Pte bee seetnanel ee — 2 : . " $ pete M : \ he mp er _
> Pe RG Pe Ret en we ; . ‘ . Te a ney
ee . ‘ nye : OO ON Nap 0 PA Ie Se
os r . : Le ee a EON
oh ee awe
~~ ae nian setters
et ae
a ath i ecg sacire
SN een en eee ee
oS bf
v boAnSe « :
mm dnd ¢ 9
ee a cineaee _ ° “a ne Dl nw aie tay ~ we Rade ba 0,e vem ~ Te AD Fe Oe Gwe Sate ae Rae yee Fe
- OS etn nti NR lag ft ape ee iat fury eS - Mae ee eal = (itn inl ne
Fastin Pe ean St ? 7 ty ewe * hinge tetiessi qe oer oe ahi oeln
1 pregunta tere ‘
leo ei pias agit anna are MoM cs ami
Wie tie, a ans Tar igtag ue
eg etme ae os pct Oe he
saline eh Seley saat Tag eB Suing Gl gs
wget EEF Pte Fas =
omg 204 Sg i?
Wp ieds al ahaa trae
oh one ae gh mp Seto)
pe > Pala
ee TRE Nyy poet iy
at . “ ety
ieee, Se te pe Pete ewhs
Pe 4 sitet te, tte ol ata y
. row aati te! . ep ey FA ge heer CALS 4
. :
, ; RS Sey Page) en
Cains eee pao .
es > ™=— py “———r" O oy ~— NL
f Pd itl i
NVINOSHLINS S3JIYVUSIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION _
: = ve z a | =,
\ SWE = o Js i ee
AQ & ye - es ae
S\ om o m 2
: — w” = ” | es
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31u¥vVua!T_LIB
aor. ee OG
ee S pi: = = Vie te
S Gi, 5 = : Mp, 2
7) vn J’ Wy oun 7 ap) Of
= 2,97 fer «© 2 ae
NVINOSHLINS SaluYWVYa!I1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOI
iat a a 1
wn Y aa
oc mat a Yin, 4 oc
< 2. < Wh ps 2 <
eo a may G fo: i ae
: 5 . a . a
ond z=
SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIINS Saluvudi7 LIB
| Zz i > |; ae
ie oe) nis oO
40 — oo oe) o
| SOS: be
tf 9) ‘a B°)
fh A > = > | - hae
‘ty * - 2 - oa
a g ; z ay
n = ” Sil he ay
NVINOSHLINS, S31IYVYUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIL
wn = ey 2) = PO: on |
5 ope NW ; : |
a Ydf 2S & a ce
a Nee : 2
> * yy = ¢ ES = "4 = ’
had Tp) onan Z
SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS $3 iuvudia_LIBi
Sine Li yy
PY = . sia i =
Wp ad ox a fora ae
tify = om = m- i,
Pe a < * ce = ,
NVINOSHLINS SJiYVUdIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIL
: Ei _ S Poa a
: 2 5 YY2 5 @
ee > = tft patie ~
ry a ry fe ie bs
= m 2 ¥ br ale,
— Ww pa —
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS _t IB
: A é 4G = = S08
8 NAG he? 5 on
E AO 2,7 PH = 2 Re a
= SS as, = >" ile »
” Gein) Zz 7) Fa |
NVINOSHLINS S31YVYaIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOLL
7 z on” ; > - AlN
KS rr GEL N UU); a CON | Ke
= LM) = KAD = GAG 3 LA = FA
yy RN Se ee £2) o) ee ee oh Nei a jy" Y ft 4 Re ami a
i 2 ~ Zz Sh).
) NWINOSHLINS S3IY¥vVYdEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION _N
_ - = . a y = 5
7a = wo = Yin nD ze
WY & 2 er ee =
SYS o Gos ae re x w a
SS > m = m .
an ep) = wn sae
_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IuVYUEIT _L
if
\
: : Z ts
z WJ = z = Wily, =
O WO = . O x ype O
: EROS GL: BOL:
3 aoe = > =
1 ENVINOSHLINS S31UVUAIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION !
- . = w = a9)
a ul rr w 5 uw
tw = oa 2 mt t
a ar ow = oc
d mee mM. — mM
: = O ee oa
2 ' <3 Fo Sr 2 4
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NYVINOSHLINS SJZIYNVUGIT I
4 aoa = iy ra i
oO ~ og ° o
a = Aa 2 2
> ra > — >
2 = aa t a
ma Y = o a
: on z a oe wo
-. NVINOSHLINS. SSIYVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN
Z oY Fis ees 12) Fl ap)
: = 3 z Z z
4 Fae — > =
ae ae tor ae Oo 37
n 3 rm) N o a ow
c O % a Oo a re)
i Z - ite = *
* x 7 Tp
> SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3SIYVYRII
wn = ” = wn >
ul : ay? , en F SS ul wn
PS : 2S : :
ay th free. < = ASG. Oe. Le eg 4
AGEL A ENE
k oe | i Fag =i a sx. a5 7
NI NVINOSHLINS SS3!IY¥vVudiT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
| Ses ze — z %. S 3
ow : — w = w =
\ x . 5 2 5 a =
ia ASS SE > “ai i > =
1+ ss mn * “~)
— > = O z ae z
=S SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSN! NVINOSHLINS SAIYVY gi
Bau bt a) he wn = wo a
= ae = = = Vi s
ar z \. as z a Uy ly, =
N Oo | ee A 5 ae Es Uh fi; wt
te = RNS oa E os aaa «
: eae : = ;
Ni_ NVINOSHLIWS S3IYVYUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION |
n tu Sslgi an JONG ee n u
+ Yq = EA”) 2 eM™ = = :
i. See Ce [0 | eae 3 io {4 a
= = ea. io
CATALOGUE
FOSSIL REPTILIA
AND
AMPHIBIA.
PART l.
CATALOGUE
OF THE
FOSSIL REPTILIA
AND
AMPHIBIA
IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY),
CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.
CONTAINING
Tue Orpers ORNITHOSAURIA, CROCODILIA, DINOSAURIA,
SQUAMATA, RHYNCHOCEPHALIA, anp
PROTEROSAURIA.
BY
RICHARD LYDEKKER, B.A., F.G.S., prc.
/
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES,
1888.
fa «PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
ae ; . RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, =
. t
: act seen yt natty :
y . . | | | 3 :
PREFACE.
In presenting Part I. of Mr. Lydekker’s Catalogue of the Fossil
- Reptilia preserved in the Geological Department, it may be de-
sirable to state that although the British Museum does not possess
such complete remains of individuals of the order Dinosauria as are
‘now to be seen in the Royal Museum of Brussels, or in that of Yale
College, New Haven, U.S8., yet there is probably no other Museum
which contains so large a number of the original “ type-specimens ”
figured and described by Buckland, Mantell, Meyer, Owen, Huxley,
Hulke, Seeley, and many others during the past seventy years.
2
These “types” must always be of the highest importance to all
students of Comparative Anatomy, and this Catalogue will furnish
them with exact information as to the nature of the remains upon
which the various genera and species were originally established.
Such knowledge becomes all the more needful as so many genera
and species of Dinosaurs and other Reptilia have been proposed
based upon fossil remains referable to entirely different parts of the
skeletons of individuals, thus rendering their correlation a matter
of extreme difficulty, if not an altogether impossible task.
The present volume only records those species represented in the
Collection which belong to the orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria.
i“ Teh ee - | |
~ Department ¢ of Gates. :
, June I, 1888. ea eee: ; i Se
INTRODUCTION.
Tue present Catalogue, like that of the Fossil Mammalia, is exclu-
sively confined to species and genera represented in the Collection
of the Museum ; although in a few instances the names of certain
larger groups, which are at present desiderata, have been introduced
in order to render the general scheme of classification less imperfect
than would otherwise be the case. Unlike, however, the earlier
parts of the ‘Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia,’ the present work is
descriptive throughout—this addition to its bulk being almost
imperative in order to justify the specific and generic reference of
many of the individual specimens.
In order to avoid adding one more to the numerous schemes of
classification which have been proposed for the Reptilia, it has been
thought advisable to take one of those already published, and to
adhere in the main to the arrangement thus adopted. The classifi-
cation selected as a guide was recently published by Dr. George
Baur *, of Yale College, and is a modification of a scheme previously
proposed by Prof. E. D. Cope*, of Philadelphia. In this arrange-
ment the orders of the Reptilia are divided into several groups or
branches, for which the names proposed by Prof. Cope have been
retained ; although it has been thought better to use them in an
adjectival form rather than to make them into definite subclasses.
Dr. Baur’s scheme differs from that of Prof. Cope by the removal of
the Anomodontia (Theromorpha) from the branch which includes
the Dinosauria, Crocodilia, and Ornithosauria; and the transference
of the Rhynchocephalia from the neighbourhood of the Chelonia and
- Sauropterygia to that of the true Lizards—the latter change being
in harmony with the views recently expressed by Prof. Huxley *.
The Ichthyopterygia, moreover, instead of being placed as a group
- totally distinct from all other Reptiles, are regarded by Dr. Baur as
closely related to the Lizards and Rhynchocephalians—a view which
* Sitz. ges. Morph. Miinchen, vol. iii. pp. 46-74 (1887); also Journ. Morphol.
vol. i. pp. 93-104 (1887); and Biol. Centralblatt, vol. vii. pp. 481-493 (1887).
> Amer, Nat. vol. xix. pp. 245, 246 (1885).
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xliii. pp. 691, 692 (1887).
Viil INTRODUCTION.
accords with the conclusions-arrived at many years ago by Sir
Richard Owen. In the Dinosauria the classification of Prof. O. C.
Marsh has been adopted with some slight simplifications, such as
the union of the Stegosauria with the Ornithopoda. ~
In the present work a few alterations have been introduced into
Dr. Baur’s scheme. Thus, in order to make the value of the divi-
sions used among the Lacertilia and their allies more nearly equiva-
lent to those employed in the Dinosauria, it has been considered
advisable to group the true Lacertilia, the Rhiptoglossa, Ophidia,
and Pythonomorpha in a single ordinal group under the name of
Squamata—an association which was suggested by Prof. Cope on
page 308 of his work entitled ‘ The Origin of the Fittest’ |.
In deference, moreover, to the views of Prof. Seeley, the Protero-
saurla have been provisionally allowed an ordinal rank ; although
the writer is not by any means assured that this view will eventually
be maintained. Following also the views of the same writer, the
order Proganosauria of Baur is not retained, since the genus on ©
which it is founded appears to be clearly allied to the Triassic
Sauropterygia. : |
In regard to the association of the Ornithosauria, Dinosauria, and
Crocodilia into a single branch there can be no question whatever ;
but some divergence of view may be legitimately entertained as to
- the mutual association of some of the other orders. On the latter
~ grounds, coupled with the circumstance that when we trace back
the different branches in which the orders are here arranged into
the Trias and Permian we find all of them showing more or less
intimate relationships with one another, it has been considered inad-
visable, as already observed, to rank these branches as subclasses.
The study of Fossil Reptiles, when contrasted with that of Fossil
Mammals, is found to suffer from the want of a common standard
of comparison, like that afforded by the teeth and jaws, on the evi-
dence of which by far the greater number of fossil mammalian
genera and species have been founded. In Reptiles, on the other
hand, genera and species, even in the same groups, have been
founded upon totally different parts of the skeleton, which do not
admit of comparison with one another. This renders it in many
groups almost or quite impossible to say how many genera or species
are really entitled to distinction; and consequently entails the
introduction into a work like the present of a considerable number
of names which may prove to be only synonyms. It has, moreover,
been thought advisable to retain such doubtful genera and species in
1 8vo, London, 1887,
INTRODUCTION. 1x
many cases where there is even a considerable probability of these
being synonyms ; since it appears to the author that it is almost as
great an evil to abolish a well-known name without being almost
absolutely certain of the necessity of the step, as it is to introduce
new names. The aid of asterisks has, however, been called in to
point out some of these doubtful names. Whether many of the
generic terms which have been applied to Dinosaurians and other
Reptiles from the strata of North America, which are evidently
closely allied to European forms, are really entitled to stand, remains
to be proved; but since in most cases the names applied to the
European forms have the priority, the question does not affect the
majority of those employed in the present work.
In many instances, however, such American generic names have
been taken as the foundation for family names; but since there is a
possibility of some of these being eventually relegated to the rank
of synonyms, the earlier Kuropean names have generally been sub-
stituted as the foundation for family names’. In some cases also,
families have been admitted which it may eventually be found
advisable to fuse with others. A word is also desirable in regard to
the supercession of generic and specific names, of which the type
specimens have never been figured. The writer is not one of those
who think that a name should never be recognized until the type
has been figured”; but in cases where the original description is
altogether unsatisfactory and difficult to recognize, and no figure
of the type has been subsequently given, he considers that if,
after a reasonable interval, other specimens have been described and
figured under a new name, that name is entitled to supersede the
old one. If, however, an author having the original type of an un-
figured but described species before him, ignores the old name,
even if insufficiently characterized, to impose a new one, then there
appears good reason for reviving the older name. The former
course has been followed in the instance of the species of the genus
* Many writers maintain that family names are entitled to rank by priority
like generic and specific ones. It is, however, merely, so to speak, by accident
that the earlier generic names were not made types of families; and the writer
thinks that when this has been omitted the fair course would be to take such
names as the foundation for families, rather than to elevate some newly made
term to this rank. That family names should stand when the genera on which
they were based have been reduced to the rank of synonyms is practically an
absurdity. Thus, should it be found eventually advisable to include the genus
Stegosaurus in Omosaurus, it would be absurd to speak of the Stegosauride, or
Stegosaurus-like reptiles, when no such reptile as Stegosaurus existed.
* As proposed at the Berlin Geological Congress,
x INTRODUCTION.
Cetiosawrus in the present volume; and the latter in the case of the
names Platycherops and Miolophus in the 5th part of the ‘ Catalogue
of Fossil Mammalia.’ In this, asin other analogous instances, it is, -
however, almost impossible to draw any absolutely hard-and-fast rule
which shall hold good in all cases.
Among the Dinosauria, the writer has been guided in the asso-
ciation of certain remains by the memoirs of Prof. O. C. Marsh ; and
it is of course obvious that in such cases the association must stand
or fall by the correctness or otherwise of those memoirs. So far,
however, as English specimens are naturally associated, they appear
in all cases to support the restorations and associations given by the
American paleontologist *.
The following list furnishes a few particulars relating to the
history of some of the more important series of specimens col-
lected by private individuals, and subsequently acquired by the
Museum :—
Beckles Oollection.—Purchased in 1876 from Mr. 8. H. Beckles,
F.R.S., of Hastings; and comprises specimens from the Wealden and
Purbeck.
Bowerbank Collection.—This collection comprises an extensive
series of specimens from the English Cretaceous, and was purchased
in 1865 from the late Dr. J. 8. Bowerbank, F.R.8., of Highbury.
Bravard Collection.—The reptilian remains belonging to this
collection were obtained from the French Tertiaries, and were
purchased in 1852 from the late M. Bravard.
Cautley Collection. — Comprises specimens from the Indian
Siwaliks, presented by Col. Sir. Proby T. Cautley, K.C.B., in 1840.
[In the Mammal Catalogue it is stated, on the authority of Mr. W.
Davies, that the presentation was made in 1842; a recent perusal
by that gentleman of original documents preserved in the Museum
has, however, shown that the earlier date is the correct one. |
Olaussen Collection.—A series of specimens from the Pleistocene
of South America, purchased in 1845 from the late Herr Claussen.
Croizet Collection.—Purchased in 1848 from the late Abbé
Croizet; and includes specimens from the French Tertiaries, more
especially from the district of the Auvergne.
Cunnington Collection.—This collection was purchased in 1875
from the late Mr. W. Cunnington, of Devizes.
Dawson Oollection.—An important series of mainly Dinosaurian
! The absence of the inner trochanter in the femur referred to Stegosaurus
(p. 177) by Prof. Marsh, and its presence in that of Omosaurus, suggests that |
the former reference may be incorrect.
— or
y =? Ss
INTRODUCTION. x]
remains from the Wealden of the neighbourhood of Hastings, pur-
chased from Mr. T. Dawson, F.G.S., of St. Leonards. The first
portion was purchased in 1884, since which date additions have been
continually made to the series.
Dixon Collection.—A series of specimens, mainly from the Terti-
aries and Chalk of the South of England, purchased in 1851 from
the late Mr. F. Dixon, F.G.S., of Worthing.
Egerton Collection.—Purchased in 1882 from the executors of the
late Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., F.R.S., formerly a
Trustee of the Museum.
Fox Collection.—An exceedingly important collection, acquired in
1882 by purchase from the executors of the late Rev. W. Fox, of
Brightstone, Isle of Wight.
Haberlein Collection A number of specimens from the Solenhofen
limestones, purchased in 1862 from Dr. Carl Haberlein, of Pappen-
heim, Bavaria. :
Hastings Collection—Purchased in 1855 from the late Mar-
chioness of Hastings. Includes specimens from the Tertiaries and
Cretaceous of the South of England.
Mansel-Pleydell Collection.—A valuable series of reptilian remains,
mainly from the Kimeridge Clay of Dorsetshire, presented on dif-
ferent occasions by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell (formerly Mansel), Esq.,
F.G.8., of Watcombe, Dorsetshire.
Mantell Collection—A large and important collection, mainly
comprising specimens from the Cretaceous of the South of England,
acquired in two portions. The first portion was purchased in 1838
from the late Dr. Gideon A. Mantell, F.R.S., and the second from
his executors in 1853. [In the Catalogue of Mammalia the date of
the purchase of the first portion was given as 1836, but Mr. Davies
has subsequently found that it was really in 1838. ]
Morris Collection.— Purchased in 1867 from the late Professor
John Morris, F.R.S.
Pomel Collection.—A series of specimens, mainly from the French
Tertiaries, purchased in 1851 from the late Monsieur J. Pomel,
formerly of Clermont-Ferrand.
Saul Collectton.—Acquired by purchase in 1863 from the Directors
of the Metropolitan Institute, to whom it had been presented by the
late Mr. W. D. Saul, of Bishopsgate Street, London.
Sharp Collection.—A series of remains mainly from the Jurassics
of Northamptonshire, purchased in 1876 from Mr. 8. Sharp, of
Dallington Hall, Northamptonshire.
Shrubsole Collection.—Acquired by purchase in 1880 from Mr.
Xi . INTRODUCTION.
W. Shrubsole, of Sheppey, and mainly consisting of spe
from the London Clay.
Sémmerring Oollection.—Purchased in 1827 from ths late Prof. 8.
T. Sommerring of Munich.
Tesson Collection. A valuable series of specimens from the Lias
and Jurassics of Normandy ; acquired by ieee in 1857 from the
late Monsieur Tesson, of Caen.
Toulmin-Snuth . Collection.— Purchased in 1869 from the widow
of the late Mr. J. Toulmin-Smith, of Highgate.
Van Breda Collection.—A large collection, chiefly from the Cre-
taceous of Maastricht and the Solenhofen limestones, purchased
in 1871 from the executors of the late Professor Van Breda, of
Haarlem. ,
Wetherell Collection.—Purchased, through the late Mr. J. Tennant,
from Mr. N. T. Wetherell, of Highgate, in 1871.
In all cases the references to generic and specific names have
been verified after they were in type, so that they may be consi-
dered thoroughly reliable. Mr. William Davies, F.G.S., has been —
good enough to come.to the Museum for the express purpose
of checking each individual entry with the specimen to which it
refers; and it is solely due to his intimate acquaintance with the
Collection that it has been possible to give the correct history of
many of the specimens which have been long in the Museum.
The author is indebted to Prof. O. C. Marsh, of Yale College, for
the loan of many excellent woodcuts of North-American Dinosaurian
remains with which this volume is illustrated. Thanks are also due
to the Council of the Geological Society, and to Mr. J. W. Hulke,
F.R.S., Prof. H. G. Seeley, F.R.S., and Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B.,
F.R.S., for the use of woodcuts from the Geological Society’s
‘Journal.’ Prof. H. Alleyne Nicholson and Messrs. Blackwood
have also been good enough to allow the reproduction of woodcuts
from the ‘Manual of Paleontology.’ And the author is also in-
debted for similar favours to the Director of the Geological Survey
of India, and to M. L. Dollo, of the Royal Museum of Natural
History, Brussels.
Finally, it may be mentioned that since the notice of Scapho-
gnathus crasstrostris (p. 28) was in type, a second species of that .
genus has been described from the Upper Lias of Whitby by Mr. E.
T. Newton, in the ‘ Proc. Roy. Soc.’ vol. xliti. p. 436 (1888). |
RICHARD LYDEKKER.
* Harpenden,
June Ist, 1888.
~
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
[ Existing species are denoted by an asterisk, and doubtful
genera and species by two asterisks. |
CO OTN OTP CO WO WO WD
Page
Archosaurian Branch . 1
Order ORNITHOSAURIA .
Suborder PTERANODONTIA
Suborder PTEROSAURIA
Family PTERODACTYLIDA
Ptenodracon brevirostris .
_ Pterodactylus antiquus
kochi
—— pulchellus .
spectabilis
rhamphastinus
longicollum SA or
Cycnorhamphus suevicus . . .-. . . 1
IIE URCERUTUI se RRC) ie Ns at ee ap see LO
Ornithochirus compressirostris . . . . 11
eee CUUVIGHE mec i tac Gh Ls Ors oan
—— (7), sieanteus en ei DD
a daomodiaae say Ogle Uke ee Mae
oe Hlevatsehn, of er ee, ae ee
BEDS WEE nul MC Moho e oe eames he
Soa ALL UOTE MS. ED Spada Wil Og <P ea
a (oem: fe ae net BP ee
GLAIG@RE Gp x Saami tig! 8&1 a gl Aan
sis nobilis . : 24
PUERA Gy hitihMlgs 50) Oy oo a
Xiv SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family uncertam (continued).
Ornithochirus (?) sp.
** —_(?) curtus .
validus .
Family RHAMPHORHYNCHIDA |.
Scaphognathus crassirostris .
Rhamphorhynchus longicauda
muensteri . Ria
gemmingi .
grandis :
Rhamphocephalus Tekan
depressirostris
Dimorphodon macronyx
Of uncertain generic position
Species a (Pterodactylus manselr)
bse baie rn pleydelli) .
29 C .
ORDINAL POSITION UNCERTAIN .
Ornithodesmus cluniculus .
Order CROCODILIA .
Suborder HUSUCHTIA
A. Procelian Series
Family CROCODILID .
a. Brevirostrine section .
Alligator, sp. ae
eiplecyno a uantonenes
ene
—— gracilis .
—— plenidens .
*Crocodilus palustris .
—— sivalensis .
paleindicus
porosus .
——- spencerl
Page
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family CROCODILIDA (continued).
b. Longirostrine section .
Tomistoma eggenburgense
champsoides
macrorhynchus
*Garialis gangeticus .
hysudricus
leptodus
—— pachyrhynchus
(?) dixoni . :
Thoracosaurus neocesariensis
Rhamphosuchus crassidens
Serial position uncertain .
Pristichampsa rollinati
Heterosuchus valdensis
Genus non det. tae
(Crocodilus cantabrigzensis)
B. Amphicelian Series: .
Family GONIOPHOLIDIDA
Subfamily BernissaRTINez .
Hyleochampsa vectiana
Genus non det.
Subfamily GontoPHOLIDINz .
. ae
ao
Brevirostrine section
Theriosuchus pusillus .
Goniopholis crassidens .
simus
tenuidens
Nannosuchus gracilidens .
Oweniasuchus major
minor
Generically undetermined specimens
. Longirostrine section
Pholidosaurus schaumburgensis .
meyer .
xV
Page
78
XVI SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
| Family GONIOPHOLIDIDAS (continued). Page
Subfamily PerrosucHIN@ . . ..... 88
Petrosuchus levidens . . . .... 89
Hamaly position uncertain. : . . . . 1... 89
Genus non det...) od sO
Suchosaurus cultridens ..... . 90
Hyposaurus derbianus. .. . <,.))je-aameme
Family THLEOSAURIDAG ... . -3 2
Subfamily MerrpionpyncoInm. ..... @92
Dacosaurus maximus ; . . .°. 9 aoe
Metriorhynchus superciliosus. . . . . 96
morell ... 0: 2)... 9 rrr
élegans' 5. ss rr
BP ee a rr
Specifically undetermined specimens . . 99
Ineerte sedis. 3.0 St YO
/®olodon priscus (9 6.0.)
Subfamily TernosavRINZ . . .. . .:. 102
Teleidosaurus joberti . . . . . . = Ga
Machimosaurus hughi. . 4°. 2 eg
‘to mosie. |. 34. Sa re
Pelagosaurus typus. . < . . . J. ue
brongniarti | 2004) Giger
Stenosaurus bollensis . . . > . . . 109
chapmani .o 6. 4 yw. 4. 0
——— brevior . 0. 8.0)
“alee MiINiIMUsS °°) 8 ei
latifrons ..\ . Mee.) eee
larteti 20... ye) ot
stephani 44° 28). a
brevidens..... 4,5 3 3° YD, 2 es
———' mesistorhynchus. .!°:. \. . / siaagalaee
edwardsi .¢ 0 wt
mégarhinus ©)... .:) 4/2) ee
Spiky pice isle ete a
Teleosaurus Gadomensis . .. <1» smiceeumaulne
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XVil
Family TELEOSAURIDAE (continued).
Subfamily TerzosavRinm (continued), Page
Teleosaurus geoffroyly :- .0i «>. s. .. £20
——- supulidens, 7s) a Sel Ga PS 3 me EZ
Bnroetee ait A SU CHEAT tie. a ae ates (ABS
eamiviy: Eee BOS AC RED Ai es oe Ye Wie ADS
Phytosaurus cylindricodon . . . . . 124
DlemiM eerie INS ono Le Nae par. RS
Stagonolepis robertsoni . . . . . . 129
ammihy. Ato w SUC EDIE. Sh oO Ge) a oe TSO
Parasnchughislopn 8 @ 4 ee). SO
eee SAW RA ie ey a ow s USE
puborder SAUROPODA. 2 0.58 tg TL
amily CHETOSAUREDAG o's i LS
Pirahesaurusim@ieus |. coe arg oa TSA
PS) OP e ea bck MRCS ae eae Crain E23 15)
SIs Dan ack Rhine Gea ts Oe) FG
Dimodocus:mackesome 0000. se is ps S86
Cetiosaurus oxoniensis. . . . . . . 137
olymiptonenicis rac eS. a Se: eS
DEEWISTNE Hitec Meare oh. te boo
Generically undetermined specimens. . . 142
Bamily ATEANTOSAUREDAG fo oe we 14S
Atlantosaurus MUOLTILATE RG Swe!) A “ands bare ceed
~*Pelorosaurus conyhearl «. -. 4/>. . «4 245
Qrembhopsis Inlker 6 ee -45) Soyo @ LAB
humerochishatus: 64. ae Ne ke LBL
| sree ae es babe a Ai ay oes
CRU SESE Tn i ea Se. a yes Cae” |b) Gewese ook. eB
Thécospondylus horneri . . . .-. . 1658
Macrurosaurus semnus... . . . .- 1538
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Suborder THEROPODA
Family CELURIDA .
Coelurus daviesi .
Family COMPSOGNATHIDA .
Compsognathus longipes .
Family MEGALOSAURID/
Aristosuchus pusillus .
Megalosaurus bucklandi
sp. @
—— insignis
dunkeri
bredai .
Dryptosaurus aquilunguis
Bothriospondylus suffosus
robustus
Zanclodon suevicus .
(?) sp. @
-—— (?) sp. 6
Family ANCHISAURIDA: .
Thecodontosaurus antiquus
Suborder ORNITHOPODA .
Family OMOSAURIDA: .
Omosaurus armatus
—— hastiger
—— (?) sp. .
Family SCELIDOSAURIDAS
Scelidosaurus harrisoni
Acanthopholis horridus
Regnosaurus northamptoni
Hyleeosaurus oweni.
Polacanthus foxi
SS
— : ; —.
ee ee ee ee
=
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family IGUANODONTIDA
Hypsilophodon foxi
Iguanodon prestwichi .
dawsoni
bernissartensis
—— mantelli
SD wienies kee
Specifically undetermined specimens
Sphenospondylus gracilis .
Family TRACHODONTIDA
Orthomerus dolloi
Trachodon foulki
cantabrigiensis
Specimens of uncertain position .
Ordinal position uncertain. . . .
-Nuthetes destructor
Echinodon becklesi .
Streptostylic Branch
Order SQUAMATA
Suborder OPHIDIA .
Section CoLUBRIFORMES.
Family COLUBRID .
*Ptyas mucosus
Pilemophis sansaniensis
EKlaphis atavus
—— owenl
Perlops gervaisi .
Family PYTHONIDA
*Python molurus .
Paleryx rhombifer .
: 52 filholi
depressus .
Genus non det. .
Sex | SYSTEMATIC INDEX,
Page
Family PALAOPHIDA 2°. 3 2
Paleophis toliapicus. .° 2... 1) eee
typhus’ 6. ls. 2) re
BP a Pe”. rr
Inecria sedis... er a a
Suborder PY THONOMORPHA . 2.5. rn
Family MOSASAURIDAZ. .°.'. . 2) ee
Mosasaurus camperi . |... 19 (em
dekayi 2.) rs
Liodon anceps .' . ., 2. 3 eae
[| rn
haumuriensis. . . . + eee
perlatus . 0°. ... 2, .0.. 72
Platecarpus oweni . . . , . . =onn
(2) sp. wt a. eh el. rr :
Geosaurus giganteus . ., .). 2/2) pneu (i
Clidastes, ‘6p... 9... 1.0. 1. 2
Suborder DOLICHOSAURIA. . . . 4.” seas
Family DOLICHOSAURIDA . . . . . . . 275 ae
Dolichosaurus longicollis . . . . . . 276
Suborder LACHRTILIA ..) 5 eo ee
Family AGAMIDAD) .. 00" 3°0.— . oie
*Chlamydosaurus kingi. . . |. +.) oueeenaee
Family IGUANIDA . 2°. 8).
Iguana europea. 20s «i370 ee
Family ANGUIDAG tk
Ophisaurus moguntinus . . : . 1. wl2ge
Placosaurus margariticeps . . .. . 279
Genus Hondas tse SS
(Plestiodon cadurcensis) ... . . . 281
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family VARANIDA .
*Varanus bengalensis
sp.
sivalensis .
priscus .
Family TEITDAs
*Tupinambis teguixin
Family LACERTIDA .
Lacerta lamandini .
(?) bifidentata .
Family SCINCIDA
Draceznosaurus croizeti
Family non det, .
Macellodus brodiei .
Coniasaurus crassidens
Order RHYNCHOCEHEPHALIA
Suborder HOM@OSAURIA
Family HOMAOSAURIDAE
Homceosaurus maximiliani
Ardeosaurus brevipes .
Sapheosaurus laticeps .
Aphelosaarus lutevensis
Family PLEUROSAURIDA
Pleurosaurus goldfussi .
Family TELERPETIDA.
Telerpeton elginense
Saurosternum baini .
Le
%
Suborder SPHENODONTINA . . .
i -
2° \\. Family RHYNCHOSAURIDA). < .
ae Na ac}
get a ea Rhynchosaurus articeps . e és Be
Hyperodapedon gordoni . . . . .
- s ; ¥ i c — huxleyi e . . e ; © ee be ‘y wn
Order PROTEROSAURIA .......
(| Family PROTEROSAURIDA (2) 2am
7) \ , Proterosauris spenert: 0 20s eee
hea eS - JOrpinat: Posrrion Uncerrdaw 4; -. 20 2
ee ee . . wm 5 . 7
fon oe Swe _ Atoposaurus oberndorferl. . . .
fa : a " 4 . . ,
ne - ; ny K ’ y
Toe 4 .
Bye" ’ \
ie Be
fy . oo i ~ *
a = J
Md ;
Z ; =
i ¥ . 4
B ay
iB ie >
Flat tanta ¥
1 ie eee ie
f
4 psa
| , \
tie
ii 7 ‘ i x / ‘
.
a) Pty ‘ A
ae
|
i ; f
i i a ,
De
t: \
5 ‘ :
fy Naa
+ ‘
} Bt SA Ne a
mer Ig ;
i: a *
; ; vig
r, ' x ;
Dey ; “
f i
*
‘ {
: , ’
ex,
‘s
“4 t
4
BY
* -
Fig. 1.
24.
25s
26.
\ 2
28.
29.
30.
dl.
32.
SOOO wh
XX1iL
LIST OF WOODCUTS.
Pteranodon longiceps. Skull .
. Pterodactylus antiquus. Skeleton.
spectabilis. Skeleton .
. Scaphognathus crassirostris. Skeleton
. Rhamphorhynchus muensteri. Restoration .
. Dimorphodon macronyx. Skeleton
. Crocodilus vulgaris. Pelvis.
palustris. Skull
. ——spenceri. Cranium aa
. Tomistoma eggenburgense. Cranium
ides
12.
13.
14.
ale,
Ge
ie
18.
ig:
20.
21.
22.
23.
Rhamphosuchus crassidens. Cranium .
Mandible |
Dacosaurus maximus. Tooth .
Metriorhynchus hastifer. Cranium .
Pelagosaurus typus. Skull .
Steneosaurus heberti. Skull
Phytosaurus cylindricodon. Skull
Cranium
Diplodocus longus. Skull
Morosaurus grandis. Tooth
Pelvis ee
Titanosaurus, sp. Caudal vertebra
Brontosaurus excelsus. Pelvis .
Ornithopsis hulkei. Tooth .
Allosaurus fragilis. Pelvis .
Ceratosaurus nasicornis. Skull
Megalosaurus bredai. Femur .
Zanclodon (?), sp. Tooth BA ine
Epicampodon indicus. Part of mandible
Thecodontosaurus platyodon. Tooth .
Stegosaurus stenops. Skull .
armatus. Lambs
105
109
124
125
132
133
133
135
144
147
154
157
169
173
174
174
176
179
XXIV LIST OF WOODCUTS.
Fig. 33. Scelidosaurus harrisoni. Tooth. :
34, Acanthopholis horridus. Caudal vertebra .
35. (?) Hyleosaurus oweni. IJhuwum
36. Camptosaurus dispar. Pelvis .
37. Iguanodon, sp. Tooth .
38. dawsoni. Dorsal vertebra
39. —— Pelvis 4
40. —— bernissartensis. Skeleton
2 eS ee SL
2 Dorsa) vericura
43, —— ——. Caudal vertebra .
TU SEA Scapula
eC onmenie :
oo Ilium and pelvic limb .
47, Sphenospondylus gracilis. Dorsal vertebra .
48. Orthomerus dolloi. Caudal vertebra.
49, ——_— Femur .
50. Trachodon foulki. Tooth 2
51 cantabrigiensis,.: Tooth “.)..-' 2). 2 ee
52. Iguana tuberculata. Pectoral girdle .
53. 2? Ptyas mucosus. Vertebra
54, Python molurus. Vertebra
55. Paleryx rhombifer. Vertebra .
56. Paleophis typheus. Vertebra.
57. Liodon, sp. Tooth
———. Vertebra ;
59. Platecarpus curtirostris. Skull
60. Iguanoid Lizard. Pelvis
61. Iguana europea. Vertebra
62. Placosaurus margariticeps. Vertebra
bo. Genus monde.” Dentary .. cou) wane
64. Varanus bengalensis. Mawilla and vertebra .
sivalensis. Vertebra .
priscus. Vertebra. ;
67. Hyperodapedon gordoni. Skull .
Palato-maxula
69. —— huxleyi. Palato-mawilla
XxXV
ABBREVIATIONS OF SERIALS QUOTED IN
THIS VOLUME.
[ Where not otherwise stated, the works are in 8yo. |
Abh. k.-bay Ak. Wiss—Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen
Classe der koniglich-bayerischen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften zu Munchen. Munich.
Acta Ac. Theod.-palat.—Acta physica et historica Academie electoralis
scientiarum. . . . Theodoro-palatine. Mannheim.
Amer, Journ.—The American Journal of Arts and Sciences. Newhaven
COUS.A.). |
Amer. Nat.—American Naturalist. Salem, Mass. (U.S.A.).
Ann. du Muséum.—Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 4 Paris,
Ato. Pars.
Ann. Gén, Sci. Phys. Brussels.—Annales générales des Sciences physiques.
Brussels. }
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist—Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
London.
Ann. Sci, Géol— Annales des Sciences Géologiques. Paris.
Ann. Soc. R. Scr. Orléans.—Annales de la Société Royale d’Orléans.
Ann. Soe. Scr. Bruxelles.— Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles, —
. Brussels,
Anzeig. k, Ak. Wiss. Wien.—Anzeiger der kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Wien; mathematisch-naturwissenschaft-
liche Classe. Vienna.
Arch. Mus. Teyler.—Archives Musée Teyler. Haarlem.
Arch, Sct. Phys. Nat.—Bibliothéque Universelle et Revue Suisse;—
Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. Geneva.
Archiv f. Nat.—Archiv fiir die gesammte Naturlehre (Kastner). Mwrem-
berg.
Asiatic Researches.— Calcutta,
XXVI ABBREVIATIONS.
Ber Snchens Nan Ges Bericht amen iee Senckenbergische Naturfor-
schende Gesellschaft. Frankfort.
Biol. Centraiblatt.—Biologisches Centralblatt. Rosenthal ; Erlangen.
Bull, Ac. Rk. Belg—Bulletin de ’ Académie Royale des Sciences . . . de
Belgique. brussels.
Bull. Mus. Rk. Hist. Nat. Belg—Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire
Naturelle de Belgique. Brussels.
Bull. Soc. Géol. France.-—Bulletin de la Société Géologique de la France.
Paris.
Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie.—Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Nor- )
mandie. Caen.
Charlesworth’s London Geological Journal._—London.
Comptes Rendus—Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de
VAcadémie des Sciences. 4to. Paris.
Corrblatt. nat. Ver. Regensberg.—Correspondenz-Blatt des naturwissen-
schaftlichen Vereins in Regensherg. Ratzsbon.
Denkschr. k. Ak. Miinchen—Denkschriften der kéniglichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Miinchen. 4to. Munich.
Denkschr,. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien.—Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie
der Wissenschaften ; mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche
Classe. 4to. Vienna.
Geol. Mag.—Geological Magazine. London.
Jahrb. k. preuss. geol. Landesanst.—Jahrbuch der kéniglichen preussischen
geologischen Landesanstalt und Bergakademie. Berlin.
Tairesh. Ver. Nat. Wiirtt.—Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische
Naturkunde in Wurttemberg. Stuttgart.
Journ, As. Soc. Beng.—Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Caleutta,
Journ, Linn. Soc.—Journal of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 4to.
London.
Journ. Morphol_—Journal of Morphology. Boston, U.S.
London §& Edinb. Philos. Mag.—-\ondon and Edinburgh Philosophical
Magazine. London and Edinburgh.
Mem. Ac. R. Linc.—Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei ; Memorie.
Ato. Rome.
Mém. du Muséwm.—Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 4 Paris.
Ato. Paris.
Mem. Geol. Surv. Eng—Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great
Britain. Pls., 4to. London. f
Mém. Soc. Géol. France-—Mémoires de la Société Géologique de Ta
France. 4to. Paris.
Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie. —Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de
Normandie. 4to. Caen.
ABBREVIATIONS. XXV1i
Mon. Pal. Soc—Monographs of the Palzontographical Society.
London.
Museum Senckenberg.—Museum Senckenbergianum: Abhandlungen aus
dem Gebiete der beschreibenden Naturgeschichte. 4to.
Frankfort.
Neues Jahrb.—Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaonto-
logie. Stuttgart.
Notiz. Gebiet. Nat. Heilk—Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und
Heilkunde. Frfurt.
Nouv. Archiv. d. Muséum—Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle 4 Paris. 4to. Paris.
Nova Acta Ac. Ces. Leop.-Car.—Nova Acta Academiz Czsarez Leo-
poldino-Carolinzee Germanic Nature Curiosorum. 4to.
Dresden.
Pal. Abhandl.—Palaontologische Abhandlungen. 4to. Berlin.
Paleontographica.—Paleontographica: Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der
Vorwelt. Ato. Cassel.
' Paleontologia Indica.—Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India:
Paleontologia Indica. 4to. Calcutta.
Phil. Trans.--Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. to.
London.
Proc. Ac, Nat. Sct. Philad.—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia.
Proc. Amer. Assoc.—Proceedings of the American Association for the
Advancemert of Science. Salem. .
Proe. Amer. Phil. Soc——Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society. Philadelphia.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.—Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History. Boston, U.S.
Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Club.—Proceedings of the Dorset Natural-History
and Antiquarian Field Club. Sherborne.
Proce. Geol. Assoc.—Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association. London.
Proe. Geol. Soc.— Proceedings of the Geological Society. London.
Proc. R. Soc.—Proceedings of the Royal Society. London.
Proc. Zool. Soc.—Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological
Society of London. London.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc——The Quarterly Journal of the Geological
Society of London. London.
Ree. Geol. Surv. Ind.—Records of the Geological Survey of India.
Calcutta.
Rep. Brit. Assoc.—Report of the British Association for the Advancement
of Science. London.
XXVIil ABBREVIATIONS.
Rev.- Quest. Sci—Revue des Questions scientifiques. Brussels.
Revue Encyclopédique.— Revue Encyclopédique, ete. Paris.
Sitz. Ges. Morph. Miinchen.—Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft fir
Morphologie und Physiologie in Miinchen. Munich,
Sttz.k.-bay. Ak. Wiss.—Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physikalischen
Classe der k.-bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Munchen. Munich.
Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss.—Sitzungsberichte der k. bohmischen Gesell-
schaft der Wissenschaften. Prague.
Smiths. Contrib. Knowl—Contributions to Knowledge by the Smith-
sonian Institution. 4to. Washington.
Trans. Amer. Phil, Soc.—Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society. 4to. Philadelphia.
Trans. Camb, Phil, Soc.—Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical
Society. 4to. Cambridge.
Trans, Geol. Soc.—Transactions of the Geological Society of London.
Ato. London.
Trans. N. Zealand Inst.—Transactions and Proceedings of the New.
Zealand Institute. Wellington.
Ver. schw. nat. Ges.—Verhandlungen der schweizerische naturforschende
Gesellschaft. Various Swiss Towns.
Vid. Med. Nat. Foren. Kjobenhavn.—Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den
Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhayn. Copenhagen.
Wiegmann’s Archiv.—Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte.... Herausg. von A.
F. A. Wiegmann. Serlin.
Zool. Anzeig.—Zoologischer Anzeiger. Lezpsic.
eT
Cra Ae OG, Uni
OF
FOSSIL REPTILIA
AND
AMPHIBIA.
Clas REPTILIA.
ARCHOSAURIAN BRANCH.
Tue three Orders included in this branch present the following
characters in common. ~
Teeth usually set in distinct sockets, never anchylosed to the
jaws, and confined to premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary. No parietal
foramen; two temporal arcades; infratemporal fossa not roofed
over by bone ; quadrate immovably fixed; frequently no columella
(epipterygoid). Anterior ribs double-headed’; dorsal vertebrae
with long transverse processes, which may be placed entirely on the
arch; frequently more than two sacral vertebre. No T-shaped
interclavicle or precoracoid. Pectoral and pelvic limbs present;
humerus without distal foramen, but occasionally with ectepi-
1 Zittel (‘Palzontographica,’ vol. xxix. pp. 63, 64) suggests that all the ribs
of Pterouactylus are single-headed ; and Marsh thinks that the same structure
may obtain in Calurus.
B
2 ORNITHOSAURIA.
condylar groove; proximal row of tarsus consisting of astragalus
and caleaneum. Abdominal ribs generally present. In the limbs
the number of phalangeals is liable to variation, although approxi-
mating, more or less, to the arrangement obtaining in the Squamata
(infra). There may be a lateral vacuity in the mandible.
Order ORNITHOSAURIA.
Pectoral limb adapted to support a patagium ; body probably
naked. Vertebre proccelous, without persistent neuro-central
suture; cervicals longer than dorsals; precaudals not numerous ;
from three to six in sacrum'; cervical ribs, at least in Rhampho-
rhynchus, crocodilian®. Skull large, more or less bird-like in
contour, with the bones anchylosed in the adult ; jaws elongated, the
greater portion of upper one formed by premaxilla ; mandibular sym-
physis anchylosed; occipital condyle situated on base of cranium.
Orbits large, usually with sclerotic ossifications*; narial aperture
approximated to orbit, but separated by preorbital vacuity, with
which it may be confiuent. Teeth simple and pointed. Scapula
and coracoid long and slender, latter without fontanelle ; no clavicle ;
sternum broad, and keeled superiorly. Carpus with a proximal and
distal bone ; four functional digits in manus; phalangeals of ulnar
digit* of manus much elongated, and terminal one not clawed.
Pelvis weak ; ilium generally extended on both sides of acetabulum ;
pubis directed forwards; ischium short and wide; pelvic limb
short ; fibula, and sometimes astragalus, united with tibia. Bones
hollow, and frequently with pneumatic foramina. Habits volant.
The brain seems to have been bird-like.
1 Seeley (‘ Ornithosauria, pp. 110, 111) states that there are but two anchy-
losed vertebrae in the sacrum of Scaphognathus (Pachyrhamphus), and none in
that of Dimorphodon.
2 See Baur, ‘Amer. Nat.’ 1886, p. 980.
3 Perhaps wanting in Pteranodontia.
_ #* Regarded by Owen, Marsh, and Zittel (‘ PAsutsomseanars vol. xxix. p. 54)
as the fifth of the typical series; the styliform ossification on the radial side Gt
the carpus (fig. 3) representing the pollex.
PTERODACTYLID®. 3
Suborder PTHRANODONTIA.
Teeth absent; cranium (fig. 1) with a long, backwardly-pro-
duced supraoccipital crest, and nares completely confluent with
Bieseh:
Piteranodon longiceps, Marsh.—Left lateral view of skull; from the Cretaceous
of North America. 5. 4a, preorbital vacuity; 0, orbit; c, supraoccipital
crest; d, angle of mandible ; g, quadrate; s, symphysis. (After Marsh.)
preorbital vacuity. Scapula generally articulating with spines of
dorsal vertebre, which are anchylosed together.
This Suborder is at present unrepresented in the Collection.
Suborder PTEROSAURIA.
Teeth in both jaws; cranium without backwardly-projecting
supraoccipital crest, and with the nares usually more or less com-
pletely separated from the preorbital vacuity. Scapula (at least
usually) not anchylosed to spines of dorsal vertebre, which are
distinct from one another; four phalangeals in ulnar digit of
manus.
Family PTERODACTYLIDA.
Tail short ; skull bird-like, either long or short; jaws toothed
to their anterior extremity; nares usually large, and imperfectly
separated from preorbital vacuity ; length of metacarpus considerably
exceeding half that of ulna; proximal half of tarsus distinct from
tibia.
Genus PTENODRACON', Lydekker.
Skull very short, and the muzzle not produced into a rostrum ;
teeth confined to anterior extremity of jaws; nares and preorbital
1 Seeley (‘ Ornithosauria,’ p. 111) proposed to use Ornithocephalus in this
sense, an application which has been shown by Zittel (‘ Paleontographica,’
vol. xxix. p. 80) to be inadmissible.
B2
+ ORNITHOSAURIA.
vacuity apparently not. separated ; cervical vertebra comparatively
short.
Ptenodracon brevirostris (Sommerring ').
Syn. Ornithocephalus brevirostris, Sommerring *.
Pterodactylus meyert, Minster %.
Ornithocephalus meyert, Wagner *.
Zittel (* Paleontographica,’ vol. xxix. p. 79) suggests that the
so-called P. meyert is not distinct from the present species, which
is fully confirmed by a comparison of the type specimens of the
latter with his figure. The species is the only known example of
the genus, and is about the size of a sparrow; the length of the
cranium being 0,028.
Hab. Kurope (Germany).
42736. A slab of lithographic limestone, containing the greater
(fig.) part of the skeleton ; from the Kimeridgian of Kelheim,
Bavaria. Figured by von Meyer in the ‘ Fauna der
Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schief.’ pl. iv. fig. 2, as Ptero-
dactylus meyert, of which it is the type. |
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
39352. Cast of the preceding specimen. Purchased, 1865.
Genus PTERODACTYLUS, Cuvier’.
Syn. Onithocephalus, Sommerring °.
Macrotrachelus, Giebel’.
Diopecephalus, Seeley °.
Skull slender and elongated into a narrow rostrum, of which the
alveolar margins are straight; teeth placed vertically, and none
extending behind the middle of the narial aperture; cervical
vertebre frequently much elongated ; scapula and coracoid separate ;
pubis short and rounded, without bony symphysis; pes with four
functional digits, and frequently an aborted fifth digit with only
one phalangeal”. None of the species attain a very large size.
* Denkschr. k. Ak. Miinchen, vol. vi. p. 89 (1820).-—-Ornithocephalus. (Read
1816.) SOG. Cb,
® Neues Jahrb. 1842, p. 35.
4 Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. pt. i. p. 167 (1851).
° Ann. d. Muséum, vol. xiii. p. 424 (1809).—Pterodactyle.
® Denkschr. k. Ak. Miinchen, vol. iii. p. 126 (1812).
7 Allgemeine Palaontologie, p. 231 (1852).
6 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii. p. 85 (1871).
* Prepubis, or epipubis of some writers.
0 Zittel, ‘Palzontographica,’ vol. xxix. p. 62 (1882).
PTERODACTYLID ®. 5
Pterodactylus antiquus (Sommerring ').
iH
i Syn. Ornithocephalus antiquus, So6mmerring ”.
| Pterodactylus longirostris, Cuvier *.
. Ornithocephalus longirostris, Wager +.
: : Macrotrachelus longirostris, Giebel °.
This is the type species, and is of medium size; the length of
the cranium in the type specimen is 0,107, and that of the entire
skeleton about 0,300. Typically the neck and rostrum are much
elongated, and the teeth do not extend backwards to the narial
aperture ; but there are said to be transitions in this respect towards
the next form*. The preorbital vacuity is partially separated from
the narial aperture.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
NS ( DD
4
ZA AY
a KZ
GZ
i
3H
f
4 - FIO
= A
Pterodactylus antiquus.—Skeleton ; from the Kimeridgian ot Bavaria. About
3. a, humerus; 0, radius and ulna; c, carpus; d, metacarpus; 7”, clawed
digits; f, g, h, 7, phalangeals of ulnar digit; 7%, rib; 7, femur; s, tibia;
¢, tarsus ; 7, metatarsals; ¢, phalangeals of pes.
! Denkschr. k. Ak. Munchen, vol. iii. p. 126 (1812).—Ornithocephalus.
2 Loe. cit.
3 Ossemens Fossiles, 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, p. 359 (1824).
* Syst. Amphib. p. 61 (1830).
° Allgemeine Palaontologie, p. 231 (1852).
§ Vide Zittel, ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xxix. p. 71 (1882),
6 ORNITHOSAURIA.
R. 336. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, containing the
nearly entire skeleton. The original (fig. 2) was ob- .
tained from the Kimeridgian of Hichstadt, Bavaria; and
is preserved in the Museum at Munich. It is the type
of the genus and species, and is figured by Collini in the
Acta Ac. Theod. Palat. voi. v. pl. v. (1784), without
name; by Cuvier in the ‘Ann. du Muséum,’ vol. xii.
pl. xxx1., without specific name; by Sommerring in the
‘ Denkschr. k. Ak. Munchen,’ vol. i. pl. v.; by Cuvier in
the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, pl. xxiil.,
as P. longirostris; by Buckland in his Geology and
Mineralogy (Bridgewater Treatise), pl. xxi. ; and by Meyer
in the ‘ Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ pl. 11.
fies L, Purchased, 1883.
R. 388. A split block of lithographic limestone, containing the
entire skeleton, but wanting the mandible and the anterior
half of the cranium; from Hichstaédt. This specimen is
slightly smaller than the preceding, but otherwise agrees
exactly. Purchased, 1884.
Pterodactylus kochi (Wagner’).
Syn. Ornithocephalus kochi, Wagner *.
Pterodactylus scolopaciceps, Meyer *.
Diopecephalus kocht, Seeley *.
Allied to the preceding, but typically of rather smaller size, with
a shorter neck and rostrum, and the teeth extending back to the
narial aperture. The length of the cranium varies from 0,066 to
0,080.
The identity of P. scolopaciceps with this form is given on the
authority of Zittel®; by whom it is suggested that the species may
be only a variety of P. antiquus.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
37360. Casts of a split slab of lithographic limestone, showing a
considerable portion of the skeleton. Theoriginal is from .
the Kimeridgian of Hichstidt, Bavaria; and is preserved
in the Museum at Munich ; it is figured by Meyer in the
» Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. ii. p. 168 (1837).— Ornithocephalus.
2 Loe. cit.
3 Fauna der Vorwelt-—Rept. Lith. Schiefer, p. 33 (1860).
4 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii. p. 35 (1871). .
® Palzontographica, vol. xxix. p. 71 (1882).
PTERODACTYLID.®. 7
‘ Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ pl. ii. fig. 2;
and also by Zittel, in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xxix.
mleexaiis fe. 1, Purchased, 1863.
37359. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, containing the
entire skeleton. ‘The history of the original is the same
as that of the last specimen; and it is figured by Meyer,
op. cit. pl. i. fig. 2, under the name of P. scolopaciceps, of
which it is the type. Purchased, 1863.
Pterodactylus pulchellus, Meyer’.
Zittel? identifies with this species the somewhat smaller P.
elegans, Wagner *; in the type specimen of the present form the
length of the cranium is 0,0465; the rostrum is as much elongated
as in the preceding species; but the teeth are confined to the ex-
tremities of the jaws. In somespecimens of the so-called P. elegans
the preorbital vacuity is separated from the narial aperture.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
42735. A slab of lithographic limestone, containing the impression
(fig.) of the nearly entire skeleton, and afew fragments of bone ;
from the Kimeridgian of Hichstadt, Bavaria. Counterfeit
of the specimen figured by Meyer in the ‘ Fauna der Vor-
welt-——Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ pl. 1. fig. 1, under the name of
P. longirostris; but subsequently made the type of the
present species (see ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. x. p. 9).
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
39351. Partially restored cast of the preceding specimen.
Purchased, 1865.
Pterodactylus spectabilis, Meyer *.
This is a small species, apparently allied to P. pulchellus, but
regarded by its describer as having a larger skull, and different
proportions in some of the limb-bones. Its right to specific distinc-
tion may be doubtful ®.
Hab. Kurope (Germany).
? Neues Jahrb, 1861, p. 470.
2 «Paleontographica,’ vol. xxix. p. 77 (1882).
3 Sitz. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. 1861, vol. i. p. 363.
+ Neues Jahrb. 1861, p. 467.
° See Zittel, ‘Paleontographica,’ vol. xxix, p. 77 (1882),
8 ORNITHOSAURIA.
38150. Casts of a split block of lithographic limestone, containing
the nearly entire skeleton. The original (fig. 3) was
Fig. 3.
4
;
4
Pterodactylus spectabilis.—The nearly entire skeleton, viewed from the ventral
aspect; from the Kimeridgian of Bavaria. On the left side the pubis
(prepubis) is shown at a, while on the right the ilium is exposed. }. a
obtained from the Kimeridgian of Hichstiidt, Bavaria, and
is the type; it is figured by Meyer in the ‘ Palzonto-
graphica,’ vol. x. pl. i. (1861). Purchased, 1864.
Pterodactylus rhamphastinus (Wagner ’).
Syn. Ornithocephalus rhamphastinus, Wagner ®.
Diopecephalus rhamphastinus, Seeley *.
Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. pt. i. p. 182 (1851).— Ornithocephalus.
200, cit, ° Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii. p. 35 (1871).
PTERODACTYLIDZ®, 9
A large species, with the narial aperture and preorbital vacuity
entirely confluent; the length of the cranium is 0,215; the teeth
are short and stout, and extend unusually far back, reaching in
the upper jaw nearly to the middle of the narial aperture; the
cervical vertebre are comparatively thick.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
37363—4. Two casts of a split slab of lithographic limestone, show-
ing the greater portion of the skeleton. The original was
obtained from the Kimeridgian of Daiting, Bavaria, and
is the type of the species; it is figured by Wagner in the
‘Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss.’ vol. vi. pt. i. pl. v.
Purchased, 1863.
Pterodactylus longicollum, Meyer’.
Syn. Diopecephalus longicollum, Seeley *.
A species of large size, but smaller than the preceding, with the
narial aperture and preorbital vacuity entirely confluent ; the length
of the cranium is 0,145; the teeth are slender, and those of the
upper jaw do not extend posteriorly to within a considerable dis-
tance of the narial aperture.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
37990. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing a con-
siderable portion of the skeleton. The original is from
the Kimeridgian of Eichstadt, Bavaria; and is figured by
Meyer in the ‘ Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’
pl. vii. figs. 1-3. Purchased, 1862.
37990 a. Two casts of a split slab of lithographic limestone, show-
ing some of the bones of the fore limb and pes of a Ptero-
dactyle referred by Meyer to the present species. The
original is from the Kimeridgian of Bavaria; and is figured
by Meyer, op. crt. pl. vii. fig. 4. Purchased, 1862.
Genus CYCNORHAMPHUS, Seeley °*.
Rostrum elongated and expanded into a broad, swan-like beak,
with the teeth confined to its extremity ; neck long ; and (according
to Seeley) the pubis of either side meeting in a bony symphysis.
As mentioned by Zittel, the characters of the nares as given by
Seeley require modification.
' Neues Jahrb. 1854, p. 52.
2 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii. p. 35 (1871).
3 *Ornithosauria,’ p. 111 (1870).
10 ORNITHOSAURIA.
Cycnorhamphus suevicus (Quenstedt *).
Syn. Pterodactylus suevicus, Quenstedt ?.
Pterodactylus wurtembergicus, Quenstedt *.
Pterodactylus eurychirus, Wagner 4.
Ornithocephalus eurychirus, Wagner °.
This is the only known species of the genus, and is of compara-
tively large size; the length of the cranium being 0,158.
Hab. Kurope (Germany).
37370 x. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing the
nearly entire skeleton. The original was obtained from
‘the Kimeridgian of Nurplingen, Wurtemberg ; and is the
type of the species; itis described and figured by Quenstedt
in the memoir cited. ' Purchased, 18638.
Family Uncertain.
Tail apparently long; jaws toothed to their anterior extremity ;
relative lengths of metacarpus and ulna unknown; skull long or
short ; astragalus, at least in some instances, united to tibia.
It is uncertain whether the members of this group should be
included in the Lhamphorhynchide, or should form a distinct
family.
Genus ORNITHOCHIRUS, Seeley °.
Including Palgornis, Mantell’, Cimoliornis, Owen *, Coloborhynchus,
Owen *, Criorhynchus, Owen, Doratorhynchus, Seeley*', Cretorms,
Fritsch '?.
All the species are known by such (fragmentary remains that no
accurate diagnosis can be given. In the upper jaw the anterior
teeth frequently curve in advance of the muzzle ; the teeth may be
rounded or compressed, and are frequently inclined forwards ; there
1 Ueber Pierodactylus suevicus (Tubingen, 1855).—Pterodactylus.
eo NGit.
3 Neues Jahrb. 1854, p. 570.—Subsequently withdrawn.
4 Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. viii. pt. ii. p. 444 (1858).
5 Ibid. p. 448.
6 Ornithosauria, p. 112 (1870).—Amended. Also mentioned in ‘Index to
Aves, &c., in Cambridge Museum,’ p. xvi (1869); Ptenodactylus of the latter
page was withdrawn, on account of being preoccupied. ;
7 Medals of Oreation, Ist ed. vol. ii. p. 806 (1844).—Preoccupied and in~
appropriate.
8 Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 545 (1846).—Inappropriate.
9 Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p. 6 (1874). 10 Ibid. p 7.
“ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. p. 465 (1875)...
2 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1880, p. 276 (1881).
ORNITHOCHIRUS. Beall
is a median longitudinal ridge on the palate, and a corresponding
groove in the mandibular symphysis; the scapula and coracoid are
frequently anchylosed. The skull may be either short, or with a
long rostrum. Seeley ' considers that there are only three digits in
the manus of some species; and there appears to have been a long
tail * in at least some forms.
This genus includes the largest known members of the Suborder ;
if less imperfect specimens were forthcoming it might probably be
subdivided into groups or genera, but at present the only safe
course seems to arrange the species according to the geological
horizons from which the type examples were obtained. Many of
the species are probably invalid.
A. Species typically from the Chalk.
Ornithochirus compressirostris (Owen °*).
Syn. Pterodactylus compressirostris, Owen*.
Referred to this genus by Seeley (‘ Ornithosauria,’ p. 92). The
species is of very large size, and has the skull produced into a very
long and narrow rostrum, with numerous small teeth. Owen esti-
mates the length of the entire skull at about 0,450.
Hab. Europe (England).
39410. Two fragments of the cranial rostrum; from the Lower
(fig.) Chalk of Burham, Kent. These specimens are the type,
and are figured by Owen in his ‘Cretaceous Reptilia,’
pl. xxviii. figs. 8-10, a restoration of the skull being given
im pl xxvii. fig. 1.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
39416. Fragment of a rostrum probably belonging to this species ;
from the Chalk of Kent. Same history.
The following specimens are referred to this species by Owen.
49004. The imperfect radius and ulna; from the Chalk of Burham.
(fig-) Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. xxx. figs. 5, 5a.
Toulmin-Simith Collection. Purchased, 1869.
1 Vide Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. viii. p. 17 (1881).
* It has been suggested by Seeley (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxi. p. 466)
that the vertebrx originally described by him as caudal may be cervical, but
from the analogy of Rhamphorhynchus the writer is inclined to adhere to the
original view.
* Cretaceous Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), p. 95 (1851).—Pterodactylus.
* Loe, cit.
12 ORNITHOSAURIA.
39411. An imperfect wing-bone (? first phalangeal of the ulnar
(ig.) digit); from Burham. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. xxx.
fig. 4. Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
49003. The imperfect proximal extremity of a bone, apparently
(7ig.) homologous with the preceding ; from Burham. Figured
by Owen, op. cit. pl. xxxii. fig. 2.
Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.
Ornithochirus cuvieri (Bowerbank’').
Syn. Pterodactylus cuviert, Bowerbank?.
Coloborhynchus cuviert, Owen®.
Referred to this genus by Seeley (‘ Ornithosauria,’ p. 113), by
whom it is provisionally recorded from the Cambridge Greensand.
Fuily equal in size to the preceding species, but with the rostrum
shorter and thicker, and the teeth larger and less numerous, and
characterized by a marked lateral compression. The limb-bones
referred by Owen to this species are regarded as indicating an
expanse of wing of not less than 18 feet.
Hab. Europe (England).
39409. 'The greater portion of the cranial rostrum, showing the
(Fig.) dental alveoli (some with tooth-germs) and two detached
teeth ; from the Lower Chalk of Burham, Kent. This
specimen is the type, and is figured by Bowerbank in
the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1851, pl. iv. (lettered l/ongirostris),
and also by Owen in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal.
Soc.), pl. xxviii. figs. 1-7.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
The following specumens are provisionally referred to this species.
37982. An imperfect tooth of very large size; from the Lower
Chalk of Halling, Kent. Purchased, 1864.
41637. An imperfect bone of the wing; from the Lower Chalk of
(Ffig.) Burham, Kent. Figured by Owen, op. at. pl. xxx. figs.
1-3. (? First phalangeal of ulnar digit.)
Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.
Ornithochirus (?) giganteus (Bowerbank *).
Syn. Pterodactylus giganteus, Bowerbank’?.
Pterodactylus conirostris, Owen ®.
! Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 15.—Pterodactylus. Loe. cit.
* Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p 6 (1874).
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. ii. p. 8 (1846).—Pterodactylus.
5 Loe. cit. ° In Dixon’s ‘ Geology of Sussex,’ p. 401 (1850).
——— ———
pdt Apes ae es
ee Se
ORNITHOCHIRUS. 13
Smaller than the preceding, with the skull not produced into a
distinct rostrum, and with the teeth short, rounded, and not pro-
jecting in advance of the muzzle; scapula and coracoid anchylosed.
The form of the muzzle approximates to that of Scaphognathus
crassirostris, but the teeth do not extend so far back. The calcu-
lated length of the cranium on the proportions of that of the latter
would be 0,255.
Hab. Europe (England).
39412. The associated anterior extremities of the upper and lower
(fig.) jaws, pectoral girdle, and fragments of bones; from the
Lower Chalk of Burham, Kent. These specimens may be
regarded as the types; and are figured by Bowerbank in
the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. ii. pl. i. fig. 1; in
Dixon’s ‘ Geology of Sussex,’ pl. xxxviii. figs. 4, 5 (as P.
controstris) ; and in Owen’s ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia,’ pl. xxxi.
figs. 1-6. Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
The following specimens from the same locality are referred by Owen
to this species ; all belong to the Bowerbank: Collection.
39413. An imperfect bone (? part of sternum). Figured by Owen,
(Fig.) op. cit. pl. xxxi. fig. 9.
39415 a. Termination of a long-bone. Figured by Bowerbank,
(fig.) op. cit. pl. i. fig. 5, and by Owen, op. cit. pl. xxxi. fig. 10.
39417. Shaft of a bone of the wing. Figured by Bowerbank, op.
(Mig.) cit. pl.i. fig. 6; by Dixon, op. cit. pl. xxxviuti. fig. 7 (as
P. conirostris) ; and by Owen, op. cit. pl. xxxi. fig. 11.
39414. Part of the shaft of a long-bone (? tibia). Figured by
(Fig.) Bowerbank, op. cit. pl. 1. fig. 8; and by Owen, op. cit.
pl. xxxi. fig. 12.
39415 b. Two portions of long-bones, and portion of a rib. Figured
(fig.) by Bowerbank, op. cit. pl. i. fig. 4; and by Owen, op. crt,
pi sect, fig, 13.
39413. Fragment of along-bone. Figured by Bowerbank, op. cit.
(fig.) pil. i. fig. 7, and by Owen, op. cit. pl. xxx1. fig. 14.
** Ornithochirus diomedius (Owen ’, ev Gervais).
Syn. Crmoliornis diomedius, Owen’.
1 Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p 545 (1846).—Cimoliornis. ° Loe. cit.
14 ORNITHOSAURIA.
It is probable that this form is identical with one of the preced-
ing species.
Hab. Kurope (England).
39418. The distal extremity of the ulnar metacarpal; from the
(Fig.) | Middle Chalk of Kent. This specimen is the type, and is
figured by Owen in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vi.
pl. xxxix. fig. 2 (as a bird-bone); in his ‘ British Fossil
Mammals and Birds,’ p. 545, fig. 230 (as Cimoliornis) ;
and in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pl. xxx.
fig. 4. Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
** Ornithochirus hlavatschi (Fritsch ’).
Syn. Cretornis hlavatschi, Fritsch’.
The type of Cretornis. Of medium size; known by the humerus;
may be identical with one of the preceding.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).
R. 1031. Cast of the left humerus and some imperfect metacarpals
and phalangeals of the wing. The originals, which are
the types, were obtained from the Upper Chalk (Iser-
schichten) of Zarecka Lhota, near Chotzen, Bohemia; and
are described by Fritsch in the ‘ Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss.’
for 1880, pp. 275-6, as belonging to a Bird. The hume-
rus (described by Fritsch as a coracoid) has a length of
0,074; and, though somewhat smaller, closely resembles
the Wealden specimen No. 2353.
Presented by Dr. Anton Fritsch, 1887.
Specifically undetermined specimens from the Chalk.
41638. The distal extremity of the ulnar metacarpal; from the
(Fig.) Middle Chalk of Kent. Figured in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. iv. pl. ii. figs. 4,5; and in Owen’s ‘ Cre-
taceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.) pl. xxxii. fig. 5.
Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.
39417. An homologous fragment; from the same horizon.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
49005. Part of shaft of a long-bone (? femur); from the Lower
(Fig.) Chalk of Burham, Kent. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl.
Xxxil. fig. 3. Smith Collection. Purchased, 1878.
| Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1880, p. 276 (1881).—-Cretornis. * Loe. cit.
ORNITHOCHIRUS. 15,
R. 39. Four imperfect long-bones; from the Chalk of Snodland,
Kent. Shrubsole Collection. Purchased, 1880.
B. Species typically from the Cambridge Greensand.
Ornithochirus sedgwicki (Owen!).
Syn. Pterodactylus sedgwickt, Owen °.
Coloborhynchus sedgwicki, Owen °.
Apparently allied to O. cuvrert, but with the anterior dental
alveoli relatively larger, a corresponding increase in the depth of
the muzzle, and a larger total number of alveoli in a corresponding
space.
Hab. Kurope (England).
35213. Fragment of the premaxillary rostrum, showing three pairs
of dental alveoli; from the Cambridge Greensand.
Purchased, 1859.
35220. A smaller fragment of the premaxillary rostrum, showing
two pairs of dental alveoli; from the same formation.
Purchased, 1859.
35376. Anterior extremity of the mandibular symphysis; from the
same formation. This specimen was determined by Sir
R. Owen, and agrees generally with the type mandible
figured in his Cretaceous Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), Ist
Suppl. p. 2 (1859), pl. i. fig. 2, although of somewhat
greater depth. Purchased, 1859.
35412 a. Greater portion of a smaller mandibular symphysis agree-
ing in general characters with the preceding specimen,
and perhaps belonging to this species; from the same
formation. Closely resembles the specimen figured by
Owen, op. cit. pl. i. fig. 7. Purchased, 1859.
39105. Part of a similar mandibular symphysis; from the same
formation. Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
Ornithochirus fittoni (Owen).
Syn. Pterodactylus fitton’, Owen °.
Referred to this genus by Seeley (‘ Ornithosauria,’ p. 118). The
" Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1858, Trans. of Sections, p. 98 (1859).—Pterodactylus.
2 Loc. cit. * Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p. 6 (1874).
* Cretaceous Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soe.), Ist Suppl. p. 4 (1859).-—Péerodactylus.
oe. Cit.
16 ORNITHOSAURIA.
premaxillary rostrum is much less deep than in the preceding
species ; and the dental alveoli are relatively larger, and separated
from one another by longer intervals.
Hab. Europe (England).
R. 540. The extremity of a mandibular symphysis, showing three
pairs of dental alveoli, which agree in relative size and
position with those of the type premaxillary rostrum
figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. i. fig. 3. Purchased, 1885.
Ornithochirus (?) simus (Owen’).
Syn. Pterodactylus simus, Owen °.
Criorhynchus symus, Owen *.
(?) Pterodactylus woodwardi, Owen *.
Of very large size, and characterized by the great depth and
bluntness of the muzzle. If, as is very probable, this species should
prove generically distinct from the preceding forms, the name
Criorhynchus might be retained for it’.
Hab. Kurope (England).
35412. Fragment of the muzzle; from the Cambridge Greensand.
This specimen, although rather smaller, agrees with the
type example figured by Owen in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia,’
3rd Suppl. pl. i. figs. 1, 2, as belonging to the upper jaw,
but is referred by Seeley (‘ Ornithosauria,’ p. 127) to the
mandible. Purchased, 1859.
R. 546. Fragment of the extremity of the premaxille, not impro-
bably belonging to a larger individual of the present
species; from Cambridgeshire. This specimen, which
apparently agrees in character with the one figured by
Owen, op. cit. pl. 11. fig. 3, under the name of Pterodac-
tylus woodwardi, if rightly determined, would indicate the
correctness of Seeley’s view as to the position of the type
specimen, and also that P. woodwardi may be a synonym
of this form. Purchased, 1885.
Cretaceous Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), 3rd Suppl. p. 2 (1860).—Prerodactylus.
Loe, cit. 3 Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p. 7 (1874).
Cretaceous Reptilia, op. cit. p. 4.
In the preliminary publication of the name Ornithochirus (Seeley, Index
to Aves &c. in Camb. Mus. p. xvi [1869]) it was applied to this species; but in
the later memoir (‘ Ornithosauria,’ p. 127) the forms with spear-shaped jaws
were taken as the types. See also Geol. Mag. 1881, pp. 15,16. It would
apparently only lead to worse confusion to revert to the original application of
the name.
1
2
4
5
a
lend
ORNITHOCHIRUS. 17
35418. An imperfect upper tooth, agreeing with the second tooth
(#ig.) in the preceding specimen; from Cambridgeshire. Figured
by Owen, op. cit. pl. iv. fig. 4, and referred to the present
species. Purchased, 1859.
35418 a. A very similar specimen ; from Cambridgeshire.
Same history.
Specifically undetermined specimens from the Cambridge Greensand.
(Some of these bones may perhaps belong to the Pteranodontia *.)
35435. Fragment apparently belonging to the premaxillary rostrum,
containing one broken tooth. Purchased, 1859.
41787. Hinder portion of an Ornithosaurian or Avian cranium.
Purchased, 1869.
44173. Model of a natural cast of the brain-cavity. The original
is preserved in the Geological Museum, Cambridge, and is
described and figured by Seeley in his ‘ Ornithosauria,’
p. 87, pl. xi. figs. 10-12. Presented by Mr. H. Keeping.
