparus), 410.
brandreii, 407.
brasilianum (Plectropo-
ma), 164.
brasiKanus (Gerres), 341.
brasiliensis (Centropris-
tis), 85.
breviceps (Pagellus), 473.
breviceps (Pomotis), 261.
brisbanii (Grystes), 251.
britannus (Sparus), 352.
brunneus (Epinephelus),
107.
brunneus (Serranus), 107.
Bryttus, 258.
buccauella (Mesoprion),
198.
bufonites (Sparus), 488.
bugaravella( Pagrus), 480.
bungus (Lethrinus), 463.
buphthalmos ( Anthias),87
biirgeri (Glaucosoma), 21 1
buruensis (Ambassis), 226
buruensis (Apogon), 246.
Caballerote, 194.
oabrilla (Perca), 106.
cabrilla (Serranus), 106.
cserulaiu-eus (Csesio), 392.
ceeruleolineata (Diacope),
209.
cseruleopunctata (Genyo-
roge), 182.
ceeruleo-punctatus (Holo-
oeutrus), 97.
cceruleopunctatus (Meso-
prion), 182.
u£Eruleo])unctatus (Serra-
nus), 97.
Cfflruleosticta (Chryso-
phrys), 485.
cseruleovittata (Diacope),
179.
casruleovittata (Genyo-
roge), 179, 504.
ceerulescens (Aphareus),
386.
cseruleus (Cantharus), 417
cseruleus ( Lethrinus), 454.
Cffisio, 265, 273, 390.
calamara (Chrysophrys),
490, 493.
calamus (Chrysophrys),
487.
calamus (Pagellus), 487.
calcarifer, 68.,
Callanthias, 87.
calvetii (Diacope), 205.
Camuri, 79.
canadensis (Lucioperca),
75.
canariensis i^Boops), 418.
(•«nariensis(Pageilu.s),473.
funct^Uata (Datnia). 276.
512
ALPHABETICAL FNOEX.
cancellatoides, 283.
cancellatus(ScoIop3is),361
cancellatus (Therapon),
276.
caninus (Scolopeis), 364.
caninus (Serramis), 133.
canna, 310, 311.
Cantliarina, 412.
cantharinum (Pristipo-
ma), 303.
Cantharus, 413.
cantharus, 414.
cantoris (Apogon), 243.
capensi8(Dipterodon),426
capensis (Portaceros), 212
capensis (Sargus), 442.
Capeuna, 316.
capeuna (Serranus), 316.
Caprodon, 88,93.
carauna, 120.
carbonarium, 76.
carbunculus, 79.
cardinalis (Chrysophrys),
470.
cardinalis (Pagrus), 470.
cardinalis (Sorranus) 97.
cardinalis (Sparus), 470.
carinata (Monocentris), 9.
carinatus (Auiphijirion),
10.
carinatus (Apogonicli-
thys), 247.
caripa, 293.
Caripe, 293.
carolinus (Priacantlms),
219.
carponotatu8(Me8oprion),
190.
carui, 185.
oataphracta (Sciajna), 9.
oatapliractus (Gast<;racan-
thua), 2.
catapliractus (Gastcroe-
tcus), 2.
catcnula (Labrus), 488.
catesbyi (Pomotis), 261.
cathariniE, 298.
Catoclucnum, 339.
Catonotus, 501.
catus (Coius), 200.
catus (Serranus), 130.
caudalis (Mesoprion), 191
caudanotatus(Mesoprion),
185.
cauflavittata(Datnia), 284
caudavitfatus (Dulos), 2(>7
Cauda vittatus (Iloloccn-
trus), 267.
caudiniiicula (Ilasmulon).
313.
caudoniaculatum (Holp-
criitruiii), 41.
caudovittatus (Therapon),
2S4.
cavifrons, 280.
celebieus (Dcntex), 377.
celebicus (Serranus), 139.
celebieus (Synagris), 377.
Centrarclius, 2.")6.
Ccntriscus, 2, 7.
centrodontus (Pagellus),
47(i.
controdontus(Sparu8), 476
Centropomus, 74, 79.
Ceiitropristis, 82, 1 74, 252.
renturio(Diagranima),322
centurio (Letlirinus), 460.
ceramensis (Apogon), 235.
cernium (Polyprion), 109.
Cernua, 72.
cernua, 72.
cervinus (Cliavax), 448.
cervinus (Sai-gus), 448.
cetti (Dentex), 367.
cetti (Spams), 367.
ceylonicus (Apogon), 229,
244.
ceylonicus (Mulloides),
404.
ceylonicus (Upeneus),404.
ChaH'orhynehus, 454.
Cb.'vfodon, 81.
cliirtodon (Pomotis), 268.
ehivtodonoides (Diagram-
ma), 326.
eli.t'todonoide9(Lutjanus),
32fi.
ehft^todonoides (Pleeto-
rliynclms), 326.
CliiTtopterus, 273, 385.
Clianda, 222.
cliannus (Perca), 106.
Chai-ax, 452.
Clieilodipterus, 248.
cheirospilos, 502.
clierserydros, 404.
cliema (Anthias), 111.
eliilensis (Pcrcichthys),
61.
cliilodiptcroides (Scom-
brops), 249.
Cliilodipterus, 248.
chinensis (Cnidon), 68.
eliirtali, 185.
chlorocephalus(Serranus),
UK),
ehloronotum, 286.
ehloropterum (Plectropo-
ma), 164.
clilorostigma (Serranus),
151.
chlorurum(Plcetroponia),
167.
cUristianum, 4(5.
chromis (HiBmulon). 310.
ehvoniis (Perea). 310.
elirysargjTa (Cliryso-
plirys), 488.
el n-ysargyreum ( Ilamu-
lon), 314.
ehryselis (Sinaris), 388.
clirysobalion (Pristipo-
nia), 2S9.
clu'ysomelanurus (Spa-
rus), 111.
Chrysophrys, 465, 483.
chrysopleuron, 410.
chrys()j)omus (Apogon),
240.
ehrysops (Spnrus), 496.
chrysoptera (Perca). 133.
chrysoi)terum (Uicnui-
lon), 313.
chrysopterus (Chilodipte-
riLs), 305.
chry-opterus (Lutjanus),
313.
cliry sosoma ( Ajiogon ), 237
chrysostomus ( Letlirinus),
457.
clirysota'nia(_ Apogon), 242
chrysota'uia (Diagram-
ma), 333.
chrysota;nia (Mesoprion),
192.
chrysozona (C.-vsio), 392.
chrvsurus (Grainmistcs),
180.
chrysurus (Mesoprion),
186.
chrysurus (Si>anis), 186.
ciehlops (Ani bias). 95,503.
ciehlops (Serranus), 95.
eiliata (Perea), 62.
ciliata (Perciehtliys), 62.
eiliata (Seiirna), MH.
ciliatus (IIoloeentrus),355
eiliatus (Seolojisis), 355.
cinetum(Diagrannna),325
cinetum (■Plectro|)0)na),
l(i2.
cinerasccns (Diagramma),
323.
cinercus (Lcthruuis), 453.
cinereus (Therapon), 276.
cinnabarinus (Ixithrinus),
454.
cinnabarinus (Upenous),
404.
citrinua (Lobotes), 337-
civis (Diacopc), 184.
civis (Genyoroge), 184.
clathratus, 6.'}, 501.
Cnidon, (KS.
eociiuea (Diacope), 180.
coeeineus (Apogon), 229.
ai,i>]iai)i;tual inukx.
oJli
ooccoi (Microiehthys), 229
cocosensi9(Lethrinu9),459
coioides (Bola), 127.
coioides (Sen-anus), 127.
Colas, 18(5.
collaris (Scolopsides), 356.
colonus (Serranus), 101.
commersonii (Ambassis),
22.3.
commersonii (Labrus),
289.
commersonii (Pristipo-
ma), 289.
conceptionis (Centropris-
tis), 84.
conceptioni8(Pristipoma),
300.
conceptionis (Serranus),
84.
concinnus, 6.
Conodon, 273, 304.
convexifrons (Pomotis),
262.
Coracinus, 426.
coracinus (Clu-jsoj^hrys),
Corniger, 28.
eornigerum (Holocen-
trum), 49.
cornutum (Holocentrum),
45.
cornutus (Anoplogaster),
coro, 297.
coronatus (Serranus), 124.
corvina (Perca), 291.
Corviilus, 230.
crapao, 137.
crassilabri8(lTpeneus),41 ]
crassirostris (Chryso-
phrys), 484.
crassispinum (Diagram-
ma), 319.
Crenidens, 424, 427, 431.
crenidens (Sparus), 424.
creolus (Serranus), 100.
cristiceps (Chrysoplu*ys),
croceopterus (Lethrinus),
454.
Crochilus, 114.
crocro, 296.
cruentatus (Labrus), 215.
cruentatus (Priacanthus),
215.
cruentatus (Sparus), 124.
cuning (Sparus), 390.
cupreus (Apogon), 237.
curvidens (Gymnocrota-
phus), 432. '
euvieri (Gasterosteus), 5.
cuvieri (Therapon). 282.
i-vaiiesccns (^boxnodon).
■ 395.
cvane.scens (Erythrich-
' thys), 395.
cyanosoma (Apogon ), 242.
oyanopodus, 98.
cyanoptera(Chrysophrys),
489.
cvanoptcrus (Mesoprion),
* 184.
ryanostigma (Plectropo-
' ma), 157.
cyanostigma (Serranus),
117.
cyanostigmatoides (Ser-
ranus), 117.
C3'anota;nia (Apogon ),242.
cyanoxanthus(Letlnin us).
454.
cyclostoma (Bodianus),
157.
cyclostoma (Upeneus),409
eyclostomus, 409.
cylindricus (Ctsio), 393.
cylindi'icus( Serranus), 151
Cyna?dus, 42(J, 485.
cynodon (Dentex), 366.
cynodon(Mesoprion), 194.
cynodon (Sparus), 366.
cyprinoides (Chsotodon),
' 498.
cyprinoides (Upeneus),
' 404.
danubiensis, 73.
Datnia, 274.
datnia (Coius), 283, 490.
Datnioides, 273, 338.
datnioides (Psammoper-
ca), 69.
decacanthus (Pentaceros),
213.
decadactylus, 14, 16.
decemlineata (Diacope),
178.
decussatus (Mesoprion),
210.
delissii, 502.
delphini, 16.
demidofRi, 74.
Dentalis, 370.
dentatus (Apsilus), 188.
dentatus( Mesoprion), 188.
Dentex, 273, 366.
dentex (Cichla), 367.
dentex( Plectropom a) , 1 60.
dentex (Sparus), 367.
dermochirus (Serranus),
99.
dermopterus (Serranus).
154.
Diabasis. 305.
diacantha (Perca), ()3.
diacantlia (Scitena), 63.
diacanthu8(Serranus),l 10.
Diacope, 175, 184.
diadema 42.
Diagramma, 318, 337.
diagramma(Anthia8),329.
diagramma (Grammistes),
329.
diagramma (Perca), 330.
diagramma (Sparus), 329.
diaphanus (Calliurus),258
dichropterus, 142.
diktiophorus, 503.
dimidiatus, 2.
Diplectrum, 82.
Diploprion, 174.
Dipterodon, 78, 426.