35436. Fragment of a rostrum, with three pairs of dental alveoli.
Purchased, 1859.
R. 485. The extremity of a mandibular symphysis, showing three
pairs of dental alveoli, one of which contains a broken
tooth. Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B.
35241. A large broken tooth (? O. semus). Purchased, 1859.
R. 474. Seven teeth, mostly imperfect.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B.
35241 a, 35419, 35427. Sixteen more or less imperfect teeth.
Purchased, 1859.
35411. The axis vertebra of a large species. Purchased, 1859.
R. 547. The conjoint atlas and axis vertebre of a considerably
smalier form. Purchased, 1885.
R. 548. The conjoint atlas and axis vertebra of a rather smaller
individual. Same history.
1 The toothless Ornithostoma has -been described from these beds; vide
Seeley, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii. p. 35, note (1871).
C
18 ORNITHOSAURIA.
35410. The conjoint atlas and axis vertebra, in which the centrum
of the latter is rather shorter than in the preceding
specimen. Purchased, 1859.
35410 a. A very similar specimen. Purchased, 1859.
35242. Another similar specimen, wanting the greater portion of
the neural spine. Purchased, 1859.
35829. The axis vertebra of a form in which the centrum is shorter
than in the preceding. Purchased, 1859.
43982. A very similar specimen. Purchased, 1872.
43982 a. The axis vertebra of a smaller form. Purchased, 1872.
46370. Four imperfect cervical’ vertebrae of a large species.
Purchased, 1875.
35215, 35223-4, 35423-4. Five imperfect cervical vertebrae of
large size. Purchased, 1859.
35215 a. A large imperfect cervical vertebra. Purchased, 1859.
35245. An imperfect cervical vertebra of a large species.
Purchased, 1859.
R. 475. A large imperfect cervical vertebra. ;
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B.
R. 56. Two large imperfect cervical vertebre. Purchased, 1881.
R. 549. Five imperfect cervical vertebra belonging to individuals of
different sizes. Purchased, 1885.
43983. An imperfect cervical vertebra of a species of medium size.
Purchased, 1872.
43983 a. An imperfect cervical vertebra of a smaller form,
Purchased, 1872.
41786. Part of a cervical vertebra of a still smaller form.
Purchased, 1869.
35243. Two imperfect vertebra provisionally referred to the cervical
region. Purchased, 1859.
* In assigning these vertebrae to the cervical region the writer follows Owen,
op. cit. \st Suppl. pl. ii.; vide supra, note 2, p. 11.
ORNITHOCHIRUS. 19
R. 475. A dorsal vertebra. Very similar to the specimen figured
by Seeley, op. cit. pl. x. figs. 2-4.
Presented by Sir Rh. Owen, K.C.B.
35425. A very similar dorsal vertebra. Purchased, 1859.
35244. An imperfect dorsal vertebra of similar type.
Purchased, 1859.
35244 a. The centrum of a small trunk vertebra.
Purchased, 1859.
35377. A lumbar vertebra. Purchased, 1860.
35246. An imperfect anterior sacral vertebra. Purchased, 1859.
R. 459. A caudal vertebra of a large species. Somewhat smaller
than the specimen figured by Seeley, op. cit. pl. x. figs.
13, 14. Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B.
35248. Four caudal vertebre of rather smaller size.
Purchased, 1859.
35247. A smaller imperfect caudal vertebra. Purchased, 1859.
35249. An imperfect caudal vertebra of still smaller size.
Purchased, 1859.
35421. Cast of the anterior portion of the sternum of a large species.
The original is preserved in the Geological Museum at
Cambridge, and is figured by Owen, op. ct. 3rd Suppl.
pl. u. figs. 7-9, and also by Seeley, op. cit. pl. 1. fig. 1.
Purchased, 1859.
R. 541. The imperfect anterior portion of a rather smaller sternum.
Purchased, 1885.
41782. The anterior portion of a sternum, agreeing in size with
the preceding. Purchased, 1869.
35405. The anterior portion of a smaller sternum. Figured by
(Fig.) Owen, op. cit. drd Suppl. pl. iu. figs. 10-12.
Purchased, 1859.
35409. The glenoidal extremity of the anchylosed right scapula and
coracoid of a large species. Very similar to the specimen
figured in Owen’s ‘Cretaceous Reptilia,’ Ist Suppl. pl. i.
figs. 1-3. Purchased, 1860.
c2
20
35226.
R. 553.
R. 552.
R. 551.
41780.
35225.
35408.
35830.
41779.
35413.
ORNITHOSAURIA.
A more imperfect, but otherwise very similar, specimen
belonging to the opposite side. Purchased, 1859.
The glenoidal extremity of the anchylosed scapula and
coracoid of a smaller form. Purchased, 1885.
The glenoidal extremity of a smaller anchylosed scapula
and coracoid. Same history.
The glenoidal extremity of the anchylosed right scapula
and coracoid of a small species. Same history.
The glenoidal extremity of the right scapula.
Purchased, 1869.
. The proximal extremity of the right scapula.
Purchased, 1885.
. Two specimens of the glenoidal extremity of the coracoid.
Purchased, 1859.
. The glenoidal half of a coracoid. Purchased, 1859.
. The proximal extremity of the right humerus of a large
species. Purchased, 1860.
. The proximal extremity of the right humerus of an equally
large form. Purchased, 1859.
The proximal extremity of a rather smaller left humerus.
Purchased, 1859.
The proximal extremity of a nearly similar left humerus.
Purchased, 1860.
The proximal extremity of a rather smaller right humerus.
Purchased, 1860.
The proximal extremity of a considerably smaller left
humerus. Purchased, 1869.
The slightly imperfect right humerus of a small form. Very
similar to the specimen figured by Seeley, ‘ Ornithosauria,’
pl. iv. hes We Purchased, 1860.
R. 1032. Cast of the distal extremity of the left humerus of a large
species. The original is preserved in the Geological
Museum at Cambridge, and is figured by Seeley, op. cit.
Oliv. fe, Ws. Presented by Mr. H,. Keeping.
‘
a
i@
ORNITHOCHIRUS. 21
41778. The proximal extremity of the ulna of a large species.
Purchased, 1869.
35229. The proximal extremity of the ulna of a small species.
: Purchased, 1859.
41777. The distal extremity of the ulna of a very large species.
Purchased, 1869.
35324. The distal extremity of a rather smaller ulna.
; Purchased, 1859.
R. 555. A specimen which is apparently the distal portion of the
ulna of a small species. Purchased, 1885.
41781. The distal portion of the radius of a small species.
Purchased, 1869.
37954. The right proximal carpal of a large species. Very similar
to the specimen figured by Seeley, op. cit. pl. v. fig. 1.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1863.
43987. The right proximal carpal, of equal size with the preceding.
Purchased, 1872.
35235. The left proximal carpal of a specifically distinct form.
Purchased, 1859.
35330. The left proximal carpal. Purchased, 1859.
35422. A rather smaller left proximal carpal. Purchased, 1859.
R. 543. The left distal carpal of a very large species.
Purchased, 1885.
36156. The right distal carpal of a rather smaller form.
Purchased, 1861.
35407. The imperfect left distal carpal of an apparently similar
form. Purchased, 1860.
35237. A slightly smaller right distal carpal. Purchased, 1859.
R. 544. A very similar imperfect right distal carpal.
Purchased, 1885.
35405. A nearly similar imperfect left distal carpal.
\
Purchased, 1860.
22, ORNITHOSAURIA.
35420. The right distal carpal of a rather smaller form, Figured
(fig.) by Owen in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia,’ 3rd Suppl. pl. iv.
fies. 7, 10: Purchased, 1859.
R. 1032 a. Cast of a similar right distal carpal. The original is in
the Geological Museum, Cambridge, and is said to be the one
figured by Seeley in his ‘ Ornithosauria,’ pl. v. figs. 7-10.
Presented by Mr. H. Keeping.
R. 550. An imperfect right distal carpal, agreeing in size with the
preceding specimen. Purchased, 1885.
R. 542. The distal’ extremity of the ulnar metacarpal of a large
species. Very similar to the specimen figured by Owen,
op. cit. Ist Suppl. pl. iv. figs. 9-11. Same history.
39108. A rather larger specimen of a corresponding fragment of
the opposite side, showing none of the shaft. )
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
39107. A rather smaller specimen of a corresponding fragment,
with a portion of the shaft. Same history.
43984. A similar specimen, without any of the shaft.
Purchased, 1872.
43985. Four specimens of the distal extremity of the homologous
bone, two of which show portions of the shaft.
Purchased, 1872.
35239. The imperfect proximal extremity of the first phalangeal of
the ulnar digit of the manus of a very large species.
Purchased, 1859.
39106. The proximal extremity of the homologous bone of a smaller
form. This bone agrees closely with the less imperfect one
figured by Seeley, op. cit. pl. vu. fig. 1.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1565.
35227. A very similar specimen. Purchased, 1859.
41783. The imperfect proximal portion of an homologous bone,
apparently agreeing very closely with the preceding.
Purchased, 1869.
35325. The distal extremity of the first phalangeal of the ulnar
digit of the manus of a large species.. Purchased, 1859.
ORNITHOCHIRUS. 23
35325a. A similar fragment, of rather smaller size.
35216. Fragment of the shaft of a wing-bone of a large species.
Purchased, 1859.
35228, —328-9. Five fragments of shafts of smaller wing-bones.
Purchased, 1859-60.
R. 487. The imperfect terminal phalangeal of one of the clawed
digits of the manus. Very similar to the specimen
figured by Seeley, op. cit. pl. viii. fig. 16.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B
41784. Termination of a bone said to belong to the second pha-
langeal of the ulnar digit of the manus.
Purchased, 1869.
43988. The proximal portion of the femur of a small species. Agrees
closely with the entire bone figured by Seeley, op. cit.
pl. viii. figs. 5, 6. Purchased, 1872.
35230. The distal half of the left femur of a form agreeing closely
in size with the preceding. Purchased, 1859.
R. 478. The distal portion of a rather smaller left femur.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B.
35230 a. The proximal portion of a tibia. Slightly smaller than
the specimen figured by Seeley, op. cit. pl. vii. figs. 13,
14. Purchased, 1859.
C. Species typically from the Gault.
Ornithochirus daviesi (Owen ').
Syn. Pterodactylus daviesi, Owen”.
A species agreeing approximately in size with O. fittoni, but with
smaller and more numerons teeth ; it appears highly probable that
this form is really identical with O. denticulatus, Seeley *, from the
Cambridge Greensand.
Hab. Kurope (England).
* Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p. 2 (1874).—Pteredactylus.
4100. Cit.
3 ‘Ornithosauria,’ p. 122, pl. xii. figs. 8, 9 (1870).
24 ORNITHOSAURIA.
43074. The extremity of the mandibular rostrum; from the Gault
(Fig.) of Folkestone. ‘This specimen is the type, and is figured
by Owen, op. cit. pl. i. figs. 5, 6. There are five dental
alveoli in a space equal to that which contains three in
the mandible referred to O. fitton. Purchased, 1871.
Specifically undetermined specimens from the Gault of Folkestone.
R. 47. Four imperfect bones belonging to the wing.
Purchased, 1881.
37238. Two imperfect wing-bones. Purchased, 1863.
40096. Two imperfect wing-bones. Purchased, 1866.
47212. The nearly entire tibia, of which the total length is 0,220.
As in Dimorphodon, this bone has a distal trochlea, looking
as though the astragalus were anchylosed to it.
Purchased, 1876.
D. Species typically from the Wealden.
** Ornithochirus nobilis (Owen’).
Syn. Pterodactylus nobilis, Owen *.
This species is of large size, but is too imperfectly known to
admit of its distinctive characters being given.
Hab. Kurope (England).
36552. Part of the second (?) phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the
(fig.) manus; from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. This
specimen is figured by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia,’
pt. ii. pl. xix. fig. 10, and is the type.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
36552 a. Fragments of hones associated with the preceding.
Same history.
R. 176. Considerable portion of the skeleton of a large Ornitho-
saurian not improbably belonging to this species ; from
the Wealden of Brook, Isle of Wight. The skeleton is
" Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. pl. xix. fig. 10 (1870).
200. (Cit.
ea
ORNITHOCHIRUS. 25
fragmentary, and much crushed; the hinder part of the
cranium in preserved, as well as parts of the vertebral
column and numerous portions of the wing-bones; the
anterior part of the sacrum is well shown. ‘The portion
of the cranium has been bisected in order to show the
brain-cavity; but the contour of the latter is not very
clear. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
** Ornithochirus (?) clifti (Mantel).
Syn. Paleornis cliftt, Mantell °.
Pterodactylus chiftt, Bronn ®.
The following specimens indicate a form considerably smaller
than the preceding, which is provisionally referred to the present
genus.
Hab. Kurope (England).
2353. The proximal extremity of the left humerus; from the
(Fig.) Wealden of Cuckfield, Sussex. This specimen is figured
by Mantell in his ‘Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’ pl. viii.
fig. 11 (1827), and also in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2,
vol. vy. pl. xi. fig. 3, as the bone of a bird; but was
refigured by Owen in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. ii.
pp. 99-100, figs. 5, 7, and referred to the Ornithosauria.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.
2353 a. The imperfect distal part of apparently the same left
(Fig.) humerus. Figured by Mantell, op. cit. pl. viii. fig. 15,
and pl. xii. figs. 1, la@ (as a bird-bone), and in his
‘Medals of Creation, Ist ed. vol. i. p. 806, fig. 149 (as
Paleornis); also by Owen, op. cit. p. 97, figs. 1, 2, 3.
This specimen is the type. Same history.
Ornithochirus (?), sp.
Distinguished from the preceding by a considerable difference in
the contour of the head of the humerus.
Hab. Europe (England).
R.558. The imperfect proximal extremity of the left humerus ;
from the Wealden of Brook, Isle of Wight.
Purchased, 1885.
* ‘Medals of Creation,’ Ist ed. vol. ii. p. 806 (1844).—-Paleornis.
2) Lac: cit.
* ‘Index Paleeontologicus,’ p. 895 (1848).
26 ORNITHOSAURIA.
** Ornithochirus (?) curtus (Owen').
Syn. Pterodactylus curtus, Owen”.
A comparatively small form, definitely known only by the fol-
lowing specimen.
Hub. Europe (England).
R. 1440. The distal extremity of the tibia; from the Wealden of
(fig.) Sussex. Figured by Owen, loc. cit. In the anchylosis of
the proximal portion of the tarsus to its distal extremity,
this bone agrees with the tibia from the Gault (No. 47212).
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
Specifically undetermined specimens from the Wealden.
2458. Shaft of a long-bone:; from the Wealden of Cuckfield, Sussex.
(Fig.) Figured by Mantell, in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2,
vol. v. pl. xii. fig. 6, as a bird’s bone. Same history.
2470. Shaft of a long-bone ; from the same locality. Figured by
(Fig.) Mantell, op. cit. pl. xiii. fig. 5. Same history.
2455. Three imperfect long-bones; from the same locality.
Same history.
E. Species typically from the Purbeck.
Ornithochirus validus (Owen *).
Syn. Pterodactylus validus, Owen +.
? Pterodactylus macrurus, Seeley ”.
Doratorhynchus validus, Seeley °.
The lower jaw, originally described by Seeley as P. macrurus, but
subsequently provisionally identified with this species, has the
symphysial groove characteristic of Ornithochirus. The species is
of comparatively large size.
Hab. Europe (Knugland).
' Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. pl. xix. figs. 8-9 (1870),
—Pterodactylus. 4) Loe. ett. :
Ibid. pl. xix. fig. 7.
4 Loc. cit. :
° «Tndex to Aves &c., in Camb. Mus.,’ p. 89 (1869).
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. p. 465 (1875).
RHAMPHORHYNCHID&. yf
40653. The second phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the manus;
(Fig.) from the Middle Purbeck beds of Swanage, Dorset-
shire. This specimen is the type, and is figured (without
description) by Owen in his ‘Liassic Reptilia, pt. u.
ploxix. fig. 7. Purchased, 1867.
The following specimen may perhaps belong to the present genus.
2462. A phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the manus, embedded in
a slab of the Purbeck Limestone of Swanage. Length
0,103. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
Family RHAMPHORHYNCHIDA.
Tail (at least usually) long; skull less bird-like than in the
Pterodactylide, and often comparatively short and stout ; jaws not
always toothed to their anterior extremity ; nares frequently small
and separated by a complete bar from the preorbital vacuity ; meta-
carpus much shorter than half the length of the ulna; proximal half
of tarsus sometimes anchylosed to tibia.
Genus SCAPHOGNATHUS, Wagner’.
Syn. Pachyrhamphus, Fitzinger °.
Brachytrachelus, Giebel °.
In the type species, skull massive, without a distinct rostrum ;
nares small, and separated by a broad bar from preorbital vacuity ;
teeth subequal, nearly vertical, and extending anteriorly to the
extremities of the jaws, and backwards to the hinder part of the
preorbital vacuity; alveolar border of jaws and inferior border of
mandible nearly straight; neck short and thick; tail unknown;
other characters as in Rhamphorhynchus. Zittel* would include
both this genus and Ornithochirus in the latter.
* Sitz. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. 186], vol. i. p. 519.
? Syst. Rept. p. 35 (1843).—-Preoccupied by a genus of Birds (Gray, 1840).
° «Allgemeine Palaontologie,’ p. 2381 (1852).—Preoccupied by a genus of
Coleoptera (Schonh. 1847).
* Palzontographica, vol. xxix. p. 64 (1882).
28 ORNITHOSAURIA.
Scaphognathus crassirostris (Goldfuss ’).
Syn. Pterodactylus crasstrostris, Goldfuss 2.
Pachyrhamphus crassirostris, Fitzinger °.
Ornithocephalus crassirostris, Wagner +.
Brachytrachelus crassirostris, Giehel °.
thamphorhynchus crassyrostris, Wagner °.
The type species ; the length of the skull is 0,120. Zittel7 con-
cludes that the tail was long.
Hab. Kurope (Germany).
Scaphognathus crassirostris ; from the Kimeridgian of Bavaria. %. , nares;
0, preorbital vacuity ; ¢, orbit. ‘The restoration of the tail is incorrect.
43468. Casts of a split slab of lithographic limestone, showing the
greater portion of the skeleton. The original (woodcut,
1 Nova Acta Ac. Cees. Leop.-Car. vol. xv. pt. i. p. 63 (1832).—Pcerodactylus.
2 Loe. cit. 3 Syst. Rept. p. 85 (1843).
4 Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. pt. 1. p. 189 (1851).
° * Allgemeine Palaontologie, p. 231 (1852).
5 Op. cit. vol. viii. pt. ii. p. 505 (1858).
7 Paleontographica, vol. xxix. p. 64 (1882).
RHAMPHORHYNCHIDS. ° 29
fig. 4) was obtained from the Kimeridgian of Bavaria, and
is preserved in the Museum at Bonn. It is figured by
Goldfuss in the ‘ Nova Acta Ac. Czes. Leop.-Car.’ vol. xv.
pt. 1. pls. 7-9; by Buckland in his Mineralogy and
Geology (Bridgewater Treatise), pl. xxii. ; by Meyer in the
‘Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ pl. v. figs. 1,
2; and by Owen in his‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal.
Soc.), pl. xxvil. Presented by K. Murchison, Esq., 1872.
43437. Cast showing the left side of the skull of the preceding
specimen. Figured by Meyer, op. cit. pl. v. fig. 3. The
symphysis of the mandible shows a median descending
ridge on the ventral surface. Same history.
Genus RHAMPHORHYNCHUS, Meyer’.
Teeth usually not extending to the extremities of the jaws; those
of the mandible subequal in size, and all inclined forwards ; nares
moderate, and separated by a broad bar from preorbital vacuity ;
alveolar border of premaxilla concave, and of mandible convex, and
inferior border of latter concave; scapula and coracoid separate or
anchylosed ; neck thick, and of moderate length ; proximal tarsals
usually distinct, but anchylosed to the tibia in FR. grandis; either
four. or five functional digits in pes, the fifth digit having two
phalangeals. Pubis narrow, elongated, and bent, and uniting in a.
bony symphysis; ischium anchylosed to ilium; sacrum with from
three to five vertebree. Hind limb usually comparatively weak ; and
the long tail with a terminal membranous expansion (fig. 5), and
the vertebrae bound together by ossified tendons.
Rhamphorhynchus longicauda(Miinster’).
Syn. Pterodactylus longicaudus, Munster °.
Ormithocephalus longicaudatus, Wagner +.
Rhamphorhynchus longicaudatus, Ammon > .
The type species. Of small size, and perhaps without an eden-
tulous interval at the extremity of the upper jaw. The length of the
cranium is 0,043; and the scapula and coracoid are distinct, and
approximate in structure to those of Pterodactylus.
Hab. Kurope (Germany).
' Neues Jahrb. 1846, p. 463.
2 Ibid. 1839, p. 677.— Pterodactylus.
3 Loc. cit.
+ Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. pt. i. p. 190 (1851).
° Corr.-blatt. Nat. Ver. Regensburg, vol. xxxviii. p. 155 (1884).
30 ORNITHOSAURIA.
37361. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing the nearly
entire skeleton. The original is preserved in the Museum
at Leucktenberg, and was obtained in 1846 from the Kime-
ridgian of Hichstidt, Bavaria; it is one of the types,
and is figured by Von Meyer in the ‘ Fauna der Vor-
welt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ pl. ix. fig.5. Another skeleton
wanting the skull is figured by Zittel in the ‘ Paleonto-
graphica,’ vol. xxix. pl. xi. Purchased, 1863.
Rhamphorhynchus muensteri (Goldfuss ’).
Syn. Ornithocephalus muenstert, Goldfuss 2.
Pterodactylus muenstert, Meyer ?.
Ramphorhynchus phyllurus, Marsh *.
Regarded by Zittel’ as closely allied to the following form, but
with the scapula and coracoid frequently anchylosed, with a fifth
digit in the pes, and with the patagium rather wider. The same
writer identifies the so-called . phyllurus with this species. If the
next form be also specifically identical, the present name should
stand.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
43004. A slab of lithographic limestone, containing the imperfect
skeleton, of which the cranium and mandible are entire;
from the Kimeridgian of Eichstadt, Bavaria. The length
of the cranium is 0,080.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
42738. A slab of lithographic limestone containing an imperfect
(Fig.) skeleton (without the skull), provisionally referred to this
species ; from Eichstadt. Figured by Von Meyer in the
‘Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ pl. x. fig. 3,
under the name of R. gemmingr. It agrees in size with
the present form.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
39353. Cast of the preceding specimen. Purchased, 1865.
R. 300. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing the nearly
entire skeleton and the impression of the patagium. The
original, which was obtained from Kichstadt in 1873, is
! Nova Acta Ac. Ces. Leop.-Car. vol. xv. pt. i. p. 112 (1831).— Ornithoceph-
alus.
2 Loc. cit. 3 Paleologica, p. 116 (1832).
+ Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xxiii. p. 256 (1882).
5 Palxontographica, vol. xxix. pp. 62-63 (1882).
RHAMPHORHYNCHID &®. 31
preserved in the Museum at Yale College, Connecticut,
U.S.A., and is figured by Marsh in the ‘ Amer. Journ.’
ser. 3, vol. xxiii. pl. iii., under the name of R. phyllurus,
of which it is the type. The length of the cranium is
about 0,091. A restoration is given in woodcut fig. 5.
Presented by Prof. O. C. Marsh, 1883.
Restoration of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri. +. (After Marsh.)
Rhamphorhynchus gemmingi, Meyer '.
Syn. Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) gemmingi, Meyer ?.
Ornithocephalus gemmingi, Wagner ®.
Rhamphorhynchus longimanus, Wagner *.
Rhamphorhynchus meyert, Owen °.
Of medium size, the length of the cranium being usually about
0,125 ; the extremity of the mandible not upwardly recurved; the
scapula and coracoid separate ; and apparently either four or five
digits in the pes.
Hab, Europe (Germany).
R. 231. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing the
cranium and detached mandible. The original, which is
the type, was obtained from the Kimeridgian of Stein-
bruche, near Solenhofen, Bavaria, and is preserved in. the
Museum at Munich. It is figured by Goldfuss in the
‘Nova Acta Ac. Cs. Leop.-Car.’ vol. xv. pt. i. pl. xi.
Palzontographica, vol. i. p. 1 (1846). 2 Loe. cit.
Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. p. 199 (1851).
Ibid. vol. viii. pt. ii. p. 494 (1858).
Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. p. 80 (1870).
32 ORNITHOSAURIA.
fig. 1; by Wagner in the ‘ Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss.’ vol. ii.
pt. 1. pl. vi. ; and by Meyer in the ‘ Fauna der Vorwelt—
Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ pl. iii. fig. 4 (as £. gemmingz). The
length of the cranium is 0,095. .
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.
49151. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing the nearly
entire skeleton. ‘The original is from the Kimeridgian of
Bavaria, and is figured by Wagner in the ‘ Abh. k.-bay.
Ak. Wiss.’ vol. viii. pt. i. pl. xvi. fig. 1, under the name —
of LR. longimanus, of which it is one of the types. The
length of the cranium is 1,080. Purchased, 1877.
37362. Cast ofa slab of lithographic limestone, showing a consider-
able portion of the skeleton; from the Kimeridgian of
Solenhofen, Bavaria. The original is figured by Wagner,
op. cit. pl. xvil., under the name of R&R. longumanus.
Purchased, 18658.
37003. A slab of lithographic limestone, showing the mandible
(fig.) and a large part of the rest of the skeleton ; from Solen-
hofen. Figured by Owen in his.‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon.
Pal. Soc.), pt. i. pl. xix. figs. 5, 6, under the name of
R. meyeri, of which it is the type. In the presence of
five digits to the pes (one of the so-called specific characters )
it agrees with the specimen figured by Zittel in the
‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xix. pl. xi. fig. 2.
Haberlein Collection. Purchased, 1862.
37787. A split slab of lithographic limestone, containing the greater
part of a skeleton, without the skull, provisionally referred
to a large individual of this species; from Solenhofen.
The bones are somewhat longer than those of figured
examples ; the length of the four phalangeals of the ulnar
digit of the manus being respectively (1) 0,148, (2) 0,118,
(3) 0,110, (4) 0,110. Same history.
Rhamphorhynchus grandis (Cuvier ’).
_ Syn. Pterodactylus grandis, Cuvier ”.
Ornithocephalus grandis, Wagner ®.
This species is of much larger size than the preceding, the length
of the second phalangeal of the wing-digit in the type-specimen
’ Oss. Foss. 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 3882 (1824).—Pverodactylus.
2 Loc. cit. 3 Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. pt. i. p. 190 (1851).
RHAMPHORHYNCHIDZ& 33
being 0,194. It was founded upon bones of the manus and pes,
which were referred both by Wagner and Meyer to Pterodactylus ;
but the relative shortness of the metacarpals in the figure given by
Wagner in the ‘Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss.’ vol. vi. pt. iii. pl. xix., shows
that it belongs to the Rhamphorhynchine type. The proximal
portion of the tarsus is anchylosed to the tibia, and the hind limb
was probably stronger than in the other species. The following
specimen, which is only provisionally referred to this species, indi-
cates a smaller individual than the type; the extremity of the
mandible is strongly recurved upwards, and the length of the skull
is about 0,200.
fab. Kurope (Germany).
37002. A slab of lithographic limestone containing the greater part
of a skeleton, provisionally referred to the present species ;
from the Kimeridgian of Eichstidt, Bavaria. The length
of the second phalangeal of the wing-digit is 0,165, that
of the third 0,140, and that of the fourth 0,136. The teeth
are markedly compressed laterally; the tibia and tarsus
are not visible. Haberlein Collection. Purchased, 1862.
42737. A split slab of lithographic limestone showing the conjoint
7 tibia and fibula and pes of a large Ornithosaurian, which
may belong either to the present or an allied form; from
Hichstadt. In the anchylosis of the proximal portion of
the tarsus to the tibia this specimen agrees with the
imperfect pelvic limb of R. grandis figured by Meyer in the
‘Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ pl. vii. fig. 7.
The length of the tibia in the present specimen is 0,141,
against 0,198 in the latter, and thus agrees in relative
size with No. 37002.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
Genus RHAMPHOCEFHALUS, Seeley ’.
Distinguished from Rhamphorhynchus by the anterior mandibular
teeth being taller than the posterior, which are directed nearly
vertically, and by the great constriction of the cranium between
the orbits. The scapula and coracoid were united °.
The apparent generic distinctness from Rhamphorhynchus of the
forms imcluded in this group was first pointed out by Huxley in
the memoir cited under the head of R. depressirostris.
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxvi. p. 27 (1880).
2 See Huxley, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. pl. xxiv. fig. 6.
D
34 ORNITHOSAURIA.
Rhamphocephalus bucklandi (Meyer’).
Syn. Pterodactylus bucklandi, Meyer,
Rhamphorhynchus bucklandi, Huxley *.
Including :—Pterodactylus duncani, Owen +.
Pterodactylus kiddi, Owen ’.
The mandible figured by Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xv. pl. xxiv. fig. 2, may be regarded as the type.
This species is larger than Rhamphorhynchus grandis, and has
more than five lower teeth, with the inferior border of the mandibular
ramus highly concave °.
Since no characters have been adduced by which the specimens
named Pterodactylus duncam and P. kidd: can be distinguished from
the present species, they are provisionally included under this
heading, although one or other of them may be distinct. Ht. prest-
wichi, Seeley”, may apparently be identical either with the present
or following species.
Hab. Kurope (England).
The following specimens are from the Lower Jurassic of Stonesfield,
Oxfordshire. Some doubtless belong to the present species, but
others may be specifically distinct ; in the latter event one of the
names proposed by Owen might perhaps be adopted.
40126. An imperfect humerus. Shghtly smaller than the specimen
figured by Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xv.
Dl xxive tore Purchased.
38016. A bone, which is probably the radius, Length 0,132.
Purchased, 1862.
R. 1030. Cast of the first phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the
manus. The original is in the Oxford Museum, and is
probably the specimen noticed in Phillips’s ‘ Geology of
Oxford, p. 224, Length 0,185. —. Purchased.
R. 1029. Cast of the proximal extremity of a similar bone. Original
in the Oxford Museum. Purchased.
40126 b. The first phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the manus. This
(i7g.) specimen is figured hy Owen in his ‘ Mesozoic Reptilia’
1 Palxologica, p. 117 (1832).—Pterodactylus. 2 Loe, cit.
® Quart Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. p. 658 (1859).
4 Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p. 11 (1874). 5 Loe. cit.
© See p. 666 of the memoir by Huxley above cited.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. p. 27 (1880).
ae
RHAMPHORHYNCHIDZ. oD
(Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 1. pl. i. fig. 18, under the name of
Pterodactylus duncani, of which itis thetype. The length
(exclusive of the proximal projection) is 0,137, and the
specimen cannot be distinguished from No. R. 1030.
Purchased, 1866.
40126 a. The homologous bone of a smaller individual. This bone
(/7ig.) is figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. i. fig. 17, under the name
of Pterodactylus kiddi, of which it is the type. Its length
(exclusive of the proximal projection) is 0,123 ; and there
is no reason why it should not have belonged to an
immature individual of the same species as the preceding
specimen. Same history.
38019. The proximal half of a similar bone. Purchased, 1862.
38020. The proximal extremity of a similar bone. Same history.
40126 g. A considerably smaller homologous bone belonging to the
same side as No. 40126 b. Length (exclusive of proximal
process) 0,100. Purchased, 1866.
40126 d. The second phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the manus.
(f/ig.) Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. i. fig. 28. Length 0,160.
Same history.
38014. The second or third phalangeal of the same digit. Length
0,142. Purchased, 1862.
38015. A similar bone. Same history.
$8025. An imperfect homologous bone, with impression of the
entire shaft. Same history.
40126 f. A similar bone ; imperfect. Purchased, 1866.
R. 1028. Cast of a bone which is probably a second or third pha-
langeal of the wing-digit. Original in Oxford Museum.
Purchased.
40126 e. Two vertebre in a crushed condition. Purchased, 1866.
401261. A rib. Purchased.
37765. A rib. Purchased.
28610. A rib. Purchased.
47999 a. A crushed bone not improbably belonging to the pectoral
girdle. Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.
D2
36 ORNITHOSAURIA.
28610a. An undetermined imperfect bone. Purchased,
40126 n. An undetermined imperfect bone. Purchased.
* Numerous other imperfect bones im the Collection are not
catalogued.
The following specimens may indicate young individuals :—
40126 p. Four terminal phalangeals of the ulnar digit of the manus.
Length of smallest 0,023. Purchased.
28610 b. An homologous bone. Purchased.
28610c. A humerus. Length 0,019. Purchased.
Rhamphocephalus depressirostris (Huxley ’).
~ Syn. Rhamiphorhynchus depressirostris, Huxley ?.
(?) Pterodactylus aclandi, Owen *.
Characterized by the presence of only five lower teeth, and by the
slight concavity of the inferior border of the mandibular ramus.
The following specimen indicates a large form agreeing in characters
with this species, and from its size is probably the same as Owen’s
P. aclandi; if these specimens should be specifically distinct from
this species, the latter name might be retained.
Hab. Kurope (England).
47991. Part of the right ramus of a mandible, provisionally referred
to this species, and showing the four posterior teeth and
the alveolus of the first tooth ; from the Lower Jurassic of
Stonesfield, Oxford. ‘This specimen is larger than the type
mandible of the present species, but is otherwise similar.
Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.
The following specimens from the same locality agree in relative size
with the preceding mandible.
40126j. The ulna. Length (excluding olecrahon) 0,157. The.
distal extremity agrees very closely with that of the cor-
responding bone (No. 35324) of Ornthochirus from the
Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1866.
40126 c. The first phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the manus,
(Fig.) Figured by Owen in his ‘ Mesozoic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal.
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. p. 665 (1859).— Rhamphorhynchus.
Loc, cit.
* Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc:), pt. i. p. 11 (1874).
RHAMPHORHYNCHID 2. OL
Soc.), pt. i. pl. i. fig. 19, under the name of Pterodactylus
aclandi, of which it is the type. Length (exclusive of
proximal projection) 0,145. Purchased, 1866.
40126 k. A second or third phalangeal of the homologous digit.
Length 0,210. Same history.
40126 1. An imperfect corresponding bone. Same history.
40126m. A terminal phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the manus.
Length 0,186. Same history.
40126 n. A similar bone. Same history.
40126 0. The proximal portion of a similar bone. Same history.
Genus DIMORPHODON, Owen".
- Jaws toothed to their extremities; anterior teeth in both jaws
large, but posterior mandibular ones very small; nares large, and
separated by a narrow bar from preorbital vacuity; coracoid and
scapula united; proximal tarsals united to tibia; five digits in pes.
According to Owen’s restoration *, the pubis and ischium form an
expanded sheet of bone at right angles to the narrow ilium, which is
extended to an equal length on either side of the acetabulum.
Dimorphodon macronyx (Buckland *).
Syn. Pterodactylus macronyx, Buckland +.
(?) Pterodactylus marderi, Owen °.
The type species. Length of the cranium usually ‘about 0,220.
Ornithocephalus banthensis, Theodori® (Dimorphodon banthensis,
Owen’), was identified with it by Meyer; but the anterior extre-
mity of the jaws is edentulous, as in Rhamphocephalus, and the
species is the type of Dorygnathus, Wagner®. The specimen on
which P. mardert is founded does not appear to be specifically
distinct from the present form.
Hab. Kurope (England).
' Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1858, Transactions of Sections, p. 97 (1859).
Liassic Reptilia (Mon, Pal. Soc.), pl. xx. Zittel (‘Paleontographica,’
vol. xxix. p. 64) doubts the correctness of this restoration.
3 Proce. Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 127 (1829).— Pterodactylus.
ioe: cit.
5 Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soe.), pt. i. p. 12 (1874).
®° Notiz. Nat. Heilk. vol. xxix. p. 103 (1830).—This name has the priority.
’ 7 Paleontology, 2nd edit. p. 275 (1861).
8 Sitz. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. 1861, p. 520.
38 ORNITHOSAURIA.
Fig. 6.
Dimorphodon macronyx.—Restored skeleton ; from the Lower Lias. +. f, proxi-
mal phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the manus; m, corresponding phalan-
geal of adjacent digit; p, metatarsus. (After Owen.)
R. 1034. Slab containing a considerable portion of the skeleton ;
(Fig.) from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. The
type. Figured by Buckland in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’
ser. 2, vol. ii. pl. xxvii. (1835). The skull and most of
the vertebra are wanting. Purchased.
R. 1035. The skull and fragments of the rest of the skeleton ;
(ig.) from Lyme-Regis. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Rep-
tilia,’ pt. ii. pl. xvii. Purchased. About 1858.
41212-13. The skull and greater portion of the rest of the skeleton ;
(fig.) from Lyme-Regis. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. xviii.
. Purchased, 1868.
43486-7. Two imperfect mandibular rami; from Lyme-Regis.
Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, 1874.
41346. The entire tail; from Lyme-Regis. Figured by Owen,
(fig.) op. cet. pl. xix. fig. 4. Purchased, 1869.
R. 590. Part of the right side of the cranium, showing part of the
nasal and preorbital vacuities. Purchased, 1885.
The following specomens from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis are all
provisionally included under this specific heading, but some may
be distinct.
42016. The distal extremity of the right humerus. Figured by
(/ig.) Owen in his ‘Mesozoic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i.
pl. i. figs. 13, 14. Purchased, 1870.
43974. The left humerus. The length of this specimen is 0,076;
the length of the corresponding bone in No. 41212 being
0,092 ; both have asimilar curved shaft. Purchased, 1872.
es ee ee
RHAMPHORHYNCHID &, 39
41348. The right humerus, wanting the distal extremity. This
(fig.) specimen is figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. 1. figs. 7-9, under
the name of Pterodactylus marderi, of which it is the
type; it agrees in size with the last specimen, and presents
no characters which can be regarded as of specific value.
Purchased, 1869.
R. 591. The right humerus, imperfect proximally, of a rather
smaller individual. Purchased, 1885.
R. 1036. The imperfect left humerus of an individual agreeing
approximately in size with the preceding.
Purchased. About 1858.
R. 35. The imperfect metacarpus, belonging to a larger individual
than the one from which Owen’s restoration is made.
. Purchased, 1880.
41347. Three phalangeals of the ulnar digit of the manus.
Purchased, 1869.
42016 a. A phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the manus.
Purchased, 1870.
43053. A phalangeal of the ulnar digit of the manus.
Purchased, 1871.
43052. A bone, probably belonging to the manus.
Purchased, 1871.
41347 a. An imperfect bone, which is probably the femur.
Purchased, 1869.
43973. The slightly imperfect tibia and fibula. This specimen
agrees closely with the corresponding element in Owen’s
restoration, the length being 0,125. The distal extremity
evidently consists of the proximal portion of the tarsus.
Purchased, 1872.
43051. The tibia and fibula of a smaller individual. Length 0,104,
; Purchased, 1871.
41347 b. A similar tibia and fibula, imperfect proximally.
Purchased, 1869.
47464. The tibia and fibula of a very young individual.
Purchased, 1876.
41347 c. An undetermined long-bone. Purchased, 1869.
R. 223. An apparently homologous bone, belonging to a smaller
individual. Purchased, 1882.
40 ORNITHOSAURIA.
OrnITHOSAURS OF UncErRTAIN GENERIC Posrrion.
There is no evidence as to the genus (or genera) to which
the following forms (which are from the typical horizon of Ptero-
dactylus and Rhamphorhynchus) should be referred. The distal
portion of the ulnar metacarpal is remarkable for having a bony
plate suturally attached to one of its lateral surfaces, which doubtless
aided in supporting the patagium.
SPECIES a.
Pterodactylus manseli, Owen’.
This species is only known by the following bones, which agree
approximately in size with those of Dimorphodon. |
Hab. Europe (England).
41970. The distal portion of the left humerus ; from the Kimeridge
(Fig.) Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire. This specimen is the
type, and is figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. 1. figs. 10-12.
Purchased, 1870.
43035. The proximal extremity of the first phalangeal of the ulnar
(Fig.) digit of the manus; from Weymouth. This specimen is
referred to the present species by Owen, and figured by
him, op, ct. pl, i. figs. 20, 21. Purchased, 1871.
44182. Seven specimens of the same extremity of the homologous
bone; from Weymouth. Purchased, 1873.
R. 559. A similar specimen; from Weymouth. Purchased, 1886.
45918. A similar specimen, showing more of the shaft.
Purchased, 1874.
The following specumens from the Kimeridge of Weymouth may
probably be referred either to the present or the neat form.
R. 563. An extremity of (apparently) one of the bones of the fore-
arm. Purchased, 1886.
41404. A similar specimen. Purchased, 1869.
41232. An homologous specimen of a smaller individual.
Purchased, 1868.
42376. Two proximal carpals, Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. i.
(Fig.) figs. 24-27. Purchased, 1870.
* Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p. 8 (1874).
INCERT SEDIS. 4]
42376 a. A similar bone. Purchased, 1870.
R. 562. A similar bone. Purchased, 1886.
41886. A similar bone. Purchased, 1869.
41887. A similar bone, imperfect. Same history.
43034. The distal extremity of the ulnar metacarpal.
Purchased, 1871.
44183. The distal portion of an homologous bone. The accessory
lateral ossification is well shown. Purchased, 1873.
R. 561. The distal extremity of a smaller example of the homologous
bone. Purchased, 1886.
43571. Three fragments of phalangeals of the ulnar digit of the
| manus. Purchased, 1872.
43571 a. An imperfect undetermined long-bone. Same history.
Spectres 0.
Pterodactylus pleydelli, Owen.
Said to be distinguished from the preceding form by its some-
what inferior dimensions.
Hab. Kurope (England).
42378. The distal portion of the left humerus; from the Kimeridge
(Fig.) Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire. This specimen is the
- type, and is figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. i. figs. 15, 16.
Purchased, 1870.
42374. The proximal extremity of the first phalangeal of the ulnar
(fig.) digit of the manus; from Weymouth. Figured by
Owen, op. cit. pl. i. figs. 22, 23, and provisionally referred
to this species. Same history.
41404, 41884, 41885, 41971, 42374, 44182. Six apparently
similar specimens ; from Weymouth. Purchased.
SPECIES ¢.
Of considerably larger size than either of the preceding forms.
Hab, Europe (England),
41179. The distal extremity of the ulnar metacarpal; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire. The dia-
meter across the condyles is 0,016, against 0,008 in
No. 44183 (Species a). Purchased, 1868,
' Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p. 9 (1874).
49 CROCODILIA.
Orpinal Posttron UNCERTAIN.
Genus ORNITHODESMUS, Seeley’.
The specimen on which this genus is founded is regarded by its
describer as probably Avian, although presenting certain indications
of affinity with Dinosauria. The impossibility of its belonging to
the present Order does not, however, appear to be proved.
Ornithodesmus cluniculus, Sceley °*.
Hab. Europe (England).
R. 187. The imperfect sacrum; from the Wealden of Brook, Isle of
(fig.) Wight. The type; figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliii. pl. xii. figs. 1-6.
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1884.
Order CROCODILIA 3
Limbs and body lacertiform ; the former short; the latter with a
dorsal armour of pitted, imbricated, dermal scutes. Vertebre either
pro- or amphiccelous, with persistent neuro-central suture; rib-
facet in middle dorsal vertebre forming a “step” on the transverse
process; cervical ribs with long antero-posterior processes; dorsal
ribs usually with uncinate processes; two vertebre in sacrum ;
chevrons generally open superiorly. Cranium relatively large, with
component bones firmly united, and some of them usually sculptured ;
palatines and pterygoids uniting in middle line, and latter joined to
base of cranium and giving off processes to unite anteriorly with
vomers; quadrate wedged in among adjacent bones; tympanum
with three eustachian canals; usually no columella; mandibular
symphysis uniting by suture; no ossifications in sclerotic. Teeth
pointed and subconical or compressed ; inserted in distinct sockets.
Sternum cartilaginous; an interclavicle ; usually no clavicle. Limb-
bones solid. Coracoid long or short, with fontanelle; humerus
with head imperfectly differentiated from tuberosities and trans-
versely extended, with the deltoid crest terminating abruptly.
Tlium (fig. 7) without distinct pubic or preacetabular processes;
* Quart, Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xliii. p. 206 (1887). 2 Loe, cit,
3 Some of the following characters may not be applicable to the Aétosauria,
which are included by Baur (Sitz. ges. Morph. Miinch. vol. iii. p. 55, 1887)
in this Order.
CROCODILIA. 43
pubis! directed forwards, with cartilaginous symphysis, and fre-
quently excluded from acetabulum; ischium short and thick,
without obturator process ; femur with curved shaft, head oblique
to condyles, and not differentiated from tuberosities, and no inner
trochanter; tibia without enemial crest; astragalus not flattened,
and distinct from tibia. A ventral dermal armour may be present ;
and the mandible nearly always has a lateral vacuity. Habits
quadrupedal and subaquatic; feet plantigrade.
Crocodiius vulgaris.—Left side of pelvis. 3. I, ilium; pra, psa, pre- and post-
acetabular processes of ditto; Js, ischium; P., pubis; v, acetabulum.
(From the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)
Suborder HUSUCHIA.
Premaxille, maxille, and palatines with palatal plates uniting in
the median line to separate the narial. and oral passages; no
columella ; anterior nares terminal and usually undivided ; vomers
generally invisible on palate; no distinct postfrontal’; middle
eustachian canal bony; and premaxilla with not more than 4 or 5
teeth. No clavicle; coracoid elongated, with small fontanelle;
humerus without ectepicondylar groove. Pubis* excluded from
acetabulum (fig. 7); five digits in manus and four in pes, of which
three have claws. Vertebre pro- or amphiccelous. Dorsal scutes
1 Seeley (Proce. R. Soe. vol. xliii. p. 235 [1887]) regards the bone usually termed
pubis in the Eusuchia as a prepubis.
2 See Baur, Zool. Anzeiger, No. 240 (1886).—The bone commonly termed
postfrontal is really the postorbital.
3 See note l.
44 CROCODILIA.
keeled or keelless, and arranged in two or more rows; ventrals
(when present) in eight or more rows.
This group includes the Mesosuchia of Huxley *.
A. PROCGLIAN SERIES.
Vertebree, except atlas, axis, sacral, and first caudal, proccelous *.
Pterygoids developing palatal plates to prolong narial passage ;
lateral eustachian passages bony. Dorsal scutes keeled, in more
than two rows; ventral buckler (when present) single, with more
than eight longitudinal rows of imbricating scutes, each scute con-
sisting of an anterior and posterior element united by suture.
Acetabular margin of pubis deeply notched.
Family CROCODILIDA.
The orbit communicating with the infratemporal fossa, and
generally larger than or equal to the supratemporal fossa; on the
palate the posterior border of the premaxille either slightly concave
posteriorly, straight, or projecting into the maxille. Usually no
preorbital vacuity.
BREVIROSTRINE SECTION.
The cranium short or moderately elongated, with its alveolar
border festooned; the nasals reaching the premaxille, and frequently
the nares; the orbits larger than the supratemporal fosse; the
premaxillary fissure either heart-shaped or slit-like ; the mandibular
symphysis more or less short, and without a splenial element. The
teeth more or less differentiated ; usually the 3rd and 9th upper, and
the 4th and frequently the lst and 11th lower, enlarged. Dorsal
scutes strongly keeled and usually comparatively narrow. Ventral
armour present or absent.
s
Genus ALLIGATOR, Cuvier ’.
Including Caiman and Jacare.
Cranium short and broad, with the palatal aspect of the pre-
maxille short, and their posterior border straight or concave poste-
1 Tn order to avoid confusion the writer, who at one time proposed the name ~
Crocodilia Vera for this suborder, subsequently came to the conclusion that it
was better to retain the earlier name in a wider sense.
2 It is of course possible that a form may be found having the pterygoids’
with palatal plates, but still retaining amphiccelous vertebree.
3 Ann, d, Muséum, vol. x. p. 25 (1807).—<As a subgenus.
CROCODILID®. 45
riorly ; supratemporal fossz very smail or obliterated ; premaxillary
fissure heart-shaped; upper teeth equal to or less numerous than
lower, and the smaller lateral ones biting externally to them ; both
Ist and 4th lower teeth received into pits in the cranium; 3rd
lower tooth much smaller than 4th; mandibular vacuity large.
Frequently a dermal ventral armour.
Alligator, sp.
The following spocimen probably belongs to one of the existing
Brazilian species like A. latirostris, A. multiscutatus, and A. punc-
tatus.
Hab. 8. America (Brazil).
18880. A caudal vertebra of a small individual; from a cave in
Minas Geraes, Brazil.
Claussen Collection. Purchased, 1845.
Genus DIPLOCYNODON, Pomel’.
Syn. Orthosaurus, Geoffroy *; Pleurodon, Meyer *.
The generic identity of the forms to which the three above-
mentioned names were applied is indicated by Meyer in the ‘ Neues
Jahrb.’ 1857, p. 538. Pomel’s name is adopted as being the one
first well defined.
Cranium short and broad, with the -palatal aspect of the pre-
maxille short, and their posterior border straight; upper teeth
more numerous than lower, and the smaller lateral ones biting
externally to them; Ist lower tooth received into a pit, and 4th
(normally) into a notch in the cranium; 3rd lower tooth nearly as
large as 4th; supratemporal fossa of medium size; premaxillary
fissure heart-shaped ; mandibular vacuity large. A dermal ventral
armour.
Diplocynodon hantoniensis (Wood *).
Syn. Alligator hantoniensis, Wood°.
Crocodilus hastingsie, Owen ®.
* Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 2, voi. iv. p. 383 (1847).
2 Revue Encyclopédique, vol. lix. p. 91 (1833).—Insufliciently described.
3 Neues Jahrb. 1839, p. 77 (errorim, Plerodon).
4 Charlesworth’s London Geological Journal, pt. i. p. 6 (1846).— Alligator.
5 Loe, cit. ® Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1847, Trans. of Sections, p. 66 (1848).
46 CROCODILIA.
Cranium very broad and blunt, with the premaxille uniting
superiorly and excluding the nasals from the nares. Teeth (usually)
30
The type specimen of Alligator hantoniensis was referred by
Pomel’ to this genus, and the specific identity of Crocodilus has-
tengsie with the former was suggested by Owen’ and confirmed by
Huxley *. The so-called Alligator darwinit, Ludwig*, from the
Lower Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of the Mayence basin ( Weissenau,
&c.), agrees in the characters of the cranium with the present
species, to which it was evidently very closely allied. Ludwig in-
cludes in this species Crocodilus rathi, O. bruchi, C. medius, and
C. brauniorum, Meyer, all of which were obtained from the same
formation; and the first of which was identified by Meyer’ with
D. rate, Pomel ® (Crocodilus elaverensis, Bravard"), from the equiva-
lent beds of St. Gérand-le-Puy, which was founded upon a mandible
differing, according to Vaillant, from that of D. gracilis. Meyer
regarded all these forms as closely allied to D. hantoniensis, but ~
some of them probably belong to D. gracilis. The higher horizon of
the Mayence form allied to the present species may perhaps indicate
its specific distinctness, in which case it would be advisable that it
should be known as Diplocynodon darwini, since the other names
were not sufficiently defined *.
Hab. Kurope.
All the following specimens are from the Upper Eocene (Lower
Oligocene) of Hordwell, Hampshire.
25166. The anterior portion of the cranium. This specimen is the
(Fig.) type, and is described and figured by Searles Wood in
Charlesworth’s ‘ London Geological Journal,’ pt. 1. pp. 6,
122, pl. i. figs. 1-8; and also by Owen and Bell in their
‘Reptilia of the London Clay, &c.,’ pt. ii. p. 42, pl. viii.
fig. 2. It presents the peculiarity of having the notch for
the 4th mandibular tooth converted into a pit, as in
Alligator. Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
1 Catalogue Méthodique, p. 124 (1858).
* Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1847, Trans. of Sections, p. 66 (1848).
3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. p. 680 (1859).
» 4 Palxontographica, suppl. vol. ili. pt. iv. p. 4 (1877).
5 Neues Jahrb. 1857, p. 538.
6 Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 2, vol. iii. p. 872 (1846).— Crocodilus.
7 Mamm. du Puy-de-Déme (1844), teste Gervais. ,
8 See Lydekker, Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. iv. p. 807 (1887).
CROCODILID.A. A7
30393. The skull. Described and figured by Owen, op. cit. p. 37,
(fig.) _ pl. vi. and pl. vi. fig. 1, under the name of C. hastingsie, of
which it is one of the types; and also noticed by the writer
in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. iv. p. 309. The enlarge-
ment of the 3rd lower tooth is well shown.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
30392. The cranium. Described and figured by Owen, op. cit.
(Fig.) pp. 87, pl. vii. fig. 2, and pl. viii. fig. 1. Same history.
29694. A subadult cranium, in a very imperfect condition.
Same history.
R. 1041. An imperfect immature cranium. Same history.
R. 1042. The imperfect skull of a young individual. Same history.
25167. The hinder portion of the cranium of a young individual.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Owen, op. cit. p. 42, pl. iu. fig. 3.
Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
25168. The left maxillo-palatine region of a young individual.
Same history.
25169. The corresponding region of a smaller individual.
Same hastory.
25170. Two fragments of the palate of a young individual.
Same history.
25170 a. The imperfect cranium of a very young individual, show-
ing the upper surface. Same history.
25260. Fragment of the maxilla of a young individual, showing two
teeth. Hastings Collection.
25188. The quadrato-jugal arch.
Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
25186. The basisphenoid. Same history.
25216, 7. Three specimens of the pterygoid. Same history.
30369-70. Two specimens of the premaxilla, belonging to opposite
sides of the skull. Hastings Collection.
30372. Two specimens of the quadrate. Same history.
48 CROCODILIA.
30394. The mandible. Hastings Collection.
30396. The mandible. Same history.
30397. The left ramus of the mandible. Same history.
R. 1043. The mandible and scutes of an immature individual, pro-
bably associated with the cranium No. R. 1041.
Same history.
R. 1044. The right ramus of the mandible of an immature individual.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
30307-8. Two specimens of the right angular element of the
mandible. Same history,
30363. The left articular element of the same. Same history.
30274. The homologous bone of the right side. _ Same history.
30283-4. Two smaller examples of the homologous bone. |
Same history.
30363 a. A similar specimen of the right side. Same history.
R. 1045. The hinder part of the left ramus of the mandible of an
immature individual, together with several associated
vertebree. Same history.
25176—7. Three cervical vertebre. Two are figured by Owen, op.
(iig.) cit. pl. ix. figs. 1-4. Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
25201. A cervical vertebra. Same history.
R. 1046. Numerous cervical vertebre. Hastings Collection.
30402. An associated series of cervical and dorsal vertebra of a
small individual. Same history.
30414. Several cervical ribs. Same history.
952134. Two early dorsal vertebree.
Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
95222. An early dorsal vertebra. Same lastory.
R. 1047. A number of early dorsal vertebra. Hastings Collection.
R. 1048. Numerous late dorsal vertebra. Same history.
95182. Three associated late dorsal vertebree.
Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
95248. Five ribs. Same history.
95207. The last lumbar vertebra. Same history.
:
:
f
h.
\
CROCODILID #. 49
’R. 1049. Three associated lumbar vertebre. No history.
25179. A sacral vertebra. Described and figured by Owen, op.
(Fig.) cit. p. 44, pl. ix. fig. 6.
Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
R. 1050. Six sacral vertebra. Hastings Collection.
25175. The first caudal vertebra. Described and figured by Owen,
(Fig.) op. cit. p. 44, pl. ix. fig. 7.
Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
R. 1051. A smaller first caudal vertebra. Hastings Collection.
R. 1052. Numerous caudal vertebre. Same history.
30414. Two imperfect specimens of the scapula. Same history.
30247. The imperfect left scapula. Same hastory.
25245. The left coracoid. § Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
30359. The left coracoid. Hastings Collection.
30206. The right humerus. . Hastings Collection.
30206 a. A smaller right humerus. Same history.
30236-—7. Two specimens of the ulna. Same history.
30242. A smaller ulna. Same history.
30389. A similar specimen. Same history.
30401. A radius. Same history.
25242-52. Two metapodials. Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
30239, 30243. Twe metapodials. Same history.
R. 2053. Several phalangeals. Same history.
25252-3. Two specimens of the ilium.
Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
30362. An illum. Hastings Collection.
30354. Two specimens of the ischium. Same history.
30210-11-12-13. Four specimens of the femur. Same history.
30215-17. Three specimens of the tibia. _ Same history.
30233, 30234, 30235, 30241. Four specimens of the fibula.
Same history.
25244. A fibula. Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
E
50 CROCODILIA.
30366-67. Several dermal scutes. : Hastings Collection.
30318. Two dermal scutes. Same history.
R. 1068. Slab with five dorsal vertebrze and dermal scutes.
Same history.
46434. An imperfect dermal scute; from the Bembridge Beds of
Hordwell, Hampshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.
* The Museum also possesses a large series of duplicate specimens
which have not been catalogued.
Diplocynodon, sp.
There 1s no evidence to show whether either of the forms from
the Hempstead and Barton beds are distinct from the preceding.
Hab. Kurope (England).
The following specimens are from the Lower Miocene (Middle
Oligocene) of Hempstead, Isle of Wight. |
40215. Fragment of jaw with two teeth. Purchased, 1867.
R. 980. The right premaxilla, the dentary part of the right ramus
of the mandible, numerous vertebral centra, and a dermal
scute of a small form. Presented by the Government-
Grant Committee of the Royal Society, per Messrs.
Gardner and Keeping, 1887.
R. 980 a. A tooth of a larger form. Same history.
The following are from the Upper Eocene Barton Beds of
Lymington, Hampshire.
R. 1037. The conjoint frontals. Purchased, 1887.
R. 1087 a. The left quadrate. Same history.
Diplocynodon gracilis, Vaillant '.
Cranium somewhat pointed, and the nasals reaching the nares.
Teeth 2-2).
(i819)
The so-called Crocodilus eberts:, Ludwig’, from the Lower.
Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of the Mayence basin, which evidently
* Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. iii. art. 1; p. 18 (1872).
* Palxontographica, suppl. vol. iii, pt. iv. p. 31 (1877).
CROCODILIDZ. ol
belongs to the present genus, agrees in the relations of the nasals
with the present species, and the difference in the contour of the
figured skulls of the two forms does not appear greater than that
obtaining between old and young skulls of a single species. D.
ratelr, from the same beds as the present species, ee been noticed
under the head of D. hantoniensis.
Hab. Europe.
R. 789. A slab of limestone, showing the dorsal aspect of the
cranium aud numerous scutes and bones of a small indi-
vidual ; from the Lower Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of
St. Gérand-le-Puy (Allier), France. The cranium closely
accords with the typical example figured by Vaillant in
the ‘Ann. Sci. Géol.’ vol. iui. art. 1, figs. 8, 12.
Bravard Collection. Purchased, 1852.
26841. The hinder portion of a cranium, agreeing in size with the
preceding, and probably belonging to the same species;
from the same locality.
Pomel Collection. Purchased, 1851.
Of the following specimens some belong to the present species, while
others may not improbably be referable to D. darwini (supra,
p. 46).
26748. The imperfect hinder portion of a large cranium ; from the
same locality. Same history.
27751. The crushed cranium (orai surface shown) of a small indi-
vidual; from the Lower Miocene of Antoign (Puy-de-
Déme), France. Croizet Collection. Purchased, 1848.
27719. The hinder portion of a small cranium; from the same
locality. Same history.
26841. The left maxilla of a small individual; from St. Gérand-le-
Puy. Pomel Collection.
26845. A very similar right maxilla; from the same locality.
Same history.
26846. A tooth of a large individual; from the same locality.
Same history.
30959. Two small teeth ; from the same locality
Bravard Collection. Purchased, 1852.
E2
ae CROCODILTA.
30949, 30945-6. Three fragments of skull; from he same locality.
Same history.
26841 a -46. Two fragments of skull; from the same locality.
Pomel Collection...
26840. The nearly entire left ramus of the mandible of an adult
individual, with the fourth tooth remaining ; from the same
locality. Same history.
26842. Part of the left ramus of the mandible of a young indi-
vidual, showing one tooth ; from the same locality.
Same history.
41089. A split layer of lignite containing the impression of the
cranium of a small Crocodile, perhaps belonging to this
species; from the Lower Miocene of Rott, near Bonn. —
Purchased, 1868.
R. 381. The anterior part of the right ramus of the mandible of a
very small individual; from the Phosphorites of Caylux
(Tarn-et-Garonne), France’. Purchased, 1884.
26842. The articular portion of the left ramus of the mandible of
an adult; from St. Gérand-le-Puy. Pomel Collection.
26846. An early dorsal vertebra ; from the same locality.
Same history.
48471. The right humerus of an adult ; from the same locality.
Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.
30963. The left humerus of a small individual; from the same
locality. Bravard Oollection.
26846. Two specimens of smaller left humeri, one imperfect; from
the same locality. Pomel Collection.
26846 a. The left ilium and pubis; from the same locality.
Same history.
27676. Slab of rock containing an imperfect humerus, rib, vertebra,
and other bones; from the Lower Miocene of Cournon
(Puy-de-Dome), France. Croizet Collection.
30965. Eight dermal scutes of the dorsal buckler; from St. Gérand-
le-Puy. Bravard Collection.
' See Filhol, Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. viii. art. 1, p. 264 (1877).
= = a
CROCODILID®. 53
The following specimens probably also belong either to one or
other of the two above-mentioned species.
R.429. A tooth; from the Phosphorites of Caylux (Tarn-et-
Garonne), France. Purchased, 1884.
R. 488. An imperfect early dorsal vertebra; from the same de-
posits. Same history.
R. 382. A right humerus ; from the same deposits. Same history.
Diplocynodon plenidens (Meyer’). _
Syn. Crocodilus plenidens, Meyer ’.
Pleurodon crocodiloides, Meyer °.
A very large form, originally described from teeth obtained from
the Middle (?) Miocene of Stein (Shaffhausen), Switzerland; the
skull is unknown.
Hab. Europe.
43634. The imperfect crowns of three teeth; from the Middle (’?)
Miocene of Allstadt, near Mosskirch, Baden.
Purchased, 1859,
Genus CROCODILUS, Linn.
Cranium either short and broad, or moderately elongated and
narrow, with the mandibular symphysis in proportion ; upper teeth
more numerous than lower, and the smaller lateral ones of both
series interlocking ; 1st lower tooth received into a pit or perfora-
tion, and the 4th into a lateral notch in the cranium; the 3rd
lower tooth small; supra-temporal fossa larger than in Alligator ;
premaxillary fissure either heart-shaped or slit-like; mandibular
vacuity small. No dermal armour on the ventral aspect of the
body.
Group a.—Cranium short and broad ; mandibular symphysis short ;
palatal aspect of the premaalla short, with its posterior border
nearly straight, or slightly convex posteriorly ; teeth strongly
differentiated.
‘ Neues Jahrb. 1838, p. 667.—Crocodilus.
2 Loe, cit. 3 Ibid. 1839, p.79.—Errorim, Plerodon.
* Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 359 (1766).—As a subgenus.
54 CROCODILIA.
Crocovilus palustris, Lesson ’.
Syn. Crocodilus bombifrons, Gray ?.
The facial sculpture strongly marked and deep, rugose nodules in
advance of orbit, interorbital bar narrow and deeply concave,
maxillo-premaxillary suture on palate usually not extending behind
hinder border of 5th alveolus, premaxillary fissure heart-shaped,
superior surface of premaxilla shorter than nares, facial profile
concave.
Hab. India and Burma.
R. 1038. Several teeth provisionally referred to this species, as
being the commonest Crocodile of Western India; from
the Pleistocene of the Narbada Valley, India.
Presented by C. Fraser, Esq., 1849.
Crocodilus palustris.—1, 2, lateral and upper views of skull; 3, palatal view of
cranium ; /, aperture of median eustachian canal; N, posterior nares ;
O, orbit ; P, palato-pterygoid vacuity; 7, supratemporal fossa; V, basi-
occipital. Much reduced, (From the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)
* In Bélanger’s Voyage Ind. Orient., Zool. Rept. p. 305 (1834).
? Cat. Tortoises, &c., in Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1844).
ip Pac
~
55
’
CROCODILID &. 55
Crocodilus sivalensis, Lydekker'.
This species is probably the ancestor of C. palustris, from which
it is distinguished by the wider interorbital bar, the longer facial
surface of the premaxilla, the greater posterior convexity of the
maxillo-premaxillary suture on the palate, the greater rugosity of
the facial sculpture, the smaller development of the preorbital
nodules, and the wider nasals.
Hab. India and Burma.
All the following specomens are from the Pliocene of the Siwalk
Hills, and, unless it is otherwise stated, belong to the Cautley
Collection. Presented, 1840.
39795. The cranium of a half-grown individual. This specimen
(fig.) is one of the types, and is described and figured in ‘ Fal-
coner’s Paleontological Memoirs,’ vol. i. p. 355, pl. xxviil.
figs. 2, 3 (as C. bombifrons), and by the present writer in
the ‘ Palzontologia Indica,’ ser. 10, vol. ii. p. 214,
_ pl. xxvii. figs. 1, 1a.
39796. The anterior portion of the cranium and mandible of a
similar individual. Noticed by the writer, op. cit. p. 214.
39797. The entire skull of a half-grown individual. Described and
(fig.) figured by the writer, op. cit. p. 214, pl. xxviii. fig. 3
(as No. 39798). Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer,
39798. The entire skull of a very similar individual. Figured in
(Fig.) ‘Falconer’s Paleontological Memoirs,’ vol. i. pl. xxviii.
fig. 1 (as C. bombifrons), and noticed by the writer op. cit.
p. 214 (as No. 39797).
39799. The hinder half of a subadult skull, together with the
(Fig.) nuchal scutes and the humerus.
39800. The anterior portion of the cranium of an adult individual,
(fig.) with the alveolar region cut and polished. Described and
figured by the writer, op. cit. p. 215, pl. xxix. figs. 2, 2a.
39801. The anterior portion of an adult cranium. Figured by
(fig.) | Cautley in the ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ vol. xix. pl. ii. figs. 2,
4 (as OC. biporcatus”), and noticed by the writer, op. cit.
p. 215 (as No. 39081).
1 Paleontologia Indica (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. iii. p. 213 (1886).
2 ©. biporcatus of Cautley is C. palustris, and not C. porossu ; see ‘ Paleon-
tologia Indica,’ ser. 10, vol. iii. p. 213.
56 CROCODILIA.
R. 1039. The anterior extremity of an adult cranium. Figured by
(Fig.) Cautley, op. cit. pl. 11. fig. 5.
R. 678. The anterior part of the cranium of a nearly adult indi-
vidual.
R. 769. The anterior portion of a cranium provisionally referred to
this species.
R. 325. The hinder part of the cranium of a nearly adult individual.
40823. The entire skull of a very young individual, measuring
0,010 in length. Noticed by the writer, op. cat. p. 215.
R. 767. The right maxilla of a somewhat older individual. Noticed
by the writer, op. cit. p. 215. :
R. 767 a. Part of the left maxilla of an adult, with the ninth tooth 4
in position. ;
R. 767 b. Part of a right premaxilla apparently belonging to the
same individual as the preceding.
R. 770. The associated left quadrate, quadratojugal, and articular
portion of the mandible of an adult.
R. 767 c. The articular region of the left ramus of the mandible,
together with the condyle of the quadrate. )
R. 771. The anterior part of the left ramus of the mandible.
R. 773. The hinder part of the left ramus of the mandible.
R. 767 d. The anterior part of the right ramus of the een: of
a comparatively young individual.
R. 767 e. A considerable series of teeth, some of which are probably
the larger teeth of the present species, while others may
belong to Rhamphosuchus.
R 615. Several similar teeth; from the Siwaliks of the Punjab,
India.
Presented by the Director of the Geological Survey of
India, 1887.
R. 767 f. Two of the unenlarged teeth.
CROCODILID.E. 57
Some of the following specimens may belong to the Longirostrine
Section.
16668. An imperfect cervical vertebra.
16668 a. A cervical vertebra.
16668 b. An imperfect cervical vertebra.
R. 1054. A larger cervical vertebra.
Transferred from the old Indian Museum, 1880.
16668 c. An imperfect cervical vertebra.
16668 d. Three associated cervical vertebre of small size.
16668 e. Two early dorsal vertebre (associated), of which one is
imperfect.
16668 f. An early dorsal vertebra,
R. 1055. Two middle dorsal vertebra, apparently belonging to a
single individual.
16668 g. A large late dorsal or lumbar vertebra.
16668 h. A very similar specimen.
R. 777. Several similar specimens.
R. 777a. A smaller late dorsal or early lumbar vertebra.
R. 325. A large late dorsal or early lumbar vertebra.
16668 i. A sacral vertebra.
16668 j. An imperfect sacral vertebra.
16668 k. An imperfect sacral vertebra.
R. 782. An imperfect sacral vertebra of larger size.
R. 778. A similar specimen.
R. 779. A perfect sacral vertebra agreeing in size with the pre-
ceding. .
R. 780. The centrum of a large first caudal vertebra,
R. 325a. A very similar specimen.
R. 325 b. Another very similar specimen.
16668 m. A smaller imperfect first caudal vertebra.
16668 1. An early caudal vertebra of a larger form,
58 CROCODILIA.
R. 765. A large imperfect middle caudal vertebra.
16606. Several dermal scutes.
38802. A dermal scute. Purchased, 1865.
39817. Three dermal scutes.
R. 781. A dermal scute.
17066. A larger dermal scute.
R. 1056. An imperfect dermal scute.
Transferred from the old Indian Museum, 1880.
R. 788. The distal portion of the left femur.
16588. The distal portion of a small right femur.
R. 1057. The distal portion of the left femur of a young individual.
R. 1058. Part of the pes and vertebral caudal region of a young
individual.
Crocodilus palzindicus, Falconer '.
Mainly distinguished from the preceding species by its convex
facial profile.
Hab. India (western coast).
All the following specimens are from the Pliocene Stwaliks of
Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay.
R. 743. The anterior portion of the cranium and mandible. Noticed
by the writer in the ‘ Paleontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol.
Sury. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. i. p. 218.
Transferred from the old Indian Museum, 1880.
R. 744. The anterior portion of the cranium. Noticed by the writer,
op. cit. Transferred from the old Indian Museum, to
which it had been presented by
A, Bettington, Esq., in 1847.
R. 745. Part of the right maxilia. Same history.
Some of the following specimens may belong to Garialis.
R. 746. An imperfect late dorsal or lumbar vertebra.
Same history.
R. 222. Four imperfect vertebra. Purchased, 1882.
* Cat. Foss. Vert. in Mus. As. Soc. Bengal, p. 200 (1859).
CROCODILID 2. 59
R. 1059. A slightly imperfect late dorsal or early lumbar vertebra.
Presented by Rh. Lydekker, Esq., 1887.
Group 6.—Cranium moderately broad and short, with mandibular
symphysis in proportion ; palatal aspect of premaxille elongated,
with its posterior border projecting nto macxille ; teeth strongly
differentiated, usually about =
This group includes the majority of existing species.
Crocovilus porosus, Schneider’.
Syn. Crocodilus biporcatus, Cuvier’.
Facial sculpture slight; an elongated longitudinal sinuous ridge
in advance of orbit; interorbital bar wide and slightly concave ;
premaxillary fissure a comparatively narrow slit.
Hab. India, N. Australia (Recent), and Queensland (Pleistocene).
43047. Part of the right maxilla, showing the split alveoli of the
first five teeth; from the Pleistocene of Clifton Plains,
. Darling Downs, Queensland.
Presented by Prof. Harkness, 1871.
43047 a. The right premaxilla and anterior extremity of the right
dentary of a smaller individual; from Clifton.
Same history.
43213. Two imperfect teeth ; from the Pleistocene of Queensland.
Presented by Sir R. Daintree, 1871.
43343. The crown of a tooth; from the Pleistocene of Gowrie,
Queensland. Presented by Dr. George Bennett, 1872.
36079. Three imperfect dermal scutes ; from the Pleistocene of the
lower part of the Condamine River, Queensland.
Presented by T. H. Hood, Esq., 1861.
43221. Four associated caudal vertebre ; from Queensland.
Presented by Sir R. Daintree, 1871.
Group c.—Cranium somewhat elongated and narrow ; mandibular
symphysis long; palatal aspect of premaxille elongated, with
ats posterior border projecting into maxille ; differentiation of
teeth slight.
The existing African C. cataphractus and N.-American C. inier-
medius belong to this group.
' Hist. Amphib. pt. ii. p. 159 (1801).
* Ossemens Fossiles, 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 65 (1824).
60 ‘CROCODILIA.
Crocodilus spenceri, Buckland’.
Syn. Crocodilus toliapicus, Owen ?.
Crocodilus champsoides, Owen *,
Crocodilus arduini, Zigno 4.
Teeth —; ; the nasals reaching the nares’
It has been shown by the writer in ei ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, :
vol. iv. p. 310, that C. tohkapicus and C. champsoides are apparently
founded upon old and young individuals of a single species, the
greater breadth of the facial part of the skull in the adult being
precisely analogous to that obtaining in the existing C. intermedius *.
The so-called C. arduini from the Nummulitics of Verona is indis-
tinguishable from the English form.
Hab. Europe (England and Italy).
All the following specimens are from the London Clay of the
Isle of Sheppey, Kent.
19633. The hinder part of the cranium of an immature individual.
(Fig.) This specimen is the type, and is figured by Buckland in
his ‘ Geology and Mineralogy,’ pl. xxv. fig. 1; and also by
Owen in his‘ Reptilia of the London Clay,’ pt. u1. pl. ii.
fig. 2 (as C. champsoides). Purchased.
38975. The cranium of an immature individual. Figured by Owen,
(Fig.) op. cit. pl. i11., under the name of C. champsordes, of which
it is the type. A restored figure is given in woodcut,
fig. 9. Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
37717. The hinder part of the cranium of an immature individual.
Purchased, 1863.
R. 41. The imperfect hinder portion of the cranium of an immature
individual. Shrubsole Collection. Purchased, 1880.
38990-1. The two angular and articular portions of the mandible.
Bowerbank Collection.
1 Geology and Mineralogy (Bridgewater Treatise), lst ed. pl. xxv. fig. 1
(1837).
2 Reptilia of London Clay (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 11. p. 29 (1850).
3 Ibid. p. 31.
4 Mem. Ac. R. Line. ser. 8, vol. v. p. 67 (1880). :
5 In both C. cataphractus (see ‘ Falconer’s Paleontological Memoirs,’ vol. ii.
pl. xxxviil. fig. 1) and C. intermedius (see Litken, ‘ Vid. Medd. Nat. Foren,
Kjobenhavn,’ 1884, pl. v.) the nasals do not reach the nares.
* Compare the three crania figured by Litken, Joc. cit,
CROCODILIDA. , 61
Fig. 9.
Crocodilus spenceri.—Restored cranium; from the London Clay of Sheppey.
About i.
38988. Part of the maxillary region of the cranium.
Sume history.
The following vertebree were referred by Owen to C. champsoides ;
they all belong to the Bowerbank Collection.
38979. The third cervical vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
(fig.) pi. v. figs. 7, 8.
38978. The first dorsal vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. v.
(Fig.) fig. 4.
38980. A late dorsal vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. v.
(Fig.) fig. 9.
38981. The first caudal vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
fig. 10.
The following veriebre and other bones ( from the same collection)
were referred by Owen to C. toliapicus, but do not appear speci-
fically distinct from the preceding.
38975. The fourth cervical vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
(itg.) -— pl. v. figs. 1, 2.
38977. The sixth cervical vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit,
(Fig.) pi. v. fig 3.
38982. The centrum of a cervical vertebra.
38983. The centrum of an early dorsal vertebra.
38984. The centrum of a late dorsal or lumbar vertebra.
62 CROCODILIA.
38976. The first sacral vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. y.
(Bigs) ste. 16. |
38986. The distal extremity of the left humerus.
38985. A sacral rib.
38987. An undetermined bone.
The following specimens may probably be referred to this form.
35691. An imperfect vertebra, of very large size. Purchased, 1859. —
wa
43195. An imperfect dorsal or lumbar vertebra.
Wetherell Collection. Purchased, 1871.
38989. The distal half of the right femur. Bowerbank Collection.
38993. Five dermal scutes. | Same history.
28507. A mass of matrix, containing numerous vertebre and im-
perfect limb-bones of a small individual.
Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1847.
LONGIROSTRINE SECTION.
The cranium with the facial portion elongated into a rostrum,
and its alveolar borders straight; the nasals never reaching the
nares, and frequently separated from the premaxille; the supra-
temporal fosse larger than in the Brevirostrine Section, and some-
times larger than the orbits; the premaxillary fissure slit-like; on
the palate the posterior border of the premaxille projecting into the
maxille ; the mandibular symphysis very long, and embracing part
of the splenial. The teeth numerous, and but slightly differen-
tiated, but the 3rd upper and 4th lower generally enlarged. No
ventral armour in recent forms; dorsal scutes very wide, with
slight keels. Frequently an additional upper tooth between the
proper first and second.
Genus TOMISTOMA, S. Miiller *.
Syn. Rhynchosuchus, Huxley °.
Including Melitosaurus, Owen °.
Gavialosuchus, Toula and Kail *.
The premaxille articulating with the nasals; both the Ist and
1 Archiv f. Nat. 1846, vol. i. p. 122.
2 Journ. Linn. Soe. [Zool.] vol. iv. p. 16 (1859).
* Hulke, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvii. p. 31 (1871).
4 Anzeig. k. Ak. Wiss, Wien, 1885, p. 109.
CROCODILID&. 63
Ath lower teeth received into notches in the cranium; the upper
and lower teeth interlocking ; the supra-temporal fossa smaller than
orbit ; and the facial profile concave. There are small interdental
pits in the cranial rostrum for the summits of the unenlarged man-
dibular teeth.
In the typical 7. schlegeli the anterior border of the orbit is not
everted; there are = teeth; the mandibular symphysis extends
to the 15th tooth ; there are only four premaxillary teeth ; and the
premaxille are not expanded.
Tomistoma eggenburgense (Toula and Kail’).
Syn. Gavialosuchus eggenburgensis, Toula and Kail ®.
Referred to this genus by the present writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soe.’ vol. xlii. p. 21.
Rather larger than 7’. schlegeli, with five premaxillary teeth, the
anterior border of the orbit slightly everted, and a slight expansion
of the premaxille. Teeth o
Hab. Europe (Austria).
R. 797. Cast of the cranium (fig. 10). The original, which is the
type, was obtained from a Tertiary (? Miocene) deposit near
Eggenburg, Lower Austria; and is figured by Toula and
Kail in the ‘ Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,’ vol. 1. pls. i.-iii.
(1885). Presented by Prof. Toula, 1886.
Fig. 10.
Tomistoma eggenburgense.—Oranium; from the Miocene (?) of Austria. 4.
pmex, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; Ja, lachrymal; fr, frontal ; or,
orbit. (After Toula and Kail.)
1 Anzeig. k. Ak, Wiss. Wien, 1885, p. 109.— Gavialosuchus, 2. Loe. cié.
64. CROCODILIA.
Tomistoma champsoides (Owen !).
Syn. Melitosaurus champsoides, Owen”.
Larger than the preceding, with the same number of premaxillary
teeth, but with no expansion of the premaxille ; orbit unknown.
Hab. Europe (Malta).
41151. The anterior portion of the cranium and mandible, together
(Fig.) with a detached fragment of the mandible; from the
Miocene of Malta. This specimen is the type, and is
described and figured by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xl. p. 21, pl. 11. (1886).
Presented by Captain Strickland, 1868.
41152. Three imperfect vertebre associated with the preceding.
Same history.
Tomistoma (?) macrorhynchus (Blainville*).
Syn. Crocodilus macrorhynchus, Blainville +:
Crocodilus isorhynchus, Pomel °.
Garialis macrorhynchus, Gervais °.
Thoracosaurus macrorhynchus, Leidy 7.
According to the figure given by Gervais * the premaxille reach
the nasals, but do not interlock with them as in the three preceding
species ; and since the supratemporal fossze are relatively larger than
in 7. eggenburgense, this species would seem to connect the latter
with Garialis.
Hab. Europe (France).
28296. Several teeth ; from the Upper Cretaceous Pisolite of Mont
Aimé (Marne), France. Purchased, 1851.
28296 a. Several vertebral centra ; from the same locality.
Same history.
28296 b. Three specimens of the distal extremity of the femur;
from the same locality. Same history.
1 Hulke, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxvii. p. 31 (1871).—Mehktosaurus.
2 Loe. cit.
3 Ostéographie—Genus Crocodilus, pl. vi. (before 1848).— Crocodilus,
4 Loc. cit.
5 Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. vol. v. p. 803 (1847).
* Zool. et Pal. Frangaises, Ist ed. p. 252 (1848-52).
7 Smiths. Contrib. Knowl. vol. xiv. art. 6, R: 11 Se
° Op. cit. pl. lix.
CROCODILIDZ. 65
Genus GARIALIS, Geoffroy '.
Syn. Leptorhynchus, Clift *.
The premaxille widely separated from the nasals; both the 1st
and 4th lower teeth received into notches in the cranium ; the upper
and lower teeth interlocking; the supratemporal fossa nearly or
quite as large as the orbit ; and the facial profile concave. There
may or may not be interdental pits in the cranial rostrum.
Group a.—WNo pits in the cranial rostrum for the summits of
the smaller mandibular teeth.
Grartaltg qangettcug (Gmelin 4).
Syn. Lacerta gangetica, Gmelin ¢.
Crocodilus longirestris, Schneider °.
Crocodilus gangeticus, Cuvier °.
Crocodilus tenwirostris, Cuvier 7.
Leptorhynchus chiftt, Meyer °.
Leptorhynchus gangeticus, auct.
(27—28)
(25—26)
everted, :premaxille expanded at their termination, orbits widely
separated, bar between supratemporal fossee narrow, rostrum
straight.
Recent examples attain a length of 20 feet, but fossil crania
indicate larger individuals.
Hab. India and Burma.
The type species. Teeth Anterior border of orbit
Unless otherwise stated, the following specrmens were obtained from
the Pliocene of the Siwalkk Hills, India, and belong to the
Cautley Collection. Presented, 1840.
39809. The hinder portion of the cranium. Figured in ‘ Falconer’s
(fig.) Paleontological Memoirs,’ vol. i. pl. xxviii. figs. 4, 5;
and by the writer in the ‘ Palsontologia Indica,’ ser. 10,
Volo pl xxx, ie. 2 (1886).
1 Mém. du Muséum, vol. xii. p. 97 (1825).—Amended.
? Trans. Geol. Soe. ser. 2, vol. ii. pt. 3, p. 875 (1828).
3 Syst. Nat. vol. i. pt. 3, p. 1057 (1789).—Lacerta. * Loe. oft.
5 Hist. Amphib. pt. ii. p. 160 (1801).
6 Ann, du Muséum, vol. x. p. 66 (1807).
7 Loe. ett.
® Palexologica, p. 108 (1832).
66 CROCODILIA,
36726. The hinder portion of the skull.
R. 784. The occipito-parietal region of a very large individual.
R. 784a. The interorbital region of an equally large individual.
R. 785. The hinder portion of the cranium.
R. 786. The hinder part of the cranium of an immature individual.
R. 787. The hinder pertion of the cranium.
R. 791. The hinder part of the cranium.
36727. The hinder part of the cranium of a half-grown individual,
with a portion of the mandible attached. Noticed by ine
writer, op. cit. p. 221.
40206. The hinder part of a young cranium. Figured by Cautley
(fig.) in the ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ vol. xix. pl, ii. figs. 3,:5.
R. 772. The hinder part of a young cranium ; from the Siwaliks
of Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay. Noticed by the writer,
op. cit. p. 228. |
Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, to which it was
presented by A, Bettington, Hsq., 1847.
40695. The hinder part of the cranium; from Perim Island,
Noticed by the writer, op. cit. p. 221. Purchased, 1867.
R. 775. The imperfect hinder portion of the cranium.
39810. The hinder portion of the cranium of a young individual.
R. 774. The imperfect hinder portion of the cranium of a still
younger individual.
R. 222. The parietal region of a young cranium; from Perim
Island. No history.
39811 a. The anterior portion of the cranial and mandibular rostrum,
(f1g.) Figured in ‘ Falconer’s Paleontological Memoirs,’ vol. i.
pl. xxix. fig. 5, and also by the present writer, op. cit.
pl. xxx aie ally
39811. ‘I'he anterior portion of the cranial rostrum of an immature
(fig.) individual. Figured by the writer, op. cit. pl. xxx.
figs. 3, da.
48461. The anterior extremity of the premaxille of a very large
individual. Presented by OC. Falconer, Esq., 1867.
CROCODILIDZ. 67
R. 783 a. The anterior part of the mandibular symphysis.
Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.
39812. The anterior part of the right half of the mandibular sym-
(fig.) physis. Figured by the writer, op. cit. pl. xxx. fig. 5.
Some of the following specumens may belong to the neat species.
R. 615. Several teeth; from the Siwaliks of the Punjab, India.
Presented by the Director of the
Geological Survey of India, 1886.
R. 783 d. A tooth.
R. 746 a. Several dorsal vertebra, with the overlying dermal scutes
of the right side; from Perim Island.
Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.
R. 783 b. The palatal plates of the pterygoids and part of the pala-
tines.
R. 783 c. The imperfect hinder portion of the right ramus of the
mandible of a very large individual.
The following specimens probably belong to this genus.
39813. A mass of dorsal vertebre, together with the dermal scutes
in an obscure condition.
39814. A mass of matrix, showing the ventral aspect of a number
of associated dorsal scutes, belonging to the same form as
the preceding. This and the last specimen were referred
by Falconer to G. gangeticus, and are too small to have
belonged to Rhamphosuchus ; they may have belonged to
G. leptodus.
Garialis hysudricus, Lydekker’.
Distinguished from G. gangeticus by the more marked concavity
of the rostrum in advance of the orbits, and probably by the upward
curvature of the extremity of the rostrum. The cranium, provision-
ally referred to this species, has the orbits more approximated,
smaller supratemporal fossee, with a wider parietal bar between them,
and a greater lateral expansion of the jugal and quadrato-jugal
region, than in the existing species. The extremity of the rostrum
may have been without expansion.
Hab. India.
* Palezontologia Indica (Mem, Geol. Sury. Ind.), ser. 10, vol, iii. p, 222 (1886).
F2
68 CROCODILIA.
The following specimens are from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills,
and belong to the Cautley Collection. Presented, 1840.
- 39805. The greater portion of the cranial and mandibular rostrum,
(/g.) | wanting the narial extremity. This specimen is the type ;
it is figured in ‘Falconer’s Paleontological Memoirs,’
vol. i. pl. xxix. fig. 3, where it is referred to G. leptodus ;
and the cranial portion by the writer in the ‘ Paleon-
tologia Indica,’ ser. 10, vol. ui. pl. xxxii. figs. 1, la,
RD. Slices
R. 325. The hinder portion of the mandibular symphysis. N oticed
by the writer, op. cit. p. 222.
Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.
39808. The hinder portion of an adult cranium, provisionally
(fig.) referred to this species. Figured by the writer, op. cit.
pl. xxx1. fig. 3.
R. 326. The hinder portion of an immature cranium, agreeing in
general characters with the preceding specimen.
Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.
Group 6.—FPits in the cranial rostrum for the reception of the summits
of the majority of the mandibular teeth.
Garialis leptodus (Falconer and Cautley ’).
Syn. Crocodilus (Leptorhynchus) leptodus, Falconer and Cautley ?.
Slightly larger than G. gangeticus, with a wider. and flatter
rostrum, and proportionately smaller teeth.
Hab. India.
39806. Portion of the mandibular symphysis; from the Pliocene of
(fig.) the Siwalik Hills. This specimen is the type, and is
figured in ‘ Falconer’s Paleontological Memoirs,’ vol. 1.
pl. xxix. fig. 4; and by the present writer in the ‘ Pale-
ontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. iii.
pl. xxxu. figs. 2, 2a.
Cautley Collection. Presented, 1840. |
* In ‘Falconer’s Paleeontological Memoirs,’ yol.i. p. 855 (1868).— Crocodilus
(Leptorhynchus). Wy
2 Loc. cit.
ae
CROCODILID.&#. 69
Garialis pachyrhynchus, Lydekker’.
Probably from two and a half to three times the size of G. gan-
geticus. The extremity of the premaxille expanded; the teeth
stout, closely approximated, and the notch in the cranium for the
first mandibular tooth roofed over; the rostrum was probably
relatively short.
Hab. India (Sind).
R. 602. Cast of the extremity of the cranialrostrum. The original,
which is the type, was obtained from the Lower Siwaliks
of Sind, North-western India, and is preserved in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta; it is figured by the writer in
the ‘ Paleontologia Indica,’ ser. 10, vol. i. pl. xxxiil.
figs. 1, 2. Made in the Museum, 1886.
R. 615 a. The crown of atooth, probably belonging to this species ;
from Sind. Similar to the specimen figured by the writer,
op. cit. pl. xxxil. fig. 4.
Presented by the Director of the Geological Survey of India, 1886.
32504. Fragment of one half of a mandibular symphysis, probably
belonging to a young individual] of this species; from
Sind. Presented by Col. Sykes.
32504a. Four imperfect dorsal scutes, probably belonging to this
species ; from Sind. Same history.
32504 b. The imperfect centrum of a late dorsal vertebra, asso-
ciated with the preceding. Same history.
Garialis (?) dixoni, Owen’.
Provisionally referred to the present group, but the cranium un-
known. Of small size, with the teeth relatively larger, placed
farther apart, and less compressed than in G. gangeticus ; and
interdental pits present in the hinder part of the mandible.
Hab. Europe (England).
The following specimens are the types, and were obtained from the
Middle Eocene of Bracklesham, Sussex ; they belong to the Dixon
Collection. Purchased, 1851.
1 Paleontologia Indica (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. iii. p. 227 -
(1886).
2 Reptilia of the London Clay (Mon. Pal. Soe.), pt. ii. p. 46 (1850).
70 CROCODILIA.
26125. Part of the mandibular symphysis. Figured by Owen in
(Fig.) his ‘ Reptilia of the London Clay,’ pt. ii. pl. x. fig. 1.
- 26126. Fragment of a mandibular ramus. Figured by Owen,
(Fig.) op. cit. pl. x. fig. 2.
26128. The slightly imperfect femur. Figured by Owen, op. ct.
(igs) ) pl. x. figs oO)
26129. The centrum of a. cervical vertebra. Figured by Owen,
Cig) 0p. ct. pl. x. hie ss.
Genus THORACOSAURWUS, Leidy ’.
Nasals not reaching premaxillea; a preorbital vacuity in the
cranium between the lachrymal and prefrontal; the supratem-.
poral fossz larger than the orbits ; and the facial profile straight.
Thoracosaurus neocesariensis (De Kay °*).
Syn. Gaviahs neocesariensis, De Kay *.
Crocodilus clavirostris, Morton *.
Crocodilus basifissus, Owen > (teste Leidy).
Thoracosaurus grandis, Leidy °.
The type species. Fully as large as Garialis gangeticus, with the
rostrum relatively wider, and no eversion of the orbit.
Hab. North America.
41842. Cast of the cranium. The original, which is the type,
was obtained from the Cretaceous near Vincenttown,
Burlington County, New Jersey, and is preserved in the
Museum of the Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia ; it is
figured by Leidy in the ‘ Smiths. Contrib. Knowl.’ vol. xiv.
art. 6, pl. i. figs. 1, 2, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1865).
Purchased, 1869.
1 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. vi. p. 35 (1852—vol. dated 1854).
* Zool. New York, pt. iii. p. 28 (1842).— Gavialis.
3 Loe. cit.
4 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. ii. p. 82 (1844—vol. dated 1846).
5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. v. p. 381 (1849).
8" Loe, cit,
7
CROCODILID#. ri!
Genus RHAMPHOSUCHUS, Lydekker'’.
Premaxille apparently separated from the nasals; 1st lower
tooth received into a notch, and 4th into a pit in the cranium ;
upper teeth biting externally to the lower; and the facial profile
straight ; supratemporal fossa and entire orbit unknown.
Rhamphosuchus crassidens (Falconer and Cautley ”).
Syn. Crocodilus (Leptorhynchus) crassidens, Falconer and Cautley *.
Garvalis crassidens, Lydekker *.
This is the only known species. The premaxille are not ex-
panded, and there are pits in the cranial rostrum for the summits of
the majority of the lower teeth, of which the 4th is enlarged.
Total length probably between 50 and 60 feet.
All the following specimens are from the Pliocene of the Siwalik
Hills ; and, unless rt is otherwise stated, belong to the Cautley
Collection. Presented, 1840.
39802. The greater portion of the rostrum, showing the upper and
(f%g.) lower jaws in apposition. This specimen is the type, and
is figured in ‘ Falconer’s Paleontological Memoirs,’ vol. 1.
pl. xxix. fig. 1, and by the present writer in the ‘ Pale-
ontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. iii.
PL, XOCxIv.
39804. The middle portion of the cranium. This specimen (wood-
(Fig) cut, fig. 11) is figured by the writer, op. cit. p. 232,
fig. 1. Presented by G. H. Smith, Esq., 1848.
Riots
Rhamphosuchus crassidens.—Right lateral aspect of middie of cranium; from
the Pliocene of the’Siwalik Hills. 3. (From the ‘ Paleontologia Indiea.’)
* Palxontologia Indica (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. iii. p. 229
(1886).
* Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 503, note (1840).—Crocodilus (Lepio-
rhynchus). 3 Loc, cit.
* Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xlix. pt. 2, p. 33 (1880).
2 CROCODILIA.
39803. The hinder portion of the mandibular symphysis of the
(fig.) same individual. Figured in ‘ Falconer’s Paleontological
Memoirs,’ vol. 1. pl. xxix. fig. 2 (as part of the cranium),
Fig. 12.
if
>: at
IT LM ea
Rhamphosuchus crassidens.—Hinder part of mandibular symphysis; from the
Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills. 4. sp, splenial. (From the ‘ Paleontologia
Tndica.’)
and by the writer, op. cit. p. 233, the latter figure being
reproduced in fig. 12. One of the teeth has been cut, and
is noticed by Owen in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. :
xxxyv. p. 196. Presented by G. H. Smith, Esq., 1848.
R. 760. The imperfect quadrate and quadrato-jugal. Noticed by
the writer, op. ct. p. 232.
16218. The anterior extremity of the left half of the mandibular
symphysis, with three dental alveoli.
CROCODILIDZ. 73
R. 776. A slightly imperfect cervical vertebra.
R. 776a. A slightly imperfect early dorsal vertebra.
R. 759. An imperfect early (? 5th) dorsal vertebra. Noticed by the
writer, op. cit. p. 234. The vertical diameter of the
anterior articular cup is 0,112, and the transverse 0,098.
. 761. A slightly imperfect early dorsal vertebra.
. 761 a. An imperfect early dorsal vertebra.
. 762. An imperfect dorsal vertebra.
. 763 a. A late dorsal or lumbar vertebra, somewhat imperfect.
. 764. A very similar specimen.
R
R
R
R. 763. A very similar specimen.
R
R
R.
766 a. The left ilium. The longer transverse diameter measures
0,178.
R. 766 b. A smaller left ilium, agreeing in contour with the pre-
ceding specimen.
18460. The right fibula, wanting the proximal extremity. The
diameter of the distal extremity is 0,065.
R. 766. An imperfect large scute, probably belonging to the nuchal
region of the present form.
Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.
17066. A dorsal scute. Noticed by the writer, op. cit. p. 234.
Transverse diameter 0,181; antero-posterior do., 0,107.
39817. An imperfect dorsal scute of very large size.
R. 783. A dorsal scute.
39815. A smaller dorsal scute, belonging either to this species or to
Garialis.
39816. A similar specimen.
39818. An undetermined bone, perhaps belonging to this genus.
lad /
(4: CROCODILIA,
Some of the following smaller specimens may belong to
emmature individuals of this species.
R. 777. A somewhat imperfect middle dorsal vertebra.
R. 777 a. A late dorsal or lumbar vertebra.
R. 777 b. A vertebra from the same region.
R. 777 c. Another vertebra from the same region.
R. 777 d. A third specimen from the same region.
Serial Position Uncertain.
Genus PRISTICHAMPSA, Gervais’.
Known only by the teeth, which are remarkable for their extreme
compression and sharp cutting-edges.
Pristichampsa rollinati (Gray °).
Syn. Crocodilus rollinati, Gray’®.
This is the type and only known species, and is of small size.
Hab. Kurope (France).
26657. The crowns of two teeth; from the Middle Eocene of
Argenton (Indre), France.
Pomel Collection. Purchased, 1851.
Genus HETEROSUCHUS, Seeley *.
This genus is founded on the first of the following specimens, and
is only provisionally included in the present series. ‘The centra of
the vertebrae are laterally compressed, and the neuro-central suture
is obliterated; while other features are stated to suggest Dinosaurian
affinities. The genus may possibly prove identical with Hylco-
champsa (infra, p. 76).
Heterosuchus valdensis, Seeley ’.
Hab. Europe (England).
' Comptes Rendus, vol. xxxvi. p. 376 (1853).--- Amended from Pristichampsus.
* Synopsis Reptilium, p. 61 (1831).—-Crocodilus.
* Loe. cit.
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xliii. p. 212 (1887). 5 Loe, ett.
CROCODILID &. fi.
36555. A nodule of ironstone containing about a dozen vertebre,
(fig.) and what may possibly be part of a cranium; from the
Hastings Sand (Wealden) of Hastings, Sussex. The type.
Figured by Seeley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliii.
pl. xii. fig. 7. It is suggested that the supposed cranium
may possibly belong to a different animal.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
36527. An imperfect vertebra; from the Wealden of Cuckfield,
Sussex. Noticed by Seeley, op. cit. p. 215. Same history.
36528. A trunk vertebra, somewhat broken, and with the posterior
convexity of the centrum abraded ; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
36525. An imperfect caudal vertebra; from Brook. Noticed by
Seeley, op. cet. p. 214. Same hastory.
36526. Three imperfect caudal vertebra ; from Cuckfield. Noticed
by Seeley, op. cit. pp. 214-215. Same history.
Genus non det.
In the following specimens the centra have not the marked lateral
compression characteristic of Heterosuchus.
36524. A slightly imperfect trunk vertebra of a small Crocodilian ;
from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Noticed by
Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlili. p. 215.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 18538.
48244. A crushed cervical vertebra, partly imbedded in matrix ;
from the Middle Purbeck Group of Durdlestone Bay,
Swanage, Dorsetshire. Noticed by Seeley, op. cit. p. 215.
Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
R. 188. A mass of vertebrae and imperfect limb-bones of a somewhat
larger Crocodilian ; from the Hastings Sand (Wealden) of
Brook, Isle of Wight. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
[Crocodilus cantabrigiensis, Seeley '. |
41795. An imperfect posterior dorsal vertebra ; from the Cambridge
Greensand. Described by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxx. p. 694. Purchased, 1869.
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 693 (1874).
76 CROCODILIA..
B. AMPHICELIAN SERIES.
Vertebree usually amphiccelous’, Pterygoids without palatal
plates; lateral eustachian passages not bony. Dorsal scutes keel-
less, and usually arranged in two rows; ventral buckler, which is
usually divided but may be single, with not more than eight or ten
longitudinal rows of scutes, each scute consisting of a single element.
Acetabular margin of pubis slightly notched.
Family GONIOPHOLIDID.
Orbit communicating with infratemporal fossa, and either larger
or only slightly smaller than supratemporal fossa; no preorbital
vacuity ; in palate posterior border of premaxille interpenetrated
by maxille. Dorsal scutes rectangular, and arranged in two or
more rows; ventral buckler either single or divided, with the scutes
imbricating anteriorly, and either imbricating or articulating by
suture posteriorly. Freshwater.
Subfamily BERNISSARTIIN&.
Posterior nares placed very far back. ‘Typically the dorsal scutes
without peg-and-socket articulation, and arranged in more than two
rows; ventral buckler undivided, with the scutes imbricating
throughout.
In the type genus Bernissartia, Dollo’, the vertebre are am-
phicclous ; the orbit is larger than the supratemporal fossa; the
nasals reach the nares; the splenial enters into the mandibular
symphysis; and the pectoral limb is much shorter than the pelvic.
Genus HY LAEOCHAMPSA, Owen’.
Imperfectly known ; orbits considerably larger than supratemporal
fossee; cranium of moderate length. Possibly the proccelous ver-
tebree, to which the name Heterosuchus (p. 74) has been applied,
may prove to belong to the present genus, in which case there will
be no doubt as to the distinctness of Bernissartia*.
! As mentioned above, Heterosuchus may belong to this series; and the same
may be the case with the proccelian vertebra described from the Greensand of
Cambridge and Austria under the names of Crocodilus cantabrigiensis (p. 75)
and C. proavus.
2 Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat, Belg. vol. ii. p, 321 (1883).
3 Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soe.), suppl. vi. p. 1 (1874).
* See Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. iv. pp. 310,392 (1887). .
GONIOPHOLIDIDZ.
~I
~I
Hylzochampsa vectiana, Owen".
The type species; probably about 2 metres in total length ; orbits
subcircular, with a slightly outward direction; cranial sculpture
radiate ; posterior nares rounded and placed close to condyle ; palato-
pterygoid vacuities narrow and elongate.
Hab. Europe (England).
R. 177. The hinder portion of the cranium; from the Wealden of
(Fig.) Brook, Isle of Wight. This specimen is the type, and
is figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Rep-
tilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. v. pl. 11. figs. 23-25,
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
GENUs non. det.
The following specimen is too imperfect to admit of generic iden-
tification, but it may be identical with Bernissartia. The scutes
have no peg-and-socket articulaticn.
37712. A split slab containing fragments of the exo- and endo-
(fig.) skeleton of a small Crocodilian; from the Wealden of
Hastings, Sussex. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Cretaceous
Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pl. xv. (1851), and referred to
by A. Smith Woodward in ‘ Proc. Geol. Assoc.’ vol. ix.
p. 828, as Crocodilus sauli, Owen.
Saul Collection. Purchased, 1863.
Subfamily GoNIOPHOLIDINA.
Posterior nares placed more anteriorly than in preceding sub-
family ; two rows of dorsal scutes; ventral buckler divided, with
the transverse rows of scutes articulating in the posterior part by
suture.
a. BREVIROSTRINE SECTION.
Cranium more or less short, with its alveolar borders festooned ;
nasals reaching premaxille, and frequently the nares; mandibular
symphysis short, without or with small splenial element. Teeth
not numerous, and more or less differentiated. Dorsal scutes with
peg-and-socket articulation. |
Genus THERIOSUCHUS, Owen’.
Cranium very short; nasals reaching and partly dividing nares ;
orbit slightly larger than supratemporal fossa; no vacuity in
1 Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soe.), suppl. vi. p. 1 (1874).
* Thid. suppl. ix. p. 10 (1879).
78 CROCODILIA.
mandible ; teeth extremely differentiated ; fore limb much shorter
than hinder.
Theriosuchus pusillus, Owen’.
The type species. Length of cranium 0,087.
Hab. Kurope (England).
The following specimens include the types, and were obtained from |
the Middle Purbeck of Durdlestone Bay, Swanage, Dorsetshire.
All belong to the Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
48330. The cranium. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Pur-
(fig.) beck Reptilia,’ suppl. ix. pl. ili. figs. 3-6, and also (restored)
in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxv. pl. ix. figs. 1-3,
6 (1879).
48218. The imperfect skull. Figured in the ‘ Wealden Reptilia,’ tom.
(Fig.) cit. pl. iii. fig. '7, and the left maxilla in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
- Geol. Soc.’ tom. cit. pl. ix. fig. 4.
48227. The imperfect anterior portion of the cranium. The right
(77g.) maxilla is figured in the ‘ Wealden Reptilia,’ tom. cit. pl. iii.
| fig. 10.
48282. The left maxilla of a young individual. Figured, op. cit.
(Cig jolly mig ie
48228. The left maxilla of an immature individual. Figured, op.
(fig.) cnt. pl. ii. fig. 13:
48240 a. The left maxilla. Figured, op. cit. pl. iii. fig. 11, and also in
(Fig.) the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ tom. cit. pl. ix. gi 5 (wrongly
described).
48240 b. A slab containing the imperfect upper and lower jaws.
(fig.) Figured in the ‘ Wealden Reptilia,’ tom. cit. pl. ii. figs. 9,
[4 17.
48216. A slab containing the greater portion of both the endo- and
(Fig.) exo-skeleton. Figured, op. cit. pl. iv. figs. 1, 2.
48279. Slab with part of mandible and detached scutes. Figured,
(fig.) op. cit. pl. iii. fig. 16 (mandible), and pl. iv. figs. 3, 4
(scutes) ; the mandible is also figured in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ tom. cit. pl. ix. fig. 7.
48244. The symphysis and greater part of the left ramus of the
mandible.
' ‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon.' Pal. Soc.), suppl. ix. p. 10 (1879).
ese fe
| anf
GONIOPHOLIDID &. 79
48218 a. The mandible, imperfect posteriorly. Figured in the
(Fig.) ‘ Wealden Reptilia,’ tom. cit. pl. ii. fig. 15.
48382 a. Extremity of a mandibular ramus. Figured, op. cit. pl. ii.
(Fig.) — fig. 18.
48302. Slab with the two rami of the mandible.
48224. The pterygoidal region of the cranium.
48262. Slab with the right ramus of the mandible and detached
scutes.
48240. Slab with fragments of the skull.
48260. Slab with the left half of the palate, vertebra, limb-bones,
and scutes.
48244. Slab with part of maxilla and scutes.
48329. Slab with bones and scutes.
48329 a. Ditto.
48273. Ditto.
48274. Ditto.
48275. Ditto.
48333. A femur, provisionally referred to this species.
Genus GONIOPHOLIS, Owen".
Cranium moderately elongated ; the nasals not reaching the nares ;
orbits slightly smaller than the supratemporal fosse; teeth mo-
derately differentiated, stout, rounded, slightly curved, with the
enamel ridged and grooved, and well-marked carine placed in a
plane coincident with that of the curvature of the crown; the
splenial entering slightly into the mandibular symphysis; the pectoral
limb at least as long as the pelvic. Number of teeth usually =.
Goniopholis crassidens, Owen °.
The type species; characterized by the stoutness of the teeth and
the tapering form of the cranium, of which the length in one specimen
is 0,600, although other specimens indicate considerably larger
individuals.
Hab. Europe (England).
3798. A slab of stone containing the left mandibular ramus, scutes,
(Fig.) vertebra, &c.; from the Purbeck of Swanage, Dorsetshire.
1 Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1841, p. 69 (1842). * Loc. cit.
80 CROCODILIA.
This specimen is the type, and is figured by Mantell in his
‘ Wonders of Geology,’ 3rd ed. pl. i. (1839), and described
by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ 1841, p. 69, and in his
‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl.
vill. p. 2 (1878). Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
48340. The middle part of the left maxillary region with teeth;
from the Middle Purbeck of Durdlestone Bay, Swanage,
Dorsetshire. Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
Specimens, of which a considerable number belong to the present or
next Sspecres.
Among the following the teeth and scutes belong to large species
of the present genus; and many of the lmb-bones and vertebree
doubtless also belong to the same", although some of the latter may
be generically distinct, and are, perhaps, referable to Suchosaurus..
37972. The nearly entire right ramus of the mandible, containing
several broken teeth of the type of G. crassidens; from
the Wealden of Cuckfield. Purchased, 1863.
R. 606. The anterior part of the left ramus of the mandible; from
the Wealden of Ecclesbourne, near Hastings, Sussex. The
entrance of the splenial into the symphysis is well shown.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1884.
R. 726. Fragment of a mandibular ramus, with dental alveoli;
from the Wealden of Sussex. Purchased, 1886.
R. 974. The anterior portion of the left ramus of the mandible of
a young individual, showing thirteen dental alveoli, with
two perfect teeth in situ; from the Wealden of Cuckfield.
Presented by Major Sergison, 1387.
2512. A tooth; from the Wealden of Cuckfield. Figured in
(i%g.) Mantell’s ‘ Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’ pl. v. fig. 10.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2350, 2352, 2354. Three teeth; from the Wealden of Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
1 Tn addition to the species mentioned here, Koken (‘ Pal. Abhandl.’ vol. iii.
pt. 5, pp. 8327-32 [1887]) has applied the names G. pugnax and G. minor to
vertebree from the German Wealden, while Owen (‘ British Fossil Reptilia,’
Crocodilia, pl. xiv.) has figured vertebrz from the English Wealden as G. cari-
natus; and Moussaye (Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. iii. p. 53 [1885])
has made the species G. wndidens upon the evidence of a tooth from the Upper
Jurassic of France. The vertebrae upon which G. carinatus is founded are keeled,
like those referred by Owen to Suchosaurus. |
GONIOPHOLIDID. 81
3301, 3302, 3303, 3304. Four teeth; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
3242, 3243, 3244, 3245, 3246, 3247, 3248, 3256, 3258, 3259, 3263,
3265, 3271, 3272, 3275, 3280, 3281, 3282, 3284, 3288,
3290, 3292, 3294. Numerous teeth; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
10834. A tooth; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
33122. A tooth ; from Cuckfield. Same history.
36533. Several teeth; from Cuckfield. Same history.
R. 638, 642. Two small teeth in matrix ; from the Wealden (Tilgate
Grit) of Battle, Sussex.
Presented by J. EH. Lee, Esq., 1885.
R. 742. A tooth in matrix; from the Wealden of Brook, Isle of
Wight. - Purchased, 1886.
R. 607. Several teeth ; from the Wealden of Ecclesbourne.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1884.
R. 726 a. An imperfect tooth; from the Wealden of Horsham,
Sussex. Purchased, 1886.
R. 968. Two teeth, of which one is of very large size; from the
Wealden, near Hastings.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1887.
R. 758. Two teeth; from the Wealden; locality unknown.
Presented by J. S. Gardner, Esq., 1886.
R. 976. A large tooth; from the Wealden of Cuckfield.
Presented by Major Sergison, 1887.
48366. A tooth in matrix; from the Middle Purbeck of Durdlestone
Bay, Swanage. This is a typical specimen of G. cras-
sidens. Beckles Collection. -Purchased, 1876.
R. 605. A number of imperfect cervical, dorsal, and caudal ver-
tebre, the left coracoid, several imperfect limb-bones, and
a broken dermal scute, apparently belonging to a single
individual; from the Wealden near Ecclesbourne.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1886.
2510. The imperfect centrum of a cervical vertebra; from the
Wealden of Sussex.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
6
82 CROCODILIA.
26007. An imperfect cervical or anterior. dorsal vertebra; from
Sussex. Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
40455. An imperfect dorsal vertebra, not improbably belonging to
this group; from the Lower Greensand (? derived) of
Polton, Bedfordshire. Although smaller, closely resembles
the dorsal centra of No. R. 605. This specimen may be
Teleosaurian. Purchased, 1869.
2312. An imperfect sacral vertebra, provisionally referred to this
group; from Cuckfield. The rib of the right side is want-
ing. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
43598. The right coracoid ; from the Purbeck of Swanage. Although
smaller than the corresponding bone of No. R. 605, this
specimen presents no distinctive features. No hustory.
40661. The imperfect left humerus; from the Purbeck of Swanage.
Purchased, 1860.
2480. The right ischium of a large individual, slightly imperfect at
its acetabular extremity; from the Wealden of Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
48310. The left ischium of a smaller individual; from the Middle
Purbeck of Durdlestone Bay, Swanage.
Beckles Oollection. Purchased, 1876.
23624. The proximal half of the right femur of a very large indi-
vidual; from the Wealden of Perch Hill, Sussex.
Presented by the Rev. J. Gould, 1849.
35572. The right femur of a smaller individual; from the Purbeck
of Swanage. Purchased, 1860.
35570. The right femur; from Swanage. Purchased, 1859.
2483. The left femur of a very small individual; from the Wealden
of Sussex. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 969. A metapodial; from the Wealden near Hastings.
Dawson Collection.
36534. A dorsal scute; from the Wealden of Sussex,
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
44818. A dorsal scute; from the Purbeck of Swanage.
Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.
44818 a. A slab showing impression of the outer surface of a dorsal
scute; from the Purbeck of Swanage. Same history.
GONIOPHOLIDID A. 83
3804. An imperfect dorsal scute ; from the Wealden of Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
3804 a. Two imperfect dorsal scutes ; from Cuckfield. Same history.
3805. An imperfect dorsal scute; from Cuckfield. Figured in
(Fig.) Mantell’s ‘Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’ pl. vi. fig. 8, as the
bone of a Trionyx. Same history.
36534 a. An imperfect dorsal scute; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 604. An imperfect ventral scute; from the Wealden near Hast-
ings. Dawson Collection.
Goniopholis simus, Owen’.
The teeth are more slender and the cranium is wider than in the
type species.
Hab. Europe (England and Belgium).
41098. The cranium; from the Middle Purbeck beds of Swanage,
(fig.) Dorsetshire. This specimen is the type, and is figured by
Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ suppl. viii.
pl. v.; and also by Hulke in the‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol, xxxiv. pl. xv. figs. 3, 4 (1878), without specific
name, Purchased, 1868,
41098 a. The impression of the upper surface of the preceding spe-
cimen. Same history.
Goniopholis tenuidens, Owen’.
Founded on an imperfect mandible of smaller size than that of
either of the preceding species, but of which the distinctive specific
characters are not indicated.
Hab. Kurope (England).
48300. The anterior portion of the mandible; from the Middle
(fig.) | Purbeck of Durdlestone Bay, Swanage, Dorsetshire. The
type specimen; figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and
Purbeck Reptilia’ *, suppl. ix. pl. i. fig. 1.
Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
? Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. viii. p. 7 (1878).
2 Ibid. suppl. ix. p. 2 (1879).
* Loc, cit.
@ 2
84 CROCODILIA.
Genus NANNOSUCHUS, Owen '.
Cranium agreeing in general structure with that of Goniopholis,
but the teeth slender, recurved, smooth, and but slightly differen-
tiated.
Nannosuchus gracilidens, Owen ’.
The type species; length of cranium about 0,115.
Hab. Europe (England).
The following specimens are from the Middle Purbeck of Durdlestone
Bay, Dorsetshire, and include the types. They belong to the
Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
48217. The nearly entire cranium. Figured by Owen in his
(Fig.) | Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ suppl. ix. pl. iti. fig. 1.
48303. Slab containing the mandible, vertebre, and scutes. Fig-
(Fig.) ured by Owen, op. cit. pl. 11. figs. 1-5.
48301. Slab containing the dentary portion of the mandible, de-
(Fig.) tached teeth, and scutes. Figured, op. ct. pl. 11. figs. 6
(mandible) and 7 (tooth).
48328. Slab containing the anterior part of the mandible, and
(apparently) the tibia and fibula.
48328 a. The nearly entire right ramus of the mandible. Figured,
(Fig.) op. eit. pl. un. fig. 8.
48328 c. Slab containing the left dentary portion of the mandible,
the humerus, and fragmentary scutes.
48329, Slab with the dentary portion of the mandible, the humerus,
(Ffig.) and vertebre. Figured, op. cit. pl. 1. figs. 9 (mandible)
and 10 (humerus).
48244. Slab with portion of cranium, mandible, vertebre, and scutes.
Genus OWENIASUCHUS, A. Smith Woodward *.
Syn. Brachydectes, Owen *.
Described from the mandible, in which there is no vacuity and
the teeth are confined to the anterior third.
1 Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon. Pal, Soc.), suppl. ix. p. 6 (TE
2 Loe. cit.
3 Geol. Mag. dee. 3, vol. ii. p. 506 (1885). }
4 Op.cit. p.8. Preoccupied by Cope (1868) for a genus of Labyrinthodontia.
=~
,
-*
, at
- <i ee
c : \ . " = *
. - : es
RE Pee ee eee er sic ai Me cae
GONIOPHOLIDIDA. refs
Oweniasuchus major (Owen ’).
Syn. Brachydectes major, Owen ”.
Of considerable size, the length of the mandibular ramus being
0,235.
Hab. Europe (England).
The following specimens were obtaimed from the Middle Purbeck of
Durdlestone Bay, Swanage, Dorsetshire, and belong to the
Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
48304. The left ramus of the mandible. The type specimen ; figured
(fig.) by Owen in his ‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon.
Pal. Soc.), suppl. 1x. pl. 1. fig. 2.
48287. Slab showing anterior part of a mandibular ramus, vertebre,
imperfect limb-bones, and scutes.
48313. Slab with the right dentary portion of the mandible, de-
-tached teeth, imperfect lmb-bones, and scutes.
48284. A large slab containing a considerable part of a skeleton
apparently belonging to this species. The mandibular
symphysis and part of the cranium proper are shown.
The following specimens are provisionally referred to the present form.
48315. Slab containing limb-bones, vertebre, and scutes.
48291. Slab with scutes and broken bones.
Oweniasuchus minor (Owen’).
Syn. Brachydectes minor, Owen +.
Founded upon a mandibular ramus of much smaller size than the
type of the preceding species, and showing characters which are
regarded by its describer as of specific value.
Hab. Kurope (England). -
48328. The left ramus of the mandible; from the Middle Purbeck
(Fig.) of Durdlestone Bay, Swanage, Dorsetshire. The type
specimen; figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck
Reptilia,’ suppl. ix. pl. i. fig. 3.
Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
1 Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. ix. (1879).—
Brachydectes. 2 Loc, cit.
® Loe. cit. p. 5.—Brachydectes, 4 Loe. eit.
86 CROCODILIA.
48335 a. A slab with four imperfect trunk vertebrx, provisionally
(fig.) referred by Owen to the present species; from Durdle-
stone Bay. Figured, op. cit. pl. i. fig. 13. Same history.
GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.
The following were obtained from the Middle Purbeck of Durdlestone
Bay, and belong to the Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
48298. Slab containing dorsal vertebre, ribs, and scutes. Figured
(Fig.) by Owen, in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ suppl. ix.
pl. i. figs. 5,6. These specimens probably belong either to
Owemasuchus major or Gomopholis tenmdens,
48335. The fourth (?) dorsal vertebra, showing the intersection of
the costal facet by the neuro-central suture. |
48335 b. An anterior dorsal vertebra, Figured by Owen, op. cit.
(og. sxpl ae fies A.
48335 d. A late dorsal or lumbar vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
(Gigs) pl: 1. dig. (8: ,
48335 c. A sacral vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. i. fig. 9.
(2%g.)
48335 e. A caudal vertebra and chevron. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
Cig.) plea ie, 10;
48335 f. A slab with a tooth and imperfect vertebra.
48335 g. Slab with two caudal vertebre.
48244 a. Left half of the maxillo-premaxillary region, seen from
the palatal aspect.
48337. Slab containing a scapula and rib.
48287. Slab with part of a mandibular ramus, vertebrae, imperfect
limb-bones, and scutes.
48313. Slab with right dentary part of the mandible, teeth, imper-
fect limb-bones, and scutes.
48315. Slab with vertebree, limb-bones, and scutes.
48291. Slab containing broken limb-bones and scutes.
The following specimens may not improbably be referable to the
present group.
R. 898. A slightly imperfect sacral vertebra; from the Wealden of
Brook, Isle of Wight. Mow Collection. Purchased, 1882.
= :
—=—o *
GONIOPHOLIDID %. 87
-R. 608. Several imperfect vertebre and the nearly entire left femur ;
from the Wealden of Ecclesbourne, Sussex.
Dawson Oollection. Purchased, 1884.
The following specimen indicates « larger form, which may belong to
the next section.
R. 1090. The imperfect right scapula and coracoid ; from the Weal-
den, locality unknown. The coracoid differs from that of
Goniopholis (No. 43598, p. 82) by the flattening of its
posterior surface below the glenoid cavity. No history.
b. LONGIROSTRINE SECTION.
Cranium elongated into a rostrum, with its alveolar borders
straight and nasals not reaching the nares; mandibular symphysis
long, with a large splenial element. Teeth numerous, and but
slightly differentiated. Dorsal scutes without peg-and-socket arti- |
culation.
Genus PHOLIDOSAURUWS, Meyer'.
Syn. Macrorhynchus, Dunker °.
Orbit apparently slightly smaller than supratemporal fossa ; nasals
reaching premaxille ; vomer appearing on the palate. For the iden-
tity of Macrorhynchus with this genus see Koken, ‘ Pal. Abhandl.’
vol. ii. pt. 5 (1887).
Pholidosaurus schaumburgensis, Meyer’.
Syn. Macrorhynchus schaumburghensis, Koken *.
The type species. Fully as large as Garialis gangeticus, with the
bar dividing the supratemporal fossze flattened.
Hab. Europe (Germany). —
40643. Casts of the impressions of the dorsal scutes and vertebree.
The originals, which are the types, were obtained from
the Wealden (Hastings Sand) of Harrels, Biickeburg,
Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany, and are preserved in the
1 Neues Jahrb. 1841, p. 448.
> Program. hoch. Gewerbschule in Cassel, p. 44 (1844). Preoccupied by
Lacépéde (1800) for a genus of Pisces. 3 Loe. cit.
4 Pal. Abhandl. vol. iii, pt. 5, p. 835 (1887).
88 CROCODILIA.
museum at Buckeburg. They are figured by Meyer in
Dunker’s ‘ Monographie d. norddeutschen Wealdenbildung,’
pls. xvii.—xix. (1846). Purchased, 1867.
Pholidosaurus meyeri (Dunker ').
Syn. Macrorhynchus meyert, Dunker 2.
This form is regarded by Koken as distinguished from the pre-
ceding by the form of the cranium, the structure of the internal ear,
and apparently by the rounding of the bar dividing the supratem-
poral fossee, and the form of the posterior nares.
Hab. Kurope (Germany and ? England).
28966. The imperfect hinder portion of a skull with attached cer-
vical vertebra and scutes, apparently belonging to this
species; from the Wealden of Brook, Isle of Wight.. This
specimen is described by the present writer in the ‘Geol.
Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. iv. p. 311 (1887); it apparently agrees
precisely with the figure of the upper surface of the type
skull given by Meyer in Dunker’s ‘ Monographie der nord-
deutschen Wealdenbildung,’ pl. xx. (1846), and differs
from that of P. schaumburgensis, given by Koken in the
‘Pal. Abhandl’ vol. i. pls. xxil., xxili., by the rounding
of the bar dividing the supratemporal fosse, -and the con-
tour of the posterior nares. The communication of the
orbit with the supratemporal fosse is well shown, and the
few hinder teeth still remaining are small and slender.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
The following specimens may belong either to this or the preceding
species.
36537. The crown ofa tooth; from the Wealden of Brook.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
46777-8. Two imperfect dorsal vertebre not improbably belonging
to the present genus; from Brook. The centra have no
trace of a hamal keel. Purchased, 1875.
Subfamily PETROSUCHINA.
Posterior nares placed near middle of cranium ; scutes not im-
probably without peg-and-socket articulation, and of a Teleosauroid
type.
' Program. hoch. Gewerbschule in Cassel, p. 44 (1844).—Macrorhynchus.
2 Loe. cit.
;
GONIOPHOLIDID &, 89
Genus PE'TROSUCHUS, Owen’.
Cranium apparently of a brevirostrine type, but somewhat more
elongated than in Goniopholis; orbit considerably smaller than
supratemporal fossa; mandibular teeth moderately differentiated ;
a vacuity in the mandible.
Petrosuchus lzevidens, Owen”.
The type species ; length of cranium probably about one foot.
Hab. Kurope (England).
28432. The cranium, imperfect anteriorly ; from the Purbeck of
(Fig.) Swanage, Dorsetshire. The type specimen; figured by
Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ suppl. viii.
ple vi. figs. 1, 2. Purchased, 18538.
41099. The greater portion of the right ramus of the mandible;
(Fig.) from Swanage. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. vi. fig. 3.
| é Purchased, 1868.
43598 a. A slab of Purbeck Limestone containing the hinder part
of the right ramus of a mandible, three scutes, a late
caudal vertebra, and an imperfect long bone, which may
not improbably belong to the present species. The scutes,
which are seen from their inner surface, have no peg-and-
socket articulation. | No history.
Family Position Uncertain.
Genus non det.
48362. The imperfect dentary element of the right ramus of the
mandible of a longirostrine Crocodilian probably belonging
to the Goniopholidide ; from the Purbeck of Swanage, .
Dorsetshire. The teeth are small and widely separated.
Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
Genus SUCHOSAURUWS, Owen’.
Founded upon detached teeth, which are slightly curved, much
compressed, with the enamel thrown into strong ridges and grooves,
and with two carine placed in a plane at right angles to that of the
1 Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. viii. p. 10 (1878).
2 Loe. cit.
3 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1841, p. 67 (1842).
90 CROCODILIA.
curvature of the crown. Hyposaurus would seem to suggest that
these teeth are referable to Goniopholis, but all the known jaws of
that genus have the whole series of teeth conical. The vertebre re-
ferred to this genus by Owen are noticed among the [guanodontide.
Suchosaurus cultridens, Owen’.
Syn. Crocodilus cultridens, Owen ?.
Suchosaurus levidens, Owen *.
The type and only known species; of large size.
Hab. Europe (England).
3309-11-15, 3381. Several imperfect teeth; from the Wealden
of Cuckfield, Sussex.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
33121. The crown of a tooth; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
36536. Several specimens of the crowns of teeth ; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
R. 635. The crown of a tooth; from the Hastings Sand of Sandown,
Isle of Wight. Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
R. 215. An imperfect tooth ; from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 977. The crowns of three teeth; from the Wealden of Cuckfield.
Presented by Major Sergison, 1887.
Genus HYPOSAURUS, Owen *..
Imperfectly known. Mandibular symphysis elongated ; anterior
dorsal vertebrze with a hzmal spine ; teeth carinated, the anterior
ones rounded, the posterior compressed and curved, with the enamel
ridged and grooved. In the teeth with rounded section the carinze
are placed in a plane coincident with that of the curvature of the
crown (as in Goniopholis), while in the compressed teeth they are in
a plane at right angles to that of the curvature (as in Suchosaurus).
Cope refers the genus to the Teleosauride, hut its geological
horizon and the resemblance of the teeth to those of Gonzopholis render
it more probable that it should be referred to the present family. —
' Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1841, p. 67 (1842).
2 *Odontography,’ p. 287 (1840-45).
® British Fossil Reptilia, vol. ii. expl. of Crocodilia, pl. v. fig. 4 (no date).
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. v. p. 383 (1849). .
TELEOSAURID &. 9]
Hyposaurus derbianus, Cope’.
Twenty lower teeth ; mandibular rami compressed ; splenial ex-
tending as far forwards as the fourth tooth from the commencement
of the symphysis ; twenty alveoli in the symphysis.
Hab. South America (Brazil).
R. 86, 305. A series of teeth ; from the Lower Cretaceous of Olaria
Station, Bahia, Brazil. Some of these specimens agree in
size with the typical examples from Pernambuco described
by Cope, while others are much larger. Both the com-
pressed and rounded types are exhibited, similar to those
of the corresponding teeth of H. rodgersi, figured by Leidy
in the ‘Smith. Contrib. Knowl,’ vol. xiv. pl. iii.
Presented by Joseph Mawson, Esq., 1881-82.
Family TELEOSAURIDA.
Orbit separated from infratemporal fossa, and smaller than the
supratemporal fossa, which may be of enormous size; a preorbital
vacuity ; on the palate the premaxille interpenetrated by the
maxille. Dorsal scutes rounded, and arranged in two rows; and
the ventral buckler divided, with the scutes posteriorly suturally
united. Marine.
Subfamily MetRioRHYNCHINZ&..
Skull short or moderately long, with the teeth stout, and not
very numerous; and the orbits completely lateral, irregular, and
only visible as triangular notches from the frontal aspect. Anterior
nares heart-shaped and directed frontally ; nasals large, broad, and
either reaching the premaxille, or separated from them by a short
interval; premaxille elongated, with a slight or no terminal
expansion and three dental alveoli. Palatal aspect of maxille and
mandible either flat or channelled ; lachrymals invisible externally ;
frontals and prefrontals very large; and palato-pterygoid vacuities
extensive.
' Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 15 (1886).
2 There may be a question whether the term Szeneosawrus was not originally
intended to apply to the members of this group (see Hulke, Proc. Geol. Soc.
1884, p. 46), but however this may have been, it is advisable to follow the
nomenclature employed by Deslongchamps.
92 CROCODILIA.
Genus DACOSAURUWS, Quenstedt?.
Syn. Plesiosuchus, Owen ?.
The skull short and broad, with no trace of premaxillary expan-
sion, and without sculpture; palatal aspect of anterior part of
Fig. 13.
Dacosaurus maximus.—Crown of tooth ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely.
1, (From the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)
maxillie flat; teeth (fig. 13) few in number, stout, smooth, with two
slightly serrated carine, and a suboval cross-section.
Dacosaurus maximus (Plieninger ’).
Syn. Geosaurus maximus, Plieninger *.
Including :—Steneosaurus manseh, Hulke°.
Dacosaurus lissocephalus, Seeley °.
Dacosaurus primevus, Sauvage ’.
Plesiosuchus manseli, Owen”.
Dacosaurus manseh, A. 8. Woodward °.
The type species ; somewhat smaller than Machimosaurus mose.
Teeth three or four of the lower ones being post-symphysial.
Nasals not reaching the premaxille (anfra No. 40103), ‘The writer
sees no reason for separating Stencosaurus manseli from the present
! Sonst und Jetzt, p. 131 (1856).—Amended.
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xl. p. 153 (1884).
® Jahresh Ver. Nat. Wiirtt. vol. ii. p. 150 (1846).— Geosaurus.
SOC NCi:
5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 170 (1870).
6 Index to Aves &., in Cambridge Museum, p. 92 (1869).—Not figured.
7 Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. i. p. 580 (1873).
® Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 153 (1884).
® Geol. Mag. dee. 3, vol. ii., table facing p. 508 (1885).
TELEOSAURID2. 93
form (with which it was originally identified by its describer *), and
both D. lissocephalus and D. primevus are in all probability also
identical.
Hab. Europe.
40103. The cranium, imperfect posteriorly ; from the Kimeridge
(Fig.) Clay of Kimeridge Bay, Dorsetshire. The type specimen
of Stencosaurus manseli ; figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxvi. pl. ix., the extremity of the
premaxille being also figured in vol. xxv. pl. vii. figs. 1-3.
From a comparison with the figures of Metriorhynchus given
by Deslongchamps, the writer feels assured that the bones
marked a in the former figure are the nasals, while those
marked 6 appear to be portions of the maxille and pre-
maxille marked off by a ridge for muscular attachment.
Figures of two teeth and diagrams of the palatal and
upper surfaces are also given by Owen in his ‘ British
Fossil Reptilia,’ —Crocodilia, pl. xx., a reduced figure of the
‘diagram of the frontal aspect being also given in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xl. p. 158, fig. 2 (as Plesio-
suchus). In these figures Hulke’s view of the homology
and arrangement of the bones on the frontal surface is
followed, but the orbits are represented as directed front-
ally in place of laterally.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1866.
40103 a. The greater part of the right ramus of the mandible,
(fig.) together with portions of a rib and a femur, doubtless
belonging to the same individual as the preceding; from
Kimeridge. Figured by Hulke, op. cit. vol. xxv. pl. xvii.
fig. 4. Same history.
40103 b. A mass of matrix exhibiting the hemal aspect of three
entire cervical vertebree with their ribs; associated with
the cranium. Same history.
* Subsequently referred to a distinct species on account of the presumed
identity of Dacosaurus maximus with Cuvier’s ‘ Gavial & museau plus court’ ;
the latter having been shown to be made up of fragments of more than one
species and genus, some of which belong to the Oxfordian Metriorhynchus
superciliosus (page 96), while others are Kimeridgian, this identification falls
to the ground. In describing the species, Hulke employs the term Steneosawrus
in the sense in which Metriorhynchus is used by Deslongchamps, who is
followed here.
94 CROCODILIA.
33186. The crowns of two very large teeth; from the White Jura
(Kimeridgian) of Schnaitheim. Purchased. About 1858.
35825-7. The crowns of three smaller teeth; from Schnaitheim.
Purchased, 1860.
35766. The crowns of three large teeth ; from Schnaitheim.
Purchased, 1860.
33186. The crowns of five teeth ; from Schnaitheim.
Purchased, 1860.
32414. The imperfect crowns of two very large teeth; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Boulogne, France. Noticed by Wood-
Mason in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxv. p. 219
(1869). This specimen agrees precisely with D. primavus
of Sauvage. Purchased, 1857.
44905. The crown of a tooth; probably from the Kimeridge Clay
(no locality). Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1877.
20283. The crown of a tooth; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely,
Cambridgeshire. Noticed : Wood-Mason, loc. cit.
Purchased, 1846,
43030. The crown of a small tooth; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Weymouth, Dorsetshire. | Purchased, 1871.
46342. The crown of a very small tooth ; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Culham. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.
40438. The crowns of five teeth ; from the Neocomian bone-bed of
Potton, Cambridgeshire. Probably derived from the
Kimeridge Clay. Purchased, 1867.
The following specimens may indicate a distinet species.
R. 486. The imperfect crown of a tooth; from the Oxford Clay of
Oxford. Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.
4989-90. The crowns of five teeth; from the Oxford Clay of
Oxford. Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.
32648. The crown of a tooth; from the Oxford Clay of Vaches
Noires, Normandy. Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
32643-4. The crowns of two smaller teeth, apparently belonging to
this genus ; from Vaches Noires. | Same history.
TELEOSAURID&. 95
The generic reference of the following specimen is provisional.
40428. The centrum and part of the arch of a large dorsal vertebra;
from the Neocomian of Potton (derived).
Purchased, 1867.
Genus METRIORHYNCHUS, Meyer’.
Syn. Cricosaurus, Wagner ?.
(?) Gnathosaurus, Meyer’,
(?) Rhacheosaurus, Meyer *.
(?) Crocodilemus, Jourdan °.
The skull (fig. 14) generally longer and more slender than in
Dacosaurus, with a slight premaxillary expansion, and with
sculpture ; splenial part of mandibular symphysis forming a narrow
elongated triangle ; palatal aspect of anterior part of maxille and
mandible channelled ; teeth usually more numerous, slender, slightly
curved, carinated, and frequently with the enamel fluted.
Fig. 14.
SE
A —_—_=~\
© —£ZEWN
Metriorhynchus hastifer, Deslongchamps.—The cranium ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Normandy. 3. pmz, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; Ja,
lachrymal ; fr, frontal ; ov, orbit. (After Deslongchamps.)
This genus has been the subject of great confusion owing to the
false restoration of the original Honfleur skulls, and its real defi-
nition must date from the description of Deslongchamps. Crico-
saurus, of the Solenhofen Limestones, presents all the characters of
1 Paleologica, p. 106 (1832). For application, see page 91, note 2.
2 Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. viii. p. 417 (1860).
3 Museum Senckenburg, vol. i. p. 3 (1834).
4 Nova Acta Ac. Czs, Leop.-Car. vol. x. pt. 2, p. 173 (1881).
° Quoted in Deslongchamps’ ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’ p. 119 (1867).
96 CROCODILIA.
the present genus, while Gnathosaurus, from the same deposits, may
perhaps be also included. hacheosaurus, which was founded upon
vertebra from the last-named formation, was identified by D’Alton
and Burmeister ' with olodon, but from its larger size it is more
probable that it may have belonged to the present genus. Croco-
dilemus was identified by Deslongchamps provisionally with o-
lodon, from which it differs in the character of the teeth and
armour.
Metriorhynchus superciliosus, Deslongchamps 2 Ce
Blainyille, MS8.).
Syn. Crocodilus superciliosus, Blainville (MS.).
Teleosaurus supercihosus, Deslongchamps 3.
Of medium size, with the nasals not reaching the premaxille ;
the prefrontals large and very convex ener the frontals
strongly pitted posteriorly.
This species must apparently be regarded as the ie of the genus,
since it was on fragments of its skull joined to those of other genera
and species that Cuvier founded both his ‘ Gavial a museau allongeé ’
and ‘ Gavial d museau plus court d Honfluer’*; the latter being the
Steneosaurus rostro-minor of authors, to which Meyer applied the
generic name Metriorhynchus with the affix geoffroyr’.
32617. The imperfect hinder portion of the cranium, showing the
occipito-parietal region and the hinder part of the frontals ;
from the Oxford Clay (Middle Jurassic) of Vaches-Noires
(Calvados), France. It agrees exactly with the corre-
sponding portion of the type cranium figured by Deslong-
champs in his ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’ pl. xx. fig. 2 a.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
32614. Fragment of the anterior portion of the cranial rostrum,
showing four dental alveoli on either side, and one re-
placing tooth i situ; from Vaches-Noires.
Same history.
32616. The imperfect frontal ; from Vaches-Noires. Same history.
* Der fossile Gavial von Boll, p. 77 (1854).
? Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, sér. 2, vol. i. p. 149 (1867 ).— Teleosaurus.
® Loc. ev.
4 See Deslongchamps, ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’ p. 309.
° The writer thinks it might have been advisable to retain this name.
ae
et & ) *
2%
TELEOSAURID 97
Metriorhynchus moreli, Deslongchamps’.
Of considerably larger size than the preceding ; from which it is
readily distinguished by the outer border of the prefrontals being
much less convex, and the pitting of the posterior part of the frontals
very indistinct.
Hab. Europe (France and England).
32618. The imperfect hinder portion of the cranium, showing the
occipito-parietal region, the frontals, prefrontals, and
proximal extremities of the nasals; from the Oxford Clay
(Middle Jurassic) of Vaches-Noires (Calvados), France.
This specimen accords precisely with the corresponding
region of the type cranium figured by Deslongchamps in
his ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’ pl. xxii. fig. la.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
32625. The imperfect anterior extremity of the cranial rostrum in
-a rolled condition ; from Vaches-Noires. Same history.
32623. The greater portion of the cranial rostrum, showing the
imperfect nasals, maxille, and premaxille; from Vaches-
Noires. Same hastory.
32622. The greater portion of the right ramus of the mandible,
wanting the two extremities ; from Vaches-Noires.
Same history.
46323. The symphysis of the mandible; from the Oxford Clay of
Chippenham, Wiltshire. This specimen agrees precisely
with the type mandible figured by Deslongchamps, op. cit.
pl. xxi. fig. 2a; it is noticed by A. Smith Woodward in
the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. 11. p. 503 (1885).
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.
46323 a. Crown of a large tooth said to have been found with the
preceding specimen. Same history.
46797. Mass of matrix containing portions of the cranium and
mandible ; from the Oxford Clay of Melksham, Wiltshire.
The occipital condyle, part of the premaxille with teeth,
as well as a large portion of the left ramus of the man-
dible with teeth are well preserved; the enamel of the
teeth is fluted. Same history.
? Bull. Soc. Linn, Normandie, sér. 2, vol. iii. p. 187 (1868).
H
98 CROCODILIA.
32643, 4, 5, 9. Crowns of teeth, probably belonging to the present
species ; from Vaches-Noires. Tesson Collection.
Metriorhynchus elegans (Wagner !).
Syn. Steneosaurus elegans, Wagner °.
Cricosaurus elegans, Wagner *.
If the type specimen be adult, this form is distinguished by its
comparatively small size, the length of the cranium being about
0,250 ; the details of cranial structure are unknown.
Hab. Kurope (Germany).
43005. A split slab of lithographic limestone containing the skull
and part of the vertebral column in a crushed condition ;
from the Kimeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Hichstadt,
Bavaria. The skull agrees exactly in size with the type
specimen figured by Wagner in the ‘Abh. k.-bay. Ak.
Wiss.’ vol. viii. pl. xiv.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
37006. A slab of limestone containing the anterior portion of a
skull, not improbably belonging to an immature indi-
vidual of this species; from the Kimeridgian of Solen-
hofen, Bavaria. Purchased, 1862.
Metriorhynchus (?), sp.
The following form (Crocodilemus of Jourdan, MS.) was pro-
visionally identified by Deslongchamps* with olodon, but the
ventral scutes are pitted and the teeth are subequal, so that there
seems no reason for separating it from the present genus, although
the upper surface of the cranium is not shown.
Hab. Europe (France).
40344. Cast of a slab of limestone exhibiting the ventral aspect of
the nearly entire endo- and exo-skeleton, probably of a
young individual. The original was obtained from the
Kimeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Cirin (Aix), France, and
is believed to be in the Museum at Lyons. The man-
dibular symphysis has been separated; the scales of the
ventral buckler are arranged in eight rows, and are
strongly pitted, with slight carine. Purchased, 1867.
1 Abh. k.-bay, Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. p. 705 (1852),—Steneosawrus.
2 LOCH Ct
8 Ibid. vol. viii. p. 486 (1860).
* Notes Paléontologiques, p. 119.
dt
TELEOSAURID®. 99
SPECIMENS OF WHICH AT LEAST SOME BELONG 10 Metriorhynchus.
A. From the Middle Jurassic of England (some may be
Steneosaurus).
47044. The crowns of two teeth; from the Calcareous Grit of
Heddington, Oxfordshire.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B.
R. 471. Several imperfect and crushed cervical and dorsal vertebre;
from the Oxford Clay of Stanground, near Peterborough,
Northamptonshire. These specimens agree in general
characters with the vertebre of MW. palpebrosus, figured by
Phillips in his ‘ Geology of Oxford, p. 382, fig. 185 (as
Steneosaurus). Same history.
36336-39. The crowns of four teeth; from the Coralline Oolite of
Malton, Yorkshire. Bean Collection. Purchased, 1862.
B. From the Middle Jurassic (Oxford Clay) of Vaches-Noires (Cal-
vados), France (some may be Steneosaurus). Unless it is other-
wise stated, these specimens belong to the Tesson Collection.
Purchased, 1857.
The following indicate large individuals.
32627. An imperfect sacral vertebra, with the left rib.
32628. An imperfect late dorsal or lumbar vertebra.
32629. A slightly imperfect early dorsal vertebra.
32630. A somewhat imperfect middle caudal vertebra.
32632. An imperfect dorsal vertebra.
32633. A late trunk vertebra.
32634. An imperfect early dorsal vertebra.
32635. The centrum and part of the arch of an early caudal
vertebra.
Some of the following indicate smaller indwiduals.
32636. A slightly imperfect middle dorsal vertebra.
32637. The somewhat imperfect third dorsal vertebra.
H2
100 CROCODILIA.
32639. A mass of matrix with two slightly imperfect late dorsa
vertebree.
é
~ 32640. The centrum of a late dorsal or lumbar vertebra.
32641. The rolled centrum of a sacral vertebra.
27488. The centrum and part of the arch of a cervical vertebra.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
27488 a. Two slightly imperfect dorsal vertebre. Same history.
27488 b. A somewhat imperfect middle caudal vertebra.
Same lastory.
/
C. From the Upper Jurassic of England (all are probably
Metriorhynchus).
Some of the following may be referable to M. palpebrosus
(Phillips !), which appears very closely allied to the French
M. hastifer, Deslongchamps?; the distinction of the latter from the
German M. grandis (Wagner *) being not apparent.
43000. The crowns of two teeth; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Weymouth, Dorsetshire. Purchased, 1871.
R. 411. The crown of a tooth; from the Kimeridge Clay of Wey-
mouth. Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.
24803. The centrum of a dorsal or lumbar vertebra; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire. Although
smaller, this specimen agrees with the vertebra of IM. pal-
pebrosus, figured by Phillips, op. cit. p. 382, fig. 185.
Purchased, 1849.
24803 a. An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from Wootton-Bassett.
Same history. .
46492. An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Foxhangers, near Devizes, Wiltshire.
Purchased, 1875.
45911. The centrum of a dorsal or lumbar vertebra of a narrower
type ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth.
Purchased, 1874.
* «Geology of Oxford,’ p. 881, figs. 182, 183.—Steneosaurus.
2 See ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’ pl. xxiv. .
° Abh., k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. viii. pl. xiii— Oricosawrus.
TELEOSAURIDA. 101
47435. The centrum of a similar vertebra; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Ely, Cambridgeshire.
Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.
43032, 44179. The centra of two caudal vertebrae ; from Weymouth.
Purchased, 1873.
41233. A ventral dermal scute; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely.
Closely resembles the specimen figured by Deslongchamps,
op. cit. pl. xxiv. fig. 6, as M. mcertus. Purchased, 1868.
41973. Part of a similar scute. Purchased, 1870.
Incerte sedis.
Genus ASOLODON, Meyer’.
Characters of cranium imperfectly known, owing to crushing;
teeth of unequal size, a long and a short one being arranged alter-
nately ; orbits apparently directed somewhat outwardly ; mandibular
symphysis wide and slightly concave anteriorly; anterior nares
apparently like those of the next subfamily; ventral armour con-
sisting of small, closely-joined scutes, only slightly pitted.
Reasons have been already adduced for doubting the identification
with this genus of Rhacheosaurus and Crocodilemus.
fGolodon priscus (Sommerring 7).
Syn. Crocodilus priscus, Sommerring .
Teleosaurus soemmerring?, Holl *.
Gavialis priscus, Gray ®.
Teleosaurus priscus, Owen °.
Teleosaurus gracilis, D’Alton & Burmeister’ (¢ parte).
The type species ; if the type is adult it is of small size, the length
of the cranium being about 0,175; teeth a
Hab. Europe (Germany and France).
RB. 1086. A split slab of lithographic limestone, containing the nearly
(Fug.) entire skeleton; from the Kimeridgian (Upper Jurassic)
1 Tsis, 1830, p. 518.
2 Denkschr. k. Ak. Miinchen, vol. v. p. 9 (1814).—Crocodilus,
3 Loe, cit. 4 Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde, vol, i. p. 87 (1829).
5 Synopsis Reptilium, p. 56 (1831).
6 Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1841, p. 76.