Dipterygonotus, 395.
dodecacanthoides (Meso-
prion), 206.
dodecacanthus (Meso-
prion), 206.
Doydixodon, 431.
dubius(Ch£etopterus),385.
dubius (Midlus), 411.
dubius (Priacanthus), 221 .
dubius (Upeneus), 411.
Dules, 266.
duodecim-lineata, 175.
dussumieri (Ambassis),
225.
dussumieri (Chanda), 225.
dussumieri (Pimelepte-
rus), 497.
dussumieri (Pristipoma),
291.
effidgens, 501.
eln-enbergii (Letlirinus),
459.
ehrenbergii (Pagrus), 471.
elegans (Hasmidon), 306.
elliptica (Datnia), 276.
ellipticus (Lutjanus), 357.
ellipticus (Therapon), 276.
elongata (Perca), 64.
elongatus (Labrax), 64.
elongatus( Lethrinus ),458.
elongatus( Mesoprion ), 1 85
elongatus (Pomotis), 262.
elongatus (Trachichthys),
10.
emarginatus (Cantharus),
416.
emarginatus( Lobotes),337
emarginatus (Serranus),
134.
emery ii (Mesoprion), 185.
Emmelichthys, 395.
endeka-tisnia (Apogon),
241.
2 L
514
ALPHAUKTICAL INDEX.
enneacanthus (Mcso-
prion), 209.
enneadactvlus (Pomacen-
trus), 3o6.
enneastigraa (Apogon),
236.
Enoplosus, 80.
ephippium(Plectropoma),
167.
epistictus (Serranus), 128.
equula (Gerres), 3.")3.
erate (Lobotes), 338.
erythracanthus (Lethri-
nus), 454.
erythraeum (Holocen-
trum), 32.
erythraeus (Serranus), 116.
Erythrichthys, 274, 395.
erythrina (Diacope), 199
Erythrinus, 473.
erythrinus (Mesoprion),
199.
erythrinus (Pagellus),
473, 478.
erythrinus (Pagrus), 473.
erythrinus (Sparus), 473.
erythrogaster(Ca^sio),2G5.
erythrogaster (Odonlo-
nectes), 265.
crv-throgaster (Serranus)
'133.
erythrognalhua (Meso-
))rion), 185.
erythropterus(Lethrinus),
454.
erythropterus (Lutjana*),
205.
erythropterus (Mesopri-
on), 205.
erythrostoma(Sparus),370
erythrura (Cichla), 352.
erythruruB (Lethrinus),
4;58.
erythrurus (Serranus), 99.
erythrurus (Sparus), 352.
esculentus (Lethrinus),
400.
Estrella, 501.
etaape (Mesoprion), 178.
Etelis, 79.
Etheostoma, 77.
Etheostomata, 77.
fallax (Pomotis), 262.
farkharii (Lobotes), 338.
fasciata (Cichla), 258.
fasciata (Perca), 109.
fasciatum (Pristipoma),
301.
fasciatus (Apogon), 241.
fasciatus (Bryttus), 260.
fasciatus (Catonotus), .Wl .
fasciatus (Centrarchus),
2.-)8.
fasciatus (Grystes), 252.
fasciatus (Holocentrus),
lOi.
fasciatus (Lethrinus), 4.53.
fasciatus (Mullus), 241.
fasciatus (Prionodes), 90.
fasciatus (Sargus), 448.
fasciculare, 83.
fasciolatus (Dentex), 376.
fax, 215, 220.
filamentosum (Catoch.i?-
num), 346.
filamentosus (Anthias),
502.
filamentosus (Cantharus),
378.
filamentosus (Centropris-
tis), 103, 502.
filanientoi?us(Dentex),371 ,
378, 380.
filamentosus (Gerrcs),345.
fiIamentosus(Pagru8),47 1 .
filamentosus (Serranus),
103, 502.
filamentosus (Synagris),
378.
filosus (Dentex), 371.
fimbriat us (Serranus), 1 33.
llavcscens (Bodianus), 59.
flavescens (Lethrinus), 4.54
flavesccns (Mesoprion),
194.
flavescens (Perca), 59.
flavescens (Serranus), 82.
flavimarginatus (Serra-
nus), 103.
flavipes (Diacope), 175.
flavipinnis (Mesoprion),
185.
flaviventris (Dules), 267.
flavocaeruleus (Holocen-
trus), 145.
flavo-ca-ruleus (Serranus),
145.
flavoguttatus (Serranus),
99.
flavolineatus (Mullus),403
flavolineatu9(Sargus),446.
flavolineatus (UpeneuB),
403.
flavo-maculatiun (Dia-
gramma), 322.
flavovittatus, 403.
flavus (Serranus), 106.
floridensis (Bryttus), 260.
floridensis(Calliurus),260.
fluviatilis (Cernun), 72.
fluviatilis (Perca), 58,
fretcla. 322.
forniosa (Percn), 305.
fonnosa (Scia^na), 154.
formosum (Haemulon),
305.
formosus (Anthias), 306.
formosus (Calliurus), 259.
formosus (Serranus), 154.
forskalii (Crcnidens), 424.
forskalii (Holocentrus),
109.
forsteri(Chrysophrys),483
forsteri (Sparus), 483.
foveatus, 141.
fraterculus, 404.
fremitivillei (Doydixo-
don), 431.
frenatus (Apogon), 241.
frenatus (Lethrinus), 453.
frenatus (Scolopsis), 361.
fucatus (.Apogon), 244.
fulgens (Mesoprion), 185,
197.
fulgens(Priacanthus),215.
fulva (Diacope), 184.
fulva (Genyoroge), 184.
fulva (Perca), 184.
fulviflamma (Diacope),
201.
fidviflamraa (Mesoprion),
201.
fulviflamma (Perca), 201.
fulviflarama(Sciama),201 .
fulvomaculatum (Hacmu-
lon), 301.
fulvomaculatum (Pristi-
poma), 301.
fulvomaculatus (Labrus"),
301.
fulvus (Holocentrus), 184.
furcatum (Holocentrum),
29.
furcatus (Aphareus), 385.
.furcatus (Labrus), 386.
furcosus (Dentex), 873.
furcosus (Synagris), 373.
fuscescens (Mesoprion),
20K
fuscescens (Sparus), 4*53.
fuscoguttatus (Serranus),
127.
fuscus (Apogon), 229.
fuscus (Apsilus), 82.
fuscus (Didcs), 268.
fuscus (Pimelepterus),
498.
fuscus (Serranus), 134.
fuscus (Xyster), 498.
gagarella (Smari.s), 388.
gaimardi (Serranus), 1.50
galeus (Serranus), 130.
gallinaceum. 286.
Gasteracanthus. 2.
ALPn.VltKTU'AL INDKX.
il.J
jfastcrosteidiK, 1.
jrasterosleus, 2, 8.
;aterina, 322.
jemhra (Mesoprion), 10'5.
jenigiitlatiis (Lctlu-inus),
4:)4.
genidttatus (Lellirinus),
454.
Genyoi'oge, 175.
geograpliicus (Sen-anus),
150.
georgianus (Arripis), 253.
georgianus (Ceutropris-
tis), 253.
gerreoidcs (Pcntaprion).
Gerrcs, 273, 339.
gliaiiam, 3()2.
ghcbiil (Therapon), 2S1.
Giaret. 388.
gibba (Diacope), 180.
gibba (Genyorogc), 180.
gibba (SciEena), 180.
gibbiceps (Chrysopbrys).
480.
gibbofsa (Pcrca), 261.
gibboMiin (DiagranimaV
310.
gibbosus (Aplirododcni.^),
271.
gibbosus (Holoccntrus).
288.
gibbosus (Pomotis), 2t>l.
gibbus (Lutjanus), 180.
gigas (Centropristis). 251.
gigas (Holocentrus), 132.
gigas (Oligorus), 251.
gigas (Serraiuis), 132.
gilberti (Serranus), 148.
gillissii (Percilia), 255.
GircUa, 427.
glaga, 247.
Glaucosoma, 211.
globiceps (Chrysoplirys),
485.
gloriosus (I5ryttus), 2G0.
glv]>liodoii (Lcthrinus),
402.
gobioidcs (Dentex), 3(){).
Gobius, 78.
godini (Apogon), 232.
goldnianni (Diagramma),
331.
goldmanni (Serranu8),12()
goliath, 97.
gora (Sparus), 387.
goreensis (Box), 421.
goreensi8(Mesoprion),105
gorecnsis (Pagcllu*), 481.
goiTcnsis (Hprraiius). 133.
gotliolVcfli (].ii>lhriiHi!!),
gracilis (Ajjogonichtliys),
240.
gracilis (Perca), (iO.
gracilis (Sniaris), 380.
grivcus (ScaUiarus), 422.
Gramniisios, 171.
graiiiiiio]i(rciliini, 280.
graiule (Paclivinetopon),
42-1.
graudoculi.s (C'antliarus),
417.
gTandoculis (Chry.*o-
piirys), -405.
graiidoculis (Sciicna), 405.
grandoculis (SpariLs), 405.
grandocxdis (Sp]ia>rodon),
405.
graiuilata (Perca), 50.
grisea (Lucioperca), 70.
griseum (Diagramma),32 1
griseus (Cantbarus), 414.
gri.<eus (Dentex), 372.
griseus (Mesoprion), 104.
grossidens, 409.
G^ryslcs, 251.
Grystina, 251.
giiainensis (Apogon). 229.
guamensis (Dales), 200.
guativere, 08.
guativere (Bodianus). 12().
guaza (Labrus), 1 10.
gula (Gevres), 34().
guliminda, 304.
gulosus(Centi'arcluis),258.
gulosus (Pomotis), 258.
gumniiguttata (Pioctro]jo-
nia), KiO.
guoraka. 28().
guttata (Pcrca \ 124.
guttatus (Bodianus), 110.
guttatus (Haplodactyliis),
434.
guttatus (Johnius), 07.
guttatus (Scrranus), 1 17,
119, 124.
gutta-variuni (Plectropo-
nia), 100.
guttulatus (Pagrus), 408.
Gymnoccphalus, 72.
gyinnoeeplialus (Lutja-
luis), 223.
Gymnocrotapluis, 432.
gymnodon (Scia-na), 388.
gynniopareius (Serranus),
105.
nymnoptcrus (Ca^sio),
304.
gyninosus, 145.
gyninurus, 3.
lia'inatocliii'l l)iagraiiiina ),
331.
luematoptcrus (Lethi'i-
nus), 4()4
Hannulon, 273, 305.
haU'ara(Cbrysophrys),-18S.
hartara (Sparus), 445, 48S.
liamrubr (Antbias), 210.
bamrulu" (Lutjanus), 210.
hamrubr (Priacantbusl,
210.
hamruhr (Sciirna), 210,
Ilapalogenys, 273, 317.
Ilaplodactylina, 434.
Haplodactylus, 434.
harak (Letlninus), 458.
liarak (Scia?na), 458.
liartzfeldii (Apogon), 242.
hasta (Cbrysopbrys). 400
hasta (Dent«x), 373.
hasta (Lutjanus), 280.
ha.sta (Pristiponia), 280.
hasta (Sparus), 400.
hastatum (Holocentruni).
30.
hebraiciun (Glauoo.soma ).