7 Der fossile Gavial von Boll, p. 77 (1854).
102 CROCODILIA.
of Daiting, near Monheim, Bavaria. The type specimen ;
figured by SOmmerring in the ‘Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss.’
vol. v. pl.i., and by Cuvier in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’
2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, pl. vi. fig. 1; and noticed by Owen
in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, p. 76, and by D’Alton
and Burmeister in their ‘ Gavial von Boll,’ pp. 69, 77.
Sémmerring Collection. Purchased, 18277.
37007. A split slab of limestone containing part of a badly pre-
served skull, not improbably belonging to this species ;
from the Kimeridgian of Solenhofen, Bavaria.
Purchased, 1862.
Subfamily TELEOSAURINA.
Skull either moderately or excessively elongated, with the teeth
moderately or very slender, and orbits regular and directed more
or less frontally, so as to be completely visible from the frontal
aspect. Anterior nares transversely elongated, and directed more
or less anteriorly ; nasals separated by a long interval from the pre-
maxille ; premaxille usually short and more or less expanded, and
generally with four dental alveoli. The palatal aspect of the max-
ill and mandible somewhat convex. Nasals small; lachrymals
large ; frontals and prefrontals small; palato-pterygoid vacuities not
extensive.
The terms Teleidosaurus, Pelagosaurus, and Steneosawrus were
originally employed by Deslongchamps as subgenera of Teleosaurus,
but were subsequently raised to the rank of genera.
Genus TELEIDOSAURUWS, Deslongchamps’.
Skull with the rostrum comparatively short and broad, and the
teeth few, rather stout, carinated, vertical, and curved ; premaxille
elongated and slightly expanded, with three dental alveoli on either
side; orbits not perfectly regular, and directed somewhat laterally ;
supratemporal fossee moderately large and angulated ; frontals large ;
posterior nares unknown; 23 upper teeth in type species.
This and the following genus connect the typical members of this
subfamily with the Metriorhynchine.
* Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, sér, 2, vol. iii. p. 142 (1869).—As a subgenus.
TELEOSAURID A, 103
Teleidosaurus joberti, Deslongchamps ’.
Distinguished from the typical 7’. calvados: by the narrower and
more compressed mandible, and the relative position of its four an-
terior dental alveoli.
Hab, Europe (France).
32612. Cast of a portion of the right ramus of the mandible. The
original was obtained from the Fuller’s-earth (Lower
Jurassic) near Caen (Calvados), France, and forms part of
the type specimen figured (reversed) by Deslongchamps in
his ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’ pl. xviii. fig. 4.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
Genus MACHIMOSAURUS, Meyer’.
Skull with the rostrum short and broad, and the teeth compara-
tively few, very stout, vertical, nearly straight, with fluted enamel, but
without carine ; premaxille considerably expanded, with three dental
alveoli ; orbits directed mainly frontally, and elongated transversely ;
supratemporal fosse very large and ovoid, with posterior angula-
tion ; frontals small; posterior nares unknown. About 17 upper
teeth in type species. Splenial element of symphysis forming a
short triangle. This genus is regarded by Sauvage and Lienard as
most nearly allied to Teleidosaurus.
Machimosaurus hughi, Meyer’.
The type species. Of comparatively large size, but the skull un-
known.
Hab. Kurope (Germany).
R. 233. Cast of a tooth. The original was obtained from the Port-
landian (Upper Jurassic) of Soleure (or Solothurn), Switzer-
land. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.
33239, 43638. Three imperfect teeth ; from Soleure.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
R. 5. Five imperfect teeth; from Soleure. Purchased, 1880.
* Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, sér. 2, vol. iii. p. 155 (1869).
* Neues Jahrb, 1837, p. 560.—Zrrorim Madrimosaurus,
% Loe. cit.
104 ; CROCODILIA.
Machimosaurus mosze, Sauvage & Lienard’.
Syn. Teleosaurus mose, Lienard ? (MS.). |
The largest known Crocodilian; its distinctness from the type
species not very apparent. Typically from the Kimeridgian of
France. Thirteen lower teeth, of which three or four are postsym-
physial; the length of the mandible is usually about 1,322 (52 in.).
Hab. Kurope (France and England).
R. 1089. The occipital region of the cranium and the associated man-
(iig.) dible; from the Kimeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic) of
Kimeridge Bay, Dorsetshire. The mandible is figured by
Owen in his ‘ Reptilia of the Kimeridge Clay’ (Mon. Pal.
? Soc.), pl. xi1. figs. 3-5 (1868), under the name of Plio-
saurus trochanterius. Its crocodilian nature was pointed,
out by Deslongchamps in his ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’
p. 329, where it is referred to Metriorhynchus; and it is
mentioned under that name by A. Smith Woodward in the
‘Geol. Mag.’ 1885, p. 502. The mandible cannot be dis-
tinguished from that of the type of the present species
figured by Sauvage and Lienard, in the ‘ Mém. Soe. Géol.
France,’ sér. 3, vol. i. art. 4, pl. xxiii. (iv.); but the pre-
sent specimen shows there was no terminal expansion of
the symphysis; there are thirteen lower teeth ; the hinder
portion of the cranium is essentially of a Teleosaurine
type, and agrees with the fragments of the same part in the
type specimen. The length of the entire mandible is
1,322 (52 inches), the length of the type mandible, as
restored by Sauvage and Lienard, to the extremity of the
glenoid cavity, being 1,296 (51 inches) ; the length from
the posterior extremity of the glenoid cavity to the extre-
mity of the splenial is 1,020 (42 inches) in the former,
and from the condyle 1,090 (42:6 inches) in the latter ;
and the width of the posterior part of the symphysis
0,203 (8 inches) in the former, and 0,208 (8-2 inches) in
the latter. Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Hsq., 1866.
1 Mém. Soe. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. i. art 4, p. 11 (1879).
2 Vide Sauvage and Lienard, op. cit. p. 7, note 1,
TELEOSAURID®, 105
Genus PELAGOSAURUS, Bronn’.
Syn. Engyommasaurus, Kaup 2,
Mosellosaurus, Monard3.
Cranium more or less elongated and narrow, with the teeth nume-
rous, frequently widely separated, comparatively slender, grooved,
and impianted nearly vertically ; premaxille short and slightly ex-
panded ; orbits regular, and placed more or less laterally ; supra-
temporal fosse moderately large and subovate; postorbital bar in-
clined obliquely backwards, so that the posterior border of the orbit
is placed nearly on the same line as the anterior border of the
supratemporal fossa ; infraorbital bar very shallow; upper temporal
arcade sculptured; posterior nares narrow and pear-shaped, with
their anterior extremity extending between the palatines; palato-
pterygoid vacuities large.
Fig. 15.
——
Pelagosaurus typus.—Lateral view of skull and upper and lower views of cra-
nium; from the Upper Lias. J, eustachian aperture ; .V, posterior nares;
O, orbit; P, palatine vacuity ; Z,supratemporal fossa; V7, basioccipital. 3.
‘ In Bronn and Kaup’s ‘ Gavialartigen Reptilien,’ p. 28 (1841).
2 Quoted in Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 623. This name has the priority.
% Ann. Soc. R. Sci. Orléans, vol. ix. p. 1 (1847).
Ee oF
106 CROCODILIA.
Pelagosaurus typus, Bronn ’.
Syn. Steneosaurus bronni, Laurillard ?.
Mosellosaurus rostro-minor, Monard °.
Crocodilus temporalis, Blainville *.
Teleosaurus mosellana, Terquem °*.
Teleosaurus temporalis, Gervais °.
Of small size, measuring from 1 metre to 1:20 in length. Rostrum
comparatively short, sculpture on cranium (fig. 15) strongly marked;
orbits extremely lateral ; teeth a very nearly vertical, and widely
spaced; preorbital vacuity of medium size, and placed at some dis-
tance in advance of the orbit. Length of cranium 0,280.
Hab. Kurope.
15296. Cast of the nearly entire skeleton. The original, which is
the type, was obtained from the Upper Lias of Boll,
Wiirtemberg, and is figured in Bronn and Kaup’s ‘ Gayial- |
artigen Reptilien,’ pls. iii., iii. A, iii. B.
Purchased. About 1840.
19735. Cast of the skull and anterior cervical vertebre. The ori-
ginal is from Boll, and is figured by D’Alton and Bur-
meister in their ‘Fossile Gavial von Boll,’ pl. xi. and
pl. xu. fig. 1. A similar cast is apparently the one re-
ferred to by Deslongchamps in his ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’
p. 263. Same history.
R. 1087. Cast of the entire endo- and exoskeleton. . The original
was obtained from the Upper Lias of Curey (Calvados),
France, and is preserved in the Paris Museum of Natural
History. Purchased.
14437. The imperfect hinder portion of the cranium, with the
outer surface of the bones much corroded ; from the Upper
Lias, probably of Whitby, Yorkshire. No history.
32598. The nearly entire vertebral column with the overlying
(Fig.) dermal scutes; from Curcy. Figured by Deslongchamps
in the ‘ Mém. Soc. Linn, Normandie,’ vol. xii. pl. vii., and
* Gavialartigen Reptilien, p. 28 (1841).
? Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. vol. iv. p. 865 (1841).
3 Ann. Soc. R. Sci. Orléans, vol. ix. p. 1 (1847).
* Ostéographie—Genus Crocodilus, pl. vi. (no date).
° Paléontologie de la Moselle, p. 22 (1855).
® Zool. et Pal. Frangaises, 2nd ed. p. 449 (1859).
a
32599.
(fig)
32600.
(Zig)
32601.
(Zi9.)
32602.
32603.
32604.
32605.
32606.
32607.
Syn.
TELEOSAURID ZA. 107
also by Huxley in the ‘Mem. Geol. Surv. Eng.’ Monograph
ili. (Stagonolepis) pl. xii.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
The skull, wanting the anterior extremity ; from the Upper
Lias of Amayé-sur-Orne (Calvados). Figured (with some
restoration) by Deslongchamps, op. cit. pl. i. figs. 1-6, and
(cranium only) in his ‘Le Jura Normand,’ pt. 4, pl. iv.
figs. 2a, 2d, and also by Huxley, op. cit. pl. xi. figs. 1,
ia... Same history.
The occipital and fronto-parietal regions of the cranium ;
from Curcy. Figured by Deslongchamps in the ‘ Mém.
Soc. Linn. Normandie,’ vol. xii. pl. i. figs. 7-9, and also
in ‘Le Jura Normand,’ pl. iv. figs. 4a, 46. Same history
The greater portion of the ventral dermal buckler; from
Curcy. Figured (with restoration) by Deslongchamps in
the ‘Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie,’ vol. xii. pl. viii. fig. 9,
and also by Huxley, op. cat. pl. xi. fig. 2. Same history.
Ten dorsal vertebre ; from Curcy. Same history.
Four cervical vertebre ; from Curcy. Same history.
The left pubis ; from Curcy. Same history.
The left ischium ; from Curcy. Same history.
The proximal portions of the right and left femora; from
Curcy. Same history.
Two cervical ribs; from Curcy. Same history.
Pelagosaurus brongniarti (Kaup’).
Engyommasaurus brongniarti, Kaup?.
Mystriosaurus brongniartt, Bronn *.
Mystriosaurus tenuirostris, Minster *.
Teleosaurus oplites, Deslongchamps °.
Of large size, the entire length being about two metres. Rostrum
much elongated and slender; sculpture on cranium slight; orbits
more anterior than in the last species ; teeth stouter and less nearly
? Quoted in Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 623.—Engyommasaurus. 2 Loe. cit.
8 In Bronn and Kaup’s ‘ Gayialartigen Reptilien,’ p. 35 (1841).
* Neues Jahrb. 1843, p. 180.
* Mém, Soe, Linn. Normandie, vol. xiii. p. 126 (1863).
108 CROCODILIA.
vertical, long and slightly curved, . in number; preorbital vacuity
large, and approximated to orbit.
14792. The anterior portion of the skeleton ; from the Upper Lias
(Fig.) of Whitby, Yorkshire. Figured by Owen in his ‘ British
Fossil Reptiles ’—Crocodilia, pl. xv. fig. 1, under the name
of Teleosaurus chapmani, and referred to the present
species by Deslongchamps in ‘Le Jura Normand,’ pt. iv.
p. 11. The tail of another Teleosaurian has been affixed
to the specimen, and represented in the figure.
| Purchased. About 1840.
15500. The greater part of the skeleton, the skull being entire ;
from Whitby. Purchased. About 1840.
R. 757. The nearly entire cranium ; from Whitby. No history.
R. 4. The cranium, wanting the rostrum; from Whitby.
Purchased, 1880.
11589. Cast of a crushed cranium, without the rostrum. The
original was obtained from Whitby.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
Genus STENEOSAURUS, E. Geoffroy '.
Including Mystriosaurus, Kaup *= Macrospondylus, Meyer ®.
Rostrum more or less elongated and narrow, with the teeth nu-
merous, generally stout and directed somewhat obliquely outwards,
grooved, and with vertical carine ; premaxille obliquely truncated
anteriorly, with a marked deflection of the extremity, which is more
or less expanded ; orbits regular, and directed more or less com-
pletely frontally ; supratemporal fossee usually very large and an-
gulated: postorbital bar directed more or less nearly at right angles
to the longer axis of the cranium, so that the posterior border of the
orbit is placed well in advance of the adjacent border of the supratem-
poral fossa; infraorbital bar deep; upper temporal arcade not sculp-
tured ; posterior nares broad, ovate or rounded, and placed in advance
of temporal fossz ; palato-pterygoid vacuities large.
The writer follows the original view of Deslongchamps* of regard-
ing Mystriosaurus as not generically separable from Stencosaurus.
1 Mém. du Muséum, vol. xii. p. 146 (1825). Regarding the application of
the term, see page 91, note 2.
2 In Bronn’s ‘ Lethea,’ Ist ed. vol. i. (1835).—(Page 525 in 2nd ed.)
3 Nova Acta Ac, Cas. Leop.-Car., vol. xv. pt. 2, p. 196 (1831),
4 Notes Paléontologiques, p. 128. Subsequently this writer considered the
two as distinct,
TELEOSAURIDZ. - 109
A. Mystriosaurine Group.
The orbits placed more or less laterally ; the posterior nares elon-
gated and ovate, the middle line of the cranium more or less convex,
and the supratemporal fossze generally not excessively large.
Stencosaurus hebertc, Morel de Glasville' (fig. 16), from the Lower
Oxfordian of Normandy, seems to be the latest representative of the
group, but in its large supratemporal fossee approximates to the next
group.
Fig. 16.
Steneosaurus hebertiimUpper view of the cranium; from the Lower Oxfordian
of Normandy, About ~,. The bones on the right side of the rostrum are
imperfect ; there should have been a line connecting the apex of the frontals
with the suture dividing the maxille; the preorbital vacuity is not shown.
Steneosaurus bollensis (Jager °),
Syn. Crocodilus bollensis, Jager ®.
Teleosaurus bollensis, Holl *.
Macrospondylus boliensis, Meyer °.
Mystriosaurus bollensis, D’Alton and Burmeister °.
Mystriosaurus tedmannt, Bronn*.
Mystriosaurus egertonr, Kaup *.
Mystriosaurus schnudtt, Broun °.
Mystriosaurus mandelsloht, Bronn °.
Mystriosaurus longipes, Bronn ".
Mystriosaurus muenstert, Waguer ?”,
Mystriosaurus stukelyi, Winckler 13 (tn parte).
1 Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. iv. p. 342 (1876). See also vol. viii.
p. 318 (1880).
2 Foss. Rept. Wiirtemberg, p. 6 (1828).—Crocodilus. 3 Loe. cit.
* Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde, vol. i. p. 87 (1829).
> Nova Acta Ac. Cxs. Leop.-Car. vol. xv. pt. 2, p. 196 (1831).
§ Der fossile Gavial von Boll, p. 73 (1854).
z 7 In Bronn and Kaup’s ‘ Gavialartigen Reptilien,’ p. 28 (1841).
8 Ibid. p. 3. 9 Ibid. p. 28. 9 Ibid. p. 28. 11 Ibid. p. 46.
2 Abh, k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. v. p. 516 (1850).
18 Arch. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv. art. 1, p. 182 (1876).
110 CROCODILIA.
The rostrum very long and narrow, the teeth slender, the orbits
small and placed somewhat laterally, the supratemporal fossee
small. The synonymy is given on the authority of Burmeister and
D’Alton ', who regard the type vertebre as belonging to the same
form as the crania.
Hab. Europe (Germany and England).
21546. The nearly entire skeleton; from the Upper Lias of Boll,
Wirtemberg. The skull is perfectly preserved.
Purchased, 1847.
15295. Cast of the nearly entire skeleton. The original was
obtained from Boll, and is figured in Kaup and Bronn’s
‘Gavialartigen Reptilien, pls. ii. a, ii. B, ii. c, under the
name of Mystriosaurus teidemannt, of which it is the type.
Purchased. About 1840.
14436. The hinder part of the cranium and mandible ; from the
Upper Lias of Whitby, Yorkshire. The characteristic
form of the postorbital bar is well shown; while the
small, ovate orbits, and minute preorbital vacuities are also
distinctive features of this species. No hastory.
Steneosaurus chapmani (Buckland’ [ea Konig, MS.]).
Syn. Teleosaurus chapman, Buckland * (in parte).
Mystriosaurus laurillardi, Kaup *.
Mystriosaurus chapman, Bronn ’.
Mystriosaurus macrolepidotus, Wagner °.
? Mystriosaurus speciosus, Munster *.
Mystriosaurus stukelyzt, Winckler § (in parte).
The rostrum shorter and wider than in the last species, with the
orbits relatively larger.
Winckler has proposed to regard this species merely as a variety
of S. bollensis.
Hab. Europe (England and Germany).
1 See Winckler, Arch. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv. art. 1, p. 132 (1876),
2 Geology and Mineralogy (Bridgewater Treatise), 1st ed. vol. ii, p. 30
(1837).—Teleosaurus (errorim, chapmanni).
3 Loe. cit.
4 Quoted in Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 628.
5 Gavialartigen Reptilien, p. 27 (1854).
6 Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. v. p. 555 (1850).
7 Neues Jahrb. 1848, p. 129.
8 Arch. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv. art. 1, p. 132 (1876).
1
nD
esi
TELEOSAURID 2. EEL
R. 1087 a. The cranium and the anterior part of the axial skeleton,
(f1g.) and various dorsal scutes ; from the Upper Lias of Whitby,
Yorkshire. This specimen appears to be the one dis-
covered by Captain Chapman in 1758, and figured in the
Phil. Trans. for that year, pls. xxii. and xxx., and should
thus be regarded as the type of the species. Originally
the specimen was curved laterally as in the figure, but
the head was subsequently chiselled out and placed in its
present position. When figured some of the caudal ver-
tebre remained, but these were lost in extraction.
Presented by the Council of the Royal Society.
R. 324. The hinder portion of an immature cranium, apparently
belonging to this species ; from Whitby.
Enmskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.
14438. The crushed middle and rostral portions of a cranium
probably referable to an immature individual of this
species ; from Whitby. No history.
The following specimens may probably be referred to the present
species.
47157. A large portion of the mandibular symphysis; from the
Lias of Greens-Norton, near Towcester, Northamptonshire.
This specimen apparently agrees precisely with the corre-
- sponding portion of the type specimen; the splenial
element is long and narrow.
Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.
39154. The greater portion of the mandibular symphysis, con-
taining many of the teeth ; from Whitby.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
14439. A mass of dorsal vertebree, ribs, and dermal scutes, belonging
either to the present or following species ; from Whitby.
Yo history.
33107. A mass of rock containing two later dorsal vertebra agreeing
in size with the preceding ; from Whitby.
| Purchased. About 1857.
Steneosaurus brevior, Blake ' (ew Owen, MS).
Syn. Teleosaurus brevior, Owen ?.
Mystriosaurus brevior, A. S. Woodward ’.
* In Tate and Blake’s ‘ Yorkshire Lias,’ p. 244 (1876).
* ‘British Fossil Reptilia ’—Crocodilia, p. 140 (no date).
° Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. ii. p. 499 (1885).
4 — | oe
‘ ei, x ae:
\
112 CROCODILIA.
The rostrum comparatively short and wide; the teeth about
= and stout; the orbits placed more anteriorly ; the middle line of
the cranium depressed; and the supratemporal fosse large.
Hab. Europe (England).
14781. The skull; from the Upper Lias of Whitby, Yorkshire.
(Fig.) The type specimen; figured by Tate and Blake in their
‘Yorkshire Lias,’ pl. i. figs. 1,2; and also by Owenin
his ‘ British Fossil Reptilia ’—Crocodilia, pl. xvi.
Purchased. About 1840.
R. 756. The hinder portion of the cranium, wanting the tem-
(Fig.) poral arcades; from Whitby. Figured by Tate and
Blake, op. cit. pl. 1. fig. 3 (without specific name).
No history.
R. 282 a. The greater portion of a mandible perhaps belonging to
an immature individual of this species; from Whitby.
The splenial element is shorter and wider than in the
specimen No. 47157 provisionally referred to S. chapmani.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.
20691. The anterior extremity of a mandibular symphysis pro-
visionally referred to this species; from Whitby. The
reference is made on account of the large size of the teeth.
Purchased, 1847.
** Steneosaurus minimus (Quenstedt’),
Syn. Teleosawrus minimus, Quenstedt *.
Mystriosaurus minmus, Winckler *.
Probably the young of one of the three preceding species.
Hab, Kurope.
37991. Cast of a slab containing the entire cranium. The original,
which is the type, was obtained from the Upper Lias of
Wirtemberg, and is figured by Quenstedt in his ‘ Hand-
buch der Petrefactenkunde,’ pl. vi. fig. 15.
Purchased, 1864.
Genertcally undetermined specimens from the Upper Lias.
33095. The occipito-parietal region of a small cranium from Whitby. -
Purchased. About 1857.
* Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde, p. 101 (1852). 2 Looe, cit.
% Arch. Mus, Teyler, vol. iy. art. 1, p. 117 (1876),
TELEOSAURIDZ. 113
- R. 1091. The corresponding portion of another cranium, apparently
belonging to a different genus; from Whitby. No history.
R. 63. The imperfect cranial rostrum of a young individual; from
Whitby. Purchased, 1881.
R. 63 a. The mandibular symphysis of a young individual; from
Whitby. Same history.
R. 405. The anterior portion of the mandibular symphysis of a
young individual; from Saltwick Bay, Yorkshire.
Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.
47445. Several imperfect dorsal vertebre and ventral scutes; from
Whitby. Purchased, 1876.
33105. Two larger imperfect dorsal vertebre ; from Whitby.
Purchased. About 1857.
R. 65. An imperfect 6th or 7th dorsal vertebra; from Boll.
Purchased, 1881.
B. Steneosaurine Group.
The orbits directed frontally; the posterior nares short and
rounded, the middle line of the cranium much depressed, and the
supratemporal fossee in some instances very large.
Steneosaurus latifrons (Owen’).
Syn. Teleosaurus latifrons, Owen”.
Rostrum comparatively wide and flattened; frontals flat ; orbits
round, and not oblique; premaxille aaa expanded ; supra-
temporal fossee short and wide ; teeth about = aso large.
Hab. Europe (England).
The type specimen is from Northamptonshire, and_is said to be
from the Great Oolite, but from the evidence of the following
specimen its horizon may be lower.
47171. The nearly entire skull, together with thirteen associated
imperfect dorsal vertebre and four dorsal scutes; from
the Upper Lias of Northamptonshire. This specimen
accords so exactly with the type cranium figured in
1 British Fossil Reptilia, vol. iii. p. 141 (no date).— Teleosaurus.
2 206.0%,
I
114 CROCODILIA.
Owen’s ‘British Fossil Reptilia’—Crocodilia, pl. xvii.,
that there appears every reason for referring it to the
same species; the type is, however, said to be from the
“ Great Oolite” of Northamptonshire, but the horizon may
perhaps be incorrect. Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.
47171 a. A detached tooth perhaps belonging to this species; from
the Lias of Northamptonshire. Same history.
Steneosaurus larteti, Deslongchamps !.
Syn. Teleosaurus larteti, Deslongchamps 2.
Rostrum comparatively wide and convex ; frontals strongly pitted
and concave ; orbits rounded and not oblique; premaxille slightly
expanded ; supratemporal fosse excessively elongated ; teeth ae
stout, and short.
Hab. Kurope (France).
32653-4. Two teeth apparently agreeing precisely with the speci-
men figured in pl. xiv. fig. 5 of the ‘ Notes Paléontologiques ’
of Deslongchamps; from the Fuller’s earth (Lower Ju-
rassic) of Caen (Calvados), France.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
33125. The hinder extremity of a mandibular symphysis provi-
sionally referred to this species ; from Caen. :
Purchased, About 1857.
Steneosaurus stephani, Hulke*. |
Apparently allied to the preceding species, but with the supra-
temporal fossze relatively wider, and the outer border of the orbit
straighter, and the inner more curved. Its right to distinction from
the next species requires confirmation.
Hab. Kurope (England).
49126. Portions of the cranium and mandible ; from the Cornbrash
(Fig.) (Lower Jurassic) of Clasworth, Dorsetshire. The type
specimen; figured by Hulke in the ‘Proc. Dorset. Nat.
Hist. Club,’ vol. i. pl. 1. Purchased, 1878.
* Bull. Soc. Linn, Normandie, sér. 2, vol. i. p. 155 (1868).—Teleosaurus.
2 Loc, cit.
8 Proc. Dorset. Nat. Hist. Club, vol. i. p..29 (1877).
TELEOSAURIDZ. 115
Steneosaurus brevidens (Phillips ’).
Syn. Teleosaurus brevidens, Phillips”.
So far as the small type figure* admits of judging, the supra-
temporal fossze are relatively wider than in S. larteti, the orbits
more oval and oblique, and the extremity of the muzzle more
expanded. Teeth =>).
Hab. Europe (England).
R. 78. The greater portion of a broken mandible probably belonging
to this species; from the Great Oolite (Lower Jurassic)
of Enslow Bridge, near Bletchington, Oxfordshire. This
specimen apparently agrees closely with the mandible
figured by Phillips, op. cit. p. 187, fig. 44.
Presented by J. Wood-Mason, Esq., 1880.
28609. Part of the right maxilla of a Steneosaure not improbably
belonging to this species ; from the Great Oolite of Stones-
field, Oxfordshire. Purchased, 1853.
The following specimens from the Stonesfield Slate agree with the
teeth referred to the present species by Phillips, op. cit. p. 185,
fig. 42. a
40127. Nine specimens of crowns of teeth ; from Stonesfield.
Purchased. About 1866.
28611. Three specimens of crowns of teeth ; from Eyeford, Gloucester-
shire. Purchased, 18538.
Several of the following specimens may probably be referred to
the present species; but others may belong to the next.
4821. The imperfect third (?) cervical vertebra; from the Great
Oolite of Little Gibraltar, near Enslow Bridge, Oxford-
shire. Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.
R. 79. Three imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the Great Oolite of
Enslow Bridge. -These specimens agree precisely with
the one figured by Phillips, op. cit. p. 190, fig. 47.
Presented by J. Wood-Mason, Esq., 1880.
R. 82. An imperfect later dorsal vertebra in a laterally crushed
condition ; probably from the Great Oolite of Oxfordshire.
Same history.
+ «Geology of Oxford,’ p. 185 (1871).— Teleosaurus.
2 Loe. cit. $ Ibid. p. 186, fig, 48.
12
/
116 | CROCODILIA.
37720. Slab of sandstone with an imperfect vertebra; from Stones-.
field. Purchased, 1863.
40126. A slab with a crushed late caudal vertebra; from Stonesfield.
Purchased. About 1866.
R. 78. Four fragments of late dorsal scutes; from Enslow Bridge.
These resemble the specimen figured by Phillips, op. cit.
p. 182, fig. 41. Presented by J. Wood-Mason, Hsq., 1880.
47998. Fragment of a (? dorsal) scute; from Stonesfield.
Presented by the Hon, R. Marsham, 1877.
47998 a. Fragment of stone showing the under surface of a scute ;
from Stonesfield. _ Same lastory.
28497. Fragment of stone exhibiting the under surface of a scute;
from Stonesfield. Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
41312. An imperfect scute, seen from the inner surface ; from
Stonesfield. Purchased, 1869.
\
Steneosaurus megistorhynchus, Deslongchamps1.
Syn. Teleosaurus megistorhynchus, Deslongchamps?.
Steneosaurus rostro-major, auct. (%n parte).
Steneosaurus longirostris, auct. (in parte).
Rostrum extremely elongated, narrow, and depressed; orbits
ovoid, with the longer axis oblique ; frontals depressed and moderately
pitted ; supratemporal fosse comparatively small; teeth Cre
(87-—-38)"
slender, spaced, with elongated curved crowns.
Hab. Kurope (France and .[?] England).
40907. Fragment of a maxillary rostrum, showing three dental
alveoli, provisionally referred to this species; from the
Gryphite Grit (Upper Inferior Oolite) of Leckhampton,
Gloucestershire. This specimen apparently agrees precisely
with the type figured by Deslongchamps in his ‘ Notes
Paléontologiques,’ pl. xv., and its horizon is only just
below that of the Fuller’s earth.
Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.
>
" Bull. Soe. Linn. Normandie, sér. 2, vol. i. p. 155 (1868).— Telcosawrus,
This name is a modification of Geoffroy’s Sténéosawre aux longs maxillaries,
with which Deslongchamps identifies this species, which is thus the type of the
genus. é
2 Loe. cit.
|
|
TELEOSAURIDA, 107
Steneosaurus edwardsi, Deslongchamps °.
Syn. Teleosaurus edwards:, Deslongchamps?.
Rostrum comparatively short and wide, with the interval between
the nasals and premaxille short; frontals slightly pitted and con-
cave; orbits ovoid and oblique; premaxille only very slightly
expanded ; supratemporal fossx probably large; teeth , with
28?
small alveoli.
Hab. Europe (France).
32620. Fragment of the hinder part of the cranial rostrum ; from
the Oxford Clay (Middle Jurassic) of Vaches-Noires (Cal-
vados) France. It agrees with the corresponding part of
the cranium figured by Deslongchamps in his ‘ Notes
Paléontologiques,’ pl. xvi.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
Steneosaurus megarhinus (Hulke’).
Syn. Teleosaurus megarhinus, Hulke*,
Known only by the cranial rostrum, which is characterized by its
slenderness, convexity, and great expansion of the premaxille.
Hab. Europe (England).
43086. The greater portion of the cranial rostrum; from the
(Fig.) | Kimeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic) of Kimeridge Bay, Dorset-
| shire. The type specimen; figured by Hulke in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxvii. pl. xviii.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.
Steneosaurus, sp.
The rostrum much elongated and narrow, with the teeth large,
laterally compressed, and strongly carinated.
Hab. Europe (France).
33127. Fragment of the cranial rostrum, showing the bases of
several teeth broken off in their alveoli together with
their detached crowns; from the Fuller’s earth (Lower
Jurassic) of Caen (Calvados), France. In its elongated
1 Bull. Soe. Linn. Normandie, sér. 2, vol. i. p. 155 (1868).— Teleosaurus.
2 Loc. cit.
3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii. p. 442 (1871).— Teleosaurus,
+ Loe, cit.
118 CROCODILIA.
form this specimen agrees with S. megistorhynchus', but
differs by its much larger teeth, which have an antero-
posterior diameter of 0,011 and a transverse of 0,007.
Purchased, 1857.
SPECIFICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.
32650. The crowns of three teeth ; from the Fuller’s earth of Caen
(Calvados), France. Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
32586. An associated series of smaller teeth; from Caen.
Same history.
47419. The right and left femur; from the Cornbrash of Peter-
borough, Northamptonshire.
Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876, —
47168. The proximal half of the right femur of a smaller form ; from
the Cornbrash of Peterborough. Same history.
47170. Fourteen associated ventral scutes of the anterior and middle
part of the posterior buckler, not improbably belonging to
this genus; from the Great Oolite of Belminsthorpe, near
Stamford, Northamptonshire. Some of these specimens
are nearly an inch in thickness, and the transition from
an imbricating junction anteriorly to a sutural one pos-
teriorly is well exhibited. Same history.
Genus TELEOSAURUS, Geoffroy *.
Rostrum greatly elongated, depressed, and slender, with crenulated
alveolar borders, and the teeth very numerous, slender, and directed _
outwards, without carine; premaxille very short and obliquely
truncated ; orbits completely circular and directed anteriorly ; supra-
temporal fosse moderately large and angulated; infraorbital bar —
deep; posterior nares very broad, rounded, and placed in a line with
the temporal fosse ; palato-pterygoid vacuities small.
Teleosaurus cadomensis, Geoffroy ’.
Syn. (?) Crocodilus cadomensis, Lamouroux *.
The type species. Of small size, the length of the cranium being”
1 See Deslongchamps ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’ pl. xv.
? Mém, du Muséum, vol. xii. p. 135 (1825).
3 Tbid. p. 145.
* Ann. Gén, Sci, Phys, Brux. vol, iii. p. 163 (1820).
TELEOSAURID A. 119
about 0,340; hinder portion of cranium much expanded, with large
(45—50)
(45—50)?
groups of three, of which the middle one is placed on a higher level
than the others ; nasals simple posteriorly.
Hab. Kurope (France).
supratemporal fosse ; teeth approximated, and arranged in
The following specimens are from the Fuller's earth (Lower Jurassic)
of Caen (Calvados), France, and the majority of them belong to
the present species, although some may be referable to the closely
allied T. gladius’. Unless it 1s stated to the contrary the
specimens belong to the Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
R. 880. Cast of the left half of the cranium proper. The original is
one of the types, and is figured by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens
Fossiles,’ 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, pl. vil. figs. 1-5; by Geoffroy
in the ‘ Mém. du Muséum,’ vol. xii. pl. xvi. figs. 1-3; and
by De Blainville in his ‘ Ostéographie,’ genus Crocodilus,
pl. vi. Purchased.
R. 880 a. Cast of the cranium, wanting the rostrum. Purchased.
32594, Slab containing nine cervical and dorsal vertebre with the
ribs and dorsal scutes of the right side.
32594 a. Slab showing the last two lumbar, sacral, and first four
caudal vertebre, partly imperfect.
32575. Block with portions of two late dorsal vertebre and right
ribs.
119. Cast of a block exhibiting fifteen trunk vertebre and the right
anterior ribs and dorsal scutes. Purchased, 1836.
32588. The associated last dorsal, sacral, and first two caudal
vertebra.
32611 a. Two centra of cervical vertebra.
32609. Two centra of late trunk vertebree.
$2610. A slightly imperfect late dorsal vertebra.
32585. Three ribs.
32680. The left ischium.
28296. The right femur. Purchased, 1851.
28296. Cast of the right femur.
* See Deslongchamps, ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’ pl. xii,
120 CROCODILIA.
32584. An associated series of detached dorsal scutes. Maes %
32584. Four ventral (?) scutes.
_ 82584x. Matrix, showing the impression of the outer surface of ,
the scutes of the dorsal buckler.
32591. A block, showing a number of ventral scutes in apposition
belonging to the hinder part of the posterior buckler.
32592. Slab, showing the inner surface of a number of ventral scutes ~
belonging to the anterior or middle regions of the same.
32593. A smaller slab, showing the inner surface of the ventral scutes.
32593 a. A similar specimen, in which the impression of the outer
surface of some of the scutes is seen.
32505. Slab with ventral scutes and ribs. | /
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
119 a. Cast of the nearly entire posterior ventral buckler.
Purchased, 1836,
Teleosaurus geoffroyi, Deslongchamps a
Imperfectly known, but larger than the preceding, with the teeth
arranged in a straight line, of relatively larger size, fewer in number,
and separated by wider intervals, the number being estimated by
Deslongchamps at from 35 to 40 on each side. The width of the
type mandibular symphysis at the extremity of the splenial is 0,029.
Hab, Kurope (France and [?] England).
33126. Fragment of sandstone, showing a portion of a mandibular
symphysis apparently belonging to this species; from the
Stonesfield Slate (Lower Jurassic) of Stonesfield, Oxford-
shire. This specimen, of which the inferior aspect is
exposed, exhibits seven dental alveoli on either side, two
of which retain their teeth. Except for being slightly
smaller, the specimen cannot be distinguished from the
type fragment figured by Deslongchamps in his ‘ Notes
Paléontologiques,’ pl. xii. fig. 8.
Purchased. About 1857. -
39788. The greater portion of a cranial rostrum agreeing in size and
characters with the preceding; from Stonesfield. Ante--
? Bull, Soc, Linn. ormandie, sér. 2, vol. i. p. 348 (1868).
TELEOSAURID A, 13H
riorly the specimen is broken off at the commencement of
the premaxillary expansion, which appears to have been
well marked; the dental alveoli are arranged in a straight
line; and the premaxille are more elongated than in
T’. cadomensis. Morris Collection. Purchased, 1862.
R. 236. A slab of sandstone, showing the damaged upper surface of
the anterior half of a similar rostrum; from Stonesfield.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.
Teleosaurus subulidens, Phillips’.
It will be convenient to take as the type the mandible represented
in Phillips’s ‘Geology of Oxford, p. 195, fig. 55, since some of
the teeth represented in fig. 42 of the same under this name may
belong to the preceding species.
Of larger size than 7’. geoffroyi, the width of the type mandibular
symphysis at the extremity of the splenial being 0,050; the number
of the teeth in each ramus is estimated by Phillips at 35 or 36.
Whether the present form be anything more than the adult of the
preceding cannot yet be determined.
Hab. Europe (England).
;
R. 236 a. The posterior portion of the mandibular symphysis, show-
ing several broken teeth; from the Stonesfield Slate of
Stonesfield, Oxfordshire. The diameter at the anterior
extremity of the splenial is 0,040.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.
33124. The posterior portion of the symphysis of a larger mandible ;
from Stonesfield. The diameter at the end of the splenial
is 0,056. Purchased, About 1857.
Of the following specimens. some may belong to the present
and others to the preceding form.
28611. Five teeth ; from the Stonesfield Slate of Eyeford, Gloucester-
shire. These resemble the specimens figured by Phillips,
op. cit, fig. 42 (6, 7). Purchased, 1853,
48041. Two teeth; from Stonesfield.
3 Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1860.
* «Geology of Oxford,’ p. 194 (1871).
122
23407.
11044.
44863.
25584.
47996.
28497.
11143.
31830.
47997.
41311.
CROCODILIA.
A tooth; from Stonesfield. Purchased, 1849.
A tooth ; from Stonesfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838. |
A tooth; from Stonesfield.
Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.
Two larger teeth ; from Stonesfield.
Presented by Mrs. Townsend, 1851.
Four teeth; from Stonesfield. One is of large size, and
agrees with the unnamed specimen figured by Phillips, op.
cit. fig. 42 (4), and in relative size with the mandible
No. 33124. Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.
Several teeth; from Stonesfield. |
Diwon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
A tooth; from Stonesfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838,
The imperfect left scapula; from Stonesfield.
Purchased. About 1852.
The left ischium ; from Stonesfield. This specimen agrees
closely in contour with the corresponding bone of 7’. cado-
mensis, and differs both in this respect and its greatly
inferior size from the ischium probably referable to Stenco-
saurus brevidens figured by Phillips, op. cit. p. 192, fig. 51.
, Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.
A split slab, showing the left pubis; from Stonesfield.
Length 0,138. Purchased, 1869.
GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.
The name Oolithes bathonicw, J. Buckman’, has been applied to
specimens resembling the following :—
37987.
Fragments of rock with natural casts of eggs of Teleo-
saurians; from the Great Oolite (Lower Jurassic), near”
Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
Presented by Joshua Brown, Esq., 1864,
1 Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. xvi. p. 110 (1860),
|
TELEOSAURID®.—PHYTOSAURIDA. 123
R. 499. Fragment of rock, showing polished sections of casts of
similar eggs; from the Great Oolite, near Cirencester.
Presented by Joshua Brown, Esq., 1884.
40308. Two fragments of rock, showing broken hollow natural casts
of similar eggs; from the Great Oolite of Burford Road,
Wiltshire. Morris Collection. Purchased, 1862.
40361. Two fragments of rock with similar broken natural casts,
of which some are hollow; from the Great Oolite near
Cirencester. Purchased, 1867.
R. 905. Natural cast of a similar ege; from the Great Oolite,
locality unknown. No lustory.
Suborder PARASUCHIA.
No palatal plates developed from the bones of the roof of the mouth,
and consequently no secondary posterior nares ; a columella ; anterior
nares posterior and divided; vomers apparent on the palate; a
distinct postfrontal’; the middle eustachian canal not enclosed in
bone ; and the premaxille (typically) carrying some 21 teeth, and
forming a rostrum. Probably a clavicle; coracoid short and
rounded, with a very large fontanelle; humerus with an ectepi-
_eondylar groove; pubis entering into acetabulum; probably five
digits in each foot®. Vertebree amphiccelous. Dorsal scutes keeled,
and arranged in two rows; ventral scutes (when present) arranged
in not more than eight rows, and each scute consisting of a single
bone.
This Suborder connects the Crocodilia very closely with the Sauro-
podous Dinosauria.
Family PHYTOSAURIDA®.
A descending portion in the basioccipital and basisphenoid ; the
premaxille interpenetrating the maxille on the palate; the orbits
completely separated from the large infratemporal fosse; the pre-
orbital vacuities very large; the supratemporal fosse exceedingly
small and rudimental*.
1 Baur, Zool. Anzeiger, vol. ix. p. 740 (1886).
2 Baur, loc. cit.
3 = Belodontide.
4 Many of these characters are known only fromthe type genus.
124 CROCODILIA.
Genus PH YTOSAURUS, Jiiger °.
Syn. Belodon, Meyer’.
No ventral buckler. The nasals reaching the premaxille and
completely surrounding the nares; premaxille and extremity of
Fig. 17.
Phytosaurus cylindricodon.—Skull; from the Keuper of Wiirtemberg. About —
% pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; nar, nares; o”, orbit;
p.or, preorbital vacuity.
mandible much deflected, and more or less expanded ; orbits some-
what irregular, and directed partly laterally, and partly frontally.
Teeth sharp and pointed, with serrated carine; anteriorly subcir-
cular in section, but posteriorly much compressed laterally. Sculpture
of scutes radiate.
Forms referred to this genus have been obtained from the Lower
Mesozoic of Europe, N. America, and India’.
Phytosaurus cylindricodon, Jiger‘*.
Syn. Phytosaurus cubicodon, Jager °.
Belodon kapffi, Meyer®.
The type species; of very large size, with the cranial rostrum of
great vertical depth, the mandible broad and considerably expanded
at the extremity, and the teeth stout. Number of teeth oo.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
1 Foss. Rept. Wiirtemberg, p. 22 (1828).
2 Neues Jahrb. 1842, p. 302.
3 See ‘ Palzontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Sury. Ind.), ser. 4, vol.i. pt. 5,
p. 21 (1885).
4 Op. cit. p. 23 (1828). ° Ibid. p. 33.
6 * Palxontographica,’ vol. vii. art. 5, p. 256 (1861).
PHYTOSAURIDZ. 125
Fig. 18.
Phytosaurus cylindricodon.—Froutal and oral aspec ts of the cranium ; from the
Keuper of Wiirtemberg. [About 3. .na, posterior nares; other letters
as in fig. 17. F
-
3 The following specimens were obtained from the Keuper (Upper Trias)
| of Stutigart, Wirtemberg, unless it is stated to the contrary.
39477. Cast of the cranium. The original is figured by Meyer in
the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. x. pls. xxxviii. to xl
Purchased, 1864.
| 42743. The cranium. Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
38037. The hinder portion of the cranium. Purchased, 1864.
38039. Part of the left palato-maxillary region. Same history.
38040. The hinder part of the left premaxilla. Same history.
38041. Fragment showing some of the upper dental alveoli, longi-
(fig.) tudinally split. Figured by Meyer, op. cit. vol. xiv.
pl. xxviii. figs. 10, 11. Same history.
38042. Fragment of the left temporal region. Same history.
38043. Fragment of the left temporal region. Same history.
38044. The right parietal. Same history.
126 CROCODILIA.
37994. Cast of the anterior extremity of the mandibular symphysis.
The original, which came from Altenberg, near Tibingen,
is the type of the genus, and, together with an associated
fragment, is figured by Jager in his ‘ Foss. Rept. Wir-
temberg,’ pl. xi. fig.3. Some restoration has apparently
been made in the cast. Purchased, 1864.
38036. The mandible, containing many of the teeth.
Purchased, 1864.
42744. The mandible, with several teeth remaining.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
38045. The imperfect right dentary portion of the mandible, show-
ing three teeth. Purchased, 1864.
38046. The greater portion of the left half of the mandibular sym-
physis of a small individual. Same history.
38047. The right splenial element of the mandible. Same history.
38048. Part of the left splenial. Same history.
38049. Part of the right splenial. Same history. .
38050. Fragment of the right splenial. Same history.
38052. Part of the right dentary of a young individual.
: Same history.
38068. A large series of teeth. Same history.
38060-61. Two bones not improbably belonging to the hyoid
apparatus. Purchased, 1864.
At least the majority of the following belong to this species.
38069. Two cervical vertebrae in apposition. Purchased, 1864.
38070. The nearly entire sixth (?) dorsal vertebra. Figured by
(Fig.) Meyer, op. cit. vol. xiv. pl. xxvii. figs. 1-3. Same history.
38071-79. Several imperfect dorsal vertebre. Same history.
38080. The centra of four caudal vertebre. Same history.
38081. A cheyron-bone. Same history.
38082. The arch and part of the centrum of the eighth (?) dorsal
vertebra. | Same hastory.
a
PHYTOSAURID2. 127
42746. An imperfect late dorsal vertebra.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
38091. Three imperfect ribs. Purchased, 1864.
42747. An abdominal rib.
38067.
38066. The left coracoid. Figured by Meyer, vol. xiv. pl. xxvii.
(fig.) fig. 10. Same history.
38055. The imperfect right humerus of a very large individual.
Same history.
38056. The nearly entire left humerus in a somewhat crushed
condition. The ectepicondylar groove is shown.
| Same history.
$8057. The distal half of a similar left humerus. Same history.
38063. The left ilium. Figured by Meyer, op. cit. vol. xiv. pl. xxix.
2.) Sa Same history.
38064. The imperfect right ilium of a smaller individual.
Same history.
38065. A pubis. Figured by Meyer, op. cit. vol. xiv. pl. xxvii.
ie) fic. 11. Same history.
38054. The right femur. Same history.
38059. The left tibia. Same history.
38083. A nearly entire dorsal scute, probably belonging to the
middle of the buckler. Same history.
38084. A somewhat imperfect right dorsal scute from the same
region. Same history.
38085. The outer half of a right dorsal scute from the same region.
(fig.) Figured by Meyer, op. cit. vol. xiv. pl. xxviii. figs. 4-6.
Same history.
38086. The inner half of a right dorsal scute from the same region.
. Same history.
38087. A small dorsal scute. Figured by Meyer, op. cié. vol. xiy.
(Fig.)
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
The imperfect right scapula of an immature individual.
Purchased, 1867.
pl. xxviii. figs. 7-9. Same history.
128 . CROCODILIA.
38088. A dorsal scute, probably from the anterior part of the
buckler. | | Purchased, 1867.
38089. Three similar dorsal scutes. Same history. |
38090. Several imperfect dorsal scutes. Same history.
42748. A broken nodule containing a similar scute.
Van Breda Collection.
42748 a. An imperfect dorsal scute. Same history.
Phytosaurus plieningeri (Meyer’).
Syn. Belodon plieningert, Meyer”.
Distinguished from the preceding by the cranial rostrum being
shallow vertically, by the more slender and less expanded mandible,
the relatively smaller teeth, and the generally smaller and lighter
structure of the whole skull. Number of teeth ? =e
Hab. Europe (Germany).
42745. The nearly entire cranium; from the Keuper (Upper
(ig.) Triassic) Sandstone of Stuttgart, Wurtemberg. Described
and figured by Meyer in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xiy.
p. 104, pls. xxiv.—xxvil.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased,1871.
38038. The right ramus of the mandible, containing most of the
(Fig.) teeth; from the~Keuper of Stuttgart. Described and
figured by Meyer, op. cit. p. 100, pl. xxiii.
Purchased, 1864.
Genus STAGONOLEPIS, Agassiz *.
A ventral armour; skull apparently like that of Phytosaurus ;
teeth blunt and swollen ; sculpture of scutes more distinctly pitted.
Made by some writers the type of a distinct family—=Stagono-
lepidide.
1 Neues Jahrb. 1842, p. 302.—Belodon.
* Loe. vit.
3 The great discrepancy in the number of the upper and lower teeth in the
two known entire specimens indicates the probability of individual variation
in this respect. ‘
4 «Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles du Vieux Grés-Rouge,’ p. 159 (1844), —
a se %
PHYTOSAURIDA. 129
Stagonolepis robertsoni, Agassiz’.
The type and only known species.
Hab. Europe (England).
All the following specimens are from the Keuper (Upper Triassic),
and, unless i ws stated to the contrary, were obtained from
Lossiemouth, Elyinshire.
R. 582. Cast of a dorsal scute and a bone of the foot. The original
specimen is in the Elgin Museum, and consists of a block
of sandstone containing the impression of the scute and
bone. The cast of the scute is figured by Huxley in the
‘Mem. Geol. Surv. Eng.’ Mon. iii. pl. ii. fig. 1 (reversed).
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.
27404. Cast of a slab of sandstone exhibiting a considerable por-
tion of the ventral buckler. The original was obtained
from Morayshire, and is the type of the genus; it is
figured by Agassiz in his ‘Poissons Fossiles du Vieux
Grés-Rouge, pl. xxxi. figs. 13, 14, and also by Huxley,
op. cit. pl. i. fig. 1 (reversed).
Presented by Dr. Mantell, 1851.
36392. Slab of sandstone, showing five imperfect dorsal scutes in
sequence, and the impression of a ventral scute.
Presented by J. Taylor, Esq., 1859.
36393. Slab of sandstone, with impressions of two or three scutes
and fragments of a bone. Same history.
36394. Slab of sandstone showing the inner surfaces or impressions
of the outer surfaces of eight pairs of scutes belonging to
the two middle rows of the ventral buckler, together with
portions of scutes from the adjacent rows. Same history.
36395. Slab showing the inner surfaces and outer impressions of
numerous imperfect scutes. Same history.
36396. Slab showing several imperfect scutes or their impressions.
Same history.
36397. Slab with impressions of several associated apparently ventral
scutes. Same history.
«Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles du Vieux Grés-Rouge,’ p. 139 (1844).
K
130 CROCODILIA.
36398. Slab with part of a large crushed bone. 3
Presented by J. Taylor, Esq., 1859.
36399. Slab showing the inner surface and part of the impression
of the outer surface of a small scute, and the impression
of a bone (? femur). Same hastory.
R. 581. Cast of a slab showing the distal two thirds of the left
humerus. The original is preserved in the Museum at
Elgin, and is figured by Huxley, op. cit. pl. vii. fig. 7
(reversed). Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1834.
Family PARASUCHID.
No descending portion in the basioccipital and basisphenoid ; other
cranial characters unknown.
Genus PARASUCHUS, Huxley’.
The only known genus.
Parasuchus hislopi, Lydekker’ (e« Huxley, MS.)
The type and only known species. The description of the com-
plete skeleton of Hyperodapedon by Huxley’, together with the
probable presence of a clavicle in Phytosawrus, renders it most
likely that the appendicular bones provisionally referred by the
writer * to Hyperodapedon really belong to the present form.
Hab. India.
R. 1097. Cast of the conjoint basioccipital and basisphenoid. The
original, which is one of the types, was obtained from the
Maleri beds (Lower Mesozoic) of the Gondwana system
at Maleri, near Sironcha, Central Provinces, India, and is
preserved in’ the Indian Museum, Calcutta; it is figured
by the present writer in the ‘ Paleontologia Indica,
ser. 4, vol. 1. pt. 5, pl. iii. figs. 1, La, 10.
Presented by the Director of
the Geological Survey of India, 1887.
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 49 (1870).
* Ree. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. xvi. p. 86 (1883).
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xliii, p. 675 (1887). Vide infra.
4 * Paleontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. iv. vol. i. pt. 5,
pl. iv. (1885).
a et ee a
ye
ey 7
ae
+
;
‘
DINOSAURIA. EAP
Order DINOSAURIA.
Body and limbs varying from a more or less lacertiform to an
ornithoid type, the latter feature being especially shown in the
pelvic girdle and limb; pelvic limbs moderately or very long ; body
with or without dermal armour, which does not take the form of
pitted imbricating scutes. Vertebre very generally amphiccelous,
but frequently opisthoccelous in the cervico-dorsal, and very rarely
proceelous in the caudal region; neuro-central suture persistent till
a late date ; usually from three to six sacral vertebra, but occasionally
only two; cervical ribs without long antero-posterior processes ; no
uncinate processes to ribs; rib-facets of middle dorsal vertebre
sometimes forming a “step” on the transverse process, and in other
eases placed on the lamina of the arch. Skull relatively small;
palate imperfectly known, but probably in some cases approaching
the type of the Parasuchian Crocodilia, and in others of the Rhyn-
chocephalia; quadrate not wedged in among adjacent bones ; mandi-
bular symphysis cartilaginous; a columella and sclerotic ossifications
in some instances. Teeth with compressed and often complex
crowns ; not always implanted in distinct sockets. Sternal region
not fully known, but frequently a pair of symmetrical ossifications, of
which the exact homology is in some cases doubtful, and apparently
no clavicles'. Limb-bones solid or hollow; coracoid short, with
fontanelle; humerus with head more differentiated than in the
Crocodilia, and the deltoid crest terminating less abruptly. Dium
(fig. 21) with distinct pubic and preacetabular processes; pubis
(fig. 21) entering into acetabulum, directed backwards or forwards ;
ischium frequently with obturator process, and slender. Femur with
curved or straight shaft, head either oblique or at right angles to
condyles, and with or without inner trochanter; tibia with cnemial
crest; astragalus frequently flattened and applied to tibia. Habits
quadrupedal or bipedal.
The less specialized forms approximate to the generalized Croco-
dilia and it is probable that in the Lower Trias the two orders were
indistinguishable; there are also indications of affinity with the
Rhynehocephalia.
Suborder SAUROPODA.
Premaxilla completely toothed ; nares (fig. 19), when known, in
middle of skull; a large preorbital vacuity ; quadrate with condyle
' The so-called clavicles of Jywanodon are noticed below, where they are
provisionally referred to the sternal region.
~ ©)
K 2
LAY DINOSAURIA.
more or less in advance of the posterior extremity ; teeth (fig. 20)
simple, usually spatulate, and set in distinct sockets; gencrally
a columella. Vertebree with zygosphenal articulations; anterior
ones opisthoccelous; centra of presacrals with lateral vacuities
generally communicating with complex internal cavities by which
the centra are more or less penetrated; cervicals longer than
dorsals, with anchylosed ribs and no neural spines; dorsals with
neural spines laterally expanded; each posterior sacral arch sup-
ported by one vertebra ; caudals with or without postzygapophyses ;
Diplodocus longus, Marsh.—Skull; from the Upper Jurassic of North America.
i. (From the ‘Amer. Journ.’)
cheyrons double, closed, or open. Rib-facets of dorsal vertebrae
placed on the arches. Sternal bones ovate. Limb-bones solid, and
pectoral limb nearly as long as pelvic; scapula much expanded
proximally, and frequently also distally, with concave anterior border ;
coracoid without descending process; humerus of a Crocodilian
type, but with sinall distinct head, and deltoid crest terminating
less abruptly; five digits in manus and pes, armed with short,
thick, compressed claws. Ilium (fig. 21) deep, with short preace-
tabular process, and slight arching of superior border ; pubis (fig. 21)
directed forwards, with cartilaginous symphysis and small distal
expansion ; ischium short and wide, without obturator process ;
femur much longer than tibia, with straight shaft, head nearly in
CELTIOSAURID®. Loe
plane of condyles and not excessively flattened, and no inner
trochanter ; astragalus not applied to tibia; metacarpals short ; feet
plantigrade.
All the members were probably mainly of quadrupedal habits.
Family CETIOSAURIDA.
Cervical vertebree narrow and elongate, with rim of posterior cup
oblique, inferior surface of middle dorsal vertebra narrow and more
Morosaurus grandis, Marsh.—Tooth ; from the Upper Jurassic of
North America. 3.
or less rounded ; sacral vertebree mostly solid, and only the posterior
ones bearing their own arch; caudals without postzygapophyses, the
prezygapophyses forming indents on sides of neural spines; chevrons
Fig. 21.
Morosaurus grandis—Left side of pelvis. jy. a, acetabulum ; i/, ilium;
is, ischium ; p, p’, pubis. (From the ‘Amer. Journ.’)
134 DINOSAURIA.
usually open and articulating by two facets. Distal extremity of
scapula much expanded ; humerus relatively wide and stout; ischium
(fig. 21) directed backwards, with middle of acetabular portion placed
considerably above axis of shaft, and latter slender and without
distal expansion '.
Equivalent to the Morosauride of Marsh?. The apparent close
relationship of Morosaurus and Cetiosaurus has been noticed by the
writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliv. p. 58.
Genus TITANOSAURUS, Lydekker *.
This genus is provisionally included in the present family on
account of its open chevron-bones which articulate with the vertebra
by two facets.
Postmedian caudal vertebre (fig. 22) proccelous; femur. appa-
rently like that of Cetiosaurus. It has been suggested that this
genus might be identical with Ornithopsis, but the resemblance of
the type species of the latter to Brontosaurus (in which the caudals
are amphiccelous) forbids this view; the proccelous character of the
caudals has been regarded as indicating a distinct family, but this
does not appear a necessary conclusion.
Titanosaurus indicus, Lydekker ’*.
The type species; of gigantic size. Centra of posterior caudal
vertebree much compressed laterally, and facets for chevrons
strongly marked. Length of femur about 1,587 (55 inches).
Hab. India.
40867. Cast of a postmedian eaudal vertebra. The original, which
is the type, was obtained from the Lameta beds (probably
Middle Cretaceous = Upper Greensand) near Jabalpur,
India ; and is preserved in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
It is figured and described in ‘ Falconer’s Paleontological
Memoirs,’ vol. 1. p. 418, pl. xxxiv. figs. 3-5, without name;
' In the pelvis of Cetiosawrus figured in Phillips’s ‘Geology of Oxford,’ p. 277,
the positions of the pubis and ischium are reversed from their natural one, their
iliac surfaces being placed in apposition, and the proper adjacent surfaces made
the iliac ones. If the pubis in its correct position be compared with that of
Morosaurus (fig. 21), it will be seen that the contour of the two is almost iden-
tical ; the distal expansion in Phillips’s figure is incorrect.
* Pleurocalus, Marsh, Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xxxv. p. 9U (1888), appz uwently
belongs to the same family.
+ Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. x. p. 38 (1877). * Loe, cit,
ee) ee ee eee
. CETIOSAURIDA. 135
it is described by the present writer in ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv.
Ind” vol. x. p. 38, and described and figured in the
‘Palzontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 4,
vol. i. pt..3, p. 20, pl. iv. figs. 1, 2, and pl. v. fig. 3. On
p- 37 of pt. 5 of the same work the genus is made the type
of a distinct family, which, however, may be withdrawn.
Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.
R. 902. The centrum and base of the arch of a smaller caudal
vertebra apparently belonging to this species; from the
Lametas of Pisdura, near Jabalpur.
Presented by the Director of the Geological Survey of India, 1887.
R. 903. The centrum of a still smaller caudal vertebra; from
Pisdura. Same history.
R. 904. Part of the neural arch of a vertebra; from Pisdura.
Same history.
Titanosaurus, sp. a.
Apparently as large as the type species, but with the centrum of
the caudal vertebre less compressed.
Hab. Kurope (England),
R. 151. The centrum of a postmedian caudal vertebra; from the
(f%g.) | Wealden of Brook, Isle of Wight. Described and figured
<s
”
Titanosaurus, sp.—Left lateral aspect of caudal vertebra, with the neural arch
restored; from the Wealden of Brook. 4. (From the ‘Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’)
136
DINOSAURIA.
by the writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliii.
pp- 156-158 (where it was suggested that it might belong
to Ornithopsis); the figure being reproduced in the accom-
panying woodcut. fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 146 a. The anterior half of the centrum of a caudal vertebra of
similar general type; from Brook. Noticed by the writer
op. cit. p. 158. Same history.
Titanosaurus, sp. 0.
Apparently larger than either of the preceding.
Hab. Europe (England).
32390. A slightly imperfect postmedian caudal vertebra; from the
Upper Greensand of the Isle of Wight. Noticed by the
writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. xliv. -p. 54:
The length of the centrum is 0,175, the vertical diameter
of its anterior cup 0,140, and the transverse 0,120.
Purchased. About 1857.
Genus DINODOCUS, Owen".
Very imperfectly known. From its geological horizon, as sug-
gested by the writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. xliv.
p- 58, it is not improbable that this form may be identical with
Titanosaurus, on which grounds it is placed here.
Dinodocus mackesoni, Owen’.
The type species.
Hab. Europe (England).
14695. A series of broken limb and pelvic bones ; from the Lower
(Fig.)
Greensand of Hythe, Kent. The type specimens ; disco-
vered in 1840. Described by Owen in the ‘ Proc. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. lii. pp. 825, 451 (1842); and figured by the same
writer in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i.
pls. xil., xiil, (1851), under the name of Polyptychodon
continuus. Presented by P. H. Mackeson, Esq., 1841.
Genus CETIOSAURUS, Owen’.
The type genus. Caudal vertebra: amphiccelous.
? History of British Fossil Reptilia, Index to vol. ii. p. ix (1884).
PLC. Cit.
* Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1841, p. 94 (1842),
CETIOSAURID-E. Ls
Cetiosaurus oxoniensis, Phillips’.
Syn. (?) Cetiosaurus medius, Owen *.
Cetiosaurus longus, Owen * (in parte).
those of Ornithopsis hulkei. Centra of posterior caudal vertebra
comparatively short; chevrons sometimes closed. Length of femur
1,850 (64 inches).
; _ The type species*. The dorsal vertebrae considerably smaller than
Hab. Europe (England).
%
;
R. 979. The imperfect centrum and base of the arch of a trunk
vertebra provisionally referred to a small individual of this
species; found at Bibury, near Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire, and probably from the Great Oolite (Lower Jurassic).
There are deep lateral pits in the centrum, which appears
to be otherwise solid. The transverse diameter of the
posterior face of the centrum is 0,120, and the length
0,065. Although smaller it resembles the specimen figured
in Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford,’ p. 254, fig. 86.
Presented by Hon..and Rev. F. Dutton, 1887.
2 ge Oe
16091. The imperfect centrum of one of the most anterior caudal
vertebre; from the Great Oolite of Blisworth, North-
amptonshire. This specimen closely resembles the ex-
ample figured by Phillips in his ‘Geology of Oxford,’
p-. 262, figs. 92, 93. Together with the following speci-
men, it was originally in the collection of Miss Baker of
Nottingham, and is probably one of the specimens men-
tioned by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1541, p. 101,
as CO. medius. Purchased. About 1848.
16090. The imperfect centrum and part of the arch of a somewhat
later caudal vertebra; from Blisworth. Same history.
12425. Cast of the centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra. The
original was obtained from the Great Oolite of Bucking-
hamshire, but is now lost; the cast is described in
Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford,’ pp. 246, 265; the length of
the centrum is 6,154 (6 inches).
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
1 Geology of Oxford, p. 291 (1871).
2 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1841, p. 100 (1842). Not figured.
* Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. p. 27 (1875).
* See Hulke, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxviii. p. 87; and Owen, Mesozoic
Reptilia, pt. 11. p. 29, note 4.
138 DINOSAURIA.
The originals of the following casts were obtained from the Great
Oolite of Enslow, Oxfordshire, and are preserved in the Museum
at Oxford ; they are some of the types.
R. 1092. Cast of one of the sternal bones. The original is figured
by Phillips in his ‘ Geology of Oxford,’ p. 268, fig. 98, as
an azygos median bone’. |
By exchange with the Oxford Museum.
R. 1093. Cast of the right humerus. Original figured by Phillips,
op. cet. p. 272, fig. 100. Same history.
R. 1094. Cast of an imperfect ulna. Original figured by Phillips,
op. cit. p. 275, fig. 103. Same history.
R. 1095. Cast of the right femur. Original figured by Phillips, op.
cut. p. 281, fig. 108. Same history.
R. 1096. Cast of a tibia. Original figured by Phillips, op. cit.
Dp. 2ox, 12, 109. Same lastory.
Cetiosaurus glymptonensis, Phillips’.
Founded upon caudal vertebrae, which are of a more elongated
type than those of the last species, and thereby resemble the Upper
Jurassic specimens described by Owen as Cetiosaurus longus.
Hab. Europe (England).
47150. The centrum of a postmedian caudal vertebra; from the
Forest Marble (Lower Jurassic) of Cogenhoe, Northamp-
tonshire. This specimen agrees very closely with the type
vertebra figured by Phillips in his ‘ Geology of Oxford,’
p. 266, fig. 96; its length being 0,165, and its height
0,081. Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.
47412. The centrum of an earlier caudal vertebra, not improbably
belonging to this species; probably from the Lower
Jurassic of Northamptonshire. Same history.
' This and the other figures are reproduced in part ii. of Owen’s ‘ Mesozoic
Reptilia,’ as C. longus.
? ‘Geology of Oxford,’ p. 291 (1871).
roe FitTEre
CETIOSAURIDZ, 139
Cetiosaurus brevis, Owen’.
Imperfectly known, and provisionally referred to this genus.
Cheyrons always open superiorly ; first sacral vertebra with lateral
pits; four vertebre in sacrum.
Mantell identified this form with Pelorosaurus; and Seeley, who
adopts the same view, regards both as referable to Ornithopsis.
The anterior caudal vertebrae of the present form resemble those of
C. oxoniensis in the broad, angulated faces of their centra and open
chevrons, and thereby differ from those of Brontosaurus, while the
sacrum differs from that of both the latter and Ornithopsis. If the
elongated cervical vertebrae, mentioned on p. 142, belong to this
form, its distinction from Ornithopsis will be still more closely
marked; while if the fore limb, mentioned on the same page, be
referable to it, there will be a probability of its distinction from
Cetiosaurus.
Hab. Europe (England).
All the following specimens are from the Wealden.
2249. One imperfect extremity of a dorsal vertebra, probably be-
longmg to this form: from Cuckfield, Sussex. The
inferior and one lateral surface, together with the floor of
one of the lateral vacuities, are shown. This bone is
smaller and narrower inferiorly than the vertebre of
Ornithopsis, and in this respect comes nearer to the
smaller undetermined vertebra, No. 2239 (p. 142).
Maniell Collection. Purchased, 1828.
36559. The centrum of the last lumbar vertebra anchylosed to
the anterior half of that of the first sacral; from Brook.
The lumbar vertebra shows small lateral pits descending
obliquely towards the middle of the centrum. The sacral
as well as the following specimens from the same part are
completely solid. Noticed, together with the following
specimens, by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’
vol. xiv. p. 56. The lumbar vertebra differs consider-
ably from that of Ornithopsis (No. R. 209).
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
36559 a. Portions of the centra of the second and third sacral
vertebra, associated with the preceding. Same history.
' Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1841, p. 94 (1842).
140
36559 b.
DINOSAURIA.
The hinder part of the centrum of the third sacral vertebra
of the same individual. Hastings Collection.
98640. The centrum of the fourth sacral vertebra of the same
36559 c.
36559 d.
36559 e.
individual. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
The imperfect centrum and arch of an auterior caudal
vertebra of the same individual. This specimen agrees
precisely with the type anterior caudals, No. 10390, on
which resemblance the identification of the entire set of
associated specimens rests. Hastings Collection.
The lower and one lateral surface of a later dorsal vertebra
of the same individual. Double chevron-facets are
shown. Same hastory.
Two metatarsals and four phalangeals, of which two are
terminal, of the same individual. The terminal bones are
much smaller than those of Ornithopsis (No. R. 986).
Same history.
28641. The imperfect centrum of a sacral vertebra belonging to a
2044-50.
(y.)
different individual from the preceding.
Mantell Collection.
Four associated anterior caudal vertebree,with two asso-
ciated chevrons ; from Cuckfield. These specimens, which
are described by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841,
pp. 97-99, it will be convenient to regard as the types.
They are noticed by Melville in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849,
| p. 296, and figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1850,
pls. xxii., xxiv., xxv., as Pelorosaurus; one of them being
also figured by the latter writer in his ‘ Petrifactions and
their Teachings,’ p. 331, fig. 72. They are figured by
Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ suppl. ii.
pl. x. Their close resemblance to the anterior caudals of
C. owomensis figured in Phillips’s ‘Geology of Oxford,’
p. 259, fig. 89, is noticed in that work. |
Mantell Collection.. Purchased, 1838.
28943. ‘The centrum and base of the arch of a later caudal vertebra
of apparently similar type; from the Isle of Wight.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
2144. A nearly entire postmedian caudal vertebra, with the chevron
(1"g.)
anchylosed to it; from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in
eee
= tows
CETIOSAURID®. 141
the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1841, pl. ix. fig: 7, and 1850, pl. xxii.
figs. lla, 116, and pl. xxvi., as a premedian of Peloro-
sawrus, and by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck
Reptilia,’ suppl. u. pl. v. figs. 3, 4, under the same
name ; its close resemblance to the postmedian caudal of
C. ovoniensis figured by Philipps, op. cit. p. 261, fig. 91,
is noticed on page 266 of the work quoted ; both showing
the absence of distinct postzygapophyses.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 141. The centrum of a very similar vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
2166. The centrum and greater part of the arch of a somewhat later
caudal vertebra; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
28546. An imperfect posterior caudal vertebra; from Cuckfield.
(Fig) | Figured by Mantell in the Phil. Trans. 1850, pl. xxiii.
ngs LOsa, LO 6, 10 c.
; Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28545a. The centrum of a very similar caudal vertebra; from
Cuckfield. Same history.
27500. Three associated bones, comprising the chevron of an anterior
caudal vertebra, a posterior caudal vertebra, and a portion
of the pubis and ischinm; from Brook. These specimens
resemble No. 36559 in their white colour, and may not
improbably have belonged to the same individual. In the
posterior caudal the prezygapophyses are very long, and
project far in advance of the centrum. |
Hastings Collection.
R. 206. A series of assoviated bones, probably belonging to this
species, and not improbably to the same individual as
No. 36559 ; from Brook. ‘They comprise portions of the
two bones of the second segment of a lmb, five meta-
podials, and four phalangeals. fox Collection.
142
DINOSAURIA.
Generically undetermine | Specimens, some of which may belong to
the present family.
R. 96. Part of the centrum and one rib of a cervical vertebra in a
decomposed condition; from the Wealden of Brixton, Isle
of Wight. The total length is nearly 0,700 (24 inches).
In its extremely elongated form this specimen approxi-
mates to the cervical vertebrae of Morosawrus, and may
perhaps therefore be referable to Cetiosaurus brevis.
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
46780. The anterior portion of an apparently similar cervical
(fq)
vertebra; from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. This
specimen has been longitudinally cut and polished, and
is figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’
(Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. ii. pl. v., as Chondrosteosauwrus
gigas, of which it is one of the types. Purchased, 1875.
2239. The centrum and part of the arch of a middle or. posterior
(iig.)
dorsal vertebra; from the Wealden of Cuckfield, Sussex.
Figured by Mantell in his ‘Geology of the South-east of
England,’ pl. 11. fig. 5, and noticed by Owen in the ‘ Rep.
Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, p. 124, and figured by him in his
‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ pt. 11. pl. x., as the
quadrate (tympanic) of Jguanodon. Described by Seeley
in the ‘ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 4, vol. v. pp. 281-282,
as one of the types of Ornithopsis hulker. Figured by
Owen in his ‘ Mesozoic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soce.), pt. 1.
pl. vi., as Bothriospondylus elongatus, of which species it
is the type; and noticed by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvill. p. 375. In the latter notice it is
‘proposed that this specimen should be regarded as the
type of Ornithopsis hulket. The centrum is much narrower
and more rounded inferiorly than in the posterior dorsal
vertebre of that species, and the specimen may perhaps
have belonged either to Cetiosaurus brevis or Titanosaurus,
or to the same form as the undermentioned casts.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
98701. Cast of an associated left humerus, radius, and ulna. The
originals were obtained from the Wealden of the Isle of
Wight, and are in the Collection of Mr. 8. H. Beckles.
Noticed by the writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’
ATLANTOSAURID &. 143
vol. xliv. p. 58. The humerus has a length of 0,620
(245 inches); it has a proportionately much shorter
shaft than the humerus of Cetiosawrus oxoniensis, but
approximates to that type in its widely expanded head.
Possibly these specimens may be referable to Cetvosaurus
brevis; but the specialized character, indicated by the
shortness of the humerus, may perhaps point to their
affinity with Titanosaurus, of which the proccelous caudal
vertebrae are evidently of a more specialized type than
those of other Sauropoda. On the other hand, these spe-
cimens may indicate a distinct genus. (See No. R. 722,
p. 246.) Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
2576. An imperfect right ilium; from the Wealden of Cuckfield.
This specimen, which wants the two extremities, the
lower half of the acetabular portion, and the pubic process,
apparently approximates to the ilium of Morosaurus
(fig. 21), showing the same outward direction of the
upper half of the acetabular portion, and the deep con-
cavity of the external surface of the anterior part of
the body. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
46017. A bone, wanting the distal extremity, which is probably
the right fibula; from Sandown, Isle of Wight. The
absence of a medullary cavity is shown.
Purchased, 187A.
Family ATLANTOSAURIDA.
Maxillary region of cranium much depressed. Cervical vertebrae
broad, of moderate length, with rim of posterior cup vertical ;
inferior surface of middle dorsal vertebree broad and flat; typically,
each sacral bearing its own arch, and the centrum hollowed ;
caudals typically with postzygapophyses; chevrons closed, and
articulating by single facets. Distal extremity of scapula not
expanded; humerus comparatively slender; ischium (fig. 23)
directed downwards, with middle of acetabular portion on line of
axis of shaft, and latter broad and distally expanded.
The transverse diameter of the caudal vertebre exceeds the
vertical, and the neural canal is very large.
The family name is taken from one of the American genera,
which, although of later date than Ornithopsis, was one of the first
well-defined forms.
l44 DINOSAURITA.
Lrontosaurus excelsus, Marsh.—Left side of pelvis ; from the Upper Jurassic of
North America. ;';. a, acetabulum; js, ischium; p, pubis; jf, pubic
foramen. (From the ‘ Amer. Journ.’)
Genus ATLANTOSAURUS, Marsh’.
Syn. Titanosaurus, Marsh’.
The type genus. Four sacral vertebrae, of which the centra of :
the second and third are constricted inferiorly.
' Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xiv. p. 514 (1877). i
* Ibid. ». 88.—Preoccupied. |
Mate FT Oe PX OE PP Se?
POPES Samy
ATLANTOSAURIDZ. 145
Atlantosaurus immanis, Marsh’.
Distinguished from A. montanus by its superior dimensions; the
length of the femur being 2,700 (96 inches). Possibly this species
should be referred to Apatosaurus ”.
Hab. North America.
R. 338. Cast of the left femur. The original is the type, and was
obtained from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado, U.S.A.; it
is preserved in the Museum of Yale College, Newhaven,
Connecticut, U.S.A., and is described by Marsh in the
‘Amer. Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 240 (1878).
Presented by Prof. O. C. Marsh, 1883.
** Genus PELOROSAURUS, Mantell *.
Known only by the humerus. That bone approximates to the
humerus of Brontosaurus, and may not improbably, as suggested by
Seeley *, belong to Ornithopsis. The type specimen has a median
cavity, but this may perhaps be due to decay. Although the name
Pelorosaurus is much earlier than Ornithopsis, it seems preferable, if
the two be identical, to retain the latter.
** Pelorosaurus conybeari, Mantell °.
The type species. The type specimen agrees in relative size with
the pelvis of Ornithopsis hulket.
Hab. Kurope (England).
28626. The slightly imperfect right humerus ; from the Wealden of
(f7g.) Cuckfield, Sussex. The type specimen; figured by Man-
tell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1850, pl. xxi., and by Owen in
his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ suppl. u. pl. xu.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 713. The shaft of a left humerus, provisionally referred to a
young or female individual of this form ; from the Wealden
of Sandown, Isle of Wight. This bone apparently
presents no characters by which it can be specifically
distinguished from the type specimen.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
* Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 241 (1878).
> See Marsh, op. cit. vol. xvii. p. 89 (1879).
Phil. Trans. 1850, p. 379.
* Geol. Mag. 1887, p. 479. 5 Op. cit. p. 386.
L
146 DINOSAURIA.
Genus ORNITHOPSIS, Seeley ’.
Including Lucamerotus, Hulke ”.
Chondrosteosaurus, Owen *.
Gigantosaurus, Seeley +.
Ischyrosaurus, Hulke °.
Apparently closely allied to the American Brontosawrus. Number
of sacral vertebrae unknown.
The probability of Pelorosaurus being identical has been men-
tioned under that head.
Ornithopsis hulkei, Sceley °.
Syn. Bothriospondylus magnus, Owen".
Chondrosteosaurus gigas, Owen ® (in parte).
Chondrosteosaurus magnus, Owen ° (in parte).
Ornithopsis eucamerotus, Hulke 1°.
The type species. Fully equal in size to Brontosaurus excelsus,
Marsh, of which the length is estimated at 50 feet. The length of
the cervical vertebra is usually about 0,350 (12 inches), and that
_ of the larger specimens from the dorsal region 0,230 (8 inches).
Hab. Kurope (England).
The reference of some of the vertebre is provisional ; all the
following specomens were obtained from the Wealden.
R. 964. A nearly entire tooth, probably belonging to the present
(fig.) form; from Brixton Bay, Isle of Wight. Figured by
Wright in the ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 2, vol. x. p. 90
(1852), as the tooth of an unknown reptile; and also by
Owen in his ‘ British Fossil Reptilia,’ vol. 11. p. 422,
where it is provisionally referred to Pelorosaurus ; and by
the present writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol.
xliv. pl. i. fig. 4. The superiority in the size of this
tooth (fig. 24) over that of Morosawrus (fig. 20) renders it
1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v. p. 279 (1870).
2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxviii. p. 86 (1872). Reference in this
passage is made to vol. xxvi. p. 318 (1870), but the name does not occur there.
3 Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. vii. p. 7 (1876).
* Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum, p. 94 (1869).—Not figured. :
5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 16 (1874),—Preoccupied by Cope,
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe. vol. xiv. pt. 1, p. 88 (1870).
6 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v. p. 283 (1870).
7 Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. p. 24 (1875).
5 Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. vil. p. 5 (1876).
2 bid. p. 1. 10 Quart, Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxviii. p. 875 (1882). _
i
ie et
\ ATLANTOSAURID&. 147
=
rh
a
Ornithopsis hulkei (?).—a-—b, three views of tooth; d, section of crown;
e, section of root. From the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. }.
probable that it belongs to the present form rather than
a to Cetiosaurus. The tooth of C. owoniensis figured by
Phillips in his ‘ Geology of Oxford,’ p. 253, fig. 85, is still
smaller than that of Morosawrus, but that specimen is
probably unusually diminutive. |
Wright Collection. Purchased, 1887.
R. 751. Part of a right maxilla belonging to the same form as the
(Fig.) preceding; from the Isle of Wight. Described and
figured by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’
vol. xliy. p. 54, pl. ii. figs. 1-3. This specimen shows a
L2
148 DINOSAURIA.
row of nine dental alveoli on the outer border, internally
to which there are seen near the anterior part the crowns
of two replacing teeth in alveolo. The first and best pre-
served of these teeth agrees exactly with No. R. 964.
The maxilla is depressed, like that of a Crocodile, and
shows three large foramina on the outer surface. It
apparently agrees very closely with the minute outline of
the maxilla of Brontosawrus given by Marsh in the ‘ Amer.
Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xxvi. pl. 1.
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 87. An imperfect cervical vertebra; from the Isle of Wight.
(fig.) Figured by Hulke in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol, xxxvi. pl. ili. fig. 1. Fox Collection.
R. 87a. An imperfect cervical vertebra, with the right rib attached ;
(fig.) from the Isle of Wight. Figured by Hulke, op. cit. pl. iii.
figs. 3, 4. Same history.
R. 173. Two imperfect cervical vertebre ; from the Isle of Wight.
Same history.
R. 93. Three more or less imperfect centra of cervical vertebra ; from
the Isle of Wight. Same hastory.
R. 94. Portions of vertebral processes from the thoracic region;
from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
46869. The somewhat imperfect centrum of a cervical vertebra,
(4%g.) provisionally referred to this form; from the Isle of
Wight. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck
Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. vu. pls. i. & iii, as
Chondrosteosaurus gigas, of which it is one of the types.
Purchased, 1875.
28632. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra; from the Isle of
(fig.) Wight. The type specimen. Noticed by Seeley in his
‘Ornithosauria,’ p. 103, note, and described by him in the
‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 4, vol. v. p. 280; figured by
Owen in his ‘ Mesozoic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii.
pl. vili., as the type of Bothriospondylus magnus; and
noticed by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol.
xxxv. pp. 754, 755, and vol. xxxvill. p. 357. The latter
writer, in the former passage (p. 755), distinctly states ©
that this specimen must be taken as the type of the genus
(and therefore of the species); but in the second passage.
he makes the specimen No. 2239, noticed on p. 142,
the type, and refers the present specimen to O. eucame-
ATLANTOSAURIDA. 149
rotus, a name of later date than Owen’s Bothriospondylus
magnus. The present writer has the verbal authority of
the founder of the genus for regarding this specimen as its
type. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 88. A nearly entire middle or posterior dorsal vertebra; from
(Fig.) the Isle of Wight. Figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvi. pl. iv. Fox Collection.
R. 89. A slightly imperfect dorsal vertebra of similar type, wanting
the transverse processes ; from the Isle of Wight.
Same history.
R. 90. Two imperfect middle or posterior dorsal vertebre, retaining
the greater part of their neural arches; from the Isle of
Wight. : Same history. -
R. 91. Five more or less imperfect centra of trunk vertebre ; from
the Isle of Wight. Same history.
R. 92. An imperfect (?) lumbar vertebra; from the Isle of Wight.
_ This specimen is relatively shorter than either of the pre-
ceding. Same history.
48410. The imperfect centrum and part of the arch of a similar
vertebra ; from Sandown, Isle of Wight. Purchased, 1877.
R. 406. The posterior extremity of the centrum of a very large
trunk vertebra ; from Brook, Isle of Wight.
Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.
R. 406 a. The summit of the neural arch of a trunk vertebra;
from Brook. Closely resembles the corresponding portion
of a dorsal of Brontosaurus figured by Marsh in the
‘ Amer. Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xxi. pl. xv. (1881).
Same history.
R. 208. The anterior articulation of a very large trunk vertebra ;
from the Isle of Wight. Fox Collection.
28937. Part of the waterworn centrum of a trunk vertebra ; from
the Isle of Wight. Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
R. 95. Three small imperfect vertebre, not improbably belonging
to young individuals of the present form; from the Isle
of Wight. Fox Collection.
R. 98. An imperfect trunk vertebra, provisionally referred to this
(Ffig.) form; from the Isle of Wight. Figured by Owen in his
‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl.
vii. pl. vi., as Chondrostcosaurus maguus. Same history.
150 DINOSAURIA.
R. 985. Fragment of the worn centrum of an enormous trunk
vertebra, provisionally referred to this form; from Hastings,
Sussex. No history.
R. 209. The right half of the hemal portion of what appears to be
a posterior (? last) lumbar vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. The floor of a large lateral pit remains, and is
directed horizontally, while the centrum is internally
honeycombed by cavities. This specimen differs very
widely from the last lumbar of Cetiosaurus brevis (No.
36559) ; it is noticed by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliv. p. 56. Fox Collection.
R. 141. The centra and bases of the arches of three associated
posterior caudal vertebre, probably belonging to this
form ; from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
R. 141 a. Four imperfect posterior caudal vertebrae, probably be-
longing to this form ; from the Isle of Wight.
Same lustory.
R. 156. A bone, provisionally regarded as a left posterior sacral rib
of this form; from the Isle of Wight. Noticed by the
writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliv. p. 55;
it apparently corresponds fairly with the rib of the fourth
sacral of Brontosaurus figured by Marsh in the ‘ Amer.
Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xxi. pl. xvi. Fox Collection.
46781. A smaller imperfect bone, of the opposite side, agreeing in
structure with the preceding ; from the Isle of Wight.
Purchased, 1875.
R. 212. The distal extremity of the left scapula ; from the Isle of
Wight. Noticed by the writer, op. cit. p. 55; although
rather smaller, this specimen closely resembles the corre-
sponding part of the scapula of Brontosaurus figured by
Marsh in the ‘ Amer. Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xxi. pl. xu.
Fox Collection.
R. 97. The associated right ischium and pubis, in a slightly im-
(fvg.) perfect condition; from Brixton, Isle of Wight. The
type of O. eucamerotus ; figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. ©
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvili. pl. xiv. These specimens
closely resemble the corresponding bones of Brontosaurus.,
(fig. 23); part of the head of the pubis is wanting.
Same history.
i
f
a Sa
ATLANTOSAURIDZ. 151
R. 97a. The imperfect left ischium ; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
28688. The proximal portion of the right ischium of an individual
of larger size than No. R. 97; from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 164. The proximal portion of the right ischium of a young indi-
vidual ; from the Isle of Wight. Fox Collection.
R. 164 a. The proximal portion of the left ischium ; from the Isle
of Wight. Same history.
R. 986. A terminal phalangeal of the pes, wanting the extremity,
together with an associated foot-bone; from Hastings.
The phalangeal accords closely with the specimen referred
to Ornithopsis humerocristatus; its large size indicates
that it probably belonged to the present species, since
it is nearly twice the dimensions of the phalangeal of
Cetiosaurus brevis, No. 36559. No history.
R. 986 a. A rib, not improbably belonging to this form ; locality
unknown. It differs from the ribs of [guanodon bernissar-
tensis, not only by its superior size, but also in contour,
and appears to resemble those of Brontosaurus. No history.
R. 986 b. A larger rib of similar type; from Hastings.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1888.
Ornithopsis humerocristatus (Hulke’).
Syn. Cetiosaurus humerocristatus, Hulke *.
(?) Gigantosaurus megalonyx, Seeley *.
(?) Ornithopsis leedsi, Hulke *.
The humerus is of the type of Brontosaurus, and quite different
from that of Cetiosaurus. There is great probability that Giganto-
saurus megalonyx and Ornithopsis leedsi are specifically identical.
The pelvis of the latter is of the type of O. hulkez, although pre-
senting well-marked specific differences.
Hab. Europe (England).
44635. The left humerus; from the Kimeridge Clay (Upper Ju-
(fig.) rassic) of Weymouth, Dorsetshire. The type specimen ;
figured by Hulke in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol.
xxx. pl. i1.; referred to this genus by the writer in
vol. xliv. p. 57. Purchased, 1873.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. p.17 (1874).— Cetéosaurus. 2 Loc. cit,
3 Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum, p. 94 (1869).—Not figured.
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xliii. p. 695 (1887).
152 DINOSAURIA.
49165. An imperfect bone, which is probably the dorsal half of the
right pubis; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth.
Corresponds with the homologous half of the pubis figured
by Hulke in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliii.
p. 697, fig. 1, as O. leedsi.
Presented by J. CO. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1878.
The followmg specimens have been named Gigantosaurus megalonyx
by Seeley.
32498. Cast of a fibula, probably belonging to this species. The
original was obtained from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely,
Cambridgeshire ; a similar cast is noticed by Seeley, op. cit.
p. 95, and referred to G. megalonyx.
Presented by G. Bard, Esq., 1857.
32499. Cast of a terminal phalangeal, agreeing in relative size
with the humerus. The original was obtained from the
Kimeridge Clay of Ely; a similar cast is noticed by
Seeley, op. cit. p. 95, and appears to be the type of G. me-
gulonyx. Same history.
Ornithopsis manseli (Hulke, MS.).
Syn. Ischyrosaurus manseli, Hulke (MS.).
The type of Ischyrosaurus’'; if the type specimen be adult it
indicates a much smaller species than the preceding.
Hab. Kurope (England).
41626. The left humerus, with the deltoid ridge broken away ; from
(vg.) the Kimeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic) near Kimeridge
Bay, Dorsetshire. The type specimen ; figured by Hulke
in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxv. pl. xvi., with-
out generic determination, but referred to in vol. xxx.
p- 16 as the type of Ischyrosaurus. When entire this
bone must have agreed very closely in contour with the
humerus of O. humerocristatus.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1869.
Incerte@ sedis.
Genus THECOSPONDYLUS, Seeley’.
It was suggested in the original description that the specimen on
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 16 ete
? Ibid. yol. xxxviii. p. 457 (1882).
ee
‘ a
INCERT SEDIS. 153
which this genus was founded might belong to a member of the
present Suborder ; it indicates a comparatively large form. (See
Celurus daviesi, p. 156.)
Thecospondylus horneri, Seeley ’.
Hab. Kurope (England).
R. 291. A specimen described in the first notice as a natural cast of
(fig.) the neural canal of the sacrum ; from the Hastings Sand
(Lower Wealden) of Southborough, Kent. The type spe-
cimen. Figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xxxviii. pl. xix.; and noticed in vol. xliv. p. 79,
where it is regarded as a mould of the entire sacrum.
Small fragments of bone remain in places.
Presented by Dr. A. C. Horner, 1882.
Genus MACRUROSAURUS, Seeley ’.
This genus may belong to the present or next Suborder, and is
known only by caudal vertebra, which are much elongated in the
postmedian region, have no distinct postzygapophyses, and in the
anterior and medial part of the series are procelous; the entire
length of the tail is estimated at 15 feet. It is suggested by the
founder of the genus that the metapodium to which the name
Acanthopholis platypus* has been applied may belong to the present
form ; that metapodium is of a Sauropodous type.
Macrurosaurus semnus, Seeley *.
The type species.
Hab. Europe (England).
35252. The centrum and part of the arch of a postmedian caudal
vertebra; from the Cambridge Greensand.
Purchased, 1859.
35253. A very similar specimen; from Cambridge. Same history.
35338. The centrum and greater part of the arch of a somewhat:
smaller caudal vertebra ; from Cambridge. Same history.
35389. The centrum of a considerably smaller posterior caudal
vertebra ; from Cambridge. Same history.
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxviii. p. 457 (1882).
? Ibid. vol. xxxii. p. 440 (1876).
* Seeley, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. viii. p. 305, pl. vii. (1871).
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxii. p. 400 (1876).
154 DINOSAURIA.
Suborder THEROPODA.
Premaxilla completely toothed; nares, when known (fig. 26)
terminal, and a large preorbital vacuity ; quadrate elongated, and
directed backwards; teeth (fig. 28) simple, laterally compressed,
backwardly curved, with serrations on the posterior and frequently
on at least a portion of the anterior border, and set in distinct
sockets. Vertebre usually with internal cavities, and frequently
Fig. 25.
Allosauwrus fragilis, Marsh.—Left side of pelvis; from the Upper Jurassic of
North America. 7. a, acetabulum; 7, ilium; és, ischium; p, pubis.
(From the ‘Amer. Journ.’)
lateral pits; zygosphenal articulations present; cervicals opistho-
or amphiceelous, longer or shorter than dorsals, and usually with
free ribs; postcervicals amphiccelous; sacral arches usually sup-
ported by single vertebra; in some instances only two sacral
vertebra ; caudals usually with postzygapophyses; chevrons closed ;
rib-facets of middle dorsal vertebra apparently on the transverse
processes. Limb-bones hollow; pectoral limb much shorter than
C@ELURIDZA. pas
pelvic; scapula expanded proximally, with concave anterior border ;
coracoid with descending process; humerus usually with head im-
perfectly differentiated from tuberosities; terminal phalangeals of
manus long, curved, and compressed. Ilium (fig. 25) deep, with
superior border usually greatly arched, and short preacetabular and
long postacetabular process; pubis directed downwards and for-
wards, with an antero-posteriorly expanded bony symphysis, and,
at least usually, a considerable osseous union of the lower part of
the anterior border, which consequently resembles an elongated Y ;
ischium comparatively slender and of moderate length, usually
with an obturator process. Femur usually with inner trochanter,
eurved shaft, and of a more or less Crocodilian type, slightly longer
or shorter than tibia; astragalus applied to tibia; metatarsals
elongated; terminal digits of pes short and rounded; feet
usually digitigrade. The more specialized members were of bipedal
habits.
Seeley' has proposed to unite the present with the preceding
Suborder, under the name of Saurischia, and to regard this larger
group as an Order.
Family CGQSLURID A.
Vertebre completely hollowed, as in the presacral series of the
Sauropoda; cervicals episthoccelous, longer than dorsals, with
anchylosed ribs and no neural spines; sacral arches probably sup-
ported by single vertebree. Anterior bony union of pubis much
elongated. Skull unknown.
In the structure of the vertebral column this family closely
resembles the Sauropoda; it appears connected with the Megalo-
sauride by Aristosuchus.
Genus CABLURUS, Marsh’.
The type genus. In allied Triassic forms referred by Cope* to
Tanystrophcus, there are four vertebrae in the sacrum, and the
femur has no distinct inner trochanter. All the species were of
comparatively small size.
' Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1887, p. 699, and Proc. R. Soe. vol. xliii. p. 171 (1887).
* Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xviii. p. 504 (1879).
3 Amer. Nat. vol. xxi. p. 367 (1887),and Proc, Amer. Phil. Soe. vol. xxiv.
p: 221 (1887).
156 DINOSAURIA.
Ceelurus daviesi (Seeley °).
Syn. Thecospondylus daviest, Seeley ?.
Imperfectly known, and provisionally referred by Hulke ® to this
genus. Somewhat larger than the typical C. fragilis, Marsh.
Hab. Europe (England).
R. 181. The imperfect anterior portion of a cervical vertebra; from
(Fig.) the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. The type specimen ;
described and figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xliv. p. 79 et seq.
Fox Collection. Purchased 1882.
Family COMPSOGNATHIDA.
Internal structure of vertebrae unknown ; cervicals opisthoccelous,
longer than dorsals, probably with free ribs; sacrum unknown.
Three functional digits in manus and pes; femur shorter than tibia;
metatarsals greatly elongated; astragalus suturally united to tibia*.
The Upper Jurassic North-American genus Hallopus may be
included in this family ; it has two vertebre in the sacrum.
Genus COMPSOGNATHUS Wagner’.
The type genus.
Compsognathus longipes, Wagner’.
The type species. Length about 0,450.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
49159. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing the greater
part of the skeleton. The original, which is the type and
only known specimen, was obtained from the Kimeridgian
of Solenhofen, Bavaria, and is preserved in the Museum
at Munich; it is figured by Wagner in the ‘ Abh. k.-
bay. Ak. Wiss.’ vol. ix. pt. 1. pl. ii. Marsh (Amer. Journ.
ser. 3, vol. xxii. p. 840) states that there is the skeleton
of a young individual within the ribs. Purchased, 1878.
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xliv. p. 79 (1888).— Thecospondylus.
2 Loe, eit. | % Ibid. p. 87.
4 Marsh states that it is not anchylosed.
6 Abb. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. ix. pt. i. p: 94 (1861). -
5 Loc. cit.
—— Se ee
MEGALOSAURID®. gS
Family MEGALOSAURIDA.
Teeth usually with serrations on some portions of the anterior
border ; mandible at least in some instances (Ceratosaurus, fig. 26)
with lateral vacuity. Vertebre with lateral pits and fusiform
central cavities; cervicals shorter than dorsals, with free ribs ;
sacral arches generally supported by single vertebre. Humerus
with head imperfectly differentiated from tuberosities, and deltoid
crest terminating abruptly ; four or five digits in manus; femur
slightly longer than tibia, with head much flattened and placed
obliquely to condyles; astragalus short and wide; three to five
digits in pes.
This family is taken to include the Zanclodontide, Labrosauride,
and Ceratosauride of Marsh.
y,
WW LH
Y,
EEA =
Ceratosaurus nasicornis, Marsh.—Left lateral view of skull; from the Upper
Jurassic of North America. }. a@,nares; 0, bony prominence; ¢, preorbi-
tal vacuity; d, orbit; e, infratemporal fossa; /, mandibular vacuity; ¢,
transverse bone. (From the ‘ Amer. Journ.’)
Genus ARISTOSUCHUS, Seeley’.
Vertebree with a longitudinal fusiform cavity in the middle of
centrum; sacrum with probably five vertebrae, each of which
supports its own arch. Pubes with very long bony union on the
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xliii. p. 221 (1887).
158 - DINOSAURIA,
anterior border, and the symphysis much produced posteriorly.
This genus, which is provisionally included in the family, appears to
connect the other members with the Celuride. }
Aristosuchus pusillus (Owen ’).
Syn. Pekilopleuron pusillus, Owen ®.
The type species. Approximating in size to Hypsilophodon . .
four.
Hab, Europe (England).
R. 178. Portion of the lumbo-sacral region of the vertebral column,
(fig.) containing five centra with portions of their arches, and
the associated pubes ; from the Wealden of Brook, Isle of
Wight. This specimen is one of the types, and is
figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’
suppl. vu. pl. i. fig. 4, as Powkilopleuron; noticed by
Marsh in the ‘Amer. Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xxvii. p. 335 j
(1884), as Coclurus; and figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xli. pl. xii. figs. 13, 14, and wood- .
cut p.223. Owen (with whom Hulke is inclined to agree) |
considers that there were only two sacral vertebra (as im
Creosaurus), but Seeley refers all the five vertebree of this
specimen to the sacrum. |
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 178 a. One lateral half of a dorsal vertebra, of which the split
(Fig.) surface has been polished; from Brook. Figured by
Owen, op. cit. pl. i. fig. 3; and noticed by Seeley, op. cit.
Deer Same history.
R. 178 b. Two imperfect caudal vertebre; from Brook. Noticed
by Seeley, op. cit. p. 27. Same history.
R. 179. A terminal phalangeal, probably belonging to the manus of 7)
(Fig.) this form; from Brook. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. 1.
figs. 12,13; also noticed by Seeley, op. cit. p. 27, who
suggests that it may be Ornithosaurian. It agrees so
closely in contour and in the deep lateral claw-groove
with the corresponding phalangeal of the third digit of the
1 Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. vil. p. 2 (1876).—
Poikilopleuron.
Loe, cit.
3
:
;
ie tain le | Sel
MEGALOSAURIDA. 159
manus of Allosawrus (Marsh, ‘Amer. Journ.’ ser. 3,
vol. xxvii. pl. xu.), that there seems little doubt as to its
belonging to the present form. ow Collection.
R. 899. Part of an apparently similar phalangeal; from the
Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Same history.
Genus MEGALOSAURUS, Buckland’.
Syn. Pekilopleuron, Deslongchamps ”.
Serrations not embracing the whole of anterior border of teeth.
Cervical vertebre opisthoccelous; dorsals with centra much con-
stricted inferiorly and laterally, aud subcircular terminal faces ;
their arches tall, with three lateral pits separated by ridges between
the zygapophyses, and spines very lofty ; five vertebre in sacrum,
of which adjacent ones support the arches. Probably four digits in
manus; astragalus with process ascending anterior surface of tibia ;
three digits in pes.
The North-American genera Allosaurus* and Dryptosauwrus
appear to be very closely allied ; the pelvis * of the former is repre-
sented in fig. 25.
4
Megalosaurus bucklandi, Meyer °.
Syn. Pekilopleuron bucklandi, Deslongchamps7 (27 parte).
The type species. Apparently somewhat larger than Allosaurus
fragilis, Marsh, of which the estimated length is about 25 feet ; the
length of the femur of the former, figured by Marsh, is 0,850 (30
inches), and that of Megalosaurus, figured by Phillips, 0,978 (35
inches). The upper half of the anterior border of the teeth is ser-
rated.
For the identity of Pekilopleuron bucklandi with this species see
Hulke, ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxv. p. 233 (1879).
Hab. Kurope (England and France).
1 Trans. Geol. Soe. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 8390 (1824).
? Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. vi. p. 87 (1834).
3 See Marsh, Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol, xxvii. pls. xi., xii. (1884).
4 Infra, p.169.
® In Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford,’ p. 210, fig. 64, the ilium of Megalosaurus
is turned the wrong way forward,
6 Paleologica, p. 110 (1832).
Mém. Soe. Linn. Normandie, vol. vi. p. 37 (1838).
160 DINOSAURIA.
The following specimens may indicate more than one species ; they
are all from Lower Jurassic strata.
R. 332, 333. Cast of a split slab containing the right premaxilla
and maxilla, together with the counterpart of the original
specimen ; from the Inferior Oolite of Greenhill, Sher-
bourne, Dorsetshire. The original is figured by Owen in
the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxix. pl. xi. fig. 1,
and is in the possession of E. Cleminshaw, Esq.
Counterpart presented by E. Clemenshaw, Esq., 1883 ;
cast made in the Museum.
R. 334, 335. Casts of two portions of mandibular rami. The origi-
nals were obtained from Sherbourne, and are figured by
Owen, op. cit. pl. xi. figs. 2, 3. Made in the Museum.
9301. Cast of a portion of the right ramus of the mandible, con-
taining one fully protruded tooth and others in their alveoli.
The original, which is one of the types, was obtained from
the Great Oolite of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, and is pre-
served in the museum at Oxford. It is figured by Buck-
land, in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. i. pl. xl. and
pl. xh. figs. 1-3, and in his ‘ Geology and Mineralogy ’
(Bridgewater Treatise), pl. xxiii. figs. 1, 2; by Cuvier, in
the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, pl. xxi.
figs. 9,10; and also by Owen, in his ‘ Odontography,’
pl. Ixx. fig. 8, and in his‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’
(Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 3, pl. xi. figs. 1, 2.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
98608. A tooth; from the Stonesfield Slate of Kyeford, Oxfordshire.
Purchased, 1853.
47963. A tooth; from Stonesfield. |
Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.
31834. A small tooth; from Stonesfield. Purchased. About 1854.
42024. A tooth; from Stonesfield. Purchased, 1870.
R. 234. Two teeth ; from Stonesfield.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.
41305. An imperfect tooth ; from Stonesfield. Purchased, 1869. —
39476. A water-worn tooth; from the Forest Marble of Stanton,
Wiltshire. Purchased, 1865.
47152. A small tooth; from the Inferior Oolite of Daston, North-
amptonshire. Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1576.
ne
MEGALOSAURID&®. 161
R. 497. The middle part of the crown of a tooth; from the Inferior
(Fig.) Oolite of Selsly Hill, Gloucestershire. Figured by Owen,
in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ pt. ii1. pl. xii. fig. 5;
formerly in the collection of Dr. 8. P. Woodward.
Presented by Sir Rh. Owen, K.C.B., 1882.
R. 285. An imperfect small cervical vertebra, provisionally referred
to this form ; from Stonesfield.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.
31813. Two imperfect dorsal vertebre ; from Stonesfield.
Purchased. About 1850.
47169. The centrum of a trunk vertebra, provisionally referred to
this species ; from the Cornbrash, locality unknown.
Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.
42028. The imperfect centrum of a (probably) lumbar vertebra,
provisionally referred to this species; from the Neocomian
_ bone-bed of Potton, Bedfordshire. Purchased, 1870.
R. 1027. Cast of the sacrum, imperfect posteriorly. The original
was obtained from the Coral Rag of Dry Sandford, Oxford-
shire, and is preserved in the museum of the Geological
Society ; it is noticed by Owen, op. cit. p. 8.
Made in the Museum, 1887.
R. 1098. The imperfect sacrum; from Stonesfield. Figured by
(fig.) Owen, op.cit. pls. 11. & i1., where it is erroneously stated
to be from the Wealden. No history.
28957. Portions of two sacral vertebre ; from Stonesfield.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
R. 700. The first four vertebree of the sacrum of an immature indi-
3 vidual ; from Stonesfield.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
36585. A sacral rib; from Stonesfield. Purchased, 1862.
25581. One extremity of the centrum of a caudal vertebra; from
Stonesfield. Presented by Mrs. Townsend, 1851.
373038. A rib; from Stonesfield. Purchased, 1863.
44097. A rib; from Stonesfield. Purchased, 1873.
44097 a. A rib; from Stonesfield. Same history.
31824—5. A split slab o Stonesfield slate, showing the head of a rib,
Purchased. About 1850.
M
162 DINOSAURIA.
R. 1099. The left scapula and coracoid ; from Stonesfield. Similar
to the specimen figured in Phillips’s ‘Geology of Oxford,’
p- 208, fig. 63. No history.
31810. The right coracoid: from Stonesfield.
Purchased. About 1850.
40131. The imperfect left coracoid; from Stonesfield.
Purchased. About 1866.
R. 283. The imperfect right ilium ; from Stonesfield.
Egerton Collection. Purchased. About 1882.
31811. The left ilium; from Stonesfield. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
(fig.) pl. vi. (as a coracoid). Purchased. About 1850.
R. 1100. The right ilium, imperfect anteriorly ; from Stonesfield.
No hastory.
R. 1101. The right ilium ; from Stonesfield. No history.
25582. The ischium, imperfect distally ; from Stonesfield.
Presented by Mrs. Townsend, 1851.
28301. An imperfect bone which is apparently a pubis; from
Stonesfield. Presented by Lord Alfred Churchill, 1853.
31806. The right femur; from Stonesfield. Figured by Owen,
(iig.) | 0p. cit. pls: vill., vill. Purchased. About 1850.
31804. The left femur; from Stonesfield. Same history.
31808. The left femur ; from Stonesfield. Same history.
31809. The right tibia; from Stonesfield. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
CHG) hol. 1X. Same history.
R. 1102. The left tibia; from Stonesfield. No history.
R. 1103. The distal portion of the right tibia; probably from Stones-
field. No lustory.
32725. The proximal extremity of a very large left tibia ; probably
from the Fuller’s earth near Caen (Calvados), France.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
R. 1104. Cast of a median metatarsal. The original was obtained
from Stonesfield, and is preserved in the museum at Oxford;
it is described and figured by Phillips, in his ‘ Geology of
Oxford,’ pp. 216, 217, fig. 79. No history.
————
MEGALOSAURID %. 163
R. 413. A median metatarsal ; from the Great Oolite of Sarsgrove,
Sarsden, Chipping Norton, Wiltshire.
Presented by the Earl of Ducie, 1884.
40125 a. An imperfect lateral metatarsal; probably from Stonesfield,
although labelled Purbeck. Purchased. About 1850.
31932. A phalangeal; from Stonesfield. Purchased. About 1850.
Megalosaurus, sp. a.
The affinities of the Middle Jurassic species are not yet deter-
mined.
Hab. Europe (France).
32724. The centrum and arch of a dorsal vertebra probably belong-
ing to this genus; from the ‘ Argile de Dives’ (Oxford
Clay) of Vaches-Noires (Calvados), France.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.
Megalosaurus insignis, Deslongchamps '.
Of very large size; the teeth very wide, with the serrations on the
anterior border usually extending more than two thirds the entire
length of the border, and the serrations themselves very bold.
Typically from the Kimeridgian and Portlandian.
Hab. Kurope (France and England).
35553 a. The crown of a small tooth, with the greater part of the
outer coat scaled off; from the Portlandian of Ningle, near
Boulogne, France. Presented by Dr. T. Davidson, 1859.
46388. The summit of the crown of a very large tooth; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Foxhangers, Devizes, Wiltshire. This
specimen is almost identical with the corresponding part
of the tooth figured by Sauvage in the ‘ Mém. Soc. Géol.
France, sér. 2, vol. x. pl. v. fig. 1.
~Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1876.
Megalosaurus dunkeri, Koken °.
The teeth comparatively narrow, with the serrations on the ante-
rior border extending to about half the length of the crown, and the
serrations themselves sight and worn away at an early age on the
1 In Lennier’s ‘ Etudes Géologiques et Paléontologiques sur l’Embouchure
de la Seine, &e.’ p. 35 (1870).
2 Pal. Abhandl. vol. iii. p. 316 (1887).
164 DINOSAURIA.
anterior border. Generally of smaller size than M. buckland:. If
the undermentioned sacrum belongs to this species it may be entitled
to generic distinction. The species was founded on the supposition
that the anterior border of the teeth was devoid of serrations; but
a large series of specimens shows that this is due to wear, every
intermediate gradation between a completely serrated and a smooth
border being observable.
_ Hab. Kurope (Germany and England).
Unless it is stated to the contrary all the following specimens are from
j the Wealden.
44806. The crown of a large tooth probably belonging to this form ;
from the Purbeck, locality unknown.
Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 18738.
2828. Fragment of Tilgate Grit containing the crown of a tooth ;
(Fig.) from Cuckfield, Sussex. Figured by Owen in his‘ Wealden
and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. pl. xi. fig. 4,
as M. buckland:. On the anterior border the serrations
are worn off. Manéell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2332. The crown of a tooth in a fragment of sandstone; from
(iig.) Cuckfield. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. xi. fig. 3, as
M. bucklandi. The serrations have nearly disappeared
from the anterior border, although faint traces here and
there remain. Same history.
3222. The imperfect crown of a tooth ; from Cuckfield. Figured by
(fig.) Owen, op. cit. pl. xi. fig. 5, as M. buckland:. -A faint trace —
of serrations remains on one part of the anterior border.
Same history.
3223-4. The crowns of four small teeth ; from Cuckfield. Figured
(Fig.) by Owen, op. cit. pl. xi. figs. 7-10, as MM. bucklandi.
Same history.
3225. The crown of a much abraded tooth; from Cuckfield. Fi-
(fig.) gured by Owen, op. cit. pl. xi. fig. 11, as M. bucklandi.
Same history.
3221. The crown of a tooth; from Sussex. Figured by Mantell in
(Fig.) his ‘Geology of the South-east of England, p. 261, fig. 1.
The serrations have totally disappeared from the anterior
border, although they are introduced in. the figure.
Same lustory.
a ee
1 > re
s
MEGALOSAURIDA, 165
36552. The basal half of the crown of a large tooth; from Cuck-
(fig.) field. Figured by Mantell in his ‘Fossils of Tilgate
Forest,’ pl. ix. fig. 3.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
36522 a. The crowns of three teeth; from Cuckfield. The largest
specimen closely resembles the still larger type specimen
figured by Koken in the ‘ Pal. Abhandl.’ vol. iii. pl. ii. fig. 2,
but retains a few traces of serrations on the anterior
border. Same lustory.
2315. A tooth in a fragment of sandstone ; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
3333. A tooth in a fragment of grit; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
Ane A small tooth in a fragment of grit; from Cuckfield.
Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
28422. A very small tooth in a fragment of sandstone ; from Cuck-
field. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
36523. A tooth in a fragment of sandstone; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
R. 235. A tooth in a fragment of sandstone; from Cuckfield. The
serrations have entirely disappeared from the anterior
border. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.
39197. The crown of a small tooth in a fragment of sandstone ;
from Tunbridge Wells, Sussex.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
39213. Fragment of grit containing a small tooth (together with one
of Goniopholis) ; from Battle, near Hastings, Sussex.
Same hastory.
R. 641. Fragment of grit containing the crown of a tooth, and two
detached crowns of teeth; from near Hastings. The
serrations on the anterior borders of these teeth have
disappeared. Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
R. 604. The crowns of two teeth, one very small; from the Wad-
hurst Clay (Lower Wealden), near Hastings.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1884,
166 DINOSAURIA. ;
R. 210. The crowns of five small teeth; from the Isle of Wight.
In two specimens the serrations on the anterior border
are very distinct, while in the others they have dis-
appeared. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 604 a. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra; from the Wad-
hurst Clay (Lower Wealden), near Hastings, Sussex. This
specimen is strongly opisthoccelous, which indicates that
its position is earlier in the series than the three vertebra
from Battle figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck
Reptilia,’ pt. 1. pl. xix. Probably associated with the
teeth No. R. 604. Dawson Collection.
28958. The imperfect centrum of a more posterior trunk vertebra ;
probably from the Isle of Wight. Agrees closely with
the specimens figured by Owen; a transverse fracture
shows the central cavity.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855,
2513. An imperfect trunk vertebra of similar type; from Sussex.
Referred by Owen in MS. to Bothriospondylus.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838,
R. 141. The centrum of a trunk vertebra of a somewhat more elon-
gated type; from the Isle of Wight. A fracture shows
the internal cavity. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
2141. The imperfect neural arch and spine of a lumbar (?) vertebra ;
(fig.) from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Fossils of
Tilgate Forest,’ pl. xii. fig. 1, as Iguanodon; the zygo-
sphenal facet on the postzygapophysis is distinctly shown,
as well as the characteristic lateral pits.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838,
42032. The centrum of a trunk vertebra; from the Lower Greensand
of Potton, Bedfordshire. Purchased, 1870,
37691. The centrum of a trunk vertebra; from Sussex.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 139. Two fragments of the inferior portion of a sacrum pro-.
visionally referred to this form; from the Isle of Wight.
Although differing considerably from the sacrum of MM,
buckland: this specimen apparently makes a nearer ap-
proach to that type than to any other with which the
writer is acquainted. Fox Collection.
MEGALOSAURID A, L6e
2294, 2295. Two portions of a caudal vertebra; from Cuckfield.
Noticed by Owen in the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841,
p. 84, as Pekiloplewron bucklandi.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
40455. An imperfect posterior caudal vertebra; from the Lower
Greensand of Potton. Purchased, 1874.
R. 604 b. An imperfect right scapula provisionally referred to this
genus and species; from near Hastings.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1884.
36495. An imperfect metacarpal; from Cuckfield. The proportion
between this bone and the metatarsals is approximately
the same as that in the corresponding bones of Allosaurus
referred to below. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
36496. An imperfect metacarpal ; from Cuckfield. Same lustory.
2553. Cast of a metacarpal closely resembling the preceding speci-
men; original from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1888.
R. 1105. The imperfect terminal phalangeal of the third (?) digit
(Fig.) of the manus; from Cuckfield. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
pt. ii. pl. x. figs. 1-4, as MW. bucklandi. In its extreme
curvature this specimen closely resembles the terminal
phalangeal of the third digit of the manus of Adlosaurus
figured by Marsh in the ‘ Amer. Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xxvii.
pl... No history.
R. 604 c. The imperfect shaft of the right tibia ; from the Wad-
hurst Clay near Hastings. Probably associated with the
vertebra No. R. 604 a. Dawson Collection.
R. 604 d. The fourth left metatarsal; from the Wadhurst Clay
near Hastings. Doubtless associated with the last speci-
men; length 0,245. Agrees precisely with the corre-
sponding bone of MW. bucklandi figured by Phillips in his
‘Geology of Oxford, p. 215, fig. 68, but is of smaller
dimensions. Dawson Collection.
2559. The imperfect left metatarsus, the proximal extremities of
(Fig.) the three metatarsals and the distal portion of the fourth
being wanting; from Cuckfield. Figured by Owen in his
‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iy,
168 DINOSAURIA.
pl. xi., as Hyleosaurus; noticed by Hulke in the ‘ Phil.
Trans.’ 1881, p. 660, and its probable distinctness from
that genus pointed out; and referred to the present genus
by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliy.
p. 58. The fourth metatarsal agrees with No. R. 604 d.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2661. The second right metatarsal; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
9680. The third left metatarsal; from Cuckfield. Same history.
2574. The imperfect distal portion of the third left metatarsal ;
from Cuckfield. Same history.
36551. The imperfect proximal extremity of a first phalangeal of
(Fig.) the pes; from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his
© Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’ pl. xiii. fig. 3.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.6
3640. The proximal extremity of a first phalangeal of the pes ; from
Cuckfield. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2501. A first phalangeal of the pes; from Cuckfield. Although
smaller this bone closely resembles the first phalangeal
No. 44898 referred to Dryptosaurus. Same history.
2503. The second phalangeal probably of the third digit of the pes;
(fig.) from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Fossils of
Tilgate Forest,’ pl. xvii. figs. 28, 29; closely resembles -
the corresponding bone of the phalangeals (No. 44898)
referred to Dryptosaurus. Same history.
2482. The terminal phalangeal of one of the digits of the pes; from
(Fig.) Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Geology of the
South-east of England,’ pl. iii. fig. 1, as [guanodon; and
by Owen, op. cit. pt. ii, pl. x. fig. 5, as W. bucklandi.
Same history.
Megalosaurus bredai, Seeley ’.
Founded upon a ‘femur, which is provisionally referred to the
present genus. The distal extremity of that bone (fig. 27) is
more compressed antero-posteriorly, the great and inner trochanter
situated more proximally, and the shaft more curved.
Hab. Europe (Holland). |
* Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. xxxix. p. 246 (1883).
OR SEP AS OCT
:
4
}
f
MEGALOSAURIDZ. 169
42997. The fright femur, imperfect proximally and distally; from
(Fig.) | the Upper Cretaceous of Maastricht, Holland. The type
(fig. 27); figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol, xxxix. p. 247, fig. 1.
Van Breda Collection, Purchased, 1871.
Megalosaurus bredai.—The right femur, from the anter or (A), inner (B), and
outer (C) aspects; from the Maastricht beds. 3. h, head; /¢, inner
trochanter ; pt, great (proximal) trochanter. (From the ‘Quart, Journ.
Geol. Soc.’)
| Genus DRYPTOSAURUS, Marsh’.
Syn. Lelaps, Cope’.
Nearly allied to Megalosaurus, with which Leidy (Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Philad. 1868, p. 198) suggests that it may prove identical.
1 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xiv. p. 88, note (1877).
2 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 276.—Preoccupied by a genus of
Arachnida.
o cet eee tae Se Laoag mente eee vet
16) DINOSAURIA,
Dryptosaurus aquilunguis (Cope’).
Syn. Lelaps aqulingms, Cope’.
Apparently equal in size to Megalosaurus bucklandi.
Hab. North America.
50100. A series of casts of bones, comprising (among others)
parts of the mandible, dorsal and caudal vertebre, the
tibie, an astragalus, a metatarsal, and phalangeals. The
originals, which are the types, were obtained from the
Greensand of Barsborough, Gloucester county, New
Jersey, U.S.A.; and are figured by Cope in the ‘ Trans.
Amer: Phil. Soc,’ vol. xiv. pls, vili.—xi. Purchased.
44898. Casts of the first and second phalangeals of one digit of the
pes provisionally referred to this genus. The originals
were probably obtained from the Greensand of New Jersey.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1874.
Genus BOTHRIOSPONDYLUS, Owen’.
Cervical vertebrae probably opisthoccelous ; postcervicals with
their centra greatly constricted inferiorly and laterally, and haying
a large pit on either side below the neuro-central suture; there
appear to have been at least three sacral vertebra, one of which
carries its own arch. Teeth of this genus may be included under
the head of Megalosaurus. |
Creosaurus, Marsh‘, appears to be a closely allied form, in which
there are two sacral vertebrae, and the ilium has a deep postace-
tabular portion, with a slight incision above the pubic process.
Bothriospondylus suffosus, Owen’.
The type species. Considerably smaller than Megalosaurus
bucklandi, with the pits in the vertebral centra deep. :
Hab, Europe (England).
1 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 276.—Le@laps.
2 Loc, Cit,
3 Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. p. 15 (1875).
4 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 243 (1878). See vol. xxvii. pl. xiv.; the
vertebre figured in the latter plate were also figured in vol. xvii. pl. x. as
Allosaurus.
5 Loe, cit.
-
MEGALOSAURID&. A Aig |
The following specimens are the types, and were obtained from the
Kimeridge Clay of Swindon, Wiltshire.
44592. The centrum of a trunk vertebra. Figured by Owen in his
(Fig.) ‘Mesozoic Reptilia,’ pt. ii. pl. v. figs. 1, 2, 4,5. The
length is 0,090. Presented by the Swindon
Brick and Tile Company, 1873.
44593. The centrum of a trunk vertebra. Figured by Owen, op.
(iig.) cit. pl. v. fig. 3. Same history.
44594-5. Two centra of trunk vertebre. Same history.
44589. The centrum of a sacral vertebra. Figured by Owen, op.
(Fig.) cat. pl. ui. figs 1-4. Same history.
44590. The centrum of a sacral vertebra. Figured by Owen, op.
(Fig.) cit. pl. iv. figs. 1-3. Same history.
44591. The centrum of a sacral vertebra. Figured by Owen, op.
(fig.) cit. pl. iv. figs. 4-6. Same history.
Bothriospondylus robustus, Owen’.
Larger than the preceding species.
Hab, Europe (England).
22428. The centrum of a trunk vertebra; from the Forest Marble
(fig.) . (Lower Jurassic) of Bradford, Wiltshire. The type;
figured by Owen in his ‘ Mesozoic Reptilia,’ pt. ii. pl. vi.
eed. Purchased, 1848.
Genus ZANCLODON, Plieninger’.
Syn. Gresslysaurus, Riitimeyer °.
Dinosaurus, Riitimeyer *.
Teratosaurus, Meyer °.
Cervical vertebrae amphiccelous ; two vertebre in sacrum. Serra-
tions on anterior border of teeth extending nearly to base of
crown, of which the compression is excessive. Five digits in
* Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon, Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. p. 21 (1875).
? Jahresh. Ver. nat. Wiirtt. vol. ii. p. 248 (1846).
° Verh, schw. nat. Ges. vol. xli. p. 64 (1856).
* Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. vol. xxxiii. p. 58 (1856).
° Paleontographica, vol, vii. p. 258 (1861).
172 DINOSAURIA.
manus and pes; pubes broad, with long anterior union; astragalus
without ascending process. There seems no reasonable doubt as to
the generic unity of Teratosaurus and Zanclodon ; Huxley * identifies
the type of the former with the skeleton originally described by
Plieninger* as Belodon, while Baur? refers the latter to Zanclodon.
| Zanclodon suevicus (Meyer’).
Syn. Zeratosaurus suevicus, Meyer °.
Gresslysaurus ingens, Riitimeyer °.
Dinosaurus gresslyt, Riitimeyer ”.
Of large size, with the serrations on the anterior border of the
teeth extending very close to the base. Whether this form is
really distinct from Z. levis, Plieninger®, from the Lettenkohle
(Bunter) of Gaildorf, remains to be proved; the type specimen of
the latter is smaller than the type of the present form. 3
Hab. Kurope.
38646. The left maxilla, showing five protruded teeth and the germs
(Fig.) of several in their alveoli; from the Upper Keuper
(Upper Trias) of Stuttgart. The type specimen; figured
and described by Meyer in the‘ Palzeontographica,’ vol. vii.
p. 258, pl. xlyv. Purchased, 1864.
38647-8. Two imperfect teeth ; from Stuttgart. Same history.
38649. An imperfect bone, which is not improbably the right
coracoid ; from Stuttgart. Same history.
38058. A crushed bone, which is not improbably a tibia of this
form ; from Stuttgart. The medullary cavity is distinctly
shown. The specimen indicates a small individual.
Same hastory.
Zanclodon (?), sp. a.
This form may be identical with the preceding ; the tooth from
the Keuper figured by Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol, xxvi. pl. iii. fig. 11, may belong to it.
Hab. Europe (England).
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 42 (1870).
* Jahresh. Ver. nat. Wiirtt. vol. viii. pls. viii—xii. (1852),
* Zool. Anzeiger, vol. ix. pp. 742-743 (1886).
* Palzontographica, vol. vii. p. 267 (1861).— Teratosaurus. 5 Loe. cit:
Verh, schw. nat. Ges. vol. xli. p. 64 (1856). Not figured.
7 Arch. Sci. Phys, Nat. vol, xxiii. p. 53 (1856). Not figured.
8 Op, cit. pl. iii, fig. 3.
——— — es
——
MEGALOSAURID 2. 173
gees. The two extremities of a proximal phalangeal, together
with a fragment of another (? terminal) phalangeal; from
the Rhetic (Upper Trias) of Aust Cliff, near Bristol,
Warwickshire. The first specimen, although of rather
smaller size, resembles one of the phalangeals figured by
Plieninger in the ‘ Jahresh. Ver. nat. Wiirtt.’ vol. viii.
pl. ix. fig. 2 (1852), as Belodon. Purchased, 1849.
Zanclodon (?), sp. 0.
The serrations on the anterior border of the tooth stopping at a
rather greater distance above the root of the crown. The generic
reference is provisional.
Hab. Europe (England).
Fig. 28.
Zanclodon (?) sp.—Crown of a tooth; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. +
41352. The crown of a tooth; from the Lower Lias of Lyme
(Fig.) Regis, Dorsetshire. Figured in the accompanying wood-
cut. This specimen indicates a much smaller animal than
the type of Z. suevicus; the serrations on the anterior
border stop at a distance of 0,004 above the root of the
crown. In its great lateral compression and longitudinal
raised lines on the enamel this specimen apparently comes
nearer to Zanclodon than to Megalosaurus.
Purchased, 1869.
174 DINOSAURIA.
Family ANCHISAURIDA.
Imperfectly known. Teeth in some instances (fig. 29) without
serrations on the anterior border, but in others (fig. 30) with
oblique serrations on both borders. Cervical vertebree amphiccelous ;
typically (Anchisaurus *) five digits in manus and three in pes; and
pubis rod-like.
Fig. 29.
is iy nH Wy ) Up
—————— Sar Yi,
mn
Epicampodon® indicus (Huxley).—Fragment of mandible ; from the Panchet
beds of the Lower Gondwanas of Bengal. 2. A, lateral aspect ; B, pos-
terior do. ; C, section of tooth. (From the ‘ Paleontologia Indica.’)
Genus THECODONTOSAURUS, Riley & Stutchbury *.
Teeth (fig. 830) with oblique serrations on both borders ; ilium *
(provisional) of a Megalosaurian type. Referred to this family by
Marsh.
Thecodontosaurus platyodon (R, & 8.).5—Lateral aspect of tooth; from the
Upper Trias of Bristol. 3.
) Originally Amphisaurus, but altered by Marsh in Amer, Journ. ser. 3,
vol. xxix. p. 169.
2 Syn. Ankistrodon.—Preoccupied.
® Proc. Geol. Soe. vol. ii. p. 898 (18386—vol. dated 1858).
4 Huxley, Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. pl. iii. fig. 7; the anterior part
is described as posterior.
5 Referred to this genus by Huxley, op. cit.
ee
ORNITHOPODA. V5
Thecodontosaurus antiquus, Morris’.
The type species. Of small size; 21 lower teeth.
Hab. Kurope (England).
R. 1108. Cast of the greater part of the left ramus of the man-
dible. The original is from the Upper Triassic Conglome-
rate of Durdham Down, near Bristol, Gloucestershire, and
is preserved in the Museum at Bristol; it is figured by
Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxvi. pl. ili.
figs. 1, 2. Made in the Museum, 1887.
Suborder ORNITHOPODA.
Premaxilla (when known) edentulous entirely or anteriorly ; no
preorbital vacuity; nares terminal or subterminal; quadrate elon-
gated and slightly inclined forward ; teeth usually serrated, complex,
and not set in distinct sockets. Frequently a predentary bone.
Vertebre without internal cavities* or zygosphenal articulations ;
cervicals shorter than dorsals, with free ribs, and either opistho- or
amphiceelous; anterior and middle caudals with postzygapophyses ;
cheyrons usually closed; rib-facets of dorsal vertebre either on
arches or transverse processes. Pectoral limb much shorter than
pelvic; scapula with proximal extremity greatly or moderately ex-
panded, and frequently with the anterior border convex and pos-
terior concave; humerus with head usually well differentiated from
tuberosities ; five digits in manus. Ilium shallow, generally with
elongated preacetabular process; pubis directed backwards parallel
to ischium, without symphysis, and with large preacetabular (pec-
tineal) process ; ischium with obturator process, short or elongated.
Femur with straight shaft, generally large inner trochanter, and the
head globular, differentiated from upper trochanters, and set nearly
parallel to condyles ; astragalus applied to tibia; metatarsals long
or short; terminal digits of pes either laterally or vertically com=
pressed; feet digitigrade or plantigrade.
This Suborder is taken (after Cope) to include the Stegosauria of
Marsh*. The more specialized forms were mainly of bipedal habits.
1 Cat. Brit. Foss. Ist ed. p. 211 (1848). This name is commonly quoted as
Riley and Stutchbury, but it does not occur in either of their memoirs.
2 If Stenopelix (see Koken, Pal. Abhandl. vol. iii. pl. xxx. 1887) belong to this
suborder (with which it agrees in the form of the ilium) it will be an exception
in this respect.
8 Seeley has proposed to substitute the name Ornithischia for this group, and
to make it of ordinal rank. See Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1887, p. 698, and Proe.
R. Soc. vol. xliii. p. 170 (1887).
176 / DINOSAURIA.
Family OMOSAURIDZ.
Cranium (fig. 31) typically elongated, low, and narrow anteriorly,
with large orbits, low infratemporal fossee, and moderate nares ;
mandibular rami rather shallow, with narrow symphysis terminated
by a predentary bone. Teeth scelidosauroid. Vertebree amphi-
ccelous ; dorsals with slight lateral depressions on centrum, very
narrow neural canal, and lofty arch without deep pits in front of
postzygapophyses ; each sacral bearing entirely or partly its own
arch ; anterior caudals with transverse diameter of centrum longer
than vertical; chevrons open; rib-facets of middle dorsal vertebra
on arch. Limb-bones solid; scapula (fig. 32) with large glenoidal
expansion, forming a right angle with anterior border of shaft;
' coracoid without descending process; humerus short and thick, with
expanded extremities. Ilium (fig. 32) with very long and stout
Fig. 31.
Stegosaurus stenops, Marsh.—Left lateral view of cranium; from the Upper
Jurassic of North America. }. a,nares; 0, orbit; c, infratemporal fossa ;
pm, premaxilla ; m, maxilla; n, nasal; pf, prefrontal; so, supraorbital};
Jp, postfrontal ; po, postorbital; 7, lachrymal; 7, jugal; g, quadrate; sq,
squamosal; oc, occipital condyle; ar, articular; sa, surangular; an,
angular; s, splenial; d, dentary; pd, predentary. (From the ‘ Amer,
Journ.’)
preacetabular, and short postacetabular process; pubis and ischium
short, without distal expansion ; femur with or without distinct inner
trochanter, much longer than tibia, which is not greatly longer than
‘ This bone, forming the upper border of the orbit and connecting the pres
and post-frontals, appears to be an element usually not represented as a distinct
bone.
a
» ~
:
SS SSeS —
OMOSAURID®. | 077
humerus ; astragalus anchylosed to tibia; five digits in pes, which —
is plantigrade. A dermal armour, consisting of scutes and long
spines attached by their expanded bases.
Equivalent to the Stegosauride, Marsh; in the characters of the
limb-bones and sacrum this family approximates to the Sauropoda,
which it connects with the Scelidosauride.
Genus OMOSAURUS, Owen’.
The type genus. Skull unknown. Four sacral vertebree; femur
with inner trochanter, and nearly double the length of tibia; meta-
podials extremely short.
The American Stegosaurus, Marsh?, differs by the absence of an
inner trochanter to the femur °*.
Omosaurus armatus, Owen’.
The type species. Of large size, although much smaller than
Cetiosaurus oxonensis.
Hab. Kurope (England).
The following specimens are the types, and belong to a single
individual ; they were obtained from the Kimeridge Clay (Upper
Jurassic) of Swindon, Wiltshire; and were presented by the
Swindon Brick and Tile Company, 1879. A note on their
exhumation, with figures of some of them, is given by W. Davies
in the ‘ Geol Mag.’ dec. 2, vol. iil. pp. 1938-197, pls. vii., vill.
46013. The neural arch of a cervical vertebra. Figured by Owen
(fig.) in his ‘ Mesozoic Reptilia,’ pt. 11. pl. x1. (1876).
460138 a. An imperfect dorsal vertebra. Figured, op. ct. pl. xii.
(fg-) _ figs. 2, 3. .
46013 b. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra. Figured, op, cit. pl. xiii.
(Mig-) fig. 3.
46013 c. Six imperfect dorsal vertebree.
46013 d. An anterior caudal vertebra with its chevron. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cat. pl. xiv. figs. 1-4, and pl. xv. figs. 1-3.
1 Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. p. 45 (1875).
2 Amer. Journ, ser. 3, vol. xiv. p. 513 (1877). See also vol. xix. pp, 253-259,
pls. vi-xii. (1880) (the teeth figured in pl. vi. were subsequently referred to
Diplodocus) ; and vol. xxi. pp. 167-170, pls. vi—vili. (1881).
3 See Hulke, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xliii. p. 702 (1887).
4 Loe. cit.
N
178 DINOSAURIA.
46103 e. A middle caudal vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pl. xvi.
(fig.) figs. 1-3.
46013 f. Two anterior caudal vertebre.
46013 g. The left humerus. Figured, op. cit. pl. xvii. figs. 1-5.
(fig.) |
46013h. The left ulna. Figured, op. cit. pl. xvii. figs. 13, 14.
(fig.)
460131. The left radius. Figured, op. cit. pl. xvii. figs. 7-11.
(Fig.)
46013 j. The third left metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pl. xviii.
(Fig.) figs. 3-6.
46013 k. The fourth left metacarpal. Figured; op. cit. pl. xviii.
(Fig.) figs. 1-2.
46013 1. Bones of the carpus and metacarpus, comprising the
scaphoid, cuneiform, unciform, and three metacarpals.
46013 m. A phalangeal. Figured, op. cit. pl. xv. figs. 4,5, asa
(Fig.) terminal; the terminals of Stegosawrus (‘ Amer. Journ.’
ser. 3, vol. xix. pl. vil. fig. 4) show, however, that this
determination is not correct.
46013 n. A dermal spine. Figured, op. cit. pl. xxii. figs. 2-3, as
(Fig.) the left carpal spine; as noticed by Marsh, it agrees in
structure with the dermal spine of Stegosaurus, figured in
the ‘Amer. Journ.’ op. cit. pl. x. fig. 2, numerous speci-
mens of which were found with a single skeleton.
46013 0. A mass of matrix containing dorsal, lumbar, sacral, and
(fig.) caudal vertebrae, ribs, both ilia, and the right ischium and
femur. Figured, op. cit. pl. xix.
46013 p. The left ischium. Figured, op. cit. pl. xx. figs. 1-3.
(Fig.)
46013 q. The right pubis. Figured, op. cit. pl. xx. figs. 4-6. In
(/ig.) the diagram in the text this bone is incorrectly placed,
46013 r. The left pubis.
46013 s. The right tibia. Figured, op. cit. pl. xxi. figs. 3-6.
(Fig.)
OMOSAURIDA. 179
The following specimen is provisionally referred to this form.
47329. The centrum of a posterior caudal vertebra from the
Kimeridge Clay of Swindon.
Presented by the Swindon Brick and Tile Company, 1876.
. \
. Stegosaurus armatus, Marsh; Upper Jurassic, North America.—Left pectoral
3 and pelvic girdle, and limbs; =, nat. size: s, scapula; ¢, coracoid; 4,
ie humerus; 7, radius; wu, ulna; 1-v, phalangeals; #/, ilium,; 7s, ischium ;
ff Pp, p', pubis; 7, femur; ¢, tibia; f', fibula; a, astragalus; c, calcaneum.
¥% (After Marsh.)
4
Omosaurus hastiger, Owen’.
Founded upon the following specimens, which were described as ©
| carpal spines, and from their marked difference from the dermal
spine of the type species, No. 46018 n, were regarded as specifically
’ distinct. Other specimens are required to determine the validity
of this species.
Hab. Europe (England).
46320. A dermal spine, wanting the summit; from the Kimeridge
(Fig.) Clay (Upper Jurassic) of Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire.
1 Mesozoic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. p. 1 (1877).
n 2
*
180 DINOSAURIA. .
The type; figured by Owen in his < Mesozoic Reptilia,’
pt. iil. pl. xxiii. and pl. xxiv. figs. 1-3.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased 1875.
46321. Transverse section from the upper extremity of the pre-
(fig.) ceding specimen. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. xxiv.
fig. 4, Same history.
46322. A similar dermal spine belonging to the same individual as
the preceding ; from Wootton-Bassett. Same lustory.
Omosaurus (?), sp.
Hab. Kurope (England).
R. 584. A dermal spine, wanting the summit; from the Oxford Clay
(Middle Jurassic) of Bedford. Very similar in general type
to No. 46320. Presented by W. B. Graham, Esq., 1886.
40517. The distal portion of a fibula not improbably belonging to
this or an allied form; from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth,
Dorsetshire. This bone is solid throughout.
Purchased, 1867.
Family SCELIDOSAURIDZ.
Typically the cranium tapering anteriorly, with circular orbits
which are not prominent superiorly, and the infratemporal fossze
(and probably the nares) small; mandibular rami slender and
apering to a point, which may have had a predentary; teeth
(fig. 33) in a single row, with compressed, sharp-edged, triangular
crowns, of which the borders usually bear oblique serrations.
Vertebree amphiccelous; dorsals with slight depressions on the sides
of the centrum, narrow neural canal, and no deep pits on the
arches in front of the postzygapophyses; sacral arches supported
by two centra; anterior caudals with transverse diameter of cen-
trum longer than vertical; rib-facets of middle dorsal vertebra
typically forming a “step” on the transverse process, but in the
later forms placed on the arch. Limb-bones solid. Scapula with
large glenoid expansion, forming an obtuse angle with anterior
border of shaft; coracoid with descending process ; humerus short,
with much expanded head, and shaft without angulation. Ihum
with long pre- and postacetabular processes, the latter being broad
and with an inner horizontal plate; pubis and ischium compara-
tively short; femur with distinct inner trochanter, and slightly
SCELIDOSAURIDZ. 181
longer than tibia, the latter being nearly the length of the humerus ;
astragalus distinct from tibia; metatarsals short and not inter-
locking ; four functional digits in pes, which was probably planti-
grade. A dermal armour in the form of scutes and spines.
Genus SCELIDOSAURUS, Owen".
The type genus. The teeth (fig. 33) strongly serrated; tibia
rather shorter than the humerus; posterior chevrons not antero-
posteriorly elongated ; dermal spines forming short subsymmetrical
cones, slightly compressed, with convex sides and fore-and-aft ridges.
Preacetabular process of ilium vertically compressed.
Scelidosaurus harrisoni—An upper tooth; from the Lower Lias of
Dorsetshire, 2.
Scelidosaurus harrisoni, Owen’.
The type species. The larger specimens indicate an animal of
considerable size. There are four sacral vertebre.
Hab. Europe (England). :
All the following specimens are from the Lower Lias of Dorsetshire.
R.1111. The skeleton, almost entire except the extremity of the
(Fig.) skull; from Charmouth. The skull is figured by Owen in
his ‘ Liassic Reptilia,’ pt. i. pls. iv.vi., and the remainder
of the skeleton in pt. ii. pls.ixi, This specimen indicates
an individual much smaller than the type, its total length
being about 11 feet 3 inches. Purchased, 1865.
39517. An imperfect anterior caudal vertebra; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1866.
1 «Encyclopedia Britannica,’ 8th ed. vol. xvii. p. 150 (1859).
2 Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p. 1 (1861).
182 ©
39517. Two posterior caudal vertebra (one imperfect); from
41327.
39518.
41324.
41325.
39496.
(Fig)
41322.
42069.
40503.
41328.
42070.
39519.
39520.
39516.
41329.
42068.
39497.
DINOSAURIA.
Lyme-Regis. | Purchased, 1866.
Two posterior caudal vertebra ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1869.
A chevron-bone ; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1866.
The imperfect glenoidal half of the right scapula; from
Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1869.
The shaft of the right humerus; from Lyme-Regis.
Same history.
The adjacent extremities of the right femur, tibia, and fibula,
cemented together by matrix, of a large individual; from
Charmouth. The type; figured by Owen, op. cit. pt. i,
pl. u. figs. 1-3. Purchased, 1865,
The left femur ; from Lyme-Regis. Smaller than the corre-
sponding bone of the entire skeleton; closely resembles
the smaller specimen figured by Owen, op. cit. pt. 1. pl. 111.
figs. 5, 6. Purchased, 1867.
The distal portion of the right femur of a small individual ;
from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1870.
The imperfect proximal half of a small left tibia; from
Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1867.
Three metatarsals; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1869.
A phalangeal; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1870.
Two phalangeals (one imperfect) ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1866.
A terminal phalangeal; from Lyme-Regis. Same history.
Numerous imperfect dermal spines; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1866.
Several dermal spines; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1869.
Numerous dermal spines; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1870.
An undetermined long-bone, wanting the extremities; from
Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1865,
SCELIDOSAURIDA. 183
41323. An undetermined bone; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1869.
42074. An undetermined bone ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1870.
Genus ACANTHOPHOLIS, Huxley '.
The serrations of the teeth more complex than in Scelidosaurus,
and descending nearer to the base of the crown, which is lancet-
shaped. The dermal spines unsymmetrical, compressed, convex on
one side and concave on the other, with a sinuous convex anterior
and concave posterior edge. The vertebre approximate to those
of Scelidosaurus, but the posterior dorsals are less compressed, and
the anterior caudals are shorter and less oblique, with the neural
spine more inclined backwards.
Acanthopholis horridus, Huxley’.
The type species. The type specimen indicates an individual
approximately equal in size to the skeleton No. R. 1111 of Scelido-
saurus harrison.
Hab. Kurope (England).
Ss Fig. 34.
Acanthopholis horridus.—Anterior (@) and left lateral (4) views of an anterior
caudal vertebra; from the Chalk-Marl of Folkestone. 4. (From the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)
44581. An anterior caudal vertebra, wanting the extremities of the
(Fig.) . transverse processes and of the neural spine and the post-
1 Geol. Mag. dee. 1, vol. iv. p. 65 (1867). 2 Loe. cit,
184 DINOSAURIA.
zygapophyses ; from the Lower Chalk of Folkestone, Kent.
Figured by Seeley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxxv. p. 597, fig. 2, the figures being reproduced in
the accompanying woodcut. Purchased, 1873.
47234. The centra of two trunk vertebre with two associated
dermal scutes ; from Folkestone. The less imperfect scute
is of the type of the one figured by Huxley in the ‘ Geol.
Mag.’ 1867, pl. v. fig. 2. Purchased, 1876.
47234 a. Five dermal scutes; from Folkestone. | Same history. ,
49917. A dermal ‘scute; from Folkestone. This specimen is of a
broad and expanded type. Purchased, 1879.
35280-2. Five imperfect centra of posterior caudal vertebrae, provi-
sionally referred to this species; from the Cambridge
Greensand. Purchased, 1859.
Genus REGNOSAURUWS, Mantell }.
Founded upon a mandible regarded by Owen as belonging to
Hyleosaurus. The roots of the teeth in that specimen are, however,
much smaller than those of the teeth referred by the same writer
to that genus; and it may be that Vectisawrus*, which appears to
belong to this family, is identical with the present genus. (See
‘Quart. Journ Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliv. p. 52.)
Regnosaurus northamptoni, Mantell *,
The type species. Probably about the size of Acanthopholis
horridus.
Hab. Europe (England).
2422. Part of a right ramus of the mandible, showing dental alveoli
(Fig.) and the bases of the teeth ; from the Wealden of Cuckfield,
Sussex. Figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans,’ 1841,
pl. v., as Jguanodon, and made the type of the present
genus in the ‘ Phil. Trans,’ 1848, p. 198; figured by Owen
in his ‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.),
pt. iv. pl. viii. figs. 1-5, as (?) Hyleosaurus. In general
contour, and especially in the strong median external ridge
! Phil. Trans, 1848, p. 198.
? Hulke, Quart. Journ, Geol. Soe. vol. XXXY. p. 421 (1879),
e-Lor, erty
SCELIDOSAURIDA. 185
and the lozenge-shaped section anteriorly, it approximates
to the mandible of Scelidosaurus.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838,
Genus HYLZZOSAURUS, Manteil’.
The teeth provisionally referred to this genus have no serrations”.
The anterior dorsal vertebre have broad centra, with a thick hemal
ridge, while the later ones are compressed and show a distinct lateral
hollow; posterior chevyrons antero-posteriorly elongated inferiorly.
Dermal spines much compressed, convex anteriorly and concave
posteriorly, and sometimes comparatively narrow; probably placed
in the anterior part of the trunk. Preacetabular process of ilium
(provisional) laterally compressed. Feet unknown.
Hyleeosaurus oweni, Mantell *.
The type species. The type specimen indicates an animal consi-
derably smaller than the type of Scelidosaurus harrisoni, but other
Specimens provisionally referred to the same species are of larger
size, and may be distinct.
Hab. Europe (England).
All the following specimens are from the Wealden.
2310, 3326. Several teeth, resembling those figured by Owen in his
‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iv.
pl. vuli., and provisionally referred to this form; from
Cuckfield, Sussex. Manitell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
26034, 36488. Two similar teeth; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
43172. A similar tooth; from Cuckfield.
Wetherell Collection. Purchased, 1871.
R. 739. A similar tooth ; from the Wadhurst Clay (Lower Wealden)
of Silver Hill, near Hastings, Sussex.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1886.
R. 647. two similar teeth ; from Battle, near Hastings.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
1 Proc. Geol. Soe. vol. i. p. 411 (1834).
2 Teeth of similar type are provisionally referred to Cratgomus (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soe. vol. xxxvii. pl. xxvii. figs. 13, 14), another member of this family.
3 «Medals of Creation,’ Ist ed. p. 734 (1844). |
186 DINOSAURIA,
R. 647 a, A similar tooth; from St. Leonards, Sussex.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
3775. A slab containing a large portion of the skeleton; from
(Fig.) Cuckfield. The. type specimen ; discovered in 1832, and
figured by Mantell in his ‘ Geology of the South-east of
England,’ pl. v. (1833), and also in his ‘ Wonders of
Geology,’ pl. iv., and ‘ Petrifactions and their Teachings,’
p- 316, fig. 66; and by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and
Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iv. pl. iv. (1858).