211.
hcehtii, 502.
liclhnuthii (Heterogna-
thodon), 304.
Felotes, 272.
helvetica (Perca), 58.
heniistictus( Serranus), 1 J 0
]iepatus(C'entropristis),84.
hepatus(Graminisles),28(i
licpatus (irolocentrus).84.
hepatus (Labrus), 84.
hepatus (Sen-anus), 84.
heptacanihus, 400.
heptadaet y lus ( I loloccn -
trus), ()8.
lieptastignia(Apogon).23l
heptazona (Chilodi))io-
rus). 248.
Iieros (Pomotis), 203
Iletcrodon, 304.
heterodon (Ilainulun).
312.
heterodon (Pagrus), 40.5.
l-.oterodon (Spluurodon ),
405.
I£eterognathodon,273..")04
Iletero.phthahuus, 5( )0 .
liexacanthus (Centrar-
chus), 257.
liexacanthus (Diptero-
don), 230.
liexacanthus (Pomotis),
257.
hexagonata (Perca). 141.
hexagonatus (lloioceii-
tnis), 141.
I lexagonatus ( Serra 1 1 1 h ).
||(» 5(13
'J L 2
616
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
hexagoniis (Lutjanus), 27.
hexagomis (Myriprislis),
27.
hexazona (Lobotes), 339.
bexodon (Dentex), 376.
hexodon (Synagris), 376.
hirundinaceus, 87.
hispanum (Plectropoma),
165.
hober(Centropomu9).201.
hoedtii, 139.
hoevenii (Apogon), 237.
hoevenii (Serranus), 138.
holbrookii (Pomotis), 261.
Holocentrum, 8, 22, 28.
holocentriim (Priacan-
thus), 220.
Holocentru8,29,36, 72, 84.
Homodon, 252.
Hoplostethus, 8.
horridus (Serranus), 136.
hoteen (Mesoprion), 201.
hottentottus (Sargns),448.
humeralis (Oligocepba-
lus), 501.
humeralis (Serranus), 104.
humeri-maculatus, 446.
humilis (Bryttus), 258.
Huro, 255.
hurta (Aurata), 465.
hurt a (Pagrus), 465.
hurta (Sparus), 465.
hyalosoma (Apogon), 231 .
Hyperoglyphe, 337.
hyp-elonotus (Apogon),
232.
hypselosoma(Dentex),371
imberbis (Apogon), 230.
imberbis (Mullus), 230.
immaculata(Diacope),191
immaculatus(Me9oprion),
193.
immaculatus (Upeneus),
409.
impetiginosus, 142.
incisor (Pimelepterus),
497.
incisor (Pomotis), 261.
inconstans, 2.
incurvus (Lobotes), 338.
indicus (Mullus), 406.
indicus (Pimelepterus),
497.
indicus (Upeneus), 406.
indigo (Plectropoma), 1 66.
inermis (Seolopsis), 357.
inermis (Serranus), 152.
inopinatus, 2.
insidiator (Smaris), 390.
intermedius (Qtisteros-
teus), 2.
interrupta(Amba9sis),220.
interruptu8(Ambloplites),
257.
int€rruptus(Centrarehus),
257.
iridea (Perca), 257.
irideus (Centi'archus),257.
iris (Labrus), 2.57.
iris (Pentapus), 380.
irradians, 83.
isodon (Mesoprion), 206.
itaiara, 99.
italiea (Perca), 58.
jacobus, 19.
jacome, 85.
jaguar, 29.
jansenii (Serranus), 99.
jansenii (Upeneus), 410.
janthinuropterus (Meso-
prion), 193.
janthinurus (Mesoprion),
181.
japonicum (Acropoma),
250.
japonicum (Pristiporaa),
303.
japonicus (Anthias), 354.
japonicus (Epiuephelus),
109.
japonicus (Ga8terosteus),9
japonicus (Gerres), 351.
japonicus (Labrax). 71.
japonicus (Lateolabrax),
71.
japonicus (Lepisacan-
thus), 9.
japonicus (Lutjanus), 354.
japonicus (Monocentris),9
japonicus (Mullus), 404.
japonicus (Myripri8tis),25
japonicus (Percalabrax),
71.
japonicus (Priacanthus),
217, 218.
japonicus (Seolopsis), 354.
japonicus (Sparus), 378.
japonicus (Synagris), 378.
japonicus (Upeneus), 404.
jarbua (Holoccntrus),278.
jarbua (Seinena), 278.
jocu (Anthias), 194.
jocu (Mesoprion), 195.
johnii (Anthias), 200.
johnii (Mesoprion). 200.
jub (Sparus), 288.
juba (G-rammistes), 288.
juba (Perca), 288.
jubelini, 286.
jnsculum (M.tna). 386.
kakaan, 289.
kallopterus(Apogon),241.
kallopterus (Lethrinus),
459.
kalosoma (Apogon), 240.
kapas (Gerres), 35l.
karooi, 185.
karwa (Lethrinus), 454.
kasmira(Grammi8tes),178
kasmira (Sciana), 178.
kale, 3.54.
katoptron, 501 .
kawamebari (Serranus),
107.
koilomatodon (Apogon),
234.
kopsii (Ambassis), 224.
korely (Lethrinus), 453.
kunhardtii, 99.
kuntee, 20.
kiu-ite, 354.
Kyphosus, 497.
Labrax, 63.
labrax (Perca), 63, 75.
labrax (Sciaena), 63.
labriformis(Serranu8),152
Labrus, 46, 84.
lacteoguttatum, 38.
laive (Holocentrum), 47.
laevifrons, 497.
Ifcvis (Labrus), 158.
laevis (Perca), 61.
Inrvis (Percichthys), 61.
lala, 222.
lanceolatus(Holocentrus),
107.
lanceolatus(Serranus), 107
laniarius (Pagrus), 467.
lata (Scia;na), 465.
Lateolabrax, 70.
lateralis (Apogon), 229.
lateristriga, 405.
Lat«s, 67.
laticeps (Holocentrum),38
laticeps(Chrysophry8),485
latidens (Letiu-inus), 464.
latifasciatus (Serranus),
154.
latifrons (Lethrinus), 458.
latus (Apogon), 229.
latus (Pagrus), 465.
lebretonianus, 99.
leignathos, 21.
Leiopsis. 380.
leiurus, 3.
Lembus. 505.
lembus (Pimelepterus),
498.
lemniscatus (Serranus),
155.
leo, 39.
leonina (Perca). 485.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
517
leoniiiu6 (Crenidens ), 427.
leonoides, 28.
leopardinum (Plectropo-
iiia), 107.
leojiardus (Ilulocentrus),
I ;-)7.
leojiardus (Labrus), 12.3.
leopardus (Plectroponia),
157.
leopardus (Scrranus), 123.
lepidolcpis (Anthias), 'ilJl.
lepidopterus (Epuicphe-
lus), 'J7.
lepidoptcrus(Serranu9);y7
lepidum (Boleosonia), 77.
lepidus (OUgocephalus),
50'.
Lepisacanthus, 8.
lepisurus (Sparus), 100.
leptacanthus (Apogon),
232.
lessonii (Diagramnia),329.
lethrinoides (Dentex), 372.
Letlu-inu9 453.
leuciscus (Dules), 270.
leucogrammicus (Anyper-
odon), 9G.
leucogramiuicus (Diptery-
gonotus), .396.
leucograramicus (Emmel-
ichthjs), 390.
leueogrammicus (Ery-
thriclitbys), 390.
leueogrammicus (Serra-
nus), 96.
leucostigma (Serraniis),
137.
leucotienia (Scolopsis),363
leucotasnioide8(Scolopsis),
363.
leucurum (Pristipoma),
280.
leutjanus (Bodianus),4Gl.
leutjanus(Lethrinus), 461.
lima, 19, 28.
limbatus (Gerres), 339.
Hmbatus (Serranus), 125.
linea (Mesoprion), 195.
lineata (Diaoope), 193.
lineata (Perca), 248, 330.
lineata (Scisena), 64, 330.
lineatum (Diagramma),
330.
lineatum(Pristipoma),300
lineatus (Apogon), 239.
lineatus (Beryx), 13.
lineatus (Cantharus), 414.
lineatiis(Centropomus),05
lineatus (Chilodipterus),
248.
lineatus (Gerres), 339.
lineatus (Graramiste6),330
lineatus (Labrax), 04.
lineatus (Mesoprion), 193.
lineatus (Pagrus), 414.
lineatus (Sargus), 444.
liueatus (Scolopsis), 301,
302.
lineatus (Serranus), 150.
lineatus (Smaris), 339.
lineatus (Sparus), 387, 414
lineolata (L)iacope), 205.
lineolafus (Apogon), 244.
lir.eolatus(Canth!irus),4I8
lineolatus (Mesoprion),
205, 208.
linsleyi, 501.
lithognathus (Pagellus),
483.
litiu-a (Mesoprion), 194.
Lobotes, 273, 337.
longifilis (Pagi'us), 472.
longimanus (Anthias), 94.
longipinne (Holocen-
trum), 28.
longirostris (Labrus), 353.
longispinis(CIu'ysoplirys),
490.
longulus (Bryttus), 259.
longulus (Calliurus), 259.
longidus (Pomotis), 259.
longulus (Scolopsis), 303.
lophodon (Haplodacty-
lus), 435.
lorieatus (Gasterosteus), 2.
loubina, 79.
louti, 101.
lowei, 17.
lucidus (Geri-es), 339.
Lucioperca, 74.
lueioperca, 75.
luciopercanus, 84.
luna (Pomotis), 201.
lunaria (Perca), 97.
lunaris (Cffisio), 390.
lunulata (Perca), 185.
lunulatus (Lutjanus), 185.
lunulatus(Mesoprion),185
lunidatus (Serranus), 97.
lupus, 03.
lutea (Coryphaina), 377.
lutcus (Dentex), 377.
luteus (Lutjanus), 286.
luteus (Synagris), 377.
luteus (Upeneus), 404.
lutjanus, 185.
latra (Serraniis), 126.
lycogenis (Dentex), 381,
507.
lycogenis (Seolopsides),
355.
macolor (Diacope), 176.
macolor (Qenyoroge), 1 76.
macolor (Mcsopi'ion), 176.
Macquaria, 274, 285.
maequariensis (Grystes),
251.
maequariensis (Oligorus),
251.
macraeanthus (Ambassis).
227.
macraeanthus (Gerres),
346.
maeraeantlius (Meso-
prion), 283.
macraeanthus (Priacan-
thus), 220.
macraeanthus (Traehypo-
m.T), 107.
macroeephalus (Bodi-
anus), 145.
macroeephalus (Dentex),
366, 405.
macroeephalus (Labrus),
300.
macrochir (Pomotis), 263.
macrodon (Centropomus),
248.
maerolepis( Ambassis), 227
maerolepis (Bogoda), 227.
maeronemus (Midlus),
405.
maeronemus (Synagris),
380.
maeronemus ( Upeneus),
405.
macrophtlialmus (An-
thias), 91, 218,502.
macrophthalmus (Centro-
pristis), 91, 502.
macrophthalmus (Cichla),
370.
macrophthalmus (Den-
tex), 370.
macrophthalmos (Plec-
tropoma), 165.
macrophthalmus (Pria-
canthus), 215.
maerophthalmu8(Sparus),
370.
macroptera (Psammoper-
ea), 69.
macropteroides (Apogon),
245.
macropterus (Apogon),
24-1, 245.
macropterus(Labrus),257.
macropterus (Briacan-
thus), 215.
macropus (Holoeentrum),
31.
macropus (Priacanthus),
216.
niaerosoma (Gerres), 353.
macrospilos (Serranus),
149.
niacrostoma (Hajmidon),
308.