This specimen shows a large series of dorsal vertebra,
with their ribs, the scapula, coracoid, dermal bones, and a
fragment of the cranium. |
Maniell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2123. The centrum and part of the arch of a (? posterior) dorsal
(Fig.) vertebra, provisionally referred to this species ; from Cuck-
field. Figured by Mantell in his ‘Fossils of, Tilgate
Forest,’ pl. ix. fig. 11; and noticed by Owen in the ‘ Rep.
Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, p. 69, where it is referred to
Suchosaurus. In its narrow neural canal, the form of
the centrum, and the depression on the side of the latter,
this specimen apparently resembles the later dorsals of the
type. Same lustory.
2585. An imperfect trunk (?lumbar) vertebra, referred by Owen
(Fig.) to this species; from Cuckfield. Figured by Owen in his
‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ pt. iv. pl. viii. figs. 10, 11.
The centrum is rounded, but has the depression on its
lateral surface. Same history.
2484. An imperfect sacrum, referred by Owen to this form ; from
Cuckfield. The reference of this and the next specimen
is very problematical, and is doubted by Hulke in the
¢ Phil. Trans.’ 1881, p. 660. Same history.
36487. The centra of four anchylosed sacral vertebra, agreeing in
(Mig.) structure with the preceding specimen; from Cuckfield.
Figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl. xxvii.,
where they are provisionally referred to this genus, and-
by Owen, op. cit. pl. v.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853,
28936. The middle of a sacrum, referred by Owen to the present
(Fig.) genus; from the Isle of Wight. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
pl. vi. figs. 3, 4. Same history.
SCELIDOSAURIDZ:. 187
2511. An imperfect anterior caudal vertebra; from Cuckfield. In
3789. A
(g.)
2584. A
(41g.)
general structure this specimen approximates to the
caudals of Acanthopholis (fig. 34).
Maniell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
slab containing the greater number of the caudal ver-
tebre, with their cheyrons; from Sussex. Figured by
Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl. xxxii. fig. 22, and
by Owen, op. ct. pl.x. The vertebra accord so closely in
size and general characters with the dorsals of the type
specimen that there seems no doubt of the specific identity
of thetwo. The chevrons are in several instances attached
to the caudals. Same lastory.
left scapula, provisionally referred to this species ; from
Bolney, Sussex. Figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’
1841, pl. x. fig. 10, and described by Owen, op. cit.
figs. 16, 17; of larger size than the scapula of the type,
but of similar contour. Same history.
R.1106. Cast of the left humerus. The original was obtained from
Brixton, Isle of Wight, and was formerly in the collection
of the late Dr. Wilkins, of Newport; it is figured by
Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxx. pl. xxxi.
figs. 3, 4, and provisionally referred to the present genus.
The resemblance of this specimen to the humerus of Scelv-
dosaurus, coupled with its association with the tibia No.
R. 1107, renders it probable that this reference is correct ;
and in any case the specimen belongs to a member of the
present family. Made in the Museum.
Fig. 35.
(?) Hyleosaurus oweni.—Outer view of the right ilium, with transverse section or
the postacetabular process; from the Wealden of Sussex. 3.
2150. A right ilium, provisionally referred to this form; from
(fig.)
Cuckfield. This specimen (fig. 35), which wants the
188 DINOSAURIA.
extremities of the two dorsal processes, has been already
figured by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xliv. p. 53, woodcut fig. 3. It has a considerable
resemblance to the ilium of Scelidosaurus, and also ap-
proximates to that of Vectisawrus*; the latter resemblance
indicating that that genus may belong to the present
family. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2132. The middle portion of a similar but smaller ilium; from
Cuckfield. Same history.
2615. The right tibia; from Bolney. Associated with the scapula
(Fig.) No. 2584; figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1841,
pl. x. fig. 11 (as a humerus), by Owen, op. cit. pl. vil., and
the distal extremity by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. .
Soc.’ vol. xxxy. pl. xii. fig. 7. Same lustory.
R. 1107. Cast of the left tibia. The original was associated with
that of the humerus No. R. 1106, and is figured by Hulke,
op. cit. figs. 1, 2; it presents slight differences from
No. 2615, which may be either of sexual or specific
value. Made in the Museum.
2188. A bone which is apparently an imperfect tibia; from Cuck-
field. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
28681. A dermal spine; from Cuckfield. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
Hig.) i pls ax. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858.
36490-94. Several dermal scutes ; from Cuckfield. Same history.
3782. Fragment of a small subcylindrical dermal spine, perhaps
belonging to this form ; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2417. Fragment of a dermal spine of similar type; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
R. 695. A small compressed dermal spine, not improbably belonging
to this form; from Sussex. Dawson Collection.
2193. A bone which appears to be a small dermal spine of this or
(fig.) an allied form; from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in
his ‘ Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’ pl. xx. fig. 7, as an undeter-
mined bone. | Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
* Hulke, Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc. vol. xxxyv. pl. xxi.
7 s peY step Se =
. 2 oS
; kanal -
~~ a F Tee ie fe *
me a ee £ ipo ’
a ee Pea wae.
Pr cod hyn ORR am lial ~ A
TRE
ta oben _
=, os rad <
SCELIDOSAURIDZ. 189
2583, 2587. Two undetermined bones, perhaps referable to this
genus ; from Cuckfield.
Manitell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
Genus POLACANTHUS, Hulke' (ex Owen, MS.).
The characteristic feature of this genus is the enormous dermal
buckler in the lumbar region, consisting of firmly united bony
scutes, some of which are tuberculated and others keeled; large
detached spines were probably placed in the anterior region of the
trunk. The lumbar as well as the sacral vertebre were united
together, and, with the ilia, were anchylosed to the lumbar buckler.
Polacanthus foxi, Hulke (ev Owen, MS.).
The type species. Agreeing approximately in size with the
skeleton of Scelidosaurus harrisoni, No. R. 1111.
Hab. Europe (England).
The following specimens, which include the types, belong to a single
mdividual, and were obtained from the Wealden near Barne’s
Chine, Brixton, Isle of Wight. They belong to the Fox Col-.
lection. Purchased, 1882.
_R. 175. An imperfect cervical vertebra.
R.175a. An anterior dorsal vertebra. F igured by Hulke in the
(Fig.) ‘Phil. Trans.’ 1881, pl. Ixx. figs. 1, 2.
R. 175 b. Four imperfect trunk vertebre.
R.175c. An anterior caudal vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pl. lxxii.
(Fig.) figs. 1, 2.
R. 175d. Seven anterior caudal vertebree.
R. 175e. A ‘posterior caudal vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pl. lxxv.
figs. 3, 4.
R. 175 f. Three separate and two united posterior caudal vertebree.
R. 175g. The extremity of the tail, showing dermal scutes and
(Fig.) ossified tendons. Figured, op. cit. pl. Lxxiii. figs. 1-3,
R. 175 h. A chevron, with another attached bone.
? Phil. Trans. 1881, p. 653.
190 DINOSAURIA.
R. 175i. Proximal portion of a rib. Figured, op. cit. pl. lxxvi.
(Fig.) fig. 2. |
R. 175 j. Four specimens of the proximal portions of ribs.
R. 175 k. The sacrum and lumbar dermal buckler, together with a
(fig.) cast of the upper surface of the latter. The sacrum
is figured, op. cit. pl. lxxi. fig. 1, and the entire specimen
in the ¢ Phil. Trans,’ 1887, pls. viii., ix.
R.1751. The right femur. Figured in the ‘Phil. Trans.’ 1881,
Cig.) pl rexiy.
R. 175 m. The left femur.
R.175n. The left tibia. Figured, op. cit. pl. Ixxv. figs. 1, 2.
(Fig.)
R. 1750. Two metatarsals. Figured, op. cit. pl. lxxii. fig. 3.
(d%ig.) |
R.175p. A series of flat, irregular dermal scutes:
R. 175 q. A pair of angulated symmetrical scutes.
R.175yr. A larger pair of similar scutes.
R. 175 s. A dermal scute bearing a short spine.
R. 175t. Three short dermal spines.
R.175u. A somewhat similar spine. Figured, op. ct. pl. lxxi.
(i%9.)° fig. 7. t
R.175v. A tall dermal spine. Figured, op. cit. pl. lxxi. figs. 4, 5.
(fig.) The summit has been attached since it was figured.
_R.175 w. A tall spine. Figured, op. cit. pl. Ixxi. fig. 6, and
(ig.) pl. Ixxvi. fig. 1; the summit having been subsequently —
attached,
R. 175 x. Four similar spines.
The following specimen apparently belonged to a different
endividual.
R.175 y. An imperfect posterior caudal and another vertebra; from
the Isle of Wight. Hox Collection.
R 203. A tall spine. Same history.
_ IGUANODONTIDZ. 191
¢
GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.
The following are from the Wealden of the Isle of Waght.
39533. A dermal spine. This specimen has not the compressed
form characteristic of Polacanthus and Hyleosaurus.
Presented by E. Backhouse, Esq., 1866.
R. 202. A shorter dermal spine. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 202 a. A somewhat shorter dermal spine. Same history.
36515-17. Three still shorter dermal spines ; from Sandown.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 133. Two dermal spines of somewhat similar type.
Fox Collection.
R. 133 a. Two smaller dermal spines. Same history.
R. 202. Two dermal scutes. Same hastory.
37713-14. Two dermal scutes. Saul Oollection. Purchased, 1863.
R. 648. A dermal scute; from Brook.
Presented by J. EL. Lee, Esq., 1885.
The following is from the Lower Wealden (Wadhurst Clay),
near Hastings.
R. 604 a. A talldermalspine. Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1885.
The following is from the Neocomian Bone-bed of Potton, Bedfordshire,
: but ts probably derwed.
40458. A water-worn dermal scute. Purchased, 1867.
Family IGUANODONTIDA.
Cranium (fig. 41) typically somewhat short,. elevated, and broad
anteriorly, with small and somewhat: prominent orbits, tall infra-
temporal fosse, and large terminal nares ; mandibular rami deep,
and uniting in a broad and channelled symphysis, terminated by a
predentary bone. Teeth (fig. 37) in a single row, with obtuse
subtriangular crowns, having (at least usually) serrations on the
borders and vertical ridges on the outer surface, and being worn
more or less horizontally by use. Cervical vertebrae usually opistho-
and dorsals amphiccelous ; anterior and middle dorsals with either
tall or low arches, wide neural canal, and deep pits in front of post-
zygapophyses; their centra more or less compressed laterally, and
192 - DINOSAURIA. |
generally with a hemal carina in the anterior part of the series;
posterior dorsals and lumbars with rounded centra, low arches, and
less distinct post-zygapophysial pits; each sacral arch supported
by two centra; anterior caudals short, with vertical diameter.of
centrum slightly exceeding transverse, posterior ones with longer
and compressed centra; rib-facets in anterior and middle dorsals ©
placed on the arch at foot of transverse process. Sternal (?) bones
Camptosaurus} dispar, Marsh.—The left side of the pelvis. Upper Jurassic, |
North America. +. (From the ‘ Amer. Journ.’)
typically hatchet-shaped, with obliquely directed processes. Limb-
bones hollow; scapula (fig. 44) with small glenoidal expansion ;
coracoid (fig. 45) with descending process; humerus long and
slender, with small terminal expansions, distinct head, angulated
shaft, and prominent condyles. Ilium with postacetabular portion
moderately long, and preacetabular portion usually long, slender, and
laterally compressed (fig. 39), but occasionally very short (fig. 36),
without inner horizontal plate; pubis slender, sometimes shorter
than ischium; ischium long, more or less slender, with a distal
expansion ; femur with large inner trochanter, and either slightly
longer or shorter than tibia, which is considerably longer than
humerus; metatarsals more or less elongated and mutually inter-
locking; three or four digits in pes, which is digitigrade. Dermal
armour generally absent, and never with spines.
1 Originally Camptonotus, but altered by its founder (Marsh) in ‘ Amer,
Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xxix. p. 169.
HS
Fae Se ae eee
°29 5 e
IG UANODONTID2. 193
Genus HY PSILOPHODON, Huxley’.
Premaxilla with teeth; orbits regular, with bony plates in
sclerotic. Cervical vertebree opisthoccelous ; dorsals amphiccelous
and moderately compressed; sacrals somewhat compressed, rounded
inferiorly. Scapula distally expanded; manus with first digit
normal. Ilium with long preacetabular process, and postacetabular
portion deep, with squared termination; shaft of pubis com-
paratively broad, and as long as ischium ; ischium with hammer-
shaped head, and moderately long and broad shaft, which is not
twisted. Femur shorter than tibia; metatarsals long and slender ;
pes with four functional digits, of which the terminal digits are
curved and laterally compressed. Dollo (‘ Comptes Rendus,’ vol. evi.
p. 775, 1888) describes the sternum as rhomboidal, and makes this
genus the type of a family.
Elypsilophodon foxi, Huxley’.
Syn. Lguanodon foxt, Owen 3.
The type species. Usually of small size, the length of a skeleton
of average dimensions being about four feet. Five sacral vertebree ;
inner trochanter of femur in upper third of the shaft.
Hab. Europe (England).
All the following specimens are from the Wealden; and, unless tt rs
stated to the contrary, were obtained from the Isle of Wight, and
belong to the Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 196 a. The nearly entire skeleton, in a block of sandstone; from
(iig.) | Cowleaze Chine, near Brixton. Figured by Hulke in the
‘Phil. Trans.’ 1882, pl. lxxii. fig. 2 (mandible), pl. xxv.
(vertebree and pelvis), and pl. lxxix. figs. 2, 3 (pectoral
limb).
R. 196. Slab showing portions of vertebral column and of pelvic
girdle and limbs; from Cowleaze Chine.
R. 193. Hinder half of thoracic region of the vertebral column and
anterior half of caudal ditto, with the pelvis and right
hind limb.
39460-1. Slab with the greater part of the vertebral column and
(%ig.) some of the limb-bones ; from Cowleaze Chine. Figured
by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon.
Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. pl.i. (1855), as Jguanodon; described by
Hulke, op. cit. p. 1044, three cervical vertebre being
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 8 (1870). 2 Loc. cit,
3 Ibid. vol. xxix. p. 531 (1878).
0
194 DINOSAURIA.
figured by him in pl. Ixxiy. figs. 1,2. The latter are also
figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl. xxix.
fig. 9. Mantell and Bowerbank Collections '.
R. 192. Portion of skeleton, showing vertebre, the right pectoral
(ig.) girdle, and imperfect humerus; from Cowleaze Chine.
Figured by Hulke, op. cit. pl. lxxiii.
R. 197. The imperfect skull and mandible; from Cowleaze Chine.
(iig.) The type; figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. —
Soe.’ vol. xxvi. pl. 1. figs. 1-5.
R. 189. Part of the right ramus of the mandible; from Cowleaze
(iig.) Chine. Figured by Owen, op. cit. suppl. ii. pl. ii. figs. 8-11
(1874).
R. 191. A tooth; from Cowleaze Chine. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
(fig.) pil. il. figs. 12-15. |
R. 190. An imperfect mandibular ramus, with two associated
(fig.) posterior caudal vertebre and several ribs. Figured
by Owen, op. cet. pp. 12, 18, woodcuts, figs. 1, 2.
R. 202 a. An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from Cowleaze Chine. .
R. 183. An ulna. | -
R. 194. The imperfect pelvis and bones of the hind limb; from
Cowleaze Chine. |
R. 195. The lumbar and sacral regions of the vertebral column,
(Fig.) with the associated ischia; from Cowleaze Chine. Fi-
gured by Hulke, op. cit. pl. lxxviil. figs. 1-4.
R.192a. The left femur; from Cowleaze Chine. Figured by
(Fig.) Hulke, op. ect. pl. lxxviii. figs. 1-5.
R. 184-5. The associated right and left femora of a smaller in-
dividual. |
36509. The distal half of a right femur; from Cuckfield, Sussex.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 18538.
R. 199. The right tibia. Figured by Hulke, op. cit. pl. xxx. fig. 2,
(Fig.) and pl. Ixxxi. fig. 1.
R. 752. A smaller left tibia.
R. 170. The proximal half of a very similar right tibia.
R. 186. A still smaller left tibia; apparently associated with the
femora Nos. R. 184-5.
R. 200. The left pes; from Cowleaze Chine. Figured by Hulke,
(Fig.) op. cit. pl. Ixxxi. fig. 3. : |
1 One half of the slab belonged to each.
:
ee eee
IGUANODONTID A. 195
From its superior size the following specumen may indicate a
distinct species.
R. 167. A left femur, imperfect at the extremities.
Genus IGUANODON, Mantell °.
Including Cumnoria, Seeley *.
Premaxilla edentulous ; maxillary and mandibular teeth (fig. 37)
with marginal and sometimes lateral serrations; orbits (fig. 41)
irregular, and apparently no sclerotic ossifications. Cervical, and
apparently the first dorsal, vertebra opisthoccelous; the others
Fig, 37.
yy
ae
i /
Fi
Vy q
Iguanodon, sp.—Lateral (A) and profile (B) views of a lower tooth; from
the English Wealden. 1}.
amphiccelous ; sacrals either compressed or inferiorly flattened, four
to five in number. Manus with first digit modified into a conical
spine. lium (figs. 39 & 46) with long preacetabular process, and
postacetabular portion either rounded or pointed posteriorly ; ischium
in some instances longer than slender. pubis. Femur longer than
tibia; three digits in pes, with short and stout metatarsals and
phalangeals, the terminal joints being very broad and depressed.
a. Proiguanodont Group.
Anterior dorsal vertebrae with arches moderately or very tall, and
centra of these and middle dorsals less compressed and more wedge-
* Phil. Trans. 1825, p. 184.
* Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1887, p. 698 (1888).
196 DINOSAURIA.
chaped in section than in the Euiguanodont BrOUp 5 ; sacrals with
flattened heemal surfaces.
In the one species in which the pelvis (fig. 39) i is known, the
ilium has its postacetabular portion long, deep, and rounded
terminally, without inflexion of the superior border; the ischium
has a hammer-shaped head, of which the pubic process is separated
by a long notch from the obturator process; the shaft is without
twist, stout, and moderate in length.
This group connects Hypsilophodon and Camptosaurus with the
Kuiguanodont group.
Iguanodon prestwichi, Hulke’.
Syn. Cumnoria prestwichi, Seeley ?.
Typically of very small size. The arches of the anterior dorsal
vertebre tall, with the rib-facet not extending to the summit of the
platform ; four sacral vertebrae. Teeth simpler than in the Euigua-
nodont group. Pelvis and limbs imperfectly known.
Hab. Europe (England).
R. 716-8. Casts of the calcaneum and astragalus. The originals,
which belong to the type skeleton, were obtained from the
Kimeridge Clay of Cumnor-Hurst, Oxfordshire, and are
preserved in the Museum at Oxford; they are figured by
Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvi. pl. xx.”
figs. 3-5. Made in the Museum, 1880.
Iguanodon dawsoni, Lydekker’.
Typically intermediate in size between J. mantelli and J. bernis-
sartensis. Arches of anterior and middle dorsal vertebrae lower than
in I. prestwichi, and the rib-facet rising to summit of platform ;
probably five vertebree in sacrum; spines of caudals very long.
Preacetabular process of pubis narrow. ‘The scapula provisionally
referred is relatively wide.
Hab. Europe (England).
All the following specomens are from the Wadhurst Clay, or Lower
Wealden, and belong to the Dawson Collection. Purchased,
1884-87.
R. 798. A (probably) middle dorsal vertebra; from near Hastings,
(Fig.) Sussex. One of the types; described and figured by the
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. p. 433 (1880).
2 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1887, p. 698 (1888).
3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xliv. p. 51 (1888).
IGUANODONTID®, 197°
writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliy. p. 47,
fig. 1; the figure being reproduced in the accompanying
woodcut. The length of the centrum is 0,120, the vertical
diameter of its anterior face 0,110, the transverse 0,118,
and the total height of the specimen 0,447. The position
of the rib-facet is like that in the vertebra of Spheno-
spondylus (fig. 47).
Fig. 38.
Iguanodon dawsoni.—Left lateral aspect of middle dorsa vertebra; from the
Wadhurst Clay of Hastings. About}. 0, rib-facet; tp, transverse process ;
pr.z, and pt.z, pre- and postzygapophyses.
R. 798 a. A posterior dorsal or lumbar vertebra, associated with the
preceding. The posterior surface of the centrum is much
larger than the anterior, and is distinctly concave, while
there is a well-marked hemal carina which is wanting in
198 DINOSAURIA.
No. R. 798. This specimen closely resembles the lumbar
vertebra of J. prestwicht, figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol xxxvi. pl. xix. figs. 6-8.
R. 803, 804, 805. Three trunk vertebra, associated with the pre-_
ceding. i
R. 806. The proximal portion of a chevron-bone of the same
individual.
R. 798 b. A numerous series of trunk and caudal vertebree, associated
with the preceding. In one of the larger caudals the
length of the centrum is 0,138, and the vertical diameter
of its anterior face 0,143.
R. 604. A series of more or less imperfect trunk and caudal ver-' . |
tebree, apparently belonging to the same individual as the 7
ischia No. R. 811, and, if so, referable to this species.
One of the anterior dorsals (No. 1) has the arch as high as a
in the corresponding vertebra of LZ. mantelli, No. 2137, but |
the centrum is relatively longer and more decidedly wedge-
shaped in section. In a middle dorsal (No. 2) the rib-
facet rises to near the summit of the platform. In an |
anterior caudal (No. 3), which may be the second or third
in the series, the length of the centrum is 0,087, the
vertical diameter of its anterior face 0,135, and the trans- re
verse 0,160; there is a small chevron-facet on the posterior q
face. In a more posterior, but still early, caudal vertebra
(No. 4) the length of the neural spine is rather more than
three times the vertical diameter of the centrum, 1 which
the chevron-facets are large and encroach to a great extent
upon the heemal surface. 7 | j
R. 604 a. A series of imperfect ribs, apparently associated with — f
No. R. 604. eg
R. 802. The left ilium, wanting the extremity of the preacetabular i
(Fig.) process, and the associated acetabular portion of the pubis a
of the same side; associated with the vertebra No. R. 798. | i
These specimens are two of the types, and are figured by - 4
the writer, op. cit. p. 49, fig. 2, in conjunction with the
ischium No. R. 811, the pubis being restored from that '
of Camptosaurus ; this figure is reproduced in fig. 39. The
length of the ilium to the point of fracture is 0,830, and
its greatest depth posteriorly 0,260; the pubis differs
IGUANODONTIDA, 199
from that of J. hernissartensis by the greater vertical
depth of the preacetabular portion.
.
i
\
>
r ‘
‘ ‘
‘ nN
\ ‘
g
Li
| i
/
Iguanodon dawsoni.—The left side of the pelvis; from the Wadhurst Clay of
Hastings. About ~,. J/, ilium; Js, ischium; P, pubis; a, obturator
process. The descending part of the pubis is conjectural.
b RR. 811. The imperfect centra of the sacrum and the associated
(fig.) ischia; from Hastings, and apparently associated with the
vertebre No. R. 640. There are five sacral vertebre
-anchylosed together, which have flattened hemal surfaces.
The left ischium, which has been described by the writer,
op. cit. p. 50, is represented in fig. 39; its total length is
0,870 (86:5 inches). Apart from the evidence of the
vertebre, the fact that the ischium agrees in relative size
with the type ilium, and comes from the same horizon,
leaves little doubt as to its specific identity. The resem-
blance of these bones to the ischia of Camptosaurus and
Hypsilophodon renders it probable that the pubis was of
the elongated type of these genera.
R. 811 a. The imperfect right pubis, apparently associated with the
200 DINOSAURLA.
ischium No. RB. 811. This specimen appears to accord
very closely with the pubis of No. R. 802; and is deeper
in advance of the acetabulum than in J. bernissartensis.
R. 802 a. The proximal portion of the right tibia, associated with
he ilium No. R. 802. The transverse diameter of the
head is 0,380 (13 inches).
R. 799. A second left metatarsal, apparently associated with the
type illum; noticed by the writer, op. cit. p. 50 (as
No. R. 999).
R. 800. The proximal extremity of the second right metatarsal of
the same individual. |
R. 801. A larger crushed metatarsal, probably belonging to the
third digit of the same individual.
R. 966. A left scapula, provisionally referred to this form; from
near Hastings. This specimen is noticed by the writer,
op. cit. p. 51; it differs from the scapula of I. bernissar-
tensis, figured by Dollo in the ‘ Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat.
Belg.’ vol. i. pl.ix., by the straighter anterior border, and the
greater expansion of the distal extremity. It is remark-
able for having a puncture on its outer surface, which
appears to have been formed by the carpal spine of a
male, and would thus indicate that the specimen belongs to
a female; it shows a facet on the anterior extremity of
the proximal extension, which may have borne a carti-
laginous process.
The following specimen rs from the Upper Wealden, and may
perhaps belong to ths form.
R. 136. The centrum and part of the arch of a posterior dorsal or
lumbar vertebra; from the Isle of Wight. Noticed by
the writer, op. cit. p. 51; although slightly larger this
specimen agrees very closely with the dorsal vertebra
No. R. 798 a. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
b. Huiguanodont Group.
The anterior dorsal vertebrae with very tall arches, their rib-.
‘facets vertically elongated and not reaching the platform, and
their centra greatly compressed, short, and tall; sacrals laterally
compressed, Teeth with complex lateral serrations, and one of the
Pewee eee SS
5 “
See ta a te ale
*
IGUANODONTIDZA. j 26%:
lateral ridges also serrated. Jhum (fig. 46) with postacetabular
portion tapering to a point; ischium very long and slender, with
short head, small notch between latter and obturator process, and
shaft twisted, with small distal expansion; pubis shorter thau
ischium.
Iguanodon bernissartensis, Boulenger'’.
Syn. Iguanodon seelyi, Hulke?.
(?) Streptospondylus major, Owen *,
Larger and stouter than type species; typically total length from
8,000 to 10,000 (33 feet)*. Cranium (fig. 40) 0,650 in length,
relatively broad; nares shorter and wider than in J. mantelli, their
Fig. 40.
wf
Lguanodon bernissartensis—The skeleton ; from the Wealden of Belgium.
About ;';. The scale indicates metres.
(Reduced from the figure published by M. L. Dollo, Bull. Mus. Roy.
Hist. Nat. Belg. 1883, t. ii. pl. v.)
length being one third that of the mandible; orbit with vertical
diameter longer than transverse; supratemporal fossa broad and
angulated. Anterior dorsal vertebrae with very tall arches, in which
* Bull. Ac. R. Belg. sér. 3, vol. i. p. 606 (1881).
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxviii. p. 185 (1882).
> Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1841, p. 91 (1842).
* Some of the following dimensions are exceeded by specimens in the
~~ Museum.
202 DINOSAURIA.
the vertically elongated rib-facet does not reach the platform.
Six vertebe in sacrum. Scapula stout and short, its length (0,900)
=six times its width; coracoid typically long and narrow, with
fontanelle forming a notch, but apparently in some instances wider,
with complete foramen; humerus long (0,800); metacarpals short
and squared. Ilium with preacetabular process=one third entire
length (1,150), and postacetabular portion long; pubis with preace-
tabular process long, thick, and nearly straight (width at extremity
0,170); femur with inner trochanter in lower third of shaft (length
1,080); tibia relatively short (length 0,840).
Hab. Europe (England and Belgium).
r
All the following specimens are from the Wealden.
R. 99. Fragment from the posterior and basal part of a cranium,
probably belonging to this species ; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
Iguanodon bernissartensis,—Lateral view of skull; from the Wealden of
Belgium. #. F
R. 100. Another basicranial fragment, of similar dimensions; from
the Isle of Wight. Same history.
28670. Fragment of the hinder portion of a right maxilla, probably
(Fig.) belonging to this species; from Brook, Isle of Wight.
Figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’
(Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. pl. xiii. figs. 3, 4 (1855). This
specimen has been transversely bisected.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
¥
pe ei
q
.
]
|
IGUANODONTID &. 203
R. 101. Fragment of the left maxilla, showing some imperfect teeth
in their alveoli ; from the Isle of Wight. Hox Collection.
R. 102 x. The predentary bone; from the Isle of Wight.
Same history.
28660. The nearly entire dentary bone of the right ramus of the
(fig.) mandible, with one tooth remaining in alveolo; from
Cuckfield, Sussex. Discovered by Major Lambart Brick-
enden about 1848; figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil.
Trans.’ 1848, pl. xvi., and his ‘ Petrifactions and their
Teachings,’ p. 248, fig. 3, and also by Owen in his ‘ Weal-
‘den and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. pl. xiii.
fig. 1 (1855). In size this specimen agrees precisely with
the mandible of the skull figured by Dollo in the ‘ Bull.
Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg.’ vol. ii. pl. ix., of which a reduced
reproduction is given in fig. 41.
= Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28662. Fragment of the dentary of a similar right mandibular
ramus; from the Isle of Wight. Portions of two teeth
remain in alveolo. Same history.
R. 105. An imperfect right articular, probably belonging to this
(Fig.) species; from the Isle of Wight. Figured by Hulke in
the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxiv. pp. 745-6,
woodcuts figs. 1-4. It agrees very closely with the arti-
cular of the mandible figured by Dollo, op. ct. pl. ix. fig. 4.
_ Fox Collection.
R. 105 a. Two tee of the imperfect right articular of rather
smaller individuals, belonging either to this or the fol-
lowing species; from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
Of the following cervical vertebra: some of the smaller may belong
to I. dawsoni.
28637. A slightly imperfect cervical vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. This specimen appears to have been associated
with the Mantellian dorsals.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
37688. An imperfect cervical vertebra; from Sandown Bay, Isle of
Wight. Saul Collection. Purchased, 1863.
R. 91. A considerably larger imperfect cervical vertebra, much
obscured by matrix ; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
204 DINOSAURIA.
R. 92. A still larger imperfect cervical vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. The transverse diameter of the posterior cup of
the centrum is 0,203. Fox Collection.
R. 1011. The centrum and part of the arch of a cervical vertebra,
agreeing approximately in size with No. 28637; locality
unknown. No history.
~
28961. The rolled centrum of a smaller cervical vertebra, which
has been longitudinally bisected; from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell. Collection. Purchased, 1858.
47400. The centrum and part of the arch of a smaller cervical ver-
tebra, not improbably belonging to a young or female
individual of this species; from the Isle of Wight. This
- specimen is considerably larger than the cervicals of
No. R. 33. Purchased, 1876.
47400 a. The crushed centrum of a similar cervical vertebra; from
the Isle of Wight. Same history.
R. 702. The centrum of a similar vertebra; from Brixton Bay.
Presented by J. H. Lee, Esq., 1885.
2116. A crushed cervical vertebra, agreeing approximately in size
(fig.) with the preceding ; from Cuckfield. One of the types of
Streptospondylus major. Described by Owen in the ‘ Rep.
Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, p. 92, and figured in his ‘ Wealden
and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), Pape i, plisvas
fig. 1 (1859), under that name.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
28639. A similar cervical vertebra; from the Isle of Wight. Figured
(Fig.) by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl. xxviii. fig. 4
(as Iguanodon), and by Owen, op. cit. pl. v. fig. 1, and
pl. vi. figs. 1-3 (as Streptospondylus major).
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 706. An imperfect vertebra, which may perhaps be a late cervical
of this form; from the Isle of Wight. The zygapophyses
are broken away, there is a tall neural spine, and the cen-
trum is cylindrical and strongly opisthoccelous.
Presented by J. HE. Lee, Esq., 1885.
28508. An imperfect vertebra of similar type ; from Sussex.
Maxon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
IGUANODONTIDA, 205
28674. An imperfect vertebra which may be the first dorsal of the
(Fig.) present form; from the Isle of Wight. Figured by Owen,
, op. cit. pl. vi. fig. 5, as Streptospondylus major. This
large vertebra is strongly opisthoccelous; but in the general
contour of the centrum it accords so closely with the fol-
lowing specimens that there is every probability of its
belonging to the same species.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
- 28629. An anterior dorsal vertebra; from the Isle of Wight.
Same history.
Fig. 42.
Loe
i
i
op]
Iguanodon bernissartensis,—Posterior and left lateral views of an anterior
dorsal vertebra; from the Isle of Wight. 3. (From the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol, Soc.’)
28630. An apparently associated dorsal vertebra; from the Isle of
(Fig.) Wight. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck
Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. ii. pl. vil. fig. 46, and
by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxix.
p- 61 (as L. mantellc), the latter figure being reproduced
in fig.42. The height of the posterior face of the centrum
is 0,200. Same history.
206 DINOSAURIA.
R. 704. An anterior dorsal vertebra ; from the Isle of Wight.
Presented by J. H. Lee, Hsq., 1885.
28931. An anterior dorsal vertebra; from the Isle of Wight.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
28932. A similar vertebra; from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
R.106. An anterior or middle dorsal vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. Fox Collection.
R.106 a. A similar and apparently associated dorsal vertebra; from
the Isle of Wight. : Same hlastory.
R. 106 b. An apparently associated dorsal vertebra ; from the Isle
of Wight. Same history.
R. 106 c. An imperfect dorsal vertebra, apparently associated with
the preceding. Same hostory.
28630 a. An imperfect middle dorsal vertebra; from the Isle of
(f%g.) Wight. Figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849,
ply xxix, wig./6. Mantell Collection.
R. 106 d. The centrum and part of the arch of an anterior dorsal
vertebra ; from the Isle of Wight. Fox Collection.
46292. The centrum of an anterior dorsal vertebra; dredged off the
Eastern Coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.
28665. A posterior dorsal vertebra, wanting the zygapophyses and
(fig.) the extremities of the transverse processes ; from the Isle
of Wight. The rib-facets form “steps” on the transverse
processes. Figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849,
pl. xxix. fig. 9. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
2115. The imperfect centrum of a posterior dorsal or lumbar ver-
tebra ; from Cuckfield, Sussex. Noticed by Owen in the
‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, p. 97, as Cettosaurus brevis,
but referred to the present genus by Melville in the
‘Phil. Trans.’ for 1849, p. 293.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2133. The centrum and part of the arch of a posterior dorsal or
lumbar vertebra; from Cuckfield. Noticed by Owen,
op. cit. p. 96, as Cetiosaurus, but referred to Lguanodon
by Melville, op. cit. p. 293. Same history.
R. 1010. A posterior dorsal or lumbar vertebra which has been
(Fig.) longitudinally bisected; from the Isle of Wight. This
ia
i
os i a?
ny
Ls
h
.
;
:
ibe 2 oi
we .
IGUANODONTIDZ. 207
specimen is distinctly proccelous, like some of the lumbars
of I. prestwichi; it is figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden
and Purbeck Reptilia, suppl. 1. pl. ix., as Cetiosaurus
brevis, and erroneously stated to be the specimen from
Culver Cliff noticed by him in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for
1841, p. 94, under that name.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28508. A posterior dorsal or lumbar vertebra, wanting the greater
portion of the neural spine; probably from the Isle of
Wight. Dixon Collection.
28635. A somewhat larger posterior dorsal or lumbar vertebra,
(Fig.) wanting the summit of the neural spine; from Brook.
This and other vertebree from the same locality appear to
have been associated with the coracoid No. 28643; they
were referred in MS. by Mantell to Pelorosaurus, an iden-
tification which, although apparently subsequently aban-
doned by him, was followed to a certain extent by Owen.
The present specimen is figured by the latter writer in his
‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ suppl. ii. pl. viil., as
Cetiosaurus, while on p. 37 of the same work it is referred
to Pelorosaurus, without any reference to its being the
specimen figured under the former name. In general
contour this specimen presents a striking resemblance to
the lumbar vertebra of I. prestwichi figured by Hulke in
the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvi. pl. xix. figs. 6-8.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28634. A similar vertebra; from Brook. Noticed by Owen, op. cit.
p- 37, as Pelorosaurus. Same history.
28654. A similar vertebra; from Brook. Noticed by Owen, op. cit.
p- 37, as Pelorosaurus. Same hastory.
28657. A similar vertebra; from Brook. Noticed by Owen, op. cit.
p- 37, as Pelorosaurus. Same history.
R. 137. Two vertebre of similar type; from the Isle of Wight.
The neural spines are imperfect. Fox Collection.
R. 107. An imperfect posterior dorsal or lumbar vertebra; from the
Isle of Wight. Same history.
28683. The neural arch of a trunk vertebra; from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection.
208 DINOSAURIA.
28659. The proximal portion of a rib; from Brook. Apparently
(Fig.) the, one figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck
Reptilia,’ pt. li. pl. 1. fig. 9. Appears to have been asso-
ciated with the vertebre of the same collection.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28659 a. Portion of a somewhat larger rib, apparently associated
with the preceding. Same history.
28659 b. A similar and apparently associated specimen.
Same history.
39555. The proximal extremity of a very large rib; from the Isle
of Wight. Presented by E. Backhouse, Esq., 1866.
28628. Anterior portion of the sacrum; from the Isle of Wight.
This specimen appears to have been associated with the
above-mentioned posterior dorsal or lumbar vertebra of
the Mantell Collection. Three anchylosed vertebree remain,
of which the first is somewhat flattened inferiorly, while
the others are laterally compressed, although to a some-
what less extent than in J. mantell.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28631. Part of the sacrum ; from the Isle of Wight.
| Same history.
28689. The centrum of a sacral vertebra, not improbably belonging
to this genus and species ; from the Isle of Wight.
Same history.
R. 148. The centrum and base of the arch of a sacral vertebra,
perhaps belonging to this form; from the Isle of Wight.
This specimen belongs to a different part of the sacrum
from the preceding. Fox Collection.
28633. An anterior caudal vertebra, wanting the extremity of the
(Jtg.) neural spine; from Brook. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
pl. xi., as Pelorosaurus, and erroneously stated to be
from Sussex. The length of the centrum superiorly is
0,102, its vertical diameter 0,225, and the transverse
0,198. These dimensions are'slightly larger than those of -
the caudal vertebra (fig. 48) described and figured by
IGUANODONTID A. 209
Hulke, op. cit. pp. 141-148, who pointed out the resem-
blance. The present specimen exhibits very clearly the
reduction of the hemal surface by the encroachment of
the cheyron-facets, of which the posterior is much the
larger. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
Fig. 43.
\
\
A Iguanodon bernissartensis.—Oblique anterior view of an imperfect anterior
. caudal vertebra ; from the Wealden of Brook. About ?.
i
28627. An anterior caudal vertebra, wanting the extremities of the
ee transverse processes; from Brook. The length of the
neural spine is twice the vertical diameter of the centrum.
: Same history.
: 28656. A similar vertebra, wanting the extremities of the transverse
| processes ; from Brook. Same history.
28655. The centrum of a similar vertebra ; from Brook.
Same history.
28667. The chevron of an anterior caudal vertebra; from Brook.
This specimen agrees closely with the type specimen de-
scribed by Hulke, op. cit. p. 142; the length of the forked
portion being 0,125, and that of the entire bone about
0,400. Same history.
P
210 DINOSAURIA,
28668. An imperfect chevron of an anterior caudal vertebra; from
Brook. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
Of the following caudals some may belong to I. dawsoni.
46014. The centrum of a later caudal vertebra; from Sandown,
Isle of Wight. Purchased, 1874.
R. 145. The centrum of two middle caudal vertebre ; from the Isle
of Wight. Fox Collection.
R. 145 a. The centrum and base of the arch of a middle caudal
vertebra; from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
R. 145 b. The centrum and base of the arch of a middle caudal
vertebra ; from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
R. 145 c. The centrum and base of the arch of a smaller middle
caudal vertebra; from the Isle of Wight. Same hustory.
R. 145 d. A very similar specimen ; from the Isle of Wight.
Same history.
R. 145 e. An imperfect middle caudal vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. This specimen closely resembles the caudals of
I, dawson. Same history.
37691. The rolled centrum and arch of a middle caudal vertebra ;
from the Isle of Wight. Saul Collection. Purchased, 1863.
28638. A smaller entire middle caudal vertebra; from Brook Point.
Mantell Collection.
R. 712 b. An imperfect middle caudal vertebra; from Brixton Bay.
Presented by J. H. Lee, Esq., 1885.
R. 1018 a. An imperfect posterior caudal vertebra probably refer-
able to this species; from Hastings. Probably belongs
to the same individual as the phalangeal No. R. 1018.
No history.
R. 712 c. An imperfect middle caudal vertebra of a very large indi-
vidual; from Sandown Bay.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
R. 145 f. An imperfect middle caudal vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. Fox Collection.
IGUANODONTID®. 211
43502. An imperfect middle caudal vertebra ; from the Isle of Wight.
Purchased, 1872.
R. 145 g. Two associated middle caudal vertebre ; from the Isle of
Wight. Fox Collection.
28643. The somewhat imperfect left coracoid ; from the Isle of Wight.
This specimen, which was associated with the ilium
No. 28685, agrees with the corresponding bone of the
Belgian example figured by Dollo in the ‘ Bull. Mus. R.
Hist. Nat. Belg.’ vol. i. pl. ix., showing the same narrow
contour and the presence of a notch instead of a foramen.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858.
R. 1012. A left scapula wanting the distal extremity, provisionally
(f%g.) referred to this species; from the Isle of Wight. This
_ specimen (fig. 44) is noticed by the writer, op. cit. p. 52;
~ it differs from the scapula of the Belgian skeleton figured
by Dollo in the ‘ Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg.’ vol. i.
pl. ix., by its greater curvature. The transverse diameter
at the glenoid expansion is 0,364 (14:5 inches), and
t Fig. 44.
» -
a ae!
? Iguanodon bernissartensis—The left scapula; from the Isle of Wight. About
tz: g, glenoid cavity.
immediately above 0,228 (9 inches). The left coracoid
(fig. 45) from Brook, figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxviii. pp. 367-371, figs. 1-8, and
provisionally referred to Ornithopsis, is certainly an Igua-
nodont, and from its great size probably belongs to the
same form as the scapula; it is wider than the coracoid of
the Belgian skeleton figured by Dollo, op. cit., and has a
P2
ol lo DINOSAURIA,
complete foramen, The scapula appears from its condition
to be from the same beds as some of the above-mentioned
Fig. 45.
? Iguanodon bernissartensis.—The left coracoid ; from the Wealden of Brook. :
3. 4d, glenoid cavity; 4, scapular articulation ; c, anterior border; d, fora-
men; ¢, descending process. (From the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’) , 7
vertebre, which would suggest that these variations are
of not more than individual or sexual value.
Mantell Collection.
32913. The proximal half of a rather larger left scapula, wanting ;
part of the anterior border of the glenoid expansion; from
the Isle of Wight. Noticed by the writer, op. cit. “,
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853. |
28642. The proximal half of a much smaller left scapula of similar |
type; from the Isle of Wight. Same lastory.
R. 117. The proximal extremity of the left humerus of a very large
individual; from the Isle of Wight. The greatest trans-
verse diameter is 0,320, Fox Collection,
ih
IGUANODONTID Zi. 213
R. 159. The crushed proximal extremity of a rather smaller right
humerus ; from the Isle of Wight. Fox Collection.
R. 844. Cast of a considerably smaller right humerus. The original
was obtained from the Isle of Wight, and was formerly in
the collection of Mr. Fowlstone, of Ryde; it is figured by
Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans,’ 1849, pl. xxxi. fig. 19 ; it is
slightly smaller than the humerus figured by Dollo, op. cit.
pl. i. fig.3. The shaft has been fractured in several places
and naturally re-cemented. Made in the Museum.
31815. The distal extremity of the left humerus ; from the Isle of
Wight. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 140. The left ulna; from the Isle of Wight. Agrees with the
corresponding bone of Dollo’s figure (op. cit.).
Fox Collection.
R. 182- 3. The proximal phalangeals of the second and third digits
and the fourth metacarpal of the left manus, provisionally
referred to a small individual of this species ; from the Isle
of Wight. The metacarpal is much shorter than that of
I. mantel, and thereby agrees with the corresponding
bone of the present species figured by Dollo, op. cit.
Foxw Collection.
28685. The anterior-half of the right ilium, wanting the extremity
of the preacetabuiar process; from Brook. Associated
with the coracoid No. 28643; agrees precisely with the
corresponding part of the ilium figured by Hulke in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxviil. pl. iv. fig. 1, of
which a reproduction is given in woodcut fig. 46 (the
pubis and ischium being incorrect). | Mantell Collection.
28686. The hinder part of the same ilium. This specimen shows
a well-marked longitudinal ridge in the middle of the outer
surface which is not represented in the specimen figured
by Hulke. Same history.
28658. The left ischium, imperfect superiorly and wanting the
distal extremity; from Brook. This specimen appears to
have belonged to the same individual as the preceding ;
the twisting of the shaft characteristic of the group is well
shown. Same history.
- 46016. The distal extremity of the left ischium ; from Sandown.
One angle of the extremity is broken off; when entire the
greatest distal width was about 0,190. Purchased, 1874.
!
214 DINOSAURTA,
Iguanodon bernissartensis.—Restoration of the left ilium and hind limb; from
the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. About. (From the ‘Quart. Journ, —
Geol. Soc.’)
R. 169. An imperfect left ischium perhaps belonging to an imma-
ture individual of this species ; from the Isle of Wight.
Although considerably smaller than No, 28658, this spe-
cimen appears too large for I. mantelli. Fox Collection.
46727. Cast of the imperfect left pubis. The original was obtained
from the Isle of Wight, and was formerly in the collection
of the late Dr. Wilkins, of Newport; the extremity of
the preacetabular process and the greater portion of the
shaft are wanting, while the acetabular margin is imper-
fect itis figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart, Journ, Geol,
Pape,
SN —
IGUANODONTIDZ. 215
Soc.’ vol. xxx. pl. xxxii. figs. 3,4, as a Dinosaurian ilium,
but was identified by the same writer in vol. xxxii. p.364
as a pubis of the present genus. It accords closely with
Dollo’s figure of the Belgian form. Made in the Museum.
2675. The middle of the right femur of a very large individual ;
from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2649. The somewhat imperfect left femur of a smaller individual ;
from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
2152. The imperfect right femur of a still smaller individual; from
Cuckfield. Same history.
10443. The middle portion of a left femur, agreeing in size with
No. 2649 ; from Cuckfield. Noticed in Mantell’s ‘ Petri-
factions,’ p. 294 (as No. 4).
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1888.
_R. 701. The distal extremity of the left tibia, with the imperfect
astragalus attached ; from Brixton Bay, Isle of Wight.
Presented by J. EH. Lee, Esq., 1885.
R. 168. An imperfect fibula, wanting both extremities, not impro-
bably belonging to this species; from the Isle of Wight.
A fracture in the shaft has been polished in order to show
the medullary cavity. Fox Collection.
R. 1109. Cast of the left hind foot. The original, which is one of
the types of I. seclyi, was obtained from Brook, and is in
the collection of Mr. J. W. Hulke, by whom it is figured in
pl. iv. fig. 5 of the memoir already cited; a more reduced
figure is given in woodcut fig. 46 of this volume.
Made in the Museum.
9537. The second right metatarsal of a slightly smaller individual ;
(Fig.) from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Fossils of
Tilgate Forest,’ pl. xv. fig. 8, and in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’
1841, pl. ix. fig. 2, This and the next bone agree very
closely with the corresponding bone of J. dawsoni (No.
R. 799), but show slight differences in contour, on which
account they are provisionally referred to the present
species. Mantell Collection, Purchased, 1838,
216 ‘DINOSAURIA.
R. 132 a. A similar metatarsal of the opposite side ; from the Isle
of Wight. Fox Collection.
28652. The distal extremity of the third right metatarsal ; from the
Isle of Wight. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28644. The third left metatarsal ; from the Isle of Wight.
Same Instory.
28645. The fourth right metatarsal ; from the Isleof Wight. This
and the two preceding specimens may very probably have —
belonged to a single individual. Same history.
2553. Cast of the proximal phalangeal of the second digit of the
left pes. The original was obtained from Sandown, Isle
of Wight, and is probably preserved in the Museum at
Oxford; it is figured by Buckland in the ‘Trans. Geol.
Soc.’ pl. xli. ser. 2, vol. iii. figs. 1, 2, as a metacarpal. In
size this specimen slightly exceeds the corresponding bone
of the entire foot, No. R. 1109; the contour of the distal
extremity has been somewhat altered by crushing.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 1014. Cast of a smaller specimen of the same bone. The original
was probably obtained from Cuckfield. No history.
R. 1015. Cast of an imperfect specimen of the same bone. The
original probably came from Cuckfield, and appears to
have received an injury during the life of its owner.
No history.
R..1016. The proximal phalangeal of the second digit of the right
pes; from Hastings. No history.
R. 1017. The proximal phalangeal of the third digit of the left pes,
apparently belonging to this species ; from Hastings. This
bone is remarkable for its unusual shortness, which is
enhanced by the effects of rolling. No history.
40412. An imperfect specimen of the proximal phalangeal of the
third digit of the pes; from the Neocomian bone-bed of
Potton, Bedfordshire. Purchased, 1867.
40434. The second phalangeal of the third digit of the pes of a
very large individual ; from the Neocomian of Potton.
Same history.
a
r
bal
| a
i
S
Pe
ee ee
IGUANODONTIDZ. 217
40422. The terminal phalangeal of the third digit of the pes of a
very large individual; from the Neocomian of Potton.
Purchased, 1867.
28679. Cast of a corresponding bone. The original was probably
obtained from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853,
40423. The homologous bone of a smaller individual probably be-
longing to this species; from the Neocomian of Potton.
When perfect this bone must have been larger than the
corresponding one in the foot of the Bernissart specimen
of I. mantelli. Purchased, 1867. ,
40411. The proximal phalangeal of the fourth digit of the left pes
of a very large individual; from the Neocomian of
Potton. Same history.
R. 1018. Asmaller specimen of the homologous bone ; from Hastings.
Probably associated with No. R. 1016. No history.
R. 1019. A slightly smaller specimen of the homologous bone of
the opposite side; from Brook. — No history.
98704. Cast of the terminal phalangeal of one of the lateral digits
of the pes. The original was probably obtained from the
Isle of Wight. Maniell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 1020. A terminal phalangeal of one of the lateral digits of the
pes; probably from Brook. No history.
$7702. An imperfect terminal phalangeal of one of the lateral digits
of the pes: from the Isle of Wight.
Saul Collection. Purchased, 1863.
46870-2. The distal portions of a right and left hind foot, provi-
sionally referred to a small individual of this species ; from
Knellstone, Rivermore, Sussex. The terminal phalangeal
of the third digit agrees in size with No. 40423.
' Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1875.
R. 1148. An associated right femur, proximal portion of right tibia,
- the third right metatarsal, and two imperfect vertebra
provisionally referred to an immature individual of this
species ; from the Wadhurst Clay of Hollington, Sussex.
The femur has the inner trochanter descending low down
as in typical examples of this species, but these specimens
may belong to I. dawsoni.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1887.
218 DINOSAURIA.
Iguanodon mantelli, Meyer’.
~
The type species. Proportions slender; length from 5,000 to
6,000 (nearly 20 feet). Cranium 0,500 in length, narrow and
elongated ; nares forming long narrow slits, haif the length of the
mandible; orbit with horizontal diameter longer than vertical ;
supratemporal fossa narrow. Five vertebrae in sacrum. Scapula
long and narrow, its length (0,620 to 0,720) equal eight times its
width ; coracoid small, short, and broad, with complete foramen ;
humerus short (0,430 to 0,470); metacarpals elongated and later-
ally compressed. Ilium with preacetabular process equal nearly one
half its entire length (0,710 to 0,750); postacetabular portion
short ; pubis with preacetabular process short, thin, and much ex-
panded (width at extremity 0,200) ; femur with inner trochanter
in middle of shaft (length 0,710 to 0,810) ; tibia relatively long
(length 0,670 to 0,750).
Hab. Europe (England and Belgium).
Unless stated. to the contrary, the following specimens are from
the Wealden.
40100. Numerous associated fragments of jaws and teeth; from
the Lower Greensand of Black-Gang Chine, Isle of Wight.
These specimens are referred to the present species on
account of their apparent association with the scapula
No. 40102. Purchased, 1859.
R. 754. A nearly entire left maxilla with teeth, probably belonging
(Fig.) to this species; from Cuckfield, Sussex. Figured by
Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xi. pl. xiv.
Presented by H. Willett, Hsq., 1886.
2211. An imperfect left maxilla, showing dental alveoli, probably
(Fig.) belonging to this species; from Cuckfield. Figured by
Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1848, pl. ix.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 102-3. Portions of the right and left dentary bones of a man-
dible, probably belonging to this species ; from the Isle of.
Wight. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
28663. Fragment of a mandibular ramus, agreeing in size with the
preceding ; from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
1 Palxologica, p. 110 (1882),
_ IGUANODONTIDZ. 219
* Slab of sandstone; from the Kentish Rag (Hythe beds of
(Fig.) Lower Greensand) of Maidstone, Kent. This specimen
may be taken as the type of the species, and was dis-
covered by W. H. Bensted in 1834; it shows the impression
of a tooth, a number of trunk and caudal vertebre, ribs,
a sternal (?) bone, and most of the bones of the scapular
and pelvic girdles and fore and hind limbs. Noticed in
the ‘London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine,’
July 1834, figured by Mantell in his ‘ Wonders of Geo-
logy,’ Ist ed. pl. 111. (1844), and by Owen in his ‘ Creta-
ceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.) pt. i. pls. xxxill., xxxiv.
(1851). The right humerus is figured by Mantell in the
‘Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl. xxxi. fig. 20; and two dorsal
vertebree are figured by Owen, op. cit. pls. xxv., XXVi.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2160. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra; from Cuckfield.
(Fig.) | Noticed by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ 1841, p. 128,
and figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl.
xxvill. figs. 7a, 76. The arch is very tall, and the rib-
facet long. Since this specimen seems to be adult, it is
referred to the present species rather than to a young
individual of J. bernissartensis. Same history.
2137. An imperfect later dorsal vertebra; from Cuckfield. The
arch is lower, and the rib-facet must have been shorter.
This specimen apparently agrees precisely with the first
of the four dorsals in apposition on the right side of the
top of the type slab. Same history.
143 c. An imperfect anterior or middle dorsal vertebra, not impro-
bably belonging to this species; from the Isle of Wight.
The arch has been crushed down. Fox Collection.
2124. The centrum and base of the arch of an anterior or middle
dorsal vertebra provisionally referred to this species ; from
Cuckfield. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
37711. Avery similar centrum ; locality unknown.
Saul Collection. Purchased, 1863.
28940. A rather larger centrum of similar type; from the Isle of
Wight. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28939. The centrum and base of the arch of a very similar specimen ;
from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
220 DINOSAURIA.
10451 a. A rib provisionally referred to this species ; from Cuck-
(fig.) field. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck ©
Reptilia,’ pt. ii. pl. ii. fig.8.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
10451. A longer rib of similar type; from Cuckfield.
| Same history. |
2556. Slab of sandstone, containing the centrum and base of the
arch, together with the detached neural spine of a middle
dorsal vertebra, probably belonging to this species ; from
Cuckfield. Noticed by Owen in the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’
for 1841, p. 129. The rib-facet is nearly on the level of
the platform. - Same history.
R. 721. A nearly entire anterior lumbar vertebra, probably belong-
ing to this species; from near Horsham, Sussex. The
neural spine is of great height, and there are rudimental
ribs attached to the transverse processes. The centrum
accords closely with that of one of the posterior dorsals
or lumbars in the type slab. Purchased, 1886.
37685. A nearly entire sacrum and last lumbar vertebra, with a
(fig.) portion of the right ilium attached, referred by Owen to
this species; from Brook Point, Isle of Wight. Described
by Owen in the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, p. 131;
figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl. xxvi.,
and by Owen in his ‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’
(Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. pls. iti—vi. (1854), and noticed by
Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvi. p. 447
(where doubt of the determination is suggested);
| Saul Collection. Purchased, 1863.
28690. Fragment of a sacrum, apparently identical with the pre-
ceding ; from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858.
40101. The centra of three associated imperfect anterior and middle
and one posterior caudal vertebra; from the Lower Green-
sand of Black-Gang Chine. Associated with the scapula -
No. 40102. Purchased, 1859,
3790. Six associated premedial caudal vertebrae, with two chevrons,
(Fig.) referred by Owen to this species : from Cuckfield. Noticed
by Owen in the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, p, 182;
figured by Mantell in his ‘ Medals of Creation,’ 2nd ed.
IGUANODONTIDZ. : 221
p. 699, and by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Rep-
tilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 11. pl. viii.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2400. A chevron-bone, provisionally referred to this species; from
(Fig.) Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Fossils of Tilgate
Forest,’ pl. xii. fig. 4. Same history.
36514. A later chevron-bone of similar dimensions; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
The following girdle- and limb-bones accord in type with those of the
present species, but some of them may belong to the next form,
and others of smaller size to Sphenospondylus gracilis.
40102. The left scapula and left* associated sternal (?) bone; from
the Lower Greensand of Black-Gang Chine, Isle of Wight.
The scapula is somewhat longer than in the type-speci-
men, the sternal bone is of the same contour as that of
I. bernissartensis, figured by Dollo in the ‘ Bull. Mus. R.
Hist. Nat. Belg, vol. i. pl. xi. Purchased, 1859.
2196. A smaller right scapula; from Cuckfield. This specimen
agrees very closely with the one figured by Dollo in the
‘Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg.’ vol. i. pl. ix. fig. 2,
although of smaller size.
Maniell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2196 a. The proximal half of a left scapula of apparently similar
type, from Cuckfield. Same history.
i" R. 115. The proximal half of a right scapula; from the Isle of
+ Wight. Fox Collection.
R.118. A left coracoid ; from the Isle of Wight. Agrees very
closely with the specimen figured by Dollo, op.cit. Longest
, diameter 0,190. Same history.
. 2543. Cast of an imperfect left coracoid, agreeing very closely
% with the preceding, but having a notch instead of a
2 foramen. The original was obtained from Cuckfield, and
fe
1 This scapula and the undermentioned associated humerus belonging to the
left side, the presumption is that the sternal bone is also of the same side. If
this be so, it would indicate that Cope’s view of the position of the sternals
mentioned on p. 233 must be correct.
—
ee
222) DINOSAURIA.
is not improbably the one figured (reversed and restored) —
by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl. xxx. fig. 11.
Mantell Collection.
40432. A smaller right coracoid, agreeing in contour with No.
R. 118; from the Neocomian bone-bed of Potton, Bed-
fordshire. Longer diameter 0,105. Purchased, 1867.
R. 116. A left humerus, imperfect proximally; from the Isle of
Wight. Agrees approximately with the humerus of the
type specimen. Fox Collection.
40102 a. The distal extremity of a slightly larger left. humerus,
associated with the scapula No. 40102.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858.
R. 407. The proximal half of a small right humerus, probably
belonging to this form ; from the Isle of Wight.
Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.
36519. The proximal extremity of a very small left humerus, not
(fig.) improbably belonging to this species; from Cuckfield.
Figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl. xxxi,
fig. 21. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 18538.
36540. The distal extremity of a right humerus, not improbably
(fig.) belonging to the same individual as the preceding ; from
Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell, op. cit. pl. xxxi. fig. 18.
Same history.
28516. The distal extremity of a left humerus, perhaps referable to
this species ; probably from Sussex.
Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
R. 1112. Cast of the left manus. The original was obtained from
Bernissart, in Belgium, and is preserved in the Museum at
Brussels ; it is figured by Dollo in the ‘ Bull. Mus. R. Hist.
Nat. Belg.’ vol. i. pl. ix. fig. 2.
Presented by the Director of the Royal Museum
of Natural History, Brussels, 1886. _
R. 113. The left iium, wanting the extremity of the postacetabular
process ; from the Isle of Wight. Closely resembles the
ilium of the type specimen. Lox Collection.
R. 114. The left ilium, wanting the preacetabular process ; from
the Isle of Wight. Same history.
ne
—{-
Be
a
.
IGUANODONTIDZ. 923
2158. The right ischium; from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in
(fig.) his ‘Geology of the South-east of England,’ pl. iii. figs. 1,
2, and also in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1841, pl. viii. fig. 18, as
an undetermined bone provisionally regarded as the cla-
vicle of Iguanodon. It is rather smaller than the ischium
of the type skeleton.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 110. A smaller right and left ischium, agreeing in characters
with the preceding; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
2194. The left pubis, wanting the greater part of the shaft; from
(fig.) Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in the‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1841,
pl. ix. fig. 10, and noticed by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit.
Assoc.’ 1841, p. 183. The length of the horizontal por-
tion is 0,875 (154 inches). :
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 109. The imperfect right pubis ; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
R. 111. The imperfect right pubis ; from the Isle of Wight.
Same history.
28507. Fragment from the acetabular region of the right pubis;
probably from Sussex. °
Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
R.720. The descending portion of a pubis, associated with the
vertebra No. R. 721; from Horsham. In size this speci-
men accords with the corresponding portion of the pubis
in the hind limb figured by Dollo in the ‘ Bull. Mus. R.
Hist. Nat. Belg.’ vol. i. pl. ix. fig. 1. Purchased, 1868.
2650. The right femur; from Cuckfield. Agrees very closely with
the corresponding bone of the type specimen.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 120. The right femur ; from the Isle of Wight. ow Collection.
R. 120 a. A crushed right femur, apparently agreeing in form with
the preceding ; from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
R. 120 b. A smaller right femur ; from the Isle of Wight.
Same histery.
224 DINOSAURIA.
R. 119. The left femur of a half-grown individual ; from the Isle of
Wight. | Same history.
2674. The distal extremity of a right femur, said by Mantell to
(Fig.) have been found in association with the next specimen; ~
from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Geology of
the South-east of England,’ pl. iii. figs. 3, 4.
Maniell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2678. The right tibia; from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell, op.
(Fig.) cat. pl. i. fig. 8, and by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Pur-
beck Reptilia,’ pt. ii. pl. xv. fig. 2. Apparently associated
with the preceding specimen. Same history.
2734. The right tibia; from Cuckfield. . ~~ | = Same history.
28704. The right tibia; from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 125. The right tibia; from the Isle of Wight. Low Collection.
28669. A smaller right tibia, imperfect distally, probably belonging
to this form ; from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
36403. A still smaller left tibia of the same type; from the Isle of
Wight. Purchased, 1860.
2677. The right fibula; from Cuckfield. Associated with the tibia
(Fig.) No. 2678. Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Geology of the
South-east of England,’ pl. i. fig. 7, and also in the ‘ Phil.
Trans.’ 1841, pl. vii. fig. 2. Closely resembles the fibula
of the specimen figured by Dollo in the ‘ Bull. Mus. R.
Hist. Nat. Belg.’ vol. 1. pl. ix. fig. 1.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 128. An imperfect fibula; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
R. 1110. Cast of the left astragalus. The original is from Brixton,
. Isle of Wight, and was in the possession of Dr. Wilkins, ~
of Newport ; it is figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxx. p. 25, woodcut figs. 1-4. _
Made in the Museum.
R. 129. The imperfect right astragalus ; Gann the Tals of Wight.
Fou Collection.
IGUANODONTIDZ. 925
R. 130. Fragment of the right astragalus; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
R. 130 a. Fragment of a smaller left astragalus; from the Isle of
Wight. Same history.
R. 131. An imperfect calcaneum, provisionally referred to this form ;
_ from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
28671. An entire calcaneum, of similar type, of the opposite limb ;
from Brook. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 1114. Cast of the left pes. The original was obtained from
Sussex, and is in the collection of Mr. 8. H. Beckles; it
is figured (in an imperfect condition, and with some erro-
neous restorations) by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck
Reptilia,’ suppl. iv. pl. iii. (1872).
Presented by S. H. Beckles, Esq., 1885.
R. 1113. Cast of the left pes. The original, which was obtained
from Bernissart, Belgium, is preserved in the Museum at
Brussels, and is figured by Dollo in the ‘ Bull. Mus. R.
Mast. Nato Bele! vyol./i.:pl. 1x. fis. 1S. 7
Presented by the Director of the Royal Museum
of Natural History, Brussels, 1886.
2557. A second left metatarsal, of slightly larger size than the cor-
responding bone of the preceding specimen ; from Cuck-
field. Mentell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
25384. A third left metatarsal, apparently associated with the pre-
ceding. Same history.
2536. A fourth left metatarsal, probably belonging to the same
(fig.) individual. Figured by HORI in his ‘ Fossils of Tilgate
Forest,’ pl. xv. fig. 1. Same history.
2531. A third left metatarsal, agrecing very closely in size with
(fig.) that of the cast; from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell,
op. cit. pl. xiv. figs. 3-6. Same history.
28650. The distal extremity of a rather larger third left metatarsal ;
from the Isle of Wight. |
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 132. The right metatarsus, of rather smaller size than that of
the cast; from the Isle of Wight. Fox Collection.
Q
226 DINOSAURIA.
. 2521. The proximal phalangeal of the third digit of the pes, provi-
sionally referred to this species ; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Oollection. Purchased, 1838.
2627. The second phalangeal of the second digit of the pes, provi-
sionally referred to this species ; from the Isle of Wight.
3 Same history.
R. 55. A very similar specimen ; from Sussex. Purchased, 1881.
36510. The terminal phalangeal of one of the lateral digits of the
pes, not improbably belonging to this species ; from Cuck-
field. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
c. Of Uncertain Position.
Iguanodon, sp.
Slightly larger than J. mantelli, _ Anterior and middle dorsal
vertebrae with moderately tall arches, in which the rib-facet does
not reach the level of the platform, and their centra moderately
short and somewhat wedge-shaped. The sternal (?) bones are like
those of the Euiguanodont group ; the scapula approximates to that
of I. mantel, but is larger in proportion to the other bones,
and compared with that species the arches of the anterior dorsal
vertebree appear lower, the centra of the posterior dorsals shorter,
the inner trochanter of the femur extending further up and down
the shaft, the head of the femur placed more obliquely to the shaft,
and the astragalus and apparently the ilium of different contour.
This form probably indicates a new species.
Hab. Kurope (England).
R. 33. A considerable portion of the skeleton ; from the Wadhurst
Clay (Lower Wealden) of Hollington, near Hastings,
Sussex ; found in 1880. These specimens comprise frag-
ments of the teeth and mandible, a large series of imper-
fect cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae; the sternal (?)
bones (one imperfect), the proximal half of the right scapula,
radius, and ulna, a metacarpal fragment of an ilium, the
right femur, part of right astragalus, the entire second
and third and the distal extremity of the fourth right meta-
tarsal, and numerous phalangeals. ‘The fragment of the
ilium appears to differ very considerably from that of
I. mantelli; the astragalus also diverges from the corre-
sponding fragment (No. R. 130) of that of the latter to a
IGUANODONTIDZ. oo
/
very marked extent. The metarsals agree in size with
those of the cast No. R. 1114 of the specimen in Mr.
_ Beckles’s collection. Purchased, 1880.
Speerfically undetermined Specimens.
Unless tt 1s stated to the contrary, the following specimens are from
the Wealden. Some of the smaller ones may belong to Spheno-
spondylus gracilis.
R. 180. The nearly entire dentary bone of the left ramus of the
(fig.) mandible of a young individual; from Brixton, Isle of
Wight. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck
Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. iii. pl. x. (1864). Three
teeth are shown in their alveoli.
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
3388. A very small tooth; from Cuckfield, Sussex. Figured by
(Zig.) Mantell in his ‘Geology of the South-east of England,’
p. 270, tig: 1. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2390. The crown of a lower tooth; from Cuckfield. Figured by
(f%g.) Mantell in his ‘ Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’ pl. iv. fig. 7.
Same history.
2094. A much-worn upper tooth; from Cuckfield. Figured by
(fig.) Mantell, op. cit. pl. iv. fig. 5 and pl. xvii. fig. 2, and also
in his ‘ Geology of phe South-east of England,’ p. 270,
figs. 4, 5. Same history.
2393. A worn upper tooth; from Cuckfield. Figured in ‘ Fossils
(fig.) of Tilgate Forest,’ pl. iv. fig. 12. Same hastory.
aii
2392. A pariially worn lower tooth; from Cuckfield. Figured by
(Fig.) Mantell, op. cit. pl. iv. fig. 4, and in his ‘Geology of the
South-east of England,’ p. 272, figs.4, 5. Same history.
; 2382. A worn upper tooth; from Cuckfield. Figured by Owen in
# -(%g.) ‘his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia,’ pt. 11. pl. xvii. fig. 1
Fe : ~ (1855). Same history.
i 36497. The crown of an unworn lower tooth of large size (? I. ber-
(fig.) nassartensis) ; from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his
f ‘ Petrifactions,’ p. 235, fig. 50, and by Owen, op. cit.
a pl. xviii. fig. 3. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
7 Q2
228 DINOSAURIA.
36499. An imperfect lower tooth; from Cuckfield. Figured by
(Fig.) Owen, op. cit. pl. xviii. fig. 4.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 18538.
36500. worn upper tooth; from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell,
(Fig.) op. cit. p. 238, fig. 52, and by Owen, op. cit. pl. xviii.
fig. 2. Same history.
10840. A lower tooth; from Cuckfield. Same history.
2357. A worn tooth; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2381. A worn tooth; from Cuckfield. Same history.
2387. A worn tooth; from Cuckfield. Same history.
2388. A small worn upper tooth; from Cuckfield. Same history.
2391. A very similar specimen ; from Cuckfield. Same history.
3419. A somewhat smaller worn upper tooth; from Cuckfield.
Same hostory.
3423. A partially worn upper tooth ; from Cuckfield. Same history.
3426. A very similar specimen; from Cuckfield. Same history.
2402. A worn tooth; from Cuckfield. Same history.
2403. A worn tooth; from Cuckfield. Same history.
2405. A worn tooth; from Cuckfield. Same history.
2387. A or worn lower tooth, of large size ; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
3386. A partially worn small tooth; from Cuckfield. Same history.
3399. The crown of a partially worn tooth ; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
2407, 3355, 3373, 3387, 3391, 3395, 3410, 3418, 26001, 40306. A
series of worn teeth, of small size; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection.
R. 645. Seven imperfect teeth, of small size; from Battle, near
Hastings, Sussex. Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
R. 604. Three imperfect upper teeth ; from Hastings.
enti Collection. Purchased, 1885.
R. 645 a. The crown of an unworn lower tooth; from the Hastings
Sand (Lower Wealden) of Sandown, Isle of Wight.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
46th rs
IGUANODONTIDA, 229
R. 134. A worn lower tooth, of large size (?I. bernissartensis); from
the Isle of Wight. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 134 a. A worn tooth; from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
R. 134 b. A similar specimen; from the Isle of Wight.
Same history.
_ R. 134. The crown of an unworn upper tooth; from the Isle of
Wight. Same history.
R. 134 d. An unworn lower tooth, of small size; from the Isle of
Wight. Same history.
R. 967. The crown of a worn tooth; from the Wadhurst Clay
(Lower Wealden) of the neighbourhood of Hastings. This
specimen may not improbably be referable to I. dawsoni.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1885.
R. 1140. The imperfect centrum of a small cervical vertebra ;
obtained in 1825 from near Loxwood, Sussex. No history.
R. 409. The crushed centrum of a very similar cervical vertebra ;
from Brook, Isle of Wight.
Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.
36550. The centrum of a smaller cervical vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 894. An imperfect (? middle) dorsal vertebra, of small size; from
the Isle of Wight. The arch is low, and the rib-facet
rises to the summit of the platform. The distinct rib-
facet on the centrum indicates that this specimen is not
Crocodilian. Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
43503. A smaller imperfect dorsal vertebra of similar type; from
the Isle of Wight. Purchased, 1872.
R. 1141. The centrum of a middle dorsal vertebra, apparently asso-
(Fig.) ciated with No. R. 1140; from Loxwood. Figured by
Murchison in the ‘Geol. Trans,’ ser. 2, vol. ii. pl. xv. fig. 2.
No history
R. 2127. An imperfect posterior dorsal vertebra; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection.
2560. An imperfect rib, provisionally referred to this group ;
(Fig.) from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Fossils of
Tilgate Forest,’ pl. xi. fig. 1. Same history.
230
DINOSAURIA.
2138. The centrum of an anterior or middle dorsal vertebra, appa-
(f1g.)
46772.
28941.
28947.
28952.
46785.
46768.
28696.
46773.
rently belonging to this family ; from Cuckfield. Described
by Owen in the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, p. 68, and —
figured in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’? (Mon.
Pal. Soc.), suppl. viii. pl. iv. figs. 7, 8, where it is provi-
sionally referred to Suchosaurus ; it closely resembles No.
R. 894, and also the vertebra of Sphenospondylus gracilis,
No. R. 142 a, and may belong to the latter form.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
The centrum of a dorsal vertebra of a shorter type than the
preceding; from the Isle of Wight. Purchased, 1875.
The centrum of a dorsal vertebra, of the same type as the
preceding ; probably from the Isle of Wight. .
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
The centrum of a dorsal vertebra, not improbably belonging
to this group ; from the Isle of Wight. Same history.
A roiled dorsal vertebra of similar type; from Brook.
Same history.
The centrum of a larger dorsal vertebra, agreeing in general
characters with No. 2138; from the Purbeck of Swanage,
Dorsetshire. Referred by Owen (MS.) to Suchosaurus. ;
Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876. ~
Two anchylosed vertebral centra, apparently of the last
lumbar and first sacral, probably belonging to Jguanodon ;
from the Isle of Wight. Closely resemble the correspond-
ing vertebre of the sacrum referred to J. mantelli,
No. 37685 (p. 220). Purchased, 1875.
The centrum of a vertebra, agreeing with the first centrum
of the preceding specimen ;, from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858.
An imperfect sacral vertebra, referred by Owen to Jgua-
nodon; from the Isle of Wight. Purchased, 1875.
2127. An imperfect sacral vertebra, referred by Owen to Jgua-
“{ Mg
nodon ;-from Cuckfield. Noticed by Owen in the ‘ Rep.
Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, p. 130, and figured by him in his
‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia, pt. ii. pl. vii.
Mantell Collection, Purchased, 1838, ,
IGUANODONTID 2. ye |
2159. An imperfect vertebral centrum of large size, which is pro-
bably the last lumbar of a member of the present family ;
from Cuckfield. In contour it closely resembles the last
lumbar of J. prestwichi, figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvi. pl. xx. fig. 1.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2156. An imperfect anterior caudal vertebra ; from Cuckfield.
Same history.
2157. An imperfect anterior caudal vertebra, rather later in the
series than the preceding ; from Cuckfield. Same history.
R. 108. Five associated anterior caudal vertebre ; from the Isle of
Wight. Fox Collection.
R. 107 a. Three associated anterior caudal vertebre ; from the Isle
of Wight. Same history.
R. 367. One imperfect extremity of an anterior caudal vertebra, of
which the inner surface has been polished.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
37692. An imperfect anterior caudal vertebra, of small size; from
the Isle of Wight. Saul Collection. Purchased, 1863.
R. 367 a. A smaller imperfect anterior caudal vertebra; from the
Isle of Wight. Presented by J. E. Lee, Esg., 1885.
36541. A very small imperfect anterior caudal vertebra ; from the
Isle of Wight. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
2164. The centrum of one of the early middle caudal vertebra ;'
from Cuckfield. Asin one vertebra of No. 40101 (p. 220),
the interval between the chevron-facets of the two extre-
mitiesis very small. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 1142. Four imperfect associated caudal vertebrae, of small size ;
(Fig.) from Loxwood. Three of these specimens, which belong
to the same individual as No. R. 1140, are figured by
Murchison, op. cit. pl. xv. figs. 1, 3, 8. No history.
2142. A slightly imperfect middle caudal vertebra; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 145 d. The centrum of a middle caudal vertebra; from the Isle
of Wight, Fox Collection.
2352, DINOSAURIA.
R. 145 h. Two associated imperfect middle caudal vertebre, of
smaller size ; from the Isle of Wight. Fox Collection.
46015. A small imperfect middle caudal vertebra; from Sandown,
Isle of Wight. Purchased, 1874.
R. 107 a. Seven associated imperfect middle and posterior caudal
vertebre, of small size ; from the Isle of Wight.
Fou Collection.
36532. An imperfect vertebra, from the hinder part of the se
caudal region ; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858.
43622. An imperfect posterior caudal vertebra, of large size; from
Brook, Isle of Wight (? J. bernissartensis). .
Purchased, 1872.
R. 604. Two imperfect posterior caudal vertebrae; from Hollington,
Sussex. Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1884.
R. 141. An imperfect posterior vane] vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. Fox Collection.
R. 604 a. An imperfect vertebra from near the extremity of the
tail; from Silverhill, near Hastings. Dawson Collection.
36544. A very similar specimen, but less imperfect ; from Cuckfield.
(ig.) | Figured by Mantell in ‘his ‘Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’
pl. ix. fig. 8, and in the ‘Phil. Trans.’ 1849, pl. xxx,
fig. 13. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 18538.
36547. An imperfect vertebra from the same region ; from the Isle
of Wight. Same history.
36544. An imperfect vertebra, which appears to have been one of
the last two or three of the caudal series; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection.
44914. Two transverse sections of vertebral centra; from the Isle —
of Wight. | Purchased, 1874.
2146. The proximal portion of a chevron-bone; from the Isle of
Wight. Mantel Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 172. An imperfect chevron-bone ; from the Isle of Wight.
| Kow Collection,
IGUANODONTID A, 250
R. 1144. Cast of the two ossifications of the sternal(?) region. The
original was obtained from Hastings, and is in the collec-
tion of Mr. 8. H. Beckles; it is figured by Hulke in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xli. pl. xiv. fig. 1, and
regarded as the clavicle and interclavicle. This identifi-
cation is disputed by Dollo in the ‘ Rev. Quest. Scient.’
1885, p. 666, who regards these bones as parts of the
sternum, but not of either J. bernissartensis or I. mantelli.
The same conclusion is arrived at by Baur in the ‘ Zool.
Anzeig.’ vol. viil. p. 561 (1885) ; while Cope, in the ‘ Amer.
Nat,’ 1886, p. 153, compares these and the homologous
bones of J. bernissartensis to those of Diclonius, and con-
siders that Hulke has figured them in a reversed position.
The specimen is again noticed by Seeley in the ‘Geol.
Mag.’ 1887, pp. 84-86, who agrees with Cope in regard
to the reversion of Hulke’s figure, but identifies it with
the xiphisternum, and suggests that its process extended
backwards to articulate with the ‘prepubis.’ Finally,
these bones are again described and figured by the same
writer in the ‘Proc. R. Soc.’ vol. xliii. p. 240 (1887),
where they are termed prepubis, and are identified with
the bones commonly termed pubes in the Eusuchian Croco-
dilia. The suggestion that this specimen may belong to
the J. dawsoni form was made by the writer in the ‘Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliv. p. 52. Made in the Museum.
2218. A single sternal ossification of similar type; from Cuckfield.
(Fig.)
Figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil, Trans.’ 1841, pl. vii.
fic. 20, as an undetermined bone. Although the differ-
ence from the corresponding bone of J. mantelli (No. R.33)
and of the unnamed form mentioned on p. 226 is difficult
to describe, yet it is very marked.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1888.
40709. The proximal half of a right scapula; from Bulverhythe,
near Hastings. This specimen apparently closely accords
with the scapula provisionally referred to J. bernissartensis.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 115 a. The proximal half of a smaller left scapula, not impro-
bably belonging to the same species as the preceding ; from
the Isle of Wight. Fox Collection.
934 DINOSAURIA.
36505. The entire right scapula of a small individual ; from
(fig.) Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1849,
pl. xxx. fig. 10. Total length 0,385; in contour this
specimen comes nearest to the scapula No. R. 966, pro-
visionally referred to J. dawsoni. a
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858. %
2524. A large right coracoid; from Cuckfield. Although smaller,
agrees very closely with the specimen represented in
fig. 45, and not improbably belongs to the same species. a
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1888. :
2200. A considerably smaller imperfect right coracoid; from Cuck-
(Fig.) field. Figured by Mantell in his ‘Fossils of Tilgate
Forest,’ pl. vii. fig. 9. Same history.
R. 1145. The distal portion of a medium-sized right humerus ; from
Hastings. No history.
R. 604. An imperfect left humerus, of small size ; from the Wad-
hurst Clay of Ridge Quarry, near Hastings.
3 Dawson Collection.
R. 170. Three specimens of the distal extremity of the humerus of
very young individuals; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
9186. A radius, not improbably belonging to J. manitellr; from
Cuckfield. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 1143. A bone, which is apparently a metacarpal ; from Loxwood.
(Fig.) Associated with the vertebra No. R. 1140 figured by Mur-
chison, op. cit. pl. xv. fig. 7. No history. ©
9384. The terminal phalangeal of the pollex; from Cuckfield.
(Fig.) Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’
pl. xx. fig. 8, in the ‘Phil. Trans. 1841, pl. ix. fig. 2,
and in his ‘ Wonders of Geology,’ 6th ed. p. 431, fig. 106,
as the horn of ZJguwanodon ; also by Owen in his ‘ Wealden —
and Purbeck Reptilia,’ pt. ii. pl. xvii. figs. 1, 2, where it
is provisionally referred to the pes.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 457. A larger specimen of the corresponding bone ; probably
from the Isle of Wight.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.
IGUANODONTIDZ®. . 235
40431. A much smaller specimen of the corresponding bone ; from
the Lower Greensand of Potton, Bedfordshire.
| Purchased, 1867.
46782. A very small specimen of the corresponding bone; from
Brook. Purchased, 1875.
46728. Cast of the acetabular region ‘of the left pubis. The original
was obtained from Brixton Bay, Isle of Wight, and was
formerly in the collection of Dr. Wilkins, of Newport ; it
is figured by Hulke in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxx. pl. xxxii. figs. 1, 2, as an ilium, and correctly
named in vol. xxxil. p. 364. Made in the Museum.
$6538. The acetabular region of the right pubis of a young indi-
(f7g.) vidual; from Cuckfield. Figured by Mantell in his
‘Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’ pl. xvi. fig. 3, as part of the
scapula, and so labelled in the handwriting of Cuvier.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 18538.
R. 169. Fragment of the acetabular region of the right pubis of a
young individual ; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
2183. The proximal portion of a small left ischium, in a block of
grit; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
2167. The proximal portion of a much larger left ischium ; from
Cuckfield. Same history.
28677. The distal extremity of a left ischium, agreeing approxi-
mately in size with the preceding; from Brook.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28700. A very similar specimen of the opposite side; from
Brook. Not improbably belonging to the same individual
as the preceding. These specimens are considerably
larger than the corresponding portion of the ischium
(No. 2158) of J. mantelli, and not improbably belong to
small individuals of J. bernissartensis. Same history.
36507. The left femur of a small individual, wanting a portion of
the upper half of the shaft; from the Isle of Wight.
- This specimen probably belongs to J. mantell.
— Same history.
236 DINOSAURIA.
2152. The crushed left femur of a smaller animal; from the Isle of
Wight. This specimen appears to be incorrectly restored.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
N
36539. The distal extremity of the left femur of avery young indi-
vidual ; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
2662-2667. The two extremities of a femur, together with the
associated imperfect tibia, fibula, and two left metatarsals
of a small animal; from Cuckfield. Noticed in Mantell’s
‘ Petrifactions,’ p. 294.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R, 170. Two specimens of the proximal and two of the distal ex- _
tremity of the femora of very young individuals; from
the Isle of Wight. Fox Collection.
2737. A small femur, of slender type; from Cuckfield. The shaft
appears to be more slender, and the inner trochanter lower
down than in J. mantella.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 1116. A large left tibia,in a crushed condition; from the Wadhurst
Clay of Hastings. This specimen is rather longer than
the next. Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1886.
R. 1115. A right tibia; from Shornden Quarry, near Hastings. This
Specimen is more slender than typical specimens of
I. mantel, and has the two extremities placed less
obliquely to one another; it may, perhaps, belong to
I, dawson, Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1887.
R. 125. A slightly smaller left tibia, agreeing in general contour
with the preceding ; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
R. 1147. A small right tibia in a crushed condition ; locality un-
known. No history.
R. 604. An imperfect right tibia, of medium size; from near
Hastings. Dawson Collection.
R. 659. The distal extremity of a much smaller left tibia; from the
Hastings Sand of Brixton Bay, Isle of Wight.
Presented by J. H. Lee, Esq., 1885.
IGUANODONTID. 237
36518. The distal extremity of the right tibia of a still smaller
individual ; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 18538.
36506. A right tibia, agreeing approximately in size with the pre-
ceding; from Cuckfield. Length 0,031; diameter of
distal extremity 0,065. Same history.
R. 124. A smaller right tibia ; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
36508. A considerably smaller left tibia; from the Isle of Wight.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 604. The second left metatarsal of an individual agreeing in size
with the Belgian example of J. mantellz, No. R. 1113; from
the Wadhurst Clay near Hastings. Dawson Collection.
R. 604 a. A first phalangeal, apparently belonging to the second
digit of the right pes of a larger individual; from the
Wadhurst Clay near Hastings. Same history.
2521. The first phalangeal of the third digit of the pes of an animal
agreeing in size with J. mantelli; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
46512. The corresponding bone of a much smaller individual; from
Cuckfield. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
R. 604 c. The second phalangeal of the third digit of the pes ; from
the Wadhurst Clay of Hastings. Dawson Collection.
2627. The second phalangeal of the second digit of the left pes ;
from the Isle of Wight. Agrees in size with J. mantelli.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
R. 55. The imperfect corresponding bone of the opposite foot of a
smaller animal ; from Sussex. © Purchased, 1881.
36513. A very small specimen of the corresponding bone of the
left pes; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 18538.
R. 604 b. A terminal phalangeal, apparently belonging to the
second digit of the right pes; from the Wadhurst Clay,
near Hastings. Probably associated with No. R. 604 a.
Dawson Collection.
238 DINOSAURIA.
36510. A terminal phalangeal, apparently of the fourth digit of the
left pes ; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858.
R.133. An imperfect terminal phalangeal ; from the Isle of Wight.
Fox Collection.
36511. The extremity of a terminal phalangeal of a young indi-
vidual; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
19979. Cast of the impression and counterpart of a hind foot. The
original was obtained from Hastings.
Presented by Bennett Smuth, Esq. ., L846.
R.1146. Cast of the impression and counterpart of a hind foot. The
original was obtained from Hastings, and is figured (with-
out determination) by Tylor in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xviii. p. 248. Purchased. About 1863.
Genus SPHENOSPONDYLUS, Seeley’.
Several of the anterior dorsal vertebrae: markedly opisthoccelous,
and the later ones with posterior cups to the centra, but no anterior
balls ; arches of dorsals very low, with the centrum long, moderately
compressed, wedge-shaped, and often with a hzmal spine or carina.
The rib-facet rises to the level of the neural platform in the dor-
sals. Teeth probably like those of [guanodon.
This genus, which is provisionally accepted, is regarded as pro-
bably connecting Iguanodon with Trachodon, the anterior dorsals
resembling those of the latter, while the later ones approximate to
those of the undetermined species of Jguanodon mentioned on p. 226.
Sphenospondylus gracilis, Lydekker *.
The type species. Typically smaller than Jguanodon mantelli.
Hab, Europe (England). |
The following specimens were obtained from the Wealden of the Islé
of Wight, and, wnless the contrary rs stated, belong to the Fox
Collection. Purchased, 1882. E |
R. 143. An imperfect vertebra, from near the. a anterior
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxix. p. 55 (1883).
2 Ibid, vol. xliv. p. 47 (1888).
IGUANODONTID 2. 239
extremity of the dorsal series. This specimen was probably
associated with No. R. 142; it shows a distinct ball on
the anterior face of the centrum, below which is a well-
marked hemal spine.
R. 166. The centrum of a very similar vertebra, with a less distinct
heemal spine.
R. 142 a. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra. The anterior face
of the centrum is flat, but the posterior cupped. All the
specimens entered as R. 142 were associated with the
present one.
R. 142 b. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra. There is still a
trace of the posterior cup to the centrum.
R. 142 c. A slightly imperfect anterior or middle dorsal vertebra.
' This specimen was evidently somewhat later in the series
than the preceding one, the two faces of the centrum
being alike.
R. 142 d. A slightly imperfect anterior or middle dorsal vertebra.
R. 142 e. A more imperfect anterior or middle dorsal vertebra.
R. 142. A slightly imperfect anterior or middle dorsal vertebra. One
(Fig.) of the type specimens. Figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxix. pp. 58, 59, figs. 2,3; the
former figure being reproduced in the woodcut on the next
page. There is a slight cupping of the posterior face of
the centrum.
R. 148 b. An imperfect anterior or middle dorsal vertebra. Asso-
| ciated with No. R. 143.
R. 135 a. An imperfect anterior or middle dorsal vertebra, probably
belonging to this form.
28935. A series of four united posterior dorsal or lumbar vertebree
probably belonging either to this species or to J. mantelli.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
R, 165. A posterior dorsal or lumbar vertebra, with the arch im-
‘perfect, not improbably belonging to this form. The
centrum has subcircular terminal faces.
240 DINOSAURIA.
Fig. 47.
oo
ears
mee 5
Sphenospondylus gractlis.—Left lateral aspect of an anterior or middle dorsal
vertebra ; from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. 3. 4, rib-facet; tp, ae
transverse process; 2, postzygapophysis. (From the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol, ;
Soce.’)
TRACHODONTIDZ. Q41
Family TRACHODONTID A.
Closely allied to the preceding family, but with the teeth arranged
in vertical rows, and articulating with one another so as to form a
more or less complete pavement. In the one genus (Diclonius*) in
which it is known the skull is elongated and much depressed, and
the premaxille are extended a considerable distance in advance of
the large nares, thus producing a very long edentulous portion. ;
Genus ORTHOMERUS, Seeley’.
Proyisionally referred to this family. Known only by limb-bones
and caudal vertebre, which appear to indicate a form closely allied
to Trachedon, but presenting some approximation to Jguanodon.
- The caudal vertebre (fig. 48) have their spines much inclined
backwards, and the anterior ones are more elongated* than in
Trachodon ; the chevron-facets are double, from which Dollo con-
cludes that the chevrons were open’.
Orthomerus dolloi, Seeley °.
The type species ; about the size of Trachodon foulki.
Hab. Kurope (Belgium).
The following specimens are from the Upper Cretaceous of Maastricht,
Netherlands, and belong to the Van Breda Collection. Pur-
chased, 1871.
42955. The right femur, with imperfect extremities. Type (fig. 49,
(Fig.) A, B,C); figured by Seeley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xxxix. p. 249, fig. 2, A, B,C. Length 0,495
(19°5 inches).
1 ‘= Hadrosauride.
2 See Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1883, p. 97, pls. iv.—vii.
3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxix. p. 248 (1883).
4 See Dollo, Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. vol. ii. p. 211 (1885).
> Double facets are sometimes found in Jyuanodon (Owen, ‘ British Fossil
Reptilia,’ Dinosauria, pl. v.).
8 Loe, cit.
R
\
242 3 DINOSAURTIA.
Fig. 48.
N
: N
SW
.
‘)
MN
%)
Ss =
Pepe 4 ‘
+m eee
ill
“yl
Iii
« Ly)
Orthomerus dollot.—Right lateral view of anterior caudal vertebra; from the
Maastricht Beds. 4. a, spine; 6, centrum; c, d, post- and prezygapo-
physis; e, 4, neuro-central suture ; jf, transverse process; g, /, chevron-
facets.; m, ”, anterior and posterior faces of centrum. (From the ‘ Bull. ©
Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg.’)
42956. Distal extremity of the right femur (fig. 49, D). Figured
(Fig.) by Seeley, op. cat. fig. 2, D.
42954. The left tibia, wanting the cnemial crest and the two ex-
(fig.) tremities. Figured by Seeley, op. cit. p. 252, fig. 3; it is
more slender than the corresponding bone of [guanodon,
and thereby approximates to that of T’rachodon.
42957. An imperfect metatarsal. Noticed by Seeley, op. cit. p. 253.
243
=a i
4 I ‘It
4
B
4
~ Orthomerus dolloi—The right femur; from the Maastricht beds. }. A,
posterior ; B, inner aspect; C, proximal extremity (restored); D, distal
extremity of another specimen. /¢, inner, pt, proximal trochanter; a,
4s anterior, p, posterior condyles. _ (From the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)
Genus TRACHODON, Leidy’.
i Syn. Hadrosaurus, Leidy *.
The type genus. All the dorsal vertebrx opisthoccelous, with low
arches, on which the rib-facet rises to the summit of the neural
platform ; centra moderately compressed, wedge-shaped, with hemal
' Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. viii. p.72 (1856, vol. dateé 1857).
? Ibid. for 1858, p. 215 (1859).
B2
——OoOoOoo
ee ye ee veo
944 DINOSAURIA.
carina. Teeth (fig.50) simpler than in Iguanodon,
with lozenge-shaped crowns, and the inferior
surface of the root of each tooth bearing a —
groove for the reception of the summit of the
tooth below.
Hadrosaurus is identified with Trachodon by
Leidy in the ‘ Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.’ for 1868,
p. 199; the type tooth of the iden vene figured
by him in the ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xi.
pt. 2, pl. x. figs. 1-6 (1859).
Trachodon foullki, Leidy '.
Syn. Hadrosaurus foulki, Leidy 2.
The distinction from 7. mirabilis of the Judith-
River beds is not very apparent. Estimated
length 28 feet.
Hab. North America.
R. 1007. Transverse section of a tooth; from the
Trachodon foulkt.—
‘Tooth; from the
Upper Cretaceous
of New Jersey,
S.A. 4
Te
Upper Cretaceous of Huddersfield, New Jersey, U.S.A.
The dentition is figured by Leidy in his
‘ Cretaceous Rep-
tilia of the United States’ (Smiths. Contrib. Knowl. 1864),
pl. xil., from which fig. 50 is copied.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.
Trachodon cantabrigiensis, Lydekker *,
Nearly of the dimensions of 7. foulki,
but with the crowns of the teeth rela-
tively broader.
Hab. Europe (England).
R. 496. A tooth, wanting the base of
(fig.) the root; from the Cam-
bridge Greensand. The type
_ specimen (woodcut, fig. 51);
figured by Owen in his ‘ Cre-
taceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Trachodon
Soc.), suppl. ii. pl. vil. figs. a tooth;
Fig. 51.
cantabregiensis. —
Lateral and profile views of
from the Cambridge
16, 17, as Iguanodon man- Greensand: }.
1 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1858, p. 218 (1859).—Hadrosawrus,
4 Loc, cit.
3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xliv. p. 47 (1888).
TRACHODONTID.®. 245
tella; noticed by Leidy in the ‘Cretaceous Reptiles of
the United States’ (Smiths. Contrib. Knowl. 1864), p. 86,
and also by Seeley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol.
XxxV. p. 591, as resembling Trachodon (Hadrosaurus),
and referred to that genus by the writer in vol. xliv.
p. 47 of the latter journal.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.
The following specimens from the Cambridge Greensand are
provisionally referred to this species.
33884. An imperfect proximal phalangeal (? of the pes).
‘ Purchased, 1859.
$3885. A second or third phalangeal. Same history.
33886. A terminal phalangeal of the third digit of the pes. Closely
resembles the corresponding bone of Jguanodon.
Same hastory.
33887. A smaller terminal phalangeal of similar type.
Same history.
REMAINS OF WEALDEN DrINosaURS OF WHICH THE AFFINITIES
ARE UNCERTAIN.
28649. The centrum and base of the arch of a cervical vertebra
belonging to a form agreeing approximately in size with
Iguanodon mantelli; from the Isle of Wight. The cen-
trum is longer than in typical cervicals of Jquanodon.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.
28519. A centrum of similar type; from Cuckfield. Same history.
R. 604 e. Four associated imperfect dorsal vertebree of a much
smaller form; from the Wadhurst Clay of Hastings.
The centrum has subcircular faces; there is a rib-facet
on the arch, and the neural canal is somewhat narrow.
These specimens may perhaps belong to the Scelidosauride.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1884.
R. 148. The centra of two anchylosed sacral vertebra of a very
large form ; from the Isle of Wight. These vertebre are
246 DINOSAURIA.
more flattened inferiorly than in the sacrum referred to
Iguanodon bernissartensis. It is difficult to think to what
form they can belong, as they appear totally unlike the
sacrals of the Atlantosauride.
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 148 a. The centrum of a similar sacral vertebra; from the Isle
of Wight. Same history.
BR. 148 b. The centrum of a similar vertebra; from the Isle of
Wight. Same history.
| R.148 c, d. Two smaller sacral vertebree, of similar type; from the
Isle of Wight. | Same history.
R. 144. A sacrum with five imperfect vertebre, agreeing approxi-
mately in size with I[quanodon mantelli ; from the Isle of
Wight. Fox Collection.
41975. A metapodial of a small form; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Weymouth. ’ Purchased, 1870.
46784. A calcaneum belonging to a large form; from the Isle of
Wight. This bone is much shorter than the caleaneum of
Iguanodon mantelli, and may be referable to the Sauro-
poda. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858.
R. 722. Cast of the impression of a portion of the integument of a
large Dinosaur. The original was obtained near Hastings,
and is in the collection of Mr, 8. H. Beckles; it is said
to be associated with the humerus No. 28701, mentioned
on p. 142. Made in the Museum, 1885.
2390. A small scale-like bone in a slab of sandstone; from Cuck-
(Fig.) field. Figured by Mantell in his ‘ Geology of the South-
east of England,’ pl. ii. fig. 4, and provisionally regarded
as the sternum of a young Jguanodon. There is no proof +
that it is really Dinosaurian.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838,
NUTHETES.—ECHINODON. 247
Orpinat Posrrion UNcERTAIN
The affinities of the two following genera must, for the present,
remain undecided. They were regarded by their founder as present-
ing Lacertilian affinities, but their teeth are more like those of
Dinosaurians.
Genus NUTHETES, Owen".
Teeth like those of Megalosaurus, but, according to Owen, not
implanted in distinct alveoli, and partly anchylosed to the sides of
the jaw. The serrations disappear by wearing.
Nuthetes destructor, Owen’.
The type species. Equal in size to the larger existing species of
Varanus. |
Hab. Kurope (England).
The following specimens were obtained from the Middle Purbeck
(Upper Jurassic) of Durdlestone Bay, Swanage, Dorsetshire, and
belong to the Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
48207. Split fragment of rock, showing part of dentary with teeth.
(fig.) Figured by Owen in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’
(Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. ix. pl. 11. figs. 13-14 (1879).
48208. Twelve teeth in matrix. Five are figured by Owen, op. cit.
(Fig.) fig. 15.
48247. Fragments of rock containing conical pustulate bodies, re-
(Fig.) garded by Owen as dermal bones of this genus. Two are
figured by Owen, op. ecvt. figs. 18-21.
Genus ECHINODON, Owen?.
Teeth implanted in imperfect alveoli; lateral ones with flattened
diamond-shaped crowns, having serrations on the fore-and-aft edges
of the upper half, and presenting a great resemblance to those of
Scelidosaurus ; anterior ones in upper jaw elongated.
Echinodon becklesi, Owen *.
The type species. About the size of many existing species of the
Lacertilian genus Humeces.
Hab. Europe (England).
1 Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. x. p. 120 (1854). 2 Loe, cit.
3 Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia (Mon, Pal. Soc.), pt. v. p. 35 (1861)
+ Loe, cit,
248 STREPTOSTYLIC BRANCH.
The following specimens were obtained from the Middle Purbeck
of Durdlestone Bay, Swanage, Dorsetshire, and belong to the
Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876. They include the types.
48209-12. Four fragments of the maxilla. Figured by Owen in his
(Fig.) ‘Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. v.
pl. viii. figs. 1-4 (1861).
48213. Portion of the dentary bone. Figured, op. cit. fig. 5.
(2%g.) |
48214. The imperfect right dentary, with the crowns of the teeth
(fig.) broken off. Figured, op. cit. figs. 6-8.
48215. The two imperfect dentary bones. The right is figured
(Fig.) (reversed), op. cit. fig. 9. :
STREPTOSTYLIC BRANCH.
The four orders included (after Baur’) in this branch may be
collectively characterized as follows :—
Dentition usually acrodont or pleurodont, at in the adult the
teeth anchylosed to the bone, but the teeth may be implanted in a
groove without anchylosis; teeth not unfrequently present on the
palatine and pterygoid, and more rarely on the vomer*. Fre-
quently a parietal foramen; superior temporal arcade generally
present, inferior present or absent; quadrate movably or immoy-
ably articulated by its proximal extremity ; a columella (epiptery-
goid) generally present. Limbs absent in some cases. Precoracoid,
when present, anchylosed to coracoid (fig. 52). A T-shaped inter-
clavicle and clavicles present in those terrestrial forms which haye
limbs, except the Rhiptoglossa. Generally all, or nearly all, the
dorsal ribs articulating by single heads; dorsal vertebree either with
short or rudimental transverse processes, which (with the possible
exception of the Proterosauria) are never placed entirely on the
arch, or (Ichthyopterygia) with a pair of facets on the centrum;
with one exception *, not more than two vertebre in sacrum.
Abdominal ribs present or absent. Humerus generally with entepi-
condylar foramen. In terrestrial pentedactylate forms the number-
of the phalangeals is 2, 3, 4, 5,3 in the manus, and 2, 3, 4, 5, 4
in the pes. There is never a lateral vacuity in the mandible. —
* Biol. Centralblatt, vol. vii. p. 486 (1887 ). The Ichthyopterygia will come
in Part IT. of the present work.
* Among recent forms in some Anguide and the young of Sphenodon,
° Proterosaurus linki, Seeley, Phil, Trans, 1887, p. 201,
C Sate
ae)
aM i
OPHIDIA. ; 249
Order SQUAMATA.
Body lacertiform or anguiform, generally covered with scales,
which may be underlain by bony scutes. Limbs, when present,
adapted for walking or swimming. Proximal end of quadrate more
or less movably articulated to cranium; lower temporal arcade
wanting ; postorbital usually united to postfrontal; palate more or
less open; and premaxille frequently united. Vertebre generally
Iguana tuberculata.—Left lateral aspect of the cartilage-bones of the pectoral
girdle. +. s, scapula; m.sc, mesoscapula; gl, glenoid cavity; cor, cora-
coid ; p.cor, precoracoid; m.cor, mesocoracoid ; for, foramen.
proceelous ; with neurocentral suture obliterated; with or without
zygosphenes; and no intercentra. Ribs without uncinate processes :
and no true abdominal ribs'. But one centrale in the carpus; and
the precoracoid (fig. 52) often well marked. Includes the orders
Ophidia, Pythonomorpha, and Lacertilia of most writers.
Suborder OPHIDIA.
Body greatly elongated. Alisphenoidal region fully ossified ; no
temporal arcade, parietal foramen, or columella; quadrate and
palato-maxillary region loosely articulated to skull; premaxille
more or less aborted ; mandibular rami united by ligament. Ver-
tebrae with zygosphenes, divisible only into trunk and caudal series ;
no sacrum; no cheyrons. No sternum, pectoral girdle or pectoral
limb, and only occasionally traces of pelvic girdle and limb. No
dermal scutes.
1 Ossifications in the abdominal parietes occur among the Lacertilia in the
Anelytropide and also in the Rhiptoglossa,
|
250 SQUAMATA,
Section COLUBRIFORMES}?,
Family COLUBRIDA.
Genus PTY AS, Fitzinger ”.
Syn. Coryphodon, Duméril & Bibron.
Btpas mucosugs (Linn.*).
Syn. Coluber mucosus, Linn.?
Coryphodon blumenbachi, Duméril & Bibron °.
Hab, India.
R. 737. A trunk vertebra, provisionally referred to this form; from
the Pleistocene of the Billa-Surgam caves, Karnul dis-
trict, Madras. A similar specimen (fig. 53) is described
and figured by the writer in the ‘ Palsontologia Indica’
(Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. iv. p. 56, fig. 18.
Presented by the Director of the
Geological Survey of India, 1886.
Fig. 53.
Ptyas mucosus (?).—Posterior (A) and hzmal (B) aspects of a trunk vertebra ;
from the Pleistocene of Madras. +. (From the ‘ Palwontologia Indica.’)
Genus PILEMOPHIS, Rochebrune’.
Allied to Tropidonotus, but distinguished by the more elongated
costal processes and the axe-shaped neural spine. There is a small
bourelet behind the zygosphene. The right to generic distinction
may be doubtful.
1 The palxontological characters of the Ophidia being not yet worked out, in ~
many instances no diagnosis of the groups is given.
2 Syst. Reptilium, p. 26 (1843).
8 Erpétologie Générale, vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 180 (1854).— Preoccupied.
4 Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 888 (1766).— Coluber.
5 Loe, cit, 6 Op. cit. p. 184.
7 Nouv. Archiv. d. Muséum, sér, 2, vol. iii. p. 282 (1880). —Amended from
Pylmophis,
: | COLUBRIDZ. 251
Pilemophis sansaniensis (Lartet’).
Syn. Coluber sansaniensis, Lartet?. |
The type species.
Hab. Europe (France).
33275. Several vertebrx and portions of ribs, of which at least some
belong to this species; from the Middle Miocene of Sansan
(Gers), France. Presented by M. E. Lartet, 1857.
Genus ELAPHIS, Duméril & Bibron °*.
The vertebrz have broad lamine to the arches, with large zygo-
sphenes, oblique costal articulations, and the neural spines tall and
obliquely truncated posteriorly.
Elaphis atavus (Meyer‘*).
Syn. Tropidonotus atavus, Meyer’.
Coluber papyraceus, Troschel °.
Referred to this genus by Rochebrune in the ‘ Nouy. Archiv. d.
Muséum,’ sér. 2, vol. iti. p. 291. The upper part of the costal
articulation is not acute, and the height of the neural spine is
moderate.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
The following specimens are from the Lower Miocene (Upper Oligo-
cene) of Roth, near Bonn; sume may, perhaps, be referable to
E. elongatus (T’roschel").
36377. Slab of lignite, showing a considerable portion of the skeleton.
(Fig.) | Figured by von Meyer in the ‘ Palzontographica,’ vol. vii.
pl. xxv. fig. 1. Purchased, 1862.
36378. Counterpart of the hinder portion of the preceding specimen.
Same history.
33065. Slab of lignite, with portion of the skeleton.
Purchased, 1858.
1 «Notice sur la Colline du Sansan,’ p. 40 (1851).— Coluber.
2 Loe. cit.
8 Erpétologie Générale, vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 241 (1854).
4 Paleontographica, vol. vii. p. 232 (1860).—Tropidonotus.
5 Loe, ett. ® In Fischer’s Diss. Zool. p. 26, teste Rochebrune,
7 See Rochebrune, op, cit,
952 SQUAMATA.
41088. A slab and counterpart of lignite, showing a considerable
~ portion of the skeleton of what may be a small individual
of this species. Purchased, 1868.
Elaphis oweni (Meyer ’).
Syn. Coluber owent, Meyer ”.
According to Rochebrune, distinguished from the preceding by
the acuteness of the upper part of the costal articulations of the ver-
tebre, and their taller neural spines.
Hab. tiurope (Switzerland).
42734. Slab of stone containing a small part of the vertebral
column and the impression of a larger portion; from the
Upper Miocene of Giningen, Switzerland. Closely re-
sembles the type specimen figured by von Meyer. ©
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
Genus PERIOPS, Wagler’.
Periops gervaisi (Pomel’*).
Syn. Coluber gervaisi, Pomel®.
Referred to this genus by Rochebrune in the ‘ Nouy. Archiv. d.
Muséum,’ sér. 2, vol. iii. p. 283, by whom it is stated to be closely
allied to the existing P. parallelus of Egypt.
Hab. Europe (France).
26660. Numerous vertebre ; from the Pleistocene breccia of Coudes,
near Issoire (Puy-de-Déome), France.
Pomel Collection. Purchased, 1851.
Family PYTHONIDA.
Large land-snakes, with teeth in the premaxille. Vertebre with
neural spines of moderate height, and a backwardly projecting pro--
cess at the summit. Costal articulations placed high up on the
centrum, and the zygapophyses widely expanded and reaching far
* Fauna der Vorwelt—Saugeth. etc. aus d. Mol. yon CEningen, p. 48 (1845),
— Coluber. 2 Loc. ct.
3 Syst. Amphib. p. 189 (18380).
* Catalogue Méthodique, p, 128 (1853).— Coluber, > Loe. cit,
PYTHONIDZ. 2538
beyond the lateral borders of the costal articulations. Hemal
carina on centrum never terminating in anterior and posterior
processes.
Genus PY THON, Daudin’.
The type genus. Centra of vertebre short and wide, with
broad posterior ball, and hemal carina in posterior trunk-region not
very prominent.
Python molurug (Linn.’).
Syn. Coluber molurus, Linn.*
The type species. Attains a length of about 30 feet.
Hab. India and China.
Fig, 54.
Python molurus.— Posterior (A) and hemal (B) aspects of a trunk vertebra ; from
the Pleistocene of Madras. 3. (From the ‘ Palxontologia Indica.’)
R. 738. A trunk vertebra; from the Pleistocene cave-deposits of
the Karnul district, Madras. A similar specimen (fig. 54)
is described and figured by the writer in the ‘ Palzonto-
logia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Sury. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. iv.
p. 59, fig. 12. Both indicate small individuals.
Presented by the Director of the
Geological Survey of India, 1886.
R. 614. Four imperfect vertebre, provisionally referred to this
species ; from the Pliocene Siwaliks of the Punjab, India.
Similar specimens are described by the writer, op. cit.
vol, lil. p. 237, pl. xxxv. Same history.
Genus PALERY-X, Owen *.
Syn. Paleopython, Rochebrune °.
The centra of the middle and posterior trunk vertebra differ from
those of Python by the more strongly marked hemal carina; but in
1 Hist. Nat. Rept. vol. v. p. 226 (about 1802).
2 Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 225 (1766).— Coluber. 3 Loe, cit,
4 ‘Reptilia of London Clay’ (Mon, Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. p. 67 (1850).
5 Nouy. Archiv. d. Muséum, sér. 2, vol. iii. p. 276 (1880).
954 SQUAMATA. )
all other respects the resemblance between the vertebrae of the two
genera is extremely close.
The so-called Palwopython is founded upon specimens which
cannot be distinguished from the vertebre of the type species of
Paleryx ; see ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. v. p. 112 (1888).
Paleryx rhombifer, Owen!.
Syn. (?) Python cadurcensis, Filhol ?.
Paleopython cadurcensis, Rochebrune 3.
The type species. Typically four or five feet in length, but, if
Python cadurcensis be identical, reaching to a considerably larger
size. The vertebra figured by Rochebrune as Paleopython cadur-
censis cannot be distinguished from the type vertebra of the present
species, and is probably identical with Python cadurcensis; but if
not, must be taken as the type of Palwopython.
Hab. Kurope (England and France).
25259. An anterior trunk vertebra; from the Upper Eocene (Lower
(Fig.) Oligocene) of Hordwell, Hampshire. The type specimen ;
figured by Owen in his ‘Reptilia of the London Clay,’
pt. 3, pl. xiii. figs. 29-32. Noticed in the ‘ Geol. Mag.’
loc. cit. Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
32837. A series of vertebra, of which at least a considerable number
belong to the present species; from Hordwell.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855, —
32837 a. Nine associated trunk vertebre belonging to a small indi-
vidual of the present or to a closely allied form; from
Hordwell. Same history.
32839. A trunk vertebra in matrix ; from Hordwell. Same history.
R. 428. An anterior trunk vertebra; from the Phosphorites (Upper
Kocene= Lower Oligocene) of Caylux (Tarn-et-Garonne),
France. Purchased, 1885.
R. 428 a. Three trunk vertebre ; from the Phosphorites of Caylux.
(fig.) These vertebree (fig. 55) cannot be specifically distinguished
from the type (No. 25259), and also agree exactly with
the one figured by Rochebrune in the ‘ Nouv. Archiy. d.
Muséum,’ sér. 2, vol. ii. pl. xix. figs. 4, a, 6, c, under the
name of Palewopython cadurcensis. Noticed in the ‘ Geol.
Mag.’ loc. cit. : Same history.
1 © Reptilia of London Clay’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. p. 67 (1850).
2 Ann. Sci. Géol, vol. viii. p. 270 (1877).
3 Nouy. Archiv. d, Muséum, sér, 2, vol. iii. p. 276 (1880).
PYTHONID!. ; 255
“iB. 428 b. Numerous vertebree, of which at least the majority belong
to the present form ; from Caylux. Purchased, 1885.
26665. A trunk vertebra not improbably belonging to this species ;
from the Lower Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of St. Gérand-
le-Puy (Allier), France.
Pomel Collection. Purchased, 1851.
Paleryx rhombifer—Hemal, anterior, and left lateral view of a trunk vertebra
from the Phosphorites of Caylux. +. ¢, costal articulation ; zs, zygosphene.
** Paleryx filholi (Rochebrune *
Syn. Paleopython Jithoh, Rochebrune ”.
Probably merely a large form of the next species, with which
the vertebra agree precisely in structure.
Hab. Kurope (France).
BR. 428 c. Three trunk vertebre; from the Phosphorites (Upper
Kocene= Lower Oligocene) of Caylux (Tarn-et-Garonne),
France. Precisely resemble the type specimen figured by
Rochebrune in the ‘Nouy. Archiv. d. Muséum, sér. 2,
vol. ili. pl. xu. fig. 5, a,b,c. Noticed by the writer in the
© Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. v. p. 112. Purchased, 1885.
Paleryx depressus, Owen’.
Typically of small size. The vertebra distinguished from those
of the type species by the depressed arch, and the great width and
stoutness of the hemal carina, which expands anteriorly.
Hab. Europe (England and France).
25261. Three trunk vertebre; from the Upper Eocene (Lower
(Fig.) Oligocene) of Hordwell, Hampshire. The type specimens ;
| one is figured by Owen in his ‘London Clay Reptilia,’
pt. ili. pl. xiii. figs. 37, 38. Noticed by the writer in the
‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, veh Ve pa ELA:
Presented by S. V. Wood, Esq., 1850.
* Nouv. Archiv. d. Muséum, sér, 2, vol. iii. p. 277 (1880).— Paleopython.
2 Doe. cti.
* Reptilia of the London Clay, pt. iii. p. 67 (1850).
256 SQUAMATA.
32838. A number of vertebree of which at least a large proportion
belong to this species ; from Hordwell.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
32838 a. Two trunk vertebree in connection; from Hordwell.
Same history.
32838 b. Several vertebrae provisionally referred to this form ; from
Hordwell. Same history.
R. 428 d. Several trunk vertebrae; from the Phosphorites (Upper
Eocene= Lower Oligocene) of Caylux (Tarn-et-Garonne),
France. These specimens cannot be distinguished from
the types of the present form, and also present all the
characters of the larger vertebree of the so-called P..filhoh.
Noticed by the writer, op. cit. Purchased, 1885.
26665 a. Four trunk vertebre probably belonging either to the
present or a closely allied species; from the Lower
Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of St. Gerand-le-Puy (Allier),
France. Pomel Collection. Purchased, 1851.
GeEnvs non cet.
The following specimens, although of larger size, agree closely
with the vertebree of Narboa schlegeli, and probably belong either
to that genus or Liasis; but there is no skeleton of the latter in the
Museum for comparison. The vertebrae of Moreha are different.
The vertebral centra are much elongated and have a prominent
hemal carina ; in many respects these vertebra are very like the
one referred to Ptyas.
Hab. Australia.
42682. Six vertebree of a large snake; from the Pleistocene of the
caves of the Wellington Valley, New South Wales. ,
Presented by the Trustees of the Australian Museum, 1876.
Family PALAZAOPHIDA.
Large snakes of probably marine habits. Vertebre with very
tall neural spines, which have no backwardly directed process at the
summit; costal articulations placed low down on the centrum, and
the zygapophyses not expanded and scarcely reaching beyond the
lateral borders ofthe costal articulations. Heemal carina on centrum
not unfrequently terminating in anterior and posterior processes.
PALMOPHID®. O57.
The type genus was referred by Owen to the Hydrophida, but is
_ regarded by Rochebrune * (after Cope and Marsh) as more nearly
allied to the Pythons, and is included by him in the Pythonide.
The great difference in the structure of the vertebree, together with
the probably marine habits (as deduced from the strata in which the
remains occur), and the occurrence of an allied or identical genus
(Titanophis, Marsh *) in the Eocene of N. America (in which country
Pythons are unknown), renders it, however, tolerably certain that
we have to do with a distinct family, which is only provisionally
placed here. The question is more fully discussed by the writer in
the ‘ Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. v. p. 112 (1888).
Genus PALZEOPHIS, Owen °.
The type genus. Centrum of vertebree elongated and compressed,
' with a distinct hemal carina in the posterior trunk-region.
Paleophis toliapicus, Owen“.
The type species. Typically from ten to twelve feet in length.
Vertebree long and narrow, with sessile costal tubercles (transverse
processes), and the hemal carina without well-marked terminal
processes. The latter character does not appear constant in all
specimens. |
Hab. Kurope (England).
The following specomens are from the London Clay
(Lower Hocene) of Sheppey.
39453. Fragment of a nodule containing the hinder part of the
—(&%g.) vertebral column. Figured by Owen in his ‘London
Clay Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. pl. xvi. figs. 1-3.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
39447. A nodule with a considerable part of the vertebral column.
(fig.) One of the types; figured by Owen in the ‘Trans. Geol.
Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vi. pl. xxii. figs. 1-2. Same history.
38998. Nodule showing six vertebra. One of the types; figured
(fig.) by Owen, op. cit. pl. xxii. fig. 3. Same history.
? Nouv. Archiv. d. Muséum, sér. 2, vol. iii. pp. 274-276 (1880).
2 Proc. Amer. Assoc. for 1877, p. 228 (1878); to replace Dinophis. Cope,
Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1868, p. 234, and Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe, vol. xiv.
p. 227 (1870), identifies these forms with Paleophis.
3 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vi. pt. 1, p. 209 (1841).
© Lar, cit.
958 SQUAMATA,
y
R. 40. A nodule with a large part of the vertebral column. .
Shrubsole Collection. Purchased, 1880,
35690. Nodule with vertebree and fragment of ribs.
Purchased, 1859.
39772. Nodule with vertebre and ribs. Bowerbank Collection.
32836. Nodule with vertebre.
Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851
24874. Nodule with vertebree. Purchased, 1850.
30535. Nodule with vertebre. Purchased. About 1854.
30536. An imperfect vertebra. Same history.
30536 a. Several imperfect vertebree. Same history.
38859. An imperfect vertebra. - Bowerbank Collection.
Palzophis typhzeus, Owen’.
Including Paleophis porcatus, Owen ®.
Larger than the preceding ; attaining a length estimated at twenty
feet. Vertebre generally broader, with the costal tubercles peduncu-
late, and the hemal carina in the posterior region terminating in
antero-posterior processes.
Paleophis typheus.—Hemal, anterior, and left lateral views of a trunk ver-
tebra, wanting the greater part of the neural spine; (?) from the Lower
Eocene of Sheppey. }. 2s, zygosphene; c, costal articulation. “@
The characters on which P. porcatus was founded do not appear
of specific value. .
Hab. Europe (England and Belgium).
* London Clay Reptilia (Mon, Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. p. 56 (1850).
2 Ibid. p. 61
PALMOPHIDA. 259
The following specimens, unless the contrary is stated, are
from the Middle Eocene of Bracklesham, Sussex.
33207. An imperfect vertebra. One of the types ; figured by Owen
(fig.) in his ‘ Reptilia of the London Clay,’ pt. ii. pl. xiv. fig. 1.
Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
25600. A slightly imperfect vertebra. One of the types; figured,
(fig.) op. cit. pl. xiv. fig. 7. Same history.
33210. A small vertebra. One of the types; figured, op. cit.
ig.) pl. xiv. fig. 16: Same history.
33209. A small anterior vertebra. One of the types; figured, op.
(Fig.) cit. pl. xiv. fig. 26. Same history.
25603. Several vertebree. Same history.
28431. Several vertebree. Purchased, 1853.
39247. A vertebra. _ Purchased, 1865.
40221-3. Several vertebre. Purchased, 1867.
28093. Hight vertebre. Presented by F. EL. Edwards, Esq., 1856.
33206. A small vertebra. | Dixon Collection.
38999. Several vertebra. Fs
Routenbonl: Collection. Purchased, 1865.
37316. Fragment of rock eaten four imperfect vertebree.
Purchased, 1863.
25603. Three imperfect vertebree cemented together by matrix.
Dixon Collection.
R. 42. Three vertebree apparently belonging to this species; said to
be from the London Clay of Sheppey. One of these
specimens is represented in fig. 56.
Shrubsole Collection. Purchased, 1880.
R. 1023. An associated series of 44 imperfect vertebra.
Presented by P. E, Coombe, Esq., 1888.
R. 873. An imperfect trunk vertebra; from the Middle (?) Eocene
of Brussels, Belgium.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.
s2
260 SQUAMATA,
The following specimens are the types of P. porcatus.
33203. A vertebra; figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. xiv. figs. 18, 19.
(fvg.) The alleged specific characters are the ridge connecting
the two zygapophyses of each side, and the wider neural
arch, but very similar features oceur in one of No. 25603.
Dizon Collection.
$3203 a, A similar vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. xiv. —
(d4g.) figs. 20, 21. , Same lustory.
25602. A much smaller vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
(fig.). pl. xiv. fie, 13. Same history.
Palzophis, Sp.
The following specimens may indicate a form distinct from the,
preceding. |
All are from the Middle Eocene of Bracklesham, Sussex.
25601. A vertebra ; figured by Owen in his ‘ London Clay Reptilia,’
(Fig.) pl. xiv. figs. 10-12. Diwon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
25603 a. A vertebra. Same history.
25604, A vertebra. Figured, op. ct. pl. xiv. figs. 5-6.
(Fuq.) | Same history.
25605. A vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pl. xiv. fig. 32.
(4g.) :
20607. Numerous imperfect vertebre and ribs in matrix. Figured,
(fig.) op. cit. pl. xvi. fig. 4. Same history.
Same history.
39199, Fragment of rock containing numerous imperfect vertebree.
Same history.
40224. A vertebra. | Purchased, 1867.
Incerte sedis.
42733, A slab of limestone containing the nearly entire skeleton
of a small Snake ; from the Upper Miocene of Giningen,
Switzerland. This specimen may belong to the same
species as the Snake figured by Meyer in his ‘ Fauna der
Vorwelt—Rept. aus. d. Molasse,’ pl. vi. fig. 2, under the
name of Coluber kargi, but referred by Rochebrune, in the
‘Nouv. Archiv. d. Muséum,’ sér. 2, vol. iii. p. 292, to the
Viperine genus Britis (Lchidna). .
Van Breda Oollection. Purchased, 1871.
MOSASAURID Zi. Coan,
Suborder PYTHONOMORPHA.
Body much elongated. Skull of a Varanoid type, with united
nasals and premaxille, loosely articulated quadrates, teeth on the
pterygoids, and frequently sclerotic ossifications'. Teeth large,
sharp, and anchylosed by expanded bases to the summits of the
jaws. Vertebre with or without zygosphenes, and those of the
cervical region in some cases exceeding nine. There is no sternum
or clavicle, and usually no interclavicle? or sacrum. Limbs in the
form of paddles, with the terminal phalangeals devoid of claws, and
no foramen to the humerus; pelvis imperfectly developed. No
dermal scutes, at least in most forms’.
Family MOSASAURID A.
With the exception of Phoplatecarpus, Dollo*, all the forms may
be included in this family.
Genus MOSASAURUS, Conybeare’.
Premaxille not produced into an edentulous rostrum ; teeth smooth,
curved, more or less faceted and slightly compressed ; pterygoids
not uniting in the middle line ®. Vertebree without zygosphenes ;
centra short; chevrons in the middle and posterior caudal region
anchylosed to vertebre.
Mosasaurus camperi, Meyer’.
Syn. Mosasaurus belgicus, Holl’.
Mosasaurus hofmanni, auctorum °.
Mosasaurus giganteus, Cope’.
1 Dollo suggests that these are absent in HMatnosawrus; see Bull. Mus. R.
Hist. Nat. Belg. vol. iv. p. 31 (1885). -
2 Present in Plioplatecarpus.
3 Marsh has referred scutes to some of the American forms; but the
association is doubted by Cope. .
4 See Ann. Soe. Sci. Bruxelles, 1885, pp. 334, 335.
5 In Cuvier’s ‘Ossemens Fossiles, 2nd ed. vol. vy. pt. 2, p. 338 (1824).
6 United in Pterycollasawrus, Dollo, Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. vol. i.
p- 61 (1882).
7 « Paleologica,’ p. 113 (1882).
8 «Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde,’ pt. i. p. St (1829). Inappropriate, as
Maastricht is now in Holland.
9 This name is quoted by Mantell in Trans. Geol. Soe. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 207
(1829), where it is applied to Mosasauroid remains from the English Chalk.
10 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe. vol. xiv. p. 189 (1870); ex Monitor giganteus in
Holl’s ‘ Petrefactenkunde,’ op. cit,
962 SQUAMATA.
The type species. Total length of skull 1,200; estimated entire
length 7,625 (25 feet); 14 or 15 lower teeth.
Hab. Kurope (Holland ‘),
The following specimens or their originals were obtained from the
Upper Cretaceous of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maastricht, Hol-
land ; and, unless it 1s stated to the contrary, belong to the Van
Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
11589. Cast of the imperfect skull with several of the component —
bones separated, and two cervical vertebre in the same
block. The original was discovered previously to 1785,
and may be regarded as the type. It is preserved in the
Museum at Paris, and is figured by Cuvier in the ‘ Osse-
mens Fossiles,’ 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, pl. xviti., and by
Buckland in his ‘Geology and Mineralogy’ (Bridgewater
Treatise), pl. xx. Mantel Collection. Purchased 1838.
42939. A bone which is apparently the anterior extremity of the
united premaxille of a small individual. Corresponds
with the larger specimen figured by Dollo in the ‘Bull.
Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg.’ vol. i. pl. iv.
42928. Part of the roof of the cranium, embedded in matrix and
seen from below.
42930. Slab of matrix, showing the under surface of part of the
. superior process of the premaxille, and of the anterior
extremities of the prefrontals. The bones are in their
natural position, and are separated by the nares.
42935. The conjoint basioccipital and basisphenoid.
42949, The imperfect left quadrate. Figured by Owen in the
(Fig.) ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxiii. pp. 691-2, figs.
9-12.
42975. A much smaller specimen of an imperfect left quadrate.
R. 1223. A considerable portion of the left maxilla, showing three
fully protruded teeth. No history.
\
42940. Fragment of maxilla, with the alveolus of a young tooth and
the broken bases of two others.
42936. Part of the left maxilla, with the bases of two teeth, and
two germ-teeth i alveolo. |
42932. Slab showing part of a pterygoid with two teeth.
' Schréder, Jahrb. k. preuss. geol. Landesanst. for 1884, p. 324, records this
species from Sweden ; but the evidence appears insufficient.
’
|
4
4
2
4
MOSASAURID ZA. 263
R. 1224. The dentary portion of the right ramus of the mandible.
There are fifteen teeth. Presented by Dr. Peter Camper, 1784.
42931. The anterior portion of the right ramus of the mandible of
a young individual, showing three fully protruded teeth,
and others in their alveoli.
42938. Part of a small dentary bone with imperfect teeth, provi-
sionally referred to a small individual of this species.
42950-1. Undetermined bones of the skull.
42997 a. The right splenial. No history.
42939. A fragment of a jaw perhaps referable to this species.
Of the following some may be referable to Liodon.
42941. A number of crowns of small teeth, of which some may be
either the pterygoidal teeth of this form or may belong to
Lnodon.
42941. The crown oi a very large tooth, probably from the hinder
part of the mandible.
42929. Slab with six associated cervical vertebree and an imperfect
bone of the skull.
R. 1225. Slab containing a tooth, imperfect humerus, the centrum
of a vertebra, portions of ribs, and metapodial bones.
No hastory.
42933, Slab showing several trunk vertebrae, a small imperfect
quadrate, and the root of a tooth.
42946. A slightly imperfect cervical vertebra.
42946 a. A more imperfect cervical vertebra.
42946 b. The imperfect centrum of a small cervical vertebra.
42946 c. An imperfect cervical vertebra of still smaller size.
42953. The imperfect neural arch of a cervical or dorsal vertebra.
42946 d. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra.
R. 1226. An imperfect posterior trunk vertebra. Figured by Owen
(Fig.) in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 1. pl. viii.
figs. 4, 5. No history.
42946 e. The imperfect centrum of a posterior trunk vertebra of a
very large individual.
42946 f. The centrum of a posterior trunk vertebra.
264 SQUAMATA,
42946 g. The imperfect centrum of a posterior trunk eeuee
42946 h. The centrum of a posterior trunk vertebra.
42946 1. The imperfect centrum of a smaller trunk vertebra.
42946 j, k. Two similar but smaller centra.
429461. Three imperfect posterior trunk vertebre.
42934, An anterior or middle caudal vertebra with the entire
chevron attached.
42946 m. The centrum of a similar vertebra.
42946 n. The centra of two posterior caudal vertebree.
42946 o. Six imperfect posterior caudal vertebree. | $3
42944, An imperfect siseesoeemilen vertebra.
11589 a. Cast of a bone which is probably an ulna.
Mantell Collection.
42961. A bone probably belonging to the carpus. .
42943, 42945. ‘Two imperfect undetermined bones.
Mosasaurus dekayi, Bronn'’.
The following specimen is provisionally referred to this species, but
may belong to M@. maximus, Cope*. The teeth are fully as large
as those of M. camperi. The synonymy is given by Cope *.
Hab. North America. | f
11590. Cast of a tooth. The original was obtained from the Upper
Cretaceous of New Jersey, U.S. A., and is figured by Leidy
in his ‘Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States’ (Smith.
Contrib. Knowl.), pl. x. fig. 3.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
Genus LIODON, Owen’.
Including :-~ Nectoportheus, Cope®; Rhinosawrus, Marsh °.
Rhamphosaurus, Cope™; Tylosaurus, Marsh °.
Assuming that the American forms are rightly referred to this —
* * Lethxa Geognostica,’ 2nd ed. p. 760 (1837).
* Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 262 (1869).
° Trans, Amer. Phil. Soe. vol. xiv. p. 193 (1870).
4 ¢Odontography;’ p. 261 (1840).—-Amended.
° Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1868, p. 181.
° Amer, Journ. ser. 3, vol. iii. p. 461 (1872).—Preoccupied.
7 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1872, p. 141.—Preoccupied.
3 Op. cit. vol, iv. p. 147 (1872). .
“~-
MOSASAURIDZ. 265
-—- genus, it will be characterized as follows :—Premaxille produced
_ + into an edentulous rostrum ; teeth (fig. 57) nearly smooth, curved,
and more or less compressed, and in the posterior part of the jaws
with well-defined fore-and-aft carine, of which the posterior one
may disappear towards the muzzle. Vertebre short, without zygo-
sphenes, and with weak zygapophyses; chevrons, at least in many
cases, free. Humerus long and narrow.
It should be observed that all the Mosasauroid vertebrae from the
English Chalk have the chevrons anchylosed to the centra; but it
does not certainly follow that they are referable to LZ. anceps.
Liodon anceps, Owen’.
Syn. Mosasaurus stenodon, Charlesworth ?.
(°) Lnodon lundgrent, Schroder °.
The type species. Only known by fragments of jaws and de-
tached teeth. The latter are much compressed, and indicate an
animal much smaller than Mosasaurus campert.
. Hab. Kurope (England, Germany, France, and (?) Sweden).
The following specimens are from the Upper Chalk.
- 48939. The crown of a tooth; from Norwich. Purchased, 1878.
48940. A similar specimen ; from Norwich. Same history.
R. 1227. Cast of the crown of a tooth. The original is from
Norwich, and is preserved in the Woodwardian Museum,
Cambridge; it is somewhat smaller than No. 48939.
Made wm the Museum, 1888.
R. 1228. Cast of the crown of a larger tooth. The original is
from Norwich, and is in the Woodwardian Museum.
Same history.
41639. Fragment of the mandible, with the broken bases of
(fig.) two teeth; from Hssex. One of the types. Figured by
a Owen in his ‘ Odontography,’ pl. Ixxii. fig. 12, and his
‘Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. pl. ixa.
figs. 4, 4, and also by Charlesworth in the ‘ London Geolo-
gical Journal,’ no. i. pls. iv., v., when it was less imperfect.
This specimen is the type of M. stenodon.
Toulmin-Sirith Collection. Purchased, 1869.
41640. One imperfect half of the siliceous cast of the pulp-cavity
(ivg.) of a tooth, probably belonging to the same individual as
* *Odontography,’ p. 261 (1840).
* Charlesworth’s ‘London Geological Journal,’ no. i. p. 23 (1846).
* Jahrb. k. preuss. geol. Landesanst. for 1884, p. 829 (1885).
266 7 SQUAMATA,
the preceding specimen ; from Essex. Figured by Owen, |
op. cit. pl. ix. fig. 2’, and by Charlesworth, op. cit. In both
cases a section of the tooth itself is also figured.
Same hastory.
48943, A tooth; from Norwich. Somewhat smaller than N 0. 48939.
Purchased, 1878.
36598. The crown of a tooth; from Norwich. |
Presented by J. Mills, Esq., 1862.
48940 b. The crown of a tooth; from Norwich. Purchased, 1878.
36556. The crown of a tooth ; from Norwich.
Mantell Oollection. Purchased, 1853,
48941 a. A series of small teeth provisionally referred to this
_ species ; from Norwich, Purchased, 1878.
Liodon, sp.
Perhaps identical with the preceding species.
Hab. Europe (Belgium).
Fig. 57,
mA ! | \ |
un < mi Mis {ill p
Liodon, sp.—Lateral and profile views of a lower tooth; from the Upper .
Oretaceous of Maastricht. 4.
42937. Part of the alveolar portion of ‘the right ramus of the man-
(I%g.) dible; from the Upper Cretaceous of Maastricht, Nether-
lands. These teeth (fig. 57) are perfectly preserved, and
= ie a ae eT ee r oe 8 ‘&
Ce ee Ee ere Ss : =
Sn) Sp hoste haynes oa Emam Pion ate
2
A
g
, |
%
tb Wb WW
MOSASAURID &. 267
the hindmost resembles No. 48939 of L. anceps, while
the first is less compressed, and has only an imperfect
posterior carina, in which respect it agrees with Cope’s
_ description of the American forms.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
Liodon haumuriensis, Hector’.
Imperfectly known. There are fifteen teeth in the upper jaw,
occupying a total length of 26 inches ; they are markedly compressed.
Hab. New Zealand.
The following specimens are from the Cretaceous of Amur Bluff,
South Island ; and were obtained by exchange with the Trustees
of the Colonial Museum, Wellington, 1880. °
. 812: Fragments of skull.
. 813. Portions of mandible with teeth.
. 814. Imperfect vertebre.
Hon a
. 815. Two teeth (one imperfect) in matrix. These teeth agree
with those figured by Hector in the ‘ Trans. N. Zealand
Inst.’ vol. vi. pl. xxx.; the entire one has no posterior
carina, and belongs to the anterior part of the series.
. 815 a. Fragments of jaws.
816. Impression of vertebra.
. 817. Eight caudal vertebree.
. 818. A vertebral centrum.
. 819. Part of skull.
Liodon perlatus, Cope’.
Of large size, with the anterior trunk vertebrae much depressed,
and the teeth but slightly compressed.
Apparently closely allied to LZ. dyspelor, Cope *, of New Mexico.
Cope separates the present form from the imperfectly known Liodon
brumby (Gibbes*) of Alabama ; but as the trunk vertebra of that
* Trans. N. Zealand Inst. vol. vi. p. 351 (1874).
* Proc, Amer. Phil. Soe. vol. xi. p. 497 (1870).
° See Rep. U.8. Geol. Surv. Terrs. vol. ii. pp. 167-177 (1872).
* Smiths, Contrib. Knowl. vol. ii. art. 5, p. 11 (1851).—Amphirosteus.
268 SQUAMATA.
species are also of the same depressed type’, it does not appear —
‘certain that this is correct, in which case the latter gee | name
should be adopted.
The specimens here included under this head may acme be
referable to more than a single species; the present. species was
founded upon caudal vertebre.
Hab, North America (Alabama).
The following specimens are from the Cretaceous of Alabama, and,
unless the contrary is stated, were presented in 1859 by Prof. J..
W. Malet.
35615. Part of the left dentary, showing eight teeth, of which only —
one is entire. Agrees in relative proportions with the
maxilla of L. dyspelor figured by Cope in the Rep. U. S$. -
_ Geol. Surv. Terrs. vol. i. pl. xxvii. fig. 1.
35616. Part of the right dentary, showing one entire and three
broken teeth, belonging to the same individual.
35617. The nearly entire right pterygoid of the same individual.
The teeth are wanting.
35618. The left surangular and portion of the angular of the same
individual.
35619. A small imperfect tooth.
35620. The extremity of the conjoint premaxille and fragments of
the anterior portion.of the maxille of a small individual.
The edentulous premaxillary rostrum is well shown.
35621-3. Fragments of jaws with teeth.
35624. An imperfect cervical vertebra.
40984. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra. In its depressed cha-
racter this specimen agrees with thé dorsals of L. dyspelor —
figured by Cope, op. cit. pl. xxx.
Presented by Sir C. Lyell, Bart., 1868.
40984 a. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra. Same history.
40984 b. The centrum of a small anterior dorsal vertebra.
Same hlastory.
35634. The centrum of a trunk vertebra of similar type. Accords
with the specimen belonging to L. dyspelor, figured by
Cope, op. cit. pl. xxx. fig. 8.
! See Cope, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs. vol. ii. p. 176,
;
_s
MOSASAURIDA. 269
35627. A posterior trunk vertebra. The matrix resembles that of
No. 35635.
2 40982. The centrum of a larger posterior trunk vertebra.
) Presented by Sir C. Lyell, Bart., 1868.
Fig. 58.
ies
SSS
ESS
SS
4
‘ SS os 7s ey,
Liodon, sp.—Anterior and left lateral aspect of an imperfect anterior caudal
vertebra ; from the Cretaceous of Alabama. 4.
35625. The centrum of a large. anterior caudal vertebra. The
(Fig.) | chevron-facets are well shown, and the specimen agrees
closely with the anterior caudal of Z. proriger, figured by
Cope, op. cit. pl. xxx. fig.11. This specimen is represented
in the accompanying woodcut.
35626. The centrum of a somewhat later caudal vertebra.
35635. The centrum of a much smaller caudal vertebra. The matrix
of this and the following specimen differs from that of the
jaws, and it may belong to a distinct species.
35636. An imperfect centrum of similar type.
40983. The centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra of similar size
but of a larger type. The matrix agrees with that of the
jaws. Presented by Sir C. Lyell, Bart., 1868.
Genus PLATECARPUS, Cope’.
Syn. Lestosawrus Marsh ?.
Taniwhasauwus, Hector *.
! Proc. Bost. Nat Hist. Soc. vol. xii. p. 264 (1869).
2 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. iii. p. 454 (1872).
3 Trans. N. Zealand Inst. vol. vi. p. 353 (1874).
- 970 SQUAMATA,
Body much elongated. Premaxille not produced into a rostrum,
Teeth slightly compressed, acute, curved, often carinated and grooved.
Vertebre without, or with rudimental zygosphenal articulations, and
strong zygapophyses ; chevrons free. Humerus short and broad.
The skull is represented in fig. 59. The so-called Taniwhasaurus
presents no characters by which it can be distinguished from the
Fig. 59.
Platecarpus curtirostris, Cope.—Frontal aspect of the cranium ; from the Upper
Cretaceous of N. America. Greatly reduced. pmzx, premaxilla; ma,
maxilla; fr, frontal; prf, prefrontal. (After Cope.)
present genus. The limb-bone from the Cambridge Greensand
described by Seeley * as Cetarthrosaurus may indicate a closely
allied form’. All the species are of medium or small size.
Platecarpus oweni (Hector °).
Syn. Taniwhasaurus oweni, Hector *.
The type of Taniwhasaurus ; imperfectly known. The crowns of
the teeth measure 0,025 in height and have a basal: diameter of
0,013; they are grooved, but not distinctly faceted, and with
obscure carine. ‘
Hab. New Zealand.
The following specimens, unless it is stated to the contrary, are
from the Cretaccous of Amuri Bluff, South Island, and were
obtained in 1880 by exchange with the Trustees of the Colonial
Museum, Wellington.
R. 876. A tooth in matrix which agrees with the description of
those of the type specimen; from the Cretaceous of -
Waipara, Canterbury, New Zealand.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.O.B., 1884,
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxix. p. 505 (1878).
2 See Hulke, Proc. Geol. Soc. 1883, p. 50.
8 Trans. N. Zealand Inst. vol. vi. p. 853 (1874).— Zaniwhasaurus.
4 Loe, cit.
é e. y Fi ™
So ee ee
—
ee ee aT
“=
’
ot ale a ee
< ‘ .
—— -<——s. — ae
| ee MOSASAURID#. OEY
R. 822. Mould of part of the skull
R. 823. Block of matrix with vertebra.
R. 824. Matrix with ribs.
R. 825. Two pterygoid teeth.
R. 826. A vertebra.
Platecarpus (?), sp.
The undermentioned specimen is provisionally referred to this
genus.
Hab. Europe (England).
39424. The crown of a tooth; from the Chalk of Sussex. The
enamel is strongly grooved, and the specimen apparently
closely resembles the teeth of P. mudgei, figured by Cope
in the ‘ Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs.’ vol. ii. pl. xxvi.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
Genus GEOSAURUS, Cuvier’.
Syn. Halilimnosaurus, Ritgen®.
Imperfectly known, but apparently very closely allied to Clidastes,
which may prove to be the same.
Geosaurus giganteus (Sdmmerring’).
¥ Syn. Lacerta gigantea, Sommerring °.
Geosaurus soemmerringt, Cuvier ©.
Hahtimnosaurus crocodiloides, Ritgen”.
Mosasaurus bavaricus, Holl ®.
The type species.
Hab. Kurope (Germany).
R. 1229. The middle portion of the skull, in a crushed condition
(fig.) from the Kimeridgian (Upper Jurassic) lithographic stone
of Monheim, Franconia. The type specimen. Figured
by Sommerring in the ‘ Denkschr. k. Ak. Miinchen,’ vol. vi.
pl. accompanying memoir, figs. 1-7; and also by Cuvier
* This and the following specimens were determined by Dr. Hector, on whose
authority they are referred to this form.
> «Ossemens Fossiles,’ 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, p. 3388 (1824).
® Nova Acta Ac. Cxs. Leop.-Car. vol. xiii. p. 331 (1826).
4 Denkschr. k,. Ak. Minchen, vol. vi. p. 37 (1816 ; vol. dated 1820).— Lacerta.
5 Loe, cit. § Loe. cit. 7 Loe. cit.
8 * Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde,’ pt. i. p. 85 (1829).
I =
272 SQUAMATA,
in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles, 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, pl. xxi,
figs, 2-6, and 4th ed. vol. x. pl. ccxlix. figs. 2-6.
—Sémmerring Collection. Purchased, 1827.
R. 1230. A considerable portion of the vertebral column, ribs, and
(Fig.) the left pelvis and hind limb of the same individual, |
Figured by Sémmerring, op. cit. figs. 8-10, and by Cuvier, °
op. cit. pl. xxi. figs. 7-8, and pl. cexlix. figs. 7-8. As
far as their crushed condition admits of comparison, the
vertebree appear to agree in all respects with those of
Chidastes (No. R. 473). The pelvis and hind limb also
accord very closely with the restoration of the same in
Clidastes, as given by Cope in the Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Terrs. vol. ii. pl. lv., but the bone which is probably the
ischium is relatively larger and differently placed. |
| | Same history.
37020. An sintionteet skull provisionally referred to a large indivi-
dual of this species; from the Kimeridgian of Solenhofen,
‘Bavaria. This specimen seems to accord with the skull
of Clidastes, figured by Cope, op. cit. pl. xiv. fig 1.
Purchased, 1862.
37016—7. The crowns of two teeth agreeing with those of the last
specimen; from Solenhofen. Same history.
21530. The crown of a similar tooth ; from Solenhofen.
Purchased, 1847.
Genus CLIDASTES, Cope’.
Syn. Edestosawrus, Marsh? (teste Cope).
Body greatly elongated. Premaxille not produced into arostrum.
Vertebree much elongated, with zygosphenes, which are placed but
slightly above the plane of the zygapophyses; 8 in the cervical
region ; chevrons anchylosed to centra. Humerus short and broad.
The possibility of this genus proving identical with the preceding is
noticed under that head. All the species are of moderate or small size.
Clidastes, sp.
Hab. North America.
R. 473. Portions of two associated mandibular rami and five dorsal
vertebrae of a small form ; from the Cretaceous of Kansas,
U.S. A. Presented by Sir Rh. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.
1 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1868, p. 233.
2 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 447 (1871).
’
fi
F
oF
q
a
eae ee
ge aS
MOSASAURID. 273
GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.
A. From the Cretaceous of Maastricht.
R. 291 a. The crown of a large tooth. This specimen is nearly
symmetrical, and has very prominent carine, which form
distinct ridges on the fore-and-aft borders.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.
R. 291 b. A tooth of smaller size, with the crown somewhat
compressed, curved, and carinated. This tooth might
apparently belong either to Ziodon or to the hinder part
of the mandible of Mosasaurus. Same history.
R. 1231. A smaller tooth of similar type. No history.
R. 1232. The crown of a small tooth, with one surface faceted.
No history.
44822. A small imperfect cervical vertebra. In its depressed cen-
trum this specimen agrees with the trunk vertebra of
Iiodon perlatus. Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.