518
ALI'IIAIJKTICAL IXIIKX.
inacriirus (Hoto'o^iatlid-
tloii), .'JC..').
macula (JSparus), ^88.
inaculatii (Perca), 130.
maculatuin (Boleoaoma),
77.
uificulatum (Plectropo-
ma), 15G.
inaculatum (Pristipoma),
293.
maculatus(Alvordius),501
maculatus (Antliias), 293.
inaculal iis(Bodianus), 156.
niacidatus (Ciusio), 3U1.
miwjulatus (Cantharus),
417.
maculatus (Dules), 208.
maculatus (Hapalogenya),
317.
maculatus (Holocentrus),
108.
niaculalus (Lcnibus), 505.
inaculatus(Lcthrinus),453
macidatiis (Lutjanus),293
niaciilatus (Mu'llus), 408.
luaoidatus (Rhypticus),
173.
maculatus (Sei"ranus),108.
130.
maculatus (Upeucus), 4(J8
maculosus (Apogon), 23(>.
maculosus (Ceutrarelius),
257.
maculosus (Serranus), W.
madagascariensis (Chrys-
oplirys), 483.
madras (Mesoprion), 200.
malabaricus (Upeneus),
4{)7.
Mfena, 273, 386.
mivna (Sparus), 386.
mahogoni (Mesoprion),
203.
mah8ena(Lethrinus), 463.
mahsena (Sciaiua), 4()3.
mahsenoides (Lethriiius),
463.
mainensis, 6.
major (Pagrus), 470.
malabaricus (Mesoprion),
204.
malabaricus (Sparus), 204.
malo (IJulcs), 270.
maiiadensis(Anthia8),502.
marciac, 4'.)8.
margaritifer (Scolopsis),
355, 507.
margaritifer (Serranus),
131.
margaritophorus (Apo-
gon), 234.
niargi)iali!;( l<;|>in('pliclus),
135.
marginal is (Serraniu-;).
101), 1.J5.
marginata (Diacoi>e), 181.
marginata (Grenyoroge),
181.
marginata (Perca), 62.
marginata (Percichthvs).
62.
mai'ginatum (Holocen-
trum), 36.
marginatus (Dentex), 373.
inarginatus (Dides), 268.
marginatus (Mesoprion),
181.
marginatus (Pomotis). 264
marginatus(Serranus),l."i3
marianum, 2'*^-
marina (Luciopcrca), 75.
marina (Perca), 103, 106.
marinus (Gastcrosteus), 7.
marinus (Holocentrus),
104, 106.
maroccanus (Dentex), 370
martinicus (Smaris), 387.
martinicus (Upeneus),402
massiliensis (Scorprena).
169.
massiliensis (Sparus), 387,
476.
matejuels, 29.
mato (Dules), 270.
maurii (Smaris), 389.
mam-itianus (Smaris), 392.
mauritianus (Upeneus),
402.
mauritii (Grammistes),
288.
meaeo, 244.
mediterraneuin (Dia-
grainma), 321.
mediterrancus (IIoplo-
stethus), 9.
megachir (Serranus), 148.
Melanichtbys, 427.
melanichthys(Crenidens).
427.
melanoleucum (I'lectro-
poma), 1.57.
melanoleucus (Bodianus),
157.
melano])s (Bryttus), 260.
melanops (Calliurus), 2(50.
melanops(Percichthys),t)[
uielanopterum (Pristi-
poma), 287.
nielanorliina (Plectro-
poma), 166.
melanorhynclios (Apo-
gon), 241.
melanospi los( Gei i vorogc) .
183.
niclaMOspilos( McHOiii'ion ).
183.
niclano'a'iiia, 504.
inelanotoptcrmn (llolo-
centruiri), 43.
melanura (Diacope), 183.
melan ura(G-enyoroge), 183
melanura (Oblata), 422.
melaniu*a (Sciana), 445.
Melanurus, 422.
melanurus(Bodianus), 147
melaiuu'us (Sc^rranus), 147
melanurus (Smaris), 389.
melanurus (Sparus). 422.
UK^Ias (Apogon). 243.
mela.s (Serranus), 143.
mcndola (S])arus), 38().
mcntzelii, 140.
mcrou, 132.
merra, 141.
Mesoprion. 175.
mesoprion (Dentex), 373.
metallicus, 204.
metopias (Dentex), 376.
metopia;- (Synagris), 376.
microceplialus (Gastcros-
teus), 2.
microchir (Me.-^oprion).
186.
microdon (Dentex), 372.
microdon (Heterognatho-
don), 366.
microdon (Letliri!uis),453
Microichthys, 22;"!.
microlcpis (Datnioides),
3;{9.
microlepis(Tlierapon ),274
microlophus (Pomotis),
264.
n 1 ic-ronot atus ( Ser ran us ),
137.
microphthalnumi (Hic-
mulon), 30().
microphllialnms (Myri-
pristis), 24.
microprion (Lobotes), 372
nu'croprion (Serranus),
116.
microps (Calliurus), 258.
niicrops (Pagellus), 487.
Micropterus, 252.
micropterus (Pagrus), 468
microstoma (Iloloeen-
trum), 34.
microstoma (Lutjanus),
289.
miliaris (Serranus), 99.
millepun('tatus, 7.
miniata (Diacope), 118.
miniala (Perca), 118,119.
miniatus ( Lethrijuis), 454.
minialus (t^erranus), 1 18.
miniatus (Sparus). 454.
minima (C'icida), 258.
miteliilli (I'crca), (55.
ALPnAJiKTICAL INDEX.
519
)iiitis, 503.
iiioara (Serraniis), 133.
aiocliar, 484.
iiiodestuin (H.timilon),
607.
modestus (Apogon), 237.
moensii (Lethrinus), 4.55.
inolucceiisis( Apogon), 229
inolucccnsis(Upeneoides),
3'jy.
luonacanthus (Plectro-
poina), 104.
Monoeentris, 8.
iuonocliTOus(Apogon),236
monogramma (Scolopsis),
358.
iiionostigma (Mesoprion),
201.
Hiorio, 142.
Mormyrus, 481.
inormyrus (Pagellus), 481
iiiormyriis (Pagrus), 4^1.
luorinyrus (Pei'ca), 106.
inorrhua (Serrauus), 154.
mucroiiata (Perca), 65.
mvicronatum (Pristipo-
ma), 318.
mucronatus (Hapalo-
genys), 318.
mucronatus (Labrax), 65.
Mullidre, 397.
MuUoides, 402.
nmlloides (Dentex), 374.
mulloides (Synagris), 374.
Mullus, 400.
multidens (Dentex), 373.
multifasciatus (Midlus),
407.
multilineatus(Labi'ax),67,
501.
multitaeniatus (Apogon),
220, 242.
murdjan, 21.
iniu'iniis (Bryttus), 260.
uiui'inus (Calliurus), 260.
mylio (Sparus), 488.
myi'iaster (Serranus), 119.
Myriodon, 174.
Myripristis, 8, 19.
mysta<;inus(Serranus), 109
nageb, 290.
nalua, 223, 225.
nania (Ambassis), 228.
nama (Bogoda), 228.
nama (Chanda), 228.
nebulifer, (52. 601.
nebulosa (Sciiena), 460.
nebulosus (Centropomus).
82.
nebulosus (Gasterostcus),
6.
nebulosus ( LcUa-inus), 159
nebidosus (Serrauus), 1 10,
148.
nefastus (Poraotis), 261.
nematacauthus (Lethri-
nus), 450.
nematophorus (Dentex),
379.
nematophorus (Synagris),
379.
nematopterus (Apogon),
2.33.
nematopus (Dentex), 377.
nematopus (Synagris), 377
Nemobrama, 16.
nemurus (Dentex), 378.
nemurus (Hetcrognatho-
don), 3(55.
nemurus (Synagris), 378.
niger (Lutjanus), 176.
nigra (Diacope), 176.
nigra (Genyoroge), 176.
nigra (Sciana), 176.
nigrescens (Coryphajna),
86.
nigri (Gerres), 347.
nigri (Serrauus), 112.
nigi'icans (Centropristis),
86.
nigricans (Huro), 255.
nigricans (Labrax), 63.
nigi'icans (Plcctropoma),
167.
nigriceps (Serranus), 99.
nigriculus, 124.
nigrijiinnis (Apogon), 235.
nigripinnis (Hapaloge-
nys), 317.
nigripinnis(Pogonias),3 1 7
nigripinnis (Serranus), 1 1 8
uigritus (Serranus), 134.
nigro-fasciatus (Serranus),
112.
nigromaculatus (Apogon),
233.
nigrorubrum (Plectro-
poma), 158.
nigrum (Pristipoma), 289.
nilotica (Perca), 67.
niloticus (Centropomus),
67.
niloticus (Lates), 67.
Niphon, 80.
niphonius (Priacanthus),
217.
nitens (Hapalogenys),317.
nitidum (Diagramma),336
nitidus (Centrarchus), 257
nitidus (Emmelichthvs),
395.
nitidus (Erythriclithys),
395.
nitidus (Poniotis), 261.
nitidus (Pomoxis), 267.
niveatus (Serranus), 130.
nobilis (Lates), 68.
nobilis (Polymisia), 17.
noct (Sargus), 444.
notata (Diacope), 181.
notata (Genyoroge), 181.
notatus (Labrax), 67.
nouleny (Serranus), 126.
nova; guinese (Apogon),
237.
nov;T3 hoUandioe (Apogon),
noveboraceusis, 4.
noveni-fasciatus (Apo-
gon), 229, 241.
novemstriatus (Apogon),
luibilus (Pentapodus), 382
nubilus (Pentapus), 382.
uuecensis (Grystcs), 252.
nufar (Dentex), 371.
oblada (Sparus), 422.
Oblata. 422.
obliquatus, 305.
oblonga (Ambassis), 228.
oblongior, 497
oblongus (Gerres),353,354
Obolarius, 2.
obolarius, 2.
obscurus (Centrarchus),
258.
obscurus (Therapon), 275.
occidentalis (Gasteros-
teus), 6.
oceanicus (Holocentrus),
109.
oceanicus (Serranus), 109.
ocellatum (Plectropoma),
161, 504.
octocinctus (Serranus), 1 09
octolineata (Diacope), 178
octolineatiun (Pristijio-
ma), 303.
octolineatus (Helotes); 285
octolineatus (Mesoprion),
178.
octovittata (Diacope), 180.
octovittata (Genyoroge),
180.
octovittatus (Cliilodipte-
rus), 248.
oculatus (Anthiaa), 92.
ocidatus(Centropristis),92
oculatus (Hesperantliias),
92.
oculatus (Serranus), 92.
Odontonectes, 205.
ohioensis (Cichla), 258.
olfax (Serranus), 153.
oligacauthus (Plectro-
poma), 157.
Oligoccplialu.-i, 501.
520
ALPHAltETICAL INDKX.
Oligorus, 251.
olivaccus (Lethrinu9),453.
olivaccus (Mesoprion),
185.
olmstcdi, 77.
ongus, 142.
onias (Cynscdus), 420.
opercularc (Holocen-
tnun), 47.
opercidaris (Lethrinus),
461.
orbicvdaris ( Apogon), 233.
orbicularis (Cantharus),
416.
Oreosoma, 214.
orientale (Diagramma),
32G.
orientale (Holocentnun),
3G.
orientaUs (Anthias), 326.
orientalis (Grammistes),
171.
orientaU? (Serranus), 32G.
ornatus (Lethrinus), 461.
Orphus, 476.
orphus (Aurata), 467.
orplius (Pagrus), 467.
orphus (Sparus), 476.
osbeckii (Msena), 387.
osbeckii (Sparus), 387.
osculatii, 65.
ouatalibi (Serranus), 120.
ovatus (Gerres), 343.
ovenii (Dentex), 375.
ovenii (Synagris), 375.
'••vis (Sargus), 447.
ovis (Sparus), 447.
Owenii (Pagellus), 478.
oxyeephalua, 409.
oxygeneios (Epinephelus),
169.
oxyrhynchus (Serranus),
114.
oxyrhynchus (Therapon),
281.
oyena (G«rres), 352.
oyena (Labrus), 352.
oyena (Smaris), 353.
pachycentrum (Serranus),
116.
Pachymetopon, 424.
Pagellus, 473.
Pagrina, 453.
Pagrus, 465, 466, 476. ^
pagrus (Sparus), 466, 476.
paikceli, 292.
pallidus, 67.
panthcrinus (Holocen-
Irus), 9M.
pa n t herinus (Serranus),98
papilionarcus (Serranus),
114.
paradiaaeua (Callauthias),
87.
paradiseus( Pentapus ),383
Parabibrax, 62.
pardalis(Diagrajnraa),323
pardalis (Serranus), 148.
pargus (Mesoprion), 185.
parkinsonii (Serranus),97.
parvid(m8, 21.
parvus, 402.
patachoniea (Plectropo-
ma), 164.
pavoninus (Serranus), 126
pavtense (Plcctropoma),
165.
pectinatus (Scolopsis), 362
peelii (Grystes), 251.
pelamidis, 50.
Pelates, 274.
peloritanus (Bodianu8),87
peloritanus (Callantliias),
87.
penna (Pagellus), 487.
pennanti (Perca), 88.
pentacantlaus (Bodianus),
29.
pentacanthus (Centrar-
chus), 256.
pentacanthus (Perca), 171 .
Pentaeeratina, 212.
Pentaccros, 212.
Pentaprion, 274, 396.
Pentapus, 273, 380.
Perca, 58.
Percalabrax, 70.
Per car in a, 73.
Percichthys, 61.
Percida?, 51.
PerciUa, 255.
Pereina, 58.
Percoidei, 51.
perdix (Apogoniehthys),
247.
pernambucensis (Pagel-
lus), 481.
peronii (Dentex), 376.
peronii (Pentapus), 381.
peronii (Synagris), 376.
perotaji, 302.
peroteti (Pristii)oma), 302.
personatiLs (!:5colopsi8),360
perlusa (Perca), 321.
pcrtusuni (Diagramma).
321.
pertUsus (Lutjanus), 321.
peruanus (Serranus), 97.
peruvianus (Gerres), 3.39.
phieops (Scolopsis), 3r>8.
j)haethon (Serranus), 100.
phaiot;vniatus (Meso-
prion), 207.
philadelphicn, 82.
phcrbe, 85.
phula, 228.
Phycis. 103.
pica (Diagramma), 326.
picta (Perca), 327.
pictum( Diagramma), 327.
pictiun (Plectropoma),164
pictus (Grammistes), 327.
pictus (Lutjanus), 327.
]iihloo, 292.
i'ileonia, 76.
Pimelepterina, 497.
Pimelepterus, 497.
pinjalo (Caesiu), 391.
pisang (Ca^sio), 390.
pixanga, 98.
plebcius, 2.
Plectorhynchus, 318.
plectorhynchus (Chseto-
don), 326.
plectorhynchus (Diagram-
ma), 526.
Plectropoma, 1.56.
pleurospilus, 407.
])leurostigma, 407.
pleurotfenia, 502.
plumieri (Centropomus),
305.
plmnieri (Conodon), 304.
pkmiieri (Dipterodon),
202.
plumieri (Gerres), 340.
plumieri (Labrus), 305.
plumieri (Perca), 304.
plumieri (Scirena), 304.
poecdonotus (Serranus),
155.
poecilopterum (Diagram-
ma), 329.
pceeilopterum (Holocen-
trum), 32.
pcecilopterus (Apogon),
232.
pcecilopterus (Priacan-
Uuis), 220.
PcDcilosoma, 77.
poeti (Gerres), 34L
Pogonias, 317.
Pogonoperca, 169.
polota (Coins), 339.
polota (Datnia), 339.
polota (Datnioides), 339.
Polyeentrus, 274, 396.
Polymixia, 8, 16.
polyphekadion (Serra-
nus), 128.
polyjiodophilus (Serra-
nus), 128.
Polyprion, 168.
polystignia (Apogonieh-
thys), 2-16.
polysl igma (Serramis), 1 29
l>olj'la'nia (Diagramma),
332. 33.3.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
521
polytsenia (HelotcB), 286.
polytsenioides (Diagram-
ma), 333
pomacanthus(Me8oprion),
210.
Pomatomus, 249.
Pomotis, 261.
pomotis (Centrarchu9),256
pomotis (Scolopsides), 354
Pomoxis, 256.
popeii, 261.
porosa (Diagramma), 337.
porosa (Hyperoglyphe),
337.
porosus (Pentapus), 382.
porosus (Upeneichtbys),
400.
porosus (Upeneus), 400.
post. 72.
prseorbitalis (Dentex), 368
priBstigiator, 85.
pralinius, 20, 25.
prasLin, 36.
prayensis, 409.
precioBus, 9.
Priacanthina, 215.
Priacanthus, 215.
Prionodes, 96.
Priopis, 222.
Pristipoma, 273, 286.
pristipoma (Dentex), 380.
PristipomatidfE, 272.
Pristipomoides, 273, 380.
Proteracanthus, 426.
Psammoperca, 69.
psittacinus, 86.
psittacus (Spar us), 488.
puella (Pleetropoma), 16.5.
pugetti, 2.
pulchella (Perca), 42.
punctata (GiroUa), 427.
punctata (Perca), 63.
punctata (Pogonoperca),
504.
punctata (Sciasna), 63.
punctatissimum (Holo-
centrum), 38.
punctatissimus (Serra-
nufl), 144.
punctatum (Diagramma),
323.
punctatum (Pleetropoma),
156.
punctatus (Bryttus), 259.
punctatus (Creniden8),427
pimctatus (Gerres), 346.
punctatus (Qrammistes),
171, 504.
punctatus (Ilaplodactv-
lus), 434
punctatus (HolQcentnis),
98.
punctatus (La'-^-ns). 101
punctatus (Upeneus), 408.
punctulatum (Pristipo-
ma), 290.
punctulatus(Apogon),240
punctulatus (Serranus),
101.
pungitius, 6.
puntazzo (Charax), 453.
puntazzo (Sargus), 437.
puntazzo (Sparus), 453.
pusilla (Perca), 230.
puta (Therapon), 280.
pygmseus, 2.
quadracus, 7.
quadrifasciatus (Apogon),
239.
quadriguttata (Diacope),
190.
quadrilineatum (Hsemu-
lon), 316.
quadrilineatus (Holocen-
trus), 282.
quadrilineatus (Pelates),
282.
quadrilineatus (Thera-
pon), 282.
quinquelinearis (Holocen-
trus), 178.
quinquelineatus (Chilo-
dipterus), 248.
quinquelineatus (Meso-
prion), 209.
quinquelineatus (Pelates),
282.
quoyanus (Serranus), 153.
rabaji (Holocentrus), 488.
Eabirubbia, 186.
radialis, 83.
radians, 83.
radiatus, 404.
radja (Diagramma), 331.
radjabou (Holocentrus),
323.
ramak (Lethrinus), 459.
ramak (Sciaena), 459.
ranga, 228.
Rangao, 199.
rangii (Pristipoma), 286.
rangus (Mesoprion), 199.
rasor (Anthias), 93.
rasor (Serranus), 93.
ratisbonensis, 73.
raucus (Sargus), 440.
rayenelii (Pomotis), 261.
raynaldi, 497.
reevesii (Serranus), 97.
reginse (Aplodactylus),
434.
reticularis (Serranus), "150
reticulatum (Diagramma).
334.
reticulatus (Bryttus), 258.
reticuletus (Lethrinus),
457.
retrospinis (Holocen-
trum), 49.
retrospinis (Mesoprion),
210.
rex mullorum, 230.
rhodopterus (Apogon),233
rhodopterus (Lethrinus),
458.
rhombeus (Gerres), 341.
rhomboides (Lagodon),
447.
rhomboides (Sargus), 447.
rhomboides (Sparus), 447.
Rhynchichthys, 50.
rhyncholepis (Serranus),
105.
Rhypticus, 171.
richardi (Mesoprion), 184.
richardsonii (Lethrinus),
456.
richardsonii (Pentaceros),
212.
richardsoni (Tephraeops),
432.
richii (Gerres), 339.
rivulata (Diacope), 182.
rivulata (Genyoroge), 182.
rirulatus (Dentex), 366,
372.
rivulatus (Serranus), 99.
robustus (Ambassis), 222.
rodo, 288.
rogaa (Bodianus), 116.
rogaa (Perca), 116.
rogaa (Serranus), 116.
rogerii (Pristipoma), 298.
ronchus (Pristipoma), 298
rondeletii (Sargus), 440.
rosea (Genyoroge), 180.
roseipinnis, 239.
roseus (Serranus), 97.
rosmarus, 135.
rossica, 73.
rostratus (Holocentrus),
50.
rostratus (Lethrinus), 454
rostratus (Pagellus), 473.
royeri (Smaris), 390.
rubellus, 185.
rubens (Centropomus),
230.
ruber (Apogon), 230.
ruber (Bodianus), 198.
ruber (Dentex), 373.
ruber (Epinephelus), 98.
ruber (Gymnocephalus),
120.
ruber (Holocentrus), 41
ruber (Mullus),401.
rubra (Perca), 30, 122.
522
ALPnABETlCAI, INDV.X.
rubra (Sciivna), 29, 35.
riibricnt us (Tlierapon ),274
rubricauda (Pouiotis), 2G2
rubrun i ( 1 1 olooeutruui ).33
rubruni (Pristipoina), 3(X)
ruiblim-ata (Diac'opc),175.
rufusi (t'eutropristis), 80.
ruCus (Labrax), (i.^.
nifus (Serrauus). '.IS.
rui)cstris (Ontropoiuus),
208.
rupestris (Dcntox), 370.
rupostris (Dules). 2()8.
rupestris (Serranus), 14.").
ni]))H'lii ( Scolopsides).