B. From the Upper Chalk of England’.
43193. The crown of a tooth of medium size; from Gravesend,
(Fig.) Kent. Figured by Mantell in his ‘Medals of Creation,’
vol. u. fig. 229, as Mosasaurus hofmanni. This tooth
resembles the Maastricht specimen No. R. 291 0.
Wetherell Collection. Purchased, 1871.
48940 d. The crown of a very large tooth; from Norwich. This
specimen approximates to the Maastricht specimen
No. R. 291 a. Purchased, 1878.
39423. The crown of a small tooth, with one surface flattened as in
Mosasaurus ; from Sussex.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
39425. The crown of a tooth resembling No. 39423. Same history.
41383. The crown of a very similar tooth; locality unknown.
Purchased, 1869.
47954. The crown of a tooth of the same type; from Maidstone,
Kent. Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.
* It should be observed that Mosasawrus gracilis, Owen, ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’
(Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. p. 31, is founded on the jaw of a fish.
T
274 - SQUAMATA,
36557. The crowns of two small teeth, of which one is very short
and thick; from Sussex. Ke
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1858.
43194. The crown of a very small tooth; from Gravesend. Figured
(Fig.) by Mantell, op. et. fig. 230.
Wetherell Collection. Purchased, 1871.
R. 1233. A small imperfect caudal vertebra ; locality unknown.
No history.
5642. A small imperfect trunk vertebra; from Sussex. Figured
(fg.) by Mantell in his ‘ Geology of the South-east of England,’
p. 146, fig. 2, and in the ‘ Geology of the South Downs,’
pl. xxxiil. fig. 18; and also by Owen in his ‘ Cretaceous
Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. pl. viii. figs. 1-2, as Mosa-
saurus gracilis. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.
5641. Two associated caudal vertebra, agreeing in size with the
(Wig.) preceding; from Sussex. Figured by Mantell, op. cit.
p. 146, fig. 1, and pl. xli. fig. 3; and also by Owen, op. cit.
pl. viii. fig. 3, as M. gracilis. Same history.
37000 a. A series of imperfect caudal vertebree; from Norwich.
In all the chevrons are anchylosed to the centra. |
Purchased, 1860.
37000 b. The united atlas and axis vertebrae, apparently associated
with the preceding ; from Norwich. Same hastory.
48942. An imperfect posterior caudal vertebra; from Norwich.
This specimen, in which the chevron is anchylosed to the
centrum, is said to have been found in association with
the tooth No. 48943, referred to Liodon anceps.
Purchased, 1878. |
C. From the Cretaceous of Alabama.
35632. The centrum and left transverse process of a dorsal vertebra.
In the cylindrical centrum this specimen resembles the
vertebrae of Mosasaurus campert, and differs from those of
Inodon perlatus. Presented by Prof. J. W. Malet, 1859.
Suborder DOLICHOSAURIA.
Body anguiform. Vertebre with, zygosphenes, and more than
nine in cervical region, Limbs imperfectly known, but apparently
of a Lacertilian type. Sacrum and pectoral and pelvic girdles well
developed.
Be y
DOLICHOSAURIDE. 275
Family DOLICHOSAURIDZ.
_ The only family ; also represented by Acteosaurus, Meyer’, in the ¢
Cretaceous of Austria.
Genus DOLICHOSAURUS, Owen’.
Vertebre much elongated ; seventeen in the cervical region.
Dolichosaurus longicollis, Owen ’.
The type species. Not larger than the common English snake.
Hab. Europe (England).
49002. The anterior half of the skeleton; from the Lower Chalk of
(Fig.) | Burham, Kent. The type specimen. Figured in Dixon’s
‘Geology of Sussex,’ Ist ed. pl. xxxviil. figs. 1, 2; in the
‘Geologist,’ vol. vi. pl. xiv.; and in Owen’s ‘ Cretaceous
- Reptilia’ (Mon, Pal. Soc.), pt. 1. pl. x. figs. 1-3.
Purchased, 1878.
32268. Portion of the vertebral column; from Burham. Figured
(i%q.) by Owen in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vi. pl. xxxix.
fig. 4 (1840), and noticed in the Rep. Brit. Assoc. for
1841, p. 145, as Rhaphiosaurus; also figured in Dixon’s
‘Geology of Sussex,’ pl. xxxix. fig. 4, and in Owen’s
: ‘Cretaceous Reptilia,’ pt. i. pl. x. fig. 4.
Presented by Sir P. de M. G. Egerton, Bart., 1856.
| 44141. Fragments of the skull and some of the anterior vertebre ;
from the Chalk of Lidden Spout, near Folkestone, Kent.
Purchased, 1873.
49907-8. Fragments of the trunk, tail, and anterior limb; from
: the Chalk of Southeram Pit, near Lewes, Sussex.
. Purchased, 1879.
: Suborder LACERTILIA.
Body usually lacertiform, but occasionally anguiform. Ali- and
orbitosphenoidal region imperfectly ossified; superior temporal
arcade usually present; quadrate articulating with pterygoid;
‘ nasals entering nares ; mandibular rami uniting by suture. Vertebre
g occasionally amphiccelous ; usually without zygosphenes; and never
more than nine in the cervical region. When limbs are present
; * Paleontographica, vol. vii. art. 4, p. 223 (1860).
? In Dixon’s ‘Geology of Sussex,’ Ist ed. p, 388 (1850). 3 Loe. eit.
| T2
276 SQUAMATA,
Fig. 60.
7 psa
Left side of pelvis of Iguanoid Lacertilian.—ZJ/, ilium; Js, ischium ; P, pubis ;
A, acetabulum ; pra, psa, pre- and postacetabular processes ; p, symphysis
pubis ; pf, ischio-pubic notch. (From the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)
there is a sternum, clavicle, interclavicle, and sacrum;.and the
pelvis (fig. 60) is well developed. The limbs are adapted for walk-
ing, with clawed terminal phalangeals, and a foramen to the
humerus. Dermal scutes may be present.
Equivalent to the Lacertilia Vera of Boulenger’; the Rhiptoglossa
being reckoned as a group of equal rank. Fig. 52 shows the lateral
aspect of the Lacertilian pectoral girdle, exclusive of the clavicle
and interclavicle.
Family AGAMID A.
Temporal arcade and postorbital bar complete; supratemporal
fossa not roofed over by bone; premaxille separate. Dentition
acrodont. Vertebre without zygosphenes.
Genus CHLAMYDOSAURUS, Gray’.
The tympanum distinct.
Chlampdosaurus bingt, Gray °.
The only species.
Hab. Australia.
R. 495. Portions of a skull, provisionally referred to this species ;
from the Pleistocene of Gowrie, Queensland. This spe-
cimen has been named C. bennetti by Owen in MS., but it
does not appear to show any characters by which it can
be distinguished from the living form.
Presented by Dr. George Bennett.
1 Catalogue of Lizards (1885-87).
2 In King’s ‘ Voyage to Australia,’ vol. il. p. 424 (1826). * Op. cit. p. 425.
mie. “<s —_
IGUANID®. 274
Family IGUANIDA.
Temporal arcade and postorbital bar complete; supratemporal
fossa not roofed over by bone; premaxille united. Dentition
pleurodont. Vertebrz with zygosphenes.
Genus IGUANA, Laurenti!.
The type genus. In the case of the undermentioned fossils, the
term must be employed in a much wider sense than is the case in
recent zoology, where it is restricted to J. tuberculata and J. delica-
tissima.
Iguana europza, Filhol°.
Syn. Prewguana europeana, Filhol*.
Imperfectly known; if it prove to indicate a distinct genus, the
name Proiguana might be adopted were it not that this is a hybrid
term. ‘The type specimens consist of portions of the jaws from the
Quercy Phosphorites; and since the other Squamata from these
deposits appear to be identical with those from Hordwell, the pre-
sumption is that the undermentioned specimens belong to this species.
Hab. Europe (France and ? England).
32840 a. Three imperfect vertebre; from the Upper Eocene
(Ffig.) (Lower Oligocene) of Hordwell, Hampshire. The best
preserved specimen (fig. 61), although of smaller size,
agrees precisely with the dorsal vertebre of existing
Fig. 61.
Iguana curopea.—Hemal, anterior, and lateral views of a dorsal vertebra; from
the Upper Eocene of Hordwell. }. 2s, zygosphene ; c, costal articulation.
Iguanas, and could scarcely be specifically distinguished
from the corresponding recent vertebra figured by Owen
in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1851, pl. li. figs. 40-43. Noticed
by the writer in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. v. p. 110
(1888). Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
1 Syn. Rept. p. 47 (1768).
2 Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. viii. p. 267 (1877).—Amended. * Ibid. p. 338.
278 SQUAMATA.
Family ANGUID.
Postorbital bar and temporal arcade complete; supratemporal
fossa roofed over by bony scutes; premaxille and nasals separate.
Dentition usually pleurodont ; teeth may be present on the ptery-
goids, palatines, and vomers, and are generally obtuse. Dermal
scutes present and marked by tubercular sculpture. The vertebral
centra much flattened inferiorly, and very like those of the
Varande.
Genus OPHISAURUS, Daudin'.
Syn. Pseudopus, Merrem?.
Limbs absent externally, or with only a rudiment of the pelvic
pair ; teeth on pterygoids, and in some cases on palatines.
Ophisaurus moguntinus (Boettger °).
Syn. Pseudopus moguntinus, Boettger ¢.
The distinctive characters are not clearly known, and this species
may belong to Propseudopus, Hilgendorf®.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
42756. A split slab of lignite containing the impression of a con-
siderable portion of the skeleton and scales; from the
Lower Miocene of Rott, near Bonn. The end of the tail
has been renewed during life; the squamation of the
renewed part being like that of Anguis. The slab also
contains the impression of part of the vertebral column of
a Lacerta. Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
The following genus may be included in the present family, although
it has been made the type of a distinct family—the Placosan-
ride. Zhe American LHocene genera Saniva, Leidy°, Glypto-.
saurus, Marsh", and Peltosaurus, Cope", are probably allied.
Hist. Rep. vol. vii. p. 346 (1808).
2 Tent. Syst. Amphib. p. 78 (1820).
> Ber. Senckenb. nat. Ges. for 1873-74, p. 79 (1874). =p reudehhe 4 Loe. cit.
5 Zeitschr, deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxvii. p. 858 (1885).
* See Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs. vol. i. pp. 181-183 (1878).
7 See Leidy, doc. cit.
®& Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs. vol. iti.— Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations
of the West. Book i. pp. 102, 722 (1884),
> 5 a
ed
ANGUID. 279
Genus PLACOSAURWS, Gervais’.
Syn. Paleovaranus, Filhol?.
Teeth conical and pointed. The vertebre appear intermediate
between those of Ophisaurus and Dzploglossus, having the tall and
broad neural spines of the latter and the extremely flattened centra
of the former. The limbs were fully developed.
Placosaurus margariticeps (Gervais °).
Syn. Varanus (?) margariticeps, Gervais 4.
Paleovaranus cayluxr, Filhol *.
About once and a half the size of Diploglossus shawt. A com-
parison of the type cranial scutes of Varanus imargariticeps*
with those of the typical Placosaurus rugosus", from the Eocene of
Vaucluse, will leave little doubt as to the generic identity of the two
forms, while the right of the present form even to specific distinc-
tion has yet to be proved. The undermentioned specimens being
evidently the remains of Angwide, may be pretty safely referred to
this species; the provisional identification by Filhol of his Paleo-
varanus cayluar with Varanus (?) margariticeps being in all proba-
bility correct °.
Hab. Europe (France and ? England).
- Placosaurus margariticeps,—Hemal, anterior, and left lateral views of a dorsal.
vertebra; from the Phosphorites of Caylux. }. ¢, costal articulation.
R. 427. Two imperfect specimens of the dentary bone of the man-
dible ; from the Upper Eocene Phosphorites of Lalbenque
(Lot), France. The larger specimen agrees very closely
‘ Zool. et Pal. Frangaises, lst ed. p. 260 (1848-52).
4 Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. viii. p. 268 (1877).
3 Zool. et Pal. Générales, sér. 2, p: 60 (1876).—Varanus. 4. Loe. cit.
5 Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. viii. p. 268 (1877).
® Gervais, loc, cit., woodcut.
T Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frangaises, 1st ed. pl. lxiv. fig. 2.
® See a note by the writer in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ doc. 3, vol. v. p. 111 (1888),
where, however, the jaws were still regarded as Varanoid.
o
280
SQUAMATA.
with the fragment figured by Filhol in the ‘Ann. Sci.
Géol.’ vol. viii. pl. xxvi. fig. 484, as the type of Paleova-
ranus. The teeth are certainly Anguoid. :
Purchased, 1884.
R. 428. Numerous vertebra, of which at least the majority probably
— (g.)
belong to this form, although some may be referable to the
next; from Caylux (Tarn-et-Garonne). These specimens
comprise dorsals, sacrals, and caudals. The dorsals (fig. 62),
although presenting a strong resemblance to those of
Varanus, differ by the still more marked flatness of the
hemal aspect of the centrum and the lower position of
the costal tubercle, in both of which respects they agree
with the dorsals of Ophisawrus. In their more developed
neural spines they differ from Ophisawrus, and resemble
Diploglossus. They are noticed by the writer in the
‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. v. p. 111. Purchased, 1884.
R. 387. A left femur, agreeing in relative size with the preceding
specimens ; from Caylux. Agrees with the specimen of
the opposite side figured by Filhol in the ‘ Ann. Sci. Géol.’
vol. viii. pl. xxvi. figs. 445 & 446, as Paleovaranus cayluai.
This bone differs from the femur of Varanus by the rela-
tively longer shaft, the approximation of the great tro-
chanter to the head, and the contour of the latter; in all
of which respects it comes much nearer to the femur of
Diploglossus. Noticed by the writer, op. cit.
Same history.
R. 431. A left femur of similar type, together with a right tibia,
apparently belonging to the same individual; from the
Phosphorites of Lalbenque (Lot), France. Same history. —
32840. Numerous vertebra, apparently belonging to small indivi-
duals of this genus, and perhaps referable to the present
species; from the Upper Eocene (Lower Oligocene) of
Hordwell, Hampshire. Noticed by the writer, op. cit.,
where it is mentioned that they may be equally well re-
ferable to P. rugosus, if there be two species of the genus.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.
30968-9. A dorsal and a caudal vertebra of similar type to the
preceding ; from the Lower Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of
St. Gérand-le-Puy (Allier), France.
Bravard Collection. ~ Purchased, 1852.
is,
Sy
VARANIDZ. 281
Genus non det.
This form, which appears identical with Plestiodon cadurcensis of
Filhol’, has the teeth tall, cylindrical, and blunt.
Hab. Europe (France).
R. 377. The greater part of the left dentary bone; from the Upper
(fig.) | EKocene (Lower Oligocene) Phosphorites of Caylux (Tarn-
et-Garonne), France. This specimen (fig. 63) apparently
agrees with the fragmentary dentary figured by Filho] in
the ‘ Ann. Sci. Géol.’ vol. vii. pl. xxvi. fig. 425, under the
name of Plestiodon cadurcensis. That it cannot, however,
belong to that genus is shown by the absence of the ridge
on the outer side descending from the coronoid; it agrees
very closely with the dentary of Diploglossus and Ophi-
saurus. Noticed by the writer in the ‘ Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3,
vol. v. p. 111, as Placosaurus. Purchased, 1884.
Fig. 63.
External and inner views of the left dentary bone of an Anguoid Lizard ;
from the Phosphorites of Caylux. 1.
Family VARANIDZ.
Postorbital bar incomplete ; temporal arcade complete ; supra-
temporal fossa not roofed over by dermal bones; both the pre-
maxille and nasals united together. Dentition pleurodont; teeth
large ; palate toothless. Hezemal surface of the centra of the dorsal
vertebre broad, flat, and devoid of carina. No dermal scutes.
Genus VARANUS, Merrem’.
Including :—Monitor, Gray *.
Hydrosaurus, Wagiler *.
Megalania, Owen °.
The only genus, the so-called Palewovaranus being an Anguoid.
1 Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. viii. p. 266 (1877).
2 Tent. Syst. Amphib. p. 58 (1820).
* Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 392 (1888).
* Syst. Amphib. p. 164 (1830). * Phil. Trans. 1859, p. 48.
‘ ‘ /
282 SQUAMATA.
Group A.—The dorsal vertebree elongated, with broad newral spines.
All the species of moderate size.
Waranus bengalensis (Daudin ‘).
Syn. Tupinambis bengalensis, Daudin?.
Monitor dracena, Gray *.
Varanus dracena, Ginther *.
Of small size, the total length being 1,710.
Hab. India.
Fig. 64.
Varanus bengalensis—Right maxilla (A), and a dorsal vertebra from the anterior
(B) and posterior (C) aspects; from the Pleistocene of Madras. }.
(From the ‘ Palzeontologia Indica.’) ,
R. 719. Fragments of jaws, vertebrae, and imperfect limb-bones,
probably belonging to this species; from the Pleistocene
of the Billa Surgam Caves, Karnul, Madras.. Similar
specimens (fig. 64) are described by the writer in the
‘ Palscontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. x.
vol. iv. p. 55. Presented by the Director of the
Geological Survey of India, 1886.
Varauus, sp.
The following specimens probably belong to one of the existing
Australian species, perhaps V. giganteus.
JTab. Australia,
' Hist. Rept. vol. iii. p. 67 (1802).— Tupinambis. 2 Loe, eit. ai
* Cat. of Lizards in Brit. Mus. p. 11 (1845).
* Reptiles of British India, p. 65 (1864),
St ae oot
VARANIDA, 283
42681. Five vertebrae, of which three are dorsal, one sacral, and one
caudal; from the Pleistocene cave-deposits of the Wellington
Valley, New South Wales.
Presented by the Trustees of the Australian Museum, 1870.
Group B.—The dorsal vertebree short and wide, with narrow neural
spines. Both species of large size. (Megalania, Owen.)
Varanus sivalensis, Falconer ’.
Of large size; the estimated length being about 3,660 (12 feet).
Hab. India.
R. 739 a. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra ; from the Lower
(Fig.) Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills, India. Figured by the
writer in the ‘ Palzontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Surv.
Ind.), ser. x. vol. iv. p. 55, fig. 11; one of the figures
being reproduced in the accompanying woodcut (fig. 65).
Cautley Collection. Presented, 1840.
Fig. 65.
Varanus sivalensis—Hamal aspect of an anterior dorsal vertebra; from the
Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills. +. (From the ‘ Palexontologia Indica.’)
R. 740. A larger posterior dorsal vertebra, wanting the neural
spine ; from the Siwalik Hills*, Same history.
40819. The distal portion of the right humerus; from the Siwalik
(f/%g.) Hills. The type specimen. Figured in ‘ Falconer’s
Paleontological Memoirs,’ vol. i. pl. xxxii. figs. 4-7; and
also by the writer, op. cit. vol. iii. pl. xxxv. figs. 1, la, 10.
Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.
‘ Palzontological Memoirs, vol. i. pl. xxxii. (1868).
* The specimen noticed under this number by the writer, /. ¢., as a cervical
vertebra of this species proves to be Chelonian.
1 ad :
284 SQUAMATA.
R. 1009. The distal extremity of the right femur of a smaller
individual than the preceding ; from the Siwalik Hills. ©
Cautley Collection.
Varanus priscus (Owen ’).
Syn. Megalania prisca, Owen ?.
The vertebree agree in general character with those of V. sevalensis,
but attain three times the dimensions, which would give an approxi-
mate length of at least 9,150 (30 feet) for the entire animal. The
shortening of the centrum of the dorsal vertebre (fig. 66) is pro-
portionately greater than in V’. swvalensis.
This species is the type of Megalania; the skull and caudal
sheath referred to it by Owen will be catalogued in the Chelonia.
Hab. Australia.
39965. The occipital segment of the cranium; from the Pleis-
(f7g.) tocene of Queensland. Figured by Owen in the ‘ Phil.
Trans,’ 1880, pl. xxxvi. figs. 1,2. This specimen agrees
in all essential characters with the corresponding part
of the cranium of Varanus salvator; although a well-
marked specific character is shown in the relatively
shorter supra-occipital. Itis about three times the size
of the corresponding part of the cranium of an individual
of V salvator measuring six feet in total length.
Presented by Sir D. Cooper, Bart., 1866.
32908 a. The right half of an anterior dorsal vertebra; from the
(Ffig.) Pleistocene of the Condamine River, Queensland. One of
the types. Figured by Owen in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1859,
pl. viii. figs. 1, 2 (as a cervical). Purchased, 1857.
32908 b. The imperfect centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from the
(fig.) Condamine River. The second of the types. Figured,
op. cit. pl. viii. figs. 3, 4. Same history.
32908 c. A nearly entire middle dorsal vertebra ; from the Condamine —
(Fig.) River. The third of the types. Figured, op. cit. pl. vil.
figs. 1-4. Same history.
36273. A somewhat imperfect middle dorsal vertebra; from the
(fig.) Pleistocene near Melbourne, Victoria. Figured by Oven
op. ct. 1880, pl. xxxv. figs. 1, 2.
Presented by F. M. Raynal, Esq., 1962.
' Phil. Trans. 1859, p. 48.—Megalania.
2 Loe, cit.
VARANIDA. 285
35911. A slightly imperfect middle cervical vertebra ; from the
Pleistocene of Gowrie, Queensland.
Presented by Sir D. Cooper, Bart., 1861.
Fig. 66.
7S
Lge
Varanus priscus.—Hemal and left lateral aspect of a posterior dorsal vertebra ;
from the Pleistocene of Queensland. i. c, costal articulation.
39966. A middle dorsal vertebra, wanting the neural spine; from
Queensland. Presented by Sir D. Cooper, Bart., 1866.
47835. An entire posterior dorsal vertebra; from Queensland.
(fig.) Figured by Owen, op. cit. 1880, pl. xxxiv. figs. 1, 2.
This specimen (woodcut fig. 66) closely accords in contour
with No. R. 740 of V. sevalensis, but the relative shortness _
of the centrum and arch is still more marked; the neural —
canal being, as is always the case with larger animals,
relatively smaller. Presented by Dr. George Bennett.
47839. A slightly imperfect middle dorsal vertebra ; from Queens-
land. Same hastory.
!
47839 a. A smaller vertebra from the middle or posterior dorsal
region; from Queensland. Accords very closely with
V. sivalensis, No. R. 740, but is about double the size.
Same history.
R. 724. An imperfect posterior dorsal vertebra ; from Queensland,
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.
R. 749. A rolled dorsal vertebra, wanting the neural spine; from
Queensland. Same history.
>
.
Ove. A es
286 SQUAMATA,
R. 391. An imperfect middle dorsal vertebra ; from King’s Creek,
Gowrie, Queensland.
Presented by C. H. Hartmann, Esq., 1884,
R. 292. An imperfeet middle dorsal vertebra; from Queensland.
Presented by Dr. George Bennett, 1882.
47836. A very imperfect dorsal vertebra; from Queensland.
Presented by Dr. George Bennett.
R. 391 a. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra ; from Queensland.
Presented by C. H. Hartmann, Esq., 1884.
39967. The right half of the centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from —
Queensland. Presented by Sir D. Cooper, Bart., 1866.
49655. A crushed and very imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the
; Pleistocene of the Castleregh River, New South Wales. ,
Presented by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, 1878.
39967 a. An imperfect caudal vertebra ; from Queensland. Figured
(Fig.) by Owen in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1880, pl. xxxv. figs, 3, 4.
Presented by Sw D. Cooper, Bart., 1866.
Family TEILID AL.
Postorbital bar and temporal arcade complete; supratemporal
fossa not roofed over. Dentition pleurodont or subacrodont; teeth
variable, but always solid at the base; if any are present on the
pterygoids they are small. No dermal scutes.
Genus TUPINAMBIS, Daudin °.
Cheek-teeth laterally compressed in the young, but with obtiep
crowns in the adult.
Tupinambts tequtytn (Linn. *).
Syn. Lacerta teguixin, Linn. °
The type species.
Hab. South America (Guianas to Uruguay) and West Tne
18903. The greater part of the right dentary and splenial bones
1 Syst. Rept. vol. iii. p. 6 (1802).
? Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 8368 (1766).—Lacerta.
5 Loe. cit.
sina
“at oe
4 ae eR a
—
fos
te
he f
hs
LACERTID &. 287
/
of a mandible belonging either to this species or to the
nearly allied 7’. nigropunctatus ; from the Pleistocene cave-
deposits of Minas Geraes, Brazil.
Claussen Collection. Purchased, 1845.
18903 a. Part of the left dentary of asimilar mandible; from Minas
Geraes. Same history.
Family LACERTID/A.
Postorbital bar and temporal arcade complete; supratemporal
fossa roofed over by bone; premaxille united. Dentition pleuro-
dont ; teeth hollow at the base, and the lateral ones bi- or tri-
cuspid ; frequently present on the pterygoids. Mandibular symphysis
narrow. No dermal scutes.
Genus LACERTA, Linn.’
For paleontological purposes this genus must be used in a much
wider sense than in recent Zoology, since many of the allied genera
are mainly distinguished by characters not available in the case of
fossils.
Lacerta lamandini, Filhol’.
Apparently allied to the existing Z. ocellata, but with = lower
posterior teeth relatively larger.
Hab. Kurope (France).
R. 378. A left dentary bone apparently belonging to this species ;
from the Upper Eocene (Lower Oligocene) Phosphorites
of Caylux (Tarn-et-Garonne), France. Purchased, 1884.
Lacerta (?) bifidentata, Lartet *.
Very small, with the crowns of the teeth bifid.
Hab. Kurope (France).
33276. Two dentary bones and three vertebra, probably belonging
to this species ; from the Middle Miocene of Sansan (Gers),
(France. Presented by M. E. Lartet, 1854,
1 Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 359 (1766).
2 Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. viii. p. 269 (1877).
* Notice sur la Colline du Sansan, p. 39 (1851).
288 ' SQUAMATA,
Family SCINCID Ai.
Postorbital bar and temporal arcade complete; supratemporal
fossa roofed over by bone; premaxille imperfectly united or sepa-
rated. Dentition pleurodont ; teeth conical and bicuspid, or with
spheroidal or compressed crowns; In some cases present on the
pterygoids. Mandibular symphysis wide. Dermal scutes present.
Genus DRACZENOSAURUS, Gervais’.
Syn. Dracosaurus, Bravard °.
The dentary bone of the mandible with seven or eight small
obtuse teeth increasing in size posteriorly and followed by one much
larger molariform tooth. Probably allied to Seincus or Chaleides.
Draczenosaurus croizeti, Gervais’.
Syn. Scincus croizeti, Gervais *.
The type and only known species. About the size of the existing
Eumeces algeriensis.
Hab. Kurope (France).
27594. The nearly entire left ramus of the mandible; from the
(Fig.) Lower Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of Limagne (Puy-de-
Déme), France. Thetype specimen. Figured by Gervais
in the ‘ Zool. et Pal. Francaises,’ pl. lxiv. fig. 5.
Croizet Collection. Purchased, 1848.
27752. Four imperfect mandibular rami; from the Lower Miocene
of Cournon (Puy-de-Déme). Same history.
GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.
The following specimens may belong either to the Lacertide or
Scincida.
R. 379. The right dentary and splenial of a small form; from the
Phosphorites of Caylux. Purchased, 1884,
30966-—7. Two dentaries agreeing in size with the preceding ; from
the Lower Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of Aller, France.
Bravard Collection. Purchased, 1852.
Family non det.
The following forms indicate small Lizards with pleurodont denti-
tion and proccelous vertebra, which probably indicate one or more
distinct families of the present Suborder :—
1 Zool. et Pal. Francaises, Ist ed. p, 259 (1848-52).
2 Quoted by Gervais, loc. cit.—Preoceupied.
3 Dict. Uniy. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xi. p. 56 (1849),—Scincus, 4 Loe, cit,
/
SCINCID ZH. ) 289
Genus MACELLODUS, Owen!.
Including Saurillus, Owen *.
The unworn teeth of the type specimen * have compressed crowns,
with a serrated superior border; but it seems impossible to distin- -
guish Saurillus from this form. Dermal scutes were present.
Macellodus brodiei, Owen’.
Including Saurillus obtusus, Owen °.
The type species. Of very small size.
Hab. Kurope (England).
48230-2. A number of imperfect maxille and dentary bones; from
the Middle Purbeck (Upper Jurassic) of Durdlestone Bay,
Swanage, Dorsetshire. A description is given by Owen
in his ‘ Wealden and Purbeck Reptilia” (Mon. Pal. Soc.),
pt. v. p. 33. Beckles Collection. Purchased, 1876.
48233. A number of similar specimens, apparently belonging to the
same form; from Durdlestone Bay. These specimens in-
clude the types of Saurallus obtusus. Same history,
48385. Slab showing fragment of mandible, a limb-bone, and dermal
scutes ; from Durdlestone Bay. ! Same history.
48370. Slab with dermal scutes ; from Durdlestone Bay.
pan Same history.
48368. Slab with proccelous vertebre and scutes ; from Durdlestone
Bay. Same history.
Genus CONIASAURUS, Owen °.
Very imperfectly known. Anterior five or six lower teeth slender
and curved ; the others increasing in thickness towards the proximal
end of the jaw, with the crowns expanded, slightly compressed,
most convex inwardly, and the anterior border more curved than the
posterior. Enamel finely wrinkled. No dermal scutes have been
described.
Coniasaurus crassidens, Owen’.
The type specimen. Of the size of one of the smaller species of
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. x. p. 422 (1854)
2 Ibid. vol. xi. p. 123 (1855):
3 See Owen’s ‘ Paleontology,’ p. 308, fig. 106 (1861).
4 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. x. p. 422 (1854).
5 Ibid. vol. xi. p. 123 (1855).
6 In Dixon’s ‘Geology of Sussex,’ p, 386 (1850). 7 Loe. cit,
290 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
Varanus. Mandibular ramus very deep. The best preserved speci-
mens are figured by Owen in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal.
Soc.), pt. i. pl. ix. figs. 13-15.
Hab. Europe (England).
25790. Fragment of the dentary bone of the mandible, with teeth ;
from the Chalk of Washington, near Worthing, Saseoe
Mentioned by Owen in Dixon’s ‘ Geology of Sussex,’ p. 388.
Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.
R. 62. Fragment of a dentary bone, showing four teeth ; from the |
Chalk of Hart Hill, Charing, Kent. Purchased, 1881.
Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
Body and limbs usually more or less lacertiform. Proximal end
of quadrate immovably fixed; inferior temporal arcade present ;
postorbital, at least in existing genus, distinct from postfrontal ;
palate closed; and premaxille separate. Vertebree usually amphi-
ceelous, but occasionally opisthoccelous, and sometimes with persistent
neurocentral suture; no zygosphenes ; intercentra in some Cases
present. Uncinate processes to ribs in some forms ; abdominal ribs
present. In the existing genus at least two centralia in carpus ; and
no distinct precoracoid.
This order includes Reptiles with more or less generalized affini-
ties, in regard to the serial position of which very different views
obtain. By Cope! the group is placed between the Sauropterygia
and Chelonia, while by Huxley’ it is included in the Squamata
(Lacertilia). The middle course proposed by Baur*, of regarding
these forms as constituting a distinct order, which is placed next the
latter, is here provisionally followed.
Suborder HOMQHOSAURIA.
Premaxille apparently not forming a beak. Ribs without unci-
nate processes. Palatal dentition unknown. ‘The group is referred
to this order by Baur *, who quotes the authority of Ammon” as to
the existence of an inferior temporal arcade, and suggests that inter-
centra were present.
1 See Baur, Journ. Morphol. vol. i. pp. 93-99 (1887).
2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xliii. p. 692 (1887).
3 Op. cit. pp. 99-100. 4 Loe. cit.
5 Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss, vol. xv. pp. 500-528, pls. i., ii. (1885).
pm ERR i"
- 2 4™
Pee “4
Fr
HOMCOSAURID®. 291
Family HOMCEOSAURID 4.
The type family. Body of a normal lacertiform type; with not
more than twenty-six presacral vertebre. Skull comparatively short
and wide, with broad facial portion, oval nares, and a distinct post-
orbital bar. No tusk-like teeth in premaxilla or mandible. Pha-
langeals of fifth digit of pes of the normal Squamate number.
Genus HOMCGE0SAURUS, Meyer’.
The type genus. Skull short, rounded, and broad, with large
orbits. ‘Twenty-three presacral vertebre; tail long, with 40
vertebre.
Homeeosaurus maximiliani, Meyer’.
The type species. Skull very broad ; 17 dorso-lumbar vertebre ;
tail slender ; manus not longer than forearm ; pes short, with slender
claws.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
39355. Cast of aslab of lithographic limestone containing the nearly
entire skeleton. The original was obtained from the
Kimeridgian of Kelheim, Bavaria, and is described and |
figured by Meyer in his ‘ Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith.
Schiefer, pp. 102, 103, pl. xi. figs. 1-3. Purchased, 1865.
37012. Slab of lithographic limestone showing the impression or
actual bones of the nearly entire skeleton ; from the Kime-
ridgian of Solenhofen, Bavaria. Only an obscure impres-
sion of the skull is preserved. Purchased, 1862.
Genus ARDEOSAURUS, Meyer’.
Distinguished from Homeosaurus by the limbs being shorter in
proportion to the length of the body, and apparently by the arrange-
ment of the first row of tarsals.
Ardeosaurus brevipes, Meyer’,
Syn. Homeosaurus brevipes, Meyer °.
The type species ; of small size.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
1 Neues Jahrb. 1847, p. 182.—Homosaurus. 2 Loc. cit.
3 Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schief. p. 106 (1860).
4 Neues Jahrb. 1855, p. 335.—Homeosaurus. 5 Loc. cit.
v2
292 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
38006. Cast of a slab of limestone, showing the nearly entire
skeleton. The original is the type, and was obtained in
1854 from the Kimeridgian of Workerstzell, near Hichstatt,
Bavaria. It is described and figured by Meyer in the
‘Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ pp. 106-108, ©
pl. xii. figs. 4, 5. Purchased, 1864.
Genus SAPHEOSAURUS, Meyer’.
Syn. Procormus, Wagner ”.
Skull longer and narrower than in Hom«osaurus, with pro-
portionately smaller orbits. Twenty-two to twenty-six presacral
vertebrae, and usually 42 caudals. Meyer suggests that the anterior
caudals had no transverse processes. The species attain a much
larger size than those of Homcosaurus.
Sapheosaurus laticeps (Wagner °).
Syn. Piocormus laticeps, Wagner *.
Differs from the typical S. thiollierei, Meyer’, by its greatly in-
ferior size, the presence of 26 instead of 22 presacral vertebree,
and in the relative length of the limbs.
Hab. Europe (France and Germany).
39354. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing the nearly »
entire skeleton. The original is the type, and was
obtained from the Kimeridgian of Cirin (Rhone), France.
It is figured by Wagner in the ‘ Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss.’
vol. vi. pt. 3, pl. xvii.; and also by Meyer in his ‘ Fauna
der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith, Schiefer’, pl. xin: figs. 2) aa
Purchased, 1865.
Genus APHELOSAURUS, Gervais *.
Skull unknown. Provisionally referred by its founder to the
present group; from which, however, it may prove distinct. The
phalangeals are of the normal number.
1 Neues Jahrb. 1850, p. 196.
? Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss, vol. vi. pt. 3, p. 664 (1852)
3 Loc. cit.—Piocormus. 4 Loe. cit.
5 See ‘ Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer,’ p. 108.
6 Comptes Rendus, vol. xlviii. p. 193 (1859).
Ue
“ elec 4
PLEUROSAURID. 293
Aphelosaurus lutevensis, Gervais’.
The type and only species. About equal in size to Sapheosaurus
thiollieret.
Hab, Europe (France).
49658. Cast of a slab of shale, showing the trunk and limbs of the
left side. The original is the type, and was obtained from
the Upper Permian of Lodéve (Hérault), France. It is
figured by Gervais in his ‘ Zoologie et Paléontologie
Frangaises,’ 2nd ed. pl. Ixxxiy. fig. 1.
Presented by the Paris Museum of Natural History.
Family PLEUROSAURIDA.
Body greatly elongated, with not less than some fifty presacral
vertebre in the type genus. Skull long and narrow, with the facial
portion beak-like, and the nares forming long narrow slits. The
skull has a distinct postorbital bar; and the digits of the pes are
reduced to four, the number of phalangeals in the fifth being three,
in place of the normal four.
This family in addition to the type genus includes Acrosaurus and
Anguisaurus, Meyer ~, but it does not appear certain that these are
really distinct. The skull of Acrosaurus closely resembles that of the
following specimen, although belonging to a much smaller animal.
Both Acrosaurus and Anguisaurus have the tail greatly elongated.
Although there is nearly as much difference in the number of
presacral vertebree in the different genera of the Anguide (Lacer-
tilia) as there is between Homeosaurus and Plewrosaurus, yet the
great difference in the cranial structure of the two latter appears to
be of more than merely generic value.
Genus PLEUROSAURUS, Meyer’.
The type genus.
Pleurosaurus goldfussi, Meyer’.
The type species. Length of skull 0,010; about 50 presacral
vertebre ; length of tail unknown.
Hab. Europe (Germany). ©
1 Loc. cit.
2 See Meyer, Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith. Schiefer, pl. xii. figs. 6-10, and
pl. xiv. fig. 2; and Palxontographica, vol. vii. p. 231.
* Nova Acta Ac. Crs. Leop.-Car. vol. xv. pt. 2, p. 194 (1831).
£ Loc, cit.
294 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
37008. Slab of lithographic limestone, showing the skeleton with
the exception of the greater portion of the tail; from the
Kimeridgian of Solenhofen, Bavaria. The dorsal surface
isshown. The skull is much crushed; and the right ramus
of the mandible is thrust up so as to exhibit its dentition.
The pectoral limbs are well preserved; but the pelvic
girdle and limbs have been broken up by a fracture through
the sacral region. This specimen agrees so well with the
type example (including the hinder portion of the trunk,
the left hind limb, and the anterior moiety of the tail)
figured by Meyer in his ‘ Fauna der Vorwelt—Rept. Lith.
Schiefer,’ pl. xiv. fig. 1, that there can be but little hesita-
tion in referring it to that form ; the short phalangeals of
the pes being, although heaped in a confused mass, clearly
apparent in the present specimen. It is, however, very
difficult to see how the specimen differs from the imper-
fect skeleton of Anguisaurus represented in fig. 2 of the
same plate. Meyer, indeed, states that the anterior caudal
vertebra of the latter are more slender than those of
Pleurosaurus ; but the different position in which. these
vertebre are placed in the type specimens and their
damaged condition in that of the last-named genus, renders
any deductions drawn from this part of the skeleton very
unreliable. The skull resembles very closely that of the
type specimen of the small Acrosaurus fischmann figured
by Meyer, op. cit. pl. xii. fig. 6; but has a length of 0,010.
The lower teeth are acrodont ; and have low, compressed,
lancet-shaped crowns, which are widely separated from
one another, and may bave had longitudinally expanded
bases like those of Acrosaurus (op. cit. figs. 7-8).
Hiberlein Collection. Purchased, 1862.
Family TELERPETIDA.
In the type genus, according to Huxley, no postorbital bar in
the skull; tusk-like teeth in the premaxilla and mandible ; and
only two phalangeals in the fifth digit of the pes. Huxley restores
the skull with only one temporal arcade; and abdominal ribs have
not been observed. The serial position is provisional.
>. eee 5 cng
TELERPETID &. 295
Genus TELERPETON, Mantell’.
The type genus.
Telerpeton elginense, Mantell ’.
The type species. Length of skull about 0,043.
Hab. Europe (England).
28244. Cast of a slab of sandstone, showing the greater part of the
skeleton, with the exception of the skull. The original
was obtained from the Keuper (Upper Trias) of Moray-
shire. It is preserved in the Museum at Elgin, and is
figured by Mantell in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc.’ vol. viii. ©
pl. iv. Another specimen, in which the impression of
the skull is preserved, is described and figured by Huxley
in yol. xxii. pp. 77-84 of the same serial.
Presented by Dr. G. A. Mantell, 1852.
Genus SAUROSTERNUM, Huxley ®.
Syn. Batrachosaurus, Owen * (ex Bain, MS.).
Very imperfectly known; but regarded by its founder as being
probably allied to Telerpeton, and therefore provisionally placed in
the same family. It has been referred by Owen * to the Labyrintho-
dontia.
Saurosternum baini, Huxley’.
The type species.
Hab. South Africa.
R. 1234. A split slab of rock showing the impression of the skeleton,
(Fig.) without the skull; from the Karoo system of the Sniew-
berg Range, South Africa. The type. Described and
figured by Huxley in the ‘ Geol. Mag.’ ser. 1, vol. v. p. 201,
pl. xi. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq.
R. 1235. Fragment of rock showing the imperfect skull, the cervical
(Fig.) vertebree, and the interclavicle; from the Sniewberg.
2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. vii. p. 100 (1852).
2 Loe. cit.
3 Geol. Mag. ser. 1, vol. v. p. 201 (1868).—Amended.
* Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 69 (1876).
5 Loe. cit.
296 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
Described and figured by Owen in his ‘Cat. Foss. Rept.
S. Africa, p. 69( No. 8. A. 121), pl. Ixx. diggane
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq.
47093. Slab of rock containing part of a larger skeleton, referred by
Owen to the present form ; from the Sniewberg.
Same history: —
Suborder SPHENODONTINA.
Premaxille forming a more or less deflected beak; the longi-
tudinal series of palatine teeth separated by a groove (into which
the hinder mandibular teeth are received) from those of the maxilla
(figs. 68, 69). Ribs with uncinate processes.
Family RHYNCHOSAURIDA.
Nares undivided; no teeth in the premaxillary beak or opposing
portion of the mandible, which were probably sheathed in horn ;
extremities of the premaxille received between diverging extremities
of mandible; frequently more than a single row of palatine teeth.
Intercentra at least frequently absent.
Genus RHYNCHOSAURUS, Owen".
Skull of moderate width, with relatively large orbit and infratem-
poral fossa; dentary border of palato-maxilla but slightly convex, and
external border only slightly concave and inner slightly convex. Not
more than a single row of maxillary, or than two rows of palatine
teeth. Mandibular symphysis relatively short, with short and obtuse
rostral processes; and rami with but slight posterior divergence.
Mandibular teeth either wanting or very minute. All the vertebra
amphiccelous. Manus of moderate length.
Rhynchosaurus articeps, Owen”.
The type species. Estimated length from snout to sacrum 0,280 ;
length of skull 0,080.
Hab. Europe (England).
1 Trans. Camb. Phil, Soc. vol. vii. p. 855 (1842). 2 Loe, cit.
RHYNCHOSAURID ©. 297
The following specimens were obtained from the Keuper (Upper Trias)
of Grinsill, Warwickshire, and, unless it is stated to the con-
trary, were presented by Robert Gardner (jun.), Esq., 1886.
R. 1236. The cranium, imperfect posteriorly, with the symphysis
(fig.) and greater portion of the left ramus of the mandible.
Described and figured by Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliii. p. 689, pl. xxvii. fig. 1, and wood-
cuts figs. 2&5. Presented by Rev. J. De La Touche, 1886.
R. 1237. Fragment of rock, exhibiting the palatal aspect of the skull.
R. 1238. A slab, showing a considerable portion of the skeleton of
(Fig.) | the same individual as No. R. 1236. The right pes is
figured by Huxley, op. cit. pl. xxvii. fig. 5.
R. 1239. The two sides of a split slab of stone, showing a consider-
able portion of the skeleton. Described by Huxley, op. cit.
p. 690, pl. xxvii. figs. 2-4. This specimen probably
belongs to the same individual as the skull No. R. 1237.
R. 1240. Two fragments of rock, showing part of the caudal region.
R. 1241. Fragment of rock with an imperfect limb.
Genus HYPERODAPEDON, Huxley’.
Skull very short and wide, with relatively small orbit and supra-
temporal fossze, of which the former is directed upwardly; dentary
border of palato-maxilla highly conyex, and external border concave
and inner convex. Posterior maxillary and palatine teeth arranged
Hyperodapedon gordoni.—Diagrammatic view of the left lateral aspect of the
skull; reduced. Or, orbit; ¢, infratemporal fossa. (After Huxley.)
in more than two longitudinal rows. Mandibular symphysis long,
with elongated rostral processes; and the rami widely divergent
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe, vol. xv. p. 4385 (1859).
298 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
posteriorly. Mandibular teeth anteriorly forming a closed palisade,
but posteriorly distinct and conical. Cervical vertebree more or less
opisthoccelous in type species. Manus very short.
Hyperodapedon gordoni, Huxley’.
The type species. ‘The number of rows of palatine teeth exceed-
ing those of the maxilla (fig. 68); upper teeth with subcylindrical
crowns. Cervical vertebrae opisthoccelous. Length estimated to
exceed 2,000; length of skull 0,160, width of do. 0,210. |
Hab. Europe (England).
R. 699. A split slab of sandstone, containing the nearly entire
(Fig.) skeleton; from the Keuper of Lossiemouth near Elgin.
. Described and figured by Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xliii. pp. 675 et seq. pl. xxvi., woodcuts 1.
and 4. The former woodcut is reproduced in fig. 67, and
a view of the right palato-maxilla given in fig. 68.
Presented by Rev. Dr. G. Gordon, 1886.
Fig. 68.
Hyper odapedon gordoni.—Oral surface of the right palato-maxilla
from the Trias of Elgin. +.
RE
=
7
t
}
rs
-
“4
2” ee ee
TIN ee tli Be om a tis e
~ ; contests
, see
i =i ; CHa A ye A VS “hal
ts —
“ eae
2 ee ee ee Oe, lL
EY: a,
RHYNCHOSAURIDA. . 299
R. 330. A specimen which is apparently the rostral extremity of the
(Fig.) left premaxilla of Hyperodapedon ; from the Upper Trias
of High Peake, near Sidmouth, Devonshire. This specimen
is figured by Metcalfe in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xl. p. 260, woodcut 2, without determination ; and is
noticed by A. Smith Woodward in vol. xliv. p. 163, of the
same serial, where it is suggested that it may belong to
the present form. It agrees closely in general characters
with the corresponding part of the skull of the preceding
specimen, but is relatively narrower.
Presented by H. J. Carter, Esq., 1884.
Hyperodapedon huxleyi, Lydekker’.
Known only by detached fragments. About double the size of
H. gordoni. The number of rows of maxillary teeth exceeding those
of the palatine (fig. 69): crowns of upper teeth forming triangular
Fig. 69.
Hyperodapedon huxleyi.—Oral surface of the right palato-maxilla ;
from the Maleri stage of Central India. +-
pyramids. If any of the vertebra figured by the writer in pl. v. of
the under-mentioned work and provisionally referred to this form
really belong to it (and there is a very strong presumption that they
1 Ree. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. xiv. p. 177 (1881).
\
300 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
do), they indicate its wide difference from the type species. The -
bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and pectoral limb represen
in pl. iv. of the same memoir are probably Crocodilian (vide a
p- 130).
Hab. India.
The following specuomens were obtained ether from the typical Maleri
stage of the Gondwanas, or from the probably equivalent
beds of Tiki im South Rewah. Maleri is situated near Stroncha ~
in the Central Provinces; while South Rewah is in Central
India. Sumilar specomens are figured by the writer m the
‘Paleontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 4, vol. i.
pt. 5, pls. 1. & 11. (1885). All were presented by the Director of
. the Geological Survey of India, 1886.
R. 579. The imperfect right palato-maxilla, with the crowns of the
teeth broken off, belonging to a very large individual ;
from Tiki. Somewhat smaller than the specimen figured
by the writer, op. cit. pl. i. figs. 1 & 2.
R. 579 a. Hinder part of the right palato-maxilla, with the oral
lamina of the maxilla split off; from Maleri. This-speci-
men is nearly as large as the pitooiing,
R. 579 b. Fragment of the hinder part of a large right palato-max-
illa; from Maleri. The groove is well shown, and the
serdllary teeth are very large.
R. 579 c. Hinder part of the right palato-maxilla, with ae teeth
broken but unworn ; from. Tiki.
R. 579 d. Fragment of the right maxilla of a large individual ; from
Maleri.
R. 579 e. Hinder portion of the left palatine, with the teeth some- |
what worn ; from Maleri.
R. 579 f. Part of a palato-maxilla; from Maleri.
R. 579h. Hinder part of the right maxilla of a large individual ;
from Maleri.
R. 579 i. The imperfect left palato-maxilla of a small individual ;
from Tiki.
R. 579 j. Part of a small right palato-maxilla, with the groove very
deeply worn ; from Maleri.
R. 579 k. The imperfect anterior extremity of ue right palato-
maxilla; from Maleri.
PROTEROSAURIA. 301
R. 579 1. Fragment of the right palato-maxilla of a young individual,
_with the teeth in an unworn condition; from Maleri.
The triangular crowns of the teeth are well shown.
R. 579 m. The anterior extremity of the left palato-maxilla ; from
Maleri.
R. 579 n. Fragment of a damaged right palato-maxilla ; from
Maleri.
R. 579 0. Fragment of the dentary bone of the right ramus of the
mandible; from Maleri. Three lateral teeth on the inner
surface are shown.
R. 579 p. Fragment of a dentary bone; from Maleri.
Order PROTEROSAURIA.
In the one genus constituting this group the skull is very imper-
fectly known, but appears to have been of an elongated triangular form
with a closed palate, and teeth on the palatine, pterygoid, and vomer.
It is suggested that the nares were approximated to the orbit; and
_. the teeth of the jaws appear to be anchylosed to the bone, but have
cavities beneath them. Cervical vertebre much elongated and
apparently opisthoccelous ; postcervicals amphiccelous ;_ posterior
caudals with divided neural spines. Abdominal ribs present; but
apparently no intercentra or uncinate processes. Pectoral arch and
both limbs approximating more or less closely to the Rhyncho-
cephalian type; pectoral limb considerably shorter than pelvic ;
according to Baur two centralia in carpus, and one coos in the
tarsus ; feet pentedactylate.
This group is regarded by Seeley (‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1887, pp. 187—
213) as of ordinal value ; but is included by Baur in the Rhyncho-
cephalia. The former proposal is merely provisionally followed in
this work.
Family PROTEROSAURIDA.
The family characters are not yet distinguished from the ordinal.
Genus PROTEROSAURWUS, Meyer’.
The only named genus ”.
' Tsis, 1830, p. 518.—Amended from Protorosawrus.
2 Seeley, Phil. Trans. 1887, p. 204, suggests that Proterosaurus meyeri may
indicate a distinct genus.
302 PROTEROSAURIA.
Proterosaurus speneri, Meyer’.
The type species. Estimated to have attained a length of from
five to seven feet. Two vertebre in sacrum.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
R. 1242. Cast of a slab of shale, showing the middle region of the
skeleton and an entire pectoral limb. ‘The original was
obtained from the Kupferschiefer (Upper Permian) of
Heidelberg near Schweina in Thuringia, and is preserved
in the Museum of the Academy of Freiberg. It is
described and figured by Geinitz in ‘ Die Versteinerungen
des deutschen Zechsteingebirges,’ p. 3, pl. i. (1848), and
by von Meyer in his ‘ Fauna der Vorwelt—Saurier aus dem
Kupferschiefer,’ p. 11, pl. ii. ; and-is also noticed by Seeley
in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1887, p. 203, where it is provisionally
referred to the present species, although the suggestion
is made that it may prove distinct. Purchased, 1887.
42760. A split slab of shale, showing part of the vertebral column of
the trunk; from the Upper Permian of Thuringia. The
vertebrae agree very closely in size with those of the
skeleton figured by von Meyer, op. cit. pl. ix.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.
OrpinAL Postrion UNCERTAIN.
Genus ATOPOSAURUS, Meyer’. |
Body and limbs lacertiform. Vertebre amphiccelous. Manus of
Rhynchocephalian type; but only four digits in the pes, of which
the phalangeals number 2, 3, 4, 4. Tibia and fibula, and radius
and ulna respectively in close apposition ; proximal carpals elongated
like those of the Crocodilia. Mandibular symphysis long ; dentition
said to resemble that of the Geckonide. No trace of scutes or scales.
Atoposaurus oberndorferi, Meyer’.
Of small size. Distinguished from the typical A. jourdanz, Meyer,
by the shorter vertebral centra, the longer and more slender ischium
1 « Palxologica,’ p. 109 (1852).
2 Neues Jahrb. 1850, p. 198. ° Loc, ct.
rr
:
%
%
v
5
eee iS : es PROTEROSAURID &. 303
! limbs, and the relative proportions of the first and second
ents of the latter.
& lab. Europe (Germany).
9356. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing the greater
_ partof the skeleton. The original was obtained from the
Kimeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Kelheim, Bavaria, and
is the type. It is described and figured by Meyer in his
‘ Fauna der NSE Gas ODE Lith. Schiefer,’ p. 114, pl. xii.
fig. 2. Purchased, 1868.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Acanthopholis, 183.
horridus, 183.
platypus, 153.
Acrosaurus, 298.
fEolodon, 101.
priscus, 101.
Aetosaurus, 275.
Alligator, 44.
darwini, 46.
hantoniensis, 45.
latirostris, 45.
multiscutatus, 45.
punctatus, 45.
sp., 45.
Amphisaurus, 174.
Anchisaurus, 174.
Anguisaurus, 293.
Apatosaurus, 145.
Aphelosaurus, 293.
lutevensis, 293.
Ardeosaurus, 291.
brevipes, 291.
Aristosuchus, 157.
pusillus, 158.
Atlantosaurus, 144.
immanis, 145.
montanus, 145.
Atoposaurus, 302.
oberndorferi, 302.
Batrachosaurus, 295.
Belodon, 124.
kapffi, 124.
pheningeri, 128.
Bothriospondylus,
170
elongatus, 142.
magnus, 142.
robustus, 171.
suffosus, 170.
OF
Brachydectes, 84.
major, 85.
minor, 85.
Brachytrachelus, 27.
crassirostris, 28.
Brontosaurus, 144.
excelsus, 144,
Caiman, 44.
Camptonotus =
Camptosaurus.
Camptosaurus, 192.
dispar, 192.
Ceratosaurus, 157.
nasicornis, 157.
Cetiosaurus, 136.
brevis, 139.
glymptonensis, 138.
humerocristatus, 151.
longus, 157.
medius, 137.
oxoniensis, 137.
Chlamydosaurus,
276.
bennetti, 276.
kingi, 276.
-Chondrosteosaurus,
146.
gigas, 142, 146.
magnus, 146.
Cimoliornis, 10.
diomedius, 13.
Clidastes, 272.
sp., 272.
Coelurus, 156.
daviesi, 156.
fragilis, 156.
Coloborhynchus, 10.
cuvieri, 12.
sedgwicki, 15.
GENERA AND SPECIES, INCLUDING SYNONYMS.
Coluber, 250.
gervaisi, 252.
molurus, 253.
mucosus, 250.
owenl, 252.
papyraceus, 251.
sansaniensis, 251.
scalaris, 252.
Compsognathus, 156.
longipes, 156.
Coniasaurus, 289.
crassidens, 289.
Coryphodon, 250.
blumenbachi, 250.
Cretornis, 10.
hlavatschi, 14.
Cricosaurus, 95.
elegans, 98.
Criorhynchus, 10.
simus, 16.
Crocodilzmus, 95, 98.
Crocodilus, 53.
arduini, 60.
basifissus, 70.
biporcatus, 59.
bollensis, 109.
bombifrons, 54.
brauniorum, 46.
bruchi, 46.
cadomensis, 118.
cantabrigiensis, 75
champsoides, 60.
clavirostris, 70.
crassidens, 71.
cultridens, 90.
ebertsi. 50.
elaverensis, 46.
gangeticus, 65.
hastingsiz, 45.
isorhynchus, 64.
x
306
Crocodilus (cont.).
leptodus, 68.
longirostris, 65.
macrorhynchus, 64.
medius, 46.
paleindicus, 58.
palustris, 54.
plenidens, 53.
porosus, 59.
priscus, 101.
rateli, 46.
rathi, 46.
rollinati, 74.
sauli, 77.
sivalensis, 5D.
spenceri, 60.
superciliosus, 96.
temporalis, 106.
tenuirostris, 65.
toliapicus, 60.
Cumnoria, 195.
prestwichi, 196.
Cycnorhamphus, 9.
suevicus, 9.
Dacosaurus, 92.
lissocephalus, 92.
manseli, 92.
maximus, 92.
. primevus, 92.
Dakosaurus (sceDaco-
saurus).
Dimorphodon, 37.
banthensis, 37.
macronyx, 37.
Dinodocus, 136.
mackesoni, 136.
Dinosaurus, 171.
eresslyi, 172.
Diopecephalus, 4.
kochi, 6.
longicollum, 9.
rhamphastinus, 8.
Diplocynodon, 45.
darwini, 46.
gracilis, 50.
hantoniensis, 45.
plenidens, 50.
rateli, 46.
sp., 50.
Diplodocus, 132.
longus, 132.
Dolichosaurus, 275.
longicollis, 275.
Doratorhynchus, 10.
validus, 26.
Dorygnathus, 37.
banthensis, 37. -
Darcznosaurus, 2&8.
croizeti, 288,
INDEX.
Dryptosaurus, 169.
aquilunguis, 170.
Echinodon, 247.
becklesi, 247.
Edestosaurus, 272.
Engyommasaurus,
105.
brongniarti, 107.
Epicampodon, 174.
indicus, 174.
Eucamerotus, 146.
Garialis, 65.
crassidens, 71.
dixoni, 69.
gangeticus, 69.
hysudricus, 67. -
leptodus, 68. v
macrorhynchus, 64.
neocesariensis, 70.
pachyrhynchus, 69.
priscus, 101.
Gavialis(secGarialis).
Gavialosuchus, 62.
eggenburgensis, 63.
Geosaurus, 271.
giganteus, 271.
maximus, 92.
soemmerringi, 271.
Gigantosaurus, 146.
megalonyx, 151.
Glyptosaurus, 278.
Gnathosaurus, 95.
Goniopholis, 79.
crassidens, 79.
minor, 80.
pugnax, 80.
simus, 83.
tenuidens, 83.
undidens, 80.
Gresslysaurus, 171.
ingens, 172.
Hadrosaurus, 243.
cantabrigiensis, 244.
foulki, 244.
Halilimnosaurus,271.
crocodiloides, 271.
Heterosuchus, 74.
valdensis, 74.
Homeeosaurus, 291.
brevipes, 291.
maximiliani, 291.
Hydrosaurus, 281.
Hylzochampsa, 76.
vectiana, 77. °
Hylzosaurus, 185.
oweni, 185,
Hyperodapedon, 297.
gordoni, 298.
huxleyi, 299.
Hyposaurus, 90.
derbianus, 91.
Hypsilophodon, 193.
foxi, 193.
Iguana, 277.
europxa, 277.
Iguanodon, 195.
bernissartensis, 201.
dawsoni, 196.
foxi, 193.
mantelli, 218.
prestwichi, 196.
seelyi, 201.
sp., 226.
Ischyrosaurus, 146.
manseli, 152.
Jacare, 44.
Lacerta, 287.
bifidentata, 287.
gangetica, 65.
gigantea, 271.
lamandini, 287.
Lelaps, 169.
aquilunguis, 170.
Leptorhynchus, 65.
clifti, 65.
crassidens, 71.
gangeticus, 65.
Lestosaurus, 269.
Liodon, 264.
anceps, 265.
brumbyi, 267.
dyspelor, 267.
haumuriensis, 267.
lundgreni, 265.
perlatus, 267.
sp., 266.
Macellodus, 289.
brodiei, 289.
Machimosaurus, 103.
hughi, 103.
mose, 104,
Macrorhynchus, 87.
meyeri, 88. 2
schaumburgensis, 87.
Macrospondylus,
108.
bollensis, 109.
Macrotrachelus, 4.
- longirostris, 5.
Macrurosaurus, 153,
semnus, 153,
= iene al
Megalania, 281.
prisca, 284.
Megalosaurus, 159.
bredai, 168.
bucklandi, 159.
dunkeri, 163.
insignis, 163.
sp. a, 163.
Melitosaurus, 62.
champsoides, 64.
Metriorhynchus, He
elegans, 98.
moreli, 97.
sp., 98,
superciliosus, 96.
Monitor, 281.
dracena, 282.
Morosaurus, 134.
grandis, 133.
Mosasaurus, 261.
bavaricus, 271.
belgicus, 261.
camperi, 261.
dekayi, 264.
giganteus, 261.
gracilis, 273.
hofmanni, 261.
maximus, 264.
stenodon, 265.
Mosellosaurus, 105.
rostro-minor, 106.
Mystriosaurus, 108.
bollensis, 109.
brevior, 111.
brongniarti, 107.
chapmani, 110.
egertoni, 109.
laurillardi, 110.
longipes, 109.
macrolepidotus, 110.
mandelslohi, 109.
minimus, 112.
muensteri, 109.
schmidti, 109.
speciosus, 110.
stukelyi, 109, 110.
tenuirostris, 107.
tiedmanni, 109.
Nannosuchus, 84.
gracilidens, 84.
Nectoportheus, 264.
Nuthetes, 247.
destructor, 247.
Omosaurus, 177.
armatus, 177.
hastiger, 179.
sp., 180.
INDEX.
Oolithes, 122.
bathonicee, 122.
Ophisaurus, 278.
moguntinus, 278.
Ornithocephalus, 4.
antiquus, 5.
banthensis, 37.
brevirostris, 4.
crassirostris, 28.
gemmingi, dl.
grandis, 32.
longicaudatus, 29.
longirostris, 5
meyeri, 4.
muensteri, 30.
rhamphastinus, 8.
Ornithochirus, 10.
clifti, 25.
compressirostri tay Ad
curtus, 26.
cuvieri, 12.
daviesi, 23.
diomedius, 13.
fittoni, 15.
giganteus, 12.
hlavatschi, 14.
nobilis, 24.
sedgwicki, 15.
simus, 16.
sp., 20.
validus, 26.
Ornithodesmus, 42.
cluniculus, 42.
Ornithopsis, 146.
eucamerotus, 146.
hulkei, 146.
humevocristatus, 151.
leedsi, 151.
manseli, 152.
Orthomerus, 241.
dolloi, 241.
Oweniasuchus, 8&4.
major, 85.
minor, 85.
Pachyrhamphus,
iI
crassirostris, 28.
Palzeophis, 257.
porcatus, 258.
sp., 260..
toliapicus, 257.
typheeus, 258.
Palzopython, 253.
cadurcensis, 254.
filholi, 255.
Palzornis, 10.
clifti, 25.
Palzovaranus, 279.
cayluxi, 279.
307
Paleryx, 253.
depressus, 255.
filholi, 255.
rhombifer, 254.
Parasuchus, 130.
hislopi, 130.
Pelagosaurus, 105.
brongniarti, 107.
typus, 106.
Pelorosaurus, 145.
conybeari, 145.
Peltosaurus, 278.
Periops, 252.
gervaisi, 252.
Petrosuchus, 89.
leevidens, 89.
Pholidosaurus, 87.
meyeri, 88.
schaumburgensis, 87.
Phytosaurus, 124.
cubicodon, 124.
eylindricodon, 124.
plieningeri, 128.
Pilemophis, 250.
sansaniensis, 251.
Piccormus, 292.
laticeps, 292.
Placosaurus, 279.
mar gariticeps, 279.
Platecarpus, 269.
curtirostris, 270.
mudgei, 27 re
oweni, 270.
sp., 271.
Plesiosuchus, 92.
manseli, 92.
Plestiodon, 281.
cadurcensis, 281.
Pleuroccelus, 134.
Pleurodon
crocodiloides, 58.
Pleurosaurus, 293.
goldfussi, 293.
Plioplatecarpus,
261.
Pocekilopleuron, 159.
bucklandi, 159.
pusillus, 158.
Poikilopleuron =
Pcekilopleuron.
Polacanthus, 189.
foxi, 189.
Pristichampsa, 74.
rollinati, 74.
Proiguana, 277.
europeana, 277.
Propseudopus, 278.
Proterosaurus, 301.
meyeri, JO],
speneri, 302,
308
Pseudopus, 278.
moguntinus, 278.
Pterodactylus, 4.
aclandi, 36.
antiquus, 95.
bucklandi, 34.
clifti, 25.
compressirostris, 11.
conirostris, 12.
crassirostris, 28.
curtus, 26.
cuvieri, 12.
daviesi, 23.
duneani, 34.
elegans, 7
eurychirus, 10.
fittoni, 15.
gemmingi, 3l.
giganteus, 12.
grandis, 32.
kiddi, 34. .
kochi, 6.
longicaudus, 29.
longicollum, 9.
longirostris, 5.
macronyx, 37.
macrurus, 26.
manseli, 40.
marderi, 37.
meyerl, 4.
muensteri, 30.
nobilis, 24.
pleydelli, 41.
pulchellus, 7.
rhamphastinus, 8.
scolopaciceps, 6.
simus, 16.
spectabilis, 7.
suevicus, 9.
validus, 26.
woodwardi, 16.
wurtembergicus, 10.
Ptyas, 250.
mucosus, 250.
Pylmophis = Pile-
mophis.
Python, 253.
cadurcensis, 204.
molurus, 253.
Regnosaurus, 184.
northamptoni, 184.
Rhacheosaurus, 95.
Rhamphocephalus,
33.
bucklandi, 34.
depressirostris, 36.
Rhamphorhynchus,
2
9.
bucklandi, 34.
‘INDEX.
Rhamphorhynchus
(cont.).
crassirostris, 28.
depressirostris, 36.
gemmingi, 31.
grandis, 32.
-longicauda, 29.
longicaudatus, 29.
longimanus, 31.
meyerl, 31.
muensteri, 30.
phyllurus, 30.
Rhamphosaurus,
264. ;
Rhamphosuchus,
rll
crassidens, WO
Rhinosaurus, 264.
Rhynchosaurus, 296.
articeps, 296.
Rhynchosuchus, 62.
Saniva, 278.
Sapheosaurus, 292.
laticeps, 292.
thiollierei, 292.
Saurillus, 289.
obtusus, 289.
‘Saurosternum, 295.
baini, 295.
Scaphognathus, 27.
crassirostris, 28.
Scelidosaurus, 181.
harrisoni, 181.
Scincus, 288.
croizeti, 288:
Sphenospondylus,
238.
gracilis, 238.
Stagonolepis, 128.
robertsoni, 129.
Stegosaurus, 177.
armatus, 179.
stenops, 176.
Steneosaurus, 108.
bollensis, 109.
brevidens, 115.
brevior, 111.
bronni, 106.
chapmani, 110.
edwardsi, 117.
elegans, 98.
heberti, 109.
larteti, 114.
latifrons, 113.
longirostris, 116.
manseli, 92.
megarhinus, 117.
megistorhynchus, 116.
Steneosaurus (cont.).
minimus, 112,
rostro-major, 116.
Sp., Uilye
stephani, 114.
Streptospondylus,
20159
major, 201.
Suchosaurus, 89.
cultridens, 90.\ ~
levidens, 90.
Taniwhasaurus,
Tanystrophceus,
155
Teleidosaurus, 102.
calvadosi, 103..
joberti, 103.
Teleosaurus, 118.
bollensis, 109.
brevidens, 115.
brevior, 111.
cadomensis, 118.
chapmani, 110.
edwardsi, 117.
geoffroyi, 120.
gracilis, 101.
larteti, 114.
latifrons, 113.
megarhinus, 117.
megistorhynchus, 116.
minimus, 112.
mosee. 104.
mosellana, 106.
oplites, 107.
priscus, 101.
subulidens, 121.
superciliosus, 96.
temporalis, 106.
Telerpeton, 295.
elginense, 295.
Teratosaurus, 171.
suevicus, 172.
Thecodontosaurus,
174.
antiquus, 175.
platyodon, 174.
Thecospondylus,
152.
daviesi, 156.
horneri, 152.
Theriosuchus, 77.
pusillus, 78.
Thoracosaurus, 70.
grandis, 70.
macrorhynchus, 64.
neocesariensis, 70.
hampsoides, 64.
_ eggenburgense, 63.
macrorhynchus, 64.
‘rachodon, 243.
cantabrigiensis, 244.
mirabilis, 244.
‘
INDEX.
Tropidonotus, 251.
atavus, 251.
Tupinambis, 286.
bengalensis, 282.
nigropunctatus, 287.
teguixin, 286.
Tylosaurus, 264.
Varanus, 281.
bengalensis, 282.
draczena, 282.
giganteus, 282.
END OF PART I,
309
{
Varanus (cont.).
margariticeps, 279.
priscus, 284.
sivalensis, 283:
sp., 282. -
Zanclodon, 171.
levis, 172. ?
sp. @, L722):
sp. 8, 173.
suevicus, 172.
teeta oil
eat
A
7, hia Re
> RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHL
ms
SMITHSON
NVINOSH.
SMITHSO!
NVINOSH
tis ee me ,
| ul 5 us Z tu
: % = =
<4
Ok ar oc & oc
: 5 2 5 mile
LOLILSNI-NVINOSHLINS. S31u¥VYa!IT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTIT
w : = ow — o
0) Ns fe 2 aA ay
= wore & se F a
fs) SM ~: — oy . ete ‘
a WS g ; 2 a
w 5 ” = a
SRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS Saldv
a
NVINOSHLIWS
NVINOSHLINS
SMITHSONIAN
NVINOSHLIWS
NS
SMITHSONIAN
| D7 Ln tiisNi” NVINOSHLIWS S4I1NVYEIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INST T
13 = z = - iy
| EP c We: = < WD fu a Ee
| =. os e «J!
Bis. O a Oo sig 5 iN
Zz a <a ol = b.
~ BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S318)
rs e= z= 2
wy 5 2 5 & 5 EE
tee | ie, a iE Ee |i
Fae eC A = — { :
Bia — - on
z m Zz 2 a
oe wn pass a
OILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVHEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTI
Vi
Uy
NVINOSHLINS S31uWvud!t
:
aie wn z ip
t x z ye (ee 2
fe hae ae we
ee |} S 2 hf 5 ee 5
ie | ¢ E BG4g 2 Ye 2
. fe 2 “iy 2 YS E
| Es 2 UYO : =
| . 7 = r = ‘ aa i,
t IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Sait
| ; 2 i @& #4 g
«~ oa ~” 4 \ ps
me | PE 2,” aes en. ae XY os
iy) - ‘ “ip y H eo ara NS ‘. po
i « “yg S ce qe BY c=
‘h 0 3 : 2 ek
ii ae | Ps on 2 \ oe
iH SOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYvVudl LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INST
ve Jet: pd "ut - ‘i i a
| | a = = = ty
i 20 aa Pe) = Voy, FD
1; > I > rent fof. ©
Ay ” WA - a oe ey
f nm rl 2 m 2 a
| n” S 7) = +
yi.) IBRARI! ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Sal ut
—
N
1 41 pH HZ GG DO Ws. ™ DW [2% a) im *
2) w ~ 2) of) dg /) RG ” 9 ° ” -.
es Mite: a of \ O \a 7
= on 4 2 Wiig Es aN = Nea ry =
; = N DC. - > ‘ > “nse >
; 2 wo Ff wo =: = Ww
LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHEINS $3
a . oe) > > ox
=i - ul " ; Lu F 8 tu
4 (6 . tp 44 “i ow “4 ASS x f
* [> aff Lif — <x ay Sas <x :
Xx < “iy e = YS «= \
- De dates = 5 =
4. = | en oad ae a, 2
-NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3SI¥VYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _IN:
a gt w — se) — lp
5A) = Ne: : » BYE |
ate St > WS as > oy 4 r
| NS : LG
5 m WW : ar a
“LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS Sa
: S < ES Te =
‘i =. = a it / yy, = =!
We : & YZ 3 5
d . S oO « ae oO
. WS =. = 9 Of = =e
eh ae > ‘ >
: ws a = rr Z
Ns
NOILNLILSNI NNVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN
ms * s a a
| G W o Ww an
= a 4 cen =
fe) a i) rg 3
a = a = sd z
"LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NYINOSHLIWS S:
mz oO ie oO == ro)
P = gas = = Ee
: >. Se —) oO =
5 be 3 > = 2 ae —
7 > = iE ‘ =
; Shea ve ; P=
NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3ZINWUSIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ IN
ay: Z = Bie. & Z
a] me = ie AS = rae
> ms ORE. \ = O §
2 By RR 2 a *
= 2 = \; z =
a 2 r % 2 i
"LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NYINOSHLIWS $3
ne Z os 2 fe o
e 2 w” one 12) AS NS =
x “g ‘Ob sa ea ss \SS a /
<i Z a < 4 WSN [:
ac “iy = oc = Y a \
faa) Gy — aa) — % m
2 ol z= 4 Zz aul
~NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IY¥VYUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _IN
2 as z & z =
20 = Pe 5 aie
hes = > “ad > |
ra = = é a
Ww” >
o z o = a
INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI _ NVINOSHLIWS a:
S
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11