;',.■. 4.
rupjH'llii (Apogon), 2.'}0.
russellii (Mesoprion), 181
russellii (rp(>ncus), 4U0.
'.•utilans (Aphnrcus),- .SSG.
Rvpticus, 171.
sacer (Anlhias), 88.
sacfcstiiius (( 'arauxanio-
rus). 38().
.^afglia (Scia'ua). 220.
salar (Ai'n))is), 2.'i3.
si'.lar (CVulroi)nsles), 253.
^ali^ (Sparus), 4-40.
saluioidcs (Labnis). 2.52.
.■^almouoides (Grysti's),252
salniouoidos (Ilolocen-
Irus). 128.
salmonoidcs (Serrauus),
12S.
Saljia. 2.'5.
salpa (Box). 420.
.«aljia (Sparus). 420.
salpoides (l>ox), 418.
salviaui (Sai"gus\ 437.
sanibra (Al]ilieslos). 1 '.'-■{.
sauimara. 40.
saudat, 74.
sa)idra. 75.
.saugiensis (Ajiogou). 235.
.^anguinea (Diaoope), 175.
sauguincus ( Mesopriou),
204.
sapouaceus (Autbias), 172
sajionaccus (Rbypt icus),
172.
sarba (Clwysopbrys). 488.
sarba (Sparus), 488.
Sargina, 430.
Sargus, 23, 437, 414.
sargus (Sargus), 440.
s:u'i>s()pliorus. 427.
.«a\alilis (IVrca), 04.
savaiuis (Apliredodt'rus),
'271.
sayaiuis (Scolojisis), 27 1 .
scapularc (Prist iponia).
507
Scatbarus. 422.
scblegelii (Autluas). 03.
scblegelii (Apogon), 229.
scldegelii (Aulacocepha-
lus), 173.
scblegelii (Cbry.sopbrys),
470.
scblegelii (Erytbricbtbvs),
395.
schmiltii (Priaeantbus),
220.
scbouiburgkii (Polyeeu-
trus). 390.
scbra^tzer, 73.
Scbraitser, 73.
scbrankii, 310.
Sciff'ua,8,21,29,3.5,40,79.
sciandra, 414.
Scolopsides. 354.
Scolopsis, 273, 354.
Scombrops, 249.
scorpKuoides (Centro-
pristes). 175.
scorpiienoides (Myriodou ).
175.
scriba (Perca), 103.
seriba (Serrauus), 103.
Bcriptura (Lutjanus), 104.
scriptus (Sparus), 484.
sebtc (Diacope), 17().
sobre (Diagramnia), 331.
scba' (Geuyorogc), 170.
sebiv (Grauimistes), 171.
scba^ (Mesopriou), 170.
sebre (Serranus), 137.
seuiiarmatus, 3.
seuiiciuctum (Plcctrojio-
ma), 1(K).
semiciuctus (Lethrinus),
458.
scmiciuntus (Lutjanus),
209.
semicinctus (Mesoprion),
209.
semifasciatuin (Pileoma).
70.
scuiifasciatus (Serrauus).
98.
seiuilineatus (Apogon).
24( I.
souiiluua (Sparus), 180.
seuiipunctatus (Serra)uis),
114.
scncgalensis (Cantbarus).
413.
septemfaseiata (Perca),
114.
seiitentrionalis (Perca). <)4
Serraniua, 81.
Serranus, 82, 95, 97.
serranus (Lutjanus), UM)
-^erratogr.-mulala (Pcrcn ),
serratuni (Plectro])ouia).
103.
serratu.s (Gastcrosteus),
2
serrula (Prislipouui). 287.
servus (Graniuiistcs). 27^!.
servus (llolocentrus). 278.
servus (Tberapon). 278.
setigerus (Deutcx). .■!79.
selosus (Peulapu.<). 3S2.
seNt';isciatu> (Serrauu.;),
los.
sexliueatuin (Prist ipouia).
282.
scxliueatus (Ileloles).
2S5.
sexliueatus(Peliiles), 282.
scxliueatus (Tberapon ).
285.
sexmaculatus (Serranus).
118.
seyel)elleusi3 (Mvnjiris-
'tis). 20.
sliilipau (Serranus). 1 10.
sbotaf, 322.
siagouofus, 84.
.'iiauuMisis (Diacope), i7t>.
sibbaldii (Diagraunua),
327.
siguii'er (Bryttus), 250.
sillaoo. 185.
siuunena, 300.
snnjilex (Crenidens), 429.
simplex (Girella), 429.
sinensis (Spanus), 379.
sinensis (Synagi'is), 379.
Suiaris, 273, 387.
smaris (Smaris), 388.
smaris (Sparus), 388, 445.
Snieeticus, 171.
sobra (Mesoprion), 209.
sogbo. 29.
solis (Poniotis), 2(')1.
souuu)lentus (Tjobotes),
33S.
.souncrati (Serranus). 122.
sordidus (Letbriuus), 454.
Sparidtr, 412.
sparoides (Centrarchus).
257.
>liaroidcs (Labrus), 257.
Sparulus, 445.
Sparus. 3G(i, 380, 388,
418,445, 447, 4C.0. 473.
481,4.84.
s]iarus (Mesoprion), 18K.
speciosus (Pomotis). 203.
sjiecubuu (Priacanlbus).
221.
Spb;ero(lon'. 4(i.5.
spil()]iara-us (Serr.iuus)
^|Mliir:i
( Dl;,
) .'.Oi
alphahetical int)"ex.
523
spilura (Genyoroge), 504.
spilurus (Serranus), 123.
spilurus (Upeneus), 40(i.
Spinachia, 2.
spiuachia, 7.
spinifer (Pagrus), 472.
spinifer (Sparus), 472.
spiixi/era (Perca), 39.
spinifcra (SciiPna), 39.
spiniferum (Holocen-
trum), 39, 41.
spiniger (Serranus), 140.
spinosissiimim, 30, 41.
spinosum (Holocentrum),
49.
spinosus (Comiger), 49.
spinosus (Niphon), 80.
spinulosus, 5.
splendens (Beryx), 16.
Spondylioaoma, 364.
squalidus (Therapon), 275
squamipinnis (Anthias),
89.
squamipinnis (Gerres),349
stellans, 141,503.
stercus muscaruni, 39.
stigmapomus (Serranus),
111.
Stizostedion, 501.
Stone-Basso, 169. .
storeria (Cichla), 257.
striata (Coryphs?na), 373.
striata (Diacope), 193.
striatus (Anthias), 110.
striatus (Caesio), 392.
striatus (Dentex), 373.
8triatus(Epinephelus), 1 05
striatus (Holoeentrus), 84
striatus (Lutjanus), 110.
striatus (Meso])rion), 193
striatus (Roccus), 65.
striatus (Serranus), 110.
stridens, 300.
subfasciatus (Gerres), 343.
subvittatus (MuUus), 397.
subvittatus (Upeneus),397
suillum (Pristipoma), 302.
suillus (Serranus), 127.
SuUanaroo-kuntee, 20.
sulphureus (Upencoides),
398.
sulphureus (Upeneus),398
summana, 127, 137.
sundaicus (Upene^ides),
399.
surinamehse (Pristipoma),
288.
surinamensis (Holoeen-
trus), 338.
siu-inamensis (Lobotes),
338.
surinamonsis (Lutjnn\is),
288.
surmuletus, ^Ol.
susuki (Plectropoma), 160
Synagris, 273, 306, 370,
373.
synagris (Sparus), 202.
tabaearius, 85.
tfcniatus (Apogon), 234.
tajniatus (Scolopsides),357
ta?nioclieirus, 97.
ta^niops (Mesoprion), 184.
taeiHops (Serranus), 121.
tTuiopterus (Apogon),235
ta^niopterus (Dentex), 374
tseniopterus (Scolopsides),
354.
taeniopterus(Synagris),374
t.Tniopterus (Upeneus),
397.
trcniurus (Dules), 207.
tahmel, 499.
tambuloides (Dentex), 373
tambulus (Dentex), 378.
tanaicensis, 73.
tasmanicus (Ccntropris-
tes), 253.
taurina (Chrysophrys),489
tauvina, 141, 149.
tayenus (Priacanthus), 221
Teleostei, 1.
telescopium(Pomatomus),
250.
telfairii, 503.
temporalis (Scolopsis),
3()0. 507.
Tephrfcops, 431.
tephra-ops (Crenidens\
432.
ter-aculeatus, 3.
ternate'nsis (Pimclopte-
rus), 499.
tari'lbile (Pristipoma), 294
tessellatum, 77.
tetracantluis (Centrar-
chus), 258.
tetracanthus (Gasteros-
teus), ;").
tetracantlius (Pomotis),
261.
Therapon, 272, 274.
therapon(Pristipoma),293
theraps (Therapon), 274.
thermalis (Ambassis), 225.
thcrmalis (Apogon), 231,
232.
tlmnbergii (Dentex), 306.
thunbcrgii (Diagramma),
321.
tlunibergii (Labrus), 366.
tiea (Diacope), 199.
liere, 33, 45.
liereoides, 3.3, 41.
Iif>riniis(llolocontrus). I 14
tigrinug (Serranus), 1 1 4.
tigris (Serranus), 112.
tile (Csesio), 393.
timoriensis (Apogon), 238.
timoriensis (Diacope), 205
timoriensis (Mesoprion),
205.
timoriensis (Therapon),
278.
tolu (Dentex), 373.
tensor (Antliias), 91.
tonsor (Serranus), 91.
torquatus (Scolopsis), 356.
torvus (Cyna?dus), 4()5.
Traehichthys, 8, 10.
trachurus, 4.
Traeiiypoma, 107.
tracliypoma, 25.
tragula (Upeneoides), 398.
tragida (Upeneus), 398.
tranquebaricus (Sparus),
200.
transversus (Therapon),
275.
triacanthus (Holoeen-
trus), 84.
triacanthus (Perea), 171.
tricolor (Cajsio), 390.
tricuspidata (Girclla), 428.
tricuspidatus (Box), 428.
tricuspidatus (S)iarus).
387.
tridens (Centropristes), 91 .
tridcns (Lutjanus), 91.
trifasciatus, 407.
trifurca (Perca), 91.
trifurcus (Anthias), 91.
triglv]>hus (Cronidens),
428.
trilobus, 8().
trimacidatus (Apogon),
233, 238.
triniaculalus (Serranus),
109.
triurus (Bodianus), 338.
trivittatus (Coins), 280.
trivittatus (Grammistcs),
316.
trivittatus (Ptcrapon), 278
trucha, 61.
truncatus (Apogon), 237.
trutta (Perca), 254.
truttaceus ( Arripis), 353.
truttnceus-( Centropristes),
2.-)4.
tsirimeuara(Serranus), 144
tumil'rons (Pagru.s), 470.
tumifrons (Clirvsojihrys),
470.
tmnilabris, 138.
typus (Pinjalo), 391.
tv)ius ( Prist i))onioidcs)
.•!S0.
524
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
undecimalis, 79.
undecira-radiatufl, 79.
iindulo3us (Bodianus),143
imdulo8UB(Serranufl), 143.
unicolor (Bryttus), 259.
unicolor (Chrysophrys),
468.
unicolor (Holocentrus),
167.
unicolor (Pagrus), 468.
unicolor (Pentapus), 382.
imicolor (Plectropoma),
167.
unicolor (Therapon), 277.
unimaculata (Perca), 446.
unimaculatus (Qrara-
mistes), 446.
unimaculatus (Meso-
prion), 200.
unimaculatus (Sargus),
446.
uninotatus (Mesoprion),
202.
Upeneichthys, 400.
Upeneoides, 397.
upeneoides (Dentex), 375.
upeneoides (Synagris), 375
Upeneus, 397.
ura (Serranus), 147.
urodela (Perca), 122.
urodelus (Serranus), 122.
urophthalmus (Serranus),
155.
urotaenia (Ambassis), 224.
vacheUii (Ambassis), 227.
vacti, 68.
vanicolensis (Doles), 266.
vanicolensis (Mulloides),
404.
vanicolensis (Upeneus),
404.
varia (Perca), 86.
variabilis (Cichla), 252.
variabilis (Dentex), 376.
variabilis (Spiagris), 376.
variegatus (Apogon), 246.
variegatus(Letluinus),458
variegatus (Serranus), 97.
variegatuB (Spams), 440.
variegatus (Upeneoides),
398.
variolosus. 139.
vermiculari8(Sparu8).202.
vermiculatus (Haplodac-
tylus), 434.
versicolor (Labrus), 472.
vetula (Sargus), 444.
vetula (Sparus), 414.
victoria; (Apogon), 243.
vinosus (Apogon), 237.
violaceum (Holocentrum),
43.
violaceiM (Myripristis) ,19.
virescens (Aprion), 81.
virescens (Holocentrus),
106.
virescens (Lethrinus), 454.
virgata (Datnia), 276.
virgatus (Therapon), 276.
virginicum (Pristipoma),
288.
\'irginicus (Lutjanus), 288.
virginicus (Sparus), 288.
viridense (Pristipoma),
302.
vindis (Centrarchus), 256.
viridis (Genyoroge), 180.
vitianus, 175.
vitta (Diacope), 207.
vitta (Mesoprion), 207.
vitta (Pentapus), 381.
vitta (Serranus), 207.
vittata (SciiEna), 171.
vittatus (Hypeneus), 398.
vittatus (Mullus), 397.
vittatus (MyTipristis), 24.
vittatus (Pentapus), 382.
vittatus (Sparus), 288, 382.
vittatus (Upeneoides),397,
399.
vittatus (Upeneus), 398.
vittiger (Apogon), 241.
vitulinum, 165.
vivanus (Mesoprion), 203.
vlamingii (Upeneoides),
400.
vlamingii (Upeneus), 400.
vomerina (Maena), 387.
vosmeri (Anthias), 356.
vosmeri (Lutjanus), 356.
vosmeri (Scolopsides),356.
vulgaris (Acerina), 72.
vulgaris (Aspro), 78.
vT^dgaris (Box), 418.
vulgaris (Cantharus), 414.
vulgaris (Dentex), 3G6.
vulgaris (Msena), 386.
vulgaris (Pagrus), 466, 473,
476.
vulgaris (Perca), 58.
vulgaris (Pomotis), 261.
vulgaris (Sargus), 437.
vulgaris (Sraaris), 387.
vulgaris (Spmachia), 7
waigicnsis (Dentex), 366.
waigipiisis (Diacope). 191.
waigiensis (Gerres), 353,
507.
waigiensis (Labrax), 69.
waigiensis (Lethrinus),453
waigiensis (Mesoprion),
191.
■waigiensis(Myriodon), 1 75
waigiensis (Pimeloptarus),
498.
waigiensis (Psammoper-
ca), 69.
waigiensis (Scorpa;na),l 75.
waigiensis (Upeneu8),40G.
webbii, 17.
whitii, 81.
wjlliamsoni, 500.
woIfTii (Ambassis), 226.
wolgensis (Lucioperca'),74.
xanthonotus (Cocsio), 390.
xanthopleura (Heterogna-
thodon), 365.
xanthopoda (Chryso-
plu-ys), 490.
xahthopterum (Hiemu-
lon), 312.
xanthopterus (Letlirinus),
454.
xanthopterygius (Meso-
prion), 205.
xanthopus (Diacope), 181.
xanthottenia (Lethrinus),
461.
xanthurus (Sparus), 472.
xanthurus (Therapon),282
Xyster, 498.
yapilli (Mesoprion), 193.
zanana (Serranus), 123.
zananella (Serranus), 116.
zebra (Crenidens), 432.
zebra (Gerres), 343.
zebra (M»na), 387.
zebra (Pileoma), 76.
zebra (Sparus), 387.
zebra (Tephrtf ops), 432.
zeylonicus (Midloides),
404.
zeylonicus (Upeneu8),404.
ziilii, 72.
zingel, 78.
zonata (Girella), 429.
zonatus (Anthias), 503.
zonatus (Heterodon), 165.
zonatus (Serranus) 1 03,503
zostcrophorus (Apogon),
245.
zysron, 375.
F.NT) OF THK FIRST VOT.l.'Mi:.
I'RlNTEIi BY TAVl.tiK AND TtiANCIS. KF.I> l.ro.N I'CH'IIT. FI.EUT .STltlCKI'.
CATALOGUES
OP
THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION
IN
THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
I. VERTEBRATA.
Liat of Mammalia, By Dr. J. E. Gkay, F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. 1848.
2s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Cctacea. 12mo, 1850. 4s., with Plates.
Part 2. Seals. 12mo, 1850, Is. 6^., with Woodcuts.
Part 3. Hoofed Quadrupeds. Section I. (Ungulata furci
peda). 12mo. 1852, with Plates of Genera, 12s.
This work contains the description of the genera and species,
and figures of the chief ■characters of the genera.
List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaul, presented Ijj;^ B. IT.
Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. By Dr. J, E. Gray
and G. K. Gray. 12mo. 1840. 2s.
Catalogue of Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea. By Dr. J.
E. Gray, F.R.S., and G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo. 1858. Is. C(/.
With Figures.
List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
12mo, 1855. 4s.
List of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.8. &c.
Part 1. Raptorial, Edition 1, 1844; edition 2, 1848. 3s.
Part 2. Passeres. Section L Fissirostres. 1848. 2s.
Part 3. Gallinaj, Grallae and Anseres. 1844. 2s. (Out of
print.)
Part 3. Section I. Ramphastida;, 1855. 6d,
Part 4. Columbse. 1856. Is. Od.
List of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. l2mo. 1850. 4s.
List of the Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c.
12mo. 1852. 2s. €d.
Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Testudinata. 4to. 1855. ^1 : 10s. With figures
of all the new species, and of the skulls of the
different genera.
Catalogue of Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c.
Part 1. Tortoises, Crocodiles and Amphisbainians. 1844, Is.
Part 2. Lizards. 1845. 3s. 6d.
Part 3. Snakes (Crotalida;, Viperidoc, Hydridse and Boidse).
13rao. 184y. -Js. Gd.
Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes, and Appendix to Part 1. By
Dr. Albert Gunther. 12mo. 1858. 4*.
Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.
Part 2. Batrachia Gradientia. 12mo, 1850. 2s. CJ. Willi
Plates of the Skulls and Teeth.
Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. A. Gunther.
Part 2. Batrachia Gradientia. 8vo. 1858. (is. With Plates.
Catalogue of Fish. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,F.L.S.,V.P.Z.S.
Part 1. Cartilaginous Fish. 12mo, 1851. 3s. Wj.th two
Plates.
These Catalogues of Reptiles, Amphibia) and FisJt, contain
the characters of all the genera and species at present known ;
the latter are illustrated with figures of tlic genera.
Catalogue of Fish, collected and described by L. T. Gronow.
12mo. 1854. 3s. Gd.
Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish. By Dr. J. J. Kaup. 12mo.
l«5(i. 2s. With Plates.
Catalogue of Fish. Bv Dr. J. J. Kaup. 8vo. With many Plates.
Part 1. Apodes, &c. 185G. 10*.
List of British Fish ; with Synonyroa. By A.White, F.L.S. &c.
12rao. 1851. 3*.
List of Osteological Specimens. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
and G. R. Gray, F.L.S, 12mo. 1847. 2s.
II. ANNULOSA.
Catalogue of Lepidoptera. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Part 1 . Papilionida;, with coloured figures of the new spe-
cies. 4to. 1862. £\ : 5s.
List of Lepidopterous Insects.
Parti. Papilionidffi, &c. 12mo. 2nd edit. 1856. By G. R.
Gray, F.L.S.
Part 2. Erycinidffi, &c. 12mo. 1847. 9d. By E. Double-
day, F.L.S.
Part 3. Appendix to Papilionida;, Erycinida;, &c. 1848. 9d.
List of Lepidopterous Insects, with descriptions of new species.
By Francis Walkkr, F.L.S.
Part 1. Lepidoptera Iletcroccra. 12mo. 1854. 4s.
Part 2. 18.54. 4s, 6d. Piu-t 9. 185(5. 4.9.
Part 3. 18.55. 3s. Part 10. 1857. 3s. Gd.
Part 4. 1855. 3s. Part 11. 1857. 3s, Gd.
Part 5. 18.55. 4s, Part 12. 1857. 3s. Gd.
Part G. 1855. 3s. Gd. Part 13. 1858. 3s. Gd.
Part 7. 1856. 4s. Gd. Part 14. 1858. 4s. Gd.
Part 8. 1856. 3s. Gd. Part 15. i858. 4s. Gd.
List of British Lcpidopteta ; with Synonymti. By J. F. Ste-
phens, F.L.S., and II. T. Stain'eon, M.E.S.
Part 1. 12mo. Ed. 2. 185G. 2o. Part 3. 1853. M.
Part 2. 1852. 25. Fart 4. 1854. 3.<f.
List of Ilymcnoptcrous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S.
Part 1. Chalcididre. 12rao. 184G. Is. Q>d.
Part 2. Additions to Chalcididre. 18 18. 2s.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 1. Andrenida;, &c. 12mo. 1853. Gs., with Plates.
Part 2. Apida;. 1854. Gs., with Plates.
Part 3. Mutillidje and Pompilidffi. 1855. 6s., with Plates.
Part 4. Crabronida;, &c. 185G. C^s., with Plates.
Part 5. Vespidee. 1867. Gs., with Plates.
Part 6. Formicidse. 1858. Gs., with Plates.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 1. Apidae. 12mo. 1855. ds.
Catalogue of British Fonnicidie, Sphegida;, and Vespidu). By
F. Smith, V.P.E.S.
Catalogue of British IchneumonidiE. By Thomas Desvicnes,
M.E.S. 12mo. 185G. Is. \)d.
List of British Aculeate Hymenoptera ; with Synonyma.^and the
description of some new species. By F.Smith. 1851. 2s.
Catalogue of Dipterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S.
Parti. 12mo. 1848. Part 4. 1849. Gs.
3s. Gd. Part 5. Supplement I. 1854. 4s. bd.
Part 2. 1849. 3s. Gi. Part G. Supplement II. 1854. 3s.
Part 3. 1849. 3s. Part 7- SupplementlII.1855.3s.Grf.
Cahdogue of Homopterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S.
With Plates. _^^ ^
Part 1. 12mo. 1850. 3s. Q>d. Part 4. 1852. 4s.
Part 2. 1850. 5s. Supplement. 1858. 4s.,
Part 3. 1851. 3s. M. with Plates.
Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S.
Parti. 12mo. 1852. 2s. Grf. Part 3. 1853. Is. Gd.
Part'2. 1853. 3s. 6i. Part 4. 1853. Is.
Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects. By Dr. Hagen.
Part 1. Termitina. 12mo. 1858. dd.
Catalogue of Hispid^. By J. S. Baly, M.E.S. 8vo. 1858. Gs.
With Plates.
Catalogue of Hemipterous Insects. By W. S.Dallas,F.L.S.&c.
With Plates, Part 1. 12mo. 1851. 7s. Part 2. 1852. 4s.
The Catalogues of Hymenopteroiis, Dipterous, Homopterous
and Hemipterous Insects contain the description of the species m
the Museum which appeared to he undescnbed.
Catalogue of British Bruchids, Curcuhonidse, &c. By John
Walton, F.L.S. 12mo. 185G
Catalogue of Cassiilidai. By Professor Boiiemax. 12mo.
185(j. 3s.
Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects of Madeira, By T. V. Woi.-
LASTON, F.L.S. 8vo. 1857. ^s.
Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects (with characters of new
species).
Part 1. Cetoniada!, 12mo. 181?. Is. By A. White,
F.L.S.
Part 2. Ilydrocanthari. 1847. 1a'. 3J. By A. White,
F.L.S.
Part 3. BuprestidiE. 1818. Is. By A. White, F.L.S.
Part 4. Clcvid;x;. 184f). I*. 8d. By A. White, F.L.S.
Parts. Cucujidfc. 1851. 6d. By F- Smith, M.E.S.
Part G. Passalida?. 1852. 8d. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 7. Longicornia. By A. White, F.L.S. With Plates.
Parti. 1853. 2s. 6d. Part 2. 1855. 3s. 6d.
Part 8. Cassidida;. By A. White. 185G. 3s.
List of Myriapoda. By G.Newport, F.R.S. &c. 12mo. 1844. 4d.
Catalogue of Myriapoda. By G. Newport, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Clnlopoda. 12rao. 1856. Is. 9c?.
List of British Anojilura, or Parasitic Insects ; with Synonyma
By II. Denny. 12mo. Is.
List of Cmstacea ; with Synonyma. By A. White. 1847- 2s.
List of British Crustacea ; with Synonyma. By A. White, F.L.S.
12mo. 1850. 2s. ()d.
Catalogue of Entozoa ; with Plates. By ^\. Baird, M.D., F.L.S.
12mo. 1853. 2s.
Catalogue of British Worms. By G. Johnston, M.D. Bvo.
With Plates.
III. MOLLUSCA.
Guide to the Collection of Mollusca, By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
&c. 8vo. Part 1. 185G, 5s.
Catalogue of the Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1 . Cephalopoda Antepedia. 12mo. 1849. 4s.
Part 2. Pteropoda. 1850. Is.
Catalogue of Bivalve Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Placuniad;c and Anomiadic. ]2mo. 1850. 4J.
Part 2. BrachiopodaAncylopoda. 1853. 3s. Figurcsof genera.
Containing the characters of the recent and fossil genera, and
tlic descriptions of all the recent species at present known.
Catalogue of Phancropneumona or Operculated Terrestrial Mol-
lusca. ByDr.LouisPFEiiFERandDr.J.E.GRAY. 1852.5s.
Catalogue of Conchifera. By M. Deshayes.
Part 1. Veneridsc, &c. 12mo. 1853. 3s.
Part 2, Petricolidjxj. Gd.
5
List of Britisli Molluscfl and Shells; with Synonyraa. By
Dr. J. E. GuAY, F.ll.S.
Parti. Acephiila and Brachio^MJila. 12mo. 1851. 3s. Gi.
Catalogue of Pulmonat;\. By Dr. Louis Pfeikfeu and Dr.
J. E. GuAY, F.R.S.
Part 1. 12mo. 1855. 2s. Gd,
Catalogue of Auriculida;, &c. By Dr. J. R Gray, F.R.S. 12rao.
1857. Is. Od.
List of the Shells of the Cnnarics, described by M. D'OuniGNY.
12rao. 1854. Is.
List of the Shells of Cuba, described by M. D'Ordigny. 12rao.
1854. Is.
List of the Shells of South America, described by M. D'Or-
niGNY. 12mo. 1854. 2s.
List of the Mollusca and Shells collected and described by
MM. Eydoux and Soulkyet. 12ino. 1855. 8d.
Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells. By P. P. Car-
penter. 12mo. 1857. 8s.
List of Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Volutid*. 12rao. 1858. Gd.
Nomenclature of Mollusca. By Dr. W. Baird, F.L.S. &c.
Part 1. Cyclophoridsc. l2rao. 1851. Is. Gd.
IV. RADIATA.
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. By G. Busk, F.R.S,
Part 1. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1852. Ms. With Plates.
Part 2. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1854. 15s. With Plates.
List of British Radiata ; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 4s.
List of British Sponges ; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. lOd.
Catalogue of the Recent Echinida. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Echinida irregularia. 12mo. 3s. Gd., with Plates.
V. BRITISH ZOOLOGY.
List of the British Animals ; with Synonyma and references to
figures.
Part 1. Radiata. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1848. 4s.
Part 2. Sponges. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1848. \0d.
Part 3. Birds. By G. R. Gray. 1850. 4s.
Part 4. Crustacea. By A. White. 1850. 2s. Gd.
Part 5. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 1850. Ed. 2.
185G, 1*. 9d.
6
Part 6. Hymenoptera. By P. Smith. 1851. 2s.
Part 7. MoHusca Accphala ynd Brachiopoda. By Dr. J. E.
Gray. 1851. 3s. 6d.
Parts. Fish. By A. .White. 1851. 3s.
Part 9. Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray. 18r)2.
2s. 6d.
Part 10. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. Stephens.
1852. 2s.
Part 11. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By II. Denny, Is.
Part 12. Lepidoptera (continued). Bv J. F. Stephens.
1852. 9d.
Part 13. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith,
185.3. Is. 4d.
Part 14. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By A. White.
1853. 6d.
Part 15. Nomenclature of Diptera. By A. White. 1853. Is.
Part 16. Lepidoptera (completed). By II. T. Stainton,
M.E.S. 1854. 3s.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera (Bees). By F.Smith. 1855.
6s., with Plates.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonidae. By Thomas DESVlGNEa,
M.E.S. 12mo. 1856. Is. 9d.
Catalogue of British Bruchidse. Curculionidte, &c. By John
Walton, F.L.S. 12mo. 1856.
N.B. — These Catalogues can be obtained at the Secretary's Office
in the British Museum; or through any Bookseller.
VI. Books illustrating or describing parts of
THE Zoological Collections.
The Illustrated Natural History. By the Rev. J. G. Wood,
M.A., F.L.S. &c. New edition. 12mo. 1855.
Illustrations of Indian Zoology, from the Collection of Major-
Gencral Thomas Hardwicke. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Folio. 2 vols. 1830-1835,
Zoology of tho Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Edited by Charles
Darwin, F.R.S. 4to. 1840-1844.
Zoology of the Voyag'? of II.M.SS. Erebus and Terror. Edited
by Sir John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., and Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1844-1845.
British Museum — Historical and Descrii)tive. 12mo. 1855.
Natural History of the Animal Kingdom. By W. S. Dallas,
F.L.S. &c. 'Post 8vo. 1855.
Zoological Miscellany. By W. E, Leach, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.
3 vols.
SpicilegiaZoologica. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1829-1830.
Zoological Misctllany. By Dr. J. E. Gray,F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.
Knovvsley Menagerie. Part 2. Hoofed Animals. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S. Folio. 1850.
A Monograph of the Macropodidse. By John Gould, F.R.S.
Folio. 1841-1844.
Mammals of Australia. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1845.
Popular History of Mammalia. By A. White, F.L.S.
Popular History of Birds. By A. White, F.L.S.
Genera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. Illustrated by plates
by D. W. Mitchell, Sec. Z.S. Folio. 3 vols. 1844-1849.
The Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse, F.R.S. 8vo. 1847-
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. 11. GossE, F.R.S.
8vo. 1849.
Monograph of Ramphastida;. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio.
Birds of Australia. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1848.
Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan. By
Sir John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 184G.
Fauna Boreali- Americana. The Fish. By Sir John Richard-
son, M.D., F.R.S. &c. 4to. 1836. With Plates.
Synopsis Reptilium. Part 1 . Cataphracta. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.
Illustrations of British Entomology. By James F. Stephens,
F.L.S. 10 vols. 8vo. 1827-1835.
A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By J. F. Stephens,
F.L.S. 8vo. 1829.
The Nomenclature of British Insects. By J. F, Stephens,
F.L.S. 8vo. 1829 & 1833.
A Manual of British Colcoptera. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S.
12mo. 1839.
Insecta Britannica. Diptera. By F, Walker, F.L.S. 8vo.
1851-1856.
Monographia Chalciditum. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 8vo. 183.9.
Entomology of Australia. Parti. Phasmida?. By G. R. Gray,
F.L.S. 4to.
Synopsis of species of Phasmidaj. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo.
1835.
Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward DounLEDAy,
F.L.S., and J. O. Westwood, F.L.S. Illustrtited by W. C.
Hcwitson. 4to. 2 vols. 1846-1850.
Monographia Anoplurorum Britannia;, or British eiiecies of
Parasitic Insects. By Henry Denny, F.L.S. 8vo. With
Plates,
Fauna Boreali-Amcricflna. The Insects. By W. Kirdy, F.R.S.
4to. 1837. With Coloured Plates.
Insecta Madcrensia. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A.,F.L.S.
4to. 1854. With Plates.
Malacostraca Podophthalmia Britannia). By W. E. Leach,
M.D., F.R.S. 4to. 1817-1821.
A Monograph of the Subclass Cirripcdia. ByCuAHLES Darwin,
F.R.S. 8vo. 2 vols. 1854.
Natural History of the British Entomostraca. By W, BAinn,
M.D., F.L.S. &c. 8vo. 1850.
Figures of Molluscous" Animals, for the use of Students. By
Makia Emma Gray. 5 vols. 8vo. 1850-1857.
A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain. By W. E. Leach,
M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1852.
Catalogue of the Land Shells of Jamaica. By C. B. Adams.
8vo. 1851.
Catalogue of Testaceous Mollusca of the North-cast Atlantic
and neighbouring Seas. By R. MacAndhew, F.R.S. 8vo.
1850.
Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. By John Piiillip.s,
F.R.S. 4to. 1836.
A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. By Searles V. Wood,
F.G.S. 4to. 1850.
A History of British Starfishes. By Edward Fordes, F.R.S.
8vo.
A History of the British Zoophytes. By Oeorgb Johnston,
M.D. Bvo. 1838.— Ed. 2. 8vo. 1847-
A History of British Sjwnges and Lithophytes. By George
Johnston, M.D. 8vo. 1842.
A Synopsis of the British Diatomaceic. By W. Smith, F.L.S.
8v0. 2 vols. 1854-1866. The Plates by T. West.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Scries 1 and 2.
Transactions of the Entomological Society.
January 1859.
